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Bobby Kurian

2026-05-06T20:37:01Z

OmerRobson4867: done

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bobby Kurian
| native_name =
| birth_name = Bobby Kurian
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|06|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kattappana]], [[Idukki]], India
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|P K Kurian. |Saramma Kurian}}
| children = Hannah Sara Kurian, Harron Bobby Kurian
| spouse = Smitha Bobby
| occupation = Producer and actor
| awards =
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Bobby Kurian'''<ref>{{Citation |last=Cinema Express Desk |title=Bobby Kurian, star of Pani, joins Vismaya Mohanlal in Thudakkam |publisher=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/19/bobby-kurian-star-of-pani-joins-vismaya-mohanlal-in-thudakkam |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=‘രാജാവും മകനും’; മോഹൻലാലും പ്രണവും ഒന്നിച്ചുള്ള വിഡിയോ പങ്കുവച്ച് ബോബി കുര്യൻ |publisher=Manorama Online |date=2025-07-18 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/07/18/mohanlal-pranav-viral-reel-bobby-kurian.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kurian |first=Bobby |year=2024 |title=It’s hard to describe Lalettan! ‘Pani’ actor talks about crucial advice he received from Mohanlal |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=2024-11-03 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/its-hard-to-describe-lalettan-pani-actor-talks-about-crucial-advice-he-received-from-mohanlal-78a4685b |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=ഷോപ്പിങ് കഴിഞ്ഞ് വരുന്ന വഴി അപ്രതീക്ഷിതമായി കിട്ടിയ വീഡിയോ, ക്യാപ്ഷനും അധികം ആലോചിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നില്ല: ബോബി കുര്യന്‍ |publisher=DoolNews |date=2025-08-03 |url=https://www.doolnews.com/bobby-kurian-about-the-viral-video-of-mohanlal-and-pranav-mohanlal-64-144.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Onmanorama Staff |title=Rare clip of Mohanlal and Pranav together wins over fans online |publisher=Onmanorama |date=2025-07-18 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/18/mohanlal-pranav-rare-video-together-viral-social-media.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Bobby Kurian, star of Pani, joins Vismaya Mohanlal in Thudakkam |publisher=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/19/bobby-kurian-star-of-pani-joins-vismaya-mohanlal-in-thudakkam |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=DoolNews Staff |title=‘പണി’യില്‍ അഭിനയിക്കും മുമ്പ് ലാലേട്ടനെ കണ്ടു; അന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം ഒരു കാര്യമേ പറഞ്ഞുള്ളൂ: ബോബി കുര്യന്‍ |publisher=DoolNews |date=2024-11-03 |url=https://www.doolnews.com/bobby-kurian-talks-about-mohanlal-and-pani-movie-138-64.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref> is an Indian actor who has appeared in many Malayalam films. He entered the film industry through [[Christian Brothers (film)]] (2011), working in line production and appearing in a brief acting role. He later acted in a brief role in [[London Bridge (film)]] (2014). In 2018, he was involved in Drama as a producer,<ref>{{cite news |last=TNN |first= |title=Mohanlal had an 'English' birthday |newspaper=Times of India |date=May 25, 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-had-an-English-birthday/articleshow/64317611.cms}}</ref> line producer, and actor.

==Career==
He entered the film industry through Christian Brothers,<ref>{{Citation |last=Cinema Express Desk |title=Bobby Kurian, star of Pani, joins Vismaya Mohanlal in Thudakkam |publisher=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/19/bobby-kurian-star-of-pani-joins-vismaya-mohanlal-in-thudakkam |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref> working in line production. In 2011, he appeared as an actor in a brief role in London Bridge. In 2014, he worked in drama projects. By 2018, he had taken on roles as a producer, line producer, and actor.<ref>{{Citation |last=DoolNews Staff |title=‘പണി’യില്‍ അഭിനയിക്കും മുമ്പ് ലാലേട്ടനെ കണ്ടു; അന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം ഒരു കാര്യമേ പറഞ്ഞുള്ളൂ: ബോബി കുര്യന്‍ |publisher=DoolNews |date=2024-11-03 |url=https://www.doolnews.com/bobby-kurian-talks-about-mohanlal-and-pani-movie-138-64.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=‘ആ സംഭവം ബൈജു ചേട്ടനെ വിഷമിപ്പിച്ചു, അതിനുശേഷം ഫ്രീ ആയിട്ട് ഇതുവരെ മിണ്ടിയിട്ടില്ല’: Bobby Kurian reveals the reason behind actor Baiju's feud with him |publisher=Malayalam TV9 |date=2025-08-05 |url=https://www.malayalamtv9.com/entertainment/bobby-kurian-reveals-the-reason-behind-actor-baijus-feud-with-him-heres-what-he-said-2138052.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='രാജാവും മകനും'; മോഹൻലാലും പ്രണവും ഒരുമിച്ചുള്ള വിഡിയോ പങ്കുവച്ച് ബോബി കുര്യൻ |publisher=Manorama Online |date=2025-07-18 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/07/18/mohanlal-pranav-viral-reel-bobby-kurian.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=‘വാറണ്ട് ഡേവി’യുടെ പുത്തൻ കാർ; ഹൈക്രോസിന്റെ എക്‌സ്‌ക്ലുസീവ് എഡിഷന്‍ സ്വന്തമാക്കി ബോബി കുര്യൻ |publisher=Manorama Online |date=2025-06-29 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/automobile/auto-news/2025/06/28/boby-kurian-new-car.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=ഒരു ചിത്രവുംഏഴ് ആക്ഷൻ കോറിയോഗ്രാഫേഴ്സും |publisher=Newsthen |date=2026-02-05 |url=https://newsthen.com/2026/02/05/280419.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |format=Chicago}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[London Bridge (film)]]'' || Debut ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Drama (2018 film)]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Pani (film)]]'' || Warrant Davi ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || SI Benjamin ||
|-
| 2025 ||''Agosham'' || Kings Benny ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Magic Mushrooms (film)]]'' || Divakaran ||
|-
|}

==Awards ==
2024- Ramu karyatt awards - for villain character.
2024- KG George cinematic excellence award.
2024- Special mention award.
2024- Kalabavan mani memorial award committee award in.
2024- Adoor bhavani adoor pankajam 15th 24 Frames Global Award.
2025- Mangalam anniversary awards for Best Supporting Actor.

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|16633223}}
*Junaiz VP, Bobby Kurian, Sagar Surya Interview | Pani Movie | Joju George | Cue Studio [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzaij0sFF2Y]
* Lalettan എന്നോട് പറഞ്ഞു " മോൻ പേടിക്കണ്ട" | Boby Kurian Interview | Mohanlal | Joju George | PANI [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVSYJsMyyRU]
* [https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/bobby-kurian/credits/3060378920/]
* സാഗറിനും ജുനൈസിനും കൈകൊടുത്ത് മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍; 'പണി' ടീമിനൊപ്പം വിജയാഘോഷം: വീഡിയോ [https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/pani-movie-team-celebrates-success-with-mohanlal-sagar-surya-junaiz-vp-bobby-kurian-joju-george-video-sm7vb1]
* Bobby Kurian | Malayalam | sumathi valavu | actor | film industry | [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wtii7tGnbiI]
* സാഗറിനും ജുനൈസിനും കൈകൊടുത്ത് മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍; 'പണി' ടീമിനൊപ്പം വിജയാഘോഷം: വീഡിയോ [https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/pani-movie-team-celebrates-success-with-mohanlal-sagar-surya-junaiz-vp-bobby-kurian-joju-george-video-sm7vb1]
* പണി സിനിമയിൽ ഞാൻ അഭിനയിച്ചിട്ടില്ല എന്ന് പലരും പറയാറുണ്ട് | Bobby Kurian [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egnYM4-iQ6Q]
* എന്നെ നിർബന്ധിപ്പിച്ചു അഭിനയിപ്പിച്ച സിനിമയാണ് പണി | Bobby Kurian Interview [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/OQRUDqZfFtU]
* എന്റെ നാക്ക് പിഴച്ചാൽ അത് മതി ഞാൻ തീരാൻ |Bobby Kurian |Sumathi Valavu Interview [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/DnCduD3XOlw]
* BOBBY KURIAN AGAINST BHA BHA BA NEGATIVE REVIEWS | THUDAKKAM UPDATE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXYMVyCAYRQ]
* Anurag Kashyap watches Joju George’s directorial debut ‘Pani’; calls it a ‘powerful thriller’ [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anurag-kashyap-watches-joju-georges-directorial-debut-pani-calls-it-a-powerful-thriller/articleshow/114322871.cms]
* Sons of Shaji Kailas and Renji Panicker come together in campus drama ‘Aaghosham’ [https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sons-of-shaji-kailas-and-renji-panicker-movie-together-in-aaghosham-ke75uy0o]
* പണി കണ്ട ശേഷം ജോഷി സാർ പറഞ്ഞത് | Boby kurian about Joshiy | Pani Movie | Shorts [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/_J8j-oOPJpc]
* യു കെ യിലെ ഒരു ചേരി ഒറ്റ രാത്രികൊണ്ട് ഒഴിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട് ബോബി | PANI | Joju George | bobby [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9SA86wzEbI]
* വാറണ്ട് ഡേവിക്ക് ഇനി 'എക്‌സ്‌ക്ലുസീവ്' യാത്ര; ഹൈക്രോസ് പ്രത്യേക പതിപ്പ് സ്വന്തമാക്കി ബോബി കുര്യന്‍ [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/auto/cars/bobby-kurian-acquires-toyota-innova-hycross-exclusive-edition-0b5d68c4]
* Bobby Kurian [https://watch.plex.tv/en-GB/person/bobby-kurian]
* Bobby Kurian [https://mabumbe.com/movies/people/2104929/bobby-kurian]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurian, Bobby }}
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Petralthan Pillaiya

2026-05-05T03:39:17Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|1966 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Petralthan Pillaiya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| screenplay = [[Aaroor Dass]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Kid (1921 film)|The Kid]]''|[[Charlie Chaplin]]}}
| producer = K. K. Vasu
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = S. Panjabi
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sri Muthukumaran Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1966|12|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Petralthan Pillaiya'''''{{efn|There is no [[Untranslatability|direct translation]] for the film's title in English; [[Sachi Sri Kantha]]'s attempted translation is "Should one give birth to own a child?",<ref name="sangam">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=16 March 2016 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 34 {{!}} 1966 and Prelude to the M.R. Radha shooting incident |url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-34/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525154632/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-34/ |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=5 June 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]] |language=en}}</ref> writer R. Kannan says it means "Is only a biological child a child",{{sfn |Kannan |2017 |p=91}} and T. G. Vaidyanathan of the magazine ''Film World'' says it means that "somebody can be your son even if you haven't given birth to him".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vaidyanathan |first=T. G. |year=1974 |title=M. G. R. Charisma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHlTAAAAYAAJ&q=Petralthan+Pillaiya |access-date=25 April 2021 |magazine=Film World |page=87 |language=en |volume=10}}</ref>}} is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] and written by [[Aaroor Dass]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]]. Based on the 1921 American film, ''[[The Kid (1921 film)|The Kid]]'', it revolves around a [[tramp]] finding a homeless boy and raising him as his own son until five years later the boy's biological parents try to find him.

''Petralthan Pillaiya'' was released on 9 December 1966. The film emerged a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. It was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Ashtamirohini]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் டூ மலையாளம் உண்டல்லோ? |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |pages=12 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
Jeeva is a mother unable to afford the cost of raising a young boy. She abandons him in a temple where a [[tramp]], Anandhan, discovers him. Anandhan tries to get rid of the boy, but he eventually becomes attached to him. Anandhan names the boy Kannan and educates him, despite his poor financial condition. Five years later, Jeeva, her husband Sekhar and social services try to find her son.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Anandhan
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Mohini
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Jeeva
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Kabali
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Sekhar
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Panjavarnam
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Mani
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as the old policeman
* Baby Shakila as Kannan
* [[K. R. Indira Devi|Indira Devi]] as Kala
* Mohana
}}

== Production ==
''Petralthan Pillaiya'' is based on [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s 1921 American film, ''[[The Kid (1921 film)|The Kid]]''.<ref name="sangam" /> Writer [[Aaroor Dass]] initially narrated the story to [[Sivaji Ganesan]], who seemed interested but "did not follow up"; he later gave it to [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=23 February 2012 |title='Star' Wordsmith |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330065238/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The duo [[Krishnan–Panju]] (R. Krishnan and S. Panju) directed the film, and Panju edited the film under the alias S. Panjabi. It was produced by K. K. Vasu under the banner Sri Muthukumaran Pictures, and photographed by [[P. N. Sundaram]].<ref name="RandorGuy" /> [[M. R. Radha]] paid {{INRConvert|100000|year=1964}} to Vasu, and acted in the film without charging. [[Principal photography]] began in June 1964. ''Petralthan Pillaiya'' remains the only film produced by Vasu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=25 April 2017 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 38 {{!}} Testimony of producer K.N. Vasu |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-38/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023151123/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-38/ |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[M. S. Viswanathan]] composed the soundtrack, and the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.PetralThaanPillai_Krishnan-Panchu_1966/48.%20PetralThaanPillai_Krishnan-Panchu_1966.pdf |title=பெற்றால்தான் பிள்ளையா |publisher=Sri Muthukumaran Pictures |year=1966 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Petralthan Pillaya (1966) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816132828/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001465 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Nalla Nalla Pillaigalai" had to be modified after the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] objected to the lyric "Arignar Annappol" (Like Anna, the scholar), referring to the politician [[C. N. Annadurai]]. This was changed to "Thiru Vi Ka pol" (Like Thiru Vi Ka), a reference to the scholar and activist [[Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=7 April 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 {{!}} 38 - நினைத்ததை முடிப்பவர்! |trans-title=MGR 100 {{!}} 38 – The one who finishes what he thinks! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/77455-100-38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120093632/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/77455-100-38.html |archive-date=20 November 2019 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{sfn |Kannan |2017 |p=99}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chakkara Katti
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 3:23
| title2 = Chellakkiliye
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length2 = 3:15
| title3 = Chellakkiliye
| note3 = Pathos
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 2:43
| title4 = Kannan Piranthaan
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Nalla Nalla Pillaigalai
| extra5 = P. Susheela, [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length5 = 6:26
| title6 = Nalla Nalla Pillaigalai
| note6 = Solo
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length6 = 3:26
| total_length = 24:40 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Petralthan Pillaiya'' was released on 9 December 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2011 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆர். நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925221320/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/MGR_Cinema.jsp |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film was strictly for those who would prefer affection towards children over love.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 December 1966 |title=பெற்றால்தான் பிள்ளையா? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-12-25/page/16/mode/2up |access-date=5 May 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film emerged a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 May 2016 |title=Petraalthan Pillaiya (1966) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/petraalthan-pillaiya-1966-starring-mgr-saroja-devi-and-sowcar-janaki/article8570034.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604094149/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/petraalthan-pillaiya-1966-starring-mgr-saroja-devi-and-sowcar-janaki/article8570034.ece |archive-date=4 June 2017 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:1966 drama films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kooran (film)

2026-04-30T21:47:58Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Other uses|Kooran (disambiguation){{!}}Kuran}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kooran (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nithin Vemupati
| writer = '''Screenplay & Dialogues:''' [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| story = Nithin Vemupati
| producer = Vicky
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*S. A. Chandrasekhar
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*[[Balaji Sakthivel]]
}}
| cinematography = Martin Donraj
| editing = {{ubl |[[B. Lenin]] |K. Maruthi}}
| music = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| studio = Kanaa Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|28}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kooran''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by Nithin Vemupati and co-written along with [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], starring himself, [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[George Maryan]], [[Saravana Subbiah]], [[Indraja Shankar]], Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy, Kavitha Barathi and others in supporting roles.

''Kooran'' released in theatres on 28 February 2025.

== Plot ==
The movie begins with a tragic hit-and-run accident in which a puppy is killed. The mother dog, distraught and seeking justice, tries to get help. She ends up drawing the attention of Dharmaraj, a once-famous lawyer who is more or less retired or out of the spotlight. Dharmaraj learns that the person responsible for the hit-and-run is Ranjith Raja, the son of a powerful businessman named Sekhar Raja. Despite the challenges—legal, ethical, and societal—Dharmaraj takes on the case on behalf of the dog to seek justice. The story explores how a dog’s grief and loyalty, combined with the law, can challenge powerful interests.

