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Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)

2026-05-08T16:38:30Z

OnitaCrespo4: new new data

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{short description|2026 Indian film by Hardik Gajjar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)
| image =Krishnavataram_Part_1_The_Heart.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| based_on = ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' by [[Vyasa]]
| director = Hardik Gajjar
| writer =Hardik Gajjar Prakash Kapadia Raam Mori
| producer =Sajan Raj Kurup Shobha Sant
| starring = [[Siddharth Gupta]] Sanskruti Jayana [[Sushmitha Bhat]] Nivaashiyni Krishnan
| cinematography =[[Ayananka Bose]]
| editing =
| music = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| studio =Creativeland Studios Entertainment Athasrikatha Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|05|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi Tamil Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}80–120 crore
| gross = {{INR}}9.80 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 Collection|url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/krishnavataram-part-1-collection-budget-ott/|website=tenvow.com|access-date=7 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)''''' is a 2026 Indian [[devotional film]] written and directed by Hardik Gajjar and produced by Sajan Raj Kurup and Shobha Sant under the banner of Creativeland Studios Entertainment and Athasrikatha Motion Pictures. The film is the first installment in the ''Krishnavataram trilogy''. The film stars [[Siddharth Gupta]], Sanskruti Jayana, [[Sushmitha Bhat]] and Nivaashiyni Krishnan. It has music composed by [[Irshad Kamil]], cinematography by [[Ayananka Bose]].

The film is based on the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Sanskrit]] text [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]] written by [[Vyasa]] covering the events that took place after Lord [[Krishna]] separation from [[Radha]] and his life with his consorts [[Rukmini]] and [[Sathyabhama]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First Trailer for ‘Krishnavataram’ Brings Divine Love Story to Global Screens|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/krishnavataram-trailer-launch-new-film/|work=rollingstoneindia.com|date=15 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> The film shows Krishna's life from Sathyabhama's perspective.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 Movie Review: Krishna's mythology story gets a fresh contemporary twist|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/krishnavataram-part-1-movie-review-krishna-s-mythology-story-gets-a-fresh-contemporary-twist-1242|work=www.indiatvnews.com|date=8 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

The film was officially launched on 9 August 2024. It was initially titled ''Shri Radha Ramanam'' in all three languages, but was later released under the title ''Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)'' in all languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=hardikgajjarfilms|url=https://www.instagram.com/hardikgajjarfilms/reels/|work=[[Instagram]]|language=en}}</ref>

''Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)'' was released worldwide on 7 May 2026 and received positive reviews from critics, praising its music, visual elements, costumes, performances (especially Siddharth, Sanskruti, Sushmitha and Nivaashiyni). But some criticised the first half of the film as "slow and monotonous".

== Plot ==
Lord [[Krishna]] who dies after an arrow struck him by an hunter named Jara. Krishna exists in a state between two realms because he needs to end his earthly existence before he progresses to his next phase of life. The emotional atmosphere shows their eternal bond because [[Radha]] his divine love exists as a permanent memory.

Coming to present day, a young modern man in the [[21st century]] who questions God's existence through his logical and scientific and rational thoughts in the [[Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]]. The priest answers the request by telling Krishna's life.

The main storyline takes place in [[Dvārakā]] where Krishna rules as ''Dwarkadish'' (King of Dvārakā) while he manages his divine duties and his human relationships. He also notices [[Sathyabhama|Sathyabhama's]] emotional perspective because she experiences love while she feels insecure and devoted to someone until she reaches her realizatdion.

Satyabhama's relationship with Krishna while showing Krishna's relationships with [[Rukmini]] and Radha, which demonstrate three types of love: spiritual, emotional, and eternal love. Radha represents divine love that exists outside of time while Satyabhama portrays human relationship conflicts and emotional attachment.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddharth Gupta]] as [[Krishna]], [[Dashavatara|8th avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], king of [[Dvārakā]]
* Sanskruti Jayana as [[Sathyabhama]], avatar of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]], third wife of Krishna
* [[Sushmitha Bhat]] as [[Radha]], avatar of [[Lakshmi]], Krishna's partner/soul
* Nivaashiyni Krishnan as [[Rukmini]], avatar of [[Lakshmi]], chief wife of Krishna, queen of [[Dvārakā]]
* Jantee Hazarika as [[Jambavati]], avatar of [[Lakshmi]], second wife of Krishna
* [[Karthik Jayaram]] as [[Satrajit]], Sathyabhama's father
* Amanjot Singh as [[Balarama]], Krishna's elder brother
* Akshara Shivakumar as [[Subhadra]], Krishna's younger half-sister
* [[Govind Namdev]] as [[Vasudeva]], Krishna's father
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as [[Devaki]], Krishna's mother
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as [[Kamsa]], Krishna's evil uncle
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as [[Narada]], messenger of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as [[Vyasa]], author of [[Mahābhārata]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma]] as [[Akrura]], Krishna's uncle
* [[Manoj Joshi]] as [[Ugrasena]], Kamsa's father
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as [[Sudama]], Krishna's childhood friend
* [[Anup Soni]] as [[Dhritarashtra]], blind king of [[Hastinapur]]
* Smrithi Srikanth as [[Draupadi]], wife of the [[Pandava]]
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as [[Arjuna]], third brother of [[Pandava]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as [[Priest]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was officially announced on 9 August 2024 by the director and production house, with a small glimpse teaser of the title of the film then titled ''Shri Radha Ramanam''.

In April 2026, a motion poster and the offical film trailer was released by the makers at [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]] in [[Mathura district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 Trailer Out; Netizens Call It ‘Wildcard Entry’ And ‘Better Than Ramayana’ Teaser|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/krishnavataram-part-1-trailer-out-netizens-call-it-wildcard-entry-and-better-than-ramayana-teaser-10308108|work=www.thedailyjagran.com|date=15 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 trailer unveiled at Mathura's Krishna Janmabhoomi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/krishnavataram-part-1-trailer-unveiled-at-mathuras-krishna-janmabhoomi-2899428-2026-04-21|work=India Today|date=21 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Trailer Unveiled; First Part Of Trilogy Set For May 2026 Release|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/krishnavataram-trailer-unveiled-first-part-of-trilogy-set-for-may-2026-release-83205.html|work=www.filmfare.com|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
===Casting===
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Siddharth Gupta interacting with the media.jpg
| image2 =Sushmitha Bhat latest.jpg
| footer = [[Siddharth Gupta]] (left) portrays [[Krishna]], while [[Sushmitha Bhat]] (right) portrays [[Radha]] in lead roles.
}}
Actor [[Siddharth Gupta]] who is known for his roles in [[Hindi]] films was signed up to play the lead role as [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram: Siddhant Chaturvedi Supports Siddharth Gupta’s Grand Adventure: May Your Path Shine Brightly...|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-excited-for-krishnavataram-part-1-article-154165691|work=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=25 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News, Videos and Photos of Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam) {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart/movieshow/130353595.cms|access-date=18 April 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kannada]] actress [[Sushmitha Bhat]] was chosen for the lead female role as [[Radha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagarjuna Akkineni praises Krishnavataram trailer, cheers Sushmitha Bhat’s role as Radha|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/nagarjuna-akkineni-praises-krishnavataram-trailer-cheers-sushmitha-bhat-s-role-as-radha-article-13903237.html|work=www.moneycontrol.com|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> [[Singaporean]] television actress and ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss Tamil 6]]'' fame Nivaashiyni Krishnan was chosen for [[Rukmini]] and former chief minister of [[Gujarat]], [[Anandiben Patel]] granddaughter Sanskruti Jayana made her debut in the film industry with role of [[Sathyabhama]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: Former Gujarat Chief Minister Anandiben Patel’s granddaughter Sanskruti Jayana makes her grand debut in Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-former-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patels-granddaughter-sanskruti-jayana-makes-her-grand-debut-in-krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram: Former Gujarat CM who succeeded Modi has granddaughter making grand acting debut as Satyabhama|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/krishnavataram-former-gujarat-cm-who-succeeded-modi-has-granddaughter-making-grand-acting-debut-as-satyabhama/articleshow/130304691.cms?from=mdr|work=economictimes|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Karthik Jayaram]] was also later cast in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayaram Karthik eyes wider canvas with his next, Krishnavataram|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Apr/16/kannadanews2026apr16jayaram-karthik-eyes-wider-canvas-with-his-next-krishnavataram|work=New Indian Express|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Forget Ramayana, Krishnavataram can be biggest film on Indian epic, here are four key hints from trailer that will leave you stunned|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-forget-ramayana-krishnavataram-can-be-biggest-film-on-indian-epic-here-are-five-key-hints-from-trailer-that-will-leave-you-stunned-3206606#goog_rewarded|work=www.dnaindia.com|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack and background score are composed by [[Irshad Kamil]] for [[Hindi]] and Prasad S for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The album was released in all three languages, [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The first single, "Prem Ki Leela", was released on 22 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Prem Ki Leela’ from Krishnavataram is a soul-stirring anthem of divine love|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Apr/23/prem-ki-leela-from-krishnavataram-is-a-soul-stirring-anthem-of-divine-love|work=New Indian Express|date=23 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The soul-stirring album of Krishnavatram is out, brings together the iconic voices Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan, Shreya Ghosal, Neeti Mohan, Javed Ali and more|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/releases-movies/the-soul-stirring-album-of-krishnavatram-is-out-brings-together-the-iconic-voices-sonu-nigam-sunidhi-chauhan-shreya-ghosal-neeti-mohan-javed-ali-and-more/2026/04/29|work=www.iwmbuzz.com|date=29 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| headline = Hindi
| title1 = Prem Ki Leela
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Javed Ali]], Suvarna Tiwari
| lyrics1 =Irshad Kamil
| length1 = 2:39
| title2 = Kunj Bihari
| extra2 = Prasad S
| lyrics2 =Irshad Kamil
| length2 =
| title3 =Shyamal Sanware
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Prasad S
| lyrics3 =Irshad Kamil
| length3 = 5:37
| title4 =Mukhda Dikha Jaiyo
| extra4 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| lyrics4 =Irshad Kamil
| length4 =
| title5 =Mann Ki Dasha
| extra5 =Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics5 =Irshad Kamil
| length5 =
| title6 =Shubh Din Aayo
| extra6 = Shweta Mohan, [[Abby V]], Shivam Singh
| lyrics6 =Irshad Kamil
| length6 =
| title7 =Krishna Govinda
| extra7 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics7 =Irshad Kamil
| length7 =
| title8 =Anth Mein Aarambh
| extra8 = Sonu Nigam
| lyrics8 =Irshad Kamil
| length8 =
| total_length = 36:26
}}
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil
| title1 = Kaadhalin Leelai
| extra1 = Haripriya, Pavithra Chari, Shibi Srinivasan
| lyrics1 =Naveen Bharathi
| length1 = 2:39
| title2 = Radha Krishna
| extra2 = [[Sai Vignesh]]
| lyrics2 =Naveen Bharathi
| length2 =
| title3 =Kannanin Ekkathil
| extra3 = Reshma Shyam, Sreekanth Hariharan
| lyrics3 = Naveen Bharathi
| length3 = 5:36
| title4 =Kaadhal Soozhum Vannam
| extra4 =Aparna Harikumar
| lyrics4 = Naveen Bharathi
| length4 =
| title5 =Manadhin Nilai
| extra5 =Haripriya
| lyrics5 = Naveen Bharathi
| length5 =
| title6 =Thirunaal Varugai
| extra6 =Aparna Harikumar, Keshav Vinod, Sudharsan Hemaram
| lyrics6 = Naveen Bharathi
| length6 =
| title7 =Krishna Govinda
| extra7 =Malavika Rajhesh
| lyrics7 = Naveen Bharathi
| length7 =
| title8 =Mudivile Aarambam
| extra8 =Sreekanth Hariharan
| lyrics8 = Naveen Bharathi
| length8 =
| total_length = 36:36
}}
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu
| title1 = Prema Leela
| extra1 =Sireesha Bhagavatula, Pavithra Chari, Shibi Srinivasan
| lyrics1 =Irshad Kamil
| length1 = 2:39
| title2 = Radha Krishna
| extra2 =[[Sai Vignesh]]
| lyrics2 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length2 =
| title3 =Shyaama Sundara
| extra3 =Reshma Shyam, Sreekanth Hariharan
| lyrics3 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length3 = 5:36
| title4 =Vethike Kanule
| extra4 =Disha Prakash
| lyrics4 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length4 =
| title5 =Manse Nadipe
| extra5 = Sireesha Bhagavatula
| lyrics5 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length5 =
| title6 =Vache Subha Dinam
| extra6 = Disha Prakash, Keshav Vinod, Sudharsan Hemaram
| lyrics6 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length6 =
| title7 =Krishna Govinda
| extra7 =Soujanya Bhagavatula
| lyrics7 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length7 =
| title8 =Anthame Aarambhamu
| extra8 = Sreekanth Hariharan
| lyrics8 =Phanideep Viswanadha
| length8 =
| total_length = 36:35
}}

== Release ==
''Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)'' was released in theatres on 7 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram trailer unveiled at Krishna Janmabhoomi ahead of May 7 release, watch|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/krishnavataram-trailer-unveiled-at-krishna-janmabhoomi-ahead-of-may-7-release-watch/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> It was reported that the film would be released in three languages, including dubbed versions worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Epic ‘Krishnavataram’ Lines Up Worldwide Multilingual Release, English Version to Follow (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/indian-epic-krishnavataram-worldwide-multilingual-release-1236729228/|work=variety.com|date=25 April 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Krishnavataram’: Cinematic tribute to Lord Krishna set for grand release in May 2026|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/krishnavataram-cinematic-tribute-to-lord-krishna-set-for-grand-release-in-may-2026-3980509|work=www.deccanherald.com|date=25 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
''Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)'' received positive reviews from critics.

Mamta Naik of ''[[Mashable|Mashable India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Krishnavataram Part 1: Hridayam was a beautiful experience. Directed by Hardik Gajjar, known for Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev, it follows Lord Krishna's journey from Dwarka to Kurukshetra after parting ways with Radha. It also focuses on his relationships with Rukmini and Satyabhama. In doing so, the makers have also covered several key moments from his journey, including his anger over the humiliation of Draupadi during the Vastraharan incident in the Hastinapura court to the Syamantaka Mani incident, where Lord Krishna is falsely accused of stealing a magical gem. The first half captures the beautiful bond between Lord Krishna and Radha. Siddharth Gupta steps into the role of Krishna, and does he deliver? Absolutely! He portrays Krishna's childlike innocence and strategic thinking with absolute ease. Though I had a problem with his wig, I'll let it slide here. On the other hand, Sushmitha Bhat as Radha is just brilliant. This role was tailor-made for her, and every frame proves it. She beautifully expresses Radha's gracefulness and unconditional love for Krishna. In every scene, her expression is on point, whether she is being playful as she tries to grab Krishna's attention or expressing heartbreak. Nivaashiyni Krishnan as Rukmini, who loved Krishna without even seeing him, delivers a great performance as well. For those wondering whether the film portrays their relationship well, don't worry, it does. And then there's Satyabhama, played by Sanskruti Jayana. Just like Lord Krishna, she's the heart of this story. From portraying intense possessiveness to her immense love for Krishna and showing her warrior-like, fierce side, Jayana delivers a convincing performance. I was really impressed by her, especially in the latter moments. That said, it is known that Satyabhama killed Narakasura. While the film shows how, I wish it had explored that part in depth. Beyond performances, the film delivers grand visuals with well-executed VFX that feel natural. And yes, that was really important here. The direction is good, balancing every aspect of storytelling. Also, the outfits created for the cast members deserve a shout-out. That said, it would be a crime not to mention the songs, because they make the film even more enjoyable. Right from “Krishna Govinda” by Sunidha Chauhan, “Shyamal Sanware” by Sonu Nigam and Neeti Mohan, to “Prem Ki Leela” by Shreya Ghoshal, the music captures the heart and Lord Krishna's journey impeccably.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1: Hridayam Review - Siddharth Gupta, Sanskruti Jayana's Film Has Heart and Spectacle
|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/109399/krishnavataram-part-1-hridayam-review-siddharth-gupta-sanskruti-jayanas-film-has-heart-and-spectacle|work=in.mashable.com|date=7 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Despite its flaws, Krishnavataram does remain engaging through most of its 2-hour-25-minute runtime. The current mood of the country definitely gives religious films an edge, but this one also earns attention through visual ambition and the decision to spotlight Bhama’s story – something mainstream adaptations have rarely explored this lavishly."<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 review: Where mythology meets with Pinterest aesthetics
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/krishnavataram-review-bhama-story-visual-spectacle-stronger-second-half-2907890-2026-05-07|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing "What ultimately makes Krishnavataram – Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam) special is its understanding of Krishna as both divine and profoundly human. The film does not reduce him to miracles alone. It explores his compassion, emotional complexity and spiritual wisdom with tenderness and respect."<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram – Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam) Review: Soulful Saga|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart-hridayam-review-soulful-saga-83742.html|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=7 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

Simran Singh of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing "The film is backed by an impressive storytelling that commands your attention from the first frame. The movie starts with Jackie Shroff narrating Krishna Leela to a group of Gen-Z. The story begins with Lord Krishna's final moments. We see Madhav playing the flute one last time after being hit by an arrow from a hunter who wanted to hunt a deer, but ended up hitting Madhav. The movie then chronicles his relationship with Radha, his journey from Dwarka to Kurukshetra, parting away from Radha, but accepting Rukmani, Satyabhama, and Jambavati as his life partners, teaching them and the world the true essence of love, sacrifice, and duties."<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1 movie review: You don't need 4000 crore, Siddharth Gupta, Sanskruti Jayana's visually rich Lord Krishna saga proves it with genuine intent, novel storytelling|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-krishnavataram-part-1-movie-review-you-don-t-need-4000-crore-siddharth-gupta-s-visually-rich-lord-krishna-saga-proves-it-with-genuine-intent-novel-storytelling-3209374#goog_rewarded|work=www.dnaindia.com|date=7 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[Times Of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing "The film’s intent to portray Krishna’s ethos of love and devotion comes through, further elevated by its performances. Siddharth Gupta takes time to feel fully convincing in the role, but once he settles into the part, he delivers a strong performance. Sushmita Bhat as Radha, Sanskruti Jayana as Bhama, and Nivaashiyini Krishnan as Rukmini deliver sincere turns overall. Sanskruti Jayana deserves special mention for portraying Bhama’s jealousy and heartache, and shines in the role of slaying Narkasur.
The story is familiar and spectacle-led, but the grand visuals, music and sincere performances make it worth a theatrical watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart Movie Review: Grand Visuals Lift A Familiar Tale Of Love And Divinity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart/movie-review/130889178.cms|work=[[Times Of India]]|date=7 May 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|41804839}}
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1998

2026-05-08T10:25:20Z

OnitaCrespo4: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Pedatadivada

2026-05-03T19:40:36Z

OnitaCrespo4: added a details - done

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Pedatadivada''' is a village located in [[Denkada]] tehsil of [[Vizianagaram District]], [[Uttarandhra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located 3 km from [[Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram/denkada/pedatadivada.html|title = Pedatadivada Village in Denkada (Vizianagaram) Andhra Pradesh | villageinfo.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18|05|N|83|26|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}

Jaldhaka River

2026-04-30T19:54:24Z

OnitaCrespo4: small fix page as per guidelines also and fixed typos to improve readability

{{distinguish|Jaldhaka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Jaldhaka River
| native_name =
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| image = Jaldhaka River Naxal.jpg
| image_size =
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| subdivision_type1 = Countries
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*[[Bhutan]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
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| subdivision_type4 = Districts
| subdivision_name4 = *[[Gangtok district|Gangtok district, India]]
*[[Pakyong District|Pakyong District India]]
*[[Samtse District|Samtse Bhutan]]
*[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong India]]
*[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri India]]
*[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar India]]
*[[Lalmonirhat District|Lalmonirhat Bangladesh]]
*[[Kurigram District|Kurigram Bangladesh]].
| subdivision_type5 = States
| subdivision_name5 = *[[Sikkim|Sikkim India]]
*[[Samtse District|Samtse Bhutan]]
*[[West Bengal|West Bengal India]]
*[[Rangpur Division|Rangpur Bangladesh]].

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Bitang Lake]]
| source1_location = [[Kupup]], [[Gangtok district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Dharla River]], [[Brahmaputra]]
| mouth_location = [[Lalmonirhat District]], [[Bangladesh]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

[[File:Jaldhaka river.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Jaldhaka River in Kalimpong district]] The '''Jaldhaka River''' (Pron:/ˌdʒælˈdɑːkə/) ({{langx|bn| জলঢাকা নদী}}), also known as '''Dichu,''' is a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra]]<ref>{{citation |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh Kant |last2=Sharma |first2=Usha |title=Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Assam. Volume three |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PpMFndsXKQC&pg=PA141 |year=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-037-6 |pages=141}}</ref> and a [[trans-boundary river]] flowing through [[India]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Bangladesh]] with a length of 233 kilometres. It originates from the [[Bitang Lake]] at [[Kupup]], [[Gangtok district|Gangtok District, Sikkim]], near the [[Jelep La]] pass below [[Dongkya Range|Dongkya Mountain Range]]. It flows through [[Pakyong District]] of Sikkim, India and then passes through forests of [[Samtse District]] of Bhutan where it flows for around 40 kilometres and then re-enters India at [[Bindu, Kalimpong|Bindu]], [[Kalimpong district]]. Further it passes through [[Neora Valley National Park]], [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Gorumara National Park]] in West Bengal along with cities and towns, like Paren, Gairibas, [[Jaldhaka|Jhalong]], [[Dhupguri]], [[Falakata]], [[Mathabhanga]] and flows through [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] districts in [[West Bengal]], [[India]] before entering Bangladesh at Mogolhat, [[Lalmonirhat District]] of [[Rangpur Division]]. It is known as [[Dharla River]] in Bangladesh and flows through towns like Kolaghat, Phulbari and [[Kurigram District|Kurigram]] City and Passes southwards until the Dharla [[debouches]] into the [[Brahmaputra River]] at Bagua Anantpur of [[Kurigram District]]. Due to the river's wandering over several international borders, only a small length of the river lies in Bangladesh and Bhutan and most of its path lies in India. In some places, this river is also known as Mansai river and Singhimari river.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Murshed |first=Md Mahbub |year=2012
|chapter=Jaldhaka River
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jaldhaka_River
|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jaldhak or Dichu originates from the Kupup Lake, a small glacial lake in Sikkim. It gains volume through the confluence of two other streams near [[Bindu (village)|Bindu]], viz., Bindu Khola and Dudh Pokhri. The combined stream meet at Bindu to increase the volume of Jaldhaka River, thus forming a riverine boundary with India and Bhutan in the left bank. The main tributaries that join the river on its right bank are the Murti, the Jholung khola, the Naksal Khola, the [[Sutunga]] and the Jarda in the lower reach. The Diana, Rehti-Duduya and Mujnai are the main left bank tributaries.
[[File:Jaldhaka Nakshal.jpg|thumb|Jaldhaka River at the Nakshal Picnic Ground, India - Bhutan Border]]

The river flows through the three North Bengal districts of Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Bihar. The entire watershed is the most fertile agricultural zone along with the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] Basin. The upper course is famous for crops like ginger, medicinal herbs and fruits like oranges and pomegranate. The middle course comprising Jalpaiguri district is entirely tea and corn dominated and the lower course is dominated by rice, jute and tobacco. The inter-river formed lands are cultivated with crops like bamboo and mat sticks. In the lower basin, the inter-river lands are cultivated with banana.

The river enters Bangladesh at Ghoksadanga district to meet the Brahmaputra or the Jamuna as it is known there.

==Floods==
River Jaldhaka, along with [[Teesta|River Teesta]] have caused major flooding multiple times in [[Bangladesh]] during [[monsoon]] season between June and September.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/several-thousand-houses-inundated-kurigram-2162496|title = Several thousand houses inundated in Kurigram|date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Teesta|River Teesta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12420354#map=9/26.7394/89.3875&layers=C Jaldhaka River mapped on OpenStreetMap]

{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}
{{Hydrography of Sikkim}}

{{Coord|27.0297|N|88.8747|E|region:BD_type:river_source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River]]

Chandra Shekhar Azad Park

2026-04-27T10:21:24Z

OnitaCrespo4:

{{short description|Park in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Alfred National Park]], a park in Australia}}
{{for|the Australian cricketer|Alfred Park (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Chandrashekhar Azad Park (CAP)
| photo = Victoria Memorial Allahabad.jpg
| image_caption = ''Victoria Memorial''
| type = [[Public park]]
| location = [[Georgetown, Allahabad|Georgetown]] in [[Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|27|14|N|81|50|53|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = 54 hectares<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/allahabad/attractions/alfred-park/ | title=Chandrasekhar Azad Park, Prayagraj | publisher=NativePlanet | access-date=10 July 2018 }}</ref>
| length =
| width =
| created =
| operator = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| visitation_num =
| status = Open all year
| website =
| image =
| established = 1870
| architect =
}}

[[File:The tree at whose platform Azad shot himself.jpg|right|thumb|Chandra Shekhar Azad Memorial]]'''Chandra Shekhar Azad Park''' (also known by its [[List of renamed places in India|former name]] '''Alfred Park''', and '''Company Bagh''' during the [[Company Raj]]) is a [[public park]] in [[Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh]], India. Built in 1870 to mark [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred]]'s visit to the city, with an area of 54 hectares, it is the biggest park in Prayagraj.<ref name= TGEIAA>{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3|author=Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blai|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2009|isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=holy+trinity+church+allahabad&pg=PA57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/allahabad/attractions/alfred-park/ |title=Alfred Park, Allahabad |author= |website=nativeplanet.com |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> It was renamed by the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] after revolutionary [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], who sacrificed his life here during the [[Indian independence movement]] in 1931.

==History==
In 1870, old cantonments were transformed into a park when, after the [[Rebellion of 1857]], new areas were developed.

==Location==
The park is in the [[Georgetown, Allahabad|Georgetown]] neighborhood and is surrounded by [[Tagoretown]], [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]] and the [[University of Allahabad]]. Its coordinates are {{coord|25|27|9|N|80|50|51|E}}.

==Landmarks==
Being a big park it has some very important heritage and recreational sites.
*'''Chandra Shekhar Azad Memorial''', where Azad sacrificed his life
*'''Victoria Memorial'''. Large canopy made of Italian limestone, dedicated to [[Queen Victoria]]. It was opened on 24 March 1906 by [[James Digges La Touche]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Ramesh |title=Cities and towns of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-ZOAAAAMAAJ&q=queen+victoria |year=2004 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |page=393|isbn=9788171698080 }}</ref> The canopy once sheltered a huge statue of Queen Victoria which was later removed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Islamic, Rajput, European |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa5NAAAAYAAJ&q=Thornhill+Mayne+Memorial |year=1989 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=202|isbn=9780140084252 }}</ref>
*[[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]], a music training institute
*[[Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium]]
*[[Allahabad Museum]]
*[[Allahabad Public Library]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gigapan.com/gigapans/83948|title=Allahabad Public Library - Thornhill and Mayne Memorial}}</ref>

Being the biggest park, it attracts a large number of people. according to an estimate, approximately 5000 people visit this park in duration of 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Allahabad|List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Gardens in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in India]]

Tirupati, Kakinada district

2026-04-22T10:23:42Z

OnitaCrespo4: started new location - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirupati, Kakinada district
| native_name = Tirupathi
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|9|N|82|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Peddapuram mandal|Peddapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 53333
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| other temples =
}}
'''Tirupati''' is a south [[India]]n village in [[Peddapuram Mandal]] in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

Tholi Tirupati is one of the famous ancient temples of South India, Located near Peddapuram, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh; famous for Divine Lord Sringara Vallabha Swami.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Prabha Mallikarjun

2026-04-20T08:34:30Z

OnitaCrespo4: added a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dr.Prabha Mallikarjun.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Dr.Prabha Mallikarjun
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]]
| predecessor = [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse = [[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Dental degree|Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS)]]
| alma_mater = Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davanagere
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|03|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Davanagere district|Harihar]], [[Karnataka]], India
| relatives = [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] (father-in-law)
| profession = [[Dentist]] and Healthcare Activist
| native_name =
| website = https://drprabhamallikarjun.com/
}}
'''Prabha Mallikarjun''' (born 15 March 1976) is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]] in [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Davanagere Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/davanagere-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917612.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Davanagere election results 2024 live updates: Cong's Prabha Mallikarjun wins against IND's G B Vinay Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/davanagere-election-results-2024-karnataka-davanagere-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-prabha-mallikarjun-cong-gayithri-siddeshwara-bjp/articleshow/110679336.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Davanagere, Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Prabha Mallikarjun secures seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/davanagere-karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547727-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
She is a [[dentist]] by qualification (Obtained Degree in 1998), and a healthcare activist.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Women take on mantle of Davengere's 2 big political families |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/women-take-on-mantle-of-d-gere-s-2-big-political-families-2945593 |access-date=21 March 2024 |publisher=www.deccanherald.com}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Born to Girijamma and the KG Parameshwarappa, Prabha Mallikarjun hails from an agricultural family in Kakkargolla village, Davangere taluk. She completed her primary and secondary education at PolyFiber CBSE School, Kumarapattanam, [[Harihar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Political career==
She won the [[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]] seat in the [[2024 Indian general election]]s as an [[Indian National Congress]] Candidate.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inc.in/media/press-releases/third-list-of-cong-candidates-for-loksabha | title= Third list of Cong candidates for Loksabha | publisher=www.inc.in| access-date=21 March 2024| date=21 March 2024 }}</ref> She defeated Gayithri Siddeshwara of BJP by a margin of 26,094 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

She also served as a Board member of the [[Bapuji Educational Association]], [[Davanagere]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಸಚಿವ ಎಸ್‌ಎಸ್‌ ಮಲ್ಲಿಕಾರ್ಜುನ್‌ ಜನ್ಮದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಬಾಪೂಜಿ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ ಸೇವೆ ಆರಂಭ; ಏನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಸೌಲಭ್ಯ? ನೋಂದಣಿ ಹೇಗೆ? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/davanagere/bapuji-health-card-service-launched-on-minister-ss-mallikarjun-birthday-what-are-the-facilities-how-to-register/articleshow/103867009.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K., DHNS |first=Nrupathunga S. |title=Davangere MLA to vaccinate people of his constituency free of cost |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/davangere-mla-to-vaccinate-people-of-his-constituency-free-of-cost-993536.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is married to [[S. S. Mallikarjun]] (Son of [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]], a former Minister and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Davanagere South Assembly constituency|Davanagere South]]), who is the Minister of Mines & Geology and Horticulture in [[Government of Karnataka]] on 1 February 1998. She is the mother of three children: Samarth, Shrestha, and Shiva

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:People from Davanagere district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Bolangir Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:26Z

OnitaCrespo4: adding basic details first draft - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Bolangir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bolangir
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 68
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,43,358{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Bolangir''' is a constituency of the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] in Odisha, India. This seats falls under [[Bolangir]] District of [[Odisha]] State in India. Bolangir seat is an unreserved seat of Odisha [[Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Bolangir Assembly Election Result 2019 |url=https://www.newstrend.news/155373/bolangir-assembly-election-result-2019/ |website=newstrend.news |publisher=Newstrend |accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> This constituency includes Balangir block and Deogaon block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp111.htm|title= 111 - Bolangir Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 15 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.69}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.32}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.83}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.70}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.26}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.91}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.59}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.51}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.85}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|36.29}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|51.47}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

Elected members from the Bolangir constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Bolangir Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bolangir.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 10 March 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolangir Election and Results 2019, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bolangir.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bolangir Assembly Election Results 2024: Bolangir Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/bolangir-constituency-result-18068 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Narasingha Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="5" |[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Mahmmed Muzafer Hussain Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Muralidhar Guru
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Chandra Sekhar Singh Bhoi
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Nandakishore Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Nandakishore Mishra
|-
|[[Achyutananda Mahananda]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 20 May 2024 in the 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & the 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Samarendra Mishra by a margin of 13,409 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Bolangir}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
|votes = 85,265
|percentage = 45.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Samarendra Mishra
|votes = 71,856
|percentage = 38.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopalji Panigrahi
|votes = 24,932
|percentage = 13.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,556
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,409
|percentage = 7.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,609
|percentage = 76.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Narasingha Mishra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Arkesh Narayan Singh Deo by a margin of 5,341 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Bolangir<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Bolangir Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Bolangir Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-18 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/bolangir-election-result-s18a068/ | access-date=2020-08-01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Narasingha Mishra]]
|votes = 71,598
|percentage = 41.32
|change = {{increase}}1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Arkesh Narayan Singh Deo
|votes = 66,257
|percentage = 38.24
|change = {{increase}}6.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ananta Kumar Dash
|votes = 28,924
|percentage = 16.69
|change = {{decrease}}5.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,377
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,341
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,288
|percentage = 72.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Narasingha Mishra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]] by a margin of 12,254 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web
|url = http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html
|title = Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014
|work = leadtech.in
|accessdate = 29 May 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html
|archive-date = 18 August 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bolangir<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha -Angul|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1868.htm?ac=68|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Bolangir(68)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529104359/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=68|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Narasingha Mishra]]
|votes = 61,730
|percentage = 39.83
|change = {{increase}}12.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|votes = 49,476
|percentage = 31.93
|change = {{decrease}}8.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Basudev Pati
|votes = 35,130
|percentage = 22.67
|change = {{decrease}}2.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,161
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,254
|percentage = 7.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,975
|percentage = 73.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,10,736
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Laxman Kumar Meher by a margin of 16,866 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=16866 |accessdate=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Bolangir<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|votes = 52,948
|percentage = 40.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laxman Kumar Meher
|votes = 36,082
|percentage = 27.74
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Basudev Pati
|votes = 33,258
|percentage = 25.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,866
|percentage = 12.97{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,281
|percentage = 64.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balangir district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|20.70|83.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Balangir]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balangir district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Emily Tinne

2026-04-05T15:18:31Z

OnitaCrespo4: adding some details v1 - done

{{Short description|British collector of clothes (1886–1966)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Emily Tinne
| image = Emily Tinne.jpg
| caption =
| alt = Sepia image of a woman sitting on a chair
| birth_name = Emily Margaret McCulloch
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|8|21}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1966|3|12|1886|8|21}}
| death_place = [[Liverpool]], England<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wildman |first=Charlotte |title=Urban redevelopment and modernity in Liverpool and Manchester, 1918-39 |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4742-5738-1 |page = 119}}</ref>
| nationality = 
| known_for = ''The Tinne Collection of Clothing''
| spouse = {{marriage|Philip Frederic Tinne|1910|1954|end=d.}}
}}

'''Emily Margaret Tinne''' ({{née|'''McCulloch'''}}; 21 August 1886 – 12 March 1966) was a British collector of clothes. Raised by a [[Presbyterian Church of India|Presbyterian missionary to India]], Tinne attended boarding school in England. She trained and worked as a teacher before marrying a wealthy medical doctor in 1910, at which point she started buying clothes from department stores in [[Bold Street, Liverpool|Bold Street]], Liverpool, as well as having bespoke items made by a local dress maker. Her collection, which has been donated to the [[National Museums Liverpool]], contains over 700 items and is the largest from an individual owned by a museum in the United Kingdom. The clothes are of high quality, with many items still unworn in their original tissue paper and boxes, the price tags and delivery information still attached.

== Biography ==
Tinne was born Emily Margaret McCulloch on 21 August 1886 near [[Calcutta, India]].<ref name=Rushton9>Rushton (2006), p. 9.</ref> Her father, William McCulloch, was a [[Presbyterian]] missionary<ref name=Rushton28>Rushton (2006), p. 28.</ref> and principal at a theological college in nearby [[Chinsurah]], West Bengal.<ref name=Rushton9 /> Her mother was a stern lady, and the family's lack of means and Presbyterian beliefs made for a frugal upbringing.<ref name=Rushton28 /> Tinne had two brothers and a sister, and the four were sent to boarding school in 1893, when Tinne was about seven. During the school holidays, the children would live either with Tinne's maternal aunt in [[Sevenoaks, Kent]] or grandparents in [[Edinburgh]]. Her parents remained in India until the 1920s.<ref name=Rushton9 />

Tinne studied as a [[domestic science]] teacher at [[Edinburgh School of Cookery]], between 1904 and 1906, then moved to [[Aigburth]], Liverpool to live with her maternal uncle, William Brogden Patterson.<ref name=Rushton9 /> There she found a teaching role at Liverpool Training School of Cookery & Technical College of Domestic Service, where she remained for three years until 1909.<ref name=Rushton9 /> During this period Tinne became engaged to Philip Frederic Tinne, a [[general practitioner]] whose family had a history as profitable sugar merchants and ship owners.<ref name=Rushton10>Rushton (2006), p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Exhibition Gives a Fascinating Insight into the Family Life of Emily Tinne|url=http://artdaily.com/news/30009/Exhibition-Gives-a-Fascinating-Insight-into-the-Family-Life-of-Emily-Tinne-|access-date=13 March 2016|work=Art Daily}}</ref> The couple married at the [[Welsh Presbyterian Church, Liverpool|Welsh Presbyterian Church]] in [[Toxteth]], Liverpool on 14 July 1910 and moved into a cottage in Aigburth.<ref name=Rushton13>Rushton (2006), p. 13.</ref> They had six children, Elspeth, John, Bertha, Helen, Alexine and Philip, along with another who died in infancy,<ref name=Rushton15>Rushton (2006), p. 15.</ref> and the growing family meant that they moved into a larger property in 1923 with an extension large enough for Philip's surgery at the rear of the house.<ref name=Rushton13 />

Tinne's husband inherited £161,830 from his father in 1925, equivalent to about £6 million in 2006.<ref name=Rushton14>Rushton (2006), p. 14.</ref> Tinne's sons were educated at [[Eton College]], whilst her daughters went to local schools.<ref name=Rushton15 /> The family also had at least seven servants<ref name=Rushton15 /> and owned the first car in Liverpool.<ref name=Grant />

== The Tinne collection of clothing ==
{{Quote box
|quote="Emily's clothes were never ostentatious in style, and indeed were often typical of many of the mainstream fashions of the inter-War period. But due to its sheer volume, her wardrobe is not truly representative of what most middle-class women of the time possessed"
|source = ''Mrs Tinne's Wardrobe: A Liverpool Lady's Clothes 1900–1940''<ref name=Rushton28 />
|width=30%
|align = right
}}
Tinne acquired a significant collection of clothes from shops in Bold Street, Liverpool shops and her local dressmaker.<ref name=Rushton17>Rushton (2006), p. 17.</ref> The collection comprised both off-the-rail items and bespoke outfits.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Lynn|title=The Button Box: Lifting the Lid on Women's Lives|date=2016|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4481-9153-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09ohCwAAQBAJ}}</ref> She also made some clothes, including special outfits for her children's dance shows. The collection is held by National Museums Liverpool, donated in three stages by Emily Tinne's daughter, Alexine. Due to the sheer volume of items, Alexine would put out two tea chests per week, which would be collected by the museum.<ref name=Grant /> The collection includes more than 700 items, though many other items could not be accepted due to the low quality.<ref name=Rushton27>Rushton (2006), p. 27.</ref> The total collection included over 1000 items.{{cn|date=March 2020}} The collection is the largest collection of an individual's clothing owned by a museum in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grant|first1=Linda|title=The woman who shopped for England|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG3353661/The-woman-who-shopped-for-England.html|access-date=13 March 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=14 May 2008}}</ref>

The collection consists of items created between 1900 and 1940 and includes [[day dress|day]] and [[evening gown|evening dresses]], coats, underwear and stockings, swimwear, shoes, hats and gloves, baby and children's clothes, but is deficient in the shoes and handbags that would usually accompany a wearable ensemble. In addition, the collection includes Tinne's limited selection of jewellery, her servants' clothes and also some soft furnishings. To provide context, Tinne's collection of fashion magazines and [[Pattern (sewing)|sewing patterns]] are also included in the collection.<ref name=Rushton27 />

{{Quote box
|quote="Emily's motivation for buying clothes in such volume is unclear. Set free, upon her marriage, from the constraints of her Presbyterian up-bringing, and with access to money for the first time in her life, she appears to have embarked upon shopping with a passion."
|source = ''Mrs Tinne's Wardrobe: A Liverpool Lady's Clothes 1900–1940''<ref name=Rushton33>Rushton (2006), p. 33.</ref>
|width=30%
|align = right
}}

Tinne bought multiple versions of the same item, often leaving them in the original tissue paper, with the original price labels and delivery dates.<ref name=Rushton34 /> Many of the higher value items were never worn, possibly because Tinne did not attend functions which would allow them to be due to her husband's evening surgeries.<ref name=Grant /> Tinne's daughter, Alexine suggests that Emily may have purchased excess items or high value items that she did not want, to allow the shop assistants to gain commission.<ref name=Rushton34 /> This view is backed up by the curator of the exhibition, Pauline Rushton, who describes Tinne's social work in organising widows' pensions or helping unmarried mothers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajan|first1=Amol|title=Move over Coleen Rooney, this was the first Wag|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/move-over-coleen-rooney-this-was-the-first-wag-1669291.html|access-date=13 March 2016|work=Independent|date=15 April 2009}}</ref> However, fashion author Linda Grant believes it was more likely that she just enjoyed shopping.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rawsthorn|first1=Alice|title=Dressing the part|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/21/the-thoughtful-dresser-linda-grant|access-date=13 March 2016|work=The Guardian|date=21 March 2009}}</ref>

The vast majority of the collection is dated between 1910 and 1940. Few items exist from before her marriage, when she started shopping "almost every afternoon",<ref name=Rushton33 /> nor from after the outbreak of [[World War II]],<ref name=Grant>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Linda|title=The Thoughtful Dresser: The Art of Adornment, the Pleasures of Shopping, and Why Clothes Matter|date=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5882-1|pages=51–52|edition=Reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYM_3CQApBEC|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> when she appears to have taken on a "make do and mend" attitude, which remained until her death.<ref name=Rushton28 /> The size of the collection caused strain between Emily and her husband, along with storage difficulties. The clothes were stored in tea chests and could be found in the couple's en-suite bathroom, the servants' quarters, and were even used to block off part of the cellar to secure other valuables.<ref name=Rushton34>Rushton (2006), p. 34.</ref>
[[File:Philip Frederick and Emily Tinne grave, St Anne's Aigburth.jpg|thumb|right|Gravestone of Emily and her husband at [[Church of St Anne, Aigburth|St Anne's church, Aigburth]] ]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last1=Rushton|first1=Pauline|title=Mrs Tinne's Wardrobe: A Liverpool Lady's Clothes 1900–1940|date=2006|publisher=The Bluecoat Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=1-904438-20-2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/wardrobe/emilytinne.aspx Liverpool Museum biography of Emily Tinne]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tinne, Emily}}
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1910s fashion]]
[[Category:1920s fashion]]
[[Category:1930s fashion]]
[[Category:British collectors]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British schoolteachers]]
[[Category:People from Aigburth]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Naraka (Hinduism)

2026-04-04T12:09:03Z

OnitaCrespo4: creating some post more to come

{{short description|Hindu equivalent of Hell}}
{{About|the Hindu hell|the asura (demon) in Hindu scriptures|Narakasura}}
[[File:Hindu hell.jpg|thumb|The central panel portrays [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], aided by Chitragupta and Yamadutas, judging the dead. Other panels depict various realms/hells of Naraka.]]

'''Naraka''' ({{langx|sa|नरक}}), also called '''Yamaloka''', is the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] equivalent of [[Hell]], where sinners are tormented after death.<ref name="anna_naraka">{{cite book | last = Dallapiccola | first = Anna L. | title = [[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]] | publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]]  | year = 2002 | chapter =Naraka| isbn = 978-0-500-51088-9 | chapter-url = http://www.credoreference.com/entry/thhll/naraka}} {{subscription required}}</ref> It is also the abode of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the god of Death. It is described as located in the south of the universe and beneath the earth.

The number and names of hells, as well as the type of sinners sent to a particular hell, varies from text to text; however, many scriptures describe 28 hells.<ref name="anna_naraka"/> After death, messengers of Yama called ''[[Yamaduta]]s'' bring all beings to the court of Yama, where he weighs the virtues and the vices of the being and passes a judgement, sending the virtuous to [[Svarga]] (heaven) and the sinners to one of the hells. The stay in Svarga or Naraka is generally described as temporary. After the quantum of punishment is over, the souls are [[reincarnation|reborn]] as lower, or higher beings as per their merits<ref name="anna_naraka"/> (the exception being Hindu philosopher [[Madhva|Madhvacharya]], who believes in eternal [[damnation]] of the [[Tamo-yogyas]] in Andhantamas). In [[Cambodia]], Naraka is part of Hinduism and is also a [[Khmer language|Khmer]] word (នរក; ''norok'') for hell.<ref name="glasenapp">[[Helmuth von Glasenapp]]: Der Hinduismus. Religion und Gesellschaft im heutigen Indien, Hildesheim 1978, p. 248.</ref>

==Location==
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes Naraka as beneath the earth, similar to the western Hell, between the seven realms of the underworld (''[[Patala]]'') and the ''[[Causal Ocean|Garbhodaka]]'' Ocean, the lowest, most southerly region of the universe. ''Pitrloka'', the "capital" of Naraka headed by ''Agniṣvāttā'', is where deceased predecessors and relatives (''[[Pitrs]]'') reside, and is also located in this lower region. Yama, Lord of Naraka, resides in this realm with his assistants.<ref name="bhagavata">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/5/26/en2|title=Bhagavata Purana 5.26|author=[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]]|website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113025849/http://vedabase.net/sb/5/26/en2|archive-date=2012-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions that Naraka is the "southern" part of universe, below the earth but "above" Patala.<ref name = "mani"/> The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' mentions that it is located below the "cosmic waters at the bottom of the universe".<ref name="vishnu">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana (Translation)|volume=II|year=1865|publisher=Trubner & co.|location=London|pages=207–11|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp064.htm|chapter=Chapter VI}}</ref> The [[Hindu epic]]s, too, agree that Naraka is located in the southern universe, a direction which is governed by Yama and is often associated with death, directly. Pitrloka is considered to be the capital city of Naraka and the abode of Yama, to where souls are brought before him to be served their due justice.<ref name="epic">{{cite book | title=Epic Mythology | publisher=Motilal Banarasidass | author=Hopkins, Edward | author-link=Edward Washburn Hopkins | year=1969 | pages=108–9}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:The Court of Yama, God of Death, circa 1800.jpg|thumb|Court of Yama, c. 1800]]
The god of Death, Yama, employs Yama-dutas (messengers of Yama) or Yama-purushas, who bring souls of all beings to Yama for judgement.<ref name = "bhagavata"/> Generally, all living beings, including humans and beasts, go to Yama's abode upon death where they are judged. However, very virtuous beings are taken directly to Svarga (heaven). People devoted to charity, especially donors of food, and eternal truth speakers are spared the justice of Yama's court. War-heroes who sacrifice their life and people dying in holy places like [[Kurukshetra]] are also described as avoiding Yama.<ref name="epic"/> Those who get [[moksha]] (salvation) also escape from the clutches of [[Yamaduta|yamadutas]].<ref name = "bhagavata"/> Those who are generous and ascetics are given preferential treatment when entering Naraka for judgement. The way is lighted for those who donated lamps, while those who underwent religious fasting are carried by peacocks and geese.<ref name="epic"/>

Yama, as Lord of Justice, is called [[Dharma]]-raja.<ref name="epic"/> Yama sends the virtuous to Svarga to enjoy the luxuries of paradise. He also assesses the vices of the dead and accords judgement, assigning them to appropriate hells as punishment commensurate with the severity and nature of their sins.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name = "mani"/> A person is not freed of [[samsara]] (the cycle of birth-death-rebirth) and must take birth again after his prescribed pleasure in Svarga or punishment in Naraka is over.<ref name = "bhagavata"/>

Yama is aided by his minister [[Chitragupta]], who maintains a record of all good and evil actions of every living being.<ref>Mani p. 184</ref> Yama-dhutas are also assigned the job of executing the punishments on sinners in the various hells.<ref name = "bhagavata"/>

==Number and names==
Naraka, as a whole, is known by many names conveying that it is the realm of Yama. Yamālaya, Yamaloka, Yamasādana and Yamalokāya mean the abode of Yama. Yamakṣaya (the ''akṣaya'' of Yama) and its equivalents like Vaivasvatakṣaya use pun for the word ''kṣaya'', which can be mean abode or destruction. It is also called Saṃyamanī, "where only truth is spoken, and the weak torment the strong", Mṛtyulokāya – the world of Death or of the dead and the "city of the king of ghosts", Pretarājapura.<ref name="epic"/>

The ''[[Agni Purana]]'' mentions only 4 hells.<ref name="anna_naraka"/> Some texts mention 7 hells: Put ("childless", for the childless), Avichi ("waveless", for those waiting for reincarnation), Samhata ("abandoned", for evil beings), Tamisra ("darkness", where darkness of hells begin), Rijisha ("expelled", where torments of hell begin), Kudmala ("leprous", the worst hell for those who are going to be reincarnated) and Kakola ("black poison", the bottomless pit, for those who are eternally condemned to hell and have no chance of reincarnation).<ref>{{cite book|title = The Hindu world: an encyclopedic survey of Hinduism|author = Walker, Benjamin |publisher = Allen & Unwin|pages = 253–4|year = 1968}}</ref><ref name = "satguru">{{Cite book|author=[[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]]|title=Loving Ganesa: Hinduism's Endearing Elephant-Faced God|pages=474–5|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|year=2000|isbn=9780945497776}}</ref><ref>[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/thhll/cosmology cosmology]. (2002). In ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Thames & Hudson''. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/thhll/cosmology</ref>

The ''[[Manu Smriti]]'' mentions 21 hells: Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Maharaurava, Raurava, Kalasutra, Mahanaraka, Samjivana, Mahavichi, Tapana, Sampratapana, Samhata, Sakakola, Kudmala, Putimrittika, Lohasanku, Rijisha, Pathana, Vaitarani, Salmali, Asipatravana and Lohadaraka.<ref>{{cite book | title=The laws of Manu | author=Bühler, Georg | author-link=Georg Bühler | year=1886 | pages=142–3 | publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press | url=https://archive.org/stream/lawsofmanu00bh#page/142/mode/2up}}</ref>

The ''[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti|Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'' also lists twenty-one: Tamisra, Lohasanku, Mahaniraya, Salamali, Raurava, Kudmala, Putimrittika, Kalasutraka, Sanghata, Lohitoda, Savisha, Sampratapana, Mahanaraka, Kakola, Sanjivana, Mahapatha, Avichi, Andhatamisra, Kumbhipaka, Asipatravana and Tapana.<ref>Notes in {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana (Translation)|volume=II|year=1865|publisher=Trubner & co.|location=London|page=215|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Io-AAAAcAAJ&q=kakola+Tamisra&pg=PA215|chapter=Chapter VI}}</ref>
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' enlist and describe 28 hells; however, they end the description by stating that there are hundreds and thousands of hells.<ref name="bhagavata"/><ref name = "mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|pages = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/368 368–70]}}</ref><ref name="vishnu"/><ref name = "dalal"/> The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' enumerates the following 28: Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Raurava, Maharaurava, Kumbhipaka, Kalasutra, Asipatravana, Sukaramukha, Andhakupa, Krimibhojana, Samdamsa, Taptasurmi, Vajrakantaka-salmali, Vaitarani, Puyoda, Pranarodha, Visasana, Lalabhaksa, Sarameyadana, Avichi, Ayahpana, Ksharakardama, Raksogana-bhojana, Sulaprota, Dandasuka, Avata-nirodhana, Paryavartana and Suchimukha.<ref name="bhagavata"/> The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' agrees with the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' in most of names; however, a few names are slightly different. Taptasurmi, Ayahpana, Raksogana-bhojana, Avata-nirodhana, Paryavartana are replaced by Taptamurti, Apahpana, Raksogana-sambhoja, Avatarodha, Paryavartanataka respectively.<ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' mentions the 28 in the following order: Raurava, Shukara, Rodha, Tala, Visasana, Mahajwala, Taptakumbha, Lavana, Vimohana, Rudhirandha, Vaitaraní, Krimiśa, Krimibhojana, Asipatravana, Krishna, Lalabhaksa, Dáruńa, Púyaváha, Pápa, Vahnijwála, Adhośiras, Sandansa, Kalasutra, Tamas, Avichi, Śwabhojana, Apratisht́ha, and another Avichi.<ref name="vishnu"/>

==Description of hells==
[[File:Narak Vas No 2 - Early Lithograph by Ravi Varma Press.jpeg|thumb|Lithograph of the [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] Press in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] displaying punishments for activities like mutilating animals, killing fishes, forging documents, alcohol consumption, [[Elder abuse|abuse of elderly parents]], hunting, adultery (for women), advising to commit sin, adultery (for men), mistreatment the children of co-wives & making [[Working animal|draught animals]] pull excess load in hells.]]

Early texts like the ''[[Rigveda]]'' do not have a detailed description of Naraka. It is simply a place of evil and a dark bottomless pit.{{cn|date=March 2022}} The ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' describes a realm of darkness, where murderers are confined after death.

The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' is the first text to mention the pain and suffering of Naraka in detail, while the ''Manu Smriti'' begins naming the multiple hells.<ref name = "dalal">{{cite book|isbn=978-0143414216|title=Hinduism an Alphabetical Guide|author = Dalal, Roshen|year=2010|page=274|publisher=Penguin}}</ref> The epics also describe Hell in general terms as a dense jungle without shade, where there is no water and no rest. The Yamadutas torment souls on the orders of their master.<ref name = "epic"/>

The names of many of hells is common in Hindu texts; however, the nature of sinners tormented in particular hells varies from text to text.

The summary of twenty-eight hells described in the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' are as follows:<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Tamisra''' (darkness): It is intended for a person who grabs another's wealth, wife or children. In this dark realm, he is bound with ropes and starved without food or water. He is beaten and reproached by Yamadutas till he faints.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Andhatamisra''' (blind-darkness): Here, a man – who deceives another man and enjoys his wife or children – is tormented to the extent he loses his intelligence and sight. The torture is described as cutting the tree at its roots.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Raurava''' (fearful or hell of ''ruru''s): As per the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', it is assigned for a person who cares about his own and his family's good, but harms other living beings and is always envious of others. The living beings hurt by such a man take the form of savage serpent-like beasts called ''ruru''s and torture this person.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' deems this hell fit for a false witness or one who lies.<ref name = "vishnu"/>

'''Maharaurava''' (great-fearful): A person who indulges at the expense of other beings is afflicted with pain by fierce ''ruru''s called ''kravyada''s, who eat his flesh.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Kumbhipaka''' (cooked in a pot): A person who cooks beasts and birds alive is cooked alive in boiling oil by Yamadutas here, for as many years as there were hairs on the bodies of their animal victims.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Kalasutra''' (thread of Time/Death): The ''Bhagavata Purana'' assigns this hell to a murderer of a [[brahmin]],<ref name = "bhagavata"/> while the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' allocates it for a person who disrespects his parents, elders, ancestors or brahmins.<ref name="mani"/> This realm is made entirely of copper and extremely hot, heated by fire from below and the red hot sun from above. Here, the sinner burns from within by hunger and thirst and the smouldering heat outside, whether he sleeps, sits, stands or runs.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Asipatravana/Asipatrakanana''' (forest of sword leaves): The ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' reserve this hell for a person who digresses from the religious teachings of the [[Vedas]] and indulges in heresy.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' states that wanton tree-felling leads to this hell.<ref name = "vishnu"/> Yamadutas beat them with whips as they try to run away in the forest where palm trees have swords as leaves. Afflicted with injury of whips and swords, they faint and cry out for help in vain.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Shukaramukha''' (hog's mouth): It houses kings or government officials who punish the innocent or grant [[corporal punishment]] to a Brahmin. Yamadutas crush him as sugar cane is crushed to extract juice. He will yell and scream in agony, just as the guiltless suffered.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Andhakupa''' (well with its mouth hidden): It is the hell where a person who harms others with the intention of malice and harms insects is confined. He is attacked by birds, mammals, reptiles, mosquitoes, lice, worms, flies and others, who deprive him of rest and compel him to run hither and thither.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Krimibhojana/Krimibhaksha''' (worm-food): As per the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', it is where a person who does not share his food with guests, elders, children or the gods, and selfishly eats it alone, and he who eats without performing the five [[Yajna#Pancha Mahayajnas|yajna]]s (''panchayajna'') is chastised.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' states that one who loathes his father, Brahmins or the gods and who destroys jewels is punished here.<ref name = "vishnu"/> This hell is a 100,000 [[yojana]] lake filled with worms. The sinful person is reduced to a worm, who feeds on other worms, who in turn devour his body for 100,000 years.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Sandansa/Sandamsa''' (hell of pincers): The ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' state that a person who robs a Brahmin or steals jewels or gold from someone, when not in dire need, is confined to this hell.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> However, the ''Vishnu Purana'' tells the violators of vows or rules endure pain here.<ref name = "vishnu"/> His body is torn by red-hot iron balls and tongs.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Taptasurmi/Taptamurti''' (red-hot iron statue): A man or woman who indulges in illicit sexual relations with a woman or man is beaten by whips and forced to embrace red-hot iron figurines of the opposite sex.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Vajrakantaka-salmali''' (the silk-cotton tree with thorns like thunderbolts/[[vajra]]s): A person who has [[zoophilia|sexual intercourse with non-humans]] or who has excessive coitus is tied to the Vajrakantaka-salmali tree and pulled by Yamadutas so that the thorns tear his body.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''[[Vaitarna River (mythological)|Vaitarni/Vaitarna]]''' (to be crossed): It is a river that is believed to lie between Naraka and the earth. This river, which forms the boundary of Naraka, is filled with excreta, urine, pus, blood, hair, nails, bones, marrow, flesh and fat, where fierce aquatic beings eat the person's flesh. As per the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', a person born in a respectable family – [[kshatriya]] (warrior-caste), royal family or government official – who neglects his duty is thrown into this river of hell.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' assigns it to the destroyer of a bee-hive or a town.<ref name="vishnu"/>

[[File:Naraka1.jpg|thumb|Various sins and corresponding punishments in hells.]]