== Cast ==
*[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] as Dharmaraj, a lawyer
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Parthasarathy
*[[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Nanthagopal
*[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Manohar
*[[George Maryan]] as Antony
*[[Saravana Subbiah]]
*[[Indraja Shankar]] as Chithra
*Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy as [[Inspector]] Manikandan
*Kavitha Barathi

== Production ==
The film is directed by debutant Nithin Vemupati and produced by Kanaa Productions in association with VB Combines by Vicky.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-02-17 |title=கூரன் படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் இன்று வெளியாகிறது {{!}} The trailer of the movie Kooran is releasing today. |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-trailer-of-the-movie-kooran-is-releasing-today-760971 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Y. G. Mahendran]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[George Maryan]], [[Saravana Subbiah]], Indraja Robo Shankar, Madhan Dakshanamoorthy and Kavitha Barathi in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-21 |title=Maneka Gandhi seeks tax exemption for Nithin Vemupati's Kooran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/21/maneka-gandhi-seeks-tax-exemption-for-nithin-vemupatis-kooran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223095903/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/21/maneka-gandhi-seeks-tax-exemption-for-nithin-vemupatis-kooran |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The titular role is played by a trained police dog named Jancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title='கூரன் 'திரைப்படத்திற்கு அரசு வரிவிலக்கு வழங்க வேண்டும்: மேனகா காந்தி வேண்டுகோள்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/kooran-movie-event |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of Martin Donraj as the cinematographer, [[B. Lenin]] and K. Maruthi as the editors, [[Siddharth Vipin]] as the music composer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Watch {{!}} Trailer of Kooran, a Tamil film about a dog, released |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/watch-trailer-of-kooran-a-tamil-film-about-a-dog-released-823377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219215838/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/watch-trailer-of-kooran-a-tamil-film-about-a-dog-released-823377 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> Vanaraj as the art director, and Muthamil as the lyricist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-17 |title=SA Chandrasekar: Tamil cinema is recently turning heroes into villains |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/17/sa-chandrasekar-tamil-cinema-is-recently-turning-heroes-into-villains |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221151301/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/17/sa-chandrasekar-tamil-cinema-is-recently-turning-heroes-into-villains |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-18 |title=எதையும் பாரமாக தலையில் போட்டுக் கொள்வதில்லை: எஸ். ஏ. சந்திரசேகர் பேச்சு! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/vijay-father-sa-chandrasekar-speech-at-kooran-movie-trailer-launch-at-chennai-562636 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The pre-release audio launch event held on 19 December 2024 in [[Chennai]] was attended by former Union Minister [[Maneka Gandhi]] who appealed for a tax exemption for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title="கூரன் திரைப்படத்திற்கு அரசு வரிவிலக்கு வழங்க வேண்டும்" - #ManekaGandhi கோரிக்கை! |url=https://news7tamil.live/government-should-give-tax-exemption-to-kooran-movie-manekagandhi-demands.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219091202/https://news7tamil.live/government-should-give-tax-exemption-to-kooran-movie-manekagandhi-demands.html |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=News7 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rsivakumar |title=கூரன் படத்திற்கு அரசு வரிவிலக்கு வழங்க வேண்டும்: மேனகா காந்தி வேண்டுகோள்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/maneka-gandhi-said-that-govt-should-provide-tax-exemption-for-kooran-movie-at-audio-launch-function-rsk-sop5te |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Kooran'' released in theatres on 28 February 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-18 |title=Kooran Trailer: A dog teams up with SA Chandrasekar for a thrilling tale of revenge |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/18/kooran-trailer-a-dog-teams-up-with-sa-chandrasekar-for-a-thrilling-tale-of-revenge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218123807/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/18/kooran-trailer-a-dog-teams-up-with-sa-chandrasekar-for-a-thrilling-tale-of-revenge |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> in Tamil and also in a [[Hindi]] dubbed version titled ''Sarama''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Khushboo |date=2025-02-27 |title=Street dog vs wealthy man: Maneka Gandhi backs Hindi make of Kooran THE NEW INDIAN |url=https://www.newindian.in/maneka-gandhi-recommends-movie-sarama-hindi-version-of-tamil-movie-kooran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227180202/https://www.newindian.in/maneka-gandhi-recommends-movie-sarama-hindi-version-of-tamil-movie-kooran/ |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=THE NEW INDIAN |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 2.75/5 stars praising the performances of the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கூரன் - விமர்சனம் {2.75/5} : கூரன் - உணர்ச்சி குவியல் - Kooran |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3551/Kooran/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref> Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "While actors [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|SA Chandrasekaran]], [[Y. G. Mahendran|YG Mahendran]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]], and [[George Maryan|George Mariyan]] play their parts beautifully to drive the story, the actual hero of Kooran – which is another word for dog in Tamil – is the mother dog! [...] This emotional connection we feel, along with the unique twists and a solid moral, make Kooran a unique thriller despite its shortcomings."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kooran Movie Review : A slow, dragged-out thriller with an interesting storyline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kooran/movie-review/118628354.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228133031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kooran/movie-review/118628354.cms |archive-date=28 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "''Kooran'' serves as a reminder that a good idea does not automatically translate into a good film—especially not through the over-the-top storytelling it relies on. The film aims to promote compassion toward animals but its execution betrays its noble intentions."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-01 |title=Kooran Movie Review: This laws and paws film is clumsily executed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/01/kooran-movie-review-this-laws-and-paws-film-is-clumsily-executed |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35814786}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian legal thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]

Talib Dehlavi

2026-04-30T00:46:18Z

OmerRobson4867: Added Basic Biography W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian Urdu poet (1910 – 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Talib Delhvi
| native_name = طالب دہلوی
| native_name_lang = Ur
| birth_name = Sheshchandra Saxena
| birth_date = 12 February 1910
| birth_place = Ambala, Haryana, India
| death_date = 16 February 1975
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]]
| occupation = poet, lyricist and translator
}}

'''Talib Dehlavi''' (born Sheshchandra Saxena,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lakhnavī |first=Naubat Rāʼe Naẓar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKtzAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Anvār-i Naẓar: kulliyāt-i Naubat Rāʼe Naẓar |date=1988 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Urdū Akādmī |language=ur}}</ref> 12 February 1910 – 16 February 1975, {{Langx|ur|طالب دہلوی}}) was an Indian [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]], lyricist and translator from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=عظيم، |first=اختر، |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-BjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=بىيويں صدى کے شعراى دہلى: شعراى متأخرين و معاصرين، 1951-2000، از سين تا يائے |date=2005 |publisher=اردو اكادمى، |isbn=978-81-7121-136-4 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Talib Dehlavi, born Sheshchandra Saxena, was born on 12 February 1910 in [[Ambala district]], where his father, Rai Sahib Mahesh Das, served as an Honorary Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Sayyid Faiz̤ān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqpjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Āg̲h̲ā Shāʻir Qizilbāsh Dihlavī, shak̲h̲ṣīyat aur fann |date=1995 |publisher=Sayyid Faiz̤ān Ḥasan |language=ur}}</ref> He received his early education and training in Ambala, completing his high school education there. He then returned to his native Delhi for higher education, passing his intermediate and BA examinations from Mission College and [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dihlavī |first=Sayyid Āfāq Ḥusain Āfāq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNljAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Nādirāt-i G̲h̲ālib: Mirzā G̲h̲ālib ke mazīd g̲h̲air mat̤būʻah k̲h̲ut̤ūt̤ ... |date=1992 |publisher=Idārah-yi Nādirāt |language=ur}}</ref>

== Life ==
Talib began writing poetry during his student days at Mission College (later St. Stephen's College). For guidance and reformation in poetry, he chose to be a student of his real uncle, Munshi Raj Bahadur Barak Dehlvi. Talib was not only an eloquent poet but also an excellent prose writer and translator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Furog̲ẖ |first=Bashārat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcRjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=وفيات مشاهير اردو |date=2000 |publisher=بشارت على خاں، |language=ur}}</ref> Due to financial comfort, he was freed from the hassles of employment. He worked with the monthly "Aaj Kal," the daily "Tej," and the [[American Reporter]] in Urdu as a hobby and pastime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ẕabīḥ |first=Faraḥ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d81jAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=نادر ذخىرۂ غالبىات: لطىف الزماں خان کے ذخىره غالبىات کى توذىحى و تشرىحى فہرست |date=2003 |publisher=بهاء الدىن زکريا ىونىورسٹى، |language=ur}}</ref> Throughout his life, he was dedicated to the promotion of the Urdu language and served it without seeking reward or praise.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raBjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Fann aur shaḵẖṣiyyat |date= March 1989|publisher=Tīn Mūrti Pablīkeshanz |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fārūqī |first=ʻAbdullāh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRcLAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=دهلى کے شهر آشوب |date=1974 |publisher=Janatā pustak bhanḍār |language=ur}}</ref>

Not only did he contribute significantly as a poet, increasing the poetic capital of the Urdu language, but he also organized annual mushairas for twelve years in memory of his teacher, Munshi Barak Dehlvi, thereby setting a historical precedent for Urdu poetry in Delhi. There is hardly any notable poet or writer in India who has not participated in these mushairas or who has not presented a paper on Munshi Barak Dehlvi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLotAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8+%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Dillī ke mushāʻire |date=1991 |publisher=Vidyā Parkāsh Sarvar Taunsvī |language=ur}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
Talib Dehlavi authored several notable works. Here are some of his books:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dihlavī |first=Tābish |url=https://books-google-co-in.translate.goog/books?id=48NjAAAAMAAJ&_x_tr_sl=ur&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |title=ديد، بازديد |date=1997 |publisher=كل پاكستان حلقه ادب، |language=ur}}</ref>

* "Anwar-e-Nazar" (1965): A collection of his ghazals and poems.
* "Harf-e-Natamam" (1941): Another compilation of his poetic works.
* "Kashmeer Ki Sair" (1966): A travelogue that explores the beauty and culture of Kashmir.
* "Khadang-e-Naaz": A recitation collection.
* "Khumnistan-e-Kaifi" (1951): A book associated with the poet [[Kaifi Azmi]].
* "Raag Rang": A poetic work.
* "Sabza-e-Begana" (1968): Yet another collection of his ghazals.
* "Ye Thi Dilli" (1975): A book that reflects on the city of Delhi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dehlavi, Talib}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

K. C. Bakhle

2026-04-25T17:15:34Z

OmerRobson4867: started a stub!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamalaker Chintaman Bakhle
| image = K_C_Bakhle.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sind Division]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|7|30|1898|11|17}}
| death_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| native_name_lang =
| other_names =
| known_for = First Indian Commissioner for the Indian Railways, First Managing Director of Air India.
}}
'''Kamalaker Chintaman Bakhle''' (17 November 1898–30 July 1975) was a technocrat and prominent figure in India's transportation sector during the mid-20th century.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite journal |date=August 1975 |title=Kamalaker Chintaman Bakhle |url=https://books.google.com/books?newbks=0&id=IANRAAAAYAAJ&dq=K.+C.+Bakhle+1898&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1898|journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Engineers (India) |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=46–47}}</ref>

==Career==
Bakhle was educated at [[Dulwich College]] and the [[University of London]].<ref name="Obituary"/>

He was the first Indian Commissioner for [[Indian Railways]] (a position equivalent to the modern-day [[Chairperson of the Railway Board]]). He assumed the role in September 1947 and played a significant role in the [[Indian Railways organisational structure|reorganization of India's railway zones]] post-independence.<ref name="PoI">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/760384/1/ppd_22-02-1951.pdf|title=Parliamentary debates|publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref> When the then Railways Minister, [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]], proposed restructuring the railways into five zones, Bakhle and his colleagues advocated for a nine-zone system. Despite their recommendations, Ayyangar's five-zone plan was implemented, leading Bakhle to tender his resignation in 1951.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last= Acharya|first= R.C.|date=1 April 2015|title=Men who set the wheels turning|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/men-who-set-the-wheels-turning/cid/1439288|newspaper=Telegraph|access-date= 12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="IIMA">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2007-02-03graghuram.pdf|title='Turnaround' of Indian Railways: A Critical Appraisal of Strategies and Processes|publisher=IIM Ahmedabad}}</ref>

Following his departure from the railways, Bakhle transitioned to the aviation industry. [[J. R. D. Tata]] appointed him as the first Managing Director of the newly established [[Air India]]. In this capacity, Bakhle contributed to the airline's foundational development and expansion during its formative years.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In 1953, he was also appointed Managing Director of Tata Hydro-Electric Agencies Ltd (Now known as [[Tata Power Company Limited]]).<ref name="WB">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/662881468269150248/pdf/multi0page.pdf|title=Technical Report On The Trombay Thermal Power Project|publisher=World bank}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chairpersons of the Railway Board]]
[[Category:Indian Railways officers]]
[[Category:Tata Group people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Dulwich College]]

Burinagar

2026-04-20T16:27:07Z

OmerRobson4867: stub

{{Short description|Villages in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Buri Nagar
| other_name = Burinagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.49214|91.41914|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = Banekuchi
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,555
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781341<ref>{{cite web |title=BURINAGAR Pin Code - 781341, Burinagar All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search NALBARI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/burinagar-pincode-781341.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303998
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 408.4
}}
'''Buri Nagar''', commonly known as '''Burinagar''', is a census village under Natun Dehar [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. As per 2011 Census of India, the village has a total population of 2,555 people, including 1,344 males and 1,211 females, and has a literacy rate of 75.34%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buri Nagar Village in Banekuchi, Nalbari, Assam – Info & Details |url=https://villageatlas.com/assam/nalbari/banekuchi/buri-nagar |website=villageatlas.com |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/madhupur.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220716040714/https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/madhupur.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Nalbari District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India }}</ref>

Burinagar has a history of being militancy affected area. At Burinagar, on 17 March 1999, the ULFA militants killed 3 youths in suspicion of being informers of police.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Ved |title=Terrorism in India's North-east : A Gathering Storm |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788178356624 |volume=2 |location=Delhi |pages=467 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 January 2006, ex president of Nalbari block Congress Chand Muhammad Ali was killed by the NDFB militants at Burinagar.<ref>{{Cite book |title=India Human Rights Report, 2007 |publisher=Asian Centre for Human Rights |others=Asian Centre for Human Rights |year=2007 |isbn=978-8188987177 |editor-last=Chakma |editor-first=Suhas |location=New Delhi |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

Quran translations into Bengali

2026-04-19T21:18:13Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting biography

{{Short description|none}}
{{Quran|expanded=translations}}
The earliest '''Quran translations into Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা ভাষায় কুরআন অনুবাদের ইতিহাস}}) occurred in 1389, when [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] (one of the oldest poets of [[Bengali literature]]) translated [[surah]]s of the Quran into the old Bengali language.<ref name="Kantho">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2019 |script-title=bn:বাংলা ভাষায় কোরআন অনুবাদের ধারাক্রম |language=bn |work=Kaler Kantho |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/07/26/795902}}</ref> However, full translation of the [[Quran]] from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] began in the early nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520213|jstor=3520213|title=The Social Thoughts and Consciousness of the Bengali Muslims in the Colonial Period|last1=De|first1=Amalendu|journal=Social Scientist|year=1995|volume=23|issue=4/6|pages=16–37|doi=10.2307/3520213|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Haleem|first=Abdel|title=The Qur'an: A New Translation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|location=New York|language=English}}</ref>

[[File:Quran cover.jpg|thumb|Quran, the holy book of Islam]]

== Timeline ==
Multiple translations of the Quran were published in the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dailysangram.com/post/338654-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87 |title=Who Was the First Translator of the Qur'an? |work=The Daily Sangram |language=bn |archive-date=2021-10-05 |access-date=2022-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005052255/https://dailysangram.com/post/338654-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdul Mabud |first=Mohammad |title=Rasulullar Shikkhadan Poddoti |publisher=Bangladesh Islamic centre |year=2015 |location=Dhaka |language=Bangla}}</ref> Though many people have done partial translations, such as Maulana Amir Uddin Basuniya, [[Girish Chandra Sen]] was the first to translate and publish the entire Quran.

=== In the 19th century ===
[[File:girish chandra quran.png|thumb|Quran translation of Girish Chandra Sen]]
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, in 1808 or 1809, Maulana Amir Uddin Basunia, a resident of Matukpur, [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]], completed a Bengali translation of Ampara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |script-title=bn:আল কোরআনের প্রথম বাংলা অনুবাদক |url=https://www.dainikcoxsbazar.com/articles/view/5501/The-first-Bengali-translator-of-the-Quran |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727050212/https://www.dainikcoxsbazar.com/articles/view/5501/The-first-Bengali-translator-of-the-Quran |archive-date=2022-07-27 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Dainik Cox's Bazar |language=bn}}</ref> Although it was a partial translation, it was printed via [[lithography]] and had 168 pages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Nazir |title=Bangladeşe İslamer Agomon |publisher=Bangladesh Islamic Foundation |year=1999 |location=Dhaka |language=bn}}</ref>

Many leaders such as [[Haji Shariatullah|Haji Shariyat Ullah]], Maulana Karamat and Ali Jaunpuri made great efforts in [[Bengal]] for [[Bengali Muslims]] but none of them tried to translate the Quran into Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A HISTORY OF BENGALI TRANSLATIONS OF THE HOLY QUR'AN |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/a-history-of-bengali-translations-of-the-holy-quran.html |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=pdfslide.net |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128063833/https://pdfslide.net/documents/a-history-of-bengali-translations-of-the-holy-quran.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

[[Girish Chandra Sen]] ({{circa|1834-1910}}), a [[Brahmo]] missionary, was the first to translate the entire Quran into Bengali. He published it gradually between 1881 and 1883.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Rafiuddin |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Bengal Muslims, 1871-1906: A quest for identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=93 |sbn=19-562203-0}}</ref> It was a literal translation with a clear and smooth linguistic style. The translation had been hugely praised by various Muslim scholars and writers as an early literary work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-27 |script-title=bn:বাংলায় কুরআনের প্রথম অনুবাদক কে |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/religion/357719/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87 |access-date=2022-07-27 |work=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727045504/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/religion/357719/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87 |archive-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>

After this, Akbar Ali of Patwar Bagan, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] came forward to translate the Quran into Bengali.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first translator of the Quran into Bangla |url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/61028/?regenerate |access-date=2022-01-28 |work=The Asian Age |location=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref> Then, during the [[British Raj|British-Indian period]], [[Taslimuddin Ahmad|Khan Bahadur Maulvi Taslimuddin Ahmad CIE]] of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], Rajendranath Mitra, Pastor Taracharan Bandyopadhyay, [[Muhammad Naimuddin|Maulana Muhammad Naimuddin]] of [[Tangail District|Tangail]] (1832-1907), Akbar Uddin of [[Dinajpur]], and a native Christian Philip Biswas also made partial translations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmudul Hasan |first=Muhammad |title=Hazret Maulana Aminul İslam Jibon o shadhona |publisher=An-Nur Publication |year=2003 |location=Dhaka |language=bn}}</ref>

=== In the 20th century ===
====During British Raj====
*1905: [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Maulana Akram Khan]] (1868-1968). He translated the Quran into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:এক আলোকবর্তিকা মওলানা আকরম খাঁ |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/diganta-shahitto/417245/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81 |access-date=2022-01-28 |work=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |archive-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160138/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/diganta-shahitto/417245/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1905: Sri Kiran Gopal Singha (1885-1942). He was first [[Hindu]] to translate the Quran into Bengali.<ref name="alaponblog.com">{{Cite web |title=আলাপন ব্লগ {{!}} আসলেই কি কুরআনের প্রথম বাংলা অনুবাদ করেন গিরিশ চন্দ্র সেন...? |url=https://alaponblog.com/post/4589/আসলেই-কি-কুরআনের-প্রথম-বাংলা-অনুবাদ-করেন-গিরিশ-চন্দ্র-সেন---- |access-date=2022-01-29 |website=আলাপন ব্লগ |language=bn}}</ref>
*1907: Translation of Maulavi Abbas Ali of 24 Pargana.<ref name="alaponblog.com"/>
*1911: Muhammad Meherullah Sani (1856-1918) 'বাংলা কোরআন শরিফ'<ref name="Kantho" />
*1913: Alauddin Ahmad (1851-1915) and Hafez Mahmud Shah. His translation was published at Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1914: Maulana Khondkar Abul Fazl Abdul Karim (1876-1947) {{lang|bn|কোরআন}}, [[Tangail]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1916: Munshi Karim Bakhsh, from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1917: Abdul Sattar Sufi, from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1917: Maulana Muhammad Ruhul Amin (1875-1945).<ref name="Kantho" />
*1920: Maulana Yar Ahmad (died 1944). 'আমপারা বাঙ্গালা তফসির', [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1922: Mohammod Abdul Hakim (1887-1957) and Mohammod Ali Hasan of Gopalganj. {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}, from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1923: Maulana Sheikh Idris Ahmad. {{lang|bn|কোরআনের মহাশিক্ষা}}.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1924: Maulana Fazel Maqimi. Two parts of the Quran.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1925: Faizuddin Ahmed (1899-1935). from Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1925: [[Taslimuddin Ahmad|Khan Bahadur Maulvi Taslimuddin Ahmad CIE]] (1852–1927) of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]. Three volumes with [[tafsir]], published from Calcutta.
*1926: Maulana Khondkar Golam Rosul of Jhenaidah {{lang|bn|বাঙ্গালা পাঞ্জ সুরাহ}}.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1927: M. Abdur Rashid Siddiki of [[Cox's Bazar]] 'মহা কোরআন কাব্য' from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1928: Maulana Osman Goni of Bardwaman {{lang|bn|পঞ্চমণি}} from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1928: Maulana Ahmod Ali of Jessore (1898-1959).<ref name="Kantho" />
*1929: Maulana Kafil Uddin Siddiki {{lang|bn|তরজমা পাঞ্জে সুরা}} from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1930: Fazlur Rahim Chowdhury {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}, Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1930: Morshed Ali {{lang|bn|কোরআন দর্পণ}}, Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1930: Mir Fazle Ali (1898-1939). {{lang|bn|কোরআন কণিকা}}, from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1931: Muhammod Azhar Uddin of Rajbari. {{lang|bn|কোরআনের আলো}} from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1932: Abdul Aziz Hindi (1867-1926) of Kumilla. {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}} from Noakhali.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1933: [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] {{lang|bn|কাব্য আমপারা}} in poetic Bangla from Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nazrul as a translator |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/22833/nazrul-as-a-translator |access-date=2022-01-28 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nazrul's poetic translations of the Holy Quran - Art & Culture |url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=160143 |access-date=2022-01-28 |work=The Daily Observer |archive-date=2022-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160030/https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=160143 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kantho" />
*1934: Saiyed Abul Khair Tajul Awliya {{lang|bn|বাংলা কোরআন শরিফ}}, from Tangail.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1935: Saiyed Abul Mansur {{lang|bn|কোরআন কুসুমাঞ্জলি}}.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1936: Ayub Ali Chowdhury (1877-1936) {{lang|bn|স্বর্গীয় কানন}} from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1936: Maulana Muhammad Golam Akbar {{lang|bn|আমপারার তফসির}} from Jessore.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1937: Basanta Kumar Mukhopadyaya was first [[Kulin Brahmin]] to translate Quran. {{lang|bn|পবিত্র কোরআন প্রবেশ}}. Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1939: Muhammad Ismail of [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] {{lang|bn|আমপারার তরজমা}} from [[Tripura]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1940: Muhamnad Shamsul Huda of Narshindi {{lang|bn|নেয়ামুল কোরআন}} from Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1941: Khan Bahadur Ahsan Ullah (1873-1965). from.[[Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-18 |title=Founder {{!}} Dhaka Ahsania Mission |url=http://www.ahsaniamission.org.bd/founder/ |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.ahsaniamission.org.bd |language=en-US}}</ref>
*1944: Mezanur Rahman of [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahman Baria]] {{lang|bn|নূরের ঝলক}} or {{lang|bn|কোরআনের আলো}} from Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1945: Maulana Zulfikar Ali of [[Feni, Bangladesh|Feni]] from [[Chittagong|Chattagram]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1946: D. Muhamnad Shahid Ullah (1885-1969). {{lang|bn|মহাবাণী}} from [[Bogra District|Bogura]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1947: Maulana Muneer Uddin Ahmod of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] {{lang|bn|হাফিজিল কাদেরী}} from Rangpur.<ref name="Kantho" />

====During 1947-1971====

*1962: [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] <nowiki>{{lang|bn|তাফসিরে আশরাফী}}</nowiki><ref name="Kantho" />
*1963: Khondkar Mohammod Hucain {{lang|bn|সহজ পাক তফসির}}, from [[Tangail District|Tangail]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1966-67: Kazi Abdul Wadud {{lang|bn|পবিত্র কোরান}}, from Faridpur and Kolkata.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1967: Ali Haidar Chowdhury {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}<ref name="Kantho" />
*1967: Maulana Belayet Hossain and others. {{lang|bn|কোরআনুল করিম}} from [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1968: Mohammod Sayid Ibrahimpuri {{lang|bn|কোরআনের মুক্তাহার}}, from Chandpur.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1969: Hakim Abdul Mannan {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}, from Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1970: M. Nurul Islam {{lang|bn|তাফাসরুল কোরআন}} from [[Bogra|Bogura]].<ref name="Kantho" />

====From 1971 to 2000====
*1970-72: Maulana M. Taher {{lang|bn|আল-কোরআন : তরজমা ও তাফসির}}.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1974: Maulana Nurur Rahman of 1909 {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে বয়ানুল কোরান}}, from Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1974: Mobarak Karim Jauhar {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}, from [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1977: A K M Fazlur Rahman Munshi {{lang|bn|পবিত্র কোরআন শরিফ'}} from [[Comilla|Kumilla]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1978-79: {{lang|bn|তাফহিমুল কোরআন : কোরআন মজিদের বাংলা তাফসির}}
*1980: Maulana Muhidden Khan {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে মা'রেফুল কোরআন}}
*1982: M. Khurshid Uddin {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে জালালাইন}}<ref name="Kantho" />
*1988: D.M.Mujibur Rahman and Akter Faruk {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে ইবনে কাছির, অধ্যাপক আখতার ফারুক}}
*1992: D. Osman Goni {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}} Mallik Brothers, [[Kolkata]].
*1993: Farid Uddin Masud {{lang|bn|তাফসির-ই জালালাইন}}, Islamic foundation.
*1994: Saudi Embassy {{lang|bn|বাংলা অনুপবিত্র কোরআনুল করিম বাদ ও সংক্ষিপ্ত তাফসির}} from [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Kantho" />
*1994: Maulana M. Aminul Islam {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে নূরুল কোরআন}}, Al Balagh Publications.
*1994: M. Obayedur Rahman Mallik {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে মাজেদি শরিফ}}, Islamic foundation.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1991-95: Malana M. Sakhawat Ullah {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে তাবারি শরিফ}}, Islamic foundation.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1995: Hafiz Muneer Uddin Ahmod {{lang|bn|তাফসির ফি যিলালিল কোরআন}}, Al Koran Academy.
*1995: Maulana M A Bashir Uddin {{lang|bn|ছহীহ বঙ্গানুবাদ কোরআন শরিফ}}, Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1996-97: [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে উসমানী}}, Islamic foundation.
*1997: D. Muhammad Mustafizur Rahman {{lang|bn|কোরান শরিফ}}, from Khosroz kitab mohol.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1998: Maulana Abul Bashar Muhammad Saiful Islam and Maulana Mazhar Uddin Ahmad of Charchina.<ref name="Kantho" />
*1999: Sadar Uddin Chisti {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে কোরআন}},<ref name="Kantho" />
*2000: Justice Habibur Rahman. {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ : সরল বঙ্গানুবাদ}}, from Dhaka.<ref name="Kantho" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Translation of the Quran |url=https://habibur.com/quran/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017094552/https://www.habibur.com/quran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== In the 21st Century ===
*2002: Koran Sharif {{lang|bn|সহজ সরল বাংলা অনুবাদ}}, Hafez Munir Uddin Ahmed, Al Koran Academy.<ref name="Kantho" />
*2006: {{lang|bn|ছন্দোবদ্ধ বাংলা কোরআন}}, Panna Chowdhury, Gontobyo Prokashani, Dhaka.
*2006: {{lang|bn|পবিত্র আল কোরআনের পুঁথি অনুবাদ}}, Maulana Abdul Hameid Qasemi, aus New Hamidia Prokashan.<ref name="Kantho" />
*2007: {{lang|bn|কুর'আনুল কারীম}} by D. Mujibur Rahman, 3rd edition, ''Darussalam Publications'', [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.]]
*2010: {{lang|bn|কোরআন শরিফ}}, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Maulana Mufti Muhammad Zakaria, Meena Book House.<ref name="Kantho" />
*2011: {{lang|bn|নূর নূরানি বাংলা উচ্চারণ}}, Bangla Translation and commentary on revelation. Maulana Osman Gani, Solemania Book House.<ref name="Kantho" />
*2012: {{lang|bn|বঙ্গানুবাদ কোরআন শরিফ}}, Maulana Muhammad Abdur Rahim (Rah), ''Khairun Prokashani.''<ref name="Kantho" />
*2013: Tafsir of Abu Bakr Zakaria.
*2017: {{lang|bn|তাফসিরে তাওযিহুল কোরআন}}, Origin: [[Taqi Usmani]]'s translation: Maulana Abul Bashar Muhammad Saiful Islam. ''Maktabatul Ashraf.''<ref name="Kantho" />
*2018: {{lang|bn|সহজ কোরআন}}, Asif Shibgat Bhuiyan, from Adarsha Library.
*2020: Maulana Muhibur Rahman Khan {{lang|bn|আল কুরআনের কাব্যানুবাদ}}, from ''Rahnuma Prokashani'', [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |script-title=bn:পবিত্র কুরআনের পূর্ণাঙ্গ কাব্যানুবাদ শেষ করলেন জাগ্রত কবি মুহিব খান {{!}}... |url=https://fateh24.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Fateh 24 |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220221065410/https://fateh24.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97/ |archive-date=2022-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |script-title=bn:আজ বইমেলায় মুহিব খানের 'আল কুরআনের কাব্যানুবাদ' অবমুক্ত হবে |url=https://dailysignature.net/archives/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Daily Signature |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220221141458/https://dailysignature.net/archives/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86/ |archive-date=2022-02-21}}</ref>
*2021: Mufti Abu Umama Qutubuddin Mahmud und Mufti Abdullah Shihab. {{lang|bn|আল কুরআন শব্দে শব্দে অর্থ}}, from Dhaka.
({{ISBN|978-984-8046-62-3}})

* 2023: Shohoj Bangla Quran সহজ বাংলা কুরআন, ইঞ্জিনিয়ার লে. কর্নেল এম আলাউদ্দীন, Mowla Brothers, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

==Comparison==
{{Expand section|* differences are not in English
* Note is missing to highlight differences and changes|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" width="25%"|Translators
!Quran 2:79
|-
| align="center"|''[[Girish Chandra Sen]]''
|অনন্তর যাহারা স্বহস্তে পুস্তক লিখে, তৎপর সামান্য মূল্য গ্রহণ করিবার উদ্দেশ্যে বলে যে, ইহা ঈশ্বরের নিকট হইতে (সমাগত), ধিক্ তাহাদিগকে; অবশেষে তাহাদের হস্ত যা লিপি করিয়াছে তজ্জন্য তাহাদিগকে ধিক্, তাহাদের ব্যবসায় অবলম্বনের জন্য তাহাদিগকে ধিক্৷
|-
| align="center"|'' Munir Uddin Ahmed''
|অতএব সেসব লোকেদের জন্য ধ্বংস (অনিবার্য), যারা হাত দিয়ে কিতাব লেখে নেয়, তারপর (দুনিয়ার সামনে) বলে, এগুলো হচ্ছে আল্লাহ তায়ালার পক্ষ থেকে (অবতীর্ণ শরীয়তের বিধান), তাদের উদ্দেশ্য হচ্ছে, যেন তা দিয়ে (দুনিয়ার) কিছু (স্বার্থ) তারা কিনে নিতে পারে; অতঃপর তাদের হাত যা কিছু রচনা করেছে তার জন্য তাদের ধ্বংস ও দুর্ভোগ, যা কিছু তারা উপার্জন করেছে তার জন্যেও তাদের দুর্ভোগ৷
|}

== See also ==

* [[Quran translations]]
* [[List of translations of the Quran]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mofakhkhar Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne3XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Holy Qur'ãn in South Asia: A Bio-bibliographic Study of Translations of the Holy Qurʼãn in 23 South Asian Languages |date=2001 |publisher=Bibi Akhtar Prakãs̆ani |pages=47–103 |language=en}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Qur'an in Bengali}}

[[Category:Quran translations]]
[[Category:Quran translators]]
[[Category:Bengali-language books]]
[[Category:Bengali-language culture]]
[[Category:Quran translations by language]]
[[Category:Translations into Bengali ]]

Indora Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:33Z

OmerRobson4867: started pg!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indora
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = 7-Indora constituency.svg
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| mla = Malender Rajan
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:91569}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Department, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/showfile.php?lang=1&dpt_id=6&level=1&sublinkid=21406&lid=19924 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Indora''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Indora]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Palampur Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/indora.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Manohar Dhiman
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Reeta Devi (politician)|Reeta Devi]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Malender Rajan]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indora}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Malender Rajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,797 |percentage=45.55% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Reeta Devi (politician)|Reeta Devi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,547|percentage=42.22%|change={{decrease}}6.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manohar Lal|party=Independent politician|votes=4,442|percentage=6.57%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagdish Singh|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,474|percentage=2.18%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nirmal Parshad|party=Independent politician|votes=1,470|percentage=2.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=482|percentage=0.71%|change={{decrease}}0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hans Raj|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=261|percentage=0.39%|change={{decrease}}1.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laxman Dass|party=Hindu Samaj Party|votes=145|percentage=0.21%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,250 |percentage=3.33% |change= {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=67,618|percentage=72.52%|change={{decrease}}0.77}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,244 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indora<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Reeta Devi (politician)|Reeta Devi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,213 |percentage=48.23% |change={{increase}}26.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kishore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,118 |percentage=46.43% |change={{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=952 |percentage=1.57% |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=668 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,095 |percentage=1.81% |change= {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,566 |percentage=73.29% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,638 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Indora}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Dhiman |party=Independent politician |votes=21,424 |percentage=40.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kishore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,055 |percentage=26.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Reeta Devi (politician)|Reeta Devi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,624 |percentage=21.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malender Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,944 |percentage=7.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piara Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,181 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=734 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbinder Kumar |party=Bharatiya Bahujan Party |votes=469 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,369 |percentage=13.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,463 |percentage=72.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,073 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Indora]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.14|75.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hubli-Dharwad West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:28Z

OmerRobson4867: started new pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hubli-Dharwad West
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 74
| map_image = 74-Hubli-Dharwad West constituency.svg
| mla = [[Aravind Bellad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Chandrakant Bellad]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:263230}}<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Hubli-Dharwad West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dharwad district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Aravind Bellad]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023" />{{update after|2028|7}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Chandrakant Bellad]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[Arvind Bellad]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad West <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad West">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1074.htm?ac=74 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425063754/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1074.htm?ac=74 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Bellad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 101,410 |percentage = 59.45% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Chinchore |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,717 |percentage = 36.77% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 1.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gururaj Istalingappa Hunasimarad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,693 |percentage = 22.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,586 |percentage = 65.18% |change = {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,567}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,230 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad West <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Bellad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,462 |percentage = 61.16% |change = {{increase}}29.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Ismail Tamatgar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,975 |percentage = 35.49% |change = {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,962 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,487 |percentage = 25.67% |change = {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,730 |percentage = 61.79% |change = {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,728}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,252 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}29.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad West <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Bellad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,003 |percentage = 31.92% |change = {{decrease}}24.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Morey |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,821 |percentage = 23.42% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Tamatgar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 30,312 |percentage = 23.04% |change = {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Limbikai |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 12,216 |percentage = 9.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gururaj Istalingappa Hunasimarad |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,471 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dambal Hanumant |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,807 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Veerabhadrappa Katagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Basappa Doddamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraj Tigadi |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,182 |percentage = 8.50% |change = {{decrease}}22.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,085 |percentage = 57.61% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,588}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,579 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}24.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad West <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Bellad]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,800 |percentage = 55.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honnalli Jabbarkhan Hayatakhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,453 |percentage = 25.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tamatgar Mohmad Ismail |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,200 |percentage = 13.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. H. Neeralkeri |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Reeta Pavate |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,523 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prashant Sugur |party = Independent politician |votes = 978 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,347 |percentage = 30.70% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,662 |percentage = 56.08% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,760 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dharwad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.35|75.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Diwakar Prasad Singh

2026-04-19T12:48:16Z

OmerRobson4867: new

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Diwakar Prasad Singh
| image = Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh taking oath as Education Minister of Bihar in 1996 cabinet.jpg
| caption = Dr. Singh taking the oath of office as Minister of Education of Bihar in 1996.
| office = Minister of Education, Bihar
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 1996
| office2 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency2 = Kosi Graduate (Snatak)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_place = [[Banka district|Banka]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2010|1930}}
| parents = [[Shashi Prasad Singh]] (Father)
| alma_mater = [[University of Pennsylvania]] (PhD)
| occupation = Academic, Politician
}}

'''Diwakar Prasad Singh''' (died 2010) was an Indian academic and politician who served as the Minister of Education in the Government of [[Bihar]]. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he represented the Kosi Graduate (Snatak) constituency as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC).<ref name="EduMinList">{{cite web |title=List of ministers of education of Bihar |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_education_of_Bihar |website=Wikipedia |access-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2026}}

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in the [[Banka district]] of Bihar. He was the son of independence activist [[Shashi Prasad Singh]], who was killed during the 1942 [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="BankaWiki">"Banka district", Wikipedia. Section on Notable People.</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2026}}

He was a distinguished scholar and a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellow]]. He earned his PhD from the [[University of Pennsylvania]], where he specialized in international history.<ref name="JASReview">Brown, Emily C. (February 1975). "American Attitude Towards the Indian Nationalist Movement. By Diwakar Prasad Singh". The Journal of Asian Studies. 34 (2): 553–554.</ref>

== Academic and Political Career ==
Prior to entering active politics, Dr. Singh was a noted historian. In 1974, he authored the scholarly work ''American Attitude Towards Indian National Movement'', published by Munshiram Manoharlal with a foreword by the renowned historian [[Ram Sharan Sharma|Dr. R. S. Sharma]].<ref name="AbeBooks">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Diwakar Prasad |title=American Attitude Towards Indian Nationalist Movement |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-8121503099 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

In 1996, he was appointed to the Bihar Cabinet as the Minister of Education under Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. During his tenure, he was known for his efforts in higher education reform.<ref name="EduMinList" />{{Circular reference|date=March 2026}}