'''Puyoda''' (water of pus): [[Shudra]]s (workmen-caste) and husbands or sexual partners of lowly women and prostitutes – who live like beasts devoid of cleanliness and good behaviour – fall in Puyoda, the ocean of pus, excreta, urine, mucus, saliva and other repugnant things. Here, they are forced to eat these disgusting things.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Pranarodha''' (obstruction to life): Some Brahmins, Kshatriyas and [[Vaishya]]s (merchant caste) indulge in the sport of hunting with their dogs and donkeys in the forest, resulting in wanton killing of beasts. Yamadutas play archery sport with them as the targets in this hell.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Visashana''' (murderous): The ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' mention that Yamadutas whip a person, who has pride of his rank and wealth and sacrifices beasts as a status symbol, and finally kill him.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' associates it with the maker of spears, swords, and other weapons.<ref name="vishnu"/>

'''Lalabhaksa''' (saliva as food): As per the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', a Brahmin, a Kshatriya or a Vaishya husband, who forces his wife to drink his semen out of lust and to enforce his control, is thrown in a river of semen, which he is forced to drink.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/> The ''Vishnu Purana'' disagrees stating that one who eats before offering food to the gods, the ancestors or guests is brought to this hell.<ref name="vishnu"/>

'''Sarameyadana''' (hell of the sons of Sarama): Plunderers who burn houses and poison people for wealth, and kings and other government officials who grab money of merchants, mass murder or ruin the nation, are cast into this hell. Seven hundred and twenty ferocious dogs, the sons of [[Sarama]], with razor-sharp teeth, prey on them at the behest of Yamadutas.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Avici/Avicimat''' (waterless/waveless): A person, who lies on oath or in business, is repeatedly thrown head-first from a 100 yojana high mountain whose sides are stone waves, but without water. His body is continuously broken, but it is made sure that he does not die.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Ayahpana''' (iron-drink): Anybody else under oath or a Brahmin who drinks alcohol is punished here. Yamadutas stand on their chests and force them to drink molten-iron.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Ksarakardama''' (acidic/saline mud/filth): One who in false pride, does not honour a person higher than him by birth, austerity, knowledge, behaviour, caste or spiritual order, is tortured in this hell. Yamadutas throw him head-first and torment him.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Raksogana-bhojana''' (food of Rakshasas): Those who practise human-sacrifice and cannibalism are condemned to this hell. Their victims, in the form of [[Rakshasa]]s, cut them with sharp knives and swords. The Rakshasas feast on their blood and sing and dance in joy, just as the sinners slaughtered their victims.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Shulaprota''' (pierced by sharp pointed spear/dart): Some people give shelter to birds or animals pretending to be their saviours, but then harass them poking with threads, needles or using them like lifeless toys. Also, some people behave the same way to humans, winning their confidence and then killing them with sharp tridents or lances. The bodies of such sinners, fatigued with hunger and thirst, are pierced with sharp, needle-like spears. Ferocious carnivorous birds like vultures and herons tear and gorge their flesh.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Dandasuka''' (snakes): Filled with envy and fury, some people harm others like snakes. These are destined to be devoured by five or seven hooded serpents in this hell.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Avata-nirodhana''' (confined in a hole): People who imprison others in dark wells, crannies or mountain caves are pushed into this hell, a dark well engulfed with poisonous fumes and smoke that suffocates them.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Paryavartana''' (returning): A householder who welcomes guests with cruel glances and abuses them is restrained in this hell. Hard-eyed vultures, herons, crows and similar birds gaze on them and suddenly fly and pluck his eyes.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

'''Sucimukha''' (needle-face): An ever-suspicious man is always wary of people trying to grab his wealth. Proud of his money, he sins to gain and to retain it. Yamadutas stitch thread through his whole body in this hell.<ref name = "bhagavata"/><ref name="mani"/>

{{Hindu mythology}}
Though the ''Vishnu Purana'' mentions 28 hells, it gives information only about sinners condemned in 21 hells and does not give details about the punishments. The hells described in the ''Vishnu Purana'', but not in the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' are as follows:<ref name="vishnu"/>

'''Rodha''' (obstruction): A causer of abortion, a murderer of a cow, a plunderer or one who strangles a man is cast here.

'''Sukara''' (hog): A murderer of a Brahmin, a stealer of gold or an alcoholic and those all associated with them fall into this hell.

'''Tala''' (padlock): Murder of a Kshatriya or a Vaishya and adultery with wife of a religious leader leads here.

'''Taptakumbha''' (hot pots): Incest with sister and murderer of an ambassador results in torment in this hell.

'''Taptaloha''' (hot iron): A wife-seller, a jailer and one who abandons his followers is tortured here.

'''Mahajwala''' (great-fire): Incest with daughter or daughter-in-law brings one here.

'''Lavana''' (salt): One who vilifies his guru, people superior to them or the Vedas go to this hell.

'''Vimohana''' (the place of bewildering): A thief or those who despise prescribed observances are tormented here.

'''Krimisha''' (hell of insects): One who uses magic to harm others is condemned here.

'''Vedhaka''' (piercing): The maker of arrows is damned to this hell.

'''Adhomukha''' (head-inverted): He who takes bribes, an astrologer and he who worships improper objects is cast here.

'''Púyaváha''' (where matter falls): A Brahmin who sells [[Lac (resin)|lac]], meat, alcohol, salt; he who commits violence and he who eats sweets without sharing falls in this hell.

'''Rudhirándha''' (wells of blood): Wrestlers or boxers who commit violence for entertainment, fishermen, followers of bastards, arsonists, poisoners, informants, fortune-tellers, traitors, those who have coitus on sacred taboo days and those who live off their wives' prostitution are cast here.

'''Krishna''' (dark/black): A fraudster, a trespasser and one who causes impotence is cast into this hell.

'''Vahnijwala''' (fiery flame): Potters, hunters and shepherds and others are punished here.

'''Shwabhojana''' (food of dogs): A religious student who sleeps in the day and one who does not have spiritual knowledge and learns it from children are damned here.

==Narrative, social and economic functions==

The [[Hindu]] religion regards Hell not as a place of lasting permanence, but as an alternate domain from which an individual can return to the present world after crimes in the previous life have been compensated for. These crimes are eventually nullified through an equal punishment in the next life. The concept of Hell has provided many different opportunities for the Hindu religion including narrative, social and economic functions.

===Narrative===
A narrative rationale for the concept of Hell can be found in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. This narrative ends with [[Yudhishthira]]'s visit to hell after being offered acceptance into heaven. This journey creates a scene for the audience that helps illustrate the importance of understanding hell as well as heaven before accepting either extreme. This idea provides an essential lesson regarding [[Dharma]], a primary theme within the Mahabharata. Dharma is not a black and white concept, and all people are not entirely good or entirely evil. As such, tolerance is essential in order to truly understand the "right way of living". We all must understand the worst to truly understand and appreciate the best just as we must experience the best before we can experience the worst. This narrative utilizes the [[Hindu]] religion in order to teach lessons on tolerance and acceptance of one another's faults as well as virtues.

===Social===
A social rationale for the Hindu concept of rebirth in Hell is evident in the metric work of the [[Manusmrti]]: a written discourse focused on the "law of the social classes". A large portion of it is designed to help people of the Hindu faith understand evil deeds (pātaka) and their [[karmic]] consequences in various hellish rebirths. The Manusmrti, however, does not go into explicit detail of each hell. For this we turn to the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. The Manusmrti lists multiple levels of hell in which a person can be reborn into. The punishments in each of these consecutive hells is directly related to the crimes (pātaka) of the current life and how these deeds will affect the next reincarnation during the cycle of [[Saṃsāra]]. This concept provides structure to society in which crimes have exacting consequences. An opposite social facet to these hellish rebirths is the precise way in which a person can redeem himself/herself from a particular crime through a series of vows (such as fasting, water purification rituals, chanting, and even sacrifices). These vows must take place during the same life cycle that the crimes were committed in. These religious lessons assist the societal structure by defining approved and unapproved social behavior.

===Economic===
The last Hindu function for Hell-based reincarnations is the text Preta khanda in the [[Garuda Purana]] used by Hindu priests during [[Śrāddha]] rituals. During these rituals, the soul of a dying or deceased individual is given safe passage into the next life. This ritual is directly related to the economic prosperity of Hindu priests and their ability to save the dying soul from a hellish reincarnation through gifts given on behalf of the deceased to the priest performing the ritual. With each gift given, crimes committed during the deceased's life are forgiven and the next life is progressively improved.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobsen|first=Knut|title=Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions.|journal=Numen|year=2009|volume=56|issue=2|pages=385–400|doi=10.1163/156852709X405071}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.hell-on-line.org/AboutHIN.html Hindu Hell: Visions, Tours and Descriptions of the Infernal Otherworld]

{{Hell}}
{{Heaven}}

[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Naraka|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Yama]]
[[Category:Afterlife places]]
[[Category:Death and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Punishments in religion]]

List of Shree Venkatesh Films productions

2026-04-04T06:45:47Z

OnitaCrespo4: creating basic stub from scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

[[File:SVF Logo.svg|200px|thumb|SVF Official Logo]]

'''[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]''' is an Indian [[film production]] and [[film distribution|distribution]] company established in 1995, and founded by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni.
Based in [[West Bengal]], this entertainment media company has produced and distributed movies in Eastern India in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] languages.

==1996–2000==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''Sakhi Tumi Kar'' || rowspan="4" | [[Swapan Saha]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]||
|-
| ''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]'' || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Mayar Badhon]]'' || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]||
|-
| ''[[Sabar Upare Maa]]''
| [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty|Chiranjit Chakraborty]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha]]'' || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]]||
|-
| ''[[Ranokhetro]]''|| [[Haranath Chakraborty]]|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]||
|-
| ''Nag Nagini'' || [[Swapan Saha]] || [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''Goriber Raja Robin Hood'' || rowspan="2" | [[Delwar Jahan Jhantu]] || [[Satabdi Roy]]||
|-
| ''Shotru Dhongsho'' || [[Shakil Khan]], [[Bhagyashree]]||
|-
| ''Tumi Ele Tai'' || [[Prabhat Roy]]|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sasurbari Zindabad]]''|| [[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] ||
|}

==2001–2005==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Dada Thakur (2001 film)|Dada Thakur]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Haranath Chakraborty]] ||[[Ferdous Ahmed]], [[Arpita Pal]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]||
|-
|| '' [[Pratibad]]'' || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Arpita Pal]] ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]''|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]|| Remake of Tamil film [[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
|| ''[[Champion (2003 film)|Champion]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu ''[[Thammudu]]'' which itself was a remake of 1992 Hindi film ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
|-
| ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''|| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Raima Sen]] || Based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Novel ''[[Chokher Bali (novel)|Chokher Bali]]''
|-
|| '' [[Sangee]] ''|| [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Silajit]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]] || Remake of Tamil Film [[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
|| ''[[Raincoat (film)|Raincoat]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Annu Kapoor]] || Based on [[O. Henry]]'s short story ''[[The Gift of the Magi]]''
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]''|| rowspan="4" | [[Ravi Kinagi]]|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]]|| Remake of Telugu film [[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]] and Tamil film [[Unnai Thedi]]'
|-
| ''[[Mastan]]''
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Mihir Das]]
|
|-
| ''[[Premi]]''
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Jisshu Sengupta|Jissu Sengupta]], [[Chandana Sharma]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Yuddho]]'' || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Debashree Roy]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' || [[Prabhat Roy]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]] ||
|}

==2006–2010==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[MLA Fatakeshto]]'' || Swapan Saha || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Koel Mallick]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]'' || [[Riingo Banerjee]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Refugee (2006 film)|Refugee]]'' || [[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Chatrapati]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[I Love You (2007 Bengali film)|I Love You]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Tapas Paul|Tapas Das]]|| Remake of 2005 Telugu film ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|-
|| ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]'' || Swapan Saha || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Locket Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amaar]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Kaadhal]]
|-
|| ''[[Love (2008 Bengali film)|Love]]'' || [[Riingo Banerjee]] || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Based on [[Erich Segal]]'s [[English language|English]] novel ''[[Love Story (novel)|Love Story]]''
|-
|| ''[[Premer Kahini]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]|| Remake of [[Kannada]] film ''[[Mungaru Male]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 || ''[[Prem Aamar]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || Remake of Tamil film [[7G Rainbow Colony]]
|-
|| ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || Based on Hindi film ''[[Namastey London]]''
|-
|| ''[[Saat Paake Bandha]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Pavitra Bandham]]
|-
|| ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]
|-
|| ''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010 || ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Parugu]]
|-
| ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Gamyam]]
|-
|| ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Nandana Sen]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]
|-
|| ''[[Amanush (2010 film)|Amanush]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Kaadhal Kondein]]
|}

==2011–2015==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011 || ''[[Royal Bengal Rohosso]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], Saheb Bhattacharya, Bibhu Bhattacharya, Dr. Basudeb Mukherjee, [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]
|-
|| ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]'' || Soumik Chatterjee || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Maryada Ramanna]]
|-
|| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], Gautam Ghosh || Inspired from American film ''[[Righteous Kill]]''
|-
|| ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Saheb Bhattacharya, [[Laboni Sarkar]], [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]], Anindya Chatterjee || Remake of Marathi film [[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]
|-
|| ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]] || [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], [[Srijit Mukherjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Memories in March]]'' || [[Sanjoy Nag]] || [[Deepti Naval]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Raima Sen]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Cholo Paltai]]'' || [[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Devdaan Bhowmik]] || Remake of Marathi film [[Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2012 || ''[[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || Remake of 2011 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''
|-
|| ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' || Abhijit Guha, [[Sudeshna Roy]] || [[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Challenge 2]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Pooja Bose]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Dookudu]]
|-
|| ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish|Chitrangada]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Raima Sen]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]] || Remake of 2008 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''
|-
|| ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock society]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Roopa Ganguly]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Paiya]]
|-
|| ''[[Le Halua Le]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || Remake of Malayalam film [[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]
|-
|| ''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2013 || ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Gérard Rudolf]] || Based on ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' story written by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
|| ''Majnu'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
|-
|| ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Aryann Bhowmik]] || Based on story with same name written by Sunil Gangopadhyay
|-
|| ''[[Satyanweshi (film)|Satyanweshi]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Sujoy Ghosh]], [[Arpita Pal]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]] || Based on [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'s story ''Chorabali''
|-
|| ''[[Proloy (2013 film)|Proloy]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]] || Based on true Incident of [[Barun Biswas]]
|-
|| ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Ananya Chakraborty]]|| Based on a story written by director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|-
|| ''[[Rocky (2013 film)|Rocky]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]], [[Pooja Bose]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Oosaravelli]]
|-
|| ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]] || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Pijush Ganguly]] || Based on story written by [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
|| ''[[Loveria]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Pooja Bose]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Bumper Offer]]
|-
| rowspan="12" align="center" | 2014 || ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], Saurav Das, [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Deepanker De, Biswajeet Chakraborty, [[Tathagata Mukherjee]], [[Bharat Kaul]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Khaad]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], [[Pallavi Chatterjee]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Lily Chakraborty ||
|-
|| ''[[Yoddha – The Warrior]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Magadheera]]
|-
|| ''[[Borbaad (Indian film)|Borbaad]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Rittika Sen]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]
|-
|| ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]
|-
|| ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''
|-
|| ''[[Chaar (film)|Chaar]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Rajatava Dutt]], [[Pijush Ganguly]], Subhrajit Dutta, [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Based on four stories written by different Writers.''Bataswarer Abodon'' by [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]],''Dui Bondhu'' and ''Kagtarua'' by [[Satyajit Ray]],''Porikksha'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
|| ''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Remake of Telugu film [[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]
|-
|| ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Parno Mittra]], [[Gaurav Chakraborty]] || Based on the life of [[Subir Banerjee]], the actor who played Apu in [[Pather Panchali]] (1955), the first film of [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Apu trilogy]]
|-
|| ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]]'' || Soumik Chatterjee || [[Arjun Chakrabarty|Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Urmila Mahanta]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]
|-
|| ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Paoli Dam]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[June Malia]], [[Laboni Sarkar]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Bangali Babu English Mem]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || Remake of Punjabi film [[Jatt & Juliet]]
|-
| rowspan="11" align="center" | 2015|| ''[[Arshinagar]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Rittika Sen]] || A Musical based on ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' written by [[William Shakespeare]]
|-
|| ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[June Malia]], [[Adil Hussain]] || Based on ''Banhi Patanga'' written by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
| ''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]
|-
|| ''[[Rajkahini]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Sayoni Ghosh]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Kanchan Mullick]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Bonny Sengupta]], Koushani Mukherjee || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''
|-
|| ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Loukyam]]''
|-
|| ''Roga Howar Sohoj Upaye'' || Debalay Bhattacharya || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Raima Sen]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Jamai 420]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || The movie resembles Hindi movies like ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'',''[[Housefull 2]]'' and Bengali movie ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]''
|-
|| ''[[Nirbaak]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Amanush 2]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || Remake of Tamil film [[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]
|-
|| ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || Dulal Sarkar, Debalina Roy ||
|}

==2016–2020==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" class="unsortable"| Cast
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2016
|| ''[[Haripada Bandwala]]'' || Pathikrit Basu || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || Remake of Punjabi film ''[[Disco Singh]]''
|-
|| ''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sohini Sarkar]] || Based on [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]'s story ''Amriter Mrityu''
|-
| ''[[Gangster (2016 film)|Gangster]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Kanchan Mullick]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[June Malia]], [[Kyra Dutt]] || Based on adaptation of two of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedies: ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' and ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]''
|-
|| ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]''
|-
|| ''[[Eagoler Chokh]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Shubrajit Dutta, [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[June Malia]], Riya Banik, Anirban Bhattacharya || Based on a story of same name written by [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
|| ''[[Khawto]]'' || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Raima Sen]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Kelor Kirti]]'' || [[Raja Chanda]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], Koushani Mukherjee, [[Sayantika Banerjee]] || Remake of 2002 Tamil movie ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' and its Hindi remake movie ''[[No Entry]]''
|-
|| ''[[Cinemawala]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
|-
|| ''[[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]] || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || Remake of Kannada film ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''
|-
| rowspan="10"|2017
| ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' || [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], Svetlana Gulokava, [[David James (actor, born 1972)|David James]], [[Laboni Sarkar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bolo Dugga Maiki]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] ||[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || Based on [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]''
|-
|| ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/yeti-obhijaan/movie-review/60815047.cms |title=Yeti Obhijaan Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aryann Bhowmik]] || Based on novel ''Pahar Churaye Atonko'' by Sunil Gangopadhyay
|-
| ''[[Rangbaz (2017 film)|Rangbazz]]'' || Abdul Mannan & [[Shamim Ahamed Roni]] || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Shabnom Bubly]], [[Amit Hasan]] ||Shakib Khan's first Bengali venture with SVF
|-
| ''[[Shob Bhooturey]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjoy]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]'' || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Ankush (actor)|Ankush]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Sayantika Banerjee|Sayantika]] || Remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Mitwaa]]''
|-
|| ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] || Remake of Tamil movie ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
| ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherjee]] || [[Vidya Balan]], [[Illa Arun]]|| Remake of ''[[Rajkahini]]''
|-
|| ''[[Tomake Chai (2017 film)|Tomake Chai]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Bonny Sengupta]], Koushani Mukherjee || Remake of Kannada movie ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''
|-
| rowspan="16" align="center" | 2018
| ''[[Adventures Of Jojo]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || Joshojit Banerjee, [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || Based on a novel by Leela Majumdar.
|-
| ''[[Generation Ami]]'' || [[Mainak Bhaumik]] || Rwitobroto Mukherjee, Sauraseni Maitra ||[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/is-mainak-directing-halle-berry/articleshow/63056549.cms A coming-of-age tale.]
|-
| ''Villain'' || [[Baba Yadav]] || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Rittika Sen]] || Based on Telugu movie ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Gotro]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Anjan Dutt]] || Based on Rakter Daag by Sharadindu Bandopadhyay.
|-
| ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Rajnandini Paul, [[Barun Chanda]] || Inspired by the famous Bhawal Sanyasi Court Case.
|-
| ''[[Naqaab (2018 film)|Naqaab]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Shakib Khan]], [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]] || Shakib Khan's second Bengali venture with SVF Remake of 2015 Tamil film ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''
|-
| ''[[Crisscross (film)|Crisscross]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Gaurav Chakraborty]], [[Ridhima Ghosh]]|| Based on Smaranjit Chakraborty's best-seller ''Crisscross.''
|-
| ''[[Biday Byomkesh|Bidaay Byomkesh]]'' || Debaloy Bhattacharya || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Bidipta Chakrabarty]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], Sujoy Prosad Chatterjee, [[Arindam Sil]] || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/is-bidaay-byomkesh-beginning-of-a-new-era/articleshow/64354807.cms This film doesn't mark the end of Byomkesh saga as young Satyaki marks a new beginning.]
|-
| ''[[Fidaa (2018 film)|Fidaa]]'' || Pathikrit Basu || [[Yash Dasgupta]], Sanjana Banerjee || Actress Sanjana Banerjee's debut film Remake of 2018 Telugu film ''[[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|Tholi Prema]]''
|-
| ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], Sara Sengupta, [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/uma-interesting-facts-about-the-srijit-mukherji-film-you-should-know/Jisshu-Senguptas-daughter-Sara-is-making-her-debut/photostory/64381600.cms Sara Sengupta's (daughter of Jisshu and Neelanjana Sengupta) debut film]
|-
| ''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane|Guptodhoner Sondhane]]'' || Dhrubo Banerjee || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], Ishaa M Saha || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/abir-stars-in-guptodhoner-shondhaney-new-poster-film-to-release-on-april-27/articleshow/63461752.cms Dhrubo Banerjee's directorial debut]
|-
| ''[[Aami Ashbo Phirey]]'' || [[Anjan Dutt]] || [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Darshana Banik]], Sauraseni Maitra, Anindya Chatterjee, [[Anjana Basu]] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20180416215559/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/beatles-to-donovan-to-denver-aami-ashbo-phirey-duo-anjan-and-neel-dutt-223793 Aami Ashbo Phirey (directed by Anjan Dutt) is about songs healing lives.]
|-
| ''[[Raja Rani Raji]]'' || [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] || [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Rittika Sen]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=35283&boxid=24423365 |title=Bonny and Rittika pair up again |publisher=Ei Samay}}</ref> || Remake of 2010 Tamil film ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]''
|-
| ''[[Noor Jahaan]]'' || Abhimanyu Mukherjee || [[Adrit Roy]], [[Puja Cherry]] || Remake of 2016 Marathi film ''[[Sairat]]''
|-
| ''[[Total Dadagiri]]'' || Pathikrit Basu || [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || Remake of 2017 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Nenu Local]]''
|-
| ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor|Asche Abar Shabor]]'' || [[Arindam Sil]] || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Subhrajit Dutta, [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Lolita Chatterjee, [[Mir Afsar Ali]], Diti Saha, Darshana Banik || Based on the story ''Prajapatir Mrityu O Punorjanmo'' written by [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2019|| ''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]]''|| [[Sandip Ray]]|| [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]],
[[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
| Based on Prof Shanku's novel by [[Satyajit Ray]].
|-
| ''[[Ghawre Bairey Aaj]]''|| [[Aparna Sen]]|| [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], Tuhina Das || [[Ghare Baire (novel)|Based on the self-titled novel]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].
|-
| ''[[Gumnaami]]''|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]|| Based on ''Conundrum'' by Anuj Dhar & Chandrachur Ghose
|-
| ''[[Goyenda Junior]]''|| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]|| [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]], Anusha Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''|| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]|| [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]]||
|-
| ''[[Bibaho Obhijaan]]''|| [[Birsa Dasgupta]]|| [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Faria]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]]|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20180707144139/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shower-of-stories-and-stars-203229 It is about an NRI couple who are forced to return to their roots for their child.]
|-
| ''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
| [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], Ishaa M Saha
| A sequel to ''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]'' and the second film in the ''Sona Da'' franchise
|-
| ''[[Bhoot Chaturdashi (film)|Bhoot Chaturdashi]]''|| Shabbir Mallick || [[Aryann Bhowmik]], Soumendra Bhattacharya, [[Ena Saha]], Deepshita Mitra || Four friends set out to shoot a documentary. Unexpected horrible incidents abound.
|-
| ''Ke Tumi Nandini''|| Pathikrit Basu || [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Rupsha Mukhopadhyay]]|| Remake of 2014 Malayalam film ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]''
|-
| ''[[Vinci Da]]''|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]|| [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], Riddhi Sen ||
|-
| ''[[Mon Jaane Na]]''|| [[Shagufta Rafique]]|| [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]|| A Real Concept
|-
| ''[[Finally Bhalobasha]]''|| [[Anjan Dutt]]|| [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], Sauraseni Maitra, [[Arindam Sil]], Suprobhat || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anjan-dutts-finally-bhalobasha-to-have-three-love-stories/articleshow/63200498.cms Anjan Dutt's Finally Bhalobasha to have three love stories.]
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan Regency]]''|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]|| [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Mamata Shankar]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Rittika Sen]]|| Based on a novel by Shankar – Chowringhee.
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2020
| ''Cheeni''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
| [[Aparajita Auddy|Aparajita Adhya]], [[Madhumita Sarcar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dracula Sir]]''
| Debaloy Bhattacharya
| [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Supriyo Dutta]], [[Bidipta Chakraborty]], [[Kanchan Mullick]]
|
|-
| ''[[Detective (2020 film)|Detective]]'' || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] || [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Ishaa Saha]], [[Saheb Bhattacharya]], Trina Saha, Ambarish Bhattacharya ||
|-
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]'' || [[Pratim D. Gupta]] || [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Madhumita Sarkar]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Anindita Bose]], Anirban Chakraborti, Abhijit Guha ||
|-
| ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], [[Gaurav Chakraborty]] || A sequel to ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' and the second film
|}

== 2021–present ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Note
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" | 2021
|| ''[[Ekannoborti]]'' || [[Mainak Bhaumik]] ||
|-
| ''[[Golondaaj]]'' || Dhrubo Banerjee || Biopic of [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari|Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikari]]
|-
| ''[[Mukhosh (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || Remake of 2020 Malayalam film ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
|-
| ''[[Tangra Blues]]'' || [[Supriyo Sen]] ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Tame]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2022
| ''Khela Jawkhon''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| Joint venture
|-
| ''[[Ballabhpurer Roopkotha]]''
| [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| Adapted from [[Badal Sircar]]'s play
|-
| ''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
| Sequel to the Sonada adeventure film series
|-
| ''Byomkesh Hotyamancha''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| Another part of the [[Byomkesh Bakshi|''Byomkesh'']] film series directed by Arindam Sil
|-
| ''[[Kuler Achaar]]''
| Sudeep Das
|
|-
| ''[[X=Prem]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| Inspired from the film ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]''
|-
| ''[[The Eken]]''
| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| First film of the ''Eken'' franchise
|-
|| ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || Based on [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s ''Jongoler Modhye Ekti Hotel.''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2023
| ''[[Kabuliwala (2023 film)|Kabuliwala]]''
| [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]
| Adapted from [[Kabuliwala (short story)|Rabindranath Tagore's short story of the same name]]
|-
| ''[[Bogla Mama Jug Jug Jiyo]]''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
| Adapted from the literary character
|-
| ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| Prequel to the 2011 blockbuster ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
|-
| ''[[Cheeni 2]]''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Abar Bibaho Obhijaan]]''
| Soumik Haldar
| Sequel to the film ''Bibaho Obhijaan''
|-
| ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]''
| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| Sequel to the ''Eken Babu'' film series
|-
| ''[[Dilkhush]]''
| Rahool Mukherjee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| ''[[Shontaan]]''
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|
|-
| ''[[Toofan (2024 film)|Toofan]]''
| [[Raihan Rafi]]
| [[Bangladeshi film]]; [[Shakib Khan]]'s third Bengali venture with SVF; Joint venture with [[Chorki]] and [[Alpha-i]]
|-
| ''[[Athhoi]]''
| Arno Mukhopadhyay
| An adaptation of the Shakespearean tragedy ''[[Othello]]''
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2025
| ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| An adaptation of ''[[Ek Ruka Hua Faisla]]''
|-
| ''[[Daagi]]''
| [[Shihab Shaheen]]
| [[Bangladeshi film]]; Joint venture with [[Chorki]] and [[Alpha-i]]
|-
| ''[[Killbill Society]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
| [[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika|''The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika'']]
| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| Joint venture with Hoichoi Studios
|-
| ''[[Taandob]]''
| [[Raihan Rafi]]
| [[Bangladeshi film]]; Joint venture with [[Chorki]] and [[Alpha-i]]
|-
| ''[[Pokkhirajer Dim]]''
| [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Raghu Dakat (film)|Raghu Dakat]]''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
| Joint venture with Dev Entertainment Ventures
|-
| ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| Joint venture with Dag Creative Media
|-
| {{Pending film|Domm: Until The Last Breath}}
| [[Redoan Rony]]
| [[Bangladeshi film]]; Joint venture with [[Chorki]] and [[Alpha-i]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=bdnews24.com |title=‘দম’ সিনেমায় নিশো, থাকছেন চঞ্চলও |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/glitz/0597023b4b05 |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=‘দম’ সিনেমায় নিশো, থাকছেন চঞ্চলও |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2026
| ''[[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]''
| Chandrasish Ray
| Film based on [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s [[Kakababu]] adventure
|-
| ''[[Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki]]''
| Dharmesh S. Mehta
|
|-
| ''[[Singh vs Kaur 2]]''
| [[Navaniat Singh]]
| Sequel to the film ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]''
|-
| ''Sadhak Bamakhyapa''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|-
| ''Chor Police Dakat Babu''
| Nirjhar Mitra
|
|-
| ''Bhugun''
| [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
| ''Saptadingar Guptodhon''
| Dhrubo Banerjee
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of West Bengal]]
* [[List of film production companies in India]]
* [[Surinder Films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of films by studio|Shree Venkatesh Films]]
[[Category:Shree Venkatesh Films| ]]

Culture

2026-03-28T14:37:52Z

OnitaCrespo4: general expanded references per standard format and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Social behavior and norms of a society}}
{{Other uses|Culture (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{multiple image
| border = thumb
| perrow = 1/2
| total_width = 320
| image1 = 9 Bisonte Magdaleniense polícromo.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Singapore. Sri Mariamman. Gopuram. South East-19.JPG
| alt2 =
| image3 = Volksfestumzug in Vilshofen a.d. Donau 2012 (3).JPG
| alt3 =
| image4 = Erechtheum Acropolis Athens.jpg
| alt4 =
| image5 = Ernest Hemingway Writing at Campsite in Kenya - NARA - 192655.jpg
| alt5 =
| caption1 = [[Symbol]]ic expression developed as prehistoric humans reached [[behavioral modernity]]
| caption2 = [[Religion]] and expressive [[art]] are important aspects of human culture
| caption3 = Germans marching during a [[folk culture]] celebration
| caption4 = The [[Acropolis of Athens]]
| caption5 = [[Writing]]s often create a sense of [[cultural identity]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] writing
}}
'''Culture''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|l|tʃ|ər}} {{respell|KUL|chər}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|l|tʃ|ər}} {{respell|KUUL|chər}}) is a concept that encompasses the [[social behavior]], [[institution]]s, and [[Social norm|norms]] found in [[human societies]], as well as the [[knowledge]], [[belief]]s, [[arts]], [[law]]s, [[Social norm|customs]], capabilities, [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], and [[habit]]s of the individuals in these groups.<ref name= tyor1871 >Tylor, Edward. (1871). ''Primitive Culture''. Vol 1. New York: J. P. Putnam's Son</ref> Culture often originates from or is attributed to a specific region or location.

Humans acquire culture through the [[learning]] processes of [[enculturation]] and [[socialization]], which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies. A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a [[monoculturalism|monoculture]] in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to such change.<ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203</ref> Thus in military culture, [[Courage|valor]] is counted as a typical behavior for an individual, and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are regarded as virtues or functional responses in the [[continuum of conflict]]. In religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group.

[[Cultural change]], or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies.
Organizations such as [[UNESCO]] attempt to preserve culture and [[cultural heritage]].

== Description ==

[[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb|[[Pygmy music]] is thought to be the first expression of [[polyphony]] in world music, being recorded at least 200 years before the concept emerged in Europe.]]
Culture is considered a central concept in [[anthropology]], encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social [[learning]] in human societies. [[Cultural universals]] are found in all human societies. These include expressive forms like [[art]], [[music]], [[dance]], [[ritual]], [[religion]], and [[technologies]] like [[Tool|tool usage]], [[cooking]], [[shelter]], and [[clothing]]. The concept of [[material culture]] covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of [[social organization]] (including practices of [[political organization]] and social [[institutions]]), [[mythology]], [[philosophy]], [[literature]] (both [[written]] and [[oral literature|oral]]), and [[science]] comprise the [[intangible cultural heritage]] of a society.<ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book |title=Sociology |last1=Macionis |first1=John J. |last2=Gerber |first2=Linda Marie |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |oclc=652430995 |isbn=978-0-13-700161-3 |location=Toronto |page=53}}</ref>

In the [[humanities]], one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in [[the arts]], sciences, [[education]], or manners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society |publisher=Fontana |year=1988 |page=87}}</ref> The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish [[civilization]]s from less complex societies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Childe |first=V. Gordon |title=Man Makes Himself |publisher=Mentor |year=1951 |page=150}}</ref> Such [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] perspectives on culture are also found in [[Social class|class-based]] distinctions between a [[high culture]] of the social [[elite]] and a [[low culture]], [[popular culture]], or [[folk culture]] of the lower classes, distinguished by stratified access to [[cultural capital]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourdieu |first=Pierre |title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste |publisher=Routledge |year=1984 |page=1}}</ref> In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by [[ethnic groups]] to distinguish themselves visibly from each other, such as [[body modification]], [[clothing]] or [[adornment]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Stuart |title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices |publisher=Sage |year=1997 |page=17}}</ref> [[Mass culture]] refers to the mass-produced and mass-mediated forms of [[consumer culture]] that emerged in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Storey |first=John |title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |page=50}}</ref> Some schools of philosophy, such as [[Marxism]] and [[critical theory]], have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the [[proletariat]] and create a [[false consciousness]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Eagleton |first=Terry |title=Literary Theory: An Introduction |publisher=Blackwell |year=1983 |page=95}}</ref> Such perspectives are common in the discipline of [[cultural studies]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Culture and Society |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1958 |page=125}}</ref> In the wider [[social sciences]], the theoretical perspective of [[cultural materialism (cultural studies)|cultural materialism]] holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, and that the basis of culture is found in [[human evolution|evolved biological]] [[Disposition|dispositions]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Marvin |title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture |publisher=Random House |year=1979 |page=2}}</ref>

When used as a [[count noun]], a "culture" is the set of customs, [[tradition]]s, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation, and the knowledge acquired over time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |title=The Interpretation of Cultures |publisher=Basic Books |year=1973 |page=89}}</ref> In this sense, [[multiculturalism]] values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kymlicka |first=Will |title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |page=4}}</ref> Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a [[subculture]] (e.g., "[[bro culture]]"), or a [[counterculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hebdige |first=Dick |title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style |publisher=Routledge |year=1979 |page=5}}</ref> Within [[cultural anthropology]], the ideology and analytical stance of [[cultural relativism]] hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boas |first=Franz |title=Race, Language, and Culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1940 |page=212}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The modern term ''culture'' is based on a term used by the [[ancient Roman]] orator [[Cicero]] in his ''[[Tusculanae Disputationes]]'', where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or {{lang|la|cultura animi}},<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |title=Tusculanes |author=Marcus Tullius Cicero |translator-last=Bouhier |translator-first=Jean |date=1812 |publisher=J. Gaude |location=Nismes |oclc=457735057 |page=273 |language=fr |access-date=March 3, 2018 |archive-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273 |url-status=live}}</ref> using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood [[teleologically]] as the highest possible ideal for human development. [[Samuel von Pufendorf]] took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming philosophy was humanity's natural perfection. This use, and that of many writers, "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original [[Barbarian|barbarism]], and through artifice, become fully human".<ref name=velkley>{{Cite book |title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question |last=Velkley |first=Richard L. |date=2002 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=47930775 |isbn=978-0-226-85256-0 |chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy |pages=11–30 |location=Chicago}}</ref>

[[Edward S. Casey]] wrote, "The very word ''culture'' meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin {{lang|la|colere}}, 'to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and {{lang|la|cultus}}, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sorrells |first1=Kathryn |title=Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice |date=2015 |publisher=Sage |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-4129-2744-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/interculturalcom0000sorr}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref>

Culture described by [[Richard Velkley]]:<ref name=velkley/>
<blockquote>... originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing [[Rousseau]]'s criticism of "[[modernity|modern]] [[liberalism]] and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]". Thus a contrast between "culture" and "[[civilization]]" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such.</blockquote>

In the words of anthropologist [[E. B. Tylor]], it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society".{{sfn|Tylor|1974|loc=1}} Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719 |title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability |last1=James |first1=Paul |last2=Magee |first2=Liam |last3=Scerri |first3=Andy |last4=Steger |first4=Manfred |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-02572-1 |oclc=942553107 |page=53 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_ |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Cambridge English Dictionary]]'' states that culture is "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."<ref name="dict_cult">{{Cite dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture |title=culture |dictionary=Cambridge English Dictionary |access-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815114957/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/culture |archive-date=August 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Terror management theory]] posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person[s] of worth within the world of meaning"—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that ''Homo sapiens'' became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory |volume=52 |last1=Pyszczynski |first1=Tom |last2=Solomon |first2=Sheldon |last3=Greenberg |first3=Jeff |pages=1–70 |doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 |series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-802247-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ |title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jeff |last2=Koole |first2=Sander L. |last3=Pyszczynski |first3=Tom |year=2013 |publisher=Guilford Publications |isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3 |access-date=June 1, 2016 |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with [[symbol]]s and to act imaginatively and creatively.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mellars |first=Paul |title=Archaeology and the origins of modern human behavior |journal=Current Anthropology |year=2005 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=15–60 |doi=10.1086/426050|arxiv=astro-ph/0406390 }}</ref> This ability arose with the evolution of [[behavioral modernity]] in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mellars |first=Paul |title=Archaeology and the origins of modern human behavior |journal=Current Anthropology |year=2005 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=15–60 |doi=10.1086/426050|arxiv=astro-ph/0406390 }}</ref> However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though less complicated, abilities for social learning.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Laland |first=Kevin N. |last2=Williams |first2=Kimberly |title=The evolution of social learning and social cognition |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2007 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=571–581 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.004}}</ref> It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through [[social interaction]] and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tylor |first=Edward Burnett |title=Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref>

==Change==
{{main|Culture change}}
[[File:Beatles ad 1965 just the beatles crop.jpg|thumb|[[The Beatles]] exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Six decades after their emergence, they continue to have a [[Cultural impact of the Beatles|worldwide cultural impact]].]]

[[Raimon Panikkar]] identified 29 ways in which [[cultural change]] can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]], renovation, [[reconception]], reform, [[social innovation|innovation]], revivalism, [[social revolution|revolution]], [[mutation]], [[social progress|progress]], [[diffusion]], [[Social osmosis|osmosis]], borrowing, [[eclecticism]], [[syncretism]], modernization, [[indigenization]], and transformation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religious Pluralism: An Indian Christian Perspective |last=Panikkar |first=Raimon |editor-last=Pathil |editor-first=Kuncheria |date=1991 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-7214-005-2 |oclc=25410539 |pages=252–299}}</ref> In this context, modernization could be viewed as adopting Enlightenment-era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. [[Rein Raud]], building on the work of [[Umberto Eco]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]] and [[Jeffrey C. Alexander]], has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their [[cognitive adequacy]] and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.<ref name="meaning-in-action" />

[[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|19th-century engraving shows [[Indigenous Australians]] opposing the arrival of [[James Cook]] in 1770]]
[[Cultural invention]] has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior, but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the [[human population]] explosion, among other factors. [[Culture change|Culture repositioning]] means the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chigbu |first=Uchendu Eugene |date=July 3, 2015 |title=Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community |journal=Community, Work & Family |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=334–350 |doi=10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 |s2cid=144448501 |issn=1366-8803}}</ref>

Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both [[social structure]]s and natural events and are involved in perpetuating cultural ideas and practices within [[structuration|current structures]], which themselves are subject to change.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm |title=Culture Change: Processes of Change |last=O'Neil |first=Dennis |date=2006 |website=Culture Change |publisher=Palomar College |access-date=October 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027181934/http://anthro.palomar.edu/change/change_2.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new [[schema (psychology)|cultural models]] and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany [[ideological]] shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the [[feminist movement]] involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last [[ice age]], plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of [[agriculture]], which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Heather |date=November 20, 1998 |title=The Slow Birth of Agriculture |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5393 |page=1446 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5393.1446 |s2cid=128522781 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
[[File:Gorskii 04412u.jpg|thumb|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|[[Turkmens|Turkmen]] woman, on a carpet at the entrance to a [[yurt]], in traditional clothing. Sense of time is dependent on culture. This is a 1913 photo, but it can be difficult to date for a viewer, due to the absence of cultural cues.]]

Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In [[diffusion (anthropology)|diffusion]], the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales |title=Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much |author-link=Clarissa Wei |last=Wei |first=Clarissa |date=March 20, 2018 |website=Eater |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330023616/https://www.eater.com/2018/3/20/16973532/mcdonalds-starbucks-kfc-china-pizza-hut-growth-sales |url-status=live}}</ref> "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct borrowing", on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. [[Diffusion of innovations]] theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.<ref name= wolfram2017>[https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2017/05/a-new-kind-of-science-a-15-year-view/ Stephen Wolfram (May 16, 2017) A New Kind of Science: A 15-Year View] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228032350/https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2017/05/a-new-kind-of-science-a-15-year-view/ |date=February 28, 2021 }} As applied to the computational universe</ref>

[[Acculturation]] has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes and many indigenous peoples across the globe during [[colonization]]. Related processes on an individual level include [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] and [[transculturation]]. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.

==Early modern discourses==
===German Romanticism===
[[File: Johann gottfried herder.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Johann Herder]] called attention to national cultures.]]
[[Immanuel Kant]] (1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of {{Lang|de|[[bildung]]}}: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity."<ref>Kant, Immanuel. 1784. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" ({{langx|de|Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?}}) {{lang|de|Berlinische Monatsschrift}}, December (Berlin Monthly)</ref> He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: "{{lang|la|Sapere Aude}}" ("Dare to be wise!"). In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as [[Johann Gottfried Herder]] (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of {{lang|de|Bildung}}: "For Herder, {{lang|de|Bildung|italics=no}} was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html |title=The German Bildung Tradition |last=Eldridge |first=Michael |publisher=[[UNC Charlotte]] |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123162257/http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/mleldrid/SAAP/USC/pbt1.html |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Adolf Bastian.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Adolf Bastian]] developed a universal model of culture.]]
In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the [[Romantic era]], scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with [[nationalist]] movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "[[worldview]]" ({{lang|de|Weltanschauung}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Humboldt, Worldview, and Language |last=Underhill |first=James W. |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2009 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

In 1860, [[Adolf Bastian]] (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adolf Bastian and the psychic unity of mankind |last=Köpping |first=Klaus-Peter |date=2005 |publisher=Lit Verlag |isbn=978-3-8258-3989-5 |oclc=977343058}}</ref> He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" ({{lang|de|Elementargedanken}}); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" ({{lang|de|Völkergedanken}}), are local modifications of the elementary ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/BastianAdolf.htm |title=Biography of Adolf Bastian, ethnologist |last=Ellis |first=Ian |website=Today in Science History |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806215336/https://todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/BastianAdolf.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. [[Franz Boas]] (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Liron |first=Tal |title=Franz Boas and the discovery of culture |date=2003 |url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~tliron/boas/boas.pdf |oclc=52888196 |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102111430/http://home.uchicago.edu/~tliron/boas/boas.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===English Romanticism===
[[File:Matthew Arnold - Project Gutenberg eText 16745.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|British poet and critic [[Matthew Arnold]] viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal.]]

In the 19th century, [[humanists]] such as English poet and essayist [[Matthew Arnold]] (1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world".<ref name=anarchy>{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_all.html |title=Culture and Anarchy |last=Arnold |first=Matthew |date=1869 |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106012655/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_all.html |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> This concept of culture is also comparable to the German concept of {{lang|de|bildung}}: "...culture being a pursuit of our total [[perfection]] by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world".<ref name=anarchy />

In practice, ''culture'' referred to an [[elite]] ideal and was associated with such activities as [[art]], [[classical music]], and [[haute cuisine]].<ref>Williams (1983), p. 90. Cited in {{Cite book |title=Understanding popular music |last=Roy |first=Shuker |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-10723-5 |oclc=245910934 |page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk_i1i5/page/5 5] |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk_i1i5/page/5}} argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:
* "a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development."
* "a particular way of life, whether of a people, period or a group."
* "the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity."</ref> As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from {{langx|la|civitas|links=no|lit=city}}). Another facet of the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement was an interest in [[folklore]], which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between [[high culture]], namely that of the [[ruling class]], and [[low culture]]. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.<ref>Bakhtin 1981, p. 4</ref>

[[File: Edward Burnett Tylor.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|British anthropologist [[Edward Tylor]] was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.]]

Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with [[anarchy]]; other Europeans, following philosophers [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized".<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Timothy |last1=Dunne |first2=Christian |last2=Reus-Smit |title=The globalization of international society |publisher=Oxford |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-251193-5 |pages=102–121}}</ref> According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to [[Herbert Spencer]]'s theory of [[Social Darwinism]] and [[Lewis Henry Morgan]]'s theory of [[cultural evolution]]. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures expresses the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and [[sophistication]] of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered [[folk music]] (as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed [[indigenous peoples]] as "[[noble savage]]s" living [[authenticity (philosophy)|authentic]] and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified [[capitalist]] systems of [[Western culture]].

In 1870 the anthropologist [[Edward Tylor]] (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the [[evolution of religion]]. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms.<ref>McClenon, pp. 528–529</ref> In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.

==Anthropology==
{{main|American anthropology}}
[[File:Gobustan ancient Azerbaycan full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Petroglyphs in modern-day [[Gobustan State Reserve|Gobustan]], Azerbaijan, dating to 10,000 BCE and indicating a thriving culture]]
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'età coloniale |language=it |last=Angioni |first=Giulio |author-link=Giulio Angioni |date=1973 |oclc=641869481}}</ref> in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American [[anthropology]], where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teslow |first=Tracy |title=Constructing race: the science of bodies and cultures in American anthropology |year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-60338-3 |oclc=980557304}}</ref> American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: [[biological anthropology]], [[linguistic anthropology]], [[cultural anthropology]], and in the United States and Canada, [[archaeology]].<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/anthropology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150855/https://www.lexico.com/definition/anthropology |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-01-22 |title=anthropology |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology |title=anthropology |last1=Fernandez |first1=James W. |last2=Hanchett |first2=Suzanne L. |date=August 31, 2015 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=October 30, 2016 |last3=Jeganathan |first3=Pradeep |last4=Nicholas |first4=Ralph W. |last5=Robotham |first5=Donald Keith |last6=Smith |first6=Eric A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030210125/https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 |title=What is Anthropology? – Advance Your Career |publisher=American Anthropological Association |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173505/http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 |archive-date=October 26, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge |last1=Haviland |first1=William A. |last2=McBride |first2=Bunny |last3=Prins |first3=Harald E. L. |last4=Walrath |first4=Dana |date=2011 |publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-81082-7 |oclc=731048150}}</ref> The term {{lang|de|Kulturbrille}}, or 'culture glasses', coined by German American anthropologist [[Franz Boas]], refers to the "lenses" through which a person sees their own culture. Martin Lindstrom asserts that {{lang|de|Kulturbrille}}, which allow a person to make sense of the culture they inhabit, "can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Small data: the tiny clues that uncover huge trends |date=2016 |last=Lindström |first=Martin |isbn=978-1-250-08068-4 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=London |oclc=921994909}}</ref>

==Sociology==
{{main|Sociology of culture}}
[[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb|An example of folkloric dancing in [[Colombia]]]]

The sociology of culture concerns culture as manifested in [[society]]. For sociologist [[Georg Simmel]] (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Georg Simmel on individuality and social forms: selected writings |last=Simmel |first=Georg |editor-last=Levine |editor-first=Donald N. |date=1971 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-75776-6 |location=Chicago |page=xix |oclc=951272809}}</ref> As such, culture in the [[sociological]] field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be either of two types, [[non-material culture]] or [[material culture]].<ref name=" Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53" /> Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present.

Cultural sociology first emerged in [[Weimar Germany]] (1918–1933), where sociologists such as [[Alfred Weber]] used the term {{lang|de|Kultursoziologie}} ('cultural sociology'). Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the [[cultural turn]] of the 1960s, which ushered in [[structuralism (sociology)|structuralist]] and [[postmodern philosophy|postmodern]] approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating [[cultural analysis]] and [[critical theory]]. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods, instead [[hermeneutically]] focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like [[social stratification]] and [[social network|social network analysis]]. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of [[social psychology]] and [[cognitive science]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griswold |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Griswold |date=1987 |title=A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture |journal=Sociological Methodology |volume=17 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.2307/271027 |jstor=271027 |issn=0081-1750}}</ref>

[[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb|[[Nowruz]] is a good sample of popular and [[folklore]] culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.]]

===Early researchers and development of cultural sociology===
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like [[Marx]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Karl Marx: His Life and Environment |last1=Berlin |first1=Isaiah |last2=Ryan |first2=Alan |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510326-7 |oclc=611127754 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/karlmarxhislifee00berl/page/130 130] |url=https://archive.org/details/karlmarxhislifee00berl/page/130}}</ref> [[Durkheim]], and [[Max Weber|Weber]]) with the growing discipline of anthropology, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between [[popular culture]], political control, and [[social class]] were early and lasting concerns in the field.

==Cultural studies==
{{main|Cultural studies}}

In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by [[Marxism]] such as [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] (1932–2014) and [[Raymond Williams]] (1921–88) developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified culture with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, [[food]], sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by [[relations of production]], which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.<ref>{{Citation |last=Williams |first=Raymond |date=1983 |title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |pages=87–93, 236–238 |oclc=906396817}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ways of seeing |last=Berger |first=John |date=1972 |publisher=Peter Smithn |isbn=978-0-563-12244-9 |oclc=780459348}}</ref>

In the UK, cultural studies focuses largely on the study of [[popular culture]]; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. [[Richard Hoggart]] coined the term in 1964 when he founded the [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]] or CCCS.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Studying Culture – Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=13}}</ref> Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as [[Western culture|Western civilization]] or [[globalism]].
[[File:Metropolitan Museum 1 (4675714481).jpg|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[Manhattan]]. [[Visual art]] can be one expression of [[high culture]].]]

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues [[Paul Willis]], [[Dick Hebdige]], Tony Jefferson, and [[Angela McRobbie]], created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine [[political economy]], [[communication]], [[sociology]], [[social theory]], [[literary theory]], [[Media influence|media theory]], [[film theory|film/video studies]], [[cultural anthropology]], [[philosophy]], [[museum studies]], and [[art history]] to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, [[ethnicity]], social class, or [[gender]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Introducing Cultural Studies |last1=Sardar |first1=Ziauddin |last2=Van Loon |first2=Borin |last3=Appignanesi |first3=Richard |date=1994 |publisher=Totem Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-84046-587-7 |oclc=937991291}}</ref>

Cultural studies is concerned with the [[Value (personal and cultural)|meaning]] and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching [[television]] or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to "fit in" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.

In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only [[written language]], but also [[film]]s, [[photography|photographs]], [[fashion]], or [[hairstyle]]s: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture |last1=Fiske |first1=John |last2=Turner |first2=Graeme |last3=Hodge |first3=Robert Ian Vere |date=1987 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |isbn=978-0-04-330391-7 |oclc=883364628 |location=London}}</ref> Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional [[high culture]] (the culture of the ruling social groups)<ref>{{Cite book |title=The dialogic imagination four essays |last1=Bakhtin |first1=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich |last2=Holquist |first2=Michael |date=1981 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |oclc=872436352 |page=4}}</ref> and [[popular culture]], but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is [[comparative cultural studies]], based on the disciplines of [[comparative literature]] and cultural studies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies |title=Comparative Cultural Studies |date=2015 |website=Purdue University Press |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies |archive-date=23 Jun 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Scholars in the UK and the US developed different versions of cultural studies after the 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 60s, mainly under the influence of [[Richard Hoggart]], [[E. P. Thompson]], and [[Raymond Williams]], and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. This included overtly political, [[left-wing]] views, and criticisms of [[popular culture]] as "capitalist" [[mass culture]]; it absorbed some of the ideas of the [[Frankfurt School]] critique of the "[[culture industry]]" i.e. mass culture. This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and [[Paul Gilroy]].

In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods |last1=Lindlof |first1=Thomas R. |last2=Taylor |first2=Bryan C. |date=2002 |publisher=Sage |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7 |oclc=780825710 |page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60] |url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60}}</ref> The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, [[mass culture]]; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of [[fandom]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Henry |title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fiske |first=John |title=Understanding Popular Culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1989 |page=67}}</ref>

Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the [[Frankfurt School]], but especially from the [[structuralist]] Marxism of [[Louis Althusser]] and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of [[Value (personal and cultural)|meaning]]. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies [[power (social and political)|power]] as residing with those producing [[cultural artifact]]s.

In a Marxist view, the [[mode of production|mode]] and [[relations of production]] form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences [[base and superstructure|superstructures]], such as culture.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marxism |title=Marxism |last=Gonick |first=Cy |date=February 7, 2006 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007044011/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marxism |url-status=live}}</ref> Other approaches to cultural studies, such as [[feminist]] cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product.

This view comes through in the book ''Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (by Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC |title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman |editor1-last=du Gay |editor1-first=Paul |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6 |oclc=949857570 |year=1997 |access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian [[Griselda Pollock]] contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of [[art history]] and [[psychoanalysis]]. The writer [[Julia Kristeva]] is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical [[French feminism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0063.xml |title=Julia Kristeva |last=MacKenzie |first=Gina |date=August 21, 2018 |encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712072845/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0063.xml |url-status=live}}</ref>

Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrakis |first1=Panagiotis |last2=Kostis |first2=Pantelis |date=December 1, 2013 |title=Economic growth and cultural change |journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics |volume=47 |pages=147–157 |doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref>

# The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation, [[future orientation]], assertiveness, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance.
# The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human orientation.
In 2016, a new approach to culture was suggested by [[Rein Raud]],<ref name="meaning-in-action">{{Cite book |title=Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture |last=Rein |first=Raud |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-5095-1124-2 |oclc=944339574 |date=2016}}</ref> who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory.

== Psychology ==
{{See also|Social psychology|Cultural psychology|Cross-cultural psychology}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = NYC Pride 2019 05.jpg
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| caption1 = The [[NYC Pride March]] is the [[List of largest LGBT events|world's largest LGBT event]]. Regional variation exists with respect to [[toleration|tolerance]] in different parts of the world.
| caption2 = Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like ''[[Suanpan]]'' for mathematical calculation.
}}

Starting in the 1990s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Cultural psychology |last=Heine |first=Steven J. |journal=WIREs Cognitive Science |publisher=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-3932-6398-5 |edition=Third |location=New York |pages=254–266 |oclc=911004797 |pmid=26271239 |doi=10.1002/wcs.7}}</ref>{{Rp|31}} psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Social psychology |last=Myers |first=David G. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-0733-7066-8 |edition=10th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |oclc=667213323}}</ref>{{Rp|158–168}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norenzayan |first1=Ara |last2=Heine |first2=Steven J. |date=September 2005 |title=Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know? |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=763–784 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763 |issn=0033-2909 |pmid=16187859}}</ref> Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between [[emotions and culture]], and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miyahara |first=Akira |title=Toward Theorizing Japanese Communication Competence from a Non-Western Perspective |journal=American Communication Journal |volume=3 |issue=3}}</ref> Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's [[Big Five personality traits and culture|personalities across cultures]].<ref name="adults">{{cite journal |last1=McCrae |first1=Robert R. |last2=Costa |first2=Paul T. |last3=de Lima |first3=Margarida Pedroso |last4=Simões |first4=António |last5=Ostendorf |first5=Fritz |last6=Angleitner |first6=Alois |last7=Marušić |first7=Iris |last8=Bratko |first8=Denis |last9=Caprara |first9=Gian Vittorio | last10=Barbaranelli | first10=Claudio |last11=Chae |first11=Joon-Ho |last12=Piedmont |first12=Ralph L. |title=Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. |journal=[[Developmental Psychology (journal)|Developmental Psychology]] |publisher=American Psychological Association (APA) |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=1999 |issn=1939-0599 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 |pages=466–477 |pmid=10082017}}</ref><ref name="cheung">{{cite journal |last=Cheung |first=F. M. |author2=Leung, K. |author3=Fan, R. M. |author4=Song, W. S. |author5=Zhang, J. X. |author6=Zhang, H. P. |date=March 1996 |title=Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=181–199 |doi=10.1177/0022022196272003 |s2cid=145134209}}</ref> As different cultures dictate distinctive [[Norms (sociology)|norms]], [[culture shock]] is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures. [[LGBT culture]] is displayed with significantly different levels of [[toleration|tolerance]] within different cultures and nations. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|19}} For example, people who are raised in a culture with an [[abacus]] are trained with distinctive reasoning style.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baillargeon |first=Rene |chapter=The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy: A Summary in Eight Lessons |pages=47–83 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd |isbn=978-0-470-99665-2 |doi=10.1002/9780470996652.ch3 |title=Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development |year=2002}}</ref> Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heine |first1=Steven J. |last2=Kitayama |first2=Shinobu |last3=Lehman |first3=Darrin R. |date=2001 |title=Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation |journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1177/0022022101032004004 |s2cid=40475406 |issn=0022-0221}}</ref>

Culture is important for psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation. The notion of the anxious, unstable, and rebellious adolescent has been criticized by experts, such as [[Robert Epstein]], who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=Robert |date=June 2007 |title=The Myth of the Teen Brain |url=https://drrobertepstein.com/pdf/Epstein-THE_MYTH_OF_THE_TEEN_BRAIN-Scientific_American_Mind-4-07.pdf |journal=Scientific American |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=68–75 |bibcode=2007SciAm..17...68E |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0607-68sp |jstor=24939607}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Romer |first1=Dan |date=29 October 2017 |title=Why it's time to lay the stereotype of the 'teen brain' to rest |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-lay-the-stereotype-of-the-teen-brain-to-rest-85888}}</ref> Some have criticized this understanding of adolescence, classifying it as a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 9, 2016 |title=The Invention of Adolescence |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199501/the-invention-adolescence |access-date=February 19, 2017 |magazine=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fasick |first=Frank A. |date=February 1994 |title=On the "Invention" of Adolescence. |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ482132 |journal=Journal of Early Adolescence |volume=14 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1177/0272431694014001002 |s2cid=145165641 |number=1}} "[...] the application of technology to increase productivity, the affluence generated by it, and the related structural changes in society have contributed to the creation of adolescence in the North American urban-industrial society".</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Epstein |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OENf1J45SS0C |title=Teen 2.0: Saving Our Children and Families from the Torment of Adolescence |date=2010 |publisher=Linden Publishing |isbn=978-1-61035-101-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Demos |first1=John |last2=Demos |first2=Virginia |year=1969 |title=Adolescence in Historical Perspective |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=31 |pages=632–638 |jstor=349302 |number=4|doi=10.2307/349302 }} "The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed, most of us treat it not as an idea but as a fact. [...] The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century."</ref> and have been highly critical of what they view as the [[infantilization]] of young adults in American society.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Danger of Treating Teens Like Children |url=http://help.fortroubledteens.com/the-danger-of-treating-teens-like-children.html |website=help.fortroubledteens.com}}</ref> According to Robert Epstein and Jennifer, "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences."<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 25, 2009 |title=Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-teens-who-behave-reck/ |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=October 5, 2017 |author1-last=Epstein |author1-first=Robert |author2-last=Ong |author2-first=Jennifer}}</ref> David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it does not provide an ultimate explanation".<ref>{{cite web |last=Moshman |first=David |date=May 17, 2011 |title=The Teenage Brain: Debunking the 5 Biggest Myths |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-moshman/adolescents-and-their-tee_b_858360.html |access-date=November 20, 2017 |website=HuffPost}}</ref>

== Protection of culture ==
[[File:Restauration cercueil-egyptien Mbalyon (12).jpg|thumb|Restoration of an [[ancient Egypt]]ian monument]]
There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of [[cultural heritage]] and [[cultural diversity]]. [[UNESCO]] and its partner organizations such as [[Blue Shield International]] coordinate international protection and local implementation.<ref>Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p. 73.</ref><ref>''UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.'' UNESCO, September 13, 2017.</ref> The [[Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict]] and the UNESCO [[Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions]] deal with the protection of culture. Article 27 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-date=August 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825150547/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15207%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Manifestation Défense du service public et de la culture Nantes - 5 décembre 2024 (54185059095).jpg|thumb|[[Anarchist]] poster reading "No Culture, No Future!", 5 December 2024]]
In the 21st century, the protection of culture has been the focus of increasing activity by national and international organizations. The [[United Nations]] and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. The aim is not to protect a person's property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to [[Karl von Habsburg]], President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to affect the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or municipality.<ref>Gerold Keusch "Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege" In: Truppendienst - Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon |date=April 28, 2019 |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689 |language=de |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=Corine |last1=Wegener |first2=Marjan |last2=Otter |title=Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict |work=The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter |publisher=The Getty Conservation Institute |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=Spring 2008}};
{{citation |first=Eden |last=Stiffman |title=Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges |work=The Chronicle Of Philanthropy |date=May 11, 2015}};
{{citation |first=Hans |last=Haider |title=Missbrauch von Kulturgütern ist strafbar |work=Wiener Zeitung |date=June 29, 2012 |language=de}}</ref>

Tourism is having an increasing impact on the various forms of culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shepard |first=Robert |date=August 2002 |title=Commodification, culture and tourism |journal=Tourist Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=183–201 |doi=10.1177/146879702761936653 |s2cid=55744323}}</ref><ref>Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaafar |first1=Mastura |last2=Rasoolimanesh |first2=S. Mostafa |last3=Ismail |first3=Safura |year=2017 |title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island |journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=123–134 |doi=10.1177/1467358415610373 |s2cid=157784805}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Society}}
* {{anl|Animal culture}}
* {{anl|Cultural area}}
* {{anl|Cultural identity}}
* {{anl|Cultural tourism}}
* [[Culture 21]] – United Nations plan of action
* {{anl|Outline of culture}}
* [[Recombinant culture]]
* {{anl|Semiotics of culture}}
* {{anl|Subculture}}

==References==
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Tylor |first=E. B. |date=1974 |title=Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom |location=New York |publisher=Gordon Press |orig-year=1871 |isbn=978-0-87968-091-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Culture}}

* [http://www.international-journal-of-axiology.net/ ''Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604182356/http://international-journal-of-axiology.net/ |date=June 4, 2013 }}
* [https://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html What is Culture?]

{{Culture}}
{{Humanities}}
{{Social philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture| ]]
[[Category:Social concepts]]
[[Category:Social constructionism]]
[[Category:Main topic articles]]

Vinegar

2026-03-26T22:16:39Z

OnitaCrespo4: added formatting for clarity based on references

{{short description|Liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid and water}}

[[File:Eguilles 20110828 14.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A variety of flavored vinegars, for culinary use, on sale in [[France]]]]

'''Vinegar''' ({{ety|fro|vyn egre|sour [[wine]]}}) is an odorous [[aqueous solution]] of diluted [[acetic acid]] and trace compounds that may include [[flavorings]] or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acetic acid: general information |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acetic-acid-properties-uses-and-incident-management/acetic-acid-general-information |website=GOV.UK |publisher=[[Government Digital Service]] |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double [[Fermentation in food processing|fermentation]]—converting simple [[sugars]] to [[ethanol]] using [[yeast]], and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using [[acetic acid bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nakayama |first1=Takeyoshi |title=Studies on acetic acid-bacteria I. Biochemical studies on ethanol oxidation |journal=[[The Journal of Biochemistry]] |volume=46 |issue=9 |date=September 1959 |pages=1217–1225 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127022 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the [[culinary arts]] as a flavorful, acidic [[cooking ingredient]], [[salad]] dressing, or [[pickling]] agent. Various types are used as [[condiment]]s or [[Garnish (cooking)|garnishes]], including [[balsamic vinegar]] and [[#Grains|malt vinegar]].

As an easily manufactured mild [[acid]], it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a [[Cleaning agent|household cleaner]].<ref name="harvard" />

==Etymology==
[[File:Wiener Essigbrauerei 40.JPG|thumb|Fast [[aerobic fermentation]] stainless steel vessels]]
The word "vinegar" arrived in [[Middle English]] from [[Old French]] (''vyn egre''; sour wine), which in turn derives from [[Latin]]: {{lang|la|vīnum}} (wine) + {{lang|la|ācre}} ([[neuter gender]] of {{lang|la|ācer}}, sour).<ref name="harvard" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/vinegar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170957/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/vinegar|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2018|title=Definition of vinegar in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Vinegar was formerly also called {{linktext|eisel}}.

The word "acetic" derives from Latin {{lang|la|acētum}} (vinegar, or more properly ''vinum acetum'': "wine turned sour").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/acetic|title=acetic | Etymology, origin and meaning of acetic by etymonline|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>

== History ==
While vinegar making may be as old as [[brewing]], the first documented evidence of vinegar making and use was by the ancient [[Babylonia]]ns around 3000 BCE.<ref name="bourg">{{Cite journal |last1=Bourgeois |first1=Jacques |last2=Barja |first2=François |date=December 2009 |title=The history of vinegar and its acetification systems |url=https://www.unige.ch/sphn/Publications/ArchivesSciences/AdS%202004-2015/AdS%202009%20Vol%2062%20Fasc%202/147-160_05_Bourgeois_62_2.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Archives des Sciences |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=147–160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128141836/https://www.unige.ch/sphn/Publications/ArchivesSciences/AdS%202004-2015/AdS%202009%20Vol%2062%20Fasc%202/147-160_05_Bourgeois_62_2.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> They primarily made vinegar from [[fermentation]] of fruits, dates, figs, and beer and used it for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Its uses were then spread to neighboring lands, evident as traces of it also have been found in [[Egypt]]ian [[urn]]s.

In East Asia, the Chinese began professionalizing vinegar production in the [[Zhou dynasty]].<ref name="Smith-2019">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Reginald |title=Vinegar, the Eternal Condiment |publisher=Spikehorn Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-943015-03-0 |location=Southport, NC |pages=29–31}}</ref> The book ''[[Rites of Zhou|Zhou Li]]'' mentions that many noble or royal households had a "[[vinegar maker]]" as a specialized occupation. Most vinegar-making then was concentrated in what is now [[Shanxi|Shanxi province]] near the city of [[Taiyuan]], which remains a famous vinegar-making region today. Many Chinese kinds of vinegar and their uses for culinary and medicinal purposes were written down in the agricultural manual ''[[Qimin Yaoshu]]'' (齊民要術).<ref name="Smith-2019" />

The Greeks and Romans frequently used vinegar made from wine. The Spartans had vinegar as a part of their traditional [[blood soup]] [[Black soup|''melas zomos'']]; in addition to flavoring the broth, the acidity of the vinegar prevented the blood from coagulating (a purpose for which vinegar is still used in modern blood soups around the world). The Roman [[Lucius Columella|Columella]] described the ingredients and process for making several types of vinegar in his work ''Res Rustica''.<ref name="Smith-2019" />

In the late Middle Ages, vinegar making was slowly being professionalized in Europe, with the French city of [[Orléans]] becoming particularly famous for the quality of its vinegar through a formalized fermentation and aging process, which became known as the Orléans process.<ref name="bourg" /><ref name="Smith-2019" /> During this time, [[malt]] vinegar also began to develop in England, where it was first known as ''alegar''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Reginald |date=2019 |title=From Alegar to Sarson's: A History of Malt Vinegar |journal=Petits Propos Culinaires |volume=113 |pages=95–119|doi=10.1558/ppc.27928 }}</ref> Balsamic vinegar also began its evolution in the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Duchy of Modena]] in Italy, though it would not become widely known until the [[Napoleonic Wars]] after being sold abroad by French troops.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13758-2 |title=Balsamic Vinegars |date=2015 |last1=Giudici |first1=Paolo |last2=Lemmetti |first2=Federico |last3=Mazza |first3=Stefano |isbn=978-3-319-13757-5 |s2cid=193305710 }}{{pn|date=February 2024}}</ref>

In the 19th century, vinegar production underwent many dramatic changes, such as rapid industrialization and scientific analysis. Karl Sebastian Schüzenbach invented the first large-scale industrial process for vinegar production in the [[Baden|Kingdom of Baden]] in 1823.<ref name="Smith-2019" /> Known as the packed generator, it circulated alcohol over [[beech]]wood shavings to reduce fermentation times from several months down to 1–2 weeks. This process also facilitated the rise of vinegar made from pure alcohol called spirit vinegar or distilled white vinegar. Japan also began industrializing vinegar production during the last days of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], when Matazaemon Nakano, a man from a traditional [[sake]] brewing family, discovered that sake [[Lees (fermentation)|lees]] could be used to make rice vinegar. This helped provide ample vinegar for the burgeoning popularity of [[sushi]] in Japan. The company he founded, now known as [[Mizkan]], is headquartered in [[Handa, Aichi|Handa]] (near Nagoya) and is the largest vinegar producer in the world.<ref name="Smith-2019" />

Meanwhile, vinegar fermentation became understood as a natural and biological process. [[Louis Pasteur]] made the decisive discovery that a special type of bacteria, later known as [[acetic acid bacteria]], was the agent of fermentation for vinegar production.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berche |first1=P. |date=October 2012 |title=Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=18 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03945.x |pmid=22882766 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 20th century, vinegar production was again revolutionized by the invention of the [[solid-state fermentation|submerged fermentation process]] that cut production times down to 1–2 days.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yun |first1=Jeong Hyun |last2=Kim |first2=Jae Ho |last3=Lee |first3=Jang-Eun |date=2019-04-03 |title=Surface Film Formation in Static-Fermented Rice Vinegar: A Case Study |url= |journal=Mycobiology |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.1080/12298093.2019.1575585 |issn=1229-8093 |pmc=6691759 |pmid=31448145}}</ref> This allowed the mass production of cheap vinegar around the world.

== Chemistry ==
The conversion of [[ethanol]] ({{chem2|CH3CH2OH}}) and [[oxygen]] ({{chem2|O2}}) to [[acetic acid]] ({{chem2|CH3COOH}}) takes place by the following reaction:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saladin |first1=Kenneth S. |last2=Sullivan |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Gan |first3=Christina A. |title=Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function |date=2015 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-981-4646-43-7 |page=55 }}</ref>

:{{chem2 | CH3CH2OH + O2 -> CH3COOH + H2O }}

===Polyphenols===
Vinegar contains numerous [[flavonoid]]s, [[phenolic acid]]s, and [[aldehyde]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cerezo |first1=Ana B. |last2=Tesfaye |first2=Wendu |last3=Torija |first3=M. Jesús |last4=Mateo |first4=Estíbaliz |last5=García-Parrilla |first5=M. Carmen |last6=Troncoso |first6=Ana M. |title=The phenolic composition of red wine vinegar produced in barrels made from different woods |journal=Food Chemistry |date=August 2008 |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=606–615 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.013 }}</ref> which vary in content depending on the source material used to make the vinegar, such as [[orange peel]] or various [[fruit juice concentrate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cejudo-Bastante |first1=Cristina |last2=Castro-Mejías |first2=Remedios |last3=Natera-Marín |first3=Ramón |last4=García-Barroso |first4=Carmelo |last5=Durán-Guerrero |first5=Enrique |title=Chemical and sensory characteristics of orange based vinegar |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |date=August 2016 |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=3147–3156 |doi=10.1007/s13197-016-2288-7 |pmc=5055879 |pmid=27784909 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coelho |first1=Eduardo |last2=Genisheva |first2=Zlatina |last3=Oliveira |first3=José Maria |last4=Teixeira |first4=José António |last5=Domingues |first5=Lucília |title=Vinegar production from fruit concentrates: effect on volatile composition and antioxidant activity |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |date=November 2017 |volume=54 |issue=12 |pages=4112–4122 |doi=10.1007/s13197-017-2783-5 |pmc=5643795 |pmid=29085154 }}</ref>

== Production ==
{{main|Acetic acid#Production}}
Commercial vinegar is produced either by a fast or a slow fermentation process. In general, slow methods are used in traditional vinegars, where fermentation proceeds over the course of a few months to a year. The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a nontoxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria and their cellulose [[biofilm]], known as [[mother of vinegar]].

Fast methods add the aforementioned mother of vinegar as a [[bacterial culture]] to the source liquid before adding air to oxygenate and promote the fastest fermentation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=U. |last2=Jolly |first2=N. |last3=Chidi |first3=B. |display-authors=etal |title=Vinegar Engineering: a Bioprocess Perspective |journal=Food Engineering Reviews |date=2019 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=290–305 |doi=10.1007/s12393-019-09196-x |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12393-019-09196-x}}</ref> In fast production processes, vinegar may be produced in 1–3 days.

== Varieties ==
The source materials for making vinegar are varied – different fruits, grains, [[alcoholic beverage]]s, and other fermentable materials are used.<ref name="harvard" />

===Fruit===
[[File:Raisinvinegar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Raisin]] vinegar]]

Fruit vinegars are made from [[fruit wine]]s, usually without any additional flavoring. Common flavors of fruit vinegar include [[apple]], [[blackcurrant]], [[raspberry]], [[quince]], and [[tomato]]. Typically, the flavors of the original fruits remain in the final product. Most fruit vinegars are produced in [[Europe]], where a market exists for high-priced vinegars made solely from specific fruits (as opposed to nonfruit vinegars that are infused with fruits or fruit flavors).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vinegarbook.net/Fruit_vinegar.shtml
|title=What is Fruit Vinegar?
|work=vinegarbook.net
|access-date=10 June 2010
|archive-date=26 June 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626192157/http://www.vinegarbook.net/Fruit_vinegar.shtml
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Several varieties are produced in Asia. [[Persimmon vinegar]], called ''gam sikcho'', is common in [[South Korea]]. [[Jujube]] vinegar, called ''zaocu'' or ''hongzaocu'', and [[Goji|wolfberry]] vinegar are produced in China.[[File:Persimmonvinegar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Persimmon]] vinegar produced in [[South Korea]]]] [[Apple cider vinegar]] is made from [[cider]] or apple [[must]], and has a brownish-gold color. It is sometimes sold [[Filtration|unfiltered]] and [[Pasteurization|unpasteurized]] with the [[mother of vinegar]] present. It can be diluted with fruit juice or water or sweetened (usually with honey) for consumption.

A byproduct of commercial [[kiwifruit]] growing is a large amount of waste in the form of [[Unusually shaped vegetable|misshapen or otherwise-rejected fruit]] (which may constitute up to 30% of the crop) and kiwifruit [[pomace]]. One of the uses for pomace is the production of kiwifruit vinegar, produced commercially in New Zealand since at least the early 1990s, and in China in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apctt.org/publication/pdf/tm_dec_biotechnz.pdf |title=Biotechnology in New Zealand |access-date=2010-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717190104/http://www.apctt.org/publication/pdf/tm_dec_biotechnz.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.versatilevinegar.org/latestnews_2008_12.html |title=The Vinegar Institute |publisher=Versatilevinegar.org |date=2008-10-20 |access-date=2010-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329023350/http://www.versatilevinegar.org/latestnews_2008_12.html |archive-date=2010-03-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vinegar made from [[raisin]]s is used in cuisines of the Middle East. It is cloudy and medium brown in color, with a mild flavor. Vinegar made from [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]] is a traditional product of the [[Middle East]], and used in [[Eastern Arabian cuisine|Eastern Arabia]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ie50319a016 | title = Vinegar from Dates | year = 1936 | last1 = Das | first1 = Bhagwan | last2 = Sarin | first2 = J. L. | journal = Industrial & Engineering Chemistry | volume = 28 | issue = 7 | page = 814}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=Robert James |year=1971 |title=Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |url-status=live |journal=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317154434/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

===Palm===
[[File:Coconut Vinegar (8681608491).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Coconut vinegar from the [[Philippines]]]]

[[Coconut]] vinegar, made from fermented coconut sap or [[coconut water]], is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the [[Philippines]], where it is known as ''[[sukang tuba]]''), as well as in some cuisines of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], especially [[Goan cuisine]]. A cloudy, white liquid, it has a particularly sharp, acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note.<ref name="polistico">{{cite book |last1=Polistico |first1=Edgie |title=Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary |date=2017 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-621-420-087-0 }}{{pn|date=February 2024}}</ref>

In the Philippines, other types of vinegar are made from palm sap. Like coconut vinegar, they are by-products of ''[[tubâ]]'' (palm wine) production. Two of the most widely produced are [[nipa palm vinegar]] (''sukang nipa'' or ''sukang sasa'') and [[kaong palm vinegar]] (''sukang kaong'' or ''sukang irok''). Along with coconut and cane vinegar, they are the four main traditional vinegar types in the Philippines and are an important part of [[Filipino cuisine]].<ref name="hosking">{{cite book |last1=Lim-Castillo |first1=Pia |chapter=Traditional Philippine Vinegars and their Role in Shaping the Culinary Culture |pages=295–306 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HflTVd898PAC&pg=PT295 |editor1-last=Hosking |editor1-first=Richard |title=Authenticity in the Kitchen: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford Symposium |isbn=978-1-903018-47-7 }}</ref> Nipa palm vinegar is made from the sap of the leaf stalks of [[nipa palm]]. Its flavor has notes of citrus and imparts a distinctly musky aroma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lumpia |first=Burnt |url=http://burntlumpiablog.com/2009/05/suka-filipino-vinegar.html |title=I'm Gonna Git You Suka (Filipino Vinegar) |publisher=Burntlumpiablog.com |date=2009-05-17 |access-date=2015-01-03 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104023426/http://burntlumpiablog.com/2009/05/suka-filipino-vinegar.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="polistico" /> Kaong palm vinegar is made from the sap of flower stalks of the [[kaong palm]]. It is sweeter than all the other Philippine vinegar types and is commonly used in salad dressing.<ref name="hosking" /> Vinegar from the [[Corypha|buri palm]] sap is also produced, but not with the same prevalence as coconut, nipa, and kaong vinegars.<ref name="dagoon">{{cite book |last1=Dagoon |first1=Jesse D. |title=Applied Nutrition and Food Technology |date=1989 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-0505-4 |page=273 }}</ref> Kaong palm vinegar is also produced in Indonesia and Malaysia, though it is not as prevalent as in the Philippines because the palm wine industry is not as widespread in these Muslim-majority countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siebert |first1=Stephen F. |title=Where there is no beer: ''Arenga pinnata'' and sagueir in Sulawesi, Indonesia |journal=Palms |volume=43 |issue=4 |date=1999 |pages=177–181 |url=https://palms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/vol43n4.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Clove Garden">{{cite web |title=Toddy Palm – Sugar Palm |url=https://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/pm_toddy.html |website=Clove Garden |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212065521/http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/pm_toddy.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Balsamic ===
{{Main|Traditional Balsamic Vinegar|Balsamic vinegar}}
Balsamic vinegar is an aromatic, aged vinegar produced in the [[Modena]] and [[Reggio Emilia]] provinces of Italy. The original product — traditional balsamic vinegar — is made from the concentrated juice, or [[must]], of white [[Trebbiano]] grapes. It is dark brown, rich, sweet, and complex, with the finest grades being aged in successive casks made variously of oak, mulberry, chestnut, cherry, juniper, and ash wood. Originally a costly product available to only the Italian upper classes, traditional balsamic vinegar is marked ''tradizionale'' or "DOC" to denote its [[protected designation of origin]] status, and is aged for 12 to 25 years. A cheaper non-DOC commercial form described as ''aceto balsamico di Modena'' (balsamic vinegar of Modena)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/balsamic-vinegar|title=Balsamic vinegar|work=BBC Good Food|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316213447/http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/balsamic-vinegar|url-status=live}}</ref> became widely known and available around the world in the late 20th century, typically made with concentrated grape juice mixed with a strong vinegar, then colored and slightly sweetened with caramel and sugar.

Balsamic vinegar is made from a [[grape]] product. It contains no [[balsam]], though was traditionally aged in balsam as one of the steps. A high acidity level is somewhat hidden by the sweetness of the other ingredients, making it mellow. In terms of its nutrition content, balsamic vinegar contains the carbohydrates of grape sugars (some 17% of total composition), making it some five times higher in caloric content than typical distilled or wine vinegar.<ref name="ndbal">{{cite web|url=https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/9744/2|title=Nutrition facts for balsamic vinegar|date=2018|publisher=Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast; from the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, standard reference 21|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203327/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/9744/2|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cane ===
Vinegar made from [[sugarcane juice]] is traditional to and is most popular in the [[Philippines]], in particular in the northern [[Ilocos Region]] (where it is called ''sukang Iloko'' or ''sukang [[basi]]''). It ranges from dark yellow to golden brown in color, and has a mellow flavor, similar in some respects to rice vinegar, though with a somewhat "fresher" taste. Because it contains no residual sugar, it is no sweeter than any other vinegar. In the Philippines, it often is labeled as ''sukang maasim'' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] for "sour vinegar").

Cane vinegars from Ilocos are made in two different ways. One way is to simply place sugar cane juice in large jars; it becomes sour by the direct action of bacteria on the sugar. The other way is through fermentation to produce a traditional wine known as ''[[basi]]''. Low-quality ''basi'' is then allowed to undergo acetic acid fermentation that converts alcohol into acetic acid. Contaminated ''basi'' also becomes vinegar.

Cane vinegar is also produced in other countries, like France and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bamforth |first=Charles W. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Food Fermentations |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated |others=Robert E. Ward |isbn=978-0-19-974270-7 |edition=1st |series=Oxford Handbooks Series |location=Oxford |pages=376}}</ref> A white variation has become quite popular in Brazil in recent years, where it is the cheapest type of vinegar sold. It is now common for other types of vinegar (made from wine, rice, and apple cider) to be sold mixed with cane vinegar to lower the cost.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

Sugarcane ''sirka'' is made from sugarcane juice in parts of northern India. During summer, people put cane juice in earthenware pots with iron nails. The fermentation takes place due to the action of wild yeast. The cane juice is converted to vinegar having a blackish color (from ferrous oxide and acetate). The ''sirka'' is used to preserve pickles and for flavoring curries.

===Grains===
{{vanchor|Malt}} vinegar made from [[ale]], also called "alegar",<ref name="od">{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/alegar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014610/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/alegar|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2017|title=Alegar|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press|date=2018|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> is made by [[malting]] [[barley]], causing the starch in the grain to turn to [[maltose]]. Then an ale is [[Brewing|brewed]] from the maltose and allowed to turn into vinegar, which is then aged.<ref name="od" /> It is typically light-brown in color. Malt vinegar (along with salt) is a traditional seasoning for [[fish and chips]], and in the United Kingdom and Canada, a popular seasoning for [[French fries]] in general. Some fish and chip shops replace it with [[non-brewed condiment]]. Salt and vinegar are combined as a common, traditional flavoring for [[Potato chip|crisps]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/20/joe-spud-murphy-the-man-w_n_1437270.html |title=Joe 'Spud' Murphy: The Man Who Gave Potato Chips Flavor |website=[[Huffington Post]] |date=20 April 2012 |author= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031011922/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/20/joe-spud-murphy-the-man-w_n_1437270.html |archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wacky">{{cite news |title=31 Wacky and Weird Flavors of British Potato Crisps |url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2013/04/british-crisps |access-date=4 July 2019 |agency=BBC America |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704140723/http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2013/04/british-crisps |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Flavour variety">{{cite news |title=Walkers launches six new limited-edition crisp flavours to mark 70th anniversary |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/walkers-limited-edition-crisp-flavours-launch-700th-anniversary-cheese-fondue-coronation-chicken-a8257701.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/walkers-limited-edition-crisp-flavours-launch-700th-anniversary-cheese-fondue-coronation-chicken-a8257701.html |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2019 |work=The Independent}}</ref> in some varieties this involves the conversion of the vinegar to [[sodium acetate]] or [[sodium diacetate]], to avoid dampening the product in manufacture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/world/canada/the-secret-story-of-salt-and-vinegar-chips-the-canada-letter.html|title=The Secret Story of Salt and Vinegar Chips: the Canada Letter|first=Ian|last=Austen|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 June 2018|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223190614/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/world/canada/the-secret-story-of-salt-and-vinegar-chips-the-canada-letter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:黒酢.jpg|thumb|upright|Chinese [[black vinegar]]]]

Chinese [[black vinegar]] is an aged product made from [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[millet]], [[sorghum]], or a combination of these. It has an inky black color and a complex, malty flavour. The recipe is not fixed, so some Chinese black vinegars may contain added [[sugar]], spices, or caramel color. The most popular variety, [[Zhenjiang vinegar]], originates in the city of [[Zhenjiang]] in [[Jiangsu Province]], eastern China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.asianweek.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=dcd86dc7c83d91f2079714cf8e3a053a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220130707/http://news.asianweek.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=dcd86dc7c83d91f2079714cf8e3a053a|url-status=dead|title=AsianWeek.com|archive-date=20 February 2008}}</ref> Shanxi mature vinegar is another popular type of Chinese vinegar that is made exclusively from sorghum and other grains. Nowadays in [[Shanxi]] province, some traditional vinegar workshops still produce handmade vinegar with a high acidity that is aged for at least five years. Only the vinegars made in [[Taiyuan]] and some counties in [[Jinzhong]] and aged for at least three years are considered authentic Shanxi mature vinegar according to the latest national standard. A somewhat lighter form of black vinegar, made from rice, is produced in Japan, where it is called ''kurozu''.

[[Rice vinegar]] is most popular in the cuisines of East and Southeast Asia. It is available in "white" (light yellow), red, and black varieties. The Japanese prefer a light rice vinegar for the preparation of [[sushi rice]] and salad dressings. Red rice vinegar traditionally is colored with [[red yeast rice]]. Black rice vinegar (made with black glutinous rice) is most popular in China, and it is also widely used in other East Asian countries. White rice vinegar has a mild acidity with a somewhat "flat" and uncomplex flavor. Some varieties of rice vinegar are sweetened or otherwise seasoned with spices or other added flavorings.
{{Anchor|Spirit}}

=== Spirits ===
[[File:Sherryvinegar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sherry vinegar]]]]
The term "spirit vinegar" is sometimes reserved for the stronger variety (5% to 24%<ref>{{citation |asin=B072ZYZQHQ |title=Perstorps 24% Acetic Vinegar 300ml }}</ref> acetic acid) made from sugar cane or chemically produced acetic acid.<ref name="sinclair" /> To be called "spirit vinegar", the product must come from an agricultural source and must be made by "double fermentation". The first fermentation is sugar to alcohol, and the second is alcohol to acetic acid. Products made from synthetically produced acetic acid cannot be called "vinegar" in the UK, where the term allowed is "[[non-brewed condiment]]".

'''Wine vinegar''' is made from red or white wine, and is the most commonly used vinegar in [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Central Europe]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Israel]]. As with wine, the range in quality is considerable. Better-quality wine vinegars are matured in wood for up to two years, and exhibit a complex, mellow flavor. Wine vinegar tends to have a lower acidity than white or cider vinegar.{{cn|date=March 2026}} More expensive wine vinegars are made from individual varieties of wine, such as champagne, sherry, or pinot gris. {{visible anchor|Rape vinegar}} is the historic name for wine vinegar made from the [[pomace]] of the grapes (the ''rape'').<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Ayto |chapter=Rape vinegar |title=The Diner's Dictionary |edition=2nd |date=2013 |orig-date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191744433 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199640249.001.0001/acref-9780199640249-e-2223}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RAPE Definition and Meaning: noun (3)|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rape |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

[[Sherry vinegar]] is linked to the production of [[sherry]] wines of [[Jerez]]. Dark mahogany in color, it is made exclusively from the acetic fermentation of wines. It is concentrated and has generous aromas, including a note of wood, ideal for vinaigrettes and flavoring various foods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clutton |first1=Angela |title=The Vinegar Cupboard: Winner of the Fortnum & Mason Debut Cookery Book Award |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-5809-9 |oclc=1100963349 }}{{pn|date=February 2024}}</ref>

The term "distilled vinegar" as used in the United States (called "spirit vinegar" in the UK, "white vinegar" in Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/list-of-ingredients-and-allergens/eng/1383612857522/1383612932341?chap=1|title=List of Ingredients and Allergens: Requirements; Exemptions, Prepackaged Products that Do Not Require a List of Ingredients; Standardized vinegars B.01.008(2)(g), FDR|publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency|date=29 July 2016|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093214/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/list-of-ingredients-and-allergens/eng/1383612857522/1383612932341?chap=1|url-status=live}}</ref>) is something of a misnomer because it is not produced by distillation, but by fermentation of distilled alcohol. The fermentate is diluted to produce a colorless solution of 5 to 8% acetic acid in water, with a pH of about 2.6. This is variously known as distilled spirit, "virgin" vinegar,<ref>{{cite book |editor=Wayne W. Umbreit |doi=10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70125-4 |chapter=Newer Developments in Vinegar Manufacture |title=Advances in Applied Microbiology |date=1960 |last1=Allgeier |first1=Rudolph J. |last2=Hildebrandt |first2=Frank M. |volume=2 |pages=163–182 |pmid=13682571 }}</ref> or white vinegar, and is used in cooking, baking, meat preservation, and [[pickling]], as well as for medicinal, laboratory, and cleaning purposes.<ref name="sinclair">Sinclair C, ''International Dictionary of Food and Cooking'', Peter Collin Publishing, 1998 {{ISBN|0-948549-87-4}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> The most common starting material in some regions, because of its low cost, is barley [[malt]],<ref name="ind">{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-bliss-and-vinegar-why-malt-makes-a-pretty-pickle-its-time-for-a-revival-of-a-very-british-1541895.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-bliss-and-vinegar-why-malt-makes-a-pretty-pickle-its-time-for-a-revival-of-a-very-british-1541895.html |archive-date=17 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Bliss and vinegar - why malt makes a pretty pickle: It's time for a revival of a very British condiment | publisher=The Independent, Independent Digital News & Media, London, UK | author= Bateman, Michael|date=2 May 2016 | access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> or in the United States, corn. It is sometimes derived from petroleum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-555100-alcohol-use-synthetic-alcohol-foods |title=CPG Sec. 555.100 Alcohol; Use of Synthetic Alcohol in Foods |publisher=Fda.gov |date=2014-09-18 |access-date=2015-01-03 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422125429/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074550.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Distilled vinegar is used predominantly for cooking, although in the UK it is used as an alternative to brown or light malt vinegar. White distilled vinegar can also be used for cleaning, and some types are sold specifically for this purpose.

== Culinary uses ==
Vinegar is commonly used in [[food preparation]],<ref name="harvard" /> in particular as [[pickling]] liquids, [[vinaigrette]]s, and other [[salad dressing]]s. It is an ingredient in [[sauce]]s, such as [[hot sauce]], mustard, ketchup, and mayonnaise. Vinegar is sometimes used in [[chutney]]s. It is often used as a [[condiment]] on its own, or as a part of other condiments. [[Marination|Marinades]] often contain vinegar. [[Soup]]s sometimes have vinegar added to them, as is the case with [[hot and sour soup]]. In terms of its [[shelf life]], vinegar's acidic nature allows it to last indefinitely without the use of [[refrigeration]]; it is essentially already "spoiled".<ref>{{cite web|title=Shelf Life of Vinegar|url=http://www.eatbydate.com/other/condiments/how-long-does-vinegar-last/|publisher=Eatbydate.com|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003210335/http://www.eatbydate.com/other/condiments/how-long-does-vinegar-last/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Beverages ===
[[File:Apple vinegar beverage 1.jpg|thumb|upright|A beverage made from apple vinegar in [[China]]]]
Several beverages are made using vinegar, for instance ''[[posca]]'' in [[ancient Rome]]. The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] drink ''[[oxymel]]'' is made from vinegar and honey, and ''[[sekanjabin]]'' is a traditional [[Persian cuisine|Persian drink]] similar to ''oxymel''. Other preparations, known colloquially as "[[Shrub (drink)|shrubs]]", range from simply mixing sugar water or honey water with small amounts of fruity vinegar, to making syrup by laying fruit or mint in vinegar  for several days, then [[sieving]] off solid parts and adding considerable amounts of sugar. Some prefer to boil the "shrub" as a final step. These recipes have lost much of their popularity with the rise of [[carbonated beverages]], such as soft drinks.

===Diet and metabolism===
Preliminary research indicates that consuming 2–4 [[tablespoon]]s of vinegar may cause small reductions in postprandial levels of [[blood glucose]] and [[insulin]] in people with [[diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shishehbor |first1=Farideh |last2=Mansoori |first2=Anahita |last3=Shirani |first3=Fatemeh |title=Vinegar consumption can attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses; a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |date=May 2017 |volume=127 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2017.01.021 |pmid=28292654 }}</ref>

===Nutrition===
Distilled or red wine vinegar is 95% water, with no [[fat]] or [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]].<ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/7162/2|title=Nutrition facts for distilled vinegar|date=2018|publisher=Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast; from the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, standard reference 21|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192159/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/spices-and-herbs/7162/2|url-status=live}}</ref> In a {{convert|100|mL|USfloz|abbr=on|frac=2|adj=on}} reference amount, distilled vinegar supplies {{convert|18|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}} of [[food energy]] and no [[micronutrient]]s in significant content.<ref name="nd" /> The composition (and absence of nutrient content) for red wine vinegar and [[apple cider vinegar]] are the same, whereas [[balsamic vinegar]] is 77% water with 17% carbohydrates, {{convert|88|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=on}} per 100 mL, and contains no fat, protein, or micronutrients.<ref name="ndbal" />

==Non-culinary uses==
===Folk medicine===
Since antiquity, [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] treatments have used vinegar, but no conclusive evidence from clinical research supports health claims of benefits for weight loss, [[cancer]], or use as a [[probiotic]].<ref name="harvard" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Budak |first1=Nilgün H. |last2=Aykin |first2=Elif |last3=Seydim |first3=Atif C. |last4=Greene |first4=Annel K. |last5=Guzel-Seydim |first5=Zeynep B. |title=Functional Properties of Vinegar |journal=Journal of Food Science |date=May 2014 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=R757-64 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12434 |pmid=24811350 }}</ref> A systematic review and meta-analysis later suggested it could help type 2 diabetics reduce insulin and glucose after meals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Ling Jie |last2=Jiang |first2=Ying |last3=Wu |first3=Vivien Xi |last4=Wang |first4=Wenru |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis: Vinegar consumption on glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |date=February 2020 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=459–474 |doi=10.1111/jan.14255 |pmid=31667860 |s2cid=204975904 }}</ref>

Applying vinegar to common [[jellyfish]] stings deactivates the [[nematocyst]]s, although not as effectively as hot water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nomura |first1=Jason T. |last2=Sato |first2=Renee L. |last3=Ahern |first3=Reina M. |last4=Snow |first4=Joanne L. |last5=Kuwaye |first5=Todd T. |last6=Yamamoto |first6=Loren G. |title=A randomized paired comparison trial of cutaneous treatments for acute jellyfish (Carybdea alata) stings |journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine |date=November 2002 |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=624–626 |doi=10.1053/ajem.2002.35710 |pmid=12442242 }}</ref> This also applies to the [[Portuguese man o' war]], which, although generally considered to be a jellyfish, is not (it is a [[Siphonophorae|siphonophore]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2017/05/02/man-o-war-stings-first-aid/ |title=UH scientists scrutinize first aid for man o' war stings |date=2 May 2017 |publisher=hawaii.edu |access-date=2020-07-17 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508132053/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2017/05/02/man-o-war-stings-first-aid/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some treatments with vinegar pose risks to health.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Carol S. |last2=Gaas |first2=Cindy A. |title=Vinegar: Medicinal Uses and Antiglycemic Effect |journal=Medscape General Medicine |date=30 May 2006 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=61 |pmid=16926800 |pmc=1785201 }}</ref> [[Esophagus|Esophageal]] injury by apple cider vinegar has been reported, and because vinegar products sold for medicinal purposes are neither regulated nor standardized, such products may vary widely in content and acidity.<ref name="pmid15983536">{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Laura L. |last2=Woodruff |first2=Logan H. |last3=Foote |first3=Jerald C. |last4=Barreto-Alcoba |first4=Morela |title=Esophageal Injury by Apple Cider Vinegar Tablets and Subsequent Evaluation of Products |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date=July 2005 |volume=105 |issue=7 |pages=1141–1144 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2005.04.003 |pmid=15983536 }}</ref>

=== Cleaning ===
White vinegar is often used as a household cleaning agent.<ref name="harvard" /> For most uses, dilution with water is recommended for safety and to avoid damaging the surfaces being cleaned. Because it is acidic, it can dissolve [[Mineral Deposits|mineral deposits]] from glass, [[coffee maker]]s, and other smooth surfaces.<ref>[http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/en/myenvironment/home/cleaningproducts.php "My Environment: Cleaning Products"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401232858/http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/en/myenvironment/home/cleaningproducts.php |date=1 April 2010}}, Ontario Ministry of the Environment</ref> Vinegar is known as an effective cleaner of [[stainless steel]] and glass. Malt vinegar sprinkled onto crumpled newspaper is a traditional, and still-popular, method of cleaning grease-smeared windows and mirrors in the United Kingdom.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/housekeeping/bettystips_index.shtml "Trade Secrets: Betty's Tips"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120143316/https://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/housekeeping/bettystips_index.shtml |date=20 November 2022}}, BBC/Lifestyle/Homes/Housekeeping. Retrieved 2009-04-22.</ref>

Vinegar can be used for [[Polishing (metalworking)|polishing]] copper, brass, bronze or silver. It is an excellent [[solvent]] for cleaning [[epoxy resin]] as well as the gum on sticker-type [[price tag]]s. It has been reported as an effective [[drain cleaner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rd.com/home/150-household-uses-for-vinegar |title=95+ Household Uses for Vinegar | Reader's Digest |publisher=Rd.com |access-date=2015-01-03 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325033936/http://www.rd.com/home/150-household-uses-for-vinegar/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The use of vinegar in [[dishwasher]]s and [[washing machine]]s can cause damage to their rubber seals and hoses, leading to leaks. According to testing done by [[Consumer Reports]], vinegar is ineffective as a [[rinse aid]] and in removing hard-water film while used in a dishwasher. According to Brian Sansoni, chief spokesperson for the [[American Cleaning Institute]], vinegar "isn't very useful with stains that have already set into clothing, including food stains and bloodstains."<ref name="consumerreports">{{cite web |last1=Santanachote |first1=Perry |last2=Yao |first2=Daphne |title=9 Things You Should Never Clean With Vinegar |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/home-garden/cleaning/things-you-should-never-clean-with-vinegar-distilled-white-vinegar-a3336471803/ |website=[[Consumer Reports]] |access-date=30 March 2023 |date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to clean your LG Washing Machine: 15 things you should know |url=https://www.lg.com/uk/lg-experience/helpful-hints/how-to-clean-washing-machine |website=lg.com |publisher=LG Electronics |access-date=30 March 2023 |quote=Make sure not to do this too frequently, especially near the seal of the machine as the vinegar can corrode the rubber seal.}}</ref>

Other household items and surfaces that can be damaged by vinegar include flooring, stone countertops, knives, the screens of electronic devices, clothes, iron water tanks, and rubber components of various [[small appliance]]s. Common metals that can be damaged by vinegar include aluminum, copper, and lower-quality grades of stainless steel often used in small appliances.<ref name="consumerreports" />

===Herbicide===
Vinegar can be used as a contact [[herbicide]] and is more effective at higher concentrations. Twenty percent acetic acid is commonly sold for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2002/spray-weeds-with-vinegar/|title=Spray Weeds With Vinegar?|publisher=Ars.usda.gov|access-date=2010-03-15|archive-date=11 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043626/http://ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/020515.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Acetic acid is non-selective and does not [[Translocation (botany)|translocate]] so it must be applied to the base of the plant in order to kill the root system and avoid killing surrounding plants unintentionally. Vinegar does not provide residual plant suppression and must be reapplied as new plants germinate<ref>{{cite web |last=Orloff |first=Noelle |date=June 2025 |title=Does Vinegar Kill Weeds? |url=https://www.montana.edu/extension/invasiveplants/extension/monthly-weed-posts/2021-june-does-vinegar-kill-weeds.html#:~:text=Smaller%20and%20younger%20weeds%20are,tops%20of%20plants%20are%20killed. |access-date=September 9, 2025 |website=montana.edu |publisher=}}</ref>

== Reactions, byproducts and contaminants ==
Solutions above 10% require careful handling, as they are corrosive and damaging to the skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/vinegar.html |title=Conquer Weeds with Vinegar? |publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=2006-03-24 |access-date=2010-03-15 |archive-date=26 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026111425/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/vinegar.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

When a bottle of vinegar is opened, [[mother of vinegar]] may develop. It is considered harmless and can be removed by filtering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reinhartfoods.com/vinegarstats.asp |title=Vinegar Information |publisher=Reinhart Foods |date=2004-01-01 |access-date=2013-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228054431/http://www.reinhartfoods.com/vinegarstats.asp |archive-date=2012-12-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

When [[baking soda]] and vinegar are combined, the [[bicarbonate]] ion of the baking soda reacts with acetic acid to form [[carbonic acid]], which [[Chemical decomposition|decomposes]] into carbon dioxide and water, completing the [[carbon cycle]]. [[Sodium acetate]] remains in solution with the water contained in the vinegar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kitchen Chemistry: The Chemical Reaction Powered Car|url=https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/momentum/k12/march04/index.html|website=engineering.oregonstate.edu|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223180609/https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/momentum/k12/march04/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Regulation ==
Some countries have regulations on the permitted acidity percentage of vinegar. For example, the government of Canada limits acetic to between 4.1% and 12.3%, unless the vinegar is sold only for manufacturing use and identified as such.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C.R.C.,_c._870.pdf |title=Departmental Consolidation of the Food and Drugs Act and the Food and Drug Regulations – Part B – Division 19 |access-date=2008-09-02 |publisher=Health Canada |date=March 2003 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410025000/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C.R.C.,_c._870.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, vinegar must contain a minimum of 4% acetic acid by volume.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |title=Vinegar |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/vinegar/ |publisher=TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114123724/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/vinegar/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aus-law" />

Many jurisdictions distinguish between brewed vinegar and preparations made with diluted acetic acid. The latter may not be sold as "vinegar" and is instead referred to as "[[non-brewed condiment]]" in the UK,<ref>{{cite book |title=Food Industries Manual |first1=M. D. |last1=Ranken |first2=R. C. |last2=Kill |edition=23 |year=2012 |page=328}}</ref> or "imitation vinegar" in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="aus-law">{{cite web |title=Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 2.10.1 – Vinegar and related products |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2015L00484/latest/text |website=legislation.gov.au |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=19 March 2024 |date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[Food additive]]
* [[List of condiments]]
* [[Sensory overload]]
* [[Vinegar tasters]]
* [[Vinegaroon]]
* [[Wood vinegar]] (pyroligneous acid)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{NSRW poster}}

{{Vinegar}}
{{Condiments}}
{{Portal bar|Food}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

[[Category:Vinegar| ]]
[[Category:Condiments]]
[[Category:Household chemicals]]
[[Category:Traditional medicine]]

Policegiri

2026-03-24T15:12:16Z

OnitaCrespo4: update references to improve readability for consistency

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Policegiri
| image = Policegiri.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K.S. Ravikumar]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*T.P. Aggarwal
}}
| writer = Farhad-Sajid '''(Dialogues)'''
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*K.S. Ravikumar
*Farhad-Sajid
}}
| story = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| based_on = ''[[Saamy]]'' (Tamil) by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sanjay Dutt]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Prachi Desai]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
*[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
*[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
}}
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio = STAR Entertainment
| distributor = STAR Entertainment

| released = {{Film date|2013|07|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Policegiri''''' ({{translation|Police acts}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[action film]] directed by [[K.S. Ravikumar]] and produced by T. P. Aggarwal and Rahul Aggarwal. The film features [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Prachi Desai]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 5 July 2013. The film is the official remake of the 2003 Tamil film ''[[Saamy]]'', directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews and was a [[box-office bomb]].

==Plot==

The movie begins with a man ([[Sanjay Dutt]]) drinking beer early in the morning and then following up with having beer and idli. He later steals a bike and goes to the police station to get a commission from the police inspector. He then meets a man who takes him to a place where they sell guns and bombs. Finally, he meets a local gangster who hires him to kill a minister. He then kills the gangster and his henchmen and reveals himself as DCP Rudra Aditya Devraj, the new cop in town, near the Andhra Pradesh-Maharashtra border.

The city of Nagapuram is riddled with crime and corruption and is controlled by Nagori Subramaniam ([[Prakash Raj]]), the local mafia and a politician maker. Initially, Rudra closes down a lot of illegal businesses in Nagori. But when Rudra meets Nagori, he reveals that he is also a corrupt cop like others and even takes bribes on the condition that Nagori accepts certain points. Nagori accepts, and there is a truce between the two.

Meanwhile, Rudra falls in love with a girl named Seher ([[Prachi Desai]]) whom he first encountered in the beginning and she then reciprocates his love.

Conflict starts when residents complain about a petrol pump selling less petrol to the public and a lady beaten up when she complained. The petrol pump is owned by Nagori. Rudra beats up the employees of the pump as well as Nagori's henchmen. Nagori catches Rudra and Seher and tells her that he accepts bribes which causes Seher to leave Rudra. A war emerges between the two.

Nagori then calls for a bandh of the market place. But on the day of bandh, Rudra and his team are prepared and drive away all the protestors. Rudra then becomes a hero for the people of the city. But Nagori exacts his revenge by causing a riot in the market place and also blowing up a bomb killing many innocent people on the very same day Rudra is marrying Seher. Nagori then tries to kidnap Seher but Rudra saves her life in time. Rudra's activities invites the wrath of the police commissioner, who tries to control Rudra but in vain.

Rudra then receives his transfer orders and has seven days left in the town. He challenges Nagori that seven days is enough to finish him. The next day, Nagori's men take out a procession with the aim to kill Rudra. But Rudra and his team are prepared and he along with the market place sellers who are armed and are on his side. Amidst the tear gas smoke, Rudra kills many of Nagori's men including an MLA with a pistol he bought in black market in the beginning. A market place seller kills one of the MLA's men who raped his sister. In order to cover up, Rudra blames the crowd for the mishaps.

Rudra then kidnaps Nagori's close accomplice who confesses for his, Nagori's and the bomb maker's involvements in the bomb blast and gets a warrant to arrest. Furious, Nagori under the Terrorist Act. Rudra is then called to a meeting by the commissioner where MLAs, MPs, Senior Police Officers and Ministers threaten him. He smartly controls them by claiming that his pen has a camera and a voice recorder and he'll release the footage to media. Nagori goes into hiding after knowing that Rudra can't be stopped.

A couple of days later, Rudra catches Nagori who is dressed as a beggar near the temple. He takes Nagori to secluded spot after beating all his henchmen. He then kills Nagori by burning him to death ensuring that Nagori is never found and is declared as a wanted criminal.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Deputy Commissioner of Police Officer Rudra Aditya Devraj (Baba)
* [[Prachi Desai]] as Seher Al Ameri
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Nagori Subramaniam
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Padam Bhola
* [[Murali Sharma]] as MLA Gadhe
* [[Raju Mavani]] as MLA Gadha
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Inspector Javed Sheikh
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Wine Shop Owner
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Tutu
* [[Rajat Rawail]] as Toto
* [[Besant Ravi]] as corrupt police inspector
* [[Mia Uyeda]] as Priya Sharda
* [[Om Puri]] as Commissioner Prashant Trivedi
* [[K. Subash]] as Judge
* [[K.S.Ravikumar]], the film director, makes a cameo appearance as a guest who is drunk at the party arranged by Nagori.
}}

==Production==
The movie was rumoured to be called ''[[Thanedaar]] – Part 2'', referring to a previous hit movie of Sanjay Dutt did during his younger days. However Dutt did not feel comfortable with the movie backing on the success of Thanedaar, considering the fact that the story was not written keeping in mind the original ''Thanedaar''. Furthermore, the directors and producers of the original Thanedaar were different. Subsequently, Sanjay Dutt suggested to brainstorm for another name. He suggested Policegiri and the unit was happy to call this movie ''Policegiri''. ''Policegiri'' was actually not a word in use but something Sanjay Dutt created.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Policegiri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]] [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 June 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Anshul Karwa]]
| prev_title = [[Shortcut Romeo]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = Naam
| next_year = 2013
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]. The music rights was bought by [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]. Lyrics were penned by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and Aslam Lashkariya.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] except where noted
| total_length =

| title1 = Robinhood
| extra1 = Anjjan – Meet Bros
| note1 = Aslam Lashkariya
| length1 = 04:50

| title2 = Chura Ke Leja
| extra2 = [[Yashraj Kapil]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| length2 = 04:49

| title3 = Jhoom Barabar Jhoom
| extra3 = Vinit Singh, [[Shabab Sabri]], [[Aman Trikha]], [[Pavni Pandey]]
| length3 = 04:44

| title4 = Tirat Meri Tu
| extra4 = Vinit Singh, Shabab Sabri, Palak Muchhal
| length4 = 04:57

| title5 = Policegiri
| extra5 = Aman Trikha, [[Rajdeep Chatterjee]], Yashraj Kapil, Keshav
| length5 = 04:44
}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===
The film received extremely poor reviews from critics.