== Legacy ==
Dr. Singh was instrumental in preserving the legacy of his father. He played a central role in the establishment and development of the [[Shaheed Shashi Prasad Singh College]] in Shambhuganj, Banka. The college serves as a permanent affiliated unit of [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]], providing higher education to the rural population of the region.<ref name="CollegeSite">{{cite web |title=About The College |url=https://sspscollege.ac.in/ |website=Shaheed Shashi Prasad Singh College |access-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh taking oath as Education Minister of Bihar in 1996 cabinet.jpg|Taking the oath of office as Minister of Education, Bihar, 1996.
File:Politicians Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh and Lalu Prasad Yadav in Patna.jpg|With then-Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].
File:Dr. Diwakar Prasad Singh with Minister Ajit Singh during a political meeting.jpg|With [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]], founder of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]

Fatorda Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:25Z

OmerRobson4867: done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fatorda
| mla = [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Goa Forward Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:30845}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =30
| map_image = File:Fatorda constitution.svg
}}

'''Fatorda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Fatorda is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=3|Luis Cardoz
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2|[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3|[[Vijai Sardesai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Sardesai]] |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=11,063 |percentage=45.47% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,536 |percentage=39.19% |change={{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adv. Valerie Fernandes |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=1,556 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandesh Teleikar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,050 |percentage=4.32% |change={{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seoula Vas |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=635 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=254 |percentage=1.04% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,527 |percentage=6.28% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,333 |percentage=77.47% |change= {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,845 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Goa Forward Party |loser=Goa Forward Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Sardesai]] |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=10,516 |percentage=45.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,182 |percentage=39.86% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Cotta Carvalho |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,479 |percentage=6.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jose D Silva |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,414 |percentage=6.14% |change={{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=220 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Naik (Dilip) |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=155 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,334 |percentage=5.79% |change= {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,038 |percentage=79.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,985 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Goa Forward Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Sardesai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,375 |percentage=48.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,436 |percentage=39.28% |change={{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arthur D'Silva |party=Independent politician |votes=1,126 |percentage=5.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piedade Noronha E Silva |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=695 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Shaikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=660 |percentage=3.07% |change={{decrease}}28.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,939 |percentage=9.03% |change= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,475 |percentage=79.63% |change= {{increase}}18.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,925 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}17.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,943 |percentage=40.05% |change={{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Sardessai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,172 |percentage=31.12% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noronha Piedade |party=Independent politician |votes=3,640 |percentage=18.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ibrahim |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=804 |percentage=4.05% |change={{decrease}}20.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hazare Mahadev Narsinv |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=793 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barretto Camilo |party=Save Goa Front |votes=463 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,771 |percentage=8.93% |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,834 |percentage=60.73% |change= {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,630 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Damu Naik|Damodar Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,695 |percentage=34.95% |change={{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardoz Luis Alex Florenci |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,107 |percentage=31.34% |change={{decrease}}16.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monte Cruz Francisco Piedade |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,992 |percentage=24.50% |change={{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Sadanand Rajaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=662 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ferrao Peter Marcel |party=Independent politician |votes=556 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buyao Ulhas Subray |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=588 |percentage=3.61% |change= {{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,294 |percentage=61.04% |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,681 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardoz Luis Alex Florence |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,164 |percentage=47.72% |change={{increase}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eng. Ashok Tukaram Korgaonkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,421 |percentage=29.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kadam Shantaram Bhikaji |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,186 |percentage=14.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Antonio Damiao |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,228 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,743 |percentage=18.27% |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,014 |percentage=55.38% |change= {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,084 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardoz Luis Alex Florence |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,504 |percentage=38.43% |change={{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angle Ramakant Soiru |party=Independent politician |votes=5,154 |percentage=35.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Pradeep Gajanan |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,199 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eng. Korgaonkar Ashok Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gomes Jose Fransisco |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=537 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayed Iqbal |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=509 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Felix Afonso |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=350 |percentage=2.44% |change= {{decrease}}12.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,324 |percentage=64.34% |change= {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Fatorda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Cardoz Luis Alex Florence |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,552 |percentage=43.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotlikar Suryakant Datta |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,687 |percentage=29.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dias Nolasco Joao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,016 |percentage=23.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dias Thomas Joaquim Rafael |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,865 |percentage=14.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,639 |percentage=68.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,985 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.29|73.96|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Gyamar Nikum

2026-04-18T11:46:49Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Gyamar Nikum
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Naharlagun]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| height = 1.67 m
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber = 77
| youthyears1 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| youthyears2 = 2020–2021
| youthclubs2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| years1 = 2021–2023
| clubs1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| caps1 = 18
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2023–
| clubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps2 = 2
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = → [[Inter Kashi]] (loan)
| caps3 = 19
| goals3 = 4
| club-update = 16:50, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Gyamar Nikum''' (born 26 October 2004) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].

He is one of the youngest players and first from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in history to be selected and debut in the [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|I-League Qualifiers]], at an age of 16 years and 359 days.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|title=Arunachal boy playing in Hero I-League qualifiers|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/10/23/arunachal-boy-playing-in-hero-i-league-qualifiers/|date=23 October 2021|access-date=14 July 2022|website=arunachaltimes.in}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=RUFC Academy player Gyamar Nikum – Youngest Kid and first from Arunachal Pradesh to debut in the I-League Qualifiers|url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1451169994088214534|website=@RajasthanUnited|date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Boy Becomes Youngest Footballer to Play in 'I-League Qualifiers'|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/arunachal-boy-becomes-youngest-footballer-to-play-in-i-league-qualifiers/|date=29 October 2021|access-date=14 July 2022|website=ukhrultimes.com}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Youth career===
Hailing from the town of [[Naharlagun]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]'s [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]] district, Nikum started playing football at the age of 8. By the age of 14, he had played in the U15 sub-junior national championships for [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|title=I-League: Rajasthan United's teenage prodigy Nikum leaves lasting impression in debut season|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/i-league-rajasthan-uniteds-teenage-prodigy-nikum-leaves-lasting-impression-in-debut-season20220429192847/|date=29 April 2022|access-date=14 July 2022|website=aninews.in}}</ref>

On 2019, Nikum achieved a career milestone when he was selected for the [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]] team to play in the [[B.C. Roy Trophy|U18 BC Roy Trophy]], where they made it to the semi-finals. It was in that tournament where the [[midfielder]] was scouted by [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] and offered a chance to be a part of their residential academy in [[Bhilwara]]. After impressing then coach Vikrant Sharma, he was fast tracked to the first-team squad.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Footballer Nikum Gyamar of Rajasthan United FC has his sights set on playing for India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/footballer-nikum-gyamar-of-rajasthan-united-fc-has-his-sights-set-on-playing-for-india/cid/1866215|date=21 May 2022|access-date=14 July 2022|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

===Rajasthan United===
On 20 October 2021, Nikum became one of the youngest players and first from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in history to be selected and debut in the [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|I-League Qualifiers]], when he appeared against [[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]], at an age of 16 years and 359 days.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

Nikum had a breakout [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]] season, where he appeared in fourteen of their eighteen games as [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] had a memorable debut season in the [[I-League]], finishing in the top 7 of [[2021–22 I-League#Phase 1|Phase 1]] and qualifying for the [[2021–22 I-League#Phase 2|Championship stage]].

In July 2022, Nikum signed a new four-year contract extension with [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nikum Gyamar – the stable midfielder is with us leading from the front as he dons the #rajasthanunited jersey till 2026|url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1546794077152317440|website=@RajasthanUnited|date=12 July 2022|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> On 20 August, he scored his first and the winning goal for the club in a shock 3–2 win over [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]], in the [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan United showcase comeback to upset ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-rajasthan-united-match-report|website=khelnow.com|date=20 August 2022|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ATK Mohun Bagan 2 – 3 Rajasthan United|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11957|website=the-aiff.com|date=20 August 2022|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Mumbai City ===
On 22 January 2023, 18 year-old Nikum joined [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] for a reported transfer fee of ₹6–7.5 million on a four-and-a-half-year contract, with an option to extend further. The transfer fee is a record for a player of his age.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL – Mumbai City FC signs youngster Nikum Gyamar|url=https://iftwc.com/isl-mumbai-city-fc-signs-nikum-gyamar/|website=iftwc.com|date=22 January 2023|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wonderboy Gyamar Nikum signs deal with Mumbai City FC|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/01/23/wonderboy-gyamar-nikum-signs-deal-with-mumbai-city-fc/|website=arunachaltimes.in|date=22 January 2023|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gyamar Nikum joins Mumbai City in a five-year deal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-01-indian-football-isl-2022-23-mumbai-city-sign-winger-gyamar-nikum-contract-details|website=khelnow.com|date=22 January 2023|access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

====Inter Kashi (loan)====
On 3 September 2023, [[I-League]] club [[Inter Kashi]] announced the signing of Nikum on a one-year loan deal, until the end of the [[2023–24 I-League]] season.<ref>https://twitter.com/90ndstoppage/status/1698222778258972724</ref> Following a season of 22 appearances, four goals, and four assists, Nikum was adjudged to be the Best Emerging Player of the season.<ref>{{cite web | title=I-League Emerging Player Gyamar Nikum turns a role model in Arunachal Pradesh | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/i-league-emerging-player-gyamar-nikum-turns-a-role-model-in-arunachal-pradesh }}</ref>

==International career==
In June 2022, Nikum got called up by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] for the [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]] training camp in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal: Football prodigy, 17, picked for India U-20 training camp|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2022/06/18/arunachal-football-prodigy-17-picked-for-india-u-20-training-camp/|date=18 June 2022|access-date=14 July 2022|website=eastmojo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal's Gyamar Nikum called for national football camp|url=https://newsfy.in/trending/arunachals-gyamar-nikum-called-for-national-football-camp/|date=18 June 2022|access-date=14 July 2022|website=newsfy.in}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|19 February 2022}}<ref>{{Soccerway|gyamar-nikum/809605}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{nowrap|[[2021 I-League Qualifiers|2021]]}}
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Rajasthan United FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|14||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||14||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Rajasthan United FC season|2022–23]]
|4||1||5{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||2|| colspan="2" |–||9||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!19!!1!!5!!2!!0!!0!!24!!3
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 Mumbai City FC season|2022–23]]}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Inter Kashi]] (loan)
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!20!!1!!5!!2!!0!!0!!25!!3
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''Mumbai City'''
* [[Indian Super League]] premiership : [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai City FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikum, Gyamar}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kurung Kumey district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan United FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Inter Kashi FC players]]

Kaushambi, Ghaziabad

2026-04-18T07:22:21Z

OmerRobson4867: started data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaushambi (Ghaziabad)
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_caption = Kaushambi View and Kaushambi Central Park
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label = Kaushambi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|31|N|77|19|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 201010
| registration_plate = UP-14
| governing_body = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_title1 = [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation|Municipal Councilor]]
| leader_name1 = Kusum Goyal
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

'''Kaushambi''', is a part of the planned city of [[Ghaziabad]] in [[Delhi NCR]] and state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], is an industrially planned and well developed region, under '''Vasundhara Zone''' of [[Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zone-division of Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam|url=https://www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124195532/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Situated at the sidelines of the Delhi-U.P. border opposite side of Anand vihar in Delhi that provides quick access to the [[New Delhi|capital city]]. Although not large, the city holds a conglomerate of various facilities, such as a [[Shopping mall|shopping complex]], [[movie theater]]s, [[Park|city parks]], [[Offices|company offices]], computer education, robotics training and [[Housing society|housing societies]]. Being part of the most populous state of [[India]], it receives a good number of visitors and locals. The ex [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]], resided in Girnar Apartments of Kaushambi before shifting to Delhi when [[Aam Aadmi Party]] won the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015 Delhi Elections.]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-30|title=Kejriwal vacates Tilak Lane house, returns to Kaushambi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kejriwal-vacates-tilak-lane-house-returns-to-kaushambi/story-UBflSSYfGLGGUtzXmv00fK.html|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kejriwal Returns to His Kaushambi Residence|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kejriwal-returns-to-his-kaushambi-residence/852125|access-date=2020-09-27|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

==Climate==
Kaushambi features a [[Humid subtropical climate|humid sub-tropical]] climate, with a variation of all seasons having a good impact all over the year. Since the city is on the outskirts of Ghaziabad, its temperature and climate is similar to that of [[Delhi]].

==Transport==

===Delhi Metro===
Transportation infrastructure is quite varied in the area as it has the feasibility of [[Delhi Metro]] with the [[Kaushambi (Delhi Metro)|Kaushambi Metro Station]] being situated there. It is an elevated metro station located on the branch line of the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro in [[Ghaziabad]]. It is part of a 2.57 km extension from Anand Vihar station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metros-date-with-ghaziabad-delayed-now-its-july-2011/577962/0|title = Metro's date with Ghaziabad delayed: Now it's March 2011|date = 10 February 2010}}</ref> It was made functional on 14 July 2011 with 200 parking spaces to cater to commuters in the [[vicinity]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022014537/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Ghaziabad-corridor-to-be-Inaugurated-on-July-9/Article1-709067.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ibd0tm2x1GAlld|title=Anand Vihar - Vaishali Section to Open for Passenger Services from 14th July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vaishali-Metro-to-kick-off-on-July-14-minus-Maya/articleshow/9201278.cms |title=Vaishali Metro to kick off on July 14 minus Maya - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105205308/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/delhi/29768261_1_vaishali-metro-dmrc-r-k-kardam |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Railways===
The railway station closest to Kaushambi, is the [[Anand Vihar Terminal|Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]] which handles all the east-bound trains from Delhi.<ref>[[Anand Vihar Terminal]]</ref> It situated just adjacent to the [[Anand Vihar (Delhi Metro)|Anand Vihar Metro Station]]. The terminal being at a distance of less than 2 km, is mostly used by the locals of the Kaushambi area.

The Delhi-Meerut RRTS, the first Rapid Rail Transit System of the country which will connect Delhi, Ghaziabad and Meerut has the [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar RRTS Station]] in close vicinity,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming 2024: Mega transit hub at Anand Vihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/coming-2024-mega-transit-hub-at-anand-vihar-8263809/ }}</ref> and the station will be bridged with the [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] Bus Stand at Kaushambi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCRTC to build 3 bridges at Anand Vihar RRTS station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ncrtc-build-bridges-anand-vihar-rrts-station-8653994/}}</ref>

===Roadways===
Anand Vihar ISBT (Interstate Bus-Terminal) is the main source of roadways travelling for Kaushambi. It is situated in the same complex which holds the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and the Anand Vihar Metro Station. Buses for travelling locally and for interstate travel can easily be boarded from there. Buses for further traveling can be boarded from the Kaushambi Bus Terminal.
If traveling within Kaushambi or adjacent cities, the area has a unique form of road transportation popularly called 'Vikram',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scootersindia.com/html/products_vikram450d.htm |title=Scooters India\products\vikram450d |access-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320093646/http://www.scootersindia.com/html/products_vikram450d.htm |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which are 8 seater auto-rickshaws that give you a possibility for local traveling for a minimum fare.
The city is also connected with two National Highways, NH58 and NH24, which provide direct connectivity to the neighboring states.

===Airways===
The city has [[Hindon Air Force Station|Hindon Airbase]] as a prominent airfield, but the base is reserved for the military. All domestic and international air travel are directed towards [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]].

===Hotels===
The place has a lot of hotels for the people visiting the NCR region. Some of the well-known hotels in the area are:
*Hotel Anand Retreat
*Hotel Rousha Inn
*Hotel Mukund
*Hotel Sri Sri Residency
*Hotel Central Park
*Radisson Blu Kaushambi
*Park Crown Banquet Kaushambi
*Grand Milan Banquet Hall Kaushambi
*Rajpath Residency
*Hotel Samrat

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ghaziabad district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Chamkaur Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:29Z

OmerRobson4867: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chamkaur Sahib
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = 51-Chamkaur Sahib.svg
| map_caption = Current MLA, [[Charanjit Singh (politician)|Dr. Charanjit Singh]]
| mla = [[Dr. Charanjit Singh|Charanjit Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum: 197330 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Chamkaur Sahib''' is one of the 117 constituencies of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/Delimitation2006/Delimitation_eng2006.pdf |title=Delimitation - Order No. 22 |date=19 June 2006 |author=Delimitation Commission of India |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It lies in [[Rupnagar district]] and is reserved for member of the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Vote transfer dynamics in the 2022 Chamkaur Sahib election==
The 2022 defeat of Charanjit Singh Channi in Chamkaur Sahib cannot be attributed to voter rejection, as his vote tally increased from 61,060 in 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Chamkaur Sahib 2017 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/37246 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> to approximately 62,306 in 2022. The decisive factor was the reconfiguration of opposition votes following the Akali Dal–BSP alliance. Although Akali Dal had secured over 31,000 votes in 2017, the BSP vote share collapsed to around 3,800 in 2022, indicating a near-total failure of alliance vote transfer. At the same time, AAP's significant surge suggests that Akali Dal votes shifted away from its Dalit alliance partner rather than consolidating behind it. This pattern effectively weakened the BSP in a reserved constituency and materially altered the electoral outcome, raising serious questions about the sincerity and functional intent of the alliance.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Chamkaur Sahib 2022 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/45435 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2|[[Satwant Sandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Bhag Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Shamsher Singh
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|rowspan=2|[[Satwant Sandhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections|last1=News18|date=2022|accessdate=27 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027091043/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|archivedate=27 October 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dr. Charanjit Singh|Charanjit Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
:
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election, 2022]]: Chamkaur Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |party=Aam Aadmi Party |candidate=[[Dr. Charanjit Singh]]|votes=70,248 |percentage=47.6 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=62,306|percentage=42.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Lakhvir Singh|votes=6,974|percentage=4.73|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Harmohan Singh Sandhu|votes=3,802|percentage=2.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Darshan Singh Shivjot|votes=2,514|percentage=1.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=713|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,942
|percentage=5.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,47,571|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:1,97,330}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022 Chamkaur Sahib">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017 ===
Charanjit Singh Channi, who, in 2021, became the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], won the seat for third consecutive time.<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=168|title = Charanjit Singh(AAP):Constituency- CHAMKAUR SAHIB (SC)(RUPNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/key-contests-354438|title=Two MLAs, doctor lock horns in Chamkaur Sahib}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://punjabikhurki.com/charanjit-singh-ap-chamkaur-sahib/|title=Dr Charanjit Singh is AAP Choice from Chamkaur Sahib|date=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/List%20of%20Candidates%2024.01.2017.pdf |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033447/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/List%20of%20Candidates%2024.01.2017.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections‐2017 - List of Contesting Candidates}}</ref>
:
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Chamkaur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]|votes=61,060|percentage=42.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party=Aam Aadmi Party |candidate=[[Dr. Charanjit Singh]] |votes=48,752 |percentage=33.53 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Justice Nirmal Singh|votes=31,452|percentage=21.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajinder Singh|votes=1,610|percentage=1.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=911|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,308|percentage=8.47|change=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,399|percentage=77.78|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:186932}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===2012===
:
<section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Chamkaur Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|votes = 54,640
|percentage = 41.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Jagmeet Kaur
|votes = 50,981
|percentage =38.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =People's Party of Punjab
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh
|votes = 13,408
|percentage =10.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajinder Singh
|votes =9,164
|percentage =6.92
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Haripal
|votes = 2,877
|percentage =2.17
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,659
|percentage =2.76
|change =
}}{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,430
|percentage =79.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

===Previous results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2007||66||[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]||IND||37946||[[Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]||SAD||36188
|-
|2002||67||[[Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]||SAD||33511||Bhag Singh||INC||24413
|-
|1997||67||[[Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]||SAD||40349||Nirmal Singh||SAD (M)||14205
|-
|1992||67||Shamsher Singh||INC||3641||Gurmukh Singh||BSP||2706
|-
|1985||67||Bhag Singh||INC||19928||Bimal Kaur||IND||18134
|-
|1980||67||[[Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]||SAD||23352||Karnail Singh||INC (I)||18277
|-
|1977||67||[[Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]||SAD||29223||Prithvi Singh Azad||INC||17463
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rupnagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.89|76.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Nimapara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:29Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Nimapara}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nimapara
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 106
| type = SLA
| map_image = 106-Nimapara.svg
| map_caption = Nimapara Assembly constituency in [[Puri district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Puri district|Puri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Dy CM Pravati Parida.jpg
| mla = [[Pravati Parida]] 
[[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha''']]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,47,961{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Nimapara''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415004610/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=106|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Nimapara (106) District: Puri|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Nimapada]], Nimapada block and 14 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Nuakholamara, Rahangorada, Andhra Ichhapur, Ganeswarpur, Gop, Bedapur, Badatara, Nagapur, Bantaligram, Baniasahi, Erabanga, Kuanpada and Payara) of Gop block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp53.htm|title= 53 - Nimapara (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.45}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.96}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.62}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.50}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.51}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.82}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.45}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|69.13}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.18}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|41.95}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|41.99}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Nimapara constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title= Nimapara Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/nimapara.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Pravati Parida]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |Baidhar Mallick
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Benudhar Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gobinda Chandra Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Nilamani Sethy
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Gobinda Chandra Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nilamani Sethy
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Gobinda Chandra Sethi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pravati Parida]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Dilip Kumar Nayak by a margin of 4,588 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimapara Assembly Election Results 2024: Nimapara Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/nimapara-constituency-result-18106 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Nimapara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pravati Parida]]|votes=95,430|percentage=48.45|change={{increase}}17.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Dilip Kumar Nayak|votes=90,842|percentage=46.12|change={{decrease}}2.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Siddharth Routray|votes=7,066|percentage=3.59|change={{decrease}}14.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=451|percentage=0.23|change={{decrease}}0.14}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,588|percentage=2.33|change={{decrease}}15.46}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,96,968|percentage=79.44|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Samir Ranjan Dash]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pravati Parida]] by a margin of 32,008 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Nimapara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
|votes = 91,160
|percentage = 48.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pravati Parida]]|votes=59,152|percentage=31.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dillip Kumar Nayak|votes=33,576|percentage=18.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=684|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,008|percentage=17.79|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,198|percentage=77.27|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Samir Ranjan Dash]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pravati Parida]] by a margin of 29,637 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Nimapara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
|votes = 86958
|percentage = 51.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pravati Parida]]|votes=57,321|percentage=34.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||
party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Biswaranjan Mohanty|votes=20,748|percentage=12.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=571|percentage=0.34|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,637|percentage=17.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,68,450|percentage=76.21|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Samir Ranjan Dash]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Satyabrata Patra by a margin of 39,154 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=39154 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Nimapara<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
|votes = 80,762
|percentage = 53.50
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satyabrata Patra|votes=41,608|percentage=27.56|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||
party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sankarsan Parida|votes=19,183|percentage=12.71|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Pravati Parida]]|votes=6,820|percentage=4.52|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,154|percentage=25.94{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,004|percentage=70.74|change=''-''}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{down}}0.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Puri district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.06|86.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Puri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Pramod Kumar Mishra

2026-04-11T19:51:28Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting a biography

{{short description|13th Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pramod Kumar Mishra
| image = Pramod Kumar Mishra IAS.jpg
| caption = Mishra in 2025
| birth_place = [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|08|11|df=y}}
| office = 13th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| order =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Nripendra Misra]]
| alongside = [[Shaktikanta Das]] (2025-)
| successor =
| birth_name =
| alma_mater = [[Sambalpur University]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[Delhi University]] [[University of Sussex]]
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[IAS officer|Bureaucrat]]|civil servant}}
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
| employer = [[Indian Administrative Services]]}}
| office2 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Agriculture Secretary]] of [[India]]
| office1 = Chairman of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission
| term_start = 11 September 2019
| term_start1 = 2 September 2008
| term_start2 = 1 December 2006
| term_end =
| term_end2 = 31 August 2008
| term_end1 = 11 August 2013
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_prefix = [[Dr.]]
}}

'''Dr. Pramod Kumar Mishra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Pramoda Kumāra Miśra}}; born 11 August 1948), often abbreviated '''P. K. Mishra''', is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of 1972 batch belonging to [[Gujarat]] cadre and serves as the 13th and current [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]. Between 2001 and 2004, Mishra has also served as the principal secretary of Modi, when he was the [[First Modi ministry (Gujarat)|Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref name=":1" />

== Education ==
He did his M.A. in economics with a first class at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1972. He later did an M.A. in [[Development economics]] in 1990 and a Ph.D. in Economics/Development Studies from the [[University of Sussex]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR. PK Mishra takes charge as Principal Secretary to PM Modi {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/dr-pk-mishra-takes-charge-principal-secretary-pm-modi |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PK Mishra Is New Principal Secretary To Prime Minister Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-gets-new-principal-secretary-dr-pk-mishra-appointed-to-post-2099102 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE OF DR. P. K. MISHRA |url=https://nset.gov.in/Items/CV%20-%20Dopt%202016%20-%20Dr.%20P.K.%20Mishra.pdf |website=National Symposium on Excellence in Training}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 11 September 2019, he was appointed as the Principal Secretary of the Prime Minister of India. Apart from serving as the [[#Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India & Additional principal secretary|Additional Principal Secretary]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], Mishra has served in various key positions for both [[Government of India|Indian]] and [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] governments, such as the Additional Chief Secretary (Revenue), Principal Secretary (Agriculture and Cooperation), [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]], member of the Gujarat Electricity Board, and as the [[District Collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of [[Mehsana]] and [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] districts in the [[Government of Gujarat]], and as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Agriculture Secretary]], special secretary in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Additional secretary to Government of India|additional secretary]] in [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], and as the member secretary of [[National Capital Region Planning Board]] in the [[Government of India]].

After his retirement from the Indian Administrative Service, Mishra was appointed the chairman of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/-P-K-Mishra-is-back-in-Gujarat/articleshow/3456784.cms|title=P K Mishra is back in Gujarat|date=8 September 2008|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PK-Misra-is-GERC-chief/articleshow/3434639.cms|title=PK Mishra is GERC chief|last=|first=|date=2 September 2008|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/union-agriculture-secretary-appointed-gerc-chairman/356789/|title=Union Agriculture Secretary appointed GERC Chairman|last=|first=|date=2 September 2008|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> His term as the chairman of commission came to an end on 11 August 2013, when he attained the age of 65.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/New-GERC-chief-Panel-wants-to-interview-all-applicants/articleshow/26378941.cms|title=New GERC chief: Panel wants to interview all applicants|last=Khanna|first=Rajeev|date=26 November 2013|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister ===
[[File:P. K. Misra, IAS with Rajnath Singh and R. K. Pachnanda, IPS.jpg|left|thumb|Mishra (centre-right) with [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Rajnath Singh]] (centre) and [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) director general [[R. K. Pachnanda]] (centre-left).]]
[[File:P. K. Misra, IAS with Dr. Rajiv Kumar and Mamoru Maekawa.jpg|thumb|Mishra (right) with [[NITI Aayog]] vice-chairman [[Rajiv Kumar (economist)|Rajiv Kumar]] (centre) and a Japanese vice-minister for policy coordination in [[Cabinet Office (Japan)|Cabinet Office]], Mamoru Maekawa (left).|left]]

After the election of [[Narendra Modi]] as the [[Prime Minister of India]], Mishra was appointed as the [[Additional Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India#Additional principal secretary|Additional Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], in the rank and status of [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]], the [[Government of India]]'s topmost bureaucrat,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/may/31spec.htm|title=What does the Cabinet Secretary do?|last=Iype|first=George|date=31 May 2006|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/pk-sinha-to-take-over-as-cabinet-secretary-on-13-june-after-ajit-seth-retires-2269594.html|title=PK Sinha to be next cabinet secretary: All you should know about India's most powerful bureaucrat|date=29 May 2015|website=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=[[Network 18]]|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/from-power-secretary-to-the-most-powerful-bureaucrat/article7261231.ece|title=From Power Secretary to one of the best bureaucrat|date=29 May 2015|website=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-7528|oclc=456162874|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> and was deemed to have been re-employed into the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Dr Pramod Kumar Mishra - Executive Record Sheet |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14072&PageId= |access-date=3 September 2017 |website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105524|title=Dr. P. K. Mishra Appointed Additional Principal Secretary to PM|last=|first=|date=10 June 2017|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/P-K-Mishra-appointed-additional-principal-secretary-to-PM/articleshow/36369179.cms|title=P K Mishra appointed additional principal secretary to PM|last=|first=|date=11 June 2014|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/p-k-mishra-appointed-additional-principal-secretary-to-modi/|title=P.K Mishra appointed Additional Principal Secretary to Modi|last=|first=|date=10 June 2014|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ex-agriculture-secy-p-k-mishra-is-modis-addl-principal-secy/|title=Ex-agriculture secy P K Mishra is Modi's Addl Principal Secy|date=10 June 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=6 August 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|agency=Express News Service|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pk-mishra-is-additional-principal-secretary-to-pm/article6101968.ece|title=P.K. Mishra is Additional Principal Secretary to PM|date=11 June 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 August 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref>

On 11 June 2019, Mishra was re-appointed as Additional Principal Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet approved his appointment along with the re-appointment of Principal Secretary [[Nripendra Misra]] with effect from 31 May 2019. These appointments were designated to be co-terminous with the term of the Prime Minister.
On 11 September 2019 PK Mishra was appointed as the sole Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India.
{{clear left}}

==Awards==
* United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) on 17 May 2019 conferred the [[United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction#UN Sasakawa Award|Sasakawa Award 2019]] for Disaster Risk Reduction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/pm-s-additional-principal-secretary-bags-prestigious-sasakawa-award/India/news/1601063.html|title=United Nations confers PM Narendra Modi's secretary PK Mishra with prestigious Sasakawa Award 2019|work=uniindia|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|P. K. Misra}}

* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14072&PageId= Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Pramod Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Minister's Office (India)]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Principal secretaries to the prime minister of India]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]

Chandralekha (1948 film)

2026-04-11T09:32:04Z

OmerRobson4867: made

{{Short description|Indian film by S. S. Vasan}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chandralekha 1948 poster.jpg
| alt = Black-and-white film poster featuring a female dancer prominently, and two brothers swordfighting in the background
| caption = Theatrical-release poster of the Tamil version
| director = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
* K. J. Mahadevan
* [[Kothamangalam Subbu|Subbu]]
* Sangu
* Kittoo
* Naina
}}
| producer = S. S. Vasan
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]]
* [[M. K. Radha]]
* [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plain list|
* [[Kamal Ghosh]]
* [[K. Ramnoth]] (uncredited)
}}
| editing = Chandru
| music = {{Plain list|
* [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] (western/light music songs)
* [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] (classical/carnatic music songs)
}}
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor = Gemini Studios
| released = {{Film date|1948|4|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 193–207 minutes{{Efn|[[UNESCO]] lists its runtime as 193 minutes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1995 |title=Memory of the World: National Cinematic Heritage |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001103/110379Eo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203140545/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001103/110379Eo.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=28 July 2016 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> but ''One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography'', ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' and India's [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] list it at 207 minutes.{{Sfnm |1a1=Banerjee |1a2=Srivastava |1y=1988 |1p=58 |2a1=Rajadhyaksha |2a2=Willemen |2y=1998 |2p=310}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=43rd International Film Festival of India – 2012 |url=http://www.iffi.nic.in/ScreeningScheduleFirst%20week-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104122915/http://www.iffi.nic.in/ScreeningScheduleFirst%20week-2012.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Hindi}}
| budget = {{INR|3 million}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=25 March 2025 |title=Made for ₹30 lakh, did 'Pushpa 2-like business': How first pan-India film broke bank decades before Baahubali, RRR, KGF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/made-for-30-lakh-did-pushpa-2-like-business-first-pan-india-film-chandralekha-box-office-before-baahubali-rrr-kgf-101742885130282.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426154736/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/made-for-30-lakh-did-pushpa-2-like-business-first-pan-india-film-chandralekha-box-office-before-baahubali-rrr-kgf-101742885130282.html |archive-date=26 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cecil" />
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chandralekha''''' (also spelt '''''Chandraleka'''''){{efn|Although the title card of the Tamil version reads ''Chandraleka'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=0:33}}</ref> the Hindi version's title card reads ''Chandralekha'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=0:26}}</ref> a spelling which has also been used frequently for the Tamil version.<ref name="the hindu" /><ref name="Cecil" />}} is a 1948 Indian [[historical fiction|historical]] and [[adventure film]] produced and directed by [[S. S. Vasan]] of [[Gemini Studios]]. Starring [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[M. K. Radha]] and [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], the film follows two brothers (Veerasimhan and Sasankan) who fight over ruling their father's kingdom and marrying a village dancer, Chandralekha.

Development began during the early 1940s when, after two successive box-office hits, Vasan announced that his next film would be entitled ''Chandralekha''. However, when he launched an advertising campaign for the film he only had the name of the heroine from a storyline he had rejected. Veppathur Kittoo (one of Vasan's storyboard artists) developed a story based on a chapter of [[George W. M. Reynolds]]' novel, ''Robert Macaire: or, The French bandit in England''. Original director [[T. G. Raghavachari]] left the film more than halfway through because of disagreements with Vasan, who took over in his directorial debut.

Originally made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and later in [[Hindi]], ''Chandralekha'' spent five years in production (1943–1948). It underwent a number of scripting, filming and cast changes, and was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most-expensive film made in India]] at the time. Vasan mortgaged all his property and sold his jewellery to complete the film, whose cinematographers were [[Kamal Ghosh]] and [[K. Ramnoth]]. The music, largely inspired by Indian and Western classical music, was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] with lyrics by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Kothamangalam Subbu]].

''Chandralekha'' was released on 9 April 1948. Although the film received generally positive reviews, it did not recoup its production costs. Vasan directed a Hindi version with some changes, including re-shot scenes, a slightly altered cast, and Hindi dialogues from [[Agha Jani Kashmiri]] and Pandit Indra. The Hindi version was released on 24 December of that year, becoming a box-office success. [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] became prominent throughout India with the film's release, and it inspired South Indian producers to market their Hindi films in [[North India]].

== Plot ==
{{Hatnote|This plot summary refers to the original Tamil version.}}
Veerasimhan and Sasankan are the sons of a king. When Veerasimhan rides through a village, he meets a local dancer named Chandralekha and they fall in love. At the palace, the king decides to [[abdication|abdicate]] his throne in favour of Veerasimhan. This enrages Sasankan, Veerasimhan's younger brother, who forms a gang of thieves; they embark on a crime spree. Chandralekha's father is injured in the ensuing chaos, and dies shortly afterwards and the orphaned Chandralekha joins a band of travelling musicians, whose caravan is raided by Sasankan's gang.

Sasankan orders Chandralekha to dance for him, which she does only after being flogged, but she soon escapes. He later ambushes Veerasimhan and takes him prisoner. Chandralekha watches Sasankan's men imprison Veerasimhan in a cave and seal its entrance with a boulder. She rescues him with the aid of elephants from a passing circus troupe. Veerasimhan and Chandralekha join the circus to hide from Sasankan's men. When Sasankan returns to the palace, he imprisons his parents, declares himself king and sends a spy to find Chandralekha.

The spy sees Chandralekha performing in the circus, and tries to capture her. Veerasimhan saves her; they escape and join a group of gypsies. When Veerasimhan goes to find help, Sasankan's men capture Chandralekha and bring her to the palace. When Sasankan tries to woo Chandralekha, she pretends to faint every time he approaches her. One of her circus friends comes to Sasankan disguised as a gypsy healer and claims that she can cure Chandralekha of her "illness". Behind locked doors, the two women talk. Sasankan is pleased to find Chandralekha miraculously cured and apparently ready to accept him as her husband; in return, he agrees to her request for a drum dance at the royal wedding.

Huge drums are arranged in rows in front of the palace and Chandralekha joins the dancers, who dance on the drums. Sasankan is impressed with Chandralekha's performance but, unknown to him, Veerasimhan's soldiers are hiding inside the drums. As the dance ends, they rush out and attack Sasankan's men. Veerasimhan confronts Sasankan, and their lengthy sword fight ends with Sasankan's defeat and imprisonment. Veerasimhan releases his parents and becomes the new king, with Chandralekha as his queen.