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote, "The actors holler at the top of their voices, the action sequences are mind-numbingly silly, the background score can pierce through any cotton-wool shield, and the storyline is all sound and fury, and little else."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/policegiri-movie-review-834 | title=NDTV Movies review | publisher=NDTV | access-date=5 July 2013 | archive-date=22 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622135710/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/policegiri-movie-review-834 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[IBN Live]]'' gave the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Ravikumar is good at many things such as the colour combination in the backdrop and aerial stunts but his wish to generate many emotions within the same sequence doesn't help 'Policegiri'."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/policegiri-review-sanjay-dutts-failed-attempt-to-imitate-salman/404390-47-77.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707142106/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/policegiri-review-sanjay-dutts-failed-attempt-to-imitate-salman/404390-47-77.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2013 | title=IBNLive review | publisher=IBN | access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it one out of five stars and wrote, "There is not one thing about this film that is worthy of being watched."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-policegiri/1138095/ | title=Indian Express review | work=The Indian Express | date=5 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2013 | archive-date=8 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708065124/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-policegiri/1138095 | url-status=live }}</ref> Giving the same rating, Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "K S Ravikumar’s remake of Tamil hit ''Saamy'' is so hopelessly timeworn, neither its jaded leading man nor its crummy screenplay can salvage this mess no matter how many men Dutt hurls in the sky."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-policegiri-is-deafening-dowdy-and-drudging/20130705.htm | title=Rediff.com review | work=Rediff.com | access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

Karan Anshuman of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' compared the film to ''[[Dabangg]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Policegiri/articleshow/20927799.cms | title=Mumbai Mirror review | work=Mumbai Mirror | access-date=5 July 2013 | archive-date=8 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708165958/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Policegiri/articleshow/20927799.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Sarit Ray of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "The music is bland, and the south-inspired action repetitive, giving you little to take away (headache notwithstanding). ''Policegiri'' is entirely forgettable. And that may be a good thing."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sarit-Ray-s-review-Policegiri/Article1-1089044.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710200434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sarit-Ray-s-review-Policegiri/Article1-1089044.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 July 2013 | title=Hindustan Times review | work=Hindustan Times| access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

===Box office===
Policegiri recorded an average opening and did extremely poor multiplex business although single screens fared much better where it remained in theatres for three weeks recording 57 cr after its four-week run across India. The film was declared as flop by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web | date=December 2019|title=Policegiri (2013) Box Office Collection |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1291 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=BoxOfficeIndia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt2861320}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Meet Bros Anjjan]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Strawberry

2026-03-24T07:06:21Z

OnitaCrespo4: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Edible fruit}}
{{About||other species of strawberry|Fragaria|other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{CS1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Strawberry ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''
|image = Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) single2.jpg
|image_caption = Strawberry fruit
|genus = Fragaria
|species = × ananassa
|authority = [[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]]
}}

The '''garden strawberry''' (or simply '''strawberry'''; '''''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''''')<ref name="Feldmann 2024"/> is a widely grown [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] plant cultivated worldwide for its [[fruit]]. The genus ''[[Fragaria]]'', the strawberries, is in the rose family, [[Rosaceae]]. The fruit is appreciated for its aroma, bright red colour, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is eaten either fresh or in prepared foods such as [[fruit preserves|jam]], [[ice cream]], and [[chocolate]]s. Artificial strawberry flavourings and aromas are widely used in commercial products. Botanically, the strawberry is not a [[berry (botany)|berry]], but an [[aggregate fruit|aggregate]] [[accessory fruit|accessory]] fruit. Each apparent 'seed' on the outside of the strawberry is actually an [[achene]], a botanical fruit with a seed inside it.

The garden strawberry was first bred in [[Brittany]], France, in the 1750s via a cross of ''[[Virginia strawberry|F. virginiana]]'' from eastern North America and ''[[Fragaria chiloensis|F. chiloensis]]'', which was brought from Chile by [[Amédée-François Frézier]] in 1714. [[Cultivar]]s of ''F.'' × ''ananassa'' have replaced the woodland strawberry ''[[Fragaria vesca|F. vesca]]'' in commercial production. In 2023, world production of strawberries exceeded ten million tons, led by China with 40% of the total.

Strawberries have appeared in literature and art from Roman times; [[Virgil]] wrote about the snake lurking beneath the strawberry, an image reinterpreted by later writers including [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. Strawberries appear in Italian, Flemish, and German paintings, including [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]''. It has been understood to symbolise the ephemerality of earthly joys or the benefit that blessed souls get from religion, or to allegorise death and resurrection. By the late 20th century, its meaning had shifted: it symbolised female sexuality.

== Evolution ==

=== History and taxonomy ===

In Europe, until the 17th century cultivated plants were obtained by transplanting strawberries from the forests; the plants were [[Asexual propagation|propagated asexually]] by pegging down the [[Stolon|runners]], allowing them to root, and then separating the new plants.<ref name="welsh1">{{cite web |last=Welsh |first=Martin |url=http://www.nvsuk.org.uk/growing_show_vegetables_1/strawberry.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802231801/http://www.nvsuk.org.uk/growing_show_vegetables_1/strawberry.php |archive-date=2 August 2008 |title=Strawberries |publisher=National Vegetable Society}}</ref> ''[[Virginia strawberry|F. virginiana]]'', the Virginia strawberry, was brought to Europe from eastern North America; ''[[Fragaria chiloensis|F. chiloensis]]'', the Chilean strawberry, was brought from Chile by [[Amédée-François Frézier]] in 1714. At first introduction to Europe, the Chilean strawberry plants grew vigorously, but produced no fruit. French gardeners in [[Brittany]] in the 1750s noticed that the Chilean plants bore only female flowers. They planted the wild woodland strawberry ''F. vesca'' among the Chilean plants to provide pollen; the Chilean strawberry plants then bore abundant fruits.<ref name="UCLA Botgard">{{cite web |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Fragaria/index.html |title=Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706193324/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Fragaria/index.html |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref>

In 1759, Philip Miller recorded the 'pine strawberry' (''F. ananassa'') in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea, England]].<ref name="UCLA Botgard"/> In the gardens of the [[Palace of Versailles]], France, [[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne]] found in 1766 that ''F. ananassa'' was a hybrid of the recently arrived ''F. chiloensis'' and ''F. virginiana''.<ref name="Feldmann 2024"/> In 1806, Michael Keens of [[Isleworth]], England selected the Keens Imperial cultivar from many hybrids,<ref name="Johnson 1990"/> winning the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s Silver Cup.<ref name="UCLA Botgard"/> Both the names 'pine' and 'ananassa' meant "pineapple", for the fruit's flavour.<ref name="Johnson 1990">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Harold A. |title=The Contributions of Private Strawberry Breeders |url=https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/25/8/article-p897.xml |journal=HortScience |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=897–902 |date=August 1990|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.25.8.897 }}</ref> Modern strawberries and both parent species are [[octoploid]] (8N, meaning they have 8 sets of 7 [[chromosome]]s).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=24282021 |year=2014 |last1=Hirakawa |first1=H. |title=Dissection of the octoploid strawberry genome by deep sequencing of the genomes of fragaria species |journal=DNA Research |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=169–181 |last2=Shirasawa |first2=K. |last3=Kosugi |first3=S. |last4=Tashiro |first4=K. |last5=Nakayama |first5=S. |last6=Yamada |first6=M. |last7=Kohara |first7=M. |last8=Watanabe |first8=A. |last9=Kishida |first9=Y. |last10=Fujishiro |first10=T. |last11=Tsuruoka |first11=H. |last12=Minami |first12=C. |last13=Sasamoto |first13=S. |last14=Kato |first14=M. |last15=Nanri |first15=K. |last16=Komaki |first16=A. |last17=Yanagi |first17=T. |last18=Guoxin |first18=Q. |last19=Maeda |first19=F. |last20=Ishikawa |first20=M. |last21=Kuhara |first21=S. |last22=Sato |first22=S. |last23=Tabata |first23=S. |last24=Isobe |first24=S.N.|doi=10.1093/dnares/dst049 |pmc=3989489}}</ref> The [[genome]] sequence of the garden strawberry was published in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edger |first1=Patrick P. |last2=Poorten |first2=Thomas J. |last3=VanBuren |first3=Robert |last4=Hardigan |first4=Michael A. |last5=Colle |first5=Marivi |last6=McKain |first6=Michael R. |last7=Smith |first7=Ronald D. |last8=Teresi |first8=Scott J. |last9=Nelson |first9=Andrew D.L. |last10=Wai |first10=Ching Man |last11=Alger |first11=Elizabeth I. |date=March 2019 |title=Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=541–547 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0356-4 |pmid=30804557 |pmc=6882729 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Hybridisation and polyploidy in strawberries.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|center|Hybridisation and polyploidy in strawberries. Garden strawberries are [[octoploid]] (8N), like both parents, the Virginia and Chilean strawberries.]]

Further breeding in the following centuries produced varieties with a longer cropping season and more fruit.<ref name="UCLA Botgard"/> During the [[Green Revolution]] of the 1950s, [[agronomy|agronomists]] used selective breeding to expand [[Phenotype|phenotypic]] diversity of the garden strawberry. Adoption of perpetual flowering hybrids not sensitive to changes in [[Photoperiodism|photoperiod]] gave higher yields and enabled production in California to expand.<ref name="Feldmann 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Feldmann |first1=Mitchell J. |last2=Pincot |first2=Dominique D. A. |last3=Cole |first3=Glenn S. |last4=Knapp |first4=Steven J. |title=Genetic gains underpinning a little-known strawberry Green Revolution |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |date=19 March 2024 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2468 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46421-6 |pmid=38504104 |pmc=10951273 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.2468F}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines heights=220>
File:Fragaria vesca LC0389.jpg|''[[Fragaria vesca]]'', a wild woodland strawberry, was cultivated until the 17th century.
File:Strawberry gariguette DSC03063.JPG|[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne]] discovered that the cultivated strawberry ('Gariguette' pictured) was a hybrid of ''[[Fragaria chiloensis|F. chiloensis]]'' and ''[[Virginia strawberry|F. virginiana]]''.<ref name="Feldmann 2024"/>
</gallery>

=== Phylogeny ===

The [[phylogeny]] of the cultivated strawberry within the genus ''Fragaria'' of the [[Rosaceae]] family was determined by [[chloroplast DNA|chloroplast genomics]] in 2021. The [[polyploidy]] (number of sets of [[chromosome]]s) is shown as "2N" etc. by each species.<ref name="Sun Sun Liu 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Jian |last2=Sun |first2=Rui |last3=Liu |first3=Huabo |last4=Chang |first4=Linlin |last5=Li |first5=Shuangtao |last6=Zhao |first6=Mizhen |last7=Shennan |first7=Carol |last8=Lei |first8=Jiajun |last9=Dong |first9=Jing |last10=Zhong |first10=Chuanfei |last11=Xue |first11=Li |last12=Gao |first12=Yongshun |last13=Wang |first13=Guixia |last14=Zhang |first14=Yuntao |title=Complete chloroplast genome sequencing of ten wild Fragaria species in China provides evidence for phylogenetic evolution of Fragaria |journal=Genomics |volume=113 |issue=3 |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.027 |doi-access=free |pages=1170–1179|pmid=33705887 }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Rosaceae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Rosa (genus)|Rosa]]'' and other genera [[File:Rosa rubiginosa 1.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Potentilla]]'' (cinquefoils) [[File:Potentilla recta a1.jpg|70px]]
|label2=''[[Fragaria]]''
|2={{clade
|1=at least 11 other species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fragaria viridis|F. viridis]]'' [[Diploid|2N]] (green strawberry) [[File:Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg|50px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Fragaria orientalis|F. orientalis]]'' [[Tetraploid|4N]] (eastern strawberry) [[File:Fragaria orientalis 42864136.jpg|70px]]
|2=''[[Fragaria moschata|F. moschata]]'' [[Hexaploid|6N]] (musk strawberry) [[File:Fragaria moschata detail.JPG|70px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''F. mandshurica''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fragaria vesca|F. vesca]]'' ssp. ''vesca'' 2N (wild strawberry) [[File:Fragaria vesca - metsmaasikas.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''F. vesca'' ssp. ''bracteata'' 2N
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fragaria virginiana|F. virginiana]]'' 8N (Virginia strawberry, parent species) [[File:Fragaria virginiana 3243.JPG|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fragaria chiloensis|F. chiloensis]]'' 8N (Chilean strawberry, parent species) [[File:USFWS fragaricus chiloensis1 (23535206260).jpg|80px]]
|2='''''F.'' x ''ananassa'' [[Octoploid|8N]] (the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] garden strawberry)''' [[File:Fruits of Fragaria × ananassa.JPG|80px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Description ==

{{see also|Fragaria}}

[[File:Strawberry vs Peapod.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Botanical structure of a strawberry, compared to a [[pea]]pod. The strawberry is a swollen [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]], covered with many small [[achene]]s, the botanical fruits.<ref name="Parrucci Eubanks 1997"/>]]

In culinary terms, a strawberry is an edible fruit. From a botanical point of view, it is not a [[berry (botany)|berry]] but an [[aggregate fruit|aggregate]] [[accessory fruit|accessory]] fruit, because the fleshy part is derived from the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]. Each apparent seed on the outside of the strawberry is actually an [[achene]], a botanical fruit with a seed inside it.<ref name="Parrucci Eubanks 1997">{{cite web |last1=Parrucci |first1=Lynn |last2=Eubanks |first2=Amy |title=The Strawberry: A Multiple Fruit |year=1997 |url=https://carnegiemuseums.org/magazine-archive/1997/mayjun/dept4.htm |publisher=Carnegie Museums |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Two strawberry leaves sunny.jpg|Leaves
File:Flower of Fragaria × ananassa.JPG|Flower
File:Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) close-up.jpg|[[Achene]]s (botanical fruits)
File:Strawberry growth (Video).webm|Growth (video)
</gallery>

== Composition ==

=== Nutrition ===

{{nutritional value
|name=Nutrition
|image=Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).jpg
|kJ=136
|fat=0.3 g
|protein=0.67 g
|water=90.95 g
|carbs=7.68 g
|fiber=2 g
|sugars=4.89 g
|calcium_mg=16
|iron_mg=0.41
|magnesium_mg=13
|phosphorus_mg=24
|potassium_mg=154
|sodium_mg=1
|zinc_mg=0.14
|manganese_mg=0.386
|vitC_mg=58.8
|thiamin_mg=0.024
|riboflavin_mg=0.022
|niacin_mg=0.386
|pantothenic_mg=0.125
|vitB6_mg=0.047
|folate_ug=24
|choline_mg=5.7
|vitE_mg=0.29
|vitK_ug=2.2
|source_usda=0
|note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/747448/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Raw strawberries are 91% water, 8% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contain negligible fat (table). A reference amount of {{convert |100|g|oz}} supplies 33 [[kilocalorie]]s, is a rich source of [[vitamin C]] (65% of the [[Daily Value]], DV), and a good source of [[manganese]] (17% DV), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant content (table). Strawberries contain a modest amount of essential [[unsaturated fatty acid]]s in the [[achene]] (seed) oil.<ref name="Giampieri2012"/>

=== Phytochemicals ===

Garden strawberries contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, including the [[protein dimer|dimeric]] [[ellagitannin]] agrimoniin, which is an isomer of [[sanguiin H-6]].<ref name="Lipinska 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lipińska |first1=Lidia |last2=Klewicka |first2=Elżbieta |last3=Sójka |first3=Michał |title=The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: a general review |journal=Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria |publisher=Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu (Poznan University of Life Sciences) |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=30 September 2014 |doi=10.17306/j.afs.2014.3.7 |doi-access=free |pages=289–299|pmid=24887944 }}</ref><ref name="Vrhovsek 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Vrhovsek |first1=U. |last2=Guella |first2=G. |last3=Gasperotti |first3=M. |last4=Pojer |first4=E. |last5=Zancato |first5=M. |last6=Mattivi |first6=F. |doi=10.1021/jf2052256 |title=Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, ''Fragaria vesca'' and ''Fragaria ananassa'' Duch |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=2507–2516 |year=2012 |pmid=22339338|bibcode=2012JAFC...60.2507V }}</ref> Other polyphenols present include [[flavonoid]]s, such as [[anthocyanin]]s, [[flavanol]]s, [[flavonol]]s and [[phenolic acid]]s, such as [[hydroxybenzoic acid]] and [[hydroxycinnamic acid]].<ref name="Giampieri2012">{{cite journal |last1=Giampieri |first1=Francesca |last2=Tulipani |first2=Sara |last3=Alvarez-Suarez |first3=Josè M. |last4=Quiles |first4=Josè L. |last5=Mezzetti |first5=Bruno |last6=Battino |first6=Maurizio |title=The Strawberry: Composition, Nutritional Quality, and Impact on Human Health |journal=Nutrition |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.009 |pages=9–19|pmid=22153122 }}</ref> Although achenes comprise only about 1% of the total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11% of all polyphenols in the whole fruit; achene phytochemicals include [[ellagic acid]], ellagic acid [[glycoside]]s, and ellagitannins.<ref name="Aaby 2005">{{cite journal |pmid=15884835 |last1=Aaby |first1=K. |last2=Skrede |first2=G. |last3=Wrolstad |first3=R.E. |title=Phenolic composition and antioxidant activities in flesh and achenes of strawberries (''Fragaria ananassa'') |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=2005 |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=4032–4040 |doi=10.1021/jf048001o|bibcode=2005JAFC...53.4032A }}</ref>

[[Pelargonidin-3-glucoside]] is the major [[anthocyanin]] pigment in strawberries, giving them their red colour, with [[cyanidin-3-glucoside]] in smaller amounts. Strawberries also contain purple minor pigments, such as dimeric anthocyanins.<ref name="Fossen 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Fossen |first1=Torgils |last2=Rayyan |first2=Saleh |last3=Andersen |first3=Øyvind M. |title=Dimeric anthocyanins from strawberry (''Fragaria ananassa'') consisting of pelargonidin 3-glucoside covalently linked to four flavan-3-ols |year=2004 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1421–1428 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.05.003 |pmid=15231416 |bibcode=2004PChem..65.1421F}}</ref>

=== Flavour and fragrance ===

[[File:Furaneol.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|[[Furaneol]] contributes to the fragrance of strawberries.]]

Sweetness, fragrance and complex flavour are important attributes of strawberries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colquhoun |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Levin |first2=Laura A. |last3=Moskowitz |first3=Howard R. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Vance M. |last5=Clark |first5=David G. |last6=Folta |first6=Kevin M. |title=Framing the perfect strawberry: An exercise in consumer-assisted selection of fruit crops |journal=Journal of Berry Research |publisher=IOS Press |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=2012 |doi=10.3233/jbr-2011-027 |doi-access=free |pages=45–61|bibcode=2012JBerR...2...45C }}</ref> In [[plant breeding]] and farming, emphasis is placed on sugars, acids, and [[essential oils|volatile]] compounds, which improve the taste and fragrance of the ripe fruit.<ref name="Schwieterman 2014">{{cite journal |pmid=24523895 |year=2014 |last1=Schwieterman |first1=M.L. |title=Strawberry flavor: Diverse chemical compositions, a seasonal influence, and effects on sensory perception |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e88446 |last2=Colquhoun |first2=T.A. |last3=Jaworski |first3=E.A. |last4=Bartoshuk |first4=L.M. |last5=Gilbert |first5=J.L. |last6=Tieman |first6=D.M. |last7=Odabasi |first7=A.Z. |last8=Moskowitz |first8=H.R. |last9=Folta |first9=K.M. |author-link9=Kevin Folta |last10=Klee |first10=H.J. |last11=Sims |first11=C.A. |last12=Whitaker |first12=V.M. |last13=Clark |first13=D.G. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088446 |pmc=3921181 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988446S |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ester]]s, [[terpene]]s, and [[furan]]s are the chemical compounds having the strongest relationships to strawberry flavour, sweetness and fragrance, with a total of 31 out of some 360 volatile compounds significantly correlated to desirable flavour and fragrance.<ref name="Schwieterman 2014"/><ref name=Goodyear/><ref name="Negri 2015"/> In breeding strawberries for the commercial market in the United States, the volatile compounds [[methyl anthranilate]] and [[gamma-decalactone]], prominent in aromatic wild strawberries, are especially desired for their "sweet and fruity" aroma characteristics.<ref name=Goodyear/><ref name="Negri 2015"/> As strawberry flavour and [[fragrance]] appeal to consumers,<ref name="Goodyear">{{cite magazine |first1=Dana |last1=Goodyear |title=How Driscoll's reinvented the strawberry |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/08/21/how-driscolls-reinvented-the-strawberry |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=26 June 2019 |date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Negri 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Negri |first1=Alfredo S. |last2=Allegra |first2=Domenico |last3=Simoni |first3=Laura |last4=Rusconi |first4=Fabio |last5=Tonelli |first5=Chiara |last6=Espen |first6=Luca |last7=Galbiati |first7=Massimo |title=Comparative analysis of fruit aroma patterns in the domesticated wild strawberries ''Profumata di Tortona'' (''F. moschata'') and ''Regina delle Valli'' (''F. vesca'') |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=6 |date=11 February 2015 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00056 |page=56 |pmid=25717332 |pmc=4324068 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17954736 |year=2007 |last1=Thompson |first1=J.L. |title=Preferences for commercial strawberry drinkable yogurts among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic consumers in the United States |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=4974–87 |last2=Lopetcharat |first2=K. |last3=Drake |first3=M.A. |doi=10.3168/jds.2007-0313 |doi-access=free}}</ref> they are used widely in manufacturing, including foods, beverages, perfumes and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |url=http://io9.com/5958880/how-flavor-chemists-make-your-food-so-addictively-good |title=How Flavor Chemists Make Your Food So Addictively Good |publisher=io9 |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044508/http://io9.com/5958880/how-flavor-chemists-make-your-food-so-addictively-good }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cassell |first=Deborah |url=http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2014/flavor-trends-yogurt/ |publisher=Food Processing |title=2014 Flavor Trends: Yogurt's Fruitful Union |year=2014 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Allergy ===

Some people experience an [[anaphylactoid reaction]] to eating strawberries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/pediatrics/patients/topics/food-allergies.html |title=Children and food allergies |publisher=California Pacific Medical Center |year=2013 |access-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105105206/http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/pediatrics/patients/topics/food-allergies.html}}</ref> The most common form of this reaction is [[oral allergy syndrome]], but symptoms may also mimic [[hay fever]] or include [[dermatitis]] or [[hives]], and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19940506 |year=2010 |last1=Patiwael |first1=J.A. |last2=Vullings |first2=L.G. |last3=De Jong |first3=N.W. |last4=Van Toorenenbergen |first4=A. W. |last5=Gerth Van Wijk |first5=R. |last6=De Groot |first6=H. |title=Occupational allergy in strawberry greenhouse workers |journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1159/000260084 |url=http://repub.eur.nl/pub/28314 |hdl=1765/28314 |s2cid=31952236 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Proteomic]] studies indicate that the allergen may be tied to a protein for the red anthocyanin biosynthesis expressed in strawberry ripening, named Fra a1 (Fragaria allergen1). White-fruited strawberry [[cultivar]]s, lacking Fra a1, may be an option for people allergic to strawberries.<ref name=Munoz>{{cite journal |pmid=19969523 |year=2010 |last1=Muñoz |first1=C. |title=The strawberry fruit Fra a allergen functions in flavonoid biosynthesis |journal=Molecular Plant |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=113–124 |last2=Hoffmann |first2=T. |last3=Escobar |first3=N.M. |last4=Ludemann |first4=F. |last5=Botella |first5=M.A. |last6=Valpuesta |first6=V. |last7=Schwab |first7=W. |doi=10.1093/mp/ssp087 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They ripen but remain pale, appearing like immature berries. A virtually allergen-free cultivar named 'Sofar' is available.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hjernø |first1=Karin |last2=Alm |first2=Rikard |last3=Canbäck |first3=Björn |last4=Matthiesen |first4=Rune |last5=Trajkovski |first5=Karin |last6=Björk |first6=Lars |last7=Roepstorff |first7=Peter |last8=Emanuelsson |first8=Cecilia|title=Down-regulation of the strawberry Bet v 1-homologous allergen in concert with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in colorless strawberry mutant |journal=Proteomics |date=2006 |publisher=Wiley |volume=6 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500469 |doi-access=free |pages=1574–1587|pmid=16447153 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/medicine_health/report-45626.html |title=The chemistry of strawberry allergy |publisher=Innovations Report |date=21 June 2005 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

== Varieties ==

{{further|Breeding of strawberries}}
{{main list|List of strawberry cultivars}}

Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.<ref name="sagers">{{cite web |last=Sagers |first=Larry A. |url=http://www.larrysagers.com/weeklyarticles/proper_cultivation_yields_strawberry_fields_forever_92-04-15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420111502/http://www.larrysagers.com/weeklyarticles/proper_cultivation_yields_strawberry_fields_forever_92-04-15.html |archive-date=20 April 2007 |title=Proper Cultivation Yields Strawberry Fields Forever |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=15 April 1992}}</ref> Strawberries occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These describe the day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of [[photoperiod]] that induces flower formation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hokanson |first1=S.C. |last2=Maas |first2=J.L. |year=2001 |title=Strawberry biotechnology; In: Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 21; chapter 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shbmDigtiqkC&pg=PA139 |isbn=978-0-471-41847-4 |pages=139–179 |doi=10.1002/9780470650196.ch4 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons}}</ref> Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.<ref name="missouri1"/> [[List of strawberry cultivars|Strawberry cultivars]] vary widely in attributes such as disease resistance, dessert and freezing quality, yield, and season of ripening.<ref name="missouri1">{{cite web |url=http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6135 |title=G6135 Home Fruit Production: Strawberry Cultivars and Their Culture |publisher=University of Missouri |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702100952/http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G6135 }}</ref>

== Cultivation ==

=== Production ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"
|+ Strawberry production {{small|2023, millions of tonnes}} 
|-
|{{CHN}}||4.21
|-
|{{USA}}||1.25
|-
|{{EGY}}||0.73
|-
|{{TUR}}||0.68
|-
|{{MEX}}||0.64
|-
|{{ESP}}||0.33
|-
|'''World'''||'''10.49'''
|-
|colspan=2 style=text-align:center; |{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Strawberry production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

In 2023, world production of strawberries was 10.5{{nbsp}}million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 40% of the total; the United States was the main secondary producer.<ref name="faostat"/>

For commercial production, plants can be propagated from bare root plants or plugs. One method of cultivation uses annual [[plasticulture]];<ref name="osu-2126">{{cite web |url=http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~news/story.php?id=2126 |title=Strawberry Plasticulture Offers Sweet Rewards |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |date=28 June 2002 |access-date=5 December 2009 |archive-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119052744/http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/%7Enews/story.php?id=2126 }}</ref> another is a perennial system of matted rows or mounds which has been used in cold growing regions for many years.<ref name="nevfc_production">{{cite web |url=http://www.newenglandvfc.org/pdf_proceedings/StawberryProduction.pdf |title=Strawberry Production Basics: Matted Row |publisher=newenglandvfc.org |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403194807/http://www.newenglandvfc.org//pdf_proceedings/stawberryproduction.pdf }}</ref> In some areas, greenhouses are used; in principle they can provide strawberries during the off season for field crops.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hort.cornell.edu/pritts/grnhouse.html |title=Pritts Greenhouse Berried Treasures |publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref>

In the plasticulture system, raised beds are covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants are planted through holes punched in this covering. Irrigation tubing can be run underneath if necessary.<ref name="osu-2126" /><ref name="noble">{{cite web |url=http://www.noble.org/Ag/Horticulture/StrawberryFields/index.html |title=Strawberry Fields Forever |publisher=Noble.org |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=26 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126182638/http://www.noble.org/Ag/Horticulture/StrawberryFields/index.html }}</ref>

Another method uses a [[Uses of compost#Erosion control|compost sock]]. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly more [[flavonoid]]s, [[anthocyanin]]s, [[fructose]], [[glucose]], [[sucrose]], [[malic acid]], and [[citric acid]] than fruit produced in the black [[plastic mulch]] or matted row systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=S.W. |last2=Millner |first2=P. |doi=10.1021/jf9020575 |pmid=20560628 |title=Effect of Different Cultural Systems on Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Content, and Fruit Quality of Strawberries (''Fragaria'' × ''aranassa'' Duch.) |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=57 |issue=20 |pages=9651–57 |year=2009|bibcode=2009JAFC...57.9651W }}</ref> An earlier study by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] confirms the value of compost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=S.Y. |last2=Lin |first2=H.S. |title=Compost as a soil supplement increases the level of antioxidant compounds and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in strawberries |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=51 |issue=23 |pages=6844–6850 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14582984 |doi=10.1021/jf030196x|bibcode=2003JAFC...51.6844W }}</ref>

Strawberries may be propagated by seed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=D. |last2=Goodall |first2=A. |last3=Reeves |first3=J. |title=An improved technique for the germination of strawberry seeds |journal=Euphytica |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=362 |year=1973 |doi=10.1007/BF00022647 |bibcode=1973Euphy..22..362W |s2cid=26544785}}</ref> Strawberries can be grown indoors in pots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hessayon |first=D.G. |title=The House Plant Expert |date=1996 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-90350535-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/newhouseplantexp00hess |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/newhouseplantexp00hess/page/146 146]}}</ref> Strawberries will not grow indoors in winter though an experiment using a combination of blue and red [[LED lamp]]s shows that this could be achieved in principle.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/strawberries-in-winter-welcome-to-franken-season-9032888.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/strawberries-in-winter-welcome-to-franken-season-9032888.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Strawberries in winter? Welcome to franken-season |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref> In [[Florida]], winter is the natural growing season and harvesting begins in mid-November.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Stark |first=Michelle |url=https://www.tampabay.com/things-to-do/food/cooking/10-facts-about-florida-strawberries-that-might-surprise-you/2268248/ |title=10 facts about Florida strawberries that might surprise you |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Dülmen, Kirchspiel, Erdbeerfeld -- 2015 -- 6492-6.jpg|Strawberry field in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
File:Plasticulture.jpg|A field using the plasticulture method
File:Picker on a strawberry field in Quebec, Canada.jpg|Strawberries are usually picked and placed in shallow boxes in the field.
</gallery>

=== Domestic cultivation ===

Strawberries are popular in home gardens, and numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for consumption and for exhibition purposes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Carol |title=Grow your own fruit |year=2009 |publisher=[[Mitchell Beazley]] |isbn=978-1-84533-434-5 |page=224}}</ref> The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:

* 'Cambridge Favourite'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=5802 |title=Fragaria × ananassa 'Cambridge Favourite' (F) strawberry 'Cambridge Favourite' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
* 'Hapil'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=6119 |title=Fragaria × ananassa 'Hapil' (F) strawberry 'Hapil' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
* 'Honeoye'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=5892 |title=Fragaria × ananassa 'Honeoye' (F) strawberry 'Honeoye' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
* 'Pegasus'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=805 |title=Fragaria 'Pegasus' strawberry 'Pegasus' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
* 'Rhapsody'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=5906 |title=Fragaria × ananassa 'Rhapsody' (F) strawberry 'Rhapsody' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
* 'Symphony'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=5066 |title=Fragaria × ananassa 'Symphony' PBR (F) strawberry 'Symphony' |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Pests and diseases ===

Over 200 species of [[Pest (organism)|pest]] arthropods attack strawberries.<ref name="strawmaster">{{cite web |url=http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/StrawMaster.html |title=Insect Pests of Strawberries and Their Management |publisher=Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu |date=3 May 2000 |access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> These include [[moth]]s, [[Drosophilidae|fruit flies]], chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, [[mite]]s, and [[aphid]]s. Non-arthropod pests include slugs.<ref name="strawmaster" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rao.htm |title=Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook |first1=Sujaya |last1=Rao |first2= Stephen C. |last2=Welter |publisher=University of Minnesota |date=20 November 2009 |access-date=5 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626055601/http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/rao.htm |archive-date=26 June 2009}}</ref> Some are vectors of plant diseases; for instance, the strawberry aphid, ''[[Chaetosiphon fragaefolii]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cédola |first1=C. |last2=Grecob |first2=N. |title=Presence of the aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, on strawberry in Argentina |journal=Journal of Insect Science |year=2010 |pmid=20569141 |pmc=3014655 |volume=10 |issue=9 |page=9 |doi=10.1673/031.010.0901}}</ref> can carry the [[strawberry mild yellow-edge virus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potexvirus fragariae(SMYEV0) |url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SMYEV0/vectors |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

Strawberry plants are subject to many diseases, especially when subjected to stress. The leaves may be infected by [[powdery mildew]], [[leaf spot]] (caused by the fungus ''Sphaerella fragariae''), [[leaf blight]] (caused by the fungus ''[[Phomopsis obscurans]]''), and by a variety of [[slime mold]]s. The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, [[verticillium]] wilt, [[Thielaviopsis|black root rot]], and [[nematode]]s. The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold (''[[Botrytis cinerea]]''), [[rhizopus]] rot, and leather rot.<ref name="umn-1148">{{cite web |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1148.html |title=Strawberry Diseases |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323074306/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1148.html |archive-date=23 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/strawberry-diseases-2-931/ |title=Strawberry Diseases |publisher=[[Colorado State University]] |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Disease resistance and protection ===

The {{visible anchor|AtNPR1|text=''NPR1'' gene from ''Arabidopsis thaliana''}}, ''[[AtNPR1]]'', confers ''A. thaliana''{{'}}s [[broad-spectrum resistance]] when [[transexpression|transexpressed]] in ''F. ananassa''. This includes resistance to anthracnose, powdery mildew, and angular leaf spot.<ref name="NPR-trans">{{cite journal |issue=1 |year=2020 |last1=Li |last5=Wang |volume=71 |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |first1=Wei |last2=Deng |first2=Yiwen |last3=Ning |first3=Yuese |last4=He |first4=Zuhua |first5=Guo-Liang |title=Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215 |pages=575–603 |pmid=32197052 |s2cid=214600762 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020AnRPB..71..575L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Katchen Julliany P. |last2=Brunings |first2=Asha |last3=Peres |first3=Natalia A. |last4=Mou |first4=Zhonglin |last5=Folta |first5=Kevin M. |title=The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in strawberry |journal=Transgenic Research |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=24 |issue=4 |date=27 March 2015 |doi=10.1007/s11248-015-9869-5 |pages=693–704 |pmid=25812515}}</ref>

A 1997 study found that many [[wound volatiles]] were effective against gray mold (''B. cinerea''). Both [[Tribute (variety)|Tribute]] and [[Chandler (variety)|Chandler]] varieties benefited from the treatments, although the effects vary widely with substance and variety. Strawberry plants [[metabolism|metabolise]] these volatiles, more rapidly than do either [[blackberry]] or [[grape]].<ref name="Wound-Volatile">{{cite journal |year=2020 |issue=1 |volume=74 |pages=101–116 |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]] |last1=Inamdar |first1=Arati A. |last2=Morath |first2=Shannon |last3=Bennett |first3=Joan W. |title=Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell? |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428 |pmid=32905756 |s2cid=221624018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1997 |pages=4032–4037 |issue=10 |volume=45 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) |first4=B. E. |first3=M. M. |first2=T. R. |first1=D. D. |last1=Archbold |last2=Hamilton-Kemp |last3=Barth |last4=Langlois |title=Identifying Natural Volatile Compounds That Control Gray Mold (''Botrytis cinerea'') during Postharvest Storage of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Grape |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |doi=10.1021/jf970332w |bibcode=1997JAFC...45.4032A |s2cid=84686620}}</ref>

== Culinary use ==

{{see also|List of strawberry dishes}}

Strawberries were eaten fresh with cream in the time of [[Thomas Wolsey]] in the court of King [[Henry VIII]].<ref name="Wimbledon">{{cite news |last=Driscoll-Woodford |first=Heather |title=Wimbledon's strawberries and cream has Tudor roots |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/local/surrey/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8756000/8756132.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Strawberries can be frozen or made into jam or [[fruit preserves|preserves]],<ref name=Giampieri2013>{{cite journal |last1=Giampieri |first1=Francesca |last2=Alvarez-Suarez |first2=Josè M. |last3=Mazzoni |first3=Luca |last4=Romandini |first4=Stefania |last5=Bompadre |first5=Stefano |last6=Diamanti |first6=Jacopo |last7=Capocasa |first7=Franco |last8=Mezzetti |first8=Bruno |last9=Quiles |first9=Josè L. |last10=Ferreiro |first10=Maria S. |last11=Tulipani |first11=Sara |last12=Battino |first12=Maurizio|title=The potential impact of strawberry on human health |journal=Natural Product Research |publisher=Informa UK |volume=27 |issue=4–5 |year=2013 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2012.706294 |pages=448–455|pmid=22788743 }}</ref> as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars.<ref name="StrawberryOatmealBarsRecipeFoodNetwork">{{cite web |last=Drummond |first=Ree |url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/ree-drummond/strawberry-oatmeal-bars-recipe/index.html |title=Strawberry Oatmeal Bars |year=2011 |publisher=Food Network |access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, strawberries and cream is a popular dessert at the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] tennis tournament.<ref name="Wimbledon"/> Desserts using strawberries include [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Muster |first=Douglas |url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/FOOD_IS_ART/pavlova_howto.html |title=Contains Pavlova Toppings |publisher=It's Mama's Kitchen |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205162158/http://inmamaskitchen.com/FOOD_IS_ART/pavlova_howto.html |archive-date=2010-12-05}}</ref> ''[[fraisier]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Boyle |first=T. |title=Flavorful: 150 Irresistible Desserts in All-time Favorite Flavors |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-118-52355-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wo4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |access-date=1 November 2015 |page=102}}</ref><ref name="Greenspan 2014 p. 103">{{cite book |last=Greenspan |first=D. |title=Baking Chez Moi: Recipes from My Paris Home to Your Home Anywhere |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-547-70832-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrzaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |access-date=1 November 2015 |page=103}}</ref> and strawberry [[shortcake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.driscolls.com/recipes/ideas-inspirations/strawberry-shortcake |title=Strawberry Shortcake Through the Years |publisher=[[Driscoll's]] |access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Strawberries and cream Wimbledon 2014.jpg|Strawberries and cream
File:Strawberry cheesecake round.jpg|[[Cheesecake]]
File:Pavlova dessert.JPG|[[Pavlova (dessert)|Pavlova]]
File:外出しいちご大福 (35861044490).jpg|[[Daifuku]]
File:Chocolate strawberries.jpg|[[Chocolate-covered fruit|Chocolate-covered]]
File:Jordgubb sorbet.jpg|[[Sorbet]]
File:Gelato alla fragola e stracciatella - Sicilia, Siracusa (cropped).jpg|[[Strawberry ice cream|Ice cream]]
File:Home-canned strawberry jam.jpg|[[Jam]]
</gallery>

== In art, literature and culture ==

The Roman poet [[Ovid]] wrote that in the past Golden Age, people had lived on wild fruits such as mountain strawberries.<ref name="Gibson 2003">{{cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Walter S. |title=The Strawberries of Hieronymus Bosch |journal=Cleveland Studies in the History of Art |issue=8 |year=2003 |volume=8 |pages=24–33 |jstor=20079728 |url=https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/bosch/gibson-strawberries.pdf}}</ref> [[Virgil]] wrote in his [[Eclogues]] that "Ye who cull flowers and low-growing strawberries, / Away from here lads; a chill snake lurks in the grass", and his imagery was taken up by medieval and [[Early modern period|early modern]] writers, the snake beneath the strawberry standing for dangerous literature, or beautiful but unfaithful women, or eventually any risky pleasure. In this vein, [[Shakespeare]]'s King [[Richard III (play)|Richard III]] asks for a dish of strawberries while feigning friendship to his enemy; while in ''[[Othello]]'', [[Iago]] shows [[Desdemona]]'s handkerchief "spotted with strawberries", implying she has been unfaithful and hinting at Iago's own devious plans.<ref name="Ross 1960"/>

The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures.<ref name="Ross 1960">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lawrence J. |year=1960 |title=The Meaning of Strawberries in Shakespeare |journal=Studies in the Renaissance |volume=7 |pages=225–240 |doi=10.2307/2857136 |jstor=2857136 |url=https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/bosch/ross.pdf|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In medieval depictions, the strawberry often appears in the [[Virgin Mary]]'s garden, while in the ''Madonna of the Strawberries'', she is seated on a strawberry bed and garlanded with strawberry leaves.<ref name="Ross 1960"/>

In the work of the late medieval painter [[Hieronymus Bosch]], strawberries feature in ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]'' amongst "frolicking nude figures".<ref name="Gibson 2003"/> Fray Jose de Siguenza described the painting as embodying the strawberry as a symbol of the [[ephemerality]] of earthly joys.<ref name="Gibson 2003"/> More recently, scholars have seen the symbolism entirely differently: Clément Wertheim-Aymes believed it meant the blessed souls' benefit from religion; Pater Gerlach supposed it meant spiritual love; and Laurinda Dixon asserted it was part of an [[allegory]] of death and resurrection.<ref name="Gibson 2003"/> By the late 20th century, the strawberry (and the [[raspberry]]) had become "traditional symbols of the mouth and female sexuality".<ref name="Varney 1996">{{cite journal |last=Varney |first=Wendy |title=The briar around the strawberry patch |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=19 |issue=3 |year=1996 |doi=10.1016/0277-5395(96)00010-6 |pages=267–276}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180>
File:Oberrheinischer Meister - Madonna mit den Erdbeeren.png|''Madonna of the Strawberries'', the [[Upper Rhenish Master]], 1420–1430
File:Bosch, Hieronymus - The Garden of Earthly Delights, central panel - Detai Man eating a strawberry, Man eating a cherry, and a man bending over a fictional fruit.jpg|''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]'', man eating a strawberry (detail), [[Hieronymus Bosch]], 1490–1500
File:The strawberry girl.PNG|''The strawberry girl'', [[Ammi Phillips]], {{circa}} 1830
File:Still Life with Strawberry Basket.jpg|''Still Life with Strawberry Basket'', [[Severin Roesen]], 1860–1871
File:Strawberry gatherers (1880), by William Gunning King.jpg|''Strawberry Gatherers'', William Gunning King, 1880
File:Strawberrythief.jpg|"[[Strawberry Thief]]" textile pattern, [[William Morris]], 1883<ref>{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Michele |title=William Morris Strawberry Thief |year=2010 |publisher=Country Bumpkin Publications |isbn=978-0-9805753-1-6}}</ref>
File:Renoir - Still Life with Strawberries, 1914.jpg|''Still Life with Strawberries'', [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], 1914
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of strawberries]]
* [[California Strawberry Commission]]
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
* [[List of strawberry dishes]]
* [[Musk strawberry]] (hautbois strawberry)
* [[Plant City, Florida]] (winter strawberry capital of the world)
* [[Pineberry]]
* [[Pomology]]
* [[Strawberry generation]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Strawberries|Fragaria × ananassa}}
{{Cookbook}}

* [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?244 ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'' data from GRIN Taxonomy Database]
* {{YouTube|mdCbB0XfW9M|Demonstration of strawberry growth lifecycle timelapse}}

{{Fragaria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13158}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Fragaria]]
[[Category:Hybrid fruit]]
[[Category:Strawberries]]
[[Category:Symbols of Delaware]]

Meesha Ghoshal

2026-03-18T01:32:38Z

OnitaCrespo4: creating some page basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meesha Ghoshal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| othername = Misha Ghoshal
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| yearsactive = 2011-present
| height =
| education =
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Meesha Ghoshal''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title='நீ யாரு'னு ஓவியாவைக் கேட்கிறீங்களே காயத்ரி.. நாங்க கேட்கிறோம், 'நீ யாரு' - நடிகை மிஷா கோஷல்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/96867-actress-meesha-goshal-tweets-about-bigg-boss-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121103405/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/96867-actress-meesha-goshal-tweets-about-bigg-boss-tamil |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ஓவியா யாரா, நீ யாரு காயத்ரி? ஜூலியைப் பார்த்தால் தமிழ்நாட்டுக்கே கோபம் வருகிறது!' |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/jul/26/meesha-ghoshal-oviya-bigbosstamil-julie-gayathri-vijaytv-2744501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208173122/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2017/jul/26/meesha-ghoshal-oviya-bigbosstamil-julie-gayathri-vijaytv-2744501.html |archive-date=8 December 2018 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Dinamani |date=26 July 2017 |language=Ta}}</ref> After making her debut in the Tamil film ''[[Pokkisham]]'' (2009), she has appeared in ventures including [[A. R. Murugadoss]]'s ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' and Atlee's ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''.

==Career==
Meesha Ghoshal began her acting career, with performances in theatre, She acted in ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010) as a friend to [[Kajal Aggarwal]] before being signed up to play a supporting role in the bilingual ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]'' (2011) and then in [[A. R. Murugadoss]]'s ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' (2011), where she played a scientist alongside [[Suriya]] and [[Shruti Haasan]]. She was next seen in supporting roles in [[Myshkin (director)|Myshkin]]'s ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' and then ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]''. She has also appeared in ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013) as Madhu, a friend of [[Nayantara]]'s character and in ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013).{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} That same year, she featured in the lead role in a short film titled ''Akku'' directed by Immanuel Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130605/entertainment-kollywood/article/film-has-message-too|title=This film has a message too|date=5 June 2013|first=Papri|last=Das|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331012441/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130605/entertainment-kollywood/article/film-has-message-too|archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> Meesha made her lead debut in a feature film with ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=Nikhil |date=30 January 2016 |title=Tamil cinema snippets |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article14028669.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712184553/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article14028669.ece |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> She starred in ''Yaazh'' based on the plight of Sri Lankan Tamils, which was made in 2014 and had a delayed release.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

She took a brief hiatus from films and joined the [[Celebrity Badminton League]]. She returned in 2020 with the delayed film ''[[Andhaghaaram]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-03 |title=Pooja shares her experience of spending time with her best friend during the lockdown |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-shares-her-experience-of-spending-time-with-her-best-friend-during-the-lockdown/articleshow/76769117.cms |access-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619113744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-shares-her-experience-of-spending-time-with-her-best-friend-during-the-lockdown/articleshow/76769117.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She played [[Nambi Narayanan]]'s daughter in the multilingual film ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-10 |title=Meesha Ghoshal thanks her 'stars' for playing Nambi Narayanan's daughter in 'Rocketry' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meesha-ghoshal-thanks-her-stars-for-playing-nambi-narayanans-daughter-in-rocketry/articleshow/92778170.cms |access-date=2023-11-22}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Pokkisham]] ''|| Nadira's sister ||
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]] ''||Priya's friend||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2011 || ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]'' || rowspan=2| Julie || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|Nootrenbadhu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2012 || ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' || Sandhya's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' || Police officer's wife||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013 || ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || Deepika ||
|-
| ''[[Sundaattam]]'' || Uma||
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' || Leena ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2014 || ''[[Endrendrum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Naveena's frnd||
|-
| ''[[Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal]]'' || Hasini ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2015 || ''[[Vaalu]]'' || Priya's friend ||
|-
|''Mooch'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2016 || ''[[Visaranai]]'' || Sindhu ||
|-
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Sundarambal ||
|-
| ''[[Lens (film)|Lens]]'' || Swathi || Also shot in [[English language|English]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' || Jessica ||
|-
| ''[[Lens (film)|Lens]]'' || Swathi ||
|-
|''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' || Tara's friend ||
|-
|''Yazh'' || Yazhini ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Andhaghaaram]]'' || Manasi || Released in [[Netflix]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''|| Geeta Narayanan || Also shot in English and [[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Laththi]]'' || Kamala Kannan's daughter ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Raththam]]'' ||Bharati/Nisha ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2021
|''Yamini BABL''
|Yamini BABL
|[[Polimer TV]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Inspector Rishi]]''
|Yamuna
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4367928|name=Misha Ghoshal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghoshal, Misha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Shalini Pandey

2026-03-15T12:00:10Z

OnitaCrespo4: update

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalini Pandey
| image = Shalini-Pandey-snapped-in-Bandra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pandey in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2016–present
}}

'''Shalini Pandey''' (born 23 September 1993) is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. Pandey made her screen debut in the Telugu film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017). She has since appeared in the Tamil film ''[[100% Kadhal]]'' (2019), the Telugu films ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018) and ''[[118 (film)|''118'']]'' (2019), and the Hindi films ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]'' (2022) and ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Pandey was born on 23 September 1993 in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Before making her acting debut, Pandey worked as a theatre artist in Jabalpur.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ritika Singh pens emotional post for Shalini Pandey on birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ritika-singh-s-post-for-shalini-pandey-s-birthday-is-too-cute-for-words-1346369-2018-09-22 |access-date=2 June 2019 |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=22 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All you need to know about Arjun Reddy actress and Ranveer Singh's Jayeshbhai Jordaar co star Shalini Pandey |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/shalini-pandey/all-you-need-know-about-arjun-reddy-actress-and-ranveer-singhs-jayeshbhai-jordaar-co-star-shalini-pandey/facts-about-shalini-pandey |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |date=11 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523041946/https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/shalini-pandey/all-you-need-know-about-arjun-reddy-actress-and-ranveer-singhs-jayeshbhai-jordaar-co-star-shalini-pandey/facts-about-shalini-pandey |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
===Breakthrough (2017–2019)===
Pandey made her screen debut with the Telugu film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' in 2017, where she played a medical student opposite [[Vijay Deverakonda]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali Krishna |first=CH |date=30 August 2017 |title=I'm open to a live-in relationship: Arjun Reddy star Shalini Pandey |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/30/im-open-to-a-live-in-relationship-arjun-reddy-star-shalini-pandey-1649895.html |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402140032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/aug/30/im-open-to-a-live-in-relationship-arjun-reddy-star-shalini-pandey-1649895.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Reddy">{{cite news |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita |title=Samantha showers love on Vijay Deverakonda and Shalini Pandey starrer 'Arjun Reddy,' calls it the most original film she has watched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-showers-love-on-vijay-deverakonda-and-shalini-pandey-starrer-arjun-reddy-calls-it-the-most-original-film-she-has-watched/articleshow/60260789.cms |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> A major commercial success, the film earned her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2017 |title=Telugu film 'Arjun Reddy' reaches the Rs 50 crore club |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206162933/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telugu-film-arjun-reddy-reaches-rs-50-crore-club-70057 |archive-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Shalini as Preethi, is good and it's the vulnerability that she encapsulates that makes the love story so intense".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=25 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: Vijay Devarakonda-starrer heralds a new chapter in Telugu cinema |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-heralds-a-new-chapter-in-telugu-cinema-3972675.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128093720/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-reddy-movie-review-vijay-devarakonda-starrer-heralds-a-new-chapter-in-telugu-cinema-3972675.html |archive-date=28 January 2018 |access-date=28 January 2018 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> In her first film of 2018, Pandey made her [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film debut with a cameo appearance in ''[[Meri Nimmo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aanand-l-rai-s-meri-nimmo-to-premiere-on-eros-now-today-2608955|title=Aanand L Rai's Meri Nimmo to premiere on Eros Now today|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=27 April 2018|accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> The same year, she had a supporting role in the Telugu film ''[[Mahanati]]'', a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2 July 2018 |title=Mahanati completes 50-day theatrical run, becomes highest grossing woman-led South Indian film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-completes-50-day-theatrical-run-becomes-highest-grossing-woman-led-south-indian-film-4644911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714173542/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-completes-50-day-theatrical-run-becomes-highest-grossing-woman-led-south-indian-film-4644911.html |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/arjun-reddy-star-shalini-pandey-bags-dulquer-salmaan-next-tamil-film-4891976/ |title=Arjun Reddy star Shalini Pandey bags Dulquer Salmaan's next Tamil film |date=15 October 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Shalini Pandey at 100% kaadhal movie launch.png|thumb|Pandey at the launch of ''[[100% Kadhal]]'' in 2019]]

Pandey had five film releases in 2019. She first played [[Sowcar Janaki]] in the Telugu film ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=9 January 2019 |title=NTR Kathanayakudu: On a reverential tone |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-kathanayakudu-on-a-reverential-tone/article25949259.ece |access-date=18 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She then played the lead in the Telugu film ''[[118 (film)|118]]'', opposite [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratda |first1=Khushboo |title=118 Movie Review: Kalyan Ram starrer opens to positive response; check it out |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/118-movie-review-kalyan-ram-starrer-opens-positive-response-check-it-out-441895 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |date=1 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714144708/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/118-movie-review-kalyan-ram-starrer-opens-positive-response-check-it-out-441895 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a commercial success. Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Times of India|The Times of India]]'' found her performance to be adequate in the role but was more appreciate of her chemistry with Ram.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/118/movie-review/68216789.cms|title=118 Review|work=The Times of India|accessdate=30 September 2020}}</ref> Later the year, Pandey made her Tamil film debut with ''[[100% Kadhal]]'', playing a college student opposite [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. It emerged as a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=18 September 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-reddy-girl-shalini-pandey-in-100-kadhal/articleshow/60719877.cms |title=Arjun Reddy girl Shalini Pandey in 100% Kadhal |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> In her next Tamil film, she played the lead opposite [[Jiiva]] in ''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=C R|first1=Sharanya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jiivas-next-movie-will-feature-a-live-chimpanzee/articleshow/62282127.cms|title=Jiiva and Shalini Pandey's next movie will feature a live chimpanzee|date=29 December 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> In her final film of the year, she played a college student opposite [[Raj Tarun]] in the Telugu film ''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]'', a box office average.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=7 October 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-tarun-and-shalini-pandeys-iddari-lokam-okate-first-look-is-here/articleshow/71478286.cms |title=Raj Tarun and Shalini Pandey's 'Eddari Lokam Okate' first-look is here |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>