== Cast ==
[[File:Ranjan (Real name- Ramanarayana Venkataramana Sarma).jpg|thumb|[[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] in ''Chandralekha'']]
Cast according to the song book:<ref>{{Cite book |title=சந்திரலேகா |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1948 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]] as Chandralekha
* [[M. K. Radha]] as Veerasimhan
* [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] as Sasankan
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Sogusu
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as the circus buffoon
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as circus girl
* L. Narayana Rao as the circus manager
* Subbaiah Pillai as Chandra's father
* [[V. N. Janaki]] as a gypsy girl
* V. S. Susheela as a gypsy girl
* Pottai H. Krishnamoorthy as a circus clown
* N. Ramamurthi as a circus clown
* T. A. Jayalakshmi as the palace nurse
* Appanna Iyengar as the music maestro
* T. E. Krishnamachariar as the king
* Kakinada Rajarathnam as the queen
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* Seshagiri Bhagavathar as Singaru
* T. V. Kalyani as Singaru's wife
* [[Javar Seetharaman|N. Seetharaman]] as Veerasimhan's bodyguard
* Velayudham as Sasankan's menial assistant
* Veppathur Kittoo as a spy
* Ramakrishna Rao as a sepoy
* Varalakshmi as a circus girl
* Sundara Rao as an officer
* [[Surabhi Kamalabai|Surabhi Kamala]] as a gypsy woman
* Seetharaman as the cart driver
* N. Meera as Chandra's friend
* Vijaya Rao as a palace guard
* Sampathkumar as a palace guard
* Balaraman as a palace guard
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|Gopala Krishnan]] as a palace guard
* 100 Gemini Boys & 500 Gemini Girls
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the box office success of ''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1942) and ''[[Mangamma Sabatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sabatham]]'' (1943), producer [[S. S. Vasan]] of [[Gemini Studios]] wanted his next film to be made on a grand scale, with no budgetary constraints.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=245}} He asked the story department—K. J. Mahadevan, [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], Sangu, Naina and Veppathur Kittoo—to write a screenplay.{{Sfn|Banerjee|Srivastava|1988|p=58}} They saw ''Mangamma Sabatham'' and ''Bala Nagamma'' as "heroine-oriented stories", and suggested a similar story. The group told the story of Chandralekha, a tough woman who "outwits a vicious bandit, delivers the final insult by slashing off his nose and, as a finishing touch, fills the bloodied gaping hole with hot, red chilli powder". Vasan disliked the story's gruesomeness and vulgarity; he rejected it, but kept the heroine's name.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=245}}

Without waiting for a full story, Vasan announced that his next project would be entitled ''Chandralekha'' and publicised it heavily. Despite hard work by Gemini's writers, the story was not ready three months later. Vasan grew impatient, and told the writers that he would shelve ''Chandralekha'' in favour of ''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyyar]]'' (1953). After he gave them one more week,{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=245}} Kittoo discovered [[George W. M. Reynolds]]' novel, ''Robert Macaire, or the French Bandit in England''. In the first chapter, he read:

{{blockquote|text=A dark night in rural England and a mail coach convoy drawn by horses trots its way down a deserted leafy highway when suddenly, [[Robert Macaire (character)|Robert Macaire]], the fierce bandit and his henchmen emerge from the surrounding darkness and rob the convoy. Hiding under a seat is a young woman fleeing from a harsh, unhappy home. She is a dancer and when she refuses to dance the bandit whips her into submission.<ref name="the hindu" />|sign=|source=}}

Vasan was impressed when Kittoo told him a story based on the chapter. He decided to continue with the film, and named the heroine Chandralekha. Although the story was developed by Kittoo,<ref name="madras musings" /> it was credited to the entire Gemini story department.{{Sfn|Banerjee|Srivastava|1988|p=58}} [[T. G. Raghavachari]] was hired as director.<ref name="madras musings" />

=== Casting ===
The script had two major roles: princes in a kingdom, the elder of whom was the hero and the younger the villain.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=246}} M. K. Radha was offered the part of Sasankan, the younger prince. Since he was then known for heroic roles, Radha was unwilling to play a villain and instead agreed to play the older prince, Veerasimhan.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=246}}<ref name="RandorGuyIndianExpress" /> His wife Gnanambal persuaded Vasan to cast Radha in the role.<ref name="RandorGuyIndianExpress" />{{Sfn|Guy|1997|pp=246–247}} K. J. Mahadevan (a member of Gemini's story department) was chosen by Vasan to play Sasankan.<ref name="monsoonjournal" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 June 2014 |title=Blast From The Past – Aval Yaar (1957) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aval-yaar-1957/article6136650.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704122604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aval-yaar-1957/article6136650.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Although some footage of Mahadevan was filmed, his performance was considered "too soft" and he was removed;{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=247}} however, he remained on the project as a scriptwriter and assistant director.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=1:23}}</ref> When Raghavachari suggested Ranjan as Sasankan, Vasan was reluctant; although the producer initially considered the actor too [[effeminacy|effeminate]] to play a "steel-hard villain", Vasan eventually relented. Ranjan had committed to B. N. Rao's ''[[Saalivaahanan]]'' (1945), but Kittoo persuaded him to test for ''Chandralekha'' and Rao gave the actor a few days off. The [[screen test]] was successful, and Ranjan was cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=26 June 2011 |title=Blast from the Past – Saalivaahanan 1945 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/06/26/stories/2011062650391600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704080547/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/06/26/stories/2011062650391600.htm |archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>

T. R. Rajakumari was chosen to play Chandralekha, replacing Vasan's first choice, [[K. L. V. Vasantha]].<ref name="madras musings" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=29 February 2008 |title=Remembering Vasantha |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1433352.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813133114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1433352.ece |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Film historian [[Randor Guy]] believed Vasan chose Rajakumari over Vasantha because she was leaving Gemini for [[Modern Theatres]].<ref name="madras musings" /> In April 1947 N. S. Krishnan, who had been convicted in the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]], was released from prison on appeal;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gangadharan |first=V. |date=24 August 2009 |title=Alleged celebrity crime in 1944 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article73652.ece |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704035713/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article73652.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref> Vasan recruited him and T. A. Mathuram to play the circus artists who help Veerasimhan rescue Chandralekha from Sasankan, with Mathuram's character named Sumathi.<ref name="madras musings" /> The script was rewritten, with scenes added to showcase the comic duo.<ref name="the hindu" /> P. A. Subbiah Pillai who played Venkatachalam in Gemini's ''Mangamma Sabatham'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mangamma Sabatham |last=Vasan |first=S. S. |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1943 |author-link=S. S. Vasan |time=2:06 to 2:20 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref> was credited as Subbiah Pillai and played Chandralekha's father.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |last=Vasan |first=S. S. |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1948 |author-link=S. S. Vasan |time=9:19 to 13:32 |time-caption=Chandralekha's house, from}}</ref> Madurai Sriramulu Naidu and [[S. N. Lakshmi]] made their acting debuts in the film; Naidu played a horseman,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=6 March 2011 |title=Blast from the Past – Madanamala 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/06/stories/2011030650391600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910173814/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/06/stories/2011030650391600.htm |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> and Lakshmi was a dancer in the climactic drum-dance scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=SN Lakshmi passes away |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sn-lakshmi-passes-away-news-tamil-mcullkcgcgfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619054110/http://www.sify.com/movies/sn-lakshmi-passes-away-news-tamil-mcullkcgcgfsi.html |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 May 2010 |title=Courage goaded her on ... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article790220.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813153425/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article790220.ece |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

Struggling stage actor V. C. Ganeshamurthy (later known as [[Sivaji Ganesan]]), who had contacted Kittoo several times for a role in ''Chandralekha'', was interested in a minor role as Veerasimhan's bodyguard and grew his hair long for the part. Kittoo eventually brought Ganeshamurthy to Vasan, who had seen him perform onstage. Vasan turned the actor down, calling him "totally unsuited for films" and telling him to choose another profession; the incident created a permanent rift between Vasan and Ganeshamurthy.<ref name="madras musings" /> The role of the bodyguard was eventually given to N. Seetharaman, who later became known as [[Javar Seetharaman]].{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=248}} Kothamangalam Subbu's wife, Sundari Bai, played a circus performer who helps Chandralekha escape from Sasankan.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=248}}

T. A. Jayalakshmi, in one of her earliest film roles, appeared briefly in one scene as a dancer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=18 June 2011 |title=Blast from the past – Pizhaikkum Vazhi (1948) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-pizhaikkum-vazhi-1948/article2115563.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909144452/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article2115563.ece |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=152}} Veppathur Kittoo played Sasankan's spy and was an assistant director.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=249}} Studio staff members, their families and passers-by were recruited as extras to play spectators in the circus scenes,<ref name="the hindu" /> and Vasan introduced Chandralekha in a [[voice-over]] during her circus performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=725 நாட்கள் படப்பிடிப்பு நடந்த 'சந்திரலேகா'! |language=ta |trans-title=''Chandralekha'', which was shot in 725 days! |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2015/11/14125344/725-days-after-shooting--Chandralekha-film.vpf |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113150112/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2015/11/14125344/725-days-after-shooting--Chandralekha-film.vpf |archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
|quote = During the making (of ''Chandralekha''), our studio looked like a small kingdom ... horses, elephants, lions, tigers in one corner, palaces here and there, over there a German lady training nearly a hundred dancers on one studio floor, a shapely Sinhalese lady teaching another group of dancers on real marble steps adjoining a palace, a studio worker making weapons, another making period furniture using expensive rosewood, set props, headgear, and costumes, Ranjan undergoing fencing practice with our fight composer 'Stunt Somu', our music directors composing and rehearsing songs in a building ... there were so many activities going on simultaneously round the clock.
|source = Kothamangalam Subbu on the film's production at Gemini Studios{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=247}}
|align = right
|width = 30%
|border = 1px
}}
''Chandralekha'' began filming in 1943.<ref name="Cecil" /> Raghavachari directed more than half of the film, but after differences of opinion with Vasan over the shooting of scenes at the Governor's Estate (now [[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan, Guindy]]) he left the project. Vasan subsequently took over the direction, marking his directorial debut.<ref name="madras musings" />{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=249}}

The film did not originally include circus scenes. Vasan decided to add them halfway through production, and the screenplay was changed.<ref name="the hindu" /> For the scene where Veerasimhan is freed from a cave by elephants, "hundreds" of circus elephants were used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2015 |title=Before Baahubali and Rajamouli, This Man Made Spectacular Films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/before-baahubali-and-rajamouli-this-man-made-spectacular-films-1201262 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729172313/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/before-baahubali-and-rajamouli-this-man-made-spectacular-films-1201262 |archive-date=29 July 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Kittoo travelled throughout [[South India]] and Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]), seeing over 50 circuses before he chose the Kamala Circus Company and Parasuram Lion Circus;<ref name="madras musings" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |year=2013 |title=The elephant in Tamil films |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2013/651/651_s_theopore_baskaran.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203155029/http://www.india-seminar.com/2013/651/651_s_theopore_baskaran.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=3 February 2014 |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Vasan employed Kamala for a month.{{Sfn|Garga|2005|p=119}} The circus scenes were shot by [[K. Ramnoth]].<ref name="the hindu" /><ref name="forgotten" /> Kittoo reminisced about the cinematographer's work:<blockquote>In those days, we had no [[zoom lens]]es and yet Ramnoth did it. One night, while Chandralekha is performing on the flying [[trapeze]], she notices the villain's henchman in the front row. She is on her perch high up and he is seated in a ringside chair. Shock hits her and to convey the shock the camera zooms fast from her to the man. Today, with a fast zoom shot it can be done very easily, but there was no such lens forty years ago. Ramnoth did it using the crane. He planned it well and rehearsed the shot for long. He took the shot 20 times and selected the best "take".{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=249}}</blockquote>

After Raghavachari's departure, the drum-dance scene he directed remained in the film.<ref name="forgotten" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 August 2012 |title=Blast from the Past – Doctor Savithri: 1955 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/doctor-savithri-1955/article3726984.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926155530/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/doctor-savithri-1955/article3726984.ece |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> The scene involved 400 dancers and six months of daily rehearsals.  It was designed by chief art director A. K. Sekhar,<ref name="madras musings" /> choreographed by Jayashankar and filmed with four cameras by [[Kamal Ghosh]].<ref name="the hindu" /><ref name="Rohini" /> Randor Guy estimated that the scene cost {{INR}}{{formatnum:500000}} (about US$105,000 in 1948);<ref name="wizard of lens" /> in his 2015 book, ''Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema'', Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai estimated that the scene cost {{INR}}{{formatnum:200000}}—the entire budget of a typical Tamil film of the period.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=155}}{{efn| The 1948 exchange rate was 4.79 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) to one US dollar ($).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829085318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=29 August 2013}}</ref>|name = exchange1948}} The scene included the [[Kathakali]] and [[Bharatanatyam]] [[Indian classical dance|classical dances]] and the Sri Lankan [[Kandyan dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranga Rao |first=V. A. K. |author-link=V. A. K. Ranga Rao |year=2015 |title=Hindi film dance |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2015/676/676_v_a_k_ranga_rao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726085735/http://www.india-seminar.com/2015/676/676_v_a_k_ranga_rao.htm |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[A. Vincent]], who later became an established cinematographer and director in [[Malayalam cinema]], assisted Ghosh in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |author-link=C. S. Venkiteswaran |date=27 February 2015 |title=Guiding light of Malayalam cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/guiding-light-of-malayalam-cinema/article6936773.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226122235/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/guiding-light-of-malayalam-cinema/article6936773.ece |archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>

During [[post-production]], Vasan asked Ramnoth his opinion of the scene when hundreds of Veerasimhan's warriors storm the palace to rescue Chandralekha from Sasankan. Although the scene's photography, shots and action had been unanimously praised by others, Ramnoth was quiet before saying that the suspense might be ruined if the scene was shown uncut. This sparked a discussion; Vasan advised the film editor Chandru to edit in accordance with Ramnoth's direction, and was impressed with the result.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=5 November 2004 |title=What made Vasan different |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110502700400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302174810/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110502700400.htm |archive-date=2 March 2006}}</ref> C. E. Biggs was the film's [[audio engineer]].{{Sfn|Garga|2005|p=117}}

''Chandralekha'' was in production for five years (1943–1948), with changes to its story, cast and filming which generated substantial time and [[cost overrun]]s. The film ultimately cost {{INR}}3 million (about $600,000 in 1948),{{efn|name = exchange1948}} and was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most-expensive Indian film]] at the time.<ref name="madras musings" /> Vasan mortgaged all his property, received financial assistance from ''[[The Hindu]]'' editor [[Kasturi Srinivasan]] and sold his jewellery to complete the film.<ref name="maalai malar" /> Adjusted for inflation, ''Chandralekha'' would have cost $28 million in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajakarunanayake |first=Lucien |date=2 June 2010 |title=The star trek from Chintamani to Vijay |url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2010/06/star-trek-from-chintamani-to-vijay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231158/http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2010/06/star-trek-from-chintamani-to-vijay.html |archive-date=28 August 2010 |access-date=9 September 2013 |website=The Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> According to historian [[S. Muthiah]], with the free-floating exchange rate in effect at the time it was the first film with a budget of over a million dollars made outside the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=8 December 2003 |title=When the postman knocked |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800250300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813064934/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800250300.htm |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Although a [[Historical drama|period film]], ''Chandralekha'' is not based on historical fact;{{Sfn|Dwyer|Patel|2002|p=144}} its plot is based on the first chapter of ''Robert Macaire, or the French Bandit in England''. Sasankan is based on Macaire and, according to film historian B. D. Garga, Chandralekha is "probably" based on a female dancer in the novel whom Macaire flogs when she refuses to dance;{{Sfnm|1a1=Guy|1y=1997|1p=246|2a1=Garga|2y=2005|2p=118}} the film includes the scene from the novel.<ref name="the hindu" /> Garga noted that ''Chandralekha'' was also influenced by other Western literary and cinematic works, including the novel ''[[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blood and Sand]]'' (1908) and the films ''[[The Mark of Zorro (1920 film)|The Mark of Zorro]]'' (1920), ''[[Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood]]'' (1922), ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|The Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1924) and ''[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)|Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ]]'' (1925).{{Sfn|Garga|2005|p=118}} In December 1964, film historian [[Jerzy Toeplitz]] called the film an "extension and development" of the mythological genre: "The characters are mortals but behave like heavenly beings, and their movements and gestures, like those of the gods and heroes of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' are impregnated with the miraculous." Toeplitz wrote that the story was a "mere pretext to hold together the different episodes, each of which builds up like a circus turn: the tension mounts to a culminating point, whereupon the next episode immediately takes over."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toeplitz |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerzy Toeplitz |date=23 December 1964 |title=Indian films and Western audiences |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001341/134149eo.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208164919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001341/134149eo.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> According to Roy Armes' 1987 book, ''Third World Film Making and the West'', [[Uday Shankar]]'s 1948 ''[[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]]'' (also filmed at Gemini Studios) inspired Vasan to make ''Chandralekha''.{{Sfn|Armes|1987|pp=114–115}} In the 2003 ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'', the film is described as a "[[Ruritanian romance|Ruritanian]] period extravaganza".{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=432}}

The climactic sword fight between Veerasimhan and Sasankan has been compared to the fight in the 1894 novel, ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]''.{{Sfnm|1a1 = Banerjee|1a2 = Srivastava|1y = 1988|1p=59|2a1 = Raghavendra|2y = 2009|2p=34}} In 1976, American film historian [[William K. Everson]] compared the comedians in ''Chandralekha'' to [[Laurel and Hardy]].<ref name="everson" /> Although Randor Guy considers the film's drum-dance scene the first of its kind in Indian cinema,{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=249}} the 1947 film ''[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Naam Iruvar]]'' includes a scene when the lead actress' younger sister dances on drums to the Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati]]'s "Kottu Murase";{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=102}} French film historian Yves Thoraval wrote that it "prefigured the dance that ''Chandralekha'' made famous the very next year."{{Sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=39}} According to American film critic [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]], the film "belongs to the same childhood continuum" as [[Fritz Lang]]'s 1959 films ''[[The Tiger of Eschnapur (1959 film)|The Tiger of Eschnapur]]'' and ''[[The Indian Tomb (1959 film)|The Indian Tomb]]'', both of which were set in India.<ref name="Rosenbaum" /> In his 2009 book, ''50 Indian Film Classics'', film critic [[M. K. Raghavendra]] wrote that ''Chandralekha'' was constructed in a manner which "enables its narrative to incorporate elements drawn from virtually any kind of genre."{{Sfn|Raghavendra|2009|p=34}} According to Guy, the setting of the song "Naattiya Kuthirai" with Sundari Bai (including her dance and costume) were inspired by the 1943 musical film ''[[Coney Island (1943 film)|Coney Island]]''.<ref name="sundari bai" /> Film scholar Uma Vangal wrote that the film reflects Vasan's "vision of a truly democratic nation, based on equal rights for men and women" by portraying "a world where men and women work together to establish a rightful rule".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vangal |first=Uma |date=2014 |title=Indian Retrospective: "The Golden '50s: India's Endangered Classics" |url=http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/indian-retrospective-the-golden-50s-indias-endangered-classics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319052718/http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/indian-retrospective-the-golden-50s-indias-endangered-classics/ |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=Film Heritage Foundation}} [https://archive.org/details/TheGolden50sIndiasEndangeredClassics Alt URL]</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Chandralekha (soundtrack)}}
''Chandralekha''{{'s}} soundtrack was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]],<ref name="1:43" /> with lyrics by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and Kothamangalam Subbu.<ref name="indolink" /> R. Vaidyanathan and B. Das Gupta collaborated with [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] on the background music.<ref name="1:43" /> Rajeswara Rao recalled in a 1993 interview for ''The Hindu'' that it took him over a year to compose the film's music, with much of his time devoted to the drum-dance scene: "As the dancers performed, we used to rehearse and compose the music. It was done with incredibly few instruments. We used a piano, ten double-bass violins, and drums from Africa, Egypt, and Persia which we have acquired from an African War troupe." Rao's salary was {{INR}}1,500.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 March 1993 |title=Trend-setter in Light Music |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The music was influenced by [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] music, [[Music of Latin America|Latin American]] and [[Music of Portugal|Portuguese folk music]] and [[Johann Strauss I|Strauss]] waltzes.{{Sfnm|1a1 = Rajadhyaksha|1a2 = Willemen|1y = 1998|1p=310|2a1 = Garga|2y = 2005|2p=120}}<ref name="Bhaktavatsala" /> According to M. K. Raghavendra, ''Chandralekha'' has "snatches from [[Richard Wagner|[Richard] Wagner]] and [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|[Nikolai] Rimsky-Korsakov]] (''[[Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)|Scherezade]]'') being used at dramatic moments."{{Sfn|Raghavendra|2009|p=34}}