===Career expansion (2020–present)===
In 2020, Pandey starred in ''[[Bamfaad]]'', a romantic action film in which she played a Hindu girl who becomes romantically involved with a Muslim boy (played by [[Aditya Rawal]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bamfaad-trailer-paresh-rawal-s-son-aditya-shalini-pandeys-love-story-marred-violence-drama-522226?amp|title=Bamfaad Trailer: Paresh Rawal's son Aditya & Shalini Pandey's love story is marred by violence & drama|date=7 April 2020|website=Pinkvilla|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413081417/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bamfaad-trailer-paresh-rawal-s-son-aditya-shalini-pandeys-love-story-marred-violence-drama-522226?amp|archive-date=13 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/best-shows-movies-on-netflix-amazon-prime-video-zee5-voot/ |title=7 best shows and movies on Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Zee5 and Voot Select to watch this weekend |date=10 April 2020 |magazine=GQ India |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> [[Anna MM Vetticad]] of ''Firspost'' found her to be "efficient" but added that she lacks "spark".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bamfaad-movie-review-aditya-rawal-makes-his-mark-in-an-engaging-even-if-generic-crime-and-love-saga-8247841.html|title=Bamfaad movie review: Aditya Rawal makes his mark in an engaging, even if generic, crime-and-love saga|date=10 April 2020|website=Firstpost|accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref> That year, she also starred in the Telugu film ''[[Nishabdham]]''.<ref name="A">{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Director Hemanth Madhukar discusses the making of Anushka Shetty and R Madhavan starrer 'Nishabdham' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hemanth-madhukar-on-the-making-of-nishabdham/article32684951.ece |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=24 September 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that she was "a surprise as the possessive Sonali. She's meant to be annoying yet likable. A tough ask, but Shalini pulls it off".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2 October 2020 |title='Nishabdham' review: Anushka Shetty, Madhavan film has good ideas but falls short |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nishabdham-review-anushka-shetty-madhavan-film-has-good-ideas-falls-short-134360 |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Pandey portrayed a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] housewife opposite [[Ranveer Singh]] in the 2022 Hindi film ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]'', a comedy about [[Female infanticide in India|female infanticide]]. It emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh and Shalini Pandey starrer Jayeshbhai Jordaar to release on May 13, 2022; unveils quirky announcement video |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-starrer-jayeshbhai-jordaar-to-release-on-may-13-2022-unveils-quirky-announcement-video/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In a negative review of the film, [[Rediff.com]]'s [[Sukanya Verma]] wrote that Pandey "piggy backs entirely on Ranveer Singh's feminism to leave any impact."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayeshbhai Jordaar Review|url=https://www.m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/jayeshbhai-jordaar-review/20220513.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517041604/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/jayeshbhai-jordaar-review/20220513.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following a two-year hiatus, she had a brief role opposite [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] in the 2024 Hindi film ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]'', that was released directly on to [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Rishita Roy |title=Ira Khan demands inside scoop as brother Junaid begins shooting his debut film Maharaja with Shalini Pandey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ira-khan-demands-inside-scoop-as-brother-junaid-begins-shooting-his-debut-film-maharaja-1769377-2021-02-15 |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' opined that she "pulls her weight" in a short but important role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/maharaj-court-case-maharaj-libel-case-1862-full-movie-review-netflix-junaid-khan-debut-sharvari-wagh-jaideep-ahlawat-film |title=Review: 'Maharaj' Encourages Deeper Conversations Than the Ones It Tries To Have |date=21 June 2024 |website=The Quint |language=en |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Pandey starred in the Netflix series ''[[Dabba Cartel]]'', which tells the story of a group of women operating a [[drug cartel]] under the guise of a food delivery company.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |date=28 February 2025 |title=Dabba Cartel review: A trippy, twisted ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-a-trippy-twisted-ride-9861274/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228235407/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-a-trippy-twisted-ride-9861274/ |archive-date=28 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'}}s Abhimanyu Mathur wrote that despite her earnest efforts, Pandey was constrained by a role that "allows her to do very little apart from looking helpless".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=28 February 2025 |title=Dabba Cartel review: Shabana Azmi in Godmother mode is the saving grace of this tepid desi Narcos-meets-Breaking Bad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmi-in-godmother-mode-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-tepid-desi-narcos-meets-breaking-bad-101740741402888.html |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She will next appear alongside [[Dhanush]] in ''[[Idli Kadai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhanush to direct Idli Kadai featuring Nithya Menen and Shalini Pandey |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dhanush-to-direct-idli-kadai-featuring-shalini-pandey-and-nithya-menen-9057862.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920134119/https://www.news18.com/movies/dhanush-to-direct-idli-kadai-featuring-shalini-pandey-and-nithya-menen-9057862.html |archive-date=20 September 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=20 September 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Media image==
Pandey was placed in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and ''[[123telugu]]'', "Top Actresses" list of 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu actresses who made a mark in 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/telugu-actresses-2017-anushka-shetty-kajal-aggarwal-samantha-ruth-prabhu-4987945/ |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2017 Recap: New talented actresses of the year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=123telugu |date=30 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she was also placed 19th in [[Times Of India|Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women List]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kajal Aggarwal: Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2017 - Take a bow, hotties! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=14 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
| Dr. Preethi Shetty
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref name="DC2017">{{cite news |last1=Jonnalagedda |first1=Pranita |date=12 August 2017 |title=Shalini Pandey: Driven by passion |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120817/driven-by-passion.html |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Meri Nimmo]]''
| Nimmo's friend
| [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nC4eG8rifPQ |title=Meri Nimmo Official Trailer |date=23 April 2018 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahanati]]''
| Suseela
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=10 May 2018 |title=Keerthy Suresh's Mahanati has a huge star cast. Here's a look at who plays who in the biopic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/keerthy-suresh-s-mahanati-has-a-huge-star-cast-here-s-a-look-at-who-plays-who-in-the-biopic/story-Wy1dTOr6My7ymzBf3EWR3N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/keerthy-suresh-s-mahanati-has-a-huge-star-cast-here-s-a-look-at-who-plays-who-in-the-biopic/story-Wy1dTOr6My7ymzBf3EWR3N.html |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2019
| ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
| [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| Cameo Appearance
|
|-
| ''[[118 (film)|''118'']]''
| Megha
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=1 March 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/118/movie-review/68216789.cms |title=118 Review |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[100% Kadhal]]''
| Mahalakshmi
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]''
| Jhansi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jiiva and Shalini Pandey start shooting for 'Gorilla' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jiiva-and-shalini-pandey-start-shooting-gorilla-75944 |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]''
| Varsha
| Telugu
|
|<ref name="newindexp">{{cite news |first=Murli |last=Krishna CH |date=30 April 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/apr/30/shalini-pandey-to-star-in-iddari-lokam-okate-1970883.html |title=Shalini Pandey to star in Iddari Lokam Okate |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Bamfaad]]''
| Neelam
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://socialtelecast.com/bamfaad-movie-premiere-on-zee5-10th-april-2020-find-trailer-review-featuring-aditya-rawal-shalini-pandey/ |title=Bamfaad Movie Premiere on Zee5 10th April 2020 Find Trailer Review Featuring Aditya Rawal & Shalini Pandey |work=Social Telecast |first=Anubhav |last=Sharma |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012165759/https://socialtelecast.com/bamfaad-movie-premiere-on-zee5-10th-april-2020-find-trailer-review-featuring-aditya-rawal-shalini-pandey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nishabdham]]''
| Sonali
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''
| Mudra Patel
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title='Jayeshbhai Jordaar' In Legal Trouble |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-jayeshbhai-jordaar-in-legal-trouble-news-194875 |access-date=5 May 2022 |magazine=Outlook |date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''
| Kishori
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Junaid Khan resumes shooting for Maharaja; film also stars Shalini Pandey and Sharvari Wagh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-resumes-shooting-for-debut-film-maharaja-3826907.html |date=9 June 2021 |work=News18 |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Idli Kadai]]''
| Meera
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Maharaj actor Shalini Pandey joins Dhanush's 'Idli Kadai', begins shooting in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/maharaj-actor-shalini-pandey-joins-dhanush-s-idli-kadai-begins-shooting-in-hyderabad-2024-09-24-953775 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Rahu Ketu (2026 film)|Rahu Ketu]]''
|Meenu Taxi
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulkit Samrat stars with Fukrey co-star Varun Sharma along with Shalini Pandey in Rahu Ketu |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pulkit-samrat-stars-fukrey-co-star-varun-sharma-along-shalini-pandey-rahu-ketu/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Man Mein Hai Visshwas]]''
| Saumya
| Episode 21
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| Vineeta
| Episode: "The Kidnapping"
|
|-
|2025–present
| ''[[Dabba Cartel]]''
| Raji Jagtap
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=1 March 2025 |title=Dabba Cartel review: Shabana Azmi, Jyothika, Shalini Pandey, Sunil Grover's thrilling drug tale on Netflix |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmi-jyothika-shalini-pandey-sunil-grover-s-thrilling-drug-tale-on-netflix-3136057 |work=DNA India |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Bandwaale]]''
| Mariam
|
|
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2022
| "Nakhrey Nakhrey"
| [[Armaan Malik]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Armaan Malik announces new single 'Nakhrey Nakhrey' featuring Shalini Pandey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/armaan-malik-announces-new-single-nakhrey-nakhrey-featuring-shalini-pandey/articleshow/91577091.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=IANS |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable
|-
! Year
! Song
! Co-singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2018
| "Naa Pranamay"
| Tejas Shankar
| Along with Lagori Band
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pudipeddi |first1=Haricharan |title=Arjun Reddy actress Shalini Pandey turns singer. Listen to it here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arjun-reddy-actress-shalini-pandey-turns-singer-listen-to-it-here/story-vKN1RJ12hJeruNJMblFL2O_amp.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2017
| [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| Best Debut Actress
| rowspan="5"|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/videos/details/zee-golden-awards-2017-full-event/0-0-movie_804856199 |title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 |website=Zee5 |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018
| [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
| Most Popular Actress of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2018|title=Sakshi Excellence Awards 2017: Shalini Pandey Gets Most Popular Actress of The Year Award|url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Videos&pageid=10&subpageid=30&subsubpageid=0&id=426&pg=2|access-date=21 September 2019|website=Sakshi Excellence Awards|language=english}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
| Debut Heroine of the Year
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=At Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018, Kajal Aggarwal and Tamannaah win honours |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK.html |access-date=15 November 2020 |date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001050532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Find of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Best Popular Actress – OTT
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/kartik-aaryan-chandu-champion-and-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-win-top-honours-at-the-6th-edition-of-iconic-gold-awards-2025 |title=Kartik Aaryan, Chandu Champion, and Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 win top honours at the Iconic Gold Awards 2025 |work=Tribune India |agency=ANI |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Times of India Film Awards]]
| Acting Excellence in a Supporting Role (Female) – Web Film
| {{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|7441022}}
*{{Instagram|shalzp}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Shalini}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]

Halebidu

2026-03-13T22:55:03Z

OnitaCrespo4: Improved article clarity and structure

{{About|a town in Karnataka|Halebidu temple|Hoysaleswara Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| other_name = Dvārasamudra, Dōrasamudra, Haḷēbīḍu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Halebidu monuments map, 1930 survey, the Dorasamudra of Hoysala dynasty.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = [[Karnataka]], India
| name = Halebidu
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2157|N|75.9914|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hassan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malenadu]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 880
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 6458 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/615/download/2108/DH_2011_2920_PART_B_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf|access-date= 28 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics2_title1 = Ethnic groups
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 573121
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08172
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Halebidu''' ([[IAST]]: Haḷēbīḍu, literally "old capital, city, encampment"<ref>JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, {{JSTOR|25189510}}</ref> or "ruined city"<ref>{{cite book | last=Duraiswamy | first=S. | title=The Creative Touches of the Chisel | year=2004 | isbn=978-955-8095-49-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmfAAAAMAAJ | page=107| publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications }}</ref>) is a town located in [[Hassan District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Historically known as '''Dwārasamudra''' (also Dorasamudra), Halebidu became the regal capital of the [[Hoysala Empire]] in the 11th century CE.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46</ref>{{refn|group=note|Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the ''srimad rajdhani'' ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.}} In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as '''Halebeedu''' or '''Halebid''' as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|ransacked]] and looted twice by the forces of the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref>

Halebidu is home to some of the best examples of Hindu and Jain temples with [[Hoysala architecture]]. These show the breadth of Hindu artwork traditions - Shiva, Vishnu, Devi and Vedic deities - fused into the same temple complex, depicted with a diversity of regional heritages, along with inscriptions in scripts from across India. The Hindu temples include Jaina reliefs in its panel. Similarly, the Jaina artwork includes the different Tirthankara as well as a Saraswati within its mantapa. Most notable among the Halebidu monuments are the ornate [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysalesvara temple]], Kedareshwara temple, Jaina Basadi temples, as well as the Hulikere step well (''kalyani''). These sites are within a kilometer of each other.<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p1">{{cite book|author1=V Bharne|author2=K Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|pages=1–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|title=Adinatha Basti, Halebid | ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418145223/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The Hoysaleshwara Temple remains the only surviving monument in Halebidu.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Location==
Halebidu is connected by road to [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] on [[State Highway 21 (Karnataka)|SH-21]] (30 km), [[Mysore]] (150 km) and [[Mangalore]] on [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] (184 km). It is about 15 kilometers from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], another site known for its intricately carved Hoysala era temples.

==History==
Halebidu is in the midst of a valley east of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri Mountains un Karnataka). It is surrounded by low-lying mountains, boulders and seasonal rivers. This valley is well connected to northern Karnataka, western Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Kasdorf/> Around this region, between the 10th and 14th-century, the Hoysaḷa dynasty came to power, whose history is unclear. By their own 11th and 12th-century inscriptions, they were descendants of the Krishna-Baladeva-roots and the Yadavas of Devagiri. They married into the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty, known for its temple and art tradition. Modern historians widely identify the Hoysalas as originally a [[Jain]] family. The earliest references to the dynasty, including inscriptions and local traditions, depict their rulers as followers and patrons of Jainism. A hill chief from the Sahyadri range of Karnataka, remembered for the legend of Sala killing a tiger or lion to save his Jain guru, the monk Sudattamuni. From this early beginning, the family consolidated and gradually expanded its power from the 10th century onward.<ref name="Fischel">{{cite book | last=Fischel | first=F.R.S. | title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-4744-3609-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ | pages=34–39}}</ref><ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49</ref><ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 295–302 }}</ref>

Halebidu was built anew near a large reservoir by the early Hoysala kings, with support from their governors, merchants, and artisans.{{refn|group=note|The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their realm, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes</ref> They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.<ref>C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), ''Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka'', Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, {{JSTOR|24079259}}</ref>}} They greatly excavated and expanded the Dorasamudra reservoir. Major and spectacularly carved Hindu and Jain temples were already complete by the 12th century. Around the city were fort walls, generally tracing a rounded square-like area with an average span of 2.25 kilometers. Inside were four major water reservoirs and many smaller public water tanks. The city life, it major temples and the roads were centered near the Dorasamudra water reservoir. The city several dozen temples, of which only a small set has survived. Three set of temples – Hoysaleswara (twin temple), Jain Basadi (three temples) and Kedareshvara (one temple) – were the largest, more sophisticated in their architecture and artwork, while the rest were simpler.<ref name=Kasdorf/>

To the immediate west of the major Hindu and Jain temples was the Hoysala Palace. This palace stretched south up to the ''Benne Gudda'' (''lit.'', butter hill). The palace is completely ruined and gone, with section lost in mounds and fragments found near the Benne Gudda. To the west of the palace was another group of Hindu and Jain temples – the Nagaresvara site, also destroyed whose ruins have been found in mounds. To the north of the original Hoysala city was a Saraswati temple and a Krishna temple, both also ruined and mostly lost. Towards the center and south of the old city were Hucesvara temple and a Rudresvara temple, evidenced by inscriptions and ruins that have been discovered. Four temples in northeastern section have survived – Gudlesvara, Virabhadra, Kumbalesvara and Ranganatha. The western part of the fortified section and beyond the fort were the historic farms that fed the population of the Dorasamudra capital. Roads connected the Hoysala capital to other major towns and pilgrimage sites such as Belur and Pushpagiri.<ref name=Kasdorf>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press</ref> Numerous inscriptions dating between mid 10th-century to early 13th-century attest to the importance of Dorasamudra to various Hoysala kings.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 49–61 with footnotes</ref>

After the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|first invasion]] and destruction of Dorasamudra in the 14th century, inscriptions suggest that there were attempts to repair the temples, palace and infrastructure in Dorasamudra. As a condition to an end to the invasion, [[Malik Kafur]] of [[Turko-Persian]] Delhi Sultanate demanded the monarch [[Veera Ballala III]] to accept suzerainty of Khalji, pay tribute and provide logistical support to the Sultanate forces seeking to raid and loot the fabled wealth in the Pandya capital of Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Additional waves of wars of destruction and loot from the [[Turko-Persian]] Sultanates ended the Hoysala kingdom and Dorasamudra's prosperity as a capital city.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959"/><ref name="Asher1995p29"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref> For nearly 300 years, Dorasamudra saw no new inscriptions or evidence of political or economic prosperity. A mid 17th-century Nayaka era inscription in Belur thereafter becomes the first to mention "Halebidu". Meanwhile the surviving Hindu and Jain communities continued to support and repair the temples, with evidence of living temples in what is now the northern part of Halibidu.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes</ref>

==Monuments==
The major historic monuments in Halebid include:<ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 302–406 (compares Halebid architecture with other Hoysala temples) }}</ref><ref>Gerard Foekema (1996), ''A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples'', Abhinav, pages 59–65</ref>

*[[Hoysaleswara Temple]] – the largest and most elaborate, a twin temple dedicated to Shiva with a major display of reliefs of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic legends.
*[[Jain temples, Halebidu]] – three large temples in a row, close to Hoysaleswara, dedicated to Parshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha of Jainism, major monolith Jina statues and intricately carved Saraswati
*[[Kedareshwara Temple, Halebidu]] – a three sanctum temple dedicated to Shiva, also with a galaxy of reliefs of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic legends.
*Northern group of historic Hindu and Jain temples – much simpler architecture and limited artwork, but living temples with ruins recovered by local community; these include the Gudlesvara, Virabhadra, Kumbalesvara and Ranganatha temples.
*Nagaresvara and palace archaeological site – mounds and ruins; excavations of a few mounds have unearthed Hindu and Jain temple structures, idols and scattered parts
*Hulikere step well – one of the most sophisticated 12th-century step well in south Karnataka, illustrates the public water infrastructure in erstwhile Hoysala capital
*Museum – the park and near the Hoysaleswara temple

===Nearby sites===
*[[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]] – 16 km from Halebidu, Belur was the first capital of the Hoysalas. The Chennakeshava temple is the largest pre-14th century Karnata tradition Hindu temples complex that has survived into the modern age.
*[[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala]] – a twin temple near Hassan city that synthesizes the pre-Hoysala traditions of Hindu architecture, includes artwork from all three major Hindu traditions; about {{convert|35|km}} southeast of Halebidu
*[[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale]] – another major temple complex that presents Shaivism and Vaishnavism traditions together; about {{convert|20|km}} northeast of Halebidu
*[[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi]] – a major three sanctum temples complex, about 25 kilometers from Belur, with beautiful carvings, preserved Vesara superstructure and a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; about {{convert|12|km}} north of Halebidu
*[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal]] – a triple sanctum shrine from the 13th century, with a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; A Vesara architecture, where the aedicule on the outer walls show many major variants of Dravida and Nagara ''shikhara'' (superstructure) styles; it is about {{Convert|12|km}} northeast from Halebidu.
*[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli]] and [[Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli]] – a set of Hindu temples from 1234 CE, with a complex two-storey Vesara-architecture, one dedicated to Vishnu avatars and the other to Shiva, but they include major reliefs of Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism; about {{Convert|30|km}} east from Halebidu.
*[[Ishvara Temple, Arasikere]] – a Vesara and Hoysala architecture Hindu temple for Shiva that illustrates the dome-style Hindu architecture for mandapa built about a hundred years before the first invasion of Delhi Sultanate and the start of Deccan version of the Indo-Islamic architecture. It is about 40 kilometers east-northeast of Halebidu.
*[[Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli]] – one of the earliest Hoysala temples, four sanctums and beautifully carved; ; about {{Convert|18|km}} south of Halebidu.
*[[Shravanabelagola]], Channarayapatna: a major group of many Jain and Hindu monuments; it is about {{convert|75|km}} southeast from Belur on National Highway 75, one of the most important Digambara Jainism pilgrimage site in South India.<ref name=Subramanian>{{cite book|author=V. K. Subramanian|title=Art Shrines of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcMhnC9sYS8C|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-431-8|pages=75–77}}</ref>
*[[Nuggehalli]] group of temples – about {{convert|80|km}} to the east of Halebidu, with the Lakshminarasimha temple featuring an ingenious structure that makes three sanctums appear as one sanctum from outside; a Vesara architecture from the 13th century. The other major temple in the village called the [[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli]] is a remarkable Hoysala synthesis of north Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architecture with South Indian ideas on architecture.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 372–374 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu (50129284638).jpg|Hoysaleshwara temple, Halebid – the most studied temple in the town
File:Hoysalewara Temple Halebeedu.jpg|Hoysaleshwara temple
File:Profile of the Parshvanatha basadi (1133 AD) at Halebidu.JPG|One of the three major Jain temples, Halebid
File:A view of Kedareshwara Temple in Halebidu1.jpg|Kedareshvara temple
File:12th century Halebid Shiva temple plan annotated.jpg|Floor plan of the Hoysaleshwar temple – a twin temple
File:Bahubali monolith at Halebidu.jpg|Bahubali monolith at Halebidu
File:12th-century Ganesha outside Shaivism Hindu temple Hoysaleswara arts Halebidu Karnataka India.jpg|Ganesha relief in the park
File:Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu (50129283678).jpg|One of the two major Nandis
File:1150 CE Hoysaleswara temple Halebidu Karnataka, Inscription, North Indian and South Indian scripts.jpg|Inscriptions in diverse Indian scripts
File:Hulikere Tank Halebid.jpg|Floor plan of the Hulikere water tank built in the 12th-century
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Somanathapura (disambiguation) (disambiguation)|Somanathapura]]
* [[Doddagaddavalli]]
*[[Javagal]]
*[[Banavara]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Halebidu}}
*[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/ Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Belur and Halebid], UNESCO World Heritage Sites Pending Application Package
*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130757/http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid Parsvanatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid |date=18 November 2017 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid Kedaresvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130815/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid Shantinatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195429/http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid |date=28 November 2016 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle
*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 Step well, Hulikere Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130803/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hassan district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-06T13:30:38Z

OnitaCrespo4:

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1995
| next_election = 2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2002
| election_date = ''12 and 22 February 2000''
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| registered = {{formatnum:1415933}}
| turnout = 89.87%
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg
| leader1 = [[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]]
| party1 = Manipur State Congress Party
| seats_before1 = New
| popular_vote1= 26.28%
| seat_change1 = New
| seats1 = 23
| swing1 =

| image2 = Hand INC.svg
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats_before2 = 22
| popular_vote2= 18.31%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}11
| seats2 = 11
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Manipur|CM]]
| before_party = Manipur State Congress Party
| before_election = [[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]
| after_party = Manipur State Congress Party
| after_election = [[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]
}}

Elections to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 2000, to elect members of the 60 constituencies in [[Manipur]], India. The [[Manipur State Congress Party]] won the most seats as well as the popular vote, and [[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]] was re-appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/wahengbam-nipamacha-passes-away/article3650416.ece |title=Wahengbam Nipamacha passes away |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 July 2012 |author=Iboyaima Laithangbam |access-date= 31 December 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', the constituencies were set to the ones used in this election.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Parties contested ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|[[Manipur State Congress Party]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|50px]]
|[[Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh]]
|57
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
|47
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|[[P. A. Sangma]]
|41
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|39
|-
|{{party color cell|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|[[Federal Party of Manipur]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
| [[Gangmumei Kamei]]
|39
|-
|{{party color cell|Samata Party}}
|[[Samata Party]]
|
| [[File:Samata Party Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|50px]]
|[[George Fernandes]]
|36
|-
|{{party color cell|Manipur People's Party}}
|[[Manipur People's Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|
|29
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|18
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[File:RJD Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50px]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[A. B. Bardhan]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[File:Janata Dal (Secular) flag (1).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|50px]]
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|8
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Prakash Karat]]
|4
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
| [[T. J. Chandrachoodan]]
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Kuki National Assembly}}
|[[Kuki National Assembly]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]] 
|
|
|1
|-
| style="background-color: blue;"|
| Nagaland People's Party
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
|1
|}

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Manipur Legislative Assembly 2000.svg]]
|party1=[[Manipur State Congress Party]]|votes1=331141|seats1=23|sc1=New
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=230748|seats2=11|sc2={{decrease}}11
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=142174|seats3=6|sc3={{increase}}5
|party4=[[Federal Party of Manipur]]|votes4=118916|seats4=6|sc4={{increase}}4
|party5=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes5=99504|seats5=4|sc5={{decrease}}16
|party6=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes6=99128|seats6=5|sc6=New
|party7=[[Samata Party]]|votes7=84215|seats7=1|sc7={{decrease}}2
|party8=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes8=45309|seats8=0|sc8={{decrease}}2
|party9=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes9=23037|seats9=1|sc9=New
|party10=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes10=22576|seats10=1|sc10=New
|party11=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes11=19945|seats11=1|sc11=New
|party12=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes12=3783|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party13=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes13=1050|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=[[Kuki National Assembly]]|votes14=690|seats14=0|sc14=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=37875|seats21=1|sc21={{decrease}}2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=11849
|electorate=1415933
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3709-manipur-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! rowspan="2" | #
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" | Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Khundrakpam Assembly constituency|Khundrakpam]] || 114.72 || Konsam Tomba || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,279 || 22.21 || Lairellakpam Lala || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 3,789 || 19.67 || 490
|-
| 2 || [[Heingang Assembly constituency|Heingang]] || 110.04 || Dr. Wakambam Thoiba || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 6,250 || 28.40 || Yanglem Mangi Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 6,066 || 27.56 || 184
|-
| 3 || [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency|Khurai]] || 91.92 || [[Ngairangbam Bijoy Singh]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 8,372 || 38.99 || Thoidingjam Jogimohon || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,459 || 20.77 || 3,913
|-
| 4 || [[Kshetrigao Assembly constituency|Kshetrigao]] || 92.60 || [[Basant Kumar Wangkhem]] || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 10,602 || 48.49 || Md. Muhammuddin Shah || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,249 || 33.15 || 3,353
|-
| 5 || [[Thongju Assembly constituency|Thongju]] || 93.32 || Dr. Sapam Dhananjoy || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 5,790 || 27.65 || [[Bijoy Koijam]] || {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} || 4,416 || 21.09 || 1,374
|-
| 6 || [[Keirao Assembly constituency|Keirao]] || 96.39 || Hidam Bidur Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,713 || 25.13 || Th. Gerani Meitei || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 2,805 || 14.95 || 1,908
|-
| 7 || [[Andro Assembly constituency|Andro]] || 93.72 || S. Chandra Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 6,239 || 29.74 || L. Amujao Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 3,607 || 17.19 || 2,632
|-
| 8 || [[Lamlai Assembly constituency|Lamlai]] || 87.21 || Kshetrimayum Biren Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 6,148 || 33.62 || [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 5,427 || 29.68 || 721
|-
| 9 || [[Thangmeiband Assembly constituency|Thangmeiband]] || 79.65 || [[Radhabinod Koijam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,983 || 33.14 || [[Meinam Bhorot Singh]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,120 || 28.36 || 863
|-
| 10 || [[Uripok Assembly constituency|Uripok]] || 84.81 || P. Achou Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,866 || 32.33 || [[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 4,540 || 30.16 || 326
|-
| 11 || [[Sagolband Assembly constituency|Sagolband]] || 83.03 || [[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}} || 5,235 || 32.41 || Moirangthem Kumar Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,598 || 28.47 || 637
|-
| 12 || [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency|Keishamthong]] || 89.40 || L. Bhagyachandra Singh || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 4,731 || 23.63 || Mayengbam Ibotombi Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 4,565 || 22.81 || 166
|-
| 13 || [[Singjamei Assembly constituency|Singjamei]] || 91.25 || Haobam Bhubon Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 8,277 || 52.28 || Irengbam Hemochandra Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,006 || 44.25 || 1,271
|-
| 14 || [[Yaiskul Assembly constituency|Yaiskul]] || 89.48 || [[Rajkumar Dorendra Singh]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 9,798 || 51.09 || Elangbam Kunjeswar Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 9,221 || 48.08 || 577
|-
| 15 || [[Wangkhei Assembly constituency|Wangkhei]] || 84.78 || Dr. Haobam Borobabu Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 7,670 || 32.35 || Yumkham Erabot Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,891 || 29.07 || 779
|-
| 16 || [[Sekmai Assembly constituency|Sekmai]] || 89.23 || Khwairakpam Chandra || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,745 || 34.03 || Ningthoujam Biren || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 5,609 || 33.22 || 136
|-
| 17 || [[Lamsang Assembly constituency|Lamsang]] || 91.16 || Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 6,840 || 33.85 || Wangkheimayum Brajabidhu Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 6,678 || 33.05 || 162
|-
| 18 || [[Konthoujam Assembly constituency|Konthoujam]] || 93.64 || Henam Lokhon Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 6,903 || 34.67 || Nongmaithem Joykumar || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,798 || 24.10 || 2,105
|-
| 19 || [[Patsoi Assembly constituency|Patsoi]] || 86.77 || Dr. Leishangthem Chandramani Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,882 || 38.12 || Leishangthem Thoiren || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,206 || 20.34 || 3,676
|-
| 20 || [[Langthabal Assembly constituency|Langthabal]] || 93.25 || [[O. Joy Singh]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 6,753 || 39.86 || Karam Babudhon Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 6,518 || 38.48 || 235
|-
| 21 || [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa]] || 92.33 || Wahengbam Leima Devi || {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} || 5,418 || 24.96 || Akoijam Ibobi || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 3,716 || 17.12 || 1,702
|-
| 22 || [[Wangoi Assembly constituency|Wangoi]] || 94.68 || Wahengbam Nipamacha Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,113 || 41.18 || Yumnam Mani Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,575 || 32.28 || 1,538
|-
| 23 || [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]] || 94.21 || Khumujam Amutombi Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,780 || 26.79 || Meinam Nilchandra Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,685 || 26.26 || 95
|-
| 24 || [[Nambol Assembly constituency|Nambol]] || 94.48 || Thounaojam Bira Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 8,990 || 40.53 || Nameirakpam Loken Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 8,070 || 36.38 || 920
|-
| 25 || [[Oinam Assembly constituency|Oinam]] || 89.39 || Dr. Yumnam Jiten Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 8,752 || 48.01 || Laishram Radhakishore Singh || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 5,388 || 29.56 || 3,364
|-
| 26 || [[Bishnupur, Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]] || 94.38 || [[Govindas Konthoujam]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 9,821 || 46.41 || Ningthoujam Sanajaoba Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 6,724 || 31.78 || 3,097
|-
| 27 || [[Moirang Assembly constituency|Moirang]] || 90.97 || Laishram Kerani Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,140 || 20.65 || Salam Gopal Singh || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 4,771 || 19.17 || 369
|-
| 28 || [[Thanga Assembly constituency|Thanga]] || 92.26 || Heisnam Sanayaima Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 3,992 || 25.25 || Haobijam Kangjamba Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 3,936 || 24.90 || 56
|-
| 29 || [[Kumbi Assembly constituency|Kumbi]] || 89.10 || Sanasam Bira || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,777 || 25.48 || [[Ningthoujam Mangi Singh|Ningthoujam Mangi]] || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,698 || 25.05 || 79
|-
| 30 || [[Lilong Assembly constituency|Lilong]] || 91.51 || Alauddin || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 6,706 || 35.89 || Dr. Md. Maniruddin Shaikh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,553 || 35.07 || 153
|-
| 31 || [[Thoubal Assembly constituency|Thoubal]] || 92.84 || Leitanthem Tomba Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,527 || 37.28 || Abdul Rouf || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,768 || 23.62 || 2,759
|-
| 32 || [[Wangkhem Assembly constituency|Wangkhem]] || 93.48 || Dr. Nimai Chand Luwang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,057 || 35.35 || Dr. Ibochouba Longjam || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 3,985 || 19.96 || 3,072
|-
| 33 || [[Heirok Assembly constituency|Heirok]] || 91.26 || Moirangthem Okendro || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,665 || 39.93 || Nongmeikapam Komol Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,956 || 31.03 || 1,709
|-
| 34 || [[Wangjing Tentha Assembly constituency|Wangjing Tentha]] || 92.61 || Moirangthem Hemanta Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,288 || 34.69 || Moirangthem Nara Singh || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 6,703 || 31.91 || 585
|-
| 35 || [[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]] || 96.32 || Laishram Jatra Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 11,144 || 48.39 || Okram Ibobi Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 11,092 || 48.16 || 52
|-
| 36 || [[Wabgai Assembly constituency|Wabgai]] || 94.99 || Mayengbam Manihar Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,282 || 32.43 || Md. Abdul Salam || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 4,066 || 20.99 || 2,216
|-
| 37 || [[Kakching Assembly constituency|Kakching]] || 90.25 || N. Nimai Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,398 || 29.23 || Thokchom Tomba Singh || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,966 || 21.48 || 1,432
|-
| 38 || [[Hiyanglam Assembly constituency|Hiyanglam]] || 91.51 || Maibam Kunjo Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 5,498 || 29.81 || Elangbam Biramani Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 3,774 || 20.46 || 1,724
|-
| 39 || [[Sugnu Assembly constituency|Sugnu]] || 92.22 || Kangujam Ranjit Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 5,204 || 27.04 || Mayanglambam Babu Singh || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 4,743 || 24.64 || 461
|-
| 40 || [[Jiribam Assembly constituency|Jiribam]] || 79.11 || Ashangbam Biren || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 10,911 || 58.80 || Thoudam Debendra Singh || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,438 || 29.31 || 5,473
|-
| 41 || [[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]] || 96.65 || T.Hangkhanpau || {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|| 13,187 || 38.79 || [[B. D. Behring]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 11,333 || 33.34 || 1,854
|-
| 42 || [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]] || 96.20 || Onjamang Haokip || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 13,900 || 45.25 || Wairok Morung Makunga || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 10,018 || 32.61 || 3,882
|-
| 43 || [[Phungyar Assembly constituency|Phungyar]] || 69.37 || Rishang Keishing || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,539 || 30.65 || Wungnaoshang Keishing || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 3,342 || 22.57 || 1,197
|-
| 44 || [[Ukhrul Assembly constituency|Ukhrul]] || 73.95 || Danny Shaiza || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 10,578 || 49.97 || A. S. Arthur || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,549 || 21.49 || 6,029
|-
| 45 || [[Chingai Assembly constituency|Chingai]] || 56.72 || Dr. Khashim Ruivah || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 3,950 || 22.88 || R. N. Chihanpam || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || 3,290 || 19.05 || 660
|-
| 46 || [[Saikul Assembly constituency|Saikul]] || 90.84 || Chungkhokai Doungel || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 14,746 || 54.49 || Johnson Keishing || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 3,841 || 14.19 || 10,905
|-
| 47 || [[Karong Assembly constituency|Karong]] || 95.21 || L. Jonathan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 11,210 || 28.02 || P. S. Henry Paotei || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 9,575 || 23.93 || 1,635
|-
| 48 || [[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]] || 92.49 || M. Thohrii || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 23,149 || 58.74 || Soso Lorho || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 13,813 || 35.05 || 9,336
|-
| 49 || [[Tadubi Assembly constituency|Tadubi]] || 95.75 || K. Raina || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 7,903 || 23.78 || Francis Ngajokpa || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,802 || 23.47 || 101
|-
| 50 || [[Kangpokpi Assembly constituency|Kangpokpi]] || 92.13 || Thangminlen Kipgen || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 14,565 || 62.60 || Ranjit Gurung || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,432 || 23.35 || 9,133
|-
| 51 || [[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]] || 96.21 || Haokholet Kipgen || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 14,580 || 47.89 || [[Ngamthang Haokip]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 14,394 || 47.28 || 186
|-
| 52 || [[Tamei Assembly constituency|Tamei]] || 93.05 || Mangaibou || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 9,506 || 42.43 || Athuan Abonmei || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 3,926 || 17.52 || 5,580
|-
| 53 || [[Tamenglong Assembly constituency|Tamenglong]] || 85.53 || [[Samuel Jendai]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 7,572 || 44.16 || Khangthuanang Panmei || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 4,361 || 25.43 || 3,211
|-
| 54 || [[Nungba Assembly constituency|Nungba]] || 88.39 || [[Gangmumei Kamei]] || {{party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}} || 6,282 || 42.18 || [[Gaikhangam Gangmei]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,291 || 35.53 || 991
|-
| 55 || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] || 86.18 || Ngursanglur || {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} || 2,407 || 20.19 || Dr. Chaltonlien Amo || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,393 || 20.08 || 14
|-
| 56 || [[Thanlon Assembly constituency|Thanlon]] || 92.88 || Songchinkhup || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 8,864 || 57.42 || C. Than || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 5,329 || 34.52 || 3,535
|-
| 57 || [[Henglep Assembly constituency|Henglep]] || 92.47 || T. Manga Vaiphei || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,409 || 27.09 || T. Thangzalam Haokip || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 3,762 || 18.84 || 1,647
|-
| 58 || [[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]] || 84.39 || [[V. Hangkhanlian]] || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 15,666 || 49.99 || T. Phungzathang || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 14,818 || 47.29 || 848
|-
| 59 || [[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]] || 92.64 || M. Chungkhosei Haokip || {{party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}} || 9,286 || 28.91 || [[T. N. Haokip]] || {{party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}} || 7,174 || 22.34 || 2,112
|-
| 60 || [[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]] || 92.97 || N. Zatawn || {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} || 6,450 || 31.96 || T. Ngaizanem || {{party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}} || 5,066 || 25.10 || 1,384
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2000 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Manipur elections}}

[[Category:2000 State Assembly elections in India|Manipur]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Manipur|2000]]
[[Category:2000s in Manipur|2000]]
[[Category:February 2000 in India]]

Sathamanam Bhavati

2026-03-06T04:28:37Z

OnitaCrespo4: started a post

{{short description|2017 film by Satish Vegesna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathamanam Bhavati
| image = Sathamanam Bhavati poster.jpg
| director = [[Satish Vegesna]]
| producer = [[Dil Raju]]
| writer = Satish Vegesna
| narrator = [[Murali Mohan]]
| screenplay = Satish Vegesna
| story = Satish Vegesna
| starring = [[Sharwanand]] [[Anupama Parameswaran]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Madhu
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|01|14|}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|8 crores|link=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/gautamiputra-satakarni-khaidi-no-150-shatamanam-bhavati-gross-rs-158-crore-box-office-sankranti-712388|title=Gautamiputra Satakarni, Khaidi No 150, Shatamanam Bhavati gross Rs 158 crore at box office in Sankranti weekend|work=International Business Times|date=16 January 2017|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525005017/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/gautamiputra-satakarni-khaidi-no-150-shatamanam-bhavati-gross-rs-158-crore-box-office-sankranti-712388|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Plainlist|
* {{INR|53{{ndash}}55 crores|link=yes}} {{efn|''[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]]'' estimates the film worldwide gross to be {{INRConvert|535|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-15-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-baahubali-2-khaidi-no-150-jlk-dj-753526|title=Tollywood in 2017: 15 highest grossing Telugu movies of the year - Baahubali 2, Khaidi No 150, JLK, DJ and others|work=International Business Times|date=17 December 2017|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630044059/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-15-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-baahubali-2-khaidi-no-150-jlk-dj-753526|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' estimates the film worldwide gross to be {{INRConvert|550|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160717/when-small-is-big.html|title=When small is big|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 July 2017|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812010955/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160717/when-small-is-big.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}
}}

'''''Sathamanam Bhavati''''' ({{Translation|May you live long for 100 years}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] written and directed by [[Satish Vegesna]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-28|title=A year of change: The best of Telugu cinema in 2017|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/year-change-best-telugu-cinema-2017-73848|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421155102/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/year-change-best-telugu-cinema-2017-73848|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-30|title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion to Arjun Reddy — Telugu cinema soared high in 2017|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-to-arjun-reddy-telugu-cinema-soared-high-in-2017-4280183.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191403/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-to-arjun-reddy-telugu-cinema-soared-high-in-2017-4280183.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] and stars [[Sharwanand]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Jayasudha]] in key roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/anupama-parameswaran-teams-up-with-sharwanand-in-shatamanam-bhavati-2880932/|title=Anupama Parameswaran teams up with Sharwanand in Shatamanam Bhavati|work=Indian Express|date=28 June 2016|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116204717/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/anupama-parameswaran-teams-up-with-sharwanand-in-shatamanam-bhavati-2880932/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dil Raju's Master Strategy For Shatamanam Bhavati |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/dil-rajus-master-strategy-for-shatamanam-bhavati-79297.html |work=Great Andhra |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111162013/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/dil-rajus-master-strategy-for-shatamanam-bhavati-79297.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An ensemble cast including [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Indraja]], [[Raja Ravindra]], [[Shiju]], [[Himaja]], and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] plays supporting roles. ''Sathamanam Bhavati'' deals with the themes of "tradition-technology conflict", "joint family vs nuclear family", and "midlife crisis".

The [[film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] are composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]], and cinematography is by [[Sameer Reddy]]. The film released worldwide on 14 January 2017 to critical acclaim and coinciding with [[Sankranti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shatamanam-bhavati-release-date-telugu-news-175690.html|title=Shatamanam Bhavati' release date|work=Indiaglitz|date=January 2017|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616143455/https://www.indiaglitz.com/shatamanam-bhavati-release-date-telugu-news-175690.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/press-releases/shatamanam-bhavati-2-day-premiers-in-usa-79361.html|title=Sathamanam Bhavati 2 Day Premiers in USA|work=Great Andhra|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113073315/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/press-releases/shatamanam-bhavati-2-day-premiers-in-usa-79361.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay of the film was archived at the [[Margaret Herrick Library|Oscar Library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310117/shatamanam-bhavati-at-the-oscar-library.html|title=Shatamanam Bhavati at the Oscar library|date=31 January 2017|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409025142/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310117/shatamanam-bhavati-at-the-oscar-library.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has received the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] at the [[64th National Film Awards]] "in appreciation of providing a feeling of jubilation by respecting family values in an unexplored manner".<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film has also won the state [[Nandi Award for Best Director]], [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Nandi Award for Best Home Viewing Feature Film]], and the state Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here’s who won big in Telangana|first=DH Web|last=Desk|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/13-nandi-awards-for-baahubali/articleshow/61655551.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh government announces Nandi awards for 2014-2016|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 November 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222065941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/13-nandi-awards-for-baahubali/articleshow/61655551.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=June 2021}}
Raghavaraju is a farming landlord in [[Atreyapuram]] village of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He lives with his wife Janakamma, along with his nephew Bangararaju, his wife and their son Raju. Raghavaraju lives in his ancestral house built by his forefathers consisting of many generations living in the same household as a [[Hindu joint family|joint family]]. However, with changing times, Ragahvaraju's two sons, Ravi and Kalyan and daughter Jhansi live in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Australia]] respectively as [[Conjugal family|nuclear families]]. After a gap of 10 years, all of his children arrive in the village during the holiday season of [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranti]], under mysterious circumstances after they receive an email from Raghavaraju, who expresses his wish to [[divorce]] his wife.

Nithya is the daughter of Jhansi. Soon Nithya and Raju fall in love but do not express it to each other. The siblings soon reunite. Raju and Nithya set up a meeting of their uncle with his old love interest. However, Jhansi asks Raju not to keep up his hopes on Nithya's love, which he does but which leaves Nithya heartbroken.

Raghavaraju and Janakamma reveal that they are not going to divorce but getting separated from each other, while Janakamma wants to live with her children. Raghavaraju wants to see his wife happy, so he emails his children so that they can come home and take their mother with them. Raju sent the divorce papers to a lawyer to make them understand the value of family. After Raghavaraju's words, they felt sorry for avoiding their parents. Jhansi accepts Nithya and Raju's marriage and their marriage was accepted by the whole family. All of them celebrate Sankranti and promise to come back for celebrating Ugadi with their family, while Nithya expresses her wish to stay with her grandparents, Raju and his parents.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Raghavaraju, Janakamma's husband and Bangarraju's uncle
* [[Jayasudha]] as Janakamma, Raghavaraju's wife
* [[Sharwanand]] as Raju, Bangarraju's son and Raghavaraju and Janakamma's grandson
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Nithya, Jhansi's daughter, Raghavaraju and Janakamma's granddaughter, Raju's cousin and love interest, [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] from [[Australia]]
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Bangarraju, Raju's father
* [[Indraja]] as Jhansi, Nithya's mother
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Kishore, Nithya's father
* [[Shiju]] as Ravi Varma
* [[Himaja]] as Subbalakshmi
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Sudha
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Raju's friend
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Raju's friend
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Raju's friend
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Kishore's father
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]
*[[Mirchi Madhavi]] as Raju's Mother and Bangarraju's wife
* Satish
* Ravikanth
* Racha Ravi
* Meena Kumari
* [[Dil Raju]] in a cameo appearance
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Chalaram (cameo)
}}
* Sriram Venkat as Kalyan

==Production==

=== Development ===
The idea of ''Sathamanam Bhavati'' originated in the 1990s. Director Sathish Vegesna wrote a short story ''Palle Payanam Etu?'', which was written as part of a single-page short story competition conducted by ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''. The story was then rejected and not published. Later, in early 2015, Vegesna decided to make a feature film based on the same story.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

=== Casting ===
In September 2015, [[Sai Dharam Tej]] has signed two projects for [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]], which were ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]] and ''Sathamanam Bhavati'' by [[Satish Vegesna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tollywood-actor-sai-dharam-tej-s-next-film-with-dil-raju-to-be-launched-tomorrow-2127775|title=Tollywood actor Sai Dharam Tej's next film with Dil Raju to be launched tomorrow|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=22 September 2015|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605000950/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tollywood-actor-sai-dharam-tej-s-next-film-with-dil-raju-to-be-launched-tomorrow-2127775|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2016, Sai Dharam Tej has opted out due to schedule conflicts and replaced by [[Raj Tarun]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raj-tarun-replaces-sai-dharam-tej-in-shatamanam-bhavati-1204491.html|title=Raj Tarun replaces Sai Dharam Tej in 'Shatamanam Bhavati'|work=CNN-News18|date=18 February 2016|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821192553/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/raj-tarun-replaces-sai-dharam-tej-in-shatamanam-bhavati-1204491.html|url-status=live}}</ref> alongside [[Anupama Parameswaran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-premam-heroine-anupama-parameshwaran-signs-another-telugu-film-2190927|title='Premam' heroine Anupama Parameshwaran signs another Telugu film|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=18 March 2016|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828195436/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-premam-heroine-anupama-parameshwaran-signs-another-telugu-film-2190927|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in May 2016, Raj Tarun was replaced by [[Sharwanand]] as lead in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shatamanam-bhavati-sharwanand-steps-in-as-raj-tarun-bows-out/story-DdAGhHsfcy41oP9HY41oUM.html|title=Shatamanam Bhavati: Sharwanand steps in as Raj Tarun bows out|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 May 2016|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611111430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/shatamanam-bhavati-sharwanand-steps-in-as-raj-tarun-bows-out/story-DdAGhHsfcy41oP9HY41oUM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After performing well in two Telugu films [[Premam (2016 film)|''Premam'']] (2016) and ''[[A Aa]]'' (2016), Anupama was cast to play the role Nithya, an NRI from [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=Nithya from ''Sathamanam Bhavati''|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-anupama-parameswaran-5-best-roles-of-the-actress-that-celebrate-her-acting-potential/photostory/81055296.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711062903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-anupama-parameswaran-5-best-roles-of-the-actress-that-celebrate-her-acting-potential/photostory/81055296.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was officially launched on 27 August 2016 and [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam shot]] was also done. The principal photography of the film began in [[Amalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in September 2016. completed by.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/news/shatamanam-bhavathi-last-leg-shoot|title=Sathamanam Bhavathi in last leg of shoot|work=Telugu cinema|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153554/http://www.telugucinema.com/news/shatamanam-bhavathi-last-leg-shoot|url-status=live}}</ref> Few scenes were filmed at Thalluru, nearby [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-11-15|title=Dil Raju continues shooting|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/151116/dil-raju-continues-shooting.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185221/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/151116/dil-raju-continues-shooting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was wrapped up on 28 November 2016 within 49 days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Movies|first=iQlik|title=Shatamanam Bhavati Shoot Updates|url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2016/11/14/sharwanand-shatamanambhavati-shooting-updates/18960|access-date=2021-07-07|website=iQlikmovies|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184607/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2016/11/14/sharwanand-shatamanambhavati-shooting-updates/18960|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shatamanam Bhavati
| type = film
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 December 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 18:24
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Mister (film)|Mister]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

Music is composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]]. The album was released by [[Aditya Music]] company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-shatamanam-bhavati/articleshow/56354192.cms|title=Music Review: Shatamanam Bhavati|work=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612174235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-shatamanam-bhavati/articleshow/56354192.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:24
| title1 = Mellaga Tellarindoi
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Ramya Behara]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Shatamanam Bhavati
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length2 = 3:21
| title3 = Naalo Nenu
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = Sameera Bharadwaj
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Nilavade
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = Hailo Hailessare
| lyrics5 = Sri Mani
| extra5 = Aditya Iyengar, [[P V N S Rohit|Rohith Paritala]], Mohana Bhogaraju, Divya Divakar
| length5 = 4:13
}}

== Home media ==
The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''S/O Krishnamurthy'' and released by [[Aditya Music|Aditya Movies]] in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S/O Krishnamurthy crosses 50 million mark on Aditya Movies|url=https://twitter.com/adityamovies/status/1348923855352446976|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[Twitter]]|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191751/https://twitter.com/adityamovies/status/1348923855352446976|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also dubbed in Tamil under the same name. The television broadcast rights of the film were acquired by [[Zee Telugu]]. The film was premiered on 26 March 2017<ref>{{Cite news|title='Shatamanam Bhavati' to be premiered on Zee Telugu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/shatamanam-bhavati-to-be-premiered-on-zee-telugu/articleshow/57809227.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712000021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/shatamanam-bhavati-to-be-premiered-on-zee-telugu/articleshow/57809227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and registered a [[Target rating point|TRP]] rating of 15.4.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Back to back entertainment on Zee Telugu this Sunday with Spyder, Rayudu and Shatamanam Bhavati|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/back-to-back-entertainment-on-zee-telugu-this-sunday-with-spyder-rayudu-and-shatamanam-bhavati/articleshow/63749031.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Times of India|date=13 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711211410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/back-to-back-entertainment-on-zee-telugu-this-sunday-with-spyder-rayudu-and-shatamanam-bhavati/articleshow/63749031.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it was made available on [[ZEE5]].

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
Made on budget of {{INRConvert|80|m|lk=r|year=2017}}, the film collected a gross of {{INRConvert|107|m|year=2017}} and distributor's share of {{INRConvert|60|m|year=2017}} in its opening week. [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] reported that the film collected a gross of $653,664 ({{INR|44.5 million}}) in the [[United States]] in the first two weeks since its release.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2017-09-26|title=Telugu cinema turns out to be 2017's dark horse as 'Jai Lava Kusa' adds to hit list|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/ovHMecnydMErxCGCqsPm4J/Telugu-cinema-turns-out-2017s-dark-horse-Jai-Lava-Kusa-a.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184900/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/ovHMecnydMErxCGCqsPm4J/Telugu-cinema-turns-out-2017s-dark-horse-Jai-Lava-Kusa-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was exhibited for 100 days in few [[movie theater]]s across the [[Telugu states]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=B. V. S.|date=2017-04-25|title=100-days run is a myth in Tollywood town|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-04-25/100-days-run-is-a-myth-in-Tollywood-town/295558|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185139/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-04-25/100-days-run-is-a-myth-in-Tollywood-town/295558|url-status=live}}</ref> In late April 2017, a success meet was held for the film's 100 days theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shatamanam Bhavathi celebrates 100 days dream run in theatres!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shatamanam-bhavathi-celebrates-100-days-dream-run-in-theatres/articleshow/58326287.cms|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710191110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shatamanam-bhavathi-celebrates-100-days-dream-run-in-theatres/articleshow/58326287.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Upon release, the film received critical acclaim from critics. Various critics praised Vegesna's screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shatamanam Bhavati Review: A celebration of family values|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jan/15/shatamanam-bhavati-review-a-celebration-of-family-values-1559863.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184956/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jan/15/shatamanam-bhavati-review-a-celebration-of-family-values-1559863.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srividya Palaparthi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three stars out of five and commented, "Sathamanam Bhavathi doesn't offer much as a film. However, this is the holiday season, and if you wanted watch a laid-back low-risk film with your family, there couldn't be a better choice."<ref>{{Citation|title=Shatamanam Bhavati Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Shatamanam Bhavati by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shatamanam-bhavati/movie-review/56537532.cms|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref> and also praised cinematography done by [[Sameer Reddy]]. ''[[The Hindu]]''<nowiki/>'s Srivathsan Nadadhur quoted the film as "rightly peppered for the festive season" and "an ideal family watch".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2017-01-16|title=Shatamanam Bhavati: An ideal family watch|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Shatamanam-Bhavati-An-ideal-family-watch/article17044454.ece|access-date=2021-07-05|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185117/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Shatamanam-Bhavati-An-ideal-family-watch/article17044454.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He further added that the film gets its balance right predominantly due to the performances, humour and Mickey J. Meyer's music.

Writing for ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Pranita Jonnalagedda gave mixed review about the film and felt that the music compositions by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] have similarities with other films like [[Brahmotsavam (film)|''Brahmotsavam'']], ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' and ''[[A Aa]]''. She also criticized of the predictability of most of the scenes in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|date=2017-01-16|title=Shatamanam Bhavati movie review: Dose of déjà vu|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/160117/shatamanam-bhavati-movie-review-dose-of-dj-vu.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413084804/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/160117/shatamanam-bhavati-movie-review-dose-of-dj-vu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']] praised the dialogues written Vegesna's which explored morals and relationships. On a whole, he wrote that "''Sathamanam Bhavati'' has elements and intent that attract family crowds this festival season."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shatamanam Bhavathi review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Sharwanand & Anupama Parameswaran|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/shatamanambhavathi.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.idlebrain.com|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810114804/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/shatamanambhavathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Following the success of the film, Vegesna further directed two [[Family drama|family drama films]] [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|''Srinivasa Kalyanam'']] ''(2018)'' and ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' ''(2020).'' Both films have similar plot, focusing more on "tradition-technology conflict", "joint family vs nuclear family" and "age-old wedding traditions".

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' listed ''Sathamanam Bhavati'' among "Top 10 Telugu films of 2017".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2017-12-28|title=Top 10 Telugu films of 2017|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/top-10-telugu-films-of-2017/article22260606.ece|access-date=2021-07-06|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185230/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/top-10-telugu-films-of-2017/article22260606.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also featured on ''[[The Indian Express]]''<nowiki/>'s "2017's best Telugu films" article, written by Manoj Kumar R.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-05|title=2017's best Telugu films: Arjun Reddy, Baahubali 2 and Hello in the list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/2017s-best-telugu-films-arjun-reddy-baahubali-2-hello-in-the-list-5013167/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184932/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/2017s-best-telugu-films-arjun-reddy-baahubali-2-hello-in-the-list-5013167/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7"| 16 June 2018
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| ''Sathamanam Bhavati''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=4 June 2018|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830025759/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Satish Vegesna]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Jayasudha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Sathamanam Bhavathi"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[Anurag Kulkarni]] – "Mellaga Tellarindoi"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Nandi Awards of 2016]]
| rowspan="6"| 14 November 2017
| [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film]]
| [[Dil Raju]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016|website=APFTVTDC|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042657/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Satish Vegesna]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Jayasudha]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
| [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| [[Sameer Reddy]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[64th National Film Awards]]
| 3 May 2017
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
| [[Satish Vegesna]] and [[Dil Raju]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf|title=64th National Film Awards 2017|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725181620/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| 14–15 September 2018
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
| ''Sathamanam Bhavati'' – [[Dil Raju]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out: Date, place of 7th edition revealed|work=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135901/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
| [[Satish Vegesna]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)|Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]]
| [[Sameer Reddy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)]]
| [[Jayasudha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
| [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]]
| [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Nilavade"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[16th Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="1"| 26 August 2018
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Ammammagarillu]]
* [[Prati Roju Pandage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6417204}}

{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment|state=collapsed}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Home Viewing Feature Film|state=collapsed}}
{{Films directed by Satish Vegesna}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Midlife crisis films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Sri Valli (1945 film)

2026-03-06T03:42:40Z

OnitaCrespo4: started new data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sri Valli 1945 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| screenplay = A. T. Krishnaswamy
| story =
| producer = A. V. Meiyappan
| based_on =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]|[[Kumari Rukmani]]}}
| music = T. M. Rajagopal Sharma R. Sudarsanam
| cinematography = P. V. Krishna Iyer
| editing = [[M. V. Raman]] M. K. Ramani
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Pragathi Studios]]
| released = {{film date|1945|4|13|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sri Valli''''' is a 1945 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film co-directed by [[A. V. Meiyappan]] and produced by him under [[AVM Productions|Pragathi Studios]]. It was co-directed by [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]] who also wrote the script. The film stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] and [[Kumari Rukmani]].

''Sri Valli'' was the first Tamil film to introduce playback singing for the first time through lip synchronization, and the first film in which the dialogues were released in Gramaphone records. T. M. Rajagopal Sharma and R. Sudarsanam respectively composed the film's music and P. V. Krishna Iyer served as the cinematographer. The film was edited by the duo M. V. Raman, while V. M. Vatturkar and S. Ammaiyappan were the film's art directors.

''Sri Valli'' was released on 13 April 1945 with a final reel length of {{Convert|3325|metres|feet}}. Upon release, ''Sri Valli'' received critical acclaim and went on to become a commercially successful venture at box office. It is considered to be a [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] film for both T. R. Mahalingam and Kumari Rukmini.

== Plot ==
''Sri Valli'' is a mythological story based on the life of Valli, the consort of Lord Murugan. Valli is a tribal princess who fell in love with Lord Murugan, but due to her tribal traditions, she was arranged to marry someone else. However, Valli's devotion towards Lord Murugan helped her overcome all obstacles, and she eventually married him.

== Cast ==

* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Velan, Hunter, Old Man
* [[Kumari Rukmani]] as Valli
* [[Kumari Kamala|Baby Kamala]] as Young Valli, Young Subramanyam
* K. Mahadevan as Naradar
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Killi
* G. Sowdamini as Melli
* S. Kuppusami Iyengar as Nambirajan
* K. Nagalakshmi as Mohini
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Athan
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Subbamma

== Production ==
After releasing the Tamil dubbed version of Kannada film ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1943 film)|Satya Harischandra]]'' (1943), A. V. Meiyappan decided to direct a film based on the folk tale of Valli. A. T. Krishnaswamy who co-directed the film wrote the script. Prior to the commencement of shooting, Meiyappan and his wife visited key Lord Murugan temples to seek forgiveness if by oversight makes any mistakes in any of the scenes from the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}} The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}2 lakh (worth {{INR}}15 crore in 2021 prices) and returned 900 per cent on investment for AVM.

Initially Meiyappan had Thyagaraja Bagavathar in mind for the lead role.<ref name="valli" /> T. R. Mahalingam who earlier acted as child artist in Meiyappan's ''Nandakumar'' (1938) was signed on for the lead role and also as a part of contract that he should not act in any film or play until the completion of the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}}<ref name="valli" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/adithan-kanavu1948/article3021515.ece |title=Adithan Kanavu1948 |date=22 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125094254/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3021515.ece |archive-date=25 November 2016 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref> For the titular character, Vasundhara Devi was initially considered and she insisted on selecting the lead actor for herself. After many names were suggested, she rejected them all and opted out.<ref name="valli" /> Kumari Rukmini who earlier appeared as child artist in films like ''Balayogini'' (1937) was signed as Meiyappan felt that her eyes will be a big attraction.<ref name="valli" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}} T. R. Ramachandran, N. S. Krishnan and T. A. Mathuram were selected to appear in supporting roles.<ref name="valli" />

The film was shot at the Pragathi Studio and the outdoor scenes were picturised in and around Adyar, including the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]] premises.<ref name="valli" /> The four-year old elephant was brought from Trichur for one of the characters. Sami Iyer who owned the elephant refused to take any money and allowed the elephant to act in the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}} After completing the film, Meiyappan saw the first copy and was satisfied with the songs sung by Mahalingam, but was not satisfied with the singing of Rukmini in songs. Meiyappan decided to record the voice of Periyanayaki in place of Rukmini. It was recorded by sound engineer V. S. Raghavan through post synchronisation method.<ref name="valli" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}} Kumari Rukmini did not accept the voice of Periyanayaki for her as she felt that the film came out well, she insisted on cancelling the three film agreement which she had signed as part of compensation. AVM who was keen on receiving success cancelled the agreement.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=60}} The final length of the film was {{Convert|3325|metres|feet}}.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=59}}

== Themes and influences ==
The original story was based on a folk tale which describes the romance between Lord Muruga and Valli, a tribal girl. Initially exhibited as stage plays, the story was developed into a silent film titled ''Valli Thirumanam'' in 1921.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" /> It was followed by another silent release, ''Sri Subramanyam'' in 1930.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" /> N. D. Sarpotdhar remade the film the same year for the "Aryan Film Company" and named it as ''Subramaniam''. Another version titled ''Valli Kalyanam'' released the same year where [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] enacted the lead role.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" />

The first talkie version of the story was produced by Samikannu Vincent in 1933. Named ''Valli Thirumanam'', the film was shot in [[Calcutta]] and directed by P. V. Rao.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" /> [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] played the role of Valli in the which ultimately became a box-office success. Sixteen years later after the 1945 film, a colour [[Sri Valli (1961 film)]] based on the same story was produced by Narasu Studios. It had [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as the lead pair.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" /> T. R. Mahalingam who played Muruga in the previous version was given the role of [[Narada]] in this film.<ref name="Srivalli 1961" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by TR Rajagopal Sharma and R Sudarsanam respectively while lyrics were written by Papanasam Sivan and Raja Gopal Iyer. All the songs well received especially "Kaayatha Kaanagathe".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=61}} The song "Kaayatha Kaanagathe" is based on [[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2012 |title=Bewitching Bhairavi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3611322.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211130132/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3611322.ece |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while "Ellorayum Pole" is based on [[Shuddha Saveri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2012 |title=Joyful Suddha Saveri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3724702.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211130401/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3724702.ece |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Kaayatha Kaanagathe
| title2 = Yaar Undhanai
| title3 = Konjum Kili
| title4 = Mayile Thoodhu
| title5 = Singaravela
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 13 April 1945.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=59}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1945 |title=Sri Valli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qrQ-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4079%2C2983306 |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> During the re-release of the film, Meiyappan replaced the vocals of Periyanayaki in place of Rukmini and included it in new set of prints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/03/stories/2001120300130300.htm |title=Banners on screen and stage again |date=3 December 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123025831/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/03/stories/2001120300130300.htm |archive-date=23 November 2004 |author-link=S. Muthiah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 July 2006 |title=AVM, the adventurer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/avm-the-adventurer/article3218945.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043805/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/avm-the-adventurer/article3218945.ece |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film ran for 55 weeks in Central Theatre, Madurai.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=61}} In his book ''[[Pride of Tamil Cinema]]'', [[G. Dhananjayan]] stated that the film's success was "largely boosted by TR Mahalingam and Periyanayaki's excellent songs".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=61}} [[Randor Guy]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'' that the film was remembered for "the melodious music and hit songs of Mahalingam and Periyanayaki".<ref name="valli" />

== Legacy ==
''Sri Valli'' is remembered for the first Tamil film to use playback singing through post synchronisation as the original audio of the songs erased and being replaced with different audio. It also became the first Tamil film for which the dialogues of the film being released in Gramaphone records.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=61}} The film became a breakthrough for the lead pair Mahalingam and Rukmini and playback singer Periyanayaki.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=59}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="valli">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sri-valli-1945/article3024163.ece |title=Sri Valli -- 1945 |date=28 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807015526/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sri-valli-1945/article3024163.ece |archive-date=7 August 2016 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>
<ref name="Srivalli 1961">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-srivalli-1961/article1492678.ece |title=Blast from the past: Srivalli 1961 |date=26 February 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314035235/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Srivalli-1961/article15459707.ece |archive-date=14 March 2020 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1945 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sheshnaag (film)

2026-03-04T00:06:17Z

OnitaCrespo4: started a entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sheshnaag
| image = Sheshnaag (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Iqbal Durrani]] {{small|(dialogues)}} 
| story = Rajendra Singh
| screenplay = Ravi Kapoor Mohan Kaul
| producer = Syed Ayub Nalini Shankar Deepak Adhiya
| director = K.R. Reddy
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Rekha]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Harinath Reddy
| editing = Muarli-Ramaiah
| studio = AA Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|7|25}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sheshnaag''''' ({{translation|''1000 Headed Cobra''}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy film]], produced by Syed Ayub, Deepak Adhiya and Nalini Shankar under the AA Films banner and directed by K.R. Reddy. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], and [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], with music composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal.<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sheshnaag-movie/6580 |title=Heading |publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/cf938620 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=MuVyz}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodnazar.com/movie/castandcrew/sheshnaag/1539 |title=Heading-3 |publisher=Bollywood Nagar.com}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sheshnaag-hindi-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154604/http://spicyonion.com/title/sheshnaag-hindi-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=Heading-4 |publisher=Spicy Onion}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sheshnaag |title=Heading-5 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins at a mysterious hidden temple of the serpent God ''Sheshnaag,'' where every lunar eclipse the Lord bestows a treasure under the protection of powerful shapeshifting snakes, Pritam Nag and Bhanu Nagin. Here, as a boon, the person who is showered in the moonlight becomes immortal. Aghori the wizard, is eager to acquire that supreme power. He starts destroying snakes. Pritam encounters and defeats Aghori but is unable to wipe him out. Aghori strikes back with his witchcraft, in which Bhanu is wounded. Bhola, a villager rescues her and Pritam and Bhanu become indebted to him. After the death of his father, Bhola goes to stay with his sister Champa, where he is ill-treated by his brother-in-law Bansi and driven out of the house.

Bansi wagers Champa in gambling and when some wicked men try to molest her, she jumps off a cliff. Bhola attempts suicide but is saved by Bhanu, who transforms as Champa and bestows him with wealth. Afterward, they shift to a mansion, where Pritam joins as a servant and trains Bhola to become courageous. Bhola falls in love with Kamini, the daughter of a ruthless Seth Lalchand who traffics animals and is also a disciple of Aghori. Lalchand decides to get Kamini married to his. business partner Vikram and asks Aghori to wipe out Bhola. Aghori bites Bhola to poison him.

Bhanu sucks the poison but gets close to danger when Pritam, with his power, rescues them both. Pritam divulges the fact to Bhola and unites him with his sister, real Champa. Wedding arrangements of Vikram and Kamini are in progress, when Bhola breaks in along with Pritam. Aghori seizes them all, lands at Sheshnaag temple, and extorts Pritam and Bhanu to accomplish the mission of making him immortal by threatening to kill Bhola. Lord Shiva proclaims the only way to eliminate him is to strike on his chest. The movie ends on a happy note with Pritam and Bhanu proceeding towards heaven.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Pritam (''[[Ichchhadhari Nag|Ichchhadhari]]'' Naag - Shape Shifting Male Cobra), Banu's Husband
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Banu (''[[Ichchhadhari Nag|Ichchhadhari]]'' Naagin - Shape Shifting Female Cobra), Pritam's Wife
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Bhola, Champa's Younger Brother, Kamini's Love Interest
*[[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Kamini, Seth Lalchand Daughter, Bhola's Love Interest
*[[Rekha]] as Champa, Bhola's elder sister and Bansi Lal's Wife. Banu Also took Champa's form to help and take care of Bhola after Champa's suicide attempt.
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Bansi Lal, Champa's Husband
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Aghori, a Snake Charmer Tantrik and [[Vishakanya|Vishpurush]], Seth Lalchand's Mentor
*[[Raza Murad]] as Seth Lalchand, Kamini's Father
*[[Dan Dhanoa]] as Vikram, Seth Lalchand's Business Partner and Kamini's Fiancé
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Snake Charmer from Aghori's Group
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Sage (Panditji), Caretaker of Sheshnaag Temple
*[[Jack Gaud]] as Ganpat
*[[Birbal (actor)|Birbal]] as Batesar

== Soundtrack ==
[[Anand Bakshi]] has written all the songs.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Hamein Aasma Ne Bheja"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "Chhed Milan Ke Geet Mitwa"
| Suresh Wadkar, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 3
| "O Mere Dushman"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 4
| "Dosti Ke Geet Mein"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| 5
| "Tera Haath Na Chhodungi"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 6
| "Hamein Aasma Ne Bheja" - Sad
| Suresh Wadkar, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 7
| "Been Music"
| Instrumental
|}<ref name="Songs">{{cite web|url=http://songsocean.blogspot.in/2011/03/sheshnag-songs-download-sheshnag-songs.html |title=Songs |date=7 March 2011 |publisher=Songs Ocean}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0359971}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]

Main Dilli Hoon

2026-03-03T08:23:14Z

OnitaCrespo4: creating new info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[History]]|[[Documentary]]}}
| creator = {{ubl|[[Nadira Babbar]]|[[Raj Babbar]]}}
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Nadira Babbar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Raj Babbar]]|[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]]|[[Vaishnavi Mahant]]|[[Deep Dhillon]]|[[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 50
| opentheme = [[Kavitha Krishnamurthy]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = Raj Babbar
| location =
| runtime = 30 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|1998}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1999}}
| channel =
}}

'''''Main Dilli Hoon''''' is 1998 television series on [[DD National]] from the Raj Babbar and Nadira Babbar Production House and directed by Nadira Babbar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-26 |title=Main Dilli Hoon: Should Delhi become Indraprastha again? A city reflects on its many lives |url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/main-dilli-hoon-should-delhi-become-indraprastha-again-a-city-reflects-on-its-many-lives-article-153702395 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref> It was also a web series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansa Singh is known for TV and web shows such as Main DilliHoon, Human and Criminal Justice 3. She talks about her journey so far |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/hansa-singh-is-known-for-tv-and-web-shows-such-as-main-dillihoon-human-and-criminal-justice-3-she-talks-about-her-journey-so-far-474834/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The first episode started with the story of Yayati played by actor [[Raj Babbar]] and covered the major eras till the Mughal period in Delhi. Other prominent actors in the series were [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] (as [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]), [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] (as Princess [[Sanyogita|Samyukta]]), [[Raj Babbar]] as Maharaj Prithviraj Chauhan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-06 |title=Raj Babbar: Ab toh baap ke roles hi offer hote hain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/raj-babbar-ab-toh-baap-ke-roles-hi-offer-hote-hain/articleshow/45392962.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] (as [[Qutbu l-Din Aibak]]).

== Cast ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as [[Shukracharya]]
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Maharaj [[Yayati]]
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Maharaj [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Rajkumari / Maharani [[Sanyogita|Samyukta]]
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as Maharaj [[Jaichand]]
* [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] as [[Qutbu l-Din Aibak]]
* Anil Yadav as [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
* Gracy Singh as Chakori
* Daman Mann as [[Alha]]
* Deepak Jethi as [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]]
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Maharaj [[Parikshit]]
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as [[King Bharata|Maharaj Bharat]]
* [[Anang Desai]] as Maharaj [[Anangpal Tomar]]
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Mahamantri [[Yuyutsu]]
* Priyanka as Maharani [[Sharmishtha]]
* Geeta Gore as Maharani [[Devyani]]
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Yuvraj [[Janamejaya]]
* [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] as Astika
* Rammohan Sharma
* Jitendra Trehan
* Adarsh Gautam
* [[Pankaj Berry]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1998 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]

Asokavanam

2026-03-03T04:33:52Z

OnitaCrespo4: new

{{short description|2001 film by Thakkali Srinivasan}}
{{distinguish|text=the 1978 Indian Malayalam film [[Ashokavanam]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Asokavanam
| director = [[Thakkali Srinivasan]]
| writer = Thakkali Srinivasan
| producer = Kabilon Kannan Parameswaran Ambha Parameswaran
| starring = [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] [[Riyaz Khan]] [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
| cinematography = K. C. Diwakar
| music = Balabharathy
| studio = Housefull Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2001|10|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Asokavanam''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Thakkali Srinivasan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/asogavanam_s.shtml|title=Asoka Vanam|access-date=21 October 2024|website=Cinesouth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411183612/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/asogavanam_s.shtml|archive-date=11 April 2004}}</ref> The film stars [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], and [[Riyaz Khan]], while [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] and [[Nancy Jennifer|Baby Jennifer]] appear in supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], the film was released on 12 October 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 January 2011 |title=My First Break – Abishek |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Abishek/article15538281.ece |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019154457/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Abishek/article15538281.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=7 May 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article1999098.ece |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109185016/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article1999098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asokavanam (2001) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/asokavanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115191905/https://screen4screen.com/movies/asokavanam |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Madhu
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Selvam
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Mohan
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Uma
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Sadasivam
*[[Abhishek Shankar]]
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Rahul
*[[Nancy Jennifer|Baby Jennifer]] as Priya

== Reception ==
A reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted "the script is good in the first half but sags in the second", adding "the director has not done much to sustain the viewers' interest or to keep them guessing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=19 October 2001 |title=Film Review: Asokavanam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/19/stories/09190222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109181124/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/19/stories/09190222.htm |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Despite its flaws, it is a commendable effort by the director to do something different".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov149.asp|first=Malini|last=Mannath|title=Ashokavanam|website=Chennai Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212025639/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov149.asp|archive-date=12 December 2003}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thakkali Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Singapore Saloon

2026-03-03T02:25:23Z

OnitaCrespo4: started a data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Singapore Saloon movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]
| writer = Gokul
| producer = [[Ishari K. Ganesh]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[RJ Balaji]]
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
}}
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = Selva R. K.
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vivek–Mervin]] '''Score:''' Javed Riaz
| studio = Vels Films International
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|1|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Singapore Saloon''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[coming-of-age film]] written and directed by [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], and produced by [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] under Vels Films International. The film stars [[RJ Balaji]] and [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] in the lead role, alongside [[Sathyaraj]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Kishen Das]], [[Ann Sheetal]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[John Vijay]] and [[Robo Shankar]].

The film was officially announced in November 2022 under the official title ''Singapore Saloon''. [[Principal photography]] commenced early that year. It was predominantly shot in [[Chennai]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-December 2022, while [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|additional photography]] was done in May 2023. The film has music composed by [[Vivek–Mervin]], background score composed by Javed Riaz, cinematography handled by [[M. Sukumar]] and editing by Selva RK.

''Singapore Saloon'' was released on 25 January 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.

==Plot==
Kathir, a professional barber, feels suicidal inside his saloon. He drops some sleeping pills into his alcoholic drink. He then recalls his past.

'''Past''': Kathir and Basheer are best friends in [[Tenkasi]]. The village had a [[barber]], Chacha, who owned a saloon, Singapore Saloon. At a young age, Kathir was angry at him after he made his head bald and [[circumcision|circumcised]] Basheer. After a while, Kathir grows fond of Chacha's techniques and becomes friends with him. In tenth grade, Kathir falls in love with Nilavathi, the daughter of one of Chacha's customers. When Nila's father finds out the father and daughter leave town, and Chacha reprimands Kathir. Chacha decides to teach Kathir the tricks of the trade.

In 12th grade, Chacha eventually leaves town, but Chacha leaves his box with Kathir. His father motivates him to go to college and study so he can mature. So, both Kathir and Basheer go to college. Kathir falls in love with Nilarathi, and Nilarathi reciprocates after Kathir helps style her hair for a play. However, Kathir rejects a job offer from a successful company because of his passion for becoming a [[hairdresser|hairstylist]]. Nilarathi calls Kathir and his father. However, Nilarathi rejects a marriage proposal between herself and Kathir because of Kathir's profession. Kathir then gets a job at Wink Saloon, which Anoop Menon, a famous hairstylist, owns. Basheer marries his college girlfriend, Haseena. One day, when [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] visits the saloon, he sees Kathir's haircutting style and decides to get a haircut from him. Anoop sees Menon's impressive hairstyle. Anoop is impressed by Kathir and decides to promote him to a senior stylist with a 50K salary.

Kathir eventually marries Nilavoliyal, his college junior, who is impressed at his hairstyling. He decides to buy a property for a new saloon, but Basheer's friend says it costs 3.5 crores. His father decided to sell the house for 0.5 crores, but his father-in-law is only willing to provide 300 rupees for the purchase. After some comedic incidents, Chakrapani, in a drunken state, rewrites the cheque for three crores for Kathir to buy the place. Chakrapani eventually realises what he did the following day.

Eventually, the construction of the saloon and the interior design were completed. Anoop visits Chakrapani and decides to buy the saloon for six crores. However, after Nila reveals the news to Kathir, he says he is unwilling to sell his identity. Chakrapani overhears the conversation and feels guilty. However, one rainy day, Ragavan, Basheer, and Kathir witness the new-build flats crumble and fall in front of their eyes. The slum people moved into Kathir's land after the floods, which affected their village. A few weeks later, the financier threatens Kathir's friends and family to give the money, so Haseena offers jewels. However, Kathir gets pickpocketed.

'''Present''': As Kathir is about to drink the alcohol, a guy appears at the door, introducing himself as Thiruvannamalai, appears at the door and motivates him that his saloon is a landmark and should make people come to him. He also reminds him there used to be a [[banyan tree]] full of parrots on the land where the saloon stands, so he says to feed the parrots. Kathir decides to motivate some talented boys near his saloon to become successful. They get a trim from Kathir and enter a dance competition adopting the name ''Singapore Saloon Gang''. Word spreads about Kathir's saloon, and Singapore Saloon becomes the talk of the city, even getting support from [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]. Anoop visits Chakrapani with a [[blank cheque]], but Chakrapani refuses Anoop's offer since no one will sell their identity.

On the day of the dance finals, the court decided to demolish Singapore Saloon over fears it might crumble like the flats. However, Kathir's perseverance, the parrots flocking to the saloon and support from the city people, including Lokesh and [[Jiiva]], lead to the Singapore Saloon gang winning the dance finals and a halt in the demolition of Singapore Saloon. A few months later, the Singapore external affairs minister visited to inaugurate the Singapore Saloon opening, and Chacha also visited the saloon's opening. Kathir and Basheer see him, and they have an emotional reunion. The film ends with Chacha seeing the old box and giving Kathir a haircut.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Kathir
**Videsh Anand as young Kathir
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Nila aka Nilavoliyal
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Chakrapani, Nila's father
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Chacha
* [[Kishen Das]] as Basheer, Kathir's close friend
* [[Ann Sheetal]] as Nilarathi
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Kathir's father
* [[John Vijay]] as Anoop Menon, Kathir's former employer
* Diksha Raagavendran as Nilavathy
* N. Balamurugan as Nilavathy's father
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as barber in Anoop Menon's saloon
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Anoop Menon's customer
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Shami/Ragavan, Chakrapani's elder son-in-law
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] a Vichu, Chakrapani's friend
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Asirvadham Ayya, tuition teacher
* Indumathy as Kathir's mother
* Akalya Venkatesan as Nilavoliyal’s sister
* Vinoth Munna as Financier{{efn|Despite being unnamed in the film, he is listed in the credits as "Vasudev Menon".}}
* Kumar Natarajan as Anoop Menon's father
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Heads Up Dance Challenge show anchor
* Gnana Prasad as Rap boy
* Daffe Naveen as Dancer
* Kaaka Muttai Shanthi Mani as Slum dweller
* Mohamed Kuraishi as College student (uncredited)
* [[Arvind Swamy]] As Thiruvannamalai in a cameo appearance
* [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] as himself in a cameo appearance
* [[Jiiva]] as himself in a cameo appearance
* [[M. K. Stalin]] as himself (archival footage)
}}

== Production ==
In August 2022, it was reported that director [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], who was working on the sequel for ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013), titled ''Corona Kumar'' and starring [[Silambarasan]], would begin working on a new project starring [[RJ Balaji]], as ''Corona Kumar'' reportedly got shelved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=Gokul to direct RJ Balaji next as 'Corona Kumar' with Simbu dropped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gokul-to-direct-rj-balaji-next-as-corona-kumar-with-simbu-dropped/articleshow/93661757.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107200447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gokul-to-direct-rj-balaji-next-as-corona-kumar-with-simbu-dropped/articleshow/93661757.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 10 November, the project, with the official title ''Singapore Saloon'', was officially announced by [[Ishari K. Ganesh]]'s production house Vels Films International LTD.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj launches the first look of RJ Balaji's 'Singapore Saloon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-launches-the-first-look-of-rj-balajis-singapore-saloon/articleshow/95427162.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313181819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-launches-the-first-look-of-rj-balajis-singapore-saloon/articleshow/95427162.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Balaji stated that he received the offer to star in the film while filming for [[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|''Run Baby Run'']] (2023). He further revealed that, for his role, he trained with [[hairdresser]]s for a month-and-a-half.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2022 |title=RJ Balaji trained with hairstylists for his role in Gokul's Singapore Saloon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balaji-trained-with-hairstylists-for-his-role-in-gokuls-singapore-saloon/articleshow/95458647.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125125617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balaji-trained-with-hairstylists-for-his-role-in-gokuls-singapore-saloon/articleshow/95458647.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late March 2023, [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], who has been a close friend with Balaji, and [[Jiiva]], who worked with Balaji in ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' (2016), were announced to play cameo appearances in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2023 |title=THESE stars play cameo roles in RJ Balaji's 'Singapore Saloon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-these-stars-play-cameo-roles-in-rj-balajis-singapore-saloon/articleshow/99055973.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328103303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-these-stars-play-cameo-roles-in-rj-balajis-singapore-saloon/articleshow/99055973.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in early‐2022. It was predominantly shot in [[Chennai]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 18 December that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2022 |title=RJ Balaji's 'Singapore Saloon' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-singapore-saloon-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/96320672.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223054202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-singapore-saloon-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/96320672.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|Additional photography]] took place in May 2023, when Lokesh's sequences were filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj completes shooting for his cameo role in 'Singapore Saloon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-completes-shooting-for-his-cameo-role-in-singapore-saloon/articleshow/100126958.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728220658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-completes-shooting-for-his-cameo-role-in-singapore-saloon/articleshow/100126958.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by the composer duo [[Vivek–Mervin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Saloon |url=https://gaana.com/album/singapore-saloon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226083004/https://gaana.com/album/singapore-saloon |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref> and background score by Javed Riaz. While marking both the duos' and Riaz's maiden collaboration with Balaji, it also marks the duo's maiden collaboration with Gokul while collaborating with composer Riaz for the second time after ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=RJ Balaji's 'Singapore Saloon' gets a release date! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-singapore-saloon-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/106593122.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119022823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-singapore-saloon-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/106593122.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paal Veedhiyil
| length1 = 4:26
| lyrics1 = Uma Devi
| extra1 = [[Vivek-Mervin]], Ravi G
| title2 = Vandha Mala
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = [[Arivu]]
| extra2 = Arivu, [[Vivek Siva]], [[Mervin Solomon]]
| total_length = 7:48
}}

== Release ==
''Singapore Saloon'' was released worldwide on 25 January 2024 in theatres.<ref name=":0" />

=== Reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "Gokul's attempt at magical realism, involving a surprise cameo from a star, who appears at the protagonist's doorstep, and a flock of parrots, works to an extent. The director also gives a new spin to scenarios that we have seen before".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=25 January 2024 |title=Singapore Saloon Movie Review : Singapore Saloon is an awkward mix of humour and melodrama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singapore-saloon/movie-review/107129001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224232450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singapore-saloon/movie-review/107129001.cms |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "The problem isn’t that these ideas aren’t good. The film does mean well and stands for sensible causes, but after the hilarity of the first half, it just feels difficult and wholly unnecessary to settle for a passable second half that hurtles through familiar roads to get to expected destinations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 January 2024 |title=Singapore Saloon Movie Review: The laughs land great, the sentiment not so much |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/jan/25/singapore-saloon-movie-review-the-laughs-land-great-the-sentiment-not-so-much-51519.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202133430/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/jan/25/singapore-saloon-movie-review-the-laughs-land-great-the-sentiment-not-so-much-51519.html |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "What’s more astonishing is how RJ Balaji, in the name of taking a back seat, gets very little to do. Apart from being the character we follow and the narrator, Kathir gets thrown around because of circumstances and when he finally wins, they don’t resonate with us".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=25 January 2024 |title='Singapore Saloon' movie review: RJ Balaji's partly funny drama suffers from identity crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balajis-partly-funny-drama-suffers-from-identity-crisis/article67776024.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125115024/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balajis-partly-funny-drama-suffers-from-identity-crisis/article67776024.ece |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that "The storyline of making hairstyling a noble profession and hairstylists as people, who deserve respect is good. But director Gokul has tried to bring together too many elements in Singapore Saloon and this is, sadly, its downfall".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=25 January 2024 |title=Singapore Saloon movie review: RJ Balaji is convincing as a hairstylist, but this underdog story has too much going on |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balaji-hairstylist-underdog-story-101706175504863.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225212216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balaji-hairstylist-underdog-story-101706175504863.html |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''Singapore Saloon'' would have made up for a great comedy, given how the director gave one of best comedies of modern Tamil cinema through Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara. But the genre shift negates the genuine laughs the first hour of the film soaked you with".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=30 January 2024 |title=Singapore Saloon Movie Review: RJ Balaji-starrer gets hilariously mounted first half but suffers a bad hair day due to sappy choices |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balaji-starrer-gets-hilariously-mounted-first-half-but-suffers-a-bad-hair-day-due-to-sappy-choices/54a5a9fd64827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225212218/https://www.ottplay.com/review/singapore-saloon-movie-review-rj-balaji-starrer-gets-hilariously-mounted-first-half-but-suffers-a-bad-hair-day-due-to-sappy-choices/54a5a9fd64827 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
[[Amazon Prime Video]] acquired the streaming rights for the film which began streaming there from 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-02-24 |title=RJ Balaji's Singapore Saloon OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/singapore-saloon-now-streaming-on-prime-video-883197 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115742/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/singapore-saloon-now-streaming-on-prime-video-883197 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23558124}}
{{Gokul (director)}}

[[Category:2020s coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gokul (director)]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek–Mervin]]

Sakina Jaffrey

2026-02-28T14:18:21Z

OnitaCrespo4: updated page

{{short description|American actress (born 1962)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sakina Jaffrey 2014.jpg
| caption = Jaffrey at the 2014 [[Montclair Film Festival]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|2|14}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
|alma_mater=[[Vassar College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])
|education =[[Nightingale-Bamford School]]
|spouse = Francis Wilkinson
|relatives=[[Kiara Advani]] (cousin) [[Raghu Raj Bahadur]] (cousin)
|mother=[[Madhur Jaffrey]]
|father=[[Saeed Jaffrey]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1979–present
| children = 2
}}

'''Sakina Jaffrey''' (born February 14, 1962)<ref name='NFT-Bio'>{{cite web |url=https://newfederaltheatre.com/nft-artist/sakina-jaffrey/ |title=Sakina Jaffrey |author= |date= |publisher=[[New Federal Theatre]] |access-date=12 June 2022 |quote=Sakina Jaffrey was born on February 14, 1962 in Manhattan. |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813162055/https://newfederaltheatre.com/nft-artist/sakina-jaffrey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an American actress. Jaffrey is best known for portraying as Linda Vasquez in the [[Netflix]] original series [[House of Cards (American TV series)|''House of Cards'']], and Denise Christopher in the [[NBC]] series ''[[Timeless (American TV series)|Timeless]].''

==Early life==
Jaffrey was born in New York City, the youngest daughter of Indian-born parents, actress and food and travel writer [[Madhur Jaffrey]], and actor [[Saeed Jaffrey]]. Her parents divorced when she was three years old, and she grew up estranged from her father, who subsequently moved to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |title=The three faces of Saeed Jaffrey |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/173331195/ |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=February 2, 1992 |first=Sid |last=Adilman |page=C1}}</ref>

She grew up in the [[Greenwich Village]] section of Manhattan, where she attended [[PS 41]]. She later attended the [[Nightingale-Bamford School]] on the [[Upper East Side]].<ref name='NFT-Bio'/>

Jaffrey picked up her love of Chinese culture from her elder sister, Meera. She graduated from [[Vassar College]] in 1984, with a major in [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese Language]] and Literature, originally planning to be a translator before she became an actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Sakina Jaffrey: Getting Used to the Red Carpet |work=[[Boca Raton News]] |date=July 4, 2004 |first=Kay |last=Renz |page=8V}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 17, Jaffrey made her professional acting debut in the play ''[[Marie and Bruce]]'' by [[Wallace Shawn]] at the Public Theatre in New York City.<ref name='NFT-Bio'/>

She appeared with her father in the film [[Masala (1991 film)|''Masala'']] (1991)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woo |first=Elaine |date=2015-11-17 |title=Saeed Jaffrey dies at 86; Actor exuded flair and versatility from Bollywood to Britain |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-saeed-jaffrey-20151117-story.html |access-date=2022-02-10 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and with her mother in ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' (1988).<ref>The Perfect Murder 1988, directed by Zafar Hai | Film review (timeout.com)</ref> In 2002, she appeared in ''[[The Truth About Charlie]]'' starring [[Mark Wahlberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Truth About Charlie |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/438429/the-truth-about-charlie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010054959/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/438429/the-truth-about-charlie |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |access-date=2024-06-20 |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> Her children Cassius and Jamila appear with her in ''[[Raising Helen]]'' (2004).<ref name=TCMHelen>{{Cite web |title=Raising Helen |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/452791/raising-helen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125200344/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/452791/raising-helen |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=2024-06-20 |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> Jaffrey starred in the English-language American-Indian [[drama film]] ''[[The Ode]]'' (2008).<ref name=TCMHelen/>

She starred as Linda Vasquez, the [[White House Chief of Staff]], in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Goodman |first=Tim |date=2013-01-26 |title=House of Cards: TV Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/house-cards-netflix-tv-review-415589/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> In 2014, it was announced that she would be appearing in the second season of [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s television series ''[[Sleepy Hollow (TV series)|Sleepy Hollow]]'' as Leena Reyes, the new sheriff.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-27 |title=Sleepy Hollow Casting Scoop: House of Cards Star Is the New Sheriff in Season 2 |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/545773/sleepy-hollow-casting-scoop-house-of-cards-star-is-the-new-sheriff-in-season-2 |access-date=2022-02-10 |work=[[E! News]]}}</ref>

From 2016 to 2018, she had a starring role in the [[NBC]] television series ''[[Timeless (American TV series)|Timeless]]'' as Homeland Security Agent Denise Christopher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeless |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/timeless/cast/1030189989/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |publisher=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>

She also starred as Malini Soni in ''[[The Meyerowitz Stories]]'', a 2017 comedy-drama film directed by [[Noah Baumbach]] and costarring [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Adam Sandler]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Meyerowitz Stories (New and Selected) |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-meyerowitz-stories-new-and-selected/cast/2030316167/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |publisher=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jaffrey lives in New York with her husband, Francis Wilkinson, a journalist, and their two children, Cassius and Jamila.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/20/india/india-diaspora-series-sakina-jaffrey-intl/index.html |title='House of Cards' actress Sakina Jaffrey feels '100% New Yorker' |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 21, 2019}}</ref>

==Acting credits==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' || Neena Lal ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Slaves of New York]]'' || Willfredo's receptionist ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Masala (1991 film)|Masala]]'' || Rita Solanki ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The Indian in the Cupboard (film)|The Indian in the Cupboard]]'' || Lucy ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Daylight (1996 film)|Daylight]]'' || Kit's passenger #1 ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1999 || ''[[Chutney Popcorn]]'' || Sarita ||
|-
| ''[[Cotton Mary]]'' || Rosie ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2001 || ''[[Revolution No. 9]]'' || Dr. Ray ||
|-
| ''[[The Mystic Masseur]]'' || Suruj Mooma ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2002 || ''[[The Guru (2002 film)|The Guru]]'' || Young Woman in Dance Class ||
|-
| ''[[The Truth About Charlie]]'' || Sylvia ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2003 || ''Ash Tuesday'' || June ||
|-
| ''American Made'' || {{n/a}} || Short film
|-
| rowspan=2| 2004 || ''[[Raising Helen]]'' || Nilma Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' || Mysterious Arabic Woman ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Hiding Divya'' || Dr. Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2007 || ''[[Where God Left His Shoes]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Dharini'' || Kiran || Short film
|-
| ''Waking Dreams'' || Rajani ||
|-
| ''[[The Nanny Diaries (film)|The Nanny Diaries]]'' || Sima ||
|-
| ''[[Before the Devil Knows You're Dead]]'' || Manager ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2008 || ''[[Definitely, Maybe]]'' || School Mom ||
|-
| ''The Toe Tactic'' || Lacticia Utt ||
|-
| ''[[The Understudy (2008 film)|The Understudy]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
| ''[[The Ode]]'' || Parin ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Company Retreat'' || Sareeta ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Nevermind Nirvana'' || Dr. Sarita Matto || Television film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]]'' || Livleen Singh ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Domino Effect]]'' || Serena ||
|-
| 2013 || ''The Necklace'' || Sunita || Short film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Claire in Motion]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[The Meyerowitz Stories]]'' || Dr. Soni ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018 || ''[[Red Sparrow]]'' || Trish Forsyth ||
|-
| ''[[Behold My Heart]]'' || Jane ||
|-
| ''[[The Equalizer 2]]'' || Fatima ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Late Night (film)|Late Night]]'' || Mrs. Patel ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soul (2020 film)|Soul]]'' || Doctor || Voice role
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Hating Game]]'' || Helen ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Super Troopers 3: Winter Soldiers]]'' || TBA || Post-production
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Law & Order]]'' || Dr. Balikrishan || Episode: "Endurance"
|-
| 2003–2005 || ''[[Third Watch]]'' || Dr. Hickman || 16 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2| 2004 || ''[[Sex and the City]]'' || Rama Patel || Episode: "Splat!"
|-
| ''[[Law & Order]]'' || Roya Koutal || Episode: "Caviar Emptor"
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' || Mrs. Suresh || 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2| 2007 || ''What Goes On'' || Asha || Episode: "Blue"
|-
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' || Geeta Chanoor || Episode: "Outsider"
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' || Mrs. Demir || Episode: "Thanksgiving"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Girls (TV series)|Girls]]'' || Gynecologist || Episode: "Vagina Panic"
|-
| 2013–2018 || ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'' || Linda Vasquez || 19 episodes
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Sleepy Hollow (TV series)|Sleepy Hollow]]'' || Sheriff Leena Reyes|| 5 episodes
|-
| 2014–2018 || ''[[Madam Secretary (TV series)|Madam Secretary]]'' || Chondita Samant || 2 episodes
|-
| 2015–2017 || ''[[Mr. Robot]]'' || Antara Nayar || 7 episodes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Halal in the Family]]'' || Fatima Qu'osby || 4 episodes
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[The Mindy Project]]'' || Sonu Lahiri || 6 episodes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Blindspot (TV series)|Blindspot]]'' || Susan Albright || Episode: "Cease Forcing Enemy"
|-
| 2016–2018 || ''[[Timeless (American TV series)|Timeless]]'' || Agent Denise Christopher || 26 episodes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[The Problem with Apu]]'' || Herself || Documentary film
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'' || Dr. Meyer || 3 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[American Gods (TV series)|American Gods]]'' || [[Kali|Mama-Ji]] || 4 episodes
|-
| ''[[Lost in Space (2018 TV series)|Lost in Space]]'' || Captain Kamal || 5 episodes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Defending Jacob (miniseries)|Defending Jacob]]'' || Lynn Canavan || 7 episodes
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''[[Snowpiercer (TV series)|Snowpiercer]]'' || Dr. Headwood || 16 episodes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]'' || Auntie Shirin || Episode: "[[Destined (Ms. Marvel)|Destined]]"
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''[[Billions (TV series)|Billions]]'' || Daevisha ‘Dave’ Mahar || 20 episodes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ghosts (American TV series)|Ghosts]]'' || Champa Arondekar || Episodes: "A Very Arondekar Christmas," parts 1 and 2
|-
| rowspan=2| 2025 || ''[[Goosebumps (2023 TV series)|Goosebumps]]'' || Ramona || Recurring (season 2)
|-
| ''[[Deli Boys]]'' || Seema ||
|}

====Theatre====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Production
! Role
! Venue
! class=unsortable | Notes
! class=unsortable | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1979
|''[[Marie and Bruce]]''
|
|Public Theatre
|Professional acting debut
| <ref name='NFT-Bio'/>
|-
|rowspan=2|1988
|''[[George Washington Slept Here]]''
|
|Apple Corps Theatre
|
| <ref name="GWSH">{{cite news |last=Nelsen |first=Don |date=22 July 1988 |title=Hart-Kaufman Play is Mossy |url= |work=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|''Phaedra Brittanica''
|
|CSC
|
| <ref name="Phaedra">{{cite news |last=Kissell |first=Howard |date=16 Dec 1988 |title='Phaedra' Seems to Be Out to Lunch |url= |work=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''The River Crosses Rivers: Short Plays by Women of Color''
|
|Castillo Theatre
|Production of New Federal Theatre
| <ref name='NFT-Bio'/>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 2015 || [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] || [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series]] || ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Instagram}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{IOBDB name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaffrey, Sakina}}
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manhattan]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:People from Nyack, New York]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Kunigal Nagabhushan

2026-02-14T02:02:59Z

OnitaCrespo4: new details

{{Short description|Indian actor (1942–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunigal Nagabhushan
| image = Kunigal-Nagabhushan-pic.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = K. S. Nagabhushan, K. S. Nagabhushana, K. Nagabhushan, Kunigal Bhushan, K. S. Nagesh
| birth_name = Kunigal Nagabhushan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|12|6|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|6|23|1942|12|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actor|dialogue writer|director}}
| alma_mater = Degree in cinematography <ref name="R1"/>
| imagesize =
| birth_place = [[Kunigal]], [[Tumkur]], [[Karnataka]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
| spouse =
| children = 2<ref name="R1">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/340552/kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan.html |title=Kannada writer-director Kunigal Nagabhushan no more |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135848/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/340552/kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan.html |archivedate=20 April 2018 }}</ref>
}}

'''Kunigal Nagabhushan''' (6 December 1942 – 23 June 2013) was an Indian actor in the [[Kannada film industry]]. His films include ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2|S.P. Sangliyana 2]]'' (1990), ''[[C.B.I. Shankar]]'' (1989), ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]'' (1975).

== Career ==
Kunigal Nagabhushan had contributed to more than three hundred Kannada films, as actor, [[Screenwriter|dialogue writer]] and assistant director.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kunigal-Nagabhushan-passes-on/articleshow/20727324.cms |title=Kunigal Nagabhushan passes on |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 June 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420205939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kunigal-Nagabhushan-passes-on/articleshow/20727324.cms |archivedate=20 April 2018 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kunigal-nagabhushan-dialogue-writer-and-actor-dead/article4844761.ece|title=Kunigal Nagabhushan, dialogue writer and actor, dead|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=25 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831034819/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kunigal-nagabhushan-dialogue-writer-and-actor-dead/article4844761.ece|archivedate=31 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan-passes-away-618581.html|title=Kannada writer-director Kunigal Nagabhushan passes away|website=news18.com|accessdate=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420202825/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan-passes-away-618581.html|archivedate=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kannada-writerdirector-kunigal-nagabhushan-no-more/|title=Kannada writer-director Kunigal Nagabhushan no more|date=24 June 2013|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135750/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kannada-writerdirector-kunigal-nagabhushan-no-more/|archivedate=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/veteran-kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan-passes-away-167764-2013-06-23|title=Veteran Kannada writer-director Kunigal Nagabhushan passes away|work=www.indiatoday.in|accessdate=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135801/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/veteran-kannada-writer-director-kunigal-nagabhushan-passes-away-167764-2013-06-23|archivedate=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
;Director
# ''Ashirvada'' (1975)
# ''[[Baalu Jenu]]'' (1976)
;Writer
# ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' (1990)
# ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' (1990)
# ''[[List of Kannada films of 1991|Golmaal Radhakrishna 2]]'' (1991)
# ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' (1991)
# ''[[Solillada Saradara]]'' (1992)
# ''[[Nagaradalli Nayakaru]]'' (1992)
#''[[Gadibidi Krishna]]'' (1998)
#''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]'' (2000)
;Actor
*''[[Maria My Darling]]'' (1980) (also in Tamil)
*''Yaarigoo Helbedi'' (1992)
*''[[Amruthavarshini]]'' (1997)
*''Ammavra Ganda'' (1997)
*''[[Rambhe Urvashi Menake]]'' (1999)
*''[[Mane Magalu]]'' (2003)
*''Ramasamy Krishnasamy'' (2003)
*''Kiladi Krishna'' (2010)
*''[[Gokula Krishna]]'' (2012)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Film
! Credits
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1994-95
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[Karnataka State Film Award]]
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Yarigu Helbedi]]''
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| Dialogue writer
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1991-92
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Kempegowda Award]]
| style="text-align:left;"| ''-NA-''
| style="text-align:left;"| Contribution to films
| style="text-align:left;"| ''-NA-''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actors]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6916055|Kunigal Nagabhushan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagabhushan, Kunigal}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Thileepan

2026-02-12T03:14:10Z

OnitaCrespo4: slightly adjust section for clarity for accuracy

{{Short description|Sri Lankan rebel (1963–1987)}}
{{Tamil name|Rasaiah|Parthipan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = ''Thiyaka Theepam'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/light-sacrifice-remembering-thileepan-31-years | title=The light of sacrifice: Remembering Thileepan 31 years on | Tamil Guardian }}</ref> Lt. Colonel
| name = Thileepan
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = திலீபன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Thileepan (Rasaiah Parthipan).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = R. Parthipan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|11|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Urelu]], [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1987|09|26|1963|11|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]], [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| other_names = Amirthalingam Thileepan
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active = 1983 –1987
| organization = [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
| known_for =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rasaiah Parthipan''' ({{langx|ta|இராசையா பார்த்திபன்}}; 29 November 1963 – 26 September 1987; commonly known by the nom de guerre '''Thileepan''') was a [[Tamil Eelam]] revolutionary and member of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), a [[Tamil militant groups|separatist Tamil militant organisation]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. He died while on [[hunger strike]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Silva|first1=K. M.|authorlink1=K. M. de Silva|title=Regional Powers and Small State Security: India and Sri Lanka, 1977-1990|date=1995|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson Center Press]]|isbn=0-8018-5149-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/regionalpowerssm00desi/page/258 258]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/regionalpowerssm00desi/page/258}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cummings|first1=Joe|last2=Cannon|first2=Teresa|last3=Elliott|first3=Mark|last4=Ver Berkmoes|first4=Ryan|title=Sri Lanka|date=2006|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|page=309|isbn=9781740599757 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq9XaJuzwkQC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Balachandran|first1=P. K.|title=Former LTTE Militants To Contest Polls As 'Crusaders For Democracy'|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Former-LTTE-Militants-To-Contest-Polls-As-Crusaders-For-Democracy/2015/07/03/article2900486.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706040250/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Former-LTTE-Militants-To-Contest-Polls-As-Crusaders-For-Democracy/2015/07/03/article2900486.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Subramanian|first1=T. S.|title=Unravelling the plot|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=7 February 1998|volume=15|issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Furlong|first1=Ray|title=amil hunger strike in third week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8015199.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 April 2009}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Parthipan was born on 29 November 1963.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arumugam|first=S.|title=Dictionary of Biography of the Tamils of Ceylon|url=http://noolaham.net/project/19/1810/1810.pdf|year=1997|page=230|authorlink=S. Arumugam}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=திலீபம்|url=https://noolaham.net/project/733/73207/73207.pdf|year=1988|page=124}}</ref>{{Efn|Another source gives Parthipan's date of birth as 27 November 1963<ref name="TN040903">{{cite news|title=Thileepan's 16th death anniversary to be commemorated|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=9873|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=4 September 2003}}</ref> whilst another gives his year of birth as 1962.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Raj K.|title=Lost Victory: The Rise & Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran|date=2010|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-443-1|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyRZKMxTPXsC}}</ref>}} He was from [[Urelu]] near [[Urumpirai]] in northern [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]].<ref name="CT260415">{{cite news|last1=Wijerathna|first1=Arunadale|last2=Kulasuriya|first2=Madhawa|title=Was Thileepan killed to make him a martyr?|url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/90-91041-news-detail-was-thileepan-killed-to-make-him-a-martyr.html|work=[[Ceylon Today]]|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> His father was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] teacher and he had three older brothers.<ref name="CT260415"/> His mother died when Parthipan was three months old.<ref name="CT260415"/> After his father died of diabetes he was brought up by his brothers.<ref name="CT260415"/> He was educated at [[Jaffna Hindu College]].<ref name="TN040903"/><ref name="Mehta"/><ref name="CT260415"/> After school he enrolled in the [[University of Jaffna]].<ref name="TN040903"/><ref name="CT260415"/>

==LTTE==
Parthipan joined the [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|militant]] [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) prior to the 1983 [[Black July]] anti-Tamil riots.<ref name="Mehta"/> He was given the [[nom de guerre]] Thileepan. Injured in the stomach in May 1987 during the [[Vadamarachchi Operation]] (Operation Liberation), he became the LTTE's political leader for [[Jaffna peninsula]].<ref name="Rajasingham">{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-10-01|chapter=Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Samir|title=Nothing But! - Book Five: All is Fair in Love and War|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1733-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndIAAwAAQBAJ|chapter=Chapter 7: Caught in a Tangled Web}}</ref>

As hostilities increased in northern Sri Lanka, the LTTE handed over a letter to the Indian High Commissioner on 13 September 1987 making five demands: the release of all political prisoners held under the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] and emergency regulations; cessation of [[Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes|Sinhalese colonisation of Tamil areas]] under the guise of "rehabilitation"; cessation of all "rehabilitation" activities until the establishment of the Interim Administrative Council; cessation of construction of police stations in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] provinces; and the disarmament of [[Home Guard (Sri Lanka)|Home Guards]] and withdrawal of the army/police from schools and colleges.<ref name="Sangam">{{cite web|last1=Sabesan|title=Message of Sacrifice - 19 Years On...|url=http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/09-26_Thileepan.php?uid=1970|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref><ref name="LAT270987">{{cite news|title=Tamil Rebel Dies After 12-Day Fast; Crowds Press Demands|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-27-mn-10642-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|agency=[[United Press International]]|date=27 September 1987}}</ref><ref name="Simanti">{{cite book|last1=Lahiri|first1=Simanti|title=Suicide Protest in South Asia: Consumed by Commitment|date=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-82099-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzVEAwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{Efn|Sri Lankan sources falsely claim that Thileepan's hunger strike was a protest against the presence of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news|title=More and more and more|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040919/columns/political.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=19 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weerakkody|first1= Kalinga|title=Students compelled to join LTTE hartal|url=http://www.island.lk/2002/09/28/news05.html|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=28 September 2002}}</ref>}} The demands were aimed at the Indian rather than the Sri Lankan government because the LTTE believed that Indians could force the Sri Lankans to comply.<ref name="Simanti"/> The LTTE gave the Indians 24 hours to respond but no response, or even an acknowledgement, was received.<ref name="Sangam"/>

==Hunger strike==
Determined to make the Indians meet the demands, Thileepan began a [[hunger strike]] on 15 September 1987 in front of [[Nallur Kandaswamy Temple]].<ref name="LAT270987"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krishna|first1=Sankaran|title=Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood|date=1999|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=0-8166-3329-0|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Xq4GnaraYUC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=LTTE leader pays homage to Thileepan, Sankar|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=27035&catid=13|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=26 September 2008}}</ref> Thileepan gave speeches which were broadcast on Nidharshanam, the LTTE's TV stations.<ref name="Rajasingham"/><ref name="Bhattacharya"/> People from all over Jaffna peninsula came to observe and participate in the hunger strike.<ref name="Rajasingham"/><ref name="Bhattacharya"/> On 22 September 1987 Indian High Commissioner [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit|J. N. Dixit]] arrived at [[Palaly Airport]] and was met by LTTE leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|V. Prabhakaran]] who wanted Dixit to go and see Thileepan.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> Dixit wanted a written guarantee from Prabhakaran that Thileepan would end his hunger strike if Dixit met with him but Prabhakaran couldn't give the guarantee.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> As his condition deteriorated, Thileepan stopped giving speeches.<ref name="Rajasingham"/> After refusing food or water for 12 days, Thileepan died on 26 September 1987.<ref name="LAT270987"/><ref name="NYT270987">{{cite news|title=A Tamil Separatist Leader Dies in Protest Fast|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/27/world/a-tamil-separatist-leader-dies-in-protest-fast.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 September 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Murari|first1=S.|title=The Prabhakaran Saga: The Rise and Fall of an Eelam Warrior|date=2012|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-81-321-0701-9|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9-GAwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sri-Skanda-Rajah|first1=Usha S.|title=Thileepan: The Reckoning That Non-Violence Didn't Stand A Chance|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/thileepan-the-reckoning-that-non-violence-didnt-stand-a-chance/|work=Colombo Telegraph|date=26 September 2015}}</ref> After a "martyr's funeral" in [[Jaffna]], Thileepan's body was handed over to the University of Jaffna's [[Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna|medical faculty]].<ref name="Rajasingham"/>

==Aftermath==
LTTE leader Prabhakaran accused India of betraying the Tamils after vowing to protect them.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/27/world/a-tamil-separatist-leader-dies-in-protest-fast.html | title=A Tamil Separatist Leader Dies in Protest Fast | newspaper=The New York Times | date=27 September 1987 }}</ref> Thileepan's death resulted in large anti-government and anti-Indian protests in northern Sri Lanka.<ref name="LAT270987"/><ref name="NYT270987"/><ref name="Simanti"/>

==Statues==
A statue of Thileepan was built behind Nallur Kandaswamy Temple in 1988.<ref name="TN201107">{{cite news|title=Thileepan statue destroyed in Nalloor, Jaffna|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23818|work=[[TamilNet]]|issue=20 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="TN230310">{{cite news|title=Sinhalese soldiers, hooligans destroy Thileepan memorial in Jaffna|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=31414|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=23 March 2010}}</ref> After the [[Sri Lankan military]] re-captured the [[Valikamam]] region in 1996 they destroyed the statue.<ref name="TN201107"/><ref name="TN230310"/> The statue was re-built in 2003 during the Norwegian mediated Cease Fire Agreement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt. Col. Thileepan memorial re-opened in Nallur|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=9722|work=[[TamilNet]]|issue=25 August 2003}}</ref> After war resumed, Thileepan's photograph and decorative lamps at the statue were damaged by the army on 26 October 2006.<ref name="TN201107"/><ref name="TN230310"/> Thileepan's statue was attacked and destroyed by armed men on 18 November 2007.<ref name="TN201107"/> The remnants of Thileepan's memorial, the pillar, was destroyed by the army on 21 March 2010.<ref name="TN230310"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|1=eelamview.com/2012/09/25/lt-col-thileepan-2/|2=Eelam View}}
* {{URL|1=tamilnation.co/tamileelam/maveerar/thileepan.htm|2=Tamil Nation}}
* {{URL|1=http://veeravengaikal.com/maaveerar/index.php/maaveerarlist?view=maaveerarlistdetails&Itemid=103&cid=704|2=Veeravengaikal.com}}

{{Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thileepan}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jaffna Hindu College]]
[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam members]]
[[Category:People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:People who died on hunger strike]]
[[Category:Hunger strikers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil rebels]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Anees Ibrahim

2026-02-06T05:33:13Z

OnitaCrespo4: enhance page based on references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian criminal}}
{{update|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Anees Ibrahim
| birth_name = Anees Ibrahim Kaskar
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Gangster and drug dealer
| organization = [[D-Company]]
| criminal_charge = [[Organised crime]], [[drug trafficking]], [[extortion]], [[targeted killing]]
| wanted_by = India
| wanted_since = 1980s
| relatives = {{plainlist|
*[[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]] (brother) (deceased)
*[[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]] (brother)
*Iqbal Ibrahim Kaskar (brother)
*Haseena Parkar (sister) (deceased)
}}
}}
'''Anees Ibrahim Kaskar''' is a [[Mumbai]] based Indian [[gangster]], [[criminal]] [[mobster]] and [[drug dealer]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dawood-ibrahim-chhota-shakeel-rift-maybe-maybe-not-1106219-2017-12-13 |title=Breakup for Dawood, Chhota Shakeel? Anees Ibrahim gets in way of don, long-time aide |newspaper=[[India Today]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03 |agency=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dawood-ibrahim-d-company-business-empire-1208242-2018-04-09 |title=Caught on tape: How underworld don Dawood Ibrahim manages his business empire |date=April 9, 2018 |first1=Arvind|last1=Ojha|first2=Divyesh|last2=Singh |website=India Today |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/underworld-gears-up-for-dawood-ibrahims-birthday-chotta-shakeel-anees-ibrahim-main-organisers-of-party/articleshow/50178621.cms |title=Underworld gears up for Dawood Ibrahim's birthday; Chotta Shakeel & Anees Ibrahim main organisers of party |last=Tripathi |first=Rahul |date=2016-08-17 |website=The Economic Times |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref> He is wanted by the [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai police]] in connection with more than 24 cases of murder, extortion and drug smuggling.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/operation-d-gang-anees-is-mumbai-cops-target/story-J4cGLKOmpKziAmPT7H5ytN.html |title=Operation D-gang: Anees is Mumbai cops' target |date=2019-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Anees Ibrahim is the son of a former [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]]'s [[havaldar]], Ibrahim Kaskar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1607/16070420.htm |title=Mumbai's mafia wars |website=frontline.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref> He is the brother of [[Dawood Ibrahim]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/anees-angered-dawood-ibrahim-by-using-uncle-as-courier/articleshow/68088325.cms |title=Anees angered Dawood Ibrahim by using uncle as courier |date=21 February 2019 |first=Rebecca | last=Samervel |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[1993 Bombay bombings]]
* [[Organised crime in India]]

{{Fugitives wanted by India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Organised crime in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim, Anees}}
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:Konkani Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Organised crime in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian smugglers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Amardeep Jha

2026-02-05T22:29:49Z

OnitaCrespo4: slightly fix lead per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Amardeep Jha
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur, Bihar]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Television Presenter]]
| parents =
| spouse =
|children = [[Shriya Jha]]<ref name="Exclusive - Shriya Jha on her mother Amardeep Jha: It's always a plus to have someone so seasoned around you to teach you the basics">{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Shriya Jha on her mother Amardeep Jha: It's always a plus to have someone so seasoned around you to teach you the basics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shriya-jha-on-her-mother-amardeep-jha-its-always-a-plus-to-have-someone-so-seasoned-around-you-to-teach-you-the-basics/articleshow/108021474.cms |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226093348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shriya-jha-on-her-mother-amardeep-jha-its-always-a-plus-to-have-someone-so-seasoned-around-you-to-teach-you-the-basics/articleshow/108021474.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
| othername =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Amardeep Jha''' is an Indian actress and television personality.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104185136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-14/tv/28223917_1_bhindi-mood-mother Amardeep not in a good mood] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 14 September 2010</ref>

==Personal life==
Jha lost her husband very early in her married life and her daughter [[Shriya Jha]] is an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/amardeep-jha-and-shweta-sinha-share-their-untold-stories-of-being-a-single-mother-1230970-2018-05-10 |title=Amardeep Jha and Shweta Sinha share their untold stories of being a single mother |website=India Today |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Jha began her profession with the serial ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]'' in 1997, in which she assumed the part of Amit's mom. Her film debut was in the year 1998 where she acted as Jaya in [[Dushman (1998 film)|''Dushman'']].