"Naattiya Kuthirai", not originally part of the film, was added during final production. Sundari Bai spent over a month rehearsing the song.<ref name="sundari bai" /> M. D. Parthasarathy was the sole singer of "Aathoram Kodikkalam" and co-singer of "Naattiya Kuthirai".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=23 September 2010 |title=Unsung veteran of Tamil cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/unsung-veteran-of-tamil-cinema/article786500.ece |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805052123/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/unsung-veteran-of-tamil-cinema/article786500.ece |archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> J. Cooling Rajaiah played accordion and piano in the film's gypsy song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=8 July 2016 |title=The uncrowned Raja of sacred music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/innumerable-gems-of-composermusician-j-cooling-rajaiahs-phenomenal-body-of-work-continue-to-enthral-listeners-and-performers-way-beyond-the-shores-of-their-birth/article8824275.ece |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726044007/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/innumerable-gems-of-composermusician-j-cooling-rajaiahs-phenomenal-body-of-work-continue-to-enthral-listeners-and-performers-way-beyond-the-shores-of-their-birth/article8824275.ece |archive-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> The circus chorus was adapted from "[[The Donkey Serenade]]" in [[Robert Z. Leonard]]'s 1937 film, ''[[The Firefly (1937 film)|The Firefly]]''.{{Sfnm|1a1 = Baskaran|1y = 1996|1p=60|2a1 = Rajadhyaksha|2a2 = Willemen|2y = 1998|2p=310}} Vasan offered most of the songs on the Hindi soundtrack to Uma Devi, who later became popularly known as [[Tun Tun]]. She initially hesitated, feeling that "[they] were beyond her capabilities", but was supported by Rajeswara Rao, who "worked hard on her".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Devinder Bir |date=7 December 2003 |title=Hindi cinema's first-ever comedienne |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/main6.htm |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901001054/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031207/spectrum/main6.htm |archive-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> "Sanjh Ki Bela", from the Hindi soundtrack, is loosely based on "Sanjh Ki Bela Panchhi Akela" from ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'' (1944).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 1949 |title=Woes & Echoes |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194915unse#page/n459/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=[[Filmindia]] |page=70 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194915unse |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} music helped make it one of the most-successful Indian musical films of the 1940s,{{Sfn|Vijayakar|2009|p=16}} and it "created an atmosphere for a number of music directors influenced by Western music" in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQoqAAAAYAAJ&q=chandraleka+donkey+serenade |title=Religion and Society, Volume 12 |publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society |year=1965 |pages=103 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623102005/https://books.google.com/books?id=rQoqAAAAYAAJ&q=chandraleka+donkey+serenade |archive-date=23 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The first advertisement for ''Chandralekha'' appeared on the back cover of the songbook for the film, ''[[Dasi Aparanji]]'' (1944). In the advertisement, Vasantha was the heroine before she was replaced by Rajakumari.<ref name="the hindu" />{{efn | Although [[S. Muthiah]] said the film's first announcement came in 1943,<ref name="Cecil" /> Randor Guy said in his book ''Starlight, Starbright'' that an early advertisement for ''Chandralekha'' appeared on the inside cover of the ''[[Nandanar (1942 film)|Nandanar]]'' songbook, which was published in September 1942.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=248}}|name = advertisement}} With ''Chandralekha'', Gemini was the first Tamil studio to attempt to distribute a film throughout India.<ref name="indolink" /> According to film scholar [[P. K. Nair]], it was the first Indian film with a full-page newspaper advertisement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Unny |first=Divya |date=16 March 2014 |title=B-Town rewind: The tale of the first Bollywood crore |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316114251/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064 |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> In a 2010 ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' article, Vishwas Kulkarni wrote that {{INR}}574,500 was spent on the film's newspaper publicity and {{INR}}642,300 on posters, banners and billboards.<ref name="mumbai mirror" /> ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} publicity campaign was the most expensive for an Indian film at the time; the publicity budget for a typical Indian film a decade earlier was about {{INR}}25,000, and publicity for a "top Indian film" cost no more than {{INR}}100,000 during the 1950s.<ref name="mumbai mirror" /> According to Guy, the film's publicity campaign "made the nation sit up and take notice".{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=250}}

A. K. Shekhar designed the publicity material, which included posters, booklets and full-page newspaper advertisements. Gemini Studios, inspired by American cinema, also produced a publicity brochure for distribution to exhibitors and the press.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Patel|2002|p=144}} It contained a synopsis of the film, a pictorial account of key plot points, and text for use by local theatres. The booklet also had layouts for women's pages, a pictorial account of suggested marketing activities (such as "How to drape an Indian sari: Theatre demonstrations have a big draw") and information about the film's costumes. The costumes were hand-woven silk and gold; one gold-embroidered riding jacket was considered "the most expensive piece of outfitting ever used in a motion picture."{{Sfn|Dwyer|Patel|2002|pp=144–145}}

== Release ==
''Chandralekha'' was released on 9 April 1948 simultaneously in over 40 theatres throughout South India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 1948 |title=Chandraleka |pages=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480409&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 August 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Natesan |first=G. A. |author-link=G. A. Natesan |year=1948 |title=Chandraleka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJjDHHkTlbEC&q=chandraleka+1948 |url-status=live |magazine=The Indian Review |volume=49 |page=333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623102005/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJjDHHkTlbEC&q=chandraleka+1948 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> A typical 1940s Tamil film was released in about ten towns, but ''Chandralekha'' was released simultaneously in 120 towns.<ref name="maalai malar" />
[[File:Chandralekha 1948 ad.jpg|thumb|Advertisement for the Tamil version]]
The film was released in Japan as {{Nihongo||灼熱の決闘|Shakunetsu-no kettō|extra=''Fight Under the Red Heat''}} in April 1954, where it was distributed by Nippon Cinema Corporation (NCC).<ref name="Japan" /> It was the first Tamil film dubbed in Japanese,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2014 |title=Rajini's Muthu wasn't the first Tamil film in Japanese |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Rajinis-Muthu-wasnt-the-first-Tamil-film-in-Japanese/articleshow/34884747.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519073111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Rajinis-Muthu-wasnt-the-first-Tamil-film-in-Japanese/articleshow/34884747.cms |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the second Indian film released in Japan; the first was the 1952 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Aan]]'', which was released in Tokyo in January 1954. NCC later collapsed, and no information about ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} Japanese release survives. During the 1950s (when foreign currency was scarce in India), barter was a common means of exchange with overseas business partners; [[Reitaku University]]'s Tamaki Matsuoka believes that this was the case with ''Chandralekha''. An NCC pamphlet about the film called Vasan the "[[Cecil B. DeMille]] of the Indian film industry".<ref name="Japan" /> A Danish version of the film, ''Indiens hersker'' (''India's Ruler''), was released on 26 April 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiens hersker |url=http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/film/en/16471.aspx?id=16471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717084315/http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/film/en/16471.aspx?id=16471 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |website=[[Danish Film Institute]]}}</ref> An abridged English-language version of ''Chandralekha'', ''Chandra'', was screened in the United States and Europe during the 1950s.<ref name="Cecil" />{{sfn|Ashokamitran|2016|p=69}}

Despite the film's positive reviews and good box-office performance, it was unable to recover its large production costs;<ref name="monsoonjournal" /><ref name="maalai malar" /> Vasan remade it in Hindi in an attempt to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soman |first=Sandhya |date=29 June 2013 |title=Southern stars shine bright in the north |url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/southern-stars-shine-bright-in-the-north-10631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113131305/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/southern-stars-shine-bright-in-the-north-10631 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=[[The Times of India|Times Crest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |date=3 July 2011 |title=Southern splendour |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110703/spectrum/main8.htm |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234724/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110703/spectrum/main8.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> The Hindi version, distributed by The Screens (a company in Bombay, now [[Mumbai]]),<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=December 1948 |title=Pictures in Making |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n939/mode/2up |magazine=[[Filmindia]] |page=72 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194612unse |archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> was released on 24 December 1948.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 1950 |title=Statistics of Chandralekha in two versions: Tamil and Hindustani ending 31st December, 1949 |magazine=[[Filmindia]]}}</ref> With over 600 prints it was a commercial success, setting box-office records.<ref name="madras musings" />{{efn|According to ''The Times of India'', the film was released with 609 prints worldwide;<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Costliest film in Kollywood! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Costliest-film-in-Kollywood/articleshow/16336028.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170725025330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Costliest-film-in-Kollywood/articleshow/16336028.cms? |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=22 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] says it was released with 603 prints.{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=203}}}} Vasan called ''Chandralekha'' "a pageant for our peasants",{{Sfn|Chander|2003|p=135}} intended for "the war-weary public that had been forced to watch insipid war propaganda pictures for years."{{Sfn|Ranade|2006|p=127}} It was selected by the Indian government for screening at the fourth [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival#History|International Film Festival]] in Prague in 1949.{{Sfn|Shah|1950|pp=83, 278}} The film's success made Madras a production centre for Hindi films.{{Sfn|Vijayakar|2009|p=15}} Five years after ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} success, Gemini paid its employees a bonus, one of the first studios in the world to do so.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2009|p=104}} The Tamil version was re-released in 1950, with a new copy containing coloured sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 1950 |title=Chandralekha |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/indiandailymail19500506-1.1.6 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=Indian Daily Mail |pages=6 |via=[[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
Although exact figures for the film's box-office earnings are not available, film-trade websites provide estimates. [[Box Office India]] cited the Hindi version's [[Net (economics)|nett]] earnings as {{INR}}7 million, and said that it was the second-highest-grossing Hindi film of 1948 (after ''[[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1948 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171051/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA%3D%3D |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=13 August 2013 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>{{efn|According to Box Office India, film tickets are subject to an "entertainment tax" in India and this tax is added to the ticket price at the box-office window. The amount of tax varies by state. "Nett gross figures are always after this tax has been deducted; gross figures are before the tax was deducted."<ref name="boxoffice" /> Since 2003, the entertainment tax rate has significantly decreased; since 2010 a film's gross earnings can be 30–35 percent higher than nett gross, depending on where a film is released.<ref name="boxoffice" />|name = nettgross}} As of February 2009, the website gave ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} adjusted nett gross as {{INR}}37,98,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Earners 1940–1949 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5&PHPSESSID=e0fa8771b933a7ecb56db5e4edc6d700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214215339/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=121&catName=MTk0MC0xOTQ5&PHPSESSID=e0fa8771b933a7ecb56db5e4edc6d700 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> According to the 1998 book ''Indian cinema: A Visual Voyage'', by India's [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], ''Chandralekha'' grossed {{INRConvert|20|m|year=1948|nolink=yes}}.{{Sfn|''Indian cinema: A Visual Voyage''|1998|p=103}} Film historian B. D. Garga said in his 2005 book, ''Art Of Cinema'', "The two versions{{mdash}}Tamil and Hindi{{mdash}}grossed millions."{{Sfn|Garga|2005|p=118}} Sharmishtha Gooptu states in her 2010 book, ''Bengali Cinema: An Other Nation'', that ''Chandralekha'' grossed {{INR}}10 million (about $2,100,000 in 1948) in India.{{Sfn|Gooptu|2010|p=133}}{{efn|name = exchange1948}} A 2011 article by [[Namrata Joshi]] in ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' says ''Chandralekha'' grossed {{INR|15.5 million}} with an audience of 30{{nbsp}}million, "60% from rural India."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=19 September 2011 |title=Reeling It All In |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Reeling-It-All-In/278248 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920002916/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Reeling-It-All-In/278248 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

Overseas in Japan, the film earned {{JPY|2,319,000}} ({{US$|{{To USD|2319000|JPN|year=1960|round=yes}}|long=no}}) in ten days following its release in April 1954. It came close to the Japanese opening record of ''Aan'', which had earned {{JPY|2,386,032}} in ten days when it released there earlier in January 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsuoka |first1=Tamaki |title=日本におけるインド映画の軌跡 |trans-title=The Traces of Indian Cinema in Japan |journal=南アジア言語文化 |trans-journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Cultures |date=March 2006 |volume=4 |pages=85-117 (87-9) |publisher=[[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]] |doi=10.15026/81562 |hdl=10108/81562 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10108/81562 |language=ja |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320071401/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/10108/81562 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===

==== India ====

[[File:Chandralekha drum dance scene.jpg|thumbnail|right|alt=Women dancing on giant drums|The drum-dance scene was considered ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} highlight by critics.]]
''Chandralekha'' received generally-positive reviews from Indian critics.<ref name="monsoonjournal" /> On 9 April 1948, an article from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said: "The Indian Screen has, indeed, in this Province or any other given us little that can bear comparison with Gemini's ''Chandraleka'' for the sheer magnificence of its backgrounds."<ref name="PressAcclaims" /> In a review published on 10 April, a critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' article termed the film to be "essentially for the young of all ages and even the harassed house-wife will share the pleasure of children treated unexpectedly to a pride of lions, tigers, ponies and elephants showing their paces along with clowns and acrobats."<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 1948 |title=Chandraleka |pages=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Chennai|Madras]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480410&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 April 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A ''[[Dinamani]]'' article that day stated, "People who were depressed with the quality of our Tamil pictures so far can now raise their heads and hail proudly that a great picture can be produced in our land also."<ref name="PressAcclaims" /> In contrast, ''[[Kumudam]]'' gave the film a lukewarm review: "Though the story is ordinary, the shocking events inserted into the narrative are something new to the Tamil cinema." The magazine criticised the film's songs and length, also noting the inconsistency in its time period where the king's office featured a wall clock and the king himself was writing with a [[quill]].{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=189}} In its January 1949 issue ''Gundoosi'' magazine praised ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} Hindi version as an improvement on the Tamil version, noting that it had better dialogue and pacing.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=186}}

[[V. A. K. Ranga Rao]] called it "the most complete entertainer ever made."{{efn|The comment by Ranga Rao appears in Randor Guy's 1997 book, ''Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema''. The year of the comment is not given.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=244}}}} In their 1988 book, ''One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography'', Anil Srivastava and Shampa Banerjee praised ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} grandeur, battle scenes and drum dance, which in their opinion was the film's "''raison d'etre''".{{Sfn|Banerjee|Srivastava|1988|p=59}} In 2003, S. Muthiah called it "an epic extravaganza worthy of Cecil B. de. Mille" and "larger-than-life."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=26 November 2003 |title=Sign of the Twins |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/26/stories/2003112600690300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602150234/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/26/stories/2003112600690300.htm |archive-date=2 June 2004}}</ref> In their 2008 book, ''Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance'', Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti wrote that ''Chandralekha'' translated "the aesthetic of Hollywood [[Orientalism]] for an indigenous mass audience", while also opining the film's drum-dance scene was "perhaps one of the most spectacular sequences in Indian cinema."{{Sfn|Gopal|Moorti|2008|p=26}} In his 2009 book, ''50 Indian Film Classics'', M. K. Raghavendra wrote: "Indian films are rarely constructed in a way that makes undistracted viewing essential to their enjoyment and ''Chandralekha'' is arranged as a series of distractions".{{Sfn|Raghavendra|2009|p=36}}

[[Raja Sen]] praised the film's [[set piece]]s, drum-dance sequence and the "longest swordfight ever captured on film" in May 2010 on [[Rediff.com|Rediff]], calling ''Chandralekha'' "just the kind of film, in fact, that would be best appreciated now after digital restoration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |author-link=Raja Sen |date=11 May 2010 |title=Ten Indian classics craving digital restoration |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-classics-to-be-restored/20100511.htm#4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008014445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-classics-to-be-restored/20100511.htm |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |page=4}}</ref> Randor Guy appreciated Rajakumari's performance in an October 2010 review, calling ''Chandralekha'' "her career-best" and saying that she "carried the movie on her shoulders." Guy also noted Radha was his "usual impressive self", saying that the film would be "remembered for: the excellent onscreen narration, the magnificent sets and the immortal drum dance sequence."<ref name="the hindu" />

==== International ====
Reviewing the English version of ''Chandralekha'', ''[[The New York Times]]'' called Rajakumari a "buxom beauty."{{efn|The comment by ''The New York Times'' appears in the August 2007 issue of the magazine ''Galatta Cinema''. The year of the comment is not given.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=August 2007 |title=From Silents to Sivaji! A look into the past – Part II |magazine=Galatta Cinema |page=68}}</ref>}} When the film was screened in New York City in 1976, William K. Everson said: "It's a colorful, naive and zestful film in which the overall ingenuousness quite disarms criticism of plot absurdity or such production shortcomings as the too-obvious studio "exteriors" ... Last but far from least, [[Busby Berkeley]] would surely have been delighted to see his influence extending to the climactic drum dance."<ref name="everson" />

[[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] said in August 1981, "The prospect of a three-hour Indian film in [Tamil] with no subtitles is a little off-putting, I would say{{mdash}}wouldn't you?" However, Rosenbaum had "surprisingly little trouble following the plot and action" of the film: "This made-in-Madras costume drama makes for a pretty action-packed 186 minutes."<ref name="Rosenbaum" /> In June 2009, K. S. Sivakumaran of ''[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News Sri Lanka]]'' called ''Chandralekha'' "the first colossal [Tamil] film I saw."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumaran |first=K. S. |date=8 June 2009 |title=Indian film music: An amalgam of different tunes |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]] |location=Sri Lanka |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/08/fea21.asp |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081641/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/08/fea21.asp |archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Malaysian author D. Devika Bai, writing for the ''[[New Straits Times]]'' in October 2013, praised its technical aspects: "At almost 68, I have not tired of watching the movie."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devika Bai |first=D. |date=26 October 2013 |title=Enduring romance with the West |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/live/enduring-romance-with-the-west-1.385022 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101051006/http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/live/enduring-romance-with-the-west-1.385022 |archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Differences}}Hindi version ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Actor
! Role
|-
| [[T. R. Rajakumari|T. R. Rajkumari]]
| Chandralekha
|-
| [[M. K. Radha]]
| Veer Singh
|-
| [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]]
| Shashank
|-
| [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundri Bai]]
| Sokasa
|-
| Yashodra Katju
| circus girl
|-
| L. Narayan Rao
| circus manager
|}
The Hindi version of ''Chandralekha'' was Vasan's first film in the language.{{Sfn|Gooptu|2010|p=132}} For this version, Vasan re-shot several scenes and used a slightly different cast.{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=116}} [[Agha Jani Kashmiri]] and Pandit Indra wrote the dialogue for the Hindi version,<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=1:11}}</ref> while Indra and [[Bharat Vyas]] were the lyricists.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=1:16}}</ref> Rajeswara Rao, who composed the soundtrack for both versions, was assisted by Bal Krishna Kalla on the Hindi version, while Parthasarathy and Vaidyanathan composed this version's background music.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=1:21}}</ref> The Tamil version was over {{convert|18000|feet}} long,{{efn|While film historian Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai claims the Tamil version was {{convert|18634|feet}} long,{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=186}} the Tamil newspaper ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' claims it was {{convert|18364|feet}} long.<ref name="maalai malar" />}} but the Hindi version was edited down to {{convert|14495|feet}}.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=186}}

Although Rajakumari, Radha and Ranjan reprised their roles in the Hindi version, Radha and Ranjan's characters were renamed. Radha's character was Veer Singh in the Hindi version, and Ranjan's character was renamed Shashank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=NCPA Flashback | Chandralekha |url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-flashback-chandralekha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908130904/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-flashback-chandralekha |archive-date=8 September 2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> Of the other cast members, N. S. Krishnan, T. A. Mathuram, T. E. Krishnamachari, Pottai Krishnamoorthy and N. Seetharaman appeared only in the Tamil version, and Yashodra Katju and H. K. Chopra appeared only in the Hindi version.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=310}} Nearly the entire cast were credited in the Tamil version,<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=0:45}}</ref> but only six{{mdash}}Rajakumari (credited as Rajkumari), Radha, Ranjan, Sundari Bai (credited as Sundri Bai), Katju and Narayana Rao (credited as Narayan Rao){{mdash}}were credited in the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=0:45}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
With the film's success, Vasan became known as one of the best directors in Indian cinema.<ref name="madras musings" /> [[Kristin Thompson]] and [[David Bordwell]], authors of ''Film History – An Introduction'', called it "the biggest box-office hit of the decade."{{sfn|Thompson|Bordwell|2003|p=407}} Guy later called Vasan the "Cecil B. DeMille of Tamil cinema",<ref name="Cecil" /> and called ''Chandralekha'' his "''[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 March 2013 |title=Sri Kandha Leela 1938 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sri-kandha-leela-1938/article4564379.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701085814/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sri-kandha-leela-1938/article4564379.ece |archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> According to S. Muthiah, Vasan "pioneered making South Indian films in English."<ref name="Cecil" /> He inspired producer [[A. V. Meiyappan]], who became a "master at publicity."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=8 August 2008 |title=Kollywood turns to coffee-table books |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kollywood-turns-to-coffee-table-books/articleshow/3340318.cms? |url-status=dead |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001152538/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kollywood-turns-to-coffee-table-books/articleshow/3340318.cms |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The Hindi version's success gave South Indian producers the opportunity to market their Hindi films in North India.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|p=251}} ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} publicity campaign had such an impact that Bombay producers passed a resolution that a limit should be imposed on advertisements for any film in periodicals.{{Sfn|Blamey|D'Souza|Dickey|2005|p=57}} Vasan's ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1949), also a success, is considered an unofficial sequel of the film.<ref name="indolink" />{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=312}}

''Chandralekha'' enhanced Rajakumari's and Ranjan's careers; both became popular throughout India after the film's release.<ref name="the hindu" /> Its climactic sword-fight scene was well received,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasanthan |first=J. |date=16 July 2005 |title=Heroines of the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/07/16/stories/2005071600550400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627073759/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/07/16/stories/2005071600550400.htm |archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> and is considered the longest sword fight in Indian cinematic history.{{Sfn|Dwyer|Patel|2002|p=144}} The drum-dance scene is considered the film's highlight,<ref name="the hindu" /><ref name="madras musings" /> and later producers tried unsuccessfully to emulate it.{{Sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2004|p=49}} Producer-director [[T. Rajendar]] said that he was inspired by the scene for a song scene budgeted at {{INRConvert|10|m|year=1999}} in his 1999 film, ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 1998 |title=Extravaganza |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/28ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991021205458/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/28ss.htm |archive-date=21 October 1999 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1998 |title=Drama in reel life |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/dec/01ss.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990208222021/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/dec/01ss.htm |archive-date=8 February 1999 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Film historian Firoze Rangoonwalla ranked ''Chandralekha''{{'s}} Hindi version eighth on his list of the top twenty films of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangoonwalla |first=Firoze |date=15 November 1999 |title=Moving Images |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/moving-images/208416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724170040/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Moving-Images/208416 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> It was a major influence on [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]'s 1953 Telugu film, ''[[Chandraharam]]'', featuring [[N. T. Rama Rao]].{{Sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=350}} On 26 August 2004, a postage stamp with Vasan and the drum dance was issued to commemorate the producer's centenary and the 35th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2004 |title=Stamp on S.S. Vasan released |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911165749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm |archive-date=11 September 2004}}</ref>

In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; two{{mdash}}[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[K. Balachander]]{{mdash}}named ''Chandralekha''.<ref name="KB and JM" /> Mahendran said, "If anybody tries to remake this black-and-white film, they will make a mockery of it."<ref name="KB and JM" /> According to Balachander, "Just like ''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Sivaji]]'' today, people talked about ''Chandralekha'' in the past. Produced at a cost of {{INR}}30 [[lakh]]s ([{{INR}}3 million], a huge sum at that time), it has grand sets. I have seen it 12 times."<ref name="KB and JM" /> In December 2008, Muthiah said: "Given how spectacular it was{{mdash}}and the appreciation lavished on it from 1948 till well into the 1950s, which is when I caught up with it{{mdash}}I'm sure that if re-released, it would do better at the box office than most Tamil films today."<ref name="Cecil" /> In a 2011 interview with [[Indo-Asian News Service]] (IANS), [[Vyjayanthimala]] said that although people consider that she "paved the way" for other South Indian actresses in Hindi cinema, "the person who really opened the doors was S. S. Vasan ... When [''Chandralekha'' was] released, it took the North by storm because by then they haven't seen that kind of lavish sets, costumes and splendour. So Vasan was the person who opened the door for Hindi films in the South."<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2011 |title=Camera does wonders today: Vyjayanthimala |work=[[India Today]] |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vyjayanthimala-kumars-khans-bharatanatyam-dancer-141676-2011-09-20 |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921210242/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vyjayanthimala-kumars-khans-bharatanatyam-dancer/1/152150.html |archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

''Chandralekha'' was K. Ramnoth's last film for Gemini Studios. Although he is often credited with shooting the drum-dance sequence, Ramnoth left the studio in August 1947, before the scene was conceived.<ref name="Rohini" /><ref name="wizard of lens" /> Director [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] told film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] that he disliked ''Chandralekha'' when he first saw it and recognised it as a classic only after 25 years, "a fact that the audiences realised in just two minutes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=4 November 2011 |title=Lights, Camera, Conversation ... 'Crouched around a campfire storyteller' |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/lights-camera-conversation-crouched-around-a-campfire-storyteller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107004332/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/lights-camera-conversation-crouched-around-a-campfire-storyteller/ |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> Film producer and writer [[G. Dhananjayan]] told ''[[The Times of India]]'', "When you talk of black-and-white films, you cannot resist mentioning the 1948 epic ''Chandralekha'' ... That film's grandeur, be it in the sets, costumes, songs, dances and the fight sequences, still remains a benchmark even this day of colour and 3D films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=2 March 2012 |title=Black and white films in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Black-and-white-films-in-Kollywood/articleshow/12098170.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825152014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Black-and-white-films-in-Kollywood/articleshow/12098170.cms |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2013 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In April 2012, Rediff included the film on its "A to Z of Tamil Cinema" list and said that ''Chandralekha'' "boasted an ensemble cast, great production values and a story that ensured it became a blockbuster all over India, the first of its kind."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=Special: The A to Z of Tamil Cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-a-to-z-of-tamil-cinema/20120418.htm?print=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703080548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-a-to-z-of-tamil-cinema/20120418.htm?print=true |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=21 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

''Chandralekha'' has been screened at many film festivals, and was shown in December 2012 at the 10th [[Chennai International Film Festival]] (a tribute to 100 years of Indian cinema).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=3 December 2012 |title=Showcase of the best |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-metroplus/showcase-of-the-best/article4160220.ece |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704093009/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-metroplus/showcase-of-the-best/article4160220.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights of 10th Chennai International Film Festival |url=http://www.chennaifilmfest.com/ciff_10.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122011130/http://www.chennaifilmfest.com/ciff_10.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 |access-date=8 October 2014 |publisher=[[Chennai International Film Festival]]}}</ref> ''Chandralekha'' was screened in April 2013 at the Centenary Film Festival, organised by India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and the [[National Film Archive of India|National Film Archive]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rakheja |first=Henna |date=30 April 2013 |title=Films that saw it all over 100 years |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/329283/films-saw-all-over-100.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008061231/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/329283/films-saw-all-over-100.html |archive-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> It was one of eight Indian films screened at the 28th Italian [[Il Cinema Ritrovato]] in 2014 as part of "The Golden 50s: India's Endangered Classics", the festival's first Indian-cinema retrospective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordwell |first=David |author-link=David Bordwell |date=12 July 2014 |title=Il Cinema Ritrovato: Strands from the 1950s and 1960s |url=http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2014/07/12/28267/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717102151/http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2014/07/12/28267/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |website=Davidbordwell.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |date=29 March 2015 |title=Films in time capsule |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/films-in-time-capsule/ |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819040050/http://www.freepressjournal.in/films-in-time-capsule/ |archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>{{efn|The other seven were ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951), ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953), ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), ''[[Ajantrik]]'' (1958), ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958) and ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2014 |title='Endangered' Indian classic cinema at Italy film festival |work=The Economic Times |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-30/news/50974380_1_mother-india-celluloid-man-shivendra-singh-dungarpur |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724171854/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-30/news/50974380_1_mother-india-celluloid-man-shivendra-singh-dungarpur |archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>}} In his ''Times of India'' review of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015), M. Suganth wrote that director [[S. S. Rajamouli]] had "take[n] his cues [for its visuals] from varied sources" (including ''Chandralekha'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=11 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: The Beginning |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Baahubali-The-Beginning/articleshow/48028522.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124065121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Baahubali-The-Beginning/articleshow/48028522.cms |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=24 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In a November 2015 interview with Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'', actor [[Kamal Haasan]] said: "Visual appeal has always gone hand-in-hand with content, since the days of ''Chandralekha'' and [''[[Mayabazar]]''], not just after ''Baahubali''."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=3 November 2015 |title=My focus is to give quality films at great speed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124035704/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="madras musings">{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=December 2008 |title=... And thus he made Chandralekha sixty years ago |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |magazine=[[Madras Musings]] |volume=XVIII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524070957/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Cecil">{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=8 December 2008 |title=A 'Cecil B. DeMillean' Chandralekha |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-lsquoCecil-B.-DeMilleanrsquo-Chandralekha/article15395386.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812075928/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-cecil-b-demillean-chandralekha/article1430942.ece |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="the hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2 October 2010 |title=Blast from the Past: Chandralekha (1948) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-Past-Chandralekha-1948/article15766380.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214153507/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-Past-Chandralekha-1948/article15766380.ece |archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuyIndianExpress">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=20 April 1991 |title=Chandralekha: The finest ever entertainer |pages=19 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910420&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="forgotten">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 October 2013 |title=The forgotten heroes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |access-date=7 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005160804/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-forgotten-heroes/article5204125.ece |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Rohini">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=19 January 2013 |title=Blast from the Past – Rohini 1953 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rohini-1953/article4322990.ece |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924151809/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rohini-1953/article4322990.ece |archive-date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="maalai malar">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2012 |title=ரூ.30 லட்சம் செலவில் தயாரான சந்திரலேகா |language=ta |trans-title=Chandralekha was made on a budget of {{INR}}30 crores |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/01/11114143/chandralekha-film-produced.html |url-status=dead |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116123149/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/01/11114143/chandralekha-film-produced.html |archive-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="1:43">{{Cite AV media |title=Chandralekha |date=1948 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |place=India |time=1:43}}</ref>
<ref name="sundari bai">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=24 March 2006 |title=Charming, villainous |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217609.ece |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815162422/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217609.ece |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhaktavatsala">{{Cite magazine |last=Bhaktavatsala |first=M. |date=24 April 1998 |title=Music in the Movies |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |page=36}}</ref>
<ref name="indolink">{{Cite web |last=[[Film News Anandan]] |year=1998 |title=Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days: 1945–1953 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005710/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013 |website=Indolink}}</ref>
<ref name="mumbai mirror">{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Vishwas |date=18 April 2010 |title=When illusions were painted |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/When-illusions-were-painted/articleshow/16009611.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425064529/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/When-illusions-were-painted/articleshow/16009611.cms |archive-date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Japan">{{Cite book |last=Matsuoka |first=Tamaki |url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |title=Asia to Watch, Asia to Present: The Promotion of Asian/Indian Cinema in Japan |publisher=Senri Ethnological Studies, Reitaku University |year=2008 |pages=246 |access-date=18 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite web |title=Box Office in India Explained |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=315&catName=UmVhZCBNb3Jl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020180004/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=315&catName=UmVhZCBNb3Jl |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=14 May 2013 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
<ref name="monsoonjournal">{{Cite magazine |last=Kamalaharan |first=C. |date=June 2014 |title=Chandralekha – The First Colossal Tamil Movie |url=https://issuu.com/monsoonjournal/docs/mj_june_2014_web |magazine=Monsoon Journal |pages=26 |access-date=25 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="PressAcclaims">{{Cite news |date=29 April 1948 |title=The Press Acclaims |pages=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480429&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="everson">{{Cite web |year=1981 |title=Spectacle, Music & Action! |url=http://bampfa.berkeley.edu/film/FN2318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920193947/http://bampfa.berkeley.edu/film/FN2318 |archive-date=20 September 2013 |access-date=20 September 2013 |publisher=[[Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Rosenbaum">{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum |date=20 August 1981 |title=August Humor |url=http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1981/08/august-humor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008233351/http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/1981/08/august-humor/ |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |website=Jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref>
<ref name="KB and JM">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214004436/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="wizard of lens">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=16 October 2015 |title=The wizard of lens |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052612/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |title=Third World Film Making and the West |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-520-05690-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashokamitran |title=Fourteen Years with Boss |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-14-342329-4 |location=India |author-link=Ashokamitran}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shampa |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |last2=Srivastava |first2=Anil |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-1-135-84098-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |oclc=1129458207 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=History Through the Lens: Perspectives on South Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-8125035206}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=David |title=Living Pictures: Perspectives on the Film Poster in India |last2=D'Souza |first2=Robert |last3=Dickey |first3=Sara |publisher=Open Editions |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-949004-15-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chander |first=Prakash |title=India: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=81-7648-455-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Rachel |title=Cinema India: The Visual Culture of Hindi Film |last2=Patel |first2=Divia |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-566347-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Garga |first=B. D. |title=Art of Cinema |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-670-05853-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=1-85856-329-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |title=Bengali Cinema: An Other Nation |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7436-816-4}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sangita |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |last2=Moorti |first2=Sujata |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gulazāra |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=2003 |isbn=81-7991-066-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |location=Chennai |oclc=52794531 |author-link=Randor Guy}}
* {{Cite book |last=[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] |title=Indian cinema: A Visual Voyage |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-8123006468 |ref={{harvid|Indian cinema: A Visual Voyage|1998}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Raghavendra |first=M. K. |title=50 Indian Film Classics |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7223-866-7 |author-link=M. K. Raghavendra}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ranade |first=Ashok |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |year=2006 |publisher=Promilla & Co. |isbn=81-85002-64-9 |author-link=Ashok Ranade}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Panna |title=The Indian film |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1950 |isbn=978-0-8371-3144-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Kristin |title=Film History – An Introduction |last2=Bordwell |first2=David |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-115141-2 |author-link=Kristin Thompson |author-link2=David Bordwell}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The Cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan India]] |isbn=0-333-93410-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |title=The History of Indian Film Music: A Showcase of the Very Best in Hindi Cinema |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-8189906818}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}

{{Gemini Studios}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|India}}

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RAC Paul

2026-04-08T19:38:29Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting a post

{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox medical person
|name=RAC Paul
|birth_date=19 August 1941
|birth_place=Sawyerpuram, India
|death_date=30 September 1986|death_place=India
|citizenship=Indian
|profession=Doctor, medical missionary
|known_for=Missionary work in India
|education=Madras Veterinary College
|work_institutions=Virudhunagar Veterinary Hospital}}
'''RAC Paul''' (19 August 1941 – 30 September 1986) was an Indian doctor and missionary who performed medical and evangelical work among the Bondo tribes in [[Malkangiri]].

== Early life and education ==
Paul was born in [[Sawyerpuram]] on 19 August 1941, to parents Paul Ratna Samy and Gladys.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Another Grain of Wheat: a Life of Dr. R A C Paul|last=Jebaraj|first=Sasi|publisher=UESI Publication Trust|year=1996}}</ref> He had four siblings—two older sisters named Priscilla and Nirmala, a younger sister named Ramani, and a younger brother named Dhanapaul.

In 1957, he passed SSLC and attended [[Madras Veterinary College]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Arackal|first=Sam|date=2004|title=From Malkangiri, With Love: Life and Work of Late. Dr. RAC Paul and the Living Testimoy of Dr. Iris Paul|journal=Indian Missions|pages=48–51}}</ref> After becoming a doctor, he joined Virudhunagar veterinary hospital and received a degree in 1963.<ref name=":0" /> He also attended Emmanuel Methodist Church at [[Vepery|Veppery]], Chennai