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
|| ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train to Pakistan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Zakhm]]'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]'' || Ammaa ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' || Kali's mother ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]'' || Vivek Chauhan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Aetbaar]]'' || Mrs. Trivedi ||
|-
|| ''[[American Daylight]]'' || Sue's Mother || English film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[White Rainbow (2005 film)|White Rainbow]]'' || Roop ||
|-
|| ''[[Naina (2005 film)|Naina]]'' || Somabai ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]'' || Radha Kumar || Canadian drama/Hindi film
|-
| 2009 || ''[[3 Idiots]]'' || Mrs. Rastogi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Murder 2]]'' || Reshma's mother ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' || Jaggu's mother ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bombay Rose]]'' || Mrs D'Souza ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]'' ||
Shruti's Mother
||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' ||
Amma
||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' ||
Manu's Mother
||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role
|-
| 1997-2002|| ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]'' || Amit's mother
|-
| 2003–2004 || ''[[Awaz - Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' || Harjeet Singh's Wife
|-
| 2004–2006|| ''[[Reth (TV series)|Reth]]'' || Devyani's mother
|-
| 2005–2007 || ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' || Chitralekha
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]'' || Kaushalya
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''Jamegi Jodi.com'' || Grandmother
|-
| 2007–2010 || ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' || Sumitra Naani
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' || Mai(Cameo)
|-
| 2009–2018 || ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ]]'' || Shankari Tai
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg ]]'' || Mehru Chachi, grandmotherly figure for Shubh
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]'' || Bhisma's aunt
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]'' || Daljeet Singh Vadhera
|-
| 2011-2013 || ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]'' || Nurse D'Souza
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012-2013 || ''[[Amrit Manthan]]'' || Rajmata Manpreet Kaur Sodhi
|-
|| ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek]]'' ||
|-
|2014
|[[Balika Vadhu]]
|Suhasini: an old woman who was abandoned by her own son
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015-2016 || ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]'' || Dadi Bua
|-
|| ''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]'' || Santosho
|-
| 2017-2018 || ''[[Meri Durga]]'' || Santo, Durga's Dadi
|-
| 2018-2019 || ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'' || Priestess Jayanti Kabra/ Guru Maa– Naman's mother
|-
| 2019 || ''Band Baja Bandh Darwaza'' ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' || Shankari Tai
|-
| 2020-2021 || ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]'' || Durga's Dadi
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''
| Japjyot Akaal Singh Brar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1030306}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Amardeep}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Patna]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Stranger Things episodes

2026-02-03T21:10:05Z

OnitaCrespo4: expand content for accuracy

{{Short description|Episodes of American television series}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Featured list}}
{{italictitle|string=Stranger Things}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Stranger_Things_logo.png|250px|thumb|right|upright=1.5|''[[Stranger Things]]'' title card|alt=Red text reading "Stranger Things" centered horizontally and vertically on a black background.]]
''[[Stranger Things]]'' is an American [[Science fiction on television|science fiction]], [[horror fiction|horror]], [[mystery fiction|mystery]], and [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created by [[The Duffer Brothers]] for [[streaming television|streaming]] on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/stranger-things-play-origin-upside-down-1234870784/|title=New 'Stranger Things' Play Tells the Origin of the Upside Down|last=Richardson|first=Kalia|date=November 6, 2023|accessdate=February 28, 2025|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|url-access=subscription|archive-date=December 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225070718/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/stranger-things-play-origin-upside-down-1234870784/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/16/12506706/stranger-things-netflix-mythology-spielberg-king-genre|title=The mysteries of Stranger Things are better left unsolved|last=Bishop|first=Bryan|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=March 19, 2025|work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> The brothers, as well as [[Karl Gajdusek]] in the first season only, are the program's [[showrunners]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1108065/stranger-things/|title=Stranger Things - WGA Directory|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Writers Guild of America West]]|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120030959/https://directories.wga.org/project/1108065/stranger-things/|url-status=live}}</ref> They also [[executive producer|executive produce]] the series with [[Shawn Levy]] and Dan Cohen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/stranger-things-season-3-shawn-levy-1203262852/|title='Stranger Things': Executive Producer Shawn Levy on the 'Gut Punch to the Heart' in Season 3|last=Gray|first=Tim|date=July 11, 2019|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=November 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123224159/https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/stranger-things-season-3-shawn-levy-1203262852/|url-status=live}}</ref> The show features a large [[ensemble cast]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/stranger-things-5-new-cast-members-1235025358/|title='Stranger Things 5' Unveils New Cast Members, Behind-The-Scenes Video|last=Bergeson|first=Samantha|date=July 15, 2024|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> and takes place in the fictional town of Hawkins, [[Indiana]]. It is set in the 1980s and revolves around the actions of the town's citizens when a government agency experiments with the paranormal and supernatural using human test subjects. In the process, they create a portal to an alternate dimension known as the [[Upside Down (Stranger Things)|Upside Down]].

The [[Stranger Things season 1|first season]] of eight episodes was released on July 15, 2016. A [[Stranger Things season 2|second season]] of nine episodes and [[Stranger Things season 3|third season]] of eight episodes were released on October 27, 2017, and July 4, 2019, respectively.<ref name="TFC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/stranger-things/listings/|title=Shows A-Z - Stranger Things on Netflix|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> The [[Stranger Things season 4|fourth season]] was delayed due to the [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States|impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/tv/stranger-things-season-4-filming/|title=Stranger Things Season 4 Drops Next Big Twist: It's Back Filming After COVID Delays|last=Romano|first=Nick|date=October 2, 2020|accessdate=February 28, 2025|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/stranger-things-season-4-update/|title=Stranger Things Star Gives Update on Season 4 Filming and Benefit of COVID Delay|last=Craig|first=David|date=March 31, 2021|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Radio Times]]}}</ref> Consisting of nine episodes split across two volumes, the first seven episodes of season four were released on May 27, 2022, and the final two were released on July 1, 2022.<ref name="TFC" /> This season also featured a significant increase in episode lengths equivalent to that of many [[feature films]], with run times ranging from 63 to 150 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/stranger-things-season-4-episode-length/|title=How Long Are the Episodes in Stranger Things Season 4?|last=Moss|first=Molly|date=May 27, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Radio Times]]|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806180103/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/stranger-things-season-4-episode-length/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2022/05/23/stranger-things-season-4-episode-length-and-release-dates-are-all-over-the-place/|title='Stranger Things' Season 4 Episode Length And Release Dates Are All Over The Place|last=Tassi|first=Paul|date=May 23, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=January 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131172427/https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2022/05/23/stranger-things-season-4-episode-length-and-release-dates-are-all-over-the-place/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, Netflix renewed the series for a [[Stranger Things season 5|fifth and final season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/stranger-things-renewed-season-5-final-season-4-premiere-date-1234935526/|title='Stranger Things' Renewed For Fifth And Final Season, Gets Premiere Dates For Split Season 4 As Duffer Brothers Tease Potential Spinoffs|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=February 17, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222151234/https://deadline.com/2022/02/stranger-things-renewed-season-5-final-season-4-premiere-date-1234935526/|url-status=live}}</ref> Production on season five was delayed by the [[2023 Writers Guild of America strike|2023 Writers Guild of America]] and [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike|SAG-AFTRA strikes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stranger-things-pause-writers-strike-wga-netflix-halted-duffers-brothers/|title=Production on "Stranger Things" Halted Due to Writers' Strike|last=O'Kane|first=Caitlin|date=May 8, 2023|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/david-harbour-stranger-things-production-sag-aftra-strike-season-5-1235786993/|title=David Harbour Teases 'Stranger Things' Production Resuming in 'A Couple of Days'|last=Thompson|first=Jaden|date=November 10, 2023|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=January 7, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107112520/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/david-harbour-stranger-things-production-sag-aftra-strike-season-5-1235786993/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later revealed that the season would contain eight episodes and be released across November and December 2025 in three segments.<ref name="Season5ThreeParts">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/stranger-things-season-5-release-dates-revealed-alongside-new-teaser-trailer |title=Stranger Things Season 5 Release Dates Revealed Alongside New Teaser Trailer |work=[[IGN]] |first=Adam |last=Bankhurst |date=June 1, 2025 |accessdate=June 1, 2025}}</ref>

Along with COVID-19 and strike delays, the series also requires extensive visual and special effects which has contributed to the extended time period between release dates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2024/03/14/the-stranger-things-season-5-release-date-is-very-very-far-away/|title=The 'Stranger Things' Season 5 Release Date Is Very, Very is out Away|last=Tassi|first=Paul|date=March 14, 2024|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=July 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713001735/https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2024/03/14/the-stranger-things-season-5-release-date-is-very-very-far-away/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Stranger Things'' is considered one of Netflix's flagship series and has set viewership records on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/netflix-stranger-season-stranger-things-final-episodes-1236034068/|title=With Final Season of 'Stranger Things' on the Horizon, Netflix Plans "Stranger Season" (Exclusive)|last=Werpin|first=Alex|date=October 17, 2024|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archive-date=February 5, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205043742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/netflix-stranger-season-stranger-things-final-episodes-1236034068/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/stranger-things-4-premiere-ratings-netflix-top-10-1235279935/|title=Netflix Top 10: 'Stranger Things 4′ Breaks All-Time Record With 287 Million Hours Viewed|last=Hailu|first=Selome|date=May 31, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602140524/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/stranger-things-4-premiere-ratings-netflix-top-10-1235279935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/stranger-things-4-volume-1-netflix-viewership-records-premiere-weekend-1235035965/|title='Stranger Things 4' Volume 1 Breaks Netflix Viewership Records In Premiere Weekend|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=May 31, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610053849/https://deadline.com/2022/05/stranger-things-4-volume-1-netflix-viewership-records-premiere-weekend-1235035965/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been the subject of praise from critics<ref>Attributed to multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickdesantis/2016/08/11/in-just-three-weeks-stranger-things-scared-up-more-online-buzz-than-any-other-new-netflix-series/|title='Stranger Things' Is Scaring Up More Buzz Than Any Other New Netflix Series, And It's Getting Bigger|last=DeSantis|first=Nick|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Forbes]]|archive-date=April 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404010325/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickdesantis/2016/08/11/in-just-three-weeks-stranger-things-scared-up-more-online-buzz-than-any-other-new-netflix-series/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/how-stranger-things-got-made-69464/|title=Demogorgons, Dreams, and Duffers: The Making of 'Stranger Things'|last=Mink|first=Casey|date=May 23, 2024|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Backstage (magazine)|Backstage]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/07/netflix-stranger-things-season-2-possibilities-tca-summer-tour-1201793740/|title='Stranger Things' Co-Creators On How They Left Things "Open Ended" For Possible Season 2 – TCA|last=Lincoln|first=Ross A.|date=July 27, 2016|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518141647/https://deadline.com/2016/07/netflix-stranger-things-season-2-possibilities-tca-summer-tour-1201793740/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/stranger-things-video-game-netflix-telltale-games/|title='Stranger Things' Video Game in the Works at Telltale Games|last=Verlaque|first=Juliette|date=June 13, 2018|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518113956/https://www.thewrap.com/stranger-things-video-game-netflix-telltale-games/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/emmys-2017-strangers-things-westworld-genre-series-1202518307/|title=Emmys 2017: Embracing Genre Through 'Stranger Things' and 'Westworld'|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=August 9, 2017|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=July 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731004454/https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/emmys-2017-strangers-things-westworld-genre-series-1202518307/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has gained a [[cult following]].<ref>Attributed to multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/11-things-weve-learned-from-2-seasons-of-stranger_b_5a22ffe5e4b05072e8b569b4|title=11 Things We've Learned From 2 Seasons of "Stranger Things"|last=Acton|first=Annabel|date=December 2, 2017|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[HuffPost]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccalerner/2017/10/28/cashing-in-on-the-upside-down/|title=Cashing In On The Upside Down|last=Lerner|first=Rebecca|date=October 27, 2017|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Forbes]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/08/barb-stranger-things-popularity?srsltid=AfmBOoqqsM_uN3jaujs1JRDvMAEdVVrpNc9-0PFitpa0ds3Af7jfmR-v|title=How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen|last=Bradley|first=Laura|date=August 24, 2016|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/duffer-brothers-on-stranger-things-2-big-surprises-hint-at-season-3-monster-threat/|title=The Duffer Brothers Review Stranger Things 2's Biggest Surprises, Hint at Season 3's Monster Threat|last=Lindsay|first=Benjamin|date=October 30, 2017|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/stranger-things-shannon-purser-analyzes-character-barb-1201712639/|title='Stranger Things' Star Shannon Purser Discusses The Cult Surrounding Her Character, Barb|last=Calvario|first=Liz|date=August 2, 2016|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[IndieWire]]|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624064626/https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/stranger-things-shannon-purser-analyzes-character-barb-1201712639/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series has [[List of awards and nominations received by Stranger Things|won several accolades and been nominated for numerous others]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://envelope.latimes.com/awards/titles/stranger-things/|title='Stranger Things'|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-date=November 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123120152/https://envelope.latimes.com/awards/titles/stranger-things/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionacademy.com/shows/stranger-things|title=Stranger Things|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|Television Academy]]|archive-date=January 14, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114162112/https://www.televisionacademy.com/shows/stranger-things|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also spawned a [[Stranger Things: The First Shadow|prequel stage play]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/stranger-things-play-london-2023|title=Everything to Know About the Stranger Things: The First Shadow Play in London|last=Bitran|first=Tara|date=September 4, 2024|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Tudum]]}}</ref> and has a [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] series in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/stranger-things-spin-off-stage-play-confirmed-newsdupdate/|title=Stranger Things Creators Confirm Spin-Off And Stage Play|last=Cremona|first=Patrick|date=July 7, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2025|work=[[Radio Times]]|archive-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163903/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/stranger-things-spin-off-stage-play-confirmed-newsdupdate/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Aired episodes|2016|7|15|showpage=Stranger Things|title=Stranger Things|released=y|finished=all|seasons=5|2025|12|31}}

== Series overview ==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| color1 = #771C23
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Stranger Things episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2016)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2016|7|15}}

| color2 = #A42C17
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Stranger Things episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2017)
| episodes2 = 9
| released2 = {{Start date|2017|10|27}}

| color3 = #171014
| link3 = <includeonly>List of Stranger Things episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2019)
| episodes3 = 8
| released3 = {{Start date|2019|7|4}}

| color4 = #125390
| link4 = <includeonly>List of Stranger Things episodes</includeonly>#Season 4 (2022)
| episodes4 = 9
| episodes4A = 7
| released4A = {{Start date|2022|5|27}}
| episodes4B = 2
| released4B = {{End date|2022|7|1}}

| color5 = #A62631
| link5 = <includeonly>List of Stranger Things episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2025)
| episodes5 = 8
| episodes5A = 4
| released5A = {{Start date|2025|11|26}}
| episodes5B = 3
| released5B = {{Start date|2025|12|25}}
| episodes5C = 1
| released5C = {{Start date|2025|12|31}}
}}</onlyinclude>

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 (2016) ===
{{main|Stranger Things season 1|l1=''Stranger Things'' season 1}}
{{:Stranger Things season 1}}

=== Season 2 (2017) ===
{{main|Stranger Things season 2|l1 = ''Stranger Things'' season 2}}

{{:Stranger Things season 2}}

=== Season 3 (2019) ===
{{main|Stranger Things season 3|l1 = ''Stranger Things'' season 3}}

{{:Stranger Things season 3}}

=== Season 4 (2022) ===
{{main|Stranger Things season 4|l1 = ''Stranger Things'' season 4}}

{{:Stranger Things season 4}}

=== Season 5 (2025) ===
{{main|Stranger Things season 5|l1 = ''Stranger Things'' season 5}}

{{:Stranger Things season 5}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Netflix title|qid=Q19798734|title=Stranger Things}}
* {{IMDb episodes|4574334|List of ''Stranger Things'' episodes}}

{{Stranger Things}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stranger Things episodes, List of}}

[[Category:Lists of American supernatural television series episodes]]
[[Category:Stranger Things episodes| ]]

Allan Maclean of Torloisk

2026-01-31T18:34:06Z

OnitaCrespo4: minor improve details as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|British Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Allan Maclean
| image =Lieutenant Colonel Allan MacLean2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Allan Maclean
| birth_date = 1725<ref>Date of birth unknown because the old parish registers for Kilninian survive only from 1766</ref>
| birth_place = Torloisk near Kilninian, [[Argyll]], [[Scotland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1798|2|18 |1725 }}<ref>{{cite DCB |first=G. F. G. |last=Stanley |title-Maclean, Allan |volume=4 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/maclean_allan_4E.html}}</ref>
| death_place =[[London]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for =
{{tree list}}
* [[Jacobite Rising of 1745]]
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
* [[Seven Years' War]]
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
** [[Battle of Quebec (1775)]]
{{tree list/end}}
| education =
| employer = {{flagicon image|Jacobite Standard (1745).svg}} [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] {{flag|Dutch Republic}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]] {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}| occupation =British Army officer
| title = Brigadier-General
| term = 1756–1783
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = Jacobite
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = Son out of wedlock
| parents = [[Donald Maclean, 5th Laird of Torloisk]] & Mary (Campbell) Maclean
| relatives =[[Francis McLean (British army officer)|Francis McLean]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{Clan Maclean}}
'''Allan Maclean of Torloisk''' (1725–1798) was a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] who became a [[British Army]] general. He was born on the [[Isle of Mull]], Scotland. He is best known for leading the [[84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)]] in the [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|Battle of Quebec]].

==Early life==
Allan was the third son of [[Donald Maclean, 5th Laird of Torloisk]] and Mary (Campbell) Maclean, daughter of Archibald Campbell of Sunderland.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fryer |first=Mary Beacock |author-link=Mary Beacock Fryer |title=Allan Maclean, Jacobite General |year=1987 |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYY_vhvnXXcC |isbn=1-55002-011-0 }}</ref> His other siblings were Hector, Lachlan,<ref>eventually [[Lachlan Maclean, 7th laird of Torloisk]]</ref> Archibald, Mary, Anna, Alicia, Christiana, Betty, and Elizabeth.<ref name=etc>{{cite book |last=MacLean |first=John Patterson |author-link=John Patterson MacLean|title=A History of the Clan MacLean from Its First Settlement at Duard Castle, in the Isle of Mull, to the Present Period: Including a Genealogical Account of Some of the Principal Families Together with Their Heraldry, Legends, Superstitions, Etc. |year=1889|publisher=R. Clarke & Co. | url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryclanmac00maclgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryclanmac00maclgoog/page/n319 312] |quote=Laird of Brolas. }}</ref> His family, though titled, was quite poor, the Maclean of Torloisk's property valued at £671 6s.<ref>Munro, R. W., Macquarrie, Alan, ''Clan MacQuarrie: A History'', Chapter 3, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114205003/http://albanach.org/macquarrie/ch3.html]</ref> Maclaine begun his military training with the clan as a 17-year-old lieutenant in the [[Scots Brigade]] of the Royal Dutch Republic after a brief service as an adjutant.

==Jacobite rising and after==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Participating in the Jacobite rising of 1746, and fighting at the [[Siege of Fort William]] and [[Battle of Culloden]] with the Maclachlans and Macleans battalion, he spent the next four years in exile, including in the service of France during [[War of the Austrian Succession]], again in the Scots brigade in the rank of a lieutenant at [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Bergen Op Zoom]] in 1747, where he and [[Francis McLean (British army officer)|Francis McLean]] were taken prisoner after they were part of the brigade that cut their way through the French lines. Lieutenants Allan and Francis Maclean were then presented before [[Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal|General von Lowenthal]], who said to them, <blockquote>Gentlemen, consider yourselves on parole. If all had conducted themselves as your brave corps have done, I should not now be master of Bergen-op-Zoom.</blockquote> He returned to Edinburgh in 1750.

==Seven Years' War==
On 8 January 1756 he was commissioned a lieutenant, and later travelled to the American colonies with the 62nd, later the 60th Royal America Regiment for two years. After being severely wounded at Ticonderoga on 8 July 1758 while with James Abercromby's troops taking part in the assault against Montcalm's forces in [[Fort Carillon]]. He served as a temporary captain under Wolfe at the taking of Quebec<ref>possibly in Montgomery's Highlanders</ref> and on 16 January 1759 was given Captaincy of the Third New York Independent Company, being present at the siege of Niagara in July, where he was again dangerously wounded. While serving in that unit, from 1761 he also begun to participate in raising the [[114th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highlander Volunteers)|114th Foot (Maclean's Highlanders)]], helping to raise six companies when he returned to Scotland, and remaining with it as the Major Commandant until 1763. However the regiment never went on active service, and served only as a source of recruits for other Highland regiments serving in Germany and British America.
A number of officers and soldiers from his regiment settled on St John's (Prince Edward) Island. While Maclean also later received a land grant on the island along with several other Maclean gentry, there is no record of him living there.
In 1765 he moved to Paris where he fathered a son out of wedlock, and was recruited by the [[East India Company]]. Returning to England not in the rank of a Major, Allan begun to court Janet Maclean in [[Glasgow]]<ref>Donald Maclean of Brolass, father of Janet Maclean of Brolass, the wife of Allan Maclean, and father of Hector the 23rd chief.</ref> whom he had met earlier, and who came to London to be closer to him. At this time he also engaged in writing letters signed "Junius" which appeared in the Public Advertiser, advocating freedom of the press. On 4 February 1771 he wed Janet at the Monkwell Presbyterian Meeting House though she was half his age,<ref>b. c.1750; Later the site of the [[National Bank of Scotland]] building, the first Scottish bank to open a branch in London in 1864</ref> which included a piper, at that time still forbidden in London. On 25 May of the following year he was appointed an active lieutenant-colonel in the army with full pay of one pound a day, but was not assigned a battalion, so had no duties to perform. Shortly before that his older brother Lauchlin was appointed Commissary-General of the army in [[Bengal]], and was leaving England with his other brother Harry who had been hired as a secretary in the office of the East India Company in Calcutta. Allan had been close with both, but Lauchlin was still involved with the Jacobites, and this association could hurt his career. At this time a teenage son from Janet's father's second marriage came to live with them and, since they had not been able to conceive a child of their own, Allen revealed his son in France, and Janet agreed to foster the nine-year-old. Wanting to return to active service he eventually secured an audience with the Secretary at War, [[William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington]] who refused his resignation to enable him to join the East India Company because the Crown needed officers with experience in the American colonies where trouble was expected over the [[Townshend Acts]] and the [[Stamp Act]].

==Return to American colonies==
Maclean's proposal to raise a Highland regiment for service in the colonies had to be sent to the King, who, as Captain-General, approves all new levies personally. The regiment was initially called the [[84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)|Royal Highland Emigrants]] and would be raised in the colonies from Highlanders settled there, commencing with New York. However, on arrival Maclean was warned that going into the city in his regimental uniform would invite attacks from the rebels, and that the British garrison had departed to Boston. He therefore sailed to that city to obtain commissions for his officers from [[Thomas Gage|General Gage]]. However, soon Gage retired due to age, and Maclean accompanied General Haldimand to New York who, although a British subject, was replaced by [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|Sir William Howe]], a brother of [[George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe|Viscount Howe]] and former colonel of 3rd Battalion, the 60th Regiment. He then proceeded to coordinate the clandestine recruiting activities of his officers, the 1st Battalion recruited in Canada and New York, and the 2nd Battalion in [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Prince Edward Island|St John's Island]], before proceeding to marshal them in Canada, himself travelling alone and in disguise of a doctor.<ref>Fryer, Mary Beacock, Allan Maclean, Jacobite General: The life of an eighteenth century career soldier, Dundurn Press, Toronto, 1987, p.123</ref> During defence of Quebec he was appointed second-in-command by Governor [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]], often sleeping in his uniform at the [[Récollets|Récollet cloister]] in [[Quebec City]] while the city was threatened by a rebel army under [[Benedict Arnold]] which had appeared on the [[Plains of Abraham]] in mid-November. Through the long siege, commanding as many as 1,178 troops,<ref>Morrissey, Brendan, & Hook, Adam, ''Quebec 1775: the American invasion of Canada'', Osprey Publishing, p.52</ref> Maclean suffered a leg injury, causing a partial loss of its use for the remainder of his life.
On 11 May 1776, now in the rank of Colonel, Maclean was appointed Adjutant-General of the army in Canada, which he held until 6 June 1777, when he was granted the rank of Brigadier-General, and ordered to take command of the Montreal Garrison. Due to increased danger for General Burgoyne's position, General Maclean was ordered, on 20 October, to march with the 31st Regiment and his own battalion of the Royal Highland Emigrants, to [[Chimney Point, Vermont]], but during November was ordered to Quebec. He departed Quebec on 27 July 1776, for London in order to obtain rank and establishment for his regiment that had been promised, returning to Quebec on 28 May 1777. In 1778 he again went to England to make a personal appeal to the King on behalf of his regiment, which was successful. Sailing from Spithead on 1 May 1779, he arrived at Quebec on 16 August. Maclean finally became a regimental colonel in the active army 17 November 1780 with his regiment becoming the 84th Regiment of Foot, and with its station on the Canada–US border between [[Oswegatchie, New York]] and [[Fort Michilimackinac]] until 1782.

==After colonial service==
Promoted to Brigadier-General for his services soon after the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] Maclean retired from the military service in 1784. An anomaly for his period, he was a career soldier without significant family wealth and connections, who rose high in rank on merit. A letter to Sir Henry Clinton at the end of the war reveals difficulties in recovering the expenses for the expansion of his regiment. He did not return to live in Scotland, but died in London, in March 1797. Contents of his correspondence with John Maclean of Lochbuie suggest that he died in comparative poverty.

==Commemoration==
MacLean Memorial School is located in the town of Chibougamau in the Northern Quebec region about 230 km north from St-Félicien (Lac St-Jean).

In 2007 a cairn was unveiled at Kilninian Church in memory of Brigadier-General Allan Maclean of Torloisk, who 'saved Canada for [[British Empire|the Empire]]' in 1775.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lornlife.com/Pdf/August07/lorn%2021.pdf |title=Mull the venue for Clan Maclean gathering, August 2007 |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-date=12 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082757/http://www.lornlife.com/Pdf/August07/lorn%2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Further reading==
* Private archives, J.N.M. Maclean of Glensanda, the younger (Edinburgh), Torloisk mss and transcripts. G.B.,
* Board of Trade, JTP, 1764–67, 404–14.
* Boatner, ''Encyclopedia of American revolution''. DNB.
* ''Gentleman’s Magazine'', 1798, 354–55. G.B.,
* WO, ''Army list, 1756–84.'', National Archives, Kew, London
* J. N. M. Maclean, ''Reward is secondary; the life of a political adventurer and an inquiry into the mystery of 'Junius''' (London, 1963).
* [[John Patterson MacLean]], ''An historical account of the settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America prior to the peace of 1783'' . . . (Cleveland, Ohio, and Glasgow, 1900; repr. Baltimore, Md., 1968);
* Renaissance of the clan Maclean . . . (Columbus, Ohio, 1913).
* G. F. G. Stanley, ''Canada invaded, 1775–1776'' (Toronto, 1973).
* John F. Röche, Quebec Under Siege, 1775–1776: The "Memorandums" of Jacob Danford, ''Canadian Historical Review'', University of Toronto Press, Volume 50, Number 1 / 1969, pp. 68–85
* Mary Beacock Fryer (1996) ''Allan Maclean, Jacobite General: the life of an eighteenth century career soldier''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maclean of Torloisk, Allan}}
[[Category:Clan Maclean|Allan]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:Royal American Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Jacobite military personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession]]
[[Category:People from the Isle of Mull]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1798 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish generals]]

Dil Dosti Dobara

2026-01-25T11:03:33Z

OnitaCrespo4: further expanded structure as per guidelines and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|2017 Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dil dosti doobara.jpg
| image_size =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| alt_name = 3D
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator = {{Plain list|
* [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
* Ashish Pathare}}
| story = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| screenplay = Ashish Pathare
| director = Vinod Lavhekar
| editor = Prathamesh Patkar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 152
| producer = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Dreaming 24/7 Productions
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|2|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|8|12|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''Dil Dosti Dobara''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/d3-forever-dil-dosti-duniyadari-season-2-as-dil-dosti-dobara-on-zee-marathi-1413216/|title=कॅम्पस कॅलिडोस्कोप: ‘डीथ्री’ फॉरएव्हर..|date=2017-02-20|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is a spin-off series from ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Get set for Dil Dosti Dobara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/get-set-for-dil-dosti-dobara/articleshow/57124658.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2017-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Dosti Dobara : The New Era of Friendship Begins from 18th Feb!|url=https://marathistars.com/news/dil-dosti-dobara-the-new-era-of-friendship-begins-from-18th-feb/|website=Marathi Stars|date=2017-02-12}}</ref> It premiered from 18 February 2017 by replacing ''[[100 Days (2016 TV series)|100 Days]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/friendship-and-food-brings-youth-together-on-zee-marathis-dil-dosti-dobara/|title=After the successful completion of 100 Days, an exciting thriller at the 10:30 PM slot, Zee Marathi brings back one of the most awaited and loved shows on friendship in an all new avatar with 'Dil Dosti Dobara'|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref> It is produced by [[Sanjay Jadhav]] and directed by Vinod Lavhekar.<ref>{{cite web|title=मित्रांची टोळी 'दोबारा' घेणार निरोप|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-serial-dil-dosti-dobara-tv-serial-going-off-air-sakhi-gokhale-amey-wagh-1524953/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|date=2017-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='दिल दोस्ती दोबारा' मालिका घेणार रसिकांचा निरोप|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/message-audience-dil-dosti-doabaara-will-take-place/|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|date=2017-08-05}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around six friends who are struggling to achieve success. They come up with an idea to open a restaurant and what ensues ahead is a roller coaster ride. They struggle, fight, but finally stand by each other.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Dosti Dobara Season 2, Coming Soon On Zee Marathi|url=https://megamarathi.com/marathi-serials/dil-dosti-dobara-season-2-on-zee-marathi/|website=Mega Marathi|date=2017-02-18}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Pooja Thombre as Anandi. A very sweet orphan and left the orphanage when she turned 18. She gave shelter to Mukta and Pari and is beautician by profession. She can't cook good food.
* [[Suvrat Joshi]] as Gaurav Bal. He left his house when learned about his father's corrupt policies. He was the agent of Magnet Water Company which eventually turned out to fraud and Gaurav lives with the guilt.
* [[Swanandi Tikekar]] as Mukta. She is from Beed and used to love studies but left her home and studies to shift to Mumbai to earn money for her family of Mother and three younger sisters.
* [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]] as Phanindranath "Papya" Rane. He dislikes his name and hence gets called as Papya and is a known social activist. He leaves his house of Lalbaug due to accommodation issues. His best childhood friend Chandrakant (Bhapav) is attached to him. Papya is also [[Color blindness|colorblind]].
* [[Sakhi Gokhale]] as Pari Patwardhan. She is an interior designer by profession who was brought up in the safe environment by her family. She fled on her wedding day due to upcoming responsibilities and want to enjoy life.
* [[Amey Wagh]] as Sahil. He is chocolate hero of the gang. He has dated many girls and is Hotel Manager by profession. He has given up 8 jobs until he starts Khayali Pulao.

=== Recurring ===
* Vikrant Shinde as Chandrakant (Bhapav). He is Papya's childhood buddy and considers his right hand. His catchphrase is "Tumcha hukum apla ekka na bhai!".
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Captain Cook. He is a strict army chef who joins Khayali Pulao on Sahil's recommendations. He earlier used to get annoyed by the gang, but later gets used to them. He leaves Khayali Pulao when Mukta defeats him in the Pithla Bhakri Challenge.
* [[Anand Kale]] as Shirish Pradhan, Sahil's father.
* Meera Joshi as Jonita, Thapa's daughter. She is an NRI. Due to her beauty, Sahil, Gaurav, and Papya have a crush on her.
* Dhawal Pokle as Cyrus Govitrikar, Bawa and Sandhya's son; Savi's twin brother.
* Aarti More as Savitri Govitrikar, Bawa and Sandhya's daughter; Cyrus's twin sister.
* Ajinkya Joshi as Firoj Balsara, Bawa and his first wife's son.
* Vijay Patwardhan as Pari's father.
* Shraddha Pokhrankar as Urmila.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10235710}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/dil-dosti-dobara/0-6-306 ''Dil Dosti Dobara''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

Tamal Dey

2026-01-24T05:11:04Z

OnitaCrespo4: started new article - done

{{Short description|Indian mathematician and computer scientist (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Tamal Krishna Dey, Ohio State University.jpg|thumb|Tamal K. Dey at the [[Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach|MFO]], 2012]]
'''Tamal Krishna Dey''' (born 1964){{r|born}} is an Indian mathematician and computer scientist specializing in [[computational geometry]] and [[computational topology]]. He is a professor at [[Purdue University]].{{r|purfac}}

==Education and career==
Dey graduated from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1985, with a bachelor's degree in electronics. He earned a master's degree from the [[Indian Institute of Science Bangalore]] in 1987, and completed his Ph.D. at [[Purdue University]] in 1991.{{r|cv}} His dissertation, ''Decompositions of Polyhedra in Three Dimensions'', was supervised by [[Chandrajit Bajaj]].{{r|mg}}

After postdoctoral research with [[Herbert Edelsbrunner]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]], Dey joined the Purdue faculty in 1992. He moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1994, and moved to the computer science and engineering department at [[Ohio State University]] in 1999. At Ohio State, he obtained a courtesy appointment in the department of mathematics in 2015.{{r|cv}} He became the interim chair of the computer science department at Ohio State in 2019, before moving to Purdue in 2020.{{r|cv}}{{r|purfac}}

==Contributions==
Dey is known for proving the tightest-known [[upper bound]]s on the [[K-set (geometry)|{{mvar|k}}-set problem]]{{r|cg42}} and for his work on [[3D reconstruction]] and [[computational topology]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

He is the author of the book ''Curve and Surface Reconstruction: Algorithms with Mathematical Analysis'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006).{{r|csr}}
With Siu-Wing Cheng and [[Jonathan Shewchuk]], he is the co-author of ''Delaunay Mesh Generation'' (CRC Press, 2012).{{r|dmg}}

==Recognition==
Dey was elected as an [[ACM Fellow]] in 2018 for "contributions to computational geometry and computational topology".{{r|facm}} He is also a fellow of the [[IEEE]].{{r|cv}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=born>Birth year from [http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2006041302.html Library of Congress catalog entry], retrieved 2018-12-06.</ref>

<ref name=cg42>{{citation
| last1 = Mitchell | first1 = Joseph S. B. | author1-link = Joseph S. B. Mitchell
| last2 = O'Rourke | first2 = Joseph | author2-link = Joseph O'Rourke (professor)
| doi = 10.1142/S0218195901000651
| issue = 5
| journal = International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications
| mr = 1862888
| pages = 573–582
| title = Computational geometry column 42
| volume = 11
| year = 2001| arxiv = cs/0001025
}}</ref>

<ref name=csr>{{citation
| last = Sottile | first = Matthew J.
| date = March 2010
| doi = 10.1145/1753171.1753178
| issue = 1
| journal = ACM SIGACT News
| page = 24
| title = Review of ''Curve and Surface Reconstruction: Algorithms with Mathematical Analysis''
| volume = 41| s2cid = 22437904
}}</ref>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/tamaldey/cv.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>

<ref name=purfac>{{citation|url=https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/tamaldey/|title=Purdue Computer Science Department Faculty List|accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>

<ref name=dmg>{{citation|title=Review of ''Delaunay Mesh Generation''|journal=Mathematical Reviews|first=Alexander|last=Bihlo|mr=3156288}}</ref>

<ref name=facm>{{citation|url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2018/december/fellows-2018|title=2018 ACM Fellows Honored for Pivotal Achievements that Underpin the Digital Age|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|id=81852}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/tamaldey/ Home page]
*{{Google Scholar id|k7VhUnAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Tamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Researchers in geometric algorithms]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]

2019 Indian general election in Goa

2026-01-10T03:40:52Z

OnitaCrespo4: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Indian lower house election in Goa}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2019 Indian general election in Goa
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2014 Indian general election in Goa
| previous_year = 2014
| next_election = 2024 Indian general election in Goa
| next_year = 2024
| election_date = 23 April 2019
| seats_for_election = 2 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| last_election1 = 2
| seats1 = 1
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1
| percentage1 = 51.19%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rahul Gandhi speaking (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election2 = 0
| seats2 = 1
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1
| percentage2 = 42.92%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 6.3%
| map_image = [[File:2019 Indian general election in Goa.png|300px]]
| map_size =
| map_caption = 2019 Indian general election in [[Goa]]
| leader1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| leader2 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| leader3 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| alliance3 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=CM Arvind Kejriwal Official Portrait.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=08}}
| last_election3 = 0
| party3 = Aam Aadmi Party
| percentage3 = 3.01%
| seats3 = 0
| seat_change3 = {{nochange}}
| swing3 = {{increase}} 3%
| turnout = 75.14% ({{decrease}} 1.92%)
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2019 Indian general election]] was held in [[India]] between April and May 2019 to constitute the [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|title=General election will be held in 2019 as per schedule, says Rajnath Singh|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2018-09-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==
==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Shripad Naik]]
|2
|-

|}

==={{legend2|{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}}}[[United Progressive Alliance]]===
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|2
|-
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg|50px]]
|[[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|2
|-
|}

== Candidates ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
!colspan="3"|[[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]
!colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|'''AAP''']]
|-
! 1
| [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shripad Naik]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Girish Chodankar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Dattatray Padgoankar
|-
! 2
| [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Narendra Sawaikar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Francisco Sardinha]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Elvis Gomes
|-
|}

== Results ==
===Results by Party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 4,36,650
| 51.18
| {{decrease}} 2.27
| 2
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,66,158
| 42.92
| {{increase}} 6.35
| 2
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| 25,647
| 3.01
| {{decrease}} 0.31
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 4,572
| 0.54
| {{steady}}
| 2
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 7,677
| 0.45
| {{decrease}} 1.65
| 4
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 12,499
| 1.46
| {{increase}} 0.22
| 2
| {{steady}}
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 8,53,203
! 100%
! -
! 12
! 2
! -
|}

===Detailed Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="eciturnout">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-and-phase-2-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ Final voter turnout of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019], The Election Commission of India (20 April 2019, updated 4 May 2019)</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
|[[Shripad Naik]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,44,844
|57.12
|[[Girish Chodankar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,64,597
|38.40
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|80,247
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|18.72
|-
!2
|[[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,01,561
|47.47
|[[Narendra Sawaikar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,91,806
|45.18
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,755
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.30
|-
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Goa ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan="4"|1
|rowspan="4"|Shripad Yesso Naik
|rowspan="4"|North Goa
|MoS (I/C)
|Ministry of AYUSH
|rowspan="2"|31 May 2019
|rowspan="2"|7 July 2021
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|MoS
|Ministry of Defence
|-
|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
|rowspan="2"|7 July 2021
|rowspan="2"|9 June 2024
|-
|Ministry of Tourism
|-
|}

==Assembly Segment wise leads==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan = "2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan = "2" |[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022 Vidhan Sabha Elections]]
! colspan = "2" |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]] [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] wise
! colspan = "1" rowspan="2" |Change
|-
! Seats
! Vote%
! Seats
! Vote%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|20
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|32.5%
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|26
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white"|51.2%
| {{increase}}7
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white"|11
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white"|28.4%
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white"|14
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white"|42.9%
| {{decrease}}6
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|2
|6.7%
|0
|3.01%
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Indian general election, 2019}}
{{Goan elections}}

{{India-election-stub}}
[[Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory|Goa]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Goa]]
[[Category:2010s in Goa]]

Sringa

2025-12-22T04:04:57Z

OnitaCrespo4: added info

{{Short description|Ancient Indian musical instrument}}
{{redirect|tutari|the Marathi language poem|tutari (poem)}}
[[File:Ranasringa_MET_89.4.161_slide.jpg|thumb|Ranasringa, India (c.1880)]]
The '''Sringa''', also known as '''tutari''', '''ranasringa''', '''blowhorn''', '''sig''', '''singa''', '''kurudutu''', '''gaali-kommu''' or '''kombu''', is an ancient Indian musical instrument. It is a type of horn [[wind instrument]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= Das|first= Mohua|date=24 November 2019|title=Sena's in the cold, but the tutari, written off many times, may still resonate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/senas-in-the-cold-but-the-tutari-written-off-many-times-may-still-resonate/articleshow/72205901.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

==Construction==
There are two shape types of bugles, one made in "S" shape, and the other in "C" shape. Material was originally made of animal horn, and of metal.

==Playing==
The tutari in [[Maharashtra]], has survived not just because of its connections to royal traditions, but as a current political symbol. The instrument is also executed in [[South India]], in [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]]. It is played for festivals, and in ritual performances known as [[kshetram vadyam]]. It is also played for marriages and in military music.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last= Lalitha|first= M|date=19 February 2017|title=The tutari's sound is a signal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-tutaris-sound-is-a-signal/article23512041.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>

==See also==
*[[Kombu (instrument)]]
*[[Ransingha]]. A similar instrument sharing common origin. C-shaped or S-shaped.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[[Stanley Sadie|S. Sadie]], ''The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments'', Macmillan Publishers, London, 1985.
{{Brass instruments}}{{Natural horns}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan musical instruments]]
[[Category:Trumpets of Nepal]]
[[Category:Natural horns and trumpets]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express

2025-12-13T08:34:58Z

OnitaCrespo4: made some post initial version

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|12|14}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}} (DBRG)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} (RJPB)
| distance = {{convert|1445|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly.{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 13281 / 13282
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13281 / 13282 '''Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}} and {{stnlnk|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} in India. It is currently being operated with 13281/13282 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ten-trains-cancelled-from-march-30-to-april-5/articleshow/57831082.cms | title=Ten trains cancelled from March 30 to April 5 | first=Kumod | last=Verma | date=26 March 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=28 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://allindiaroundup.com/india/man-exposed-the-indian-railways-catering-scam/ This Man Exposed The Indian Railways Catering Scam With 1 Facebook Post Which Left Everyone IN Shock!]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=sep3015/city057 | title=New train timings to make space for freight | date=30 September 2015 | newspaper=Assam Tribune | accessdate=28 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=671&did=1404189124339A9B8CF69BC45BB4464EF006067E103EE.web107 TRAINS DIVERTED / CANCELLED DUE TO ELEPHANT DASHING]</ref>

== Service==

The 13281/Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 1445 km in 31h 30m. The 13282/Rajendra Nagar (Patna)–Dibrugarh Weekly Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 1445 km in 31h 30m.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

'''ASSAM'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}}'''
* {{stnlnk|New Tinsukia Junction}}
* [[Duliajan]]
* [[Naharkatiya]]
* [[Namrup]]
* {{stnlnk|Simaluguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mariani Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Furkating Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Diphu}}
* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hojai}}
* {{rws|Chaparmukh}}
* [[Jagiroad]]
* '''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}'''
* [[Goalpara]]
* '''{{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}

'''NAGALAND'''
* {{stnlnk|Dimapur}}

'''WEST BENGAL'''
* {{rws|New Alipurduar}}
* {{rws|New Cooch Behar Junction}}
* {{rws|Mathabhanga}}
* {{rws|Jalpaiguri Road}}
* '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''

'''BIHAR'''
* {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Mansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Begusarai}}
* {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 1 AC III Tier Economy
* 1 Pantry car
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General
* 2 Head-on Generation

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3D]] twins diesel locomotive from {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} to {{rws|New Tinsukia Junction}} and from {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} to {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} the train is hauled by [[WAP-7]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 12395/12396 [[Ziyarat Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station]]
* [[New Tinsukia Junction railway station]]
* [[Dibrugarh-Chandigarh Express]]
* [[Ziyarat Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22630 13281/Dibrugarh - Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22266 13282/Rajendra Nagar - Dibrugarh Weekly Express] India Rail Info

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Tinsukia-Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Tinsukia]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

H. Y. Sharada Prasad

2025-10-22T17:45:57Z

OnitaCrespo4: new new entry...

{{short description|Indian civil servant, journalist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = H. Y. Sharada Prasad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|09|02|1924|04|15}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| restingplace = Dayanand Muktidham Crematorium, Delhi
| occupation = Civil servant Writer Journalist
| known for = Association with [[Indira Gandhi]]
| parents = Holenarasipura Yoganarasimham Saraswathy
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/hysharadaprasad H Y Sharada Prasad]
}}
'''Holenarasipur Yoganarasimham Sharada Prasad''' (15 April 1924 – 2 September 2008) was an Indian civil servant, journalist and writer, best known as the media adviser to [[Indira Gandhi]], former Prime Minister of India.<ref name="H.Y. Sharada Prasad: A man synonymous with Indira Gandhi">{{cite web | url=http://twocircles.net/2008sep02/h_y_sharada_prasad_man_synonymous_indira_gandhi.html#.V0h5ppF97IU | title=H.Y. Sharada Prasad: A man synonymous with Indira Gandhi | publisher=Two Circles | date=2 September 2008 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> He also served as the media adviser to Rajiv Gandhi, during Rajiv's tenure as the Indian Prime Minister.<ref name="Sharada Prasad dead" />

==Background and personal life==
Born in [[Bangalore]] on 15 April 1924, he was given the personal name "Sharada Prasad" by his parents.<ref name="167 Deceased Ancestors">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribalpages.com/family-tree/shobha | title=167 Deceased Ancestors | publisher=Tribal Pages | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916194126/http://www.tribalpages.com/family-tree/shobha | url-status=dead }}</ref> His family hailed from the town of [[Holenarasipura]] in [[Hassan district]] of present-day Karnataka state, and his father's name was Yoganarasimham. Therefore, according to the naming convention prevalent in Karnataka, his full name became "Holenarasipura Yoganarasimham Sharada Prasad" or "H.Y. Sharada Prasad."

Sharada Prasad was born into an educated south Indian [[Mulukanadu|Mulukanadu Brahmin]] family whose mother-tongue is [[Telugu language|Telugu]] but Kannadigas in true sense and have been settled in [[Holenarasipura]] in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] for at least a couple of centuries. His father, Holenarasipura Yoganarasimham, was a school master, while his mother Saraswathy, was a home-maker. Sharada Prasad was the eldest of their nine children.<ref name="The curious votary of free press">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/narayan-dutt-memorial-lectures/article6887094.ece | title=The curious votary of free press | publisher=The Hindu | date=12 February 2015 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> Among his brothers was the noted botanist, the late Professor [[H.Y. Mohan Ram]], who was the father of [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]'s [[Rahul Ram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Doyen of Indian botanists no more|work=The Tribune India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|author=Chandrabhaal Tripathi|date=22 June 2018|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621233520/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharada Prasad was educated mainly in Bangalore. He then started his career as a journalist at the [[Indian Express Group]] and later joined the Publications Division of the Government of India as an assistant editor. Later, he served as the editor of ''Yojana'', the official journal of the [[Planning Commission of India]]. His stint as the editor of the journal was reported to have brought him to Indira Gandhi's notice, and she invited him to join her staff as the media adviser.<ref name="Sharada Prasad dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sharada-prasad-dead/article1331229.ece | title=Sharada Prasad dead | publisher=The Hindu | date=3 September 2008 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

During his tenure with Indira Gandhi, Sharada Prasad was known to have assisted in the establishment of two notable institutions, the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] and the [[National Institute of Design]].<ref name="Lessons He Won't Be Giving Anymore">{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/lessons-he-wont-be-giving-anymore/238445 | title=Lessons He Won't Be Giving Anymore | publisher=Outlook India | date=22 September 2008 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1999, for his contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sharada Prasad died, aged 84, on 2 September 2008, due to age-related illnesses, survived by his wife and two sons.<ref name="Sharada Prasad dead" /> His life has been documented in his memoirs, ''A Window on the Wall''<ref name="A Window on the Wall">{{cite book | title=A Window on the Wall | publisher=Navakarnataka Publications | author=Sharada Prasad H Y | year=2010 | pages=130 | isbn=9788184671360}}</ref> and a series of newspaper articles under the title, ''The Book I Won't Be Writing''.<ref name="Lessons He Won't Be Giving Anymore" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
* [[National Institute of Design]]
* [[Inna Rammohan Rao]]
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.heraldofindia.com/article.php?id=377 | title=Indira Gandhi I knew | publisher=The Herald of India | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016 | author=Ravi Visvesvaraya Prasad}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, H. Y. Sharada}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Chandramohan S

2025-09-18T08:53:26Z

OnitaCrespo4: adding some stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

'''Chandramohan Sathyanathan''' (born {{circa}} 1988) is an Indian poet. He resides in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and has primarily been part of the contemporary Indian English poetry scene. He trained as an engineer. Chandramohan's poetry covers a range of themes, with a particular emphasis on issues related to [[Caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]], gender surveillance, and political activism. His poems often draw inspiration from historical events and contemporary movements, providing a unique perspective on the marginalized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-01 |title=A Retrospective of Concern for Human Values: Letters to Namdeo Dhasal by Chandramohan S - Different Truths |url=https://www.differenttruths.com/governance/politics/a-retrospective-of-concern-for-human-values-letters-to-namdeo-dhasal-by-chandramohan-s/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Claiming the English language as a Dalit poet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/claiming-the-english-language-as-a-dalit-poet-7277032/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

One of Chandramohan's notable poems, "Killing Shambuka," draws parallels between the discrimination faced by Dalit students in higher education institutions and the myth of Shambuka. Another poem, "Love in the Time of CCTV-I," critiques the surveillance society and its impact on personal relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verse Affairs: Understanding Caste, Language and Solidarities Through Chandramohan's Poetry |url=https://thewire.in/caste/verse-affairs-understanding-caste-language-and-solidarities-through-chandramohans-poetry |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2016, [[The Outlook Magazine|Outlook Magazine]] listed him as the Dalit Achiever of the Year, acknowledging his efforts in promoting subaltern cultural awareness in Kerala. He is also a part of the P. K. Rosi Foundation (after the pioneering Dalit actress [[P. K. Rosy|P. K. Rosi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokhale |first=Tanay |date=2024-01-16 |title=Matwaala Centers Dalit Voices In Latest Virtual Reading |url=http://indiacurrents.com/matwaala-centers-dalit-voices-in-latest-virtual-reading/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=India Currents |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Poetry collections and awards ==
Chandramohan is the author of several poetry collections, including "Warscape Verses" (2014), "Love after Babel" which won the Nicholas Guillen Outstanding book award (2020) from the [[Caribbean Philosophical Association]] and "Letters to Namdeo Dhasal" (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=रावत |first=Vidya Bhushan Rawat विद्या भूषण |date=2016-10-26 |title=An enlightened Indian’s poetry |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/10/an-enlightened-indians-poetry/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHANDRAMOHAN S |url=https://www.saaganthology.com/author/chandramohan-s |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=SAAG |language=en}}</ref> The latter was shortlisted for prestigious literary prizes such as the [[Srinivas Rayaprol Poetry Prize]] and the [[Harish Govind Memorial Prize]]. Both Love after Babel and Letters to Namdeo Dhasal were shortlisted for the [[Yuva Puraskar]] of the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meethal |first=Amiya |date=2021-07-20 |title=Malayali poet turns to crowdfunding to pursue studies in UK university |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Jul/20/malayali-poet-turns-to-crowdfunding-to-pursue-studies-in-uk-university-2332575.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Appa Rao

2025-09-04T00:58:54Z

OnitaCrespo4:

'''Appa Rao''' or '''Apparao''' may refer to:

* [[Gurajada Apparao]] (1862–1915), Telugu poet and writer
* [[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao]] (1915–2003), Indian politician
* [[Appa Rao Podile]] (born 1960), Indian scientist and educator
* [[Apparao M. Rao]] (fl. 2006–2016), Indian born physicist

==See also==
* {{in title|Appa Rao}}
* {{in title|Apparao}}

{{disambiguation|given name|surname}}
[[Category:Telugu given names]]

Manu River (Tripura)

2025-08-15T17:16:39Z

OnitaCrespo4:

{{Short description|River in Tripura, India and Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox river|name=Manu River|image=|native_name={{Native name|bn|মনু নদী}}|image_size=|pushpin_map=India #Bangladesh|subdivision_type1=Countries|subdivision_name1=[[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]|subdivision_type2=State(s)|subdivision_name2=[[Tripura]] [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]|subdivision_type3=District(s)|subdivision_name3=[[Unakoti District|Unakoti]] [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]]|municipality=|length={{cvt|167|km}}|subdivision_type4=Cities|subdivision_name4=[[Kailashahar]] & [[Kumarghat]]
([[India]]) [[Moulvibazar]] ([[Bangladesh]])}}
The '''Manu''' is a [[transboundary river]] in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. It originates below the Kahosib Chura of the Shakhantang Mountains in the Indian state of [[Tripura]]. Flowing north-east through [[Kumarghat]] and [[Kailashahar|Kailasahar]], the Manu passes through the [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar district]] of [[Bangladesh]] to the [[Sylhet]] Plain.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |author=Md Mahbub Murshed |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |edition=Second |chapter=Manu River |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manu_River}}</ref> Later the [[Dhalai River|Dholai River]] joins the Manu and then it flows northwest and meets the Kushiara Manumukh. It is 167 km (104 m) long, making it the longest river in Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Geography for the preparation of TPSC examinations... |url=https://tripuraexam.in/geography.php |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=tripuraexam.in}}</ref> In Tripura, it flows near the town of [[Manu, Tripura|Manu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Manu,+Bangladesh/@24.6033267,91.6999357,14.12z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sManu+River!3m4!1s0x3751999d41eb0b5b:0x7905ada8db1345cf!8m2!3d24.4299977!4d91.9499874 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Google Maps |language=en-IN}}</ref> The river has a width of 200 meters in the railway bridge area. The area of the basin is 500 square kilometres. The river flows throughout the year.<ref>Dr. Ashok Biswas, Rivers of Bangladesh, Gatidhara, Dhaka, February 2011, pp. 299-300.</ref>

== Legend ==
Some believe that a Hindu Shastrakar, Manu, used to worship Shiva on the banks of this river, hence the name of the river.<ref>Dr. Ashok Biswas, Rivers of Bangladesh, Gatidhara, Dhaka, February 2011, pp. 299-300.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rivers in Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070709110929/http://kbikramsinghfilms.com/Unnakoti.htm Kallu Kumhar Ki Unnakoti]
*[http://trpenvis.nic.in/surfacew.htm Rivers of Tripura]

{{Hydrography of Tripura}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

{{coord|24|35|N|91|44|E|display=title|region:BD_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Moulvibazar District]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sylhet Division]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}
{{Sylhet-geo-stub}}
{{Bangladesh-river-stub}}

[[es:Río Manu]]

Polonnaruwa period

2025-07-27T10:28:35Z

OnitaCrespo4:

{{Short description|Period in Sri Lankan history}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name = Polonnaruwa period
| start = 1017
| end = 1232
| image = File:Relief of Parakramabahu in Polonnaruwa.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Statue of Parakramabahu I]]
| before = [[Anuradhapura period]]
| including = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chola rule in Sri Lanka|Chola conquest]]
* [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]]}}
| after = [[Transitional period of Sri Lanka|Transitional period]]
| monarch = {{Plainlist|
* [[House of Vijayabahu]]
* [[House of Kalinga]]
* [[Lokissara]]
* [[Parakrama Pandyan II]]
* [[Kalinga Magha]]}}
| leaders =
}}
{{Main|History of Sri Lanka|Kingdom of Polonnaruwa}}
{{History of Sri Lanka}}

The '''Polonnaruwa period''' was a period in the history of [[Sri Lanka]] from 1017, after the [[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura]] and when the center of administration was moved to [[Polonnaruwa]], to the end of the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] in 1232.

The [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] was the second major [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] kingdom of Sri Lanka. It lasted from 1055 under [[Vijayabahu I]] until 1212 under the rule of [[Lilavati of Sri Lanka|Lilavati]]. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa came after the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]], which was invaded by [[Chola]] forces under [[Rajaraja I]]. It also followed the [[Kingdom of Ruhuna]], in which the Sinhalese Kings ruled during Chola occupation.

==Overview==
Periodization of Sri Lanka history:
{{Smalldiv|{{Sri Lankan history overview}}}}

==Political history==
===Chola conquest (1017–1070)===
{{Main|Chola conquest of Anuradhapura}}

[[File:Vijayabahu I's battle plan.png|thumb|left|Vijayabāhu I sent three armies to attack Polonnaruwa. One was sent along the western shore to Mahatittha and Polonnaruwa, another from the east across Magama and the third and main force across Mahiyangana.]]

A partial consolidation of Chola power in [[Rajarata]] had succeeded the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in Polonnaruva and in the emporium of Mahatittha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana were incorporated into the Chola Empire.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=199–200}} As per the Sinhalese chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=199–200}} But the south of the island, which lacked large an prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation, was never really consolidated by the Chola. Thus, under Rajendra, Chola predatory expansion in Sri Lanka began to reach a point of diminishing returns.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda V's crown, queen, daughter, vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=199–200}} After the death of Mahinda V the [[Sinhalese monarchy]] continued to rule from Rohana until the Sinhalese kingdom was re-established in the north by [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabāhu I]]. Mahinda V was succeeded by his son [[Kassapa VI]] (1029–1040).{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=741}}{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}

===High Polonnaruwa period (1055–1196)===
[[File:Relief of Parakramabahu in Polonnaruwa.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Statue of Parakramabahu I|statue]] traditionally held to be of Parākramabāhu the Great]]

Following a [[Sinhalese Resistance|long war of liberation]] [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabāhu I]] successfully expelled the Cholas out of Sri Lanka as Chola determination began to gradually falter. Vijayabāhu possessed strategic advantages, even without a unified "national" force behind him. A prolonged war of attrition was of greater benefit to the Sinhalese than to the Cholas. After the accession of [[Virarajendra Chola]] (1063–1069) to the Chola throne, the Cholas were increasingly on the defensive, not only in Sri Lanka, but also in peninsular India, where they were hard-pressed by the attacks of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] from the Deccan.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=81-2}} Vijayabāhu launched a successful two-pronged attack upon Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, when he could finally establish a firm base in southern Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura quickly fell and Polonnaruva was captured after a prolonged siege of the isolated Chola forces.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=82}} Virarajendra Chola was forced to dispatch an expedition from the mainland to recapture the settlements in the north and carry the attack back into Rohana, in order to stave off total defeat. What had begun as a profitable incursion and occupation was now deteriorating into desperate attempts to retain a foothold in the north. After a further series of indecisive clashes the occupation finally ended in the withdrawal of the Cholas. By 1070 when Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabāhu I, he had reunited the country for the first time in over a century.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=57}}{{sfn|Lambert|2014}}{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=82}}

Vijayabāhu I (1055–1110), descended from, or at least claimed to be descended from the [[House of Lambakanna II]]. He crowned himself in 1055 at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa as it was more central and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]] much easier.{{sfn|Sastri|1935|p=172–173}} Aside from leading the prolonged resistance to Chola rule Vijayabāhu I proved to be outstanding in administration and economic regeneration after the war and embarked on the rehabilitation of the island's [[Sri Lankan irrigation network|irrigation network]] and the resuscitation of Buddhism in the country.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=82}} Buddhism had suffered severely in the country during the Chola rule, where precedence was given to [[Shaivism|Saivite Hinduism]].{{sfn|Bokay|1966|p=93–95}} The influence of Hinduism on religion and society during this period also saw a hardening of [[Caste system in Sri Lanka|caste]] attitudes in the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=96}} Economic, social structure, art and architecture of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was a continuation and development of that of the Anuradhapura period. Internal and external trade made the kingdom more prosperous than just relying on its primarily agricultural economy.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=92}} Seafaring crafts were built in Sri Lanka and were known to have sailed as far as [[China]], some may have even been used as troop transport ships to [[Burma]]. However those used in external trade were mostly of foreign construction.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=99}} The island's importance as an important center of international trade attracted many foreign merchants, the most prominent of which were descendants of Arab traders. The south of India also hosted settlements of these Arab merchants, and they would become a dominant influence on the country's external trade, but it was by no means a monopoly.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=99}}

Upon Vijayabāhu I's death a succession dispute jeopardized the recovery from the Chola conquest. His successors proved unable to consolidate power plunging the kingdom into a [[First Polonnaruwa War of Succession|period of civil war]], from which [[Parakramabahu I|Parākramabāhu I]] (1153–1186), a closely related royal emerged.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=83}} Parākramabāhu I established control over the island and secured his recognition as Vijayabāhu's heir by obtaining the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|Tooth and bowl relics of the Buddha]], which by now had become essential to the legitimacy of royal authority in Sri Lanka.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=83}}

[[File:Royal palace.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Ruins of Parākramabāhu's royal palace at Polonnaruwa]]

By the time of the Polonnaruwa period the Sinhalese has centuries of experience in irrigation technology behind them and so the Polonnaruwa kings, especially [[Parakramabahu I|Parākramabāhu the Great]], made distinguished contributions of their own at honing these techniques to cope with the special requirements of the immense irrigation projects at the time.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=93}} Sri Lanka's irrigation network was extensively expanded during the reign of [[Parakramabahu I|Parākramabāhu the Great]].{{sfn|Herath|2002|p=19}} He built 1470 reservoirs – the highest number by any ruler in Sri Lanka's history – repaired 165 dams, 3910 canals, 163 major reservoirs, and 2376 mini-reservoirs.{{sfn|Herath|2002|p=19}} His most famous construction is the [[Parakrama Samudra]], the largest irrigation project of medieval Sri Lanka. Having re-established the political unification of the island, Parākramabāhu continued Vijayabāhu policy in keeping a tight check on separatist tendencies within the island, especially in Rohana where particularism was a deeply ingrained political tradition. Parākramabāhu faced a formidable [[Ruhuna Rebellion|rebellion in 1160]] as Rohana did not accept its loss of autonomy lightly. A [[Rajarata Rebellion|rebellion in 1168]] in Rajarata also manifested. Both were put down with great severity and all vestiges of its former autonomy purposefully eliminated. Particularism was now much less tolerated than it was during the Anuradhapura period. This new over-centralization of authority in Polonnaruwa would however work against the Sinhalese in the future and the country would eventually pay dearly as a result.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=84}}

Parākramabāhu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns – in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramanna ([[Myanmar]]) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka.{{sfn|International Lake Environment Committee|2011}}{{sfn|ParakramaBahu I: 1153 - 1186 Eighth massa|2019}} Parākramabāhu I was the last of the great ancient Sri Lankan kings.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=84}} His reign is considered as a time when Sri Lanka was at the height of its power.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=64}}{{sfn|ParakramaBahu I: 1153 - 1186 Eighth massa|2019}} Parākramabāhu had no sons, which complicated the problem of succession upon his death. Amid the [[Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession|succession crisis]] a scion of a foreign dynasty, [[Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa|Niśśaṅka Malla]] established his claims as a Prince of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]],{{NoteTag|The birthplace of [[Prince Vijaya]] and the ancestors of the Sinhalese.}} claiming to be chosen and trained for the succession by Parākramabāhu himself.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=84}} He was also either the son-in-law or nephew of Parākramabāhu.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=65}}

[[Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa|Niśśaṅka Malla]] (1187–1196) was the first monarch of the [[House of Kalinga]] and the only Polonnaruwa monarch to rule over the whole island after Parākramabāhu. His reign gave the country a brief decade of order and stability before the speedy and catastrophic break-up of the hydraulic civilisations of the dry zone.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=84}} With his death there was a renewal of political dissension, now complicated by dynastic disputes.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}} Though he and his predecessors Vijayabāhu and Parākramabāhu achieved much in state building. The conspicuous lack of restraint, especially that of Parākramabāhu, in combination with an ambitious and venturesome foreign policy, and an expensive diversion of state resources towards public works projects, sapped the strength of the country and contributed to its sudden and complete collapse.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=84}}

===Late Polonnaruwa period (1196–1232)===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| title = Polonnaruwa period (1017–1232)
| image1 = Vatadage.jpg
| caption1 = [[Polonnaruwa Vatadage]]
| image2 = උත්තරාරාමය කළු ගල නෙලා.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gal Vihara]]
| image3 = Nissanka Latha Mandapaya.jpg
| caption3 = [[Nissanka Latha Mandapaya]]
| image4 = Polonnaruwa 0305.jpg
| caption4 = Polonnaruwa Siva Devale No. 2 {{NoteTag|Considered as one of the oldest Hindu shrine in Polonnaruwa founded during Chola occupation built during 1015-1044{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=105}}}}
}}

The House of Kalinga would maintain itself in power, but only with the support of an influential faction within the country. Their survival owed much to the inability of the factions opposing them to come up with an aspirant to the throne with a politically viable claim, or sufficient durability once installed in power, therefore the House of Kalinga's hold on the throne was inherently precarious. On three occasions, the queen of Parākramabāhu, [[Lilavati of Polonnaruwa|Lilāvatī]], was raised to the throne out of desperation.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}} The factional struggle and political instability attracted the attention of South Indian adventures bent on plunder, culminating in the [[1215 invasion of Polonnaruwa|devastating campaign of pillage]] under [[Kalinga Magha|Māgha of Kalinga]] (1215–1236), claiming the inheritance of the kingdom through his kinsman who reigned before.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=67}}{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}}

Māgha, a bigoted Hindu, persecuted Buddhists, despoiling the temples and giving away lands of the Sinhalese to his followers.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=67}} His priorities in ruling were to extract as much as possible from the land and overturn as many of the traditions of [[Rajarata]] as possible. His reign saw the massive migration of the [[Sinhalese people]] to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.{{sfn|Indrapala|1969|p=16}} Māgha's rule of 21 years and its aftermath are a watershed in the history of the island, creating a new political order.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}} After his death in 1255 Polonnaruwa ceased to be the [[Capital of Sri Lanka|capital]], Sri Lanka gradually decayed in power and from then on there were two, or sometimes three rulers existing concurrently.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}}{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=87}} [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte]] (1411–1466) would be the only other Sinhalese monarch to establish control over the whole island after this period.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=85}} The [[Rajarata]], the traditional location of the Sinhalese kingdom and [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]], the previously autonomous subregion were abandoned. Two new centers of political authority emerged as a result of the fall of the Polonnaruwa kingdom.

In the face of repeated South Indian invasions the Sinhalese monarchy and people retreated into the hills of the wet zone, further and further south, seeking primarily security. The capital was abandoned and moved to [[Dambadeniya]] by [[Vijayabahu III of Dambadeniya|Vijayabāhu III]] establishing the [[Kingdom of Dambadeniya|Dambadeniya era]] of the Sinhalese kingdom.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=76}}{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=110}} A second poilitical center emerged in the north of the island where [[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|Tamil settlers]] from previous Indian incursions occupied the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] and the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]].{{NoteTag|The land between Anuradhapura and Jaffna}} Many Tamil members of invading armies, mercenaries, joined them rather than returning to India with their compatriots. By the 13th century the Tamils too withdrew from the Vanni almost entirely into the Jaffna peninsula where an independent [[Jaffna Kingdom|Tamil kingdom]] had been established.{{sfn|De Silva|2005|p=87}}{{sfn|Indrapala|1969|p=16}}

==See also==
* [[Mahavamsa]]
* [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sinhala Kingdom]]
* [[List of Sinhalese monarchs]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Main|Bibliography of Sri Lanka}}

===Primary sources===
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Oldenberg |editor1-first=Hermann |editor1-link=Hermann Oldenberg |title=The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record |date=1879 |publisher=[[Williams and Norgate]] |location=London & Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien01oldegoog/page/n5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mahānāma |last2=tr. Geiger |first2=Wilhelm |last3=tr. Bode |first3=Mabel Haynes |author-link1=Mahānāma |author-link2=Wilhelm Geiger |author-link3=Mabel Haynes Bode |title=The Mahāvaṃsa, Or, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon |date=1912 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich/page/n6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dhammakitti |last2=Ger tr. Geiger |first2=Wilhelm |last3=Eng tr. Rickmers |first3=Christian Mabel |author-link1=Dhammakitti |author-link2=Wilhelm Geiger |title=Cūḷavaṃsa: Being the More Recent Part of the Mahāvaṃsa, Part 1 |date=1929 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277108}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gunasekara |editor1-first=B. |title=The Rajavaliya: Or a Historical Narrative of Sinhalese Kings |date=1900 |publisher=George J. A. Skeen, Government Printer, Ceylon |location=Colombo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42908/page/n3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Knox |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Knox (sailor) |title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon |date=1681 |publisher=Richard Chiswell |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107116/page/n41}}
{{Refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
;Histories

*{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Henry |author-link1=Henry Parker (author) |title=Ancient Ceylon |date=1909 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13912/page/n3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Codrington |first1=H. W. |author-link1=Humphrey William Codrington |title=A Short History Of Ceylon |date=1926 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan & Co]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208024/page/n9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Senaveratna |first1=John M. |title=The Story of the Sinhalese from the Most Ancient Times Up to the End of "the Mahavansa" Or Great Dynasty: Vijaya to Maha Sena, B.C. 543 to A.D.302 |date=1930 |publisher=W. M. A. Wahid & Bros. |location=Colombo |isbn=9788120612716 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Blaze |first1=L. E. |author-link1=Louis Edmund Blaze |title=History of Ceylon |date=1933 |publisher=Christian literature society for India and Africa |location=Colombo |edition=Eighth |url=http://noolaham.net/project/45/4424/4424.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nicholas |first1=Cyril Wace |last2=Paranavitana |first2=Senerat |author-link1=Cyril Nicholas |author-link2=Senarath Paranavithana |title=A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505 |date=1961 |publisher=Ceylon University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPMnAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Deraniyagala |first1=S. U. |title=The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective |date=December 1992 |publisher=Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka |isbn=9789559159001 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DhLAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |title=A History of Sri Lanka |date=1981 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520043206 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC/page/n1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Siriweera |first1=W. I. |title=History of Sri Lanka: From Earliest Times Up to the Sixteenth Century |date=2002 |publisher=Dayawansa Jayakody & Company |isbn=9789555512572 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWhuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |title=A History of Sri Lanka |date=2005 |publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications |location=Colombo |isbn=9789558095928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWbRAqsIJgIC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Peebles |first1=Patrick |author-link1=Patrick Peebles |title=The History of Sri Lanka |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=9780313332050 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC}}

;Other Books
*{{cite book |author1=All Ceylon Buddhist Congress |author-link1=All Ceylon Buddhist Congress |title=The Betrayal of Buddhism: An Abridged Version of the Report of the Buddhist Committee of Inquiry |date=1956 |publisher=Dharmavijaya Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOG6ugEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |author1=European Association of Social Anthropologists |author-link1=European Association of Social Anthropologists |editor1-last=Schmidt |editor1-first=Bettina E. |editor2-last=Schroeder |editor2-first=Ingo W. |title=Anthropology of Violence and Conflict |date=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415229050 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-1MdUlzaUC}}
*{{cite book |author1=Institute for International Studies (Peradeniya, Sri Lanka) |editor1-last=Jayasekera |editor1-first=P. V. J. |title=Security dilemma of a small state |date=1992 |publisher=South Asian Publishers |isbn=9788170031482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajJuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Anthonisz |first1=Richard Gerald |author-link1=R. G. Anthonisz |title=The Dutch in Ceylon: An Account of Their Early Visits to the Island, Their Conquests, and Their Rule Over the Maritime Regions During a Century and a Half |date=2003 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120618459 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2mkUharg6AC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Arseculeratne |first1=S. N. |title=Sinhalese Immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860-1990: History Through Recollections |date=1991 |publisher=K.V.G. De Silva & Sons |location=Colombo |isbn=9789559112013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9NuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Aves |first1=Edward |title=Sri Lanka |date=2003 |publisher=Footprint |isbn=9781903471784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_kbgCvVm4UC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bandaranayake |first1=S. D. |title=Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura |date=1974 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=9789004039926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJM3AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bandaranayake |first1=Senaka |last2=Madhyama Saṃskr̥tika Aramudala |title=Sigiriya: city, palace, and royal gardens |date=1999 |publisher=Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural Affairs |isbn=9789556131116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bond |first1=George Doherty |title=The Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response |date=1992 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publ.]] |isbn=9788120810471 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bosma |first1=Ulbe |last2=Raben |first2=Remco |title=Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920 |date=2008 |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=9789971693732 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brohier |first1=Richard Leslie |title=The Golden Age Of Military Adventure In Ceylon 1817-1818 |date=1933 |publisher=Plâté limited |location=Colombo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66468/page/n1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michael Edward |last2=Ganguly |first2=Sumit |author-link1=Michael E. Brown |author-link2=Sumit Ganguly |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |date=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262523332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Haraprasad |title=Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788185880525 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Crusz |first1=Noel |title=The Cocos Islands Mutiny |date=2001 |publisher=[[Fremantle Press|Freemantle Arts Centre Press]] |isbn=9781863683104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTkMAAAACAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=De Silva |first1=R. Rajpal Kumar |title=Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602-1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts |date=1988 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Archive]] |isbn=9789004089792 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59AUAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dharmadasa |first1=K. N. O. |author-link1=K. N. O. Dharmadasa |title=Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=9780472102884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Garg |first1=Gaṅgā Rām |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170223757 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |author-link1=Rohan Gunaratna |title=Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis & National Security |date=1998 |publisher=South Asia Network on Conflict Research |isbn=9789558093009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpnhAAAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gunawardena |first1=Charles A. |title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd]] |isbn=9781932705485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Herath |first1=R. B. |title=Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |isbn=9781553697930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Bruce |author-link1=Bruce Hoffman |title=Inside Terrorism |date=2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=9780231126991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ayrAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=John |title=Buddha in the Crown: Avalokiteśvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka |date=1991 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195064186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=John |title=The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics |date=2011 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=9780822349822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Irons |first1=Edward A. |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |date=2008 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=9780816054596 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dxCHAAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jayasuriya |first1=J. E. |title=Education in the Third World: Some Reflections |date=1981 |publisher=Somaiya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25SfAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Keshavadas |first1=Sadguru Sant |title=Ramayana at a Glance |date=1988 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publ.]] |isbn=9788120805453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Kesavapany |first2=K. |last3=Sakhuja |first3=Vijay |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |date=2009 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812309372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Liyanagamage |first1=Amaradasa |title=The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the Rise of Dambadeniya (circa 1180 - 1270 A.D.) |date=1968 |publisher=[[Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs|Department of Cultural Affairs]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ7ZtAEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mendis |first1=Ranjan Chinthaka |title=The Story of Anuradhapura: Capital City of Sri Lanka from 377 BC - 1017 Ad |date=1999 |publisher=Lakshmi Mendis |isbn=9789559670407 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2VuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=Lennox A. |title=Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795-1932 |date=1964 |publisher=Cass |isbn=9780714620190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=J. P. |author-link1=Jai Pal Mittal |title=History Of Ancient India (a New Version)From 4250 BC To 637 AD |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126906161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mittermeier |first1=Russell A. |last2=Mittermeier |first2=Cristina Goettsch |last3=Myers |first3=Norman |author-link1=Russell Mittermeier |author-link2=Cristina Mittermeier |author-link3=Norman Myers |title=Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions |date=1999 |publisher=CEMEX |isbn=9789686397581 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqePQgAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nubin |first1=Walter |title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background |date=2002 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=9781590335734 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Perera |first1=Lakshman S. |title=The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions: From 831 to 1016 A.D., pt. 1. Political institutions |date=2001 |publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies |isbn=9789555800730 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IToaAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Paulus Edward |author-link1=Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala |title=Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658-1796 |date=1918 |publisher=American Ceylon Mission Press |location=Tellippalai |url=https://archive.org/details/ceylonhollanders00pieruoft/page/n6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ponnamperuma |first1=Senani |title=The Story of Sigiriya |date=2013 |publisher=Panique Pty, Limited |isbn=9780987345110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25zxmgEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rambukwelle |first1=P. B. |title=Commentary on Sinhala kingship: Vijaya to Kalinga Magha |date=1993 |publisher=P.B. Rambukwelle |isbn=9789559556503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WduAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sarachchandra |first1=B. S. |title=අපේ සංස්කෘතික උරුමය | trans-title = Our Cultural Heritage |date=1977 |publisher=V. P. Silva |language=Sinhala}}
*{{cite book |last1=Siriweera |first1=W. I. |title=A study of the economic history of pre-modern Sri Lanka |date=1994 |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |isbn=9780706976212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=Jonathan |author-link1=Jonathan Spencer |title=Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict |date=2002 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780203407417 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4b6xmZI_XoC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tambiah |first1=Henry Wijayakone |author-link1=Henry Thambiah |title=The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon |date=1954 |publisher=Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x5bAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tinker |first1=Hugh |title=South Asia: A Short History |date=1990 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=9780824812874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5uU2UteUpEC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wanasundera |first1=Nanda Pethiyagoda |title=Sri Lanka |date=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761414773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ts1khhfXm8C}}
*{{cite book|last1=Sastri | first1= K. A | author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | date=1935 | title= The CōĻas|edition= | publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/Colas}}

;Journals
*{{cite journal |last1=Bokay |first1=Mon |title=Relations between Ceylon and Burma in the 11th Century A.D |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |date=1966 |volume=23 |pages=93–95 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522637 |location=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/1522637 |jstor=1522637 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Deraniyagala |first1=S. U. |author-link1=Siran Upendra Deraniyagala |title=Pre- and protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka |journal=XIII U. I. S. P. P. Congress Proceedings |date=8–14 September 1996 |volume=5 |pages=277–285 |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera1.html |location=Lanka Library}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Geiger |first1=Wilhelm |author-link1=Wilhelm Geiger |title=The Trustworthiness of the Mahavamsa |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=July 1930 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=205–228 |url=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gei.htm |location=Digital Library & Museum of Buddhist Studies}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Indrapala |first1=K. |author-link1=K. Indrapala |title=Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon. |journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1969 |volume=13 |pages=43–63 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43483465 |location=JSTOR|jstor=43483465 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=K. A. R. |last2=Disotell |first2=Todd |last3=Roertgen |first3=W. J. |last4=Chiment |first4=J. |last5=Sherry |first5=J. |title=Biological anthropology of Upper Pleistocene Hominids from Sri Lanka: Batadomba Lena and Beli Lena Caves |journal=Ancient Ceylon |date=1986 |volume=6 |url=https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/biological-anthropology-of-upper-pleistocene-hominids-from-sri-la}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Paranavitana |first1=S. |title=Two Royal Titles of the Early Sinhalese, and the Origin of Kingship in Ancient Ceylon |author-link1=Senarath Paranavithana |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1936 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=443–462 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25201355 |location=JSTOR |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0007725X |jstor=25201355 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sivasundaram |first1=Sujit |title=Ethnicity, Indigeneity, and Migration in the Advent of British Rule to Sri LankaSujit SivasundaramEthnicity, Indigeneity, and Migration in the Advent of British Rule to Sri Lanka |journal=The American Historical Review |date=April 2010 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1086/ahr.115.2.428 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/115/2/428/10555 |issn=0002-8762}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=George W. |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=1976 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053272 |location=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=Chester G. |title=The Roman Emperor and the King of Ceylon. |journal=Classical Philology |date=1956 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/266383 |location=JSTOR|doi=10.1086/363981 |jstor=266383 |s2cid=161093319 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Stokke |first1=Kristian |last2=Ryntveit |first2=Anne Kirsti |title=The Struggle for Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka. Growth and Change. |journal=Growth and Change |date=2000 |volume=31 | issue = 2 |pages=285–304 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227681792 |location=ResearchGate |doi=10.1111/0017-4815.00129 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=van der Kraan |first1=Alfons |title=A Baptism of Fire: The Van Goens Mission to Ceylon and India, 1653-54 |journal=Journal of the UNE Asia Centre |date=1999 |volume=2 |pages=1–50 |url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/Alfons.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145951/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/Alfons.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-09 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Weerakkody |first1=D. P. M. |title=Sri Lanka and the Roman Empire |journal=Modern Ceylon Studies |date=1987 |volume=2 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=21–32 |url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/3125 |publisher=University of Peradeniya}}
{{refend}}

{{Polonnaruwa period topics}}
{{Sri Lanka topics}}
{{History of Asia}}

[[Category:Polonnaruwa period]]
[[Category:Ancient Sri Lanka]]

Bigg Boss Kannada (season 1)

2025-07-25T09:35:27Z

OnitaCrespo4: basic adjust information after review and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 1]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Devi Priya

2025-07-10T18:12:56Z

OnitaCrespo4:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language poet and journalist (1951–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Devi Priya
| birth_name = Shaik Khaja Hassan
| birth_date = 15 August 1951
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 21 November 2020 (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Poet, journalist, cartoonist
| notable_works = ''Gaali Rangu, Adhyakshaa Mannichandi, Gareebi Geetaalu, Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka.''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2017)
|language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Shaik Khaja Hassan''' (15 August 1951{{Spaced en dash}}21 November 2020), popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Devi Priya''', was an Indian [[Telugu-language]] poet and journalist known for his [[political satire]]. He was a recipient of the 2017 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his work ''Gaali Rangu'' (English: ''Color of the Wind''). Some of his famous works included ''Adhyakshaa Mannichandi'' (English: ''Pardon Me, President''), ''Gareebi Geetaalu'' (English: ''Songs of Poverty''), and ''Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka'' (English: ''Mother, Tree, Fish, and Parrot'').

== Early life ==
Priya was born as Shaik Khaja Hassan in [[Tadikonda]], [[Guntur district]], in the southern state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India on 15 August 1951.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Sahitya Academy award winner Shaik Khaja Hussain, popular as Devi Priya, passes away|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/221120/sahitya-academy-award-winer-shaik-khaja-hussain-popular-as-devi-priya.html|access-date=21 November 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=21 November 2020|title=Renowned Telugu poet, Sahitya Akademi Award winner Devi Priya dies|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/renowned-telugu-poet-sahitya-akademi-award-winner-devi-priya-dies-2325839.html|access-date=22 November 2020|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> He studied Telugu and English literature at the [[Andhra Christian College]] in Guntur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=21 November 2020|title=Noted writer Devipriya passes away at 69|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/noted-writer-devipriya-passes-away-at-69/article33150553.ece|access-date=22 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a journalist, Priya was known for his political satire including a running piece on current political events titled "''Running Commentary"'' in the Telugu newspaper, ''Udayam''. He later went on to provide the same commentary on local Telugu language news channels. He was also known for his satirical cartoons.<ref name=":0" /> A collection of his newspaper editorials was published as ''Adhyakshaa Mannichandi'' (English: Pardon me, President). Per ''[[The Hindu]]'', the book is considered one of the most popular books for vernacular language journalists, writers, and politicians.<ref name=":1" /> Through his career he had worked as a journalist with Telugu newspapers ''Udayam'', ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'', and ''Hyderabad Mirror'', and the English newspaper ''[[The Hans India]].<ref name=":3" />'' A statement from the Andhra Pradesh government on his death noted him as amongst the state's first and finest political commentators.<ref name=":4" />

As a poet, he was noted to bring along a fine balance between 'direct and ornamental' verse in his poetry. He drew from [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], including epics, for his poetry. Some of his famous works included ''Gareebi Geetaalu'' (English: Songs of poverty), and ''Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka'' (English: Mother, Tree, Fish, and Parrot)''.''<ref name=":0" /> He was also a lyricist for Telugu movies including the song ''"Jambal Bhari Bhari"'' for ''[[Maa Bhoomi]]'' (English: Our land) and other movies including ''[[Raguluthunna Bharatham]]'' (English: Raging India) and ''Pallaki'' (English: Palanquin).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Telugu poet-journalist Devi Priya passes away at 71 in Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/nov/21/telugu-poet-journalistdevi-priya-passes-away-at-71-in-hyderabad-2226239.html|access-date=22 November 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 November 2020 }}</ref> His versatility in themes across his works had him be compared with classical Telugu writer and poet [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]].<ref name=":2" />

He had also produced a full-length English language documentary, ''Music of a Battle,'' based on the life of balladeer and activist [[Gaddar]].<ref name=":1" />

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2017 for his collection of poems ''Gaali Rangu'' (English: Color of the Wind).<ref name=":0" /> He also received a [[UNICEF]] award for his documentary film script for saving the girl child.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Priya was married and had a son and a daughter.<ref name=":2" /> He died on 21 November 2020 at the [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] in Hyderabad after a brief illness.<ref name=":0" /> He was aged 69.<ref name=":1" /> He was suffering from [[diabetes]] and had one of his legs amputated earlier in the month after a [[gangrene]] infection.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=21 November 2020|title=Devi Priya, celebrated poet and Sahitya Akademi award winner, passes away|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/devi-priya-celebrated-poet-and-sahitya-akademi-award-winner-passes-away-138140|access-date=22 November 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Books ===
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://kinige.com/author/Devipriya|title=Devipriya {{!}} Authors {{!}} Home – తెలుగు పుస్తకాలు Telugu books – Kinige}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pavan|first=P|date=21 November 2020|title=Telugu poet, journalist Devi Priya passes away in Hyderabad|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/telugu-poet-journalist-devi-priya-passes-away-in-hyderabad/articleshow/79337700.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203143801/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/telugu-poet-journalist-devi-priya-passes-away-in-hyderabad/articleshow/79337700.cms |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=22 November 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* ''Gaali Rangu''
* Running Commentary
* ''Aranya Puranam''
* ''Poornamma''
* ''Adhyakshaa Mannichandi''
* ''Inko Appudu''
* ''Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka''
* ''Neeti Putta''
* ''Chepa Chiluka''
* ''Tuphanu Tummeda''
* ''Gareebu Geetaalu''
* ''Samajananda Svaami''
{{div col end}}

=== Movies (as a lyricist) ===
Source(s):<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1" />
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Maa Bhoomi]]''
* ''[[Raguluthunna Bharatham]]''
* ''Rangula Kala''
* ''Pallaki''
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priya, Devi}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Telugu-language journalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]

Vaikuntam Queue Complex

2025-07-02T09:27:47Z

OnitaCrespo4: fix

{{Short description|Queue management facility in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Tirumala overview.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] with the Vaikuntham Queue Complex in the foreground recognizable as the semicircular building]]
'''Vaikuntham Queue Complex''' is a facility used in [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], [[Tirumala]] by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD) for queue management. The complex serves as the entry point for all darshans and there are very few exceptions.

==History==
The mid-1970s saw a sudden spike in the pilgrim inflow to the temple with rapid improvements in access to Tirupati and Tirumala. TTD added hundreds of cottages on the hills in Tirumala but could not address the crowd management fully. With the lack of infrastructure to hold pilgrims, the temple witnessed serpentine queues outside the temple and during peak season circling the 4 ''mada'' streets. TTD under the leadership of Sri P.V.R.K. Prasad (Executive Officer) and [[B.Nagi Reddy]] (Chairman, Board of Trustees) planned for a queue complex system that could hold 14,000 people as a solution for crowd management.<ref name="TTD condoles B.Nagi Reddy">{{cite web|title=TTD condoles B.Nagi Reddy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022709540300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-02-27|access-date=18 April 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Work began in 1980 and was completed in 1983. The then Chief Minister [[N. T. Rama Rao]] inaugurated the facility in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |first=N. | last=Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|location=Tirumala}}</ref>

Modifications were made to the queue complex by additional rooms on the north western side of the temple in 1985 but those have been removed and replaced by a second queue complex in 2000 that is located down the road from the first queue complex.

At present, Queue complex-1 (old) caters to all Arjita Seva, Special Darshan (Paid Darshan), ''Cellar Ticket'' ticket holders. Pilgrims opting for ''Sarvadarshan'' (free entrance) are sent through Queue complex-2 (new).

==Queue Complex==
[[File:South Mada Street.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Bridge connecting Queue complex to Temple. Temple is on the right side of the photo and the steps to reach the Queue complex (not seen here) is seen at the front left side of the photo]]
The Vaikuntham Queue complex is a semicircular building and opens into a garden maintained by TTD. The complex is situated on the southwest corner of the temple and is separated from the temple by the ''South Mada Street''. The building has three levels in total and there are 19 halls in each level. Each hall has two doors - one for allowing pilgrims into the hall and the other for pilgrims to exit the hall and enter the corridor leading to the temple. The corridors connect to the southeast end of the temple by an overhead bridge. After the descent, the pilgrims turn around the corner and enter the temple through the main ''[[gopuram]]''. To ensure pilgrims entering the temple for various activities are allowed at the same time, there are 2 queues and attendants inside the gopuram route the pilgrims appropriately.

==Features==
===Basic Facilities===
Inside the holding areas and rooms, TTD provides free food, fresh milk as well as medical aid facilities. Sanitary needs are also taken care of. Each compartment is provided with LED TV telecasting [[SVBC TV|Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel(SVBC)]], a TTD-owned Devotional channel.

===Security===
The entrance to the Vaikuntham Queue complex is staffed by Police, security and temple officials. For Arjita Seva ticket holders, the tickets are checked manually before allowing pilgrims inside the complex. Various sign boards indicate the location of the room where pilgrims need to report for their darshan or seva. Outside the room, the ticket is checked along with the fingerprints and (as necessary) face matches with the biometric data provided at the time of ticket purchase. Just before entering the temple, there is a baggage scanner to check bags carried inside the temple. Pilgrims are asked to exit the queue complex and deposit mobile phones and cameras, if present - a scenario that could delay ''[[Darśana|darshan]]''. Inside the queue complex as well as in the temple (leading right to the sanctum sanctorum), TTD has installed security cameras to oversee pilgrims' movements.

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}{{Tirupati topics}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tirupati]]

Rabkavi Banhatti

2025-06-21T11:18:51Z

OnitaCrespo4: general cleanup details for clarity and added references per sources

{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rabakavi Banhatti
| native_name = ರಬಕವಿ ಬನಹಟ್ಟಿ
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Taluk Rabkavi - Banahatti
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Rabakavi Banahatti Taluk Village COVID Map.pdf
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rabakavi Banahatti Taluk Map
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.47|N|75.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Taluk Rabkavi - Banahatti
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = Rabkavi -Banahatti
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 15.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 550
| population_total = 77,004
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 1
| population_density_km2 = 5619.
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=640262|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 587311, 587314
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08353
| registration_plate = KA 48(Jamakhandi RTO)
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Taluk Rabkavi -Banahatti
}}
'''Rabkavi Banhatti''' is a town situated on the bank of River Krishna. It was declared a taluka by Karnataka State Govt. on 15 March 2017 and it became operational from 01-Jan-2018. It comes under [[Jamkhandi]] subdivision. It has a city municipal council in the [[Bagalkot district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It forms twin city along with [[Rabakavi]], Rampur and Hosur. It is a hub of the [[textile]] business for the surrounding districts.

Rabkavi Banhatti is located about 18 km to the west of [[Jamkhandi]] subdivision. The town area comprises four places: Rabkavi, Banhatti, Hosur and Rampur. In 1952, the municipalities of Rabkavi and Banhatti were merged into one municipality. The place is very famous for its [[power loom|power-loom]]ed and [[hand loom|hand-loom]]ed [[sari|sarees]]. Rabkavi-Banhatti has more than 22000 power looms which is one of the highest in Karnataka.

The 28th [[Kannada Sahithya Sammelana]] was held in Rabakavi in 1944, under the presidency of Shi.Shi. Basavanala. {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The famous [[temple]]s of the town are Shri Mahadev temple, Danamma Devi Temple (Rabkavi), Shri Shankarling temple, Shri Gurudeva Brahmanandam Ashram and Shri Kadasiddeshwara temple (Banhatti). A fair is conducted every Shravan Maasa in Rabkavi and Bhadrapada Maasa in Banhatti.

==Demographics==

[[File:Jamkhandi Taluk.jpg|thumb|left|Jamkhandi Taluk Map before creation of Terdal and Rabkavi-Banhatti Taluk]]
[[File:Jamkhandi Taluk ZP Constituency Map.jpg|thumb|left|Jamkhandi Taluk ZP Constituency Map before creation of Terdal and Rabkavi-Banhatti Taluk]]
Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Rabkavi Banhatti has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 49%. In Rabkavi Banhatti, 13% of the population was under 6 years of age.

Travel from Banhatti to Bengaluru takes around 13 hours by train and 17–18 hours by bus.

==Economy==
Banahatti has a co-operative spinning mill named 'Banahatti Co-operative Spinning Mill Ltd., Banahatti,' established in 1983-84 that operating on its own funds. It runs all year generating jobs to many unemployed people. The main occupation of the people in Banhatti is the manufacturing of sarees and the allied activities like saree folding, dyeing, yarn rolling, etc.

The weaving business has recently experienced a growth larger than ever in history; sarees being produced are sent to bigger markets like [[Bangalore]], [[Dharwad]], [[Mangalooru]], [[Gulbarga]] and also to [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]].

==Education==
There are many schools and colleges in Rabkavi Banhatti. Some of the famous School and colleges are Basaveshwar Kannada Medium School, S.R.A Composite PU College, Banahatti and Sri M V Pattan, College in Rabkavi. which is situated in Banhatti, Konnur and Science PU College in Yallatti. Other popular schools situated nearby are Poorna Prajna English Medium School - Rampur, Jnyanodaya English Medium School - Rampur, Padmavati International School - Rabkavi.

==Culture==
Sri Kadasidhheshwar Temple is the main temple of the town and considered as "Town God." A fair called 'Banhatti Jatre' is conducted yearly in the month of September or October. A part of enthusiastic celebrations during the fair is the lighting of the fire crackers. The other temples are namely Sri Mallikarjuna Temple, Hanuman Temple, Veerbhadreshwar Temple, Yallamma Temple, Sri Basaveshwar Temple, Kali Temple, Lakshmi Temple and many more.

Banahatti has three theaters namely Vaibhav, Shringar and Mallikarjun theatres.
Government
Rabkavi-Banahatti is one of 57 Karnataka cities in the Nirmala Nagara - Municipal eGovernance project. On 15 August 2005, each of the cities got a comprehensive website as well as the Public Grievance & Redressal module. Other important modules launched are Property Tax, Financial Accounting, GIS Mapping, Birth & Death Certification, and Ward Works. Nirmala Nagara project is a partnership between the Urban Development Dept, eGovernments Foundation & Survey of India. These computer-based systems coupled with government process re-engineering and GIS digital mapping will provide transparency and accountability and smoother delivery of services to citizens of Karnataka.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bagalkot district]]

Ācārakkōvai

2025-05-04T22:20:32Z

OnitaCrespo4: started stub

{{Sangam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Acharakkovai''' ({{langx|ta|ஆசாரக்கோவை}}) is a poetic work of [[didactic]] nature belonging to the [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]] (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of [[Tamil literature]]. This belongs to the 'post [[Sangam period|Sangam]] period' corresponding to between 600 and 900 CE.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} ''Acharakkovai'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Peruvaayin Mulliyaar. The poems of ''Acharakkovai'' are written in the [[Venpa]] meter.

==Literature==
''Acharakkovai'' literally translates to "the garland of right conduct" of a [[Saiva]] author, Kayatturp Peruvayil Mulliyar. ''Acharakkovai'' shows influences of [[Sanskrit]] literature and hence believed to be of a later period than the other poems in the ''Pathinenkilkanakku'' anthology. The instructions in ''Acharakkovai'' are concerned with personal ritual and the correct method to follow.<ref name="T.K."/> The work has 100 stanzas in ''venpa'' meter and is a collection of moral exhortations, ritual observances and customs that are considered proper and correct.<ref name="Zvelebi124">Zvelebil 1974, p. 124</ref> 8 poems (1, 10, 27, 36, 46, 55, 56, 100) follow ''patrodai venpa'' (''venpa'' having lines of five), 52 poems (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99) follow ''innisai chithial venpa'' (''venpa'' with 3 lines), 33 poems (2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 43, 44, 47, 50, 53, 57, 58, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 94, 95, 96) follow ''innisai venpa'' (''venpa'' with 4 lines), 1 poem (33) follows ''kural venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of 2), 1 poem (16) follows ''cavalai venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of four) and remaining 5 poems (37, 79, 80, 85, 92) follow ''nerisai venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of four).<ref name="Mulliyar">Mulliyar, p. 2-15</ref>

==Morals==
The book is rich in etiquette and taboos, which are classificatory of any literature teaching morals.

===Etiquette===
The general importance of character elements of an individual namely blessings of parents (4), respect of five elements namely ''brahmins'', cows, the Sun, the moon, the king and teachers (15,16, 74) and importance of speech (1) is stressed.<ref name="Derrett381"/> Eating rules of eating like eating after feeding elderly, cows, birds and children (21, 26, 86) and direction of eating (24). Invite and prostrate before elders (62, 72, 40), carry umbrella for elders (60), not calling elders by name (80), not treating them arrogantly by words or body language (91), speaking by covering mouth (97), be attentive (94, 41), using the same nice tone with elders and inferiors (80), never despise food offered and self-boast about rituals performed(88) and not use prolonged abuse of wife (80).<ref name="Derrett381"/> One should feed everyone during marriages, festivals and parental rituals (48); greet everyone heartily (31), never walk between Brahmins or deities, or between lamps and persons (31, 36).<ref name="Derrett381"/> The way of dressing, speaking and reprimanding reveals the nature of a person (49) and the necessity of being modest is highlighted in 71.<ref name="Derrett381">Derrett 1978, pp. 381-383</ref>

===Taboos===
Twenty nine stanzas detail various taboos that throw superstition of the time. Verses 5-8 deal with ''{{Transliteration|ta|eccil}}'' (pollution) that arises from urination, excretion, sexual contact, saliva, looking at an untouchable, but broadly misses the birth and death time pollutions. While bathing one must now swim, spit into water (14, 35, 36) and one should not see his reflection in water, scratch ground (13), not wear others' soiled slippers or clothes (12, 36), wear two garments while coming out of bath with one garment (11), not sleep opposite to door step (22, 45), nor facing north or midway point (30), use of both hands while providing drinks to elders (28), extinguish fire with water during the day (33), bow towards one sneezes (31), spitting or passing motion in various places (32), not to excrete facing south during the day or north during night (33), not pass motions imagining one is facing all ten directions (34).<ref name="Derrett381"/>

==Caste Treatise==
The notion of untouchability seems to have emerged in the Sangam period itself with references from the work indicating water touched by ''pulaiyar'' being considered unfit for consumption of higher caste.<ref>Singh 2008, p. 508</ref> ''Pulaiyars'' are referred as meat eaters (since "pulai" means "meat").<ref name="T.K.">T.K. 1986, p. 53</ref>

==Criticism==
The presence of this work in the [[Sangam literature]] is debated as the period of compilation is found to be in the late 8th century. There is heavy dosage of ''[[Brahmin]]ical'' influence in verses 2, 5, 15, 31, 34, 41, 47, 48, 61, 64 and 92. There is heavy influence of Sanskrit literature in the style of the work.<ref name="Derrett">Derrett 1978, p. 380</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title=Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law: Current problems and the legacy of past| last=Derrett| first=John Duncan Martin| year=1978| publisher=E.J. Brill Leiden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IEeAAAAIAAJ&q=acarakkovai&pg=PA380|isbn = 90-04-05753-6}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* {{Citation |first= Upinder |last=Singh|title=South A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=acharakkovai&pg=PA508}}.
* {{Citation |first= Venkatasubramanian |last=T.K.|title=Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8dp_b7GBrEC&q=acharakkovai&pg=PA53}}.
* {{cite book | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=acarakkovai&pg=PA124|isbn = 3-447-01582-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0024.pdf|title=Patinenkizkanakku Nulkal :Acarakkovai (Of Peruvayin Mulliyar)|access-date=2012-01-07|last=Mulliyar|first=Peruvayin |work=projectmadurai.org }}
{{Wikisourcelang|ta|ஆசாரக்கோவை|Original text in the Tamil language}}

{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acarakkovai}}
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]

The Song of the Sannyasin

2025-03-03T16:22:29Z

OnitaCrespo4: started page - done

{{Short description|Poem by Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = The Song of the Sannyasin
|image = Vivekananda.png
|image_size = 200px
|caption =
|author = [[Swami Vivekananda]]
|first = 1895
|illustrator =
|cover_artist =
|country = United States
|language = English
|publisher =
}}
'''''The Song of the Sannyasin''''' is a poem of thirteen [[stanza]]s written by [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Vivekananda composed the poem in July 1895 when he was delivering a series of lectures to a groups of selected disciples at the [[Wellesley Island|Thousand Island Park]], New York. In the poem he defined the ideals of ''[[Sannyasa]]'' or monastic life.<ref name="HT 116—118">{{Harvnb|Hinduism Today|1999|pp=116–118}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarti 73–75">{{Harvnb|Chakrabarti|1998|pp=73–75}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the beginning of 1895, American disciples of Vivekananda requested him to organize a special session of lectures throughout the summer. Though Vivekananda was very tired at this time after multiple long sessions of public and private lectures, he assented. From mid-June to early August 1895, Vivekananda delivered a series of lectures to a group of selected disciples at the [[Wellesley Island|Thousand Island Park]], New York.<ref name="Sheean p346—347">{{Harvnb|Sheean|2005|pp=346–347}}</ref><ref name="Michelis p121">{{Harvnb|Michelis|2005|p=121}}</ref>

In this period, sometime in July 1895 Vivekananda wrote ''The Song of the Sannyasin''.<ref name="HT 116—118" />

== Theme ==
[[File:The Song of the Sannyasin manuscript portion.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A portion of the manuscript in Vivekananda's own handwriting.]]
In the poem, Vivekananda glorified [[Hindu]] concepts on ''[[Sannyasa]]'' and defined the ideals of monastic life. For centuries, it has been a tradition in India to revere ''Sannyasi''s and encourage people (especially the younger ones) to work for self-realization God realization. According to Hindu beliefs, ''Sannyasa'' is the best path of life one can take. In these 13 short poems, Vivekananda discusses the concept, beliefs and ideals of ''Sannyasa'' or monastic life.<ref name="HT 116—118" />

Mohit Chakrabarti in his book ''Swami Vivekananda: A Poetic Visionary'', called these poems as Vivekananda's religious introspection. Chakrabarti told— "Quite apart from the utilitarian and segmentary approach to religion more often than not prone to achieving a platform of materialistic superiority, the religion that Vivekananda highlights here is one of emancipation of man by means of sustained devotion to and involvement in knowledge, truth and freedom."<ref name="Chakrabarti 73–75" />

== Stanzas ==
{|
! colspan="3"| {{center|'''The Song of the Sannyasin''' (excerpts)}}
|-
|
<poem>{{center|'''Stanza I'''}}
Wake up the note! the song that had its birth
Far off, where worldly taint could never reach,
In mountain caves and glades of forest deep,
Whose calm no sigh for lust or wealth or fame
Could ever dare to break; where rolled the stream
Of knowledge, truth, and bliss that follows both.
Sing high that note, Sannyâsin bold! Say—
"Om Tat Sat, Om!"
</poem>
|
<poem>{{center|'''Stanza II'''}}
Strike off thy fetters! Bonds that bind thee down,
Of shining gold, or darker, baser ore;
Love, hate—good, bad—and all the dual throng,
Know, slave is slave, caressed or whipped, not free;
For fetters, though of gold, are not less strong to bind;
Then off with them, Sannyâsin bold! Say—
"Om Tat Sat, Om!"
</poem>
|
<poem>{{center|'''Stanza III'''}}
Let darkness go; the will-o'-the-wisp that leads
With blinking light to pile more gloom on gloom.
This thirst for life, for ever quench; it drags
From birth to death, and death to birth, the soul.
He conquers all who conquers self. Know this
And never yield, Sannyâsin bold! Say—
"Om Tat Sat, Om!"
</poem>
|}
* Read '''[[:Wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Writings: Poems/The Song of The Sannyasin|all 13 stanzas of ''The Song of the Sannyasin'']]''' at [[Wikisource]]

== Legacy ==
According to Kalpana Mohapatra, ''The Song of the Sannyasin'' is the Bible of Bengal.<ref name="Mohapatra 10">{{Harvnb|Mohapatra|1996|p=10}}</ref> This is also considered as a source of inspiration for Hindu monks, specially the monks of [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Order]] find solace, inspiration and guidance from these poems. Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami decided to renounce the world after reading this poem in his teenage.<ref name="HT 116—118" />

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book|last=Hinduism Today|title=What Is Hinduism?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA116|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|year=1999|isbn=978-1-934145-27-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Mohit|title=Swami Vivekananda: A Poetic Visionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvsRcML8Ki4C&pg=PA73|year=1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-075-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Sheean|first=Vincent|title=Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDNJpcIF9l4C&pg=PA346|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-9383-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Vivekananda| first= Swami| last2=Waldo| first2= Sarah|title=Inspired Talks|url=https://archive.org/details/inspiredtalks00viverich|year=1910|publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission, Madras}}
*{{cite book|last=Michelis|first=Elizabeth De |author-link=Elizabeth De Michelis |title=A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA121|year=2005|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Mohapatra|first=Kalpana|title=Political Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8bLf0kBTTkC&pg=PA10|year=1996|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-079-6}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|The Song of the Sannyasin}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Song of the Sannyasin}}
[[Category:1895 poems]]
[[Category:Works by Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Philosophical poems]]

Almora Lakhori Mirchi

2024-11-26T04:35:22Z

OnitaCrespo4: adding

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Almora Lakhori Mirchi
| image = Almora Lakhori Mirchi - closeup.jpg
| image_caption = Closeup of Almora Mirchi
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| origin = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 50,000-55,000<ref>{{cite news |title=From the hills to the chef's pantry |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/food/discover/spices-uttarakhand-cuisine-himalayas-111691676402048.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Mintlounge |date=11 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''Almora Lakhori Mirchi''' is a variety of [[chili pepper|chilli]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=India's first Himalayan Spice Garden thrown open to promote 'nutritious spices' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/uttarakhand/countrys-first-himalayan-spice-garden-built-at-sauni-near-ranikhet-in-almora-district/na20220805205012872872973 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand forest department sets up spice garden to boost sale of spices found in Himalayas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-forest-department-sets-up-spice-garden-to-boost-sale-of-spices-found-in-himalayas/articleshow/93358483.cms |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=5 August 2022}}</ref> It is Uttarakhand's favourite home-grown chilli.

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the region of [[Almora district|Almora]], located in [[Kumaon division]] of Uttarakhand while Mirchi means Chilli - in the local [[Hindi language]]. It is called simply as Lakhori or Lakhor.

The etymology of "Lakhori" mirch traces back to Lakhora, a village on the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]-[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] border of Uttarakhand, where this unique chili variety was first cultivated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Megha |title=The flavoured salts of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/food/the-flavoured-salts-of-uttarakhand-62863 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Down To Earth |date=17 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Lakhori mirch is characterized by its yellow color and distinctive wrinkles that appear during the drying process.<ref>{{cite news |title=First-of-its-kind Himalayan spice garden inaugurated in Ranikhet - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/himalayan-spice-garden-inaugurated-in-ranikhet-14373642.htm |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This variety is classified into two sizes: the smaller Lakhori Jamri, renowned for its high seed content and use in mirchi flake production; and the larger size, commonly employed whole or powdered for various culinary purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand forest dept dedicates first Himalayan Spice Garden to locals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-forest-dept-dedicates-first-himalayan-spice-garden-to-locals-101659625334374.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First-of-its-kind Himalayan spice garden inaugurated in Ranikhet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/first-of-its-kind-himalayan-spice-garden-inaugurated-in-ranikhet-badri-tulsi-jambu-leaves-kaala-jeera-jakhya-8072131/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is also used in making Lakhori yellow chilli salt (Pahadi coloured salt - flavored salt).<ref>{{cite news |title=Pahadi coloured salts, an ancient tradition, are finding takers in cities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/pahadi-coloured-salts-an-ancient-tradition-are-finding-takers-in-cities/story-7HyshL4vHRuQ47059VAWqI.html |access-date=9 November 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Almora Lakhori Mirchi, is characterized by its blunt tip, compact seeds, and extremely hot flavor profile, making it suitable for use in small quantities. Traditionally sun-dried, this mirchi can be stored year-round and is highly sought after by namkeen makers for flavoring chips and namkeens, as its yellow color blends well with snacks. In mountain regions, Almora Lakhori Mirchi is preferred over red chilies due to perceived health benefits, making it a popular substitute.{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}

==Photo/ Video Gallery==
Actual photos from a chilli farm.
<gallery>
File:Almora Lakhori Mirchi - closeup02.jpg|Another closeup of Almora Lakhori Mirchi
File:Almora Lakhori Mirchi at a storage facility.jpg|Almora Lakhori Mirchi at a storage facility
File:Another photo of Almora Lakhori Mirchi at a storage facility.jpg|Another photo of Almora Lakhori Mirchi at a storage facility.
File:Almora Lakhori Mirchi collection ar a farm.webm|Almora Lakhori Mirchi collection ar a farm
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 8 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/864 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=18 more U'khand products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-distributes-gi-tag-certificates-for-18-more-products/articleshow/105741728.cms |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha |title=Products from Uttarakhand bag GI tags |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/products-from-uttarakhand-bag-gi-tags/article67518091.ece |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=9 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Chokot Patti Farmers Producer Company Limited from [[Almora]], proposed the GI registration of Almora Lakhori Mirchi. After filing the application on 11 April 2022, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Almora Lakhori Mirchi" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Uttarakhand and the 19th type of goods from Uttarakhand to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI tag for 7 indigenous products of Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gi-tag-for-7-indigenous-products-of-ukhand/articleshow/86623486.cms |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nandurbar Mirchi]]
* [[Bhiwapur chilli]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}

[[Category:Uttarakhandi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Almora District]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Parama Kamboja kingdom

2024-11-11T07:25:02Z

OnitaCrespo4: added a entry

[[File:Parama kamboja.jpg|thumb]]

'''Parama Kamboja kingdom''' was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]] to be on the far north west along with the [[Bactria|Bahlika]], [[Uttara Madra]] and [[Uttarakuru|Uttara Kuru]] countries. It was located in parts of modern-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of [[Kalidasa]]'s [[Raghuvamsha]], Raghu defeated the [[Hunas]] on river Vamkshu (Raghu vamsha 4.68), and then he marched against the Kambojas (4.69-70). These Kambojas were of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] affinities who lived in [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]]s and [[Badakshan]]. [[Xuanzang]] calls this region ''Kiumito'' which is thought to be ''Komdei'' of [[Ptolemy]] and ''Kumadh'' or ''Kumedh'' of [[Muslim]] writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 35, P. C. Bagch).</ref>

==Parama Kambojas in Kurukshetra War==
Drona Parva of Mahabharata refers to 6000 soldiers from the Parama [[Kamboj|Kamboja (caste)]] group who had sided with the Pandavas against the [[Kaurava]]s in the [[Kurukshetra]] war. They have been described as ''"very fortunate Kambojas"'' ('''prabhadrakastu Kambojah'''),<ref>See: Ethnography of Ancient India, 1954, p 140, ROBERT SHAFER, Publishers: O. Harrassowitz, Ethnology. Also check up "Prabhadraka" in Monier-William Dictionary [http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126035307/http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/ |date=2008-01-26 }}.</ref> extremely fierce, 'Personification of Death' (''samanmrityo''), fearful like Yama, the god of death and rich like Kuber i.e. god of treasure (''Kambojah.... Yama. vaishravan.opamah'': 7.23.42-44).

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
*[[Kambojas]]
*[[Cambodia]]

==References==
<references />

== Books/References ==

*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kambojas]]
[[Category:History of Tajikistan]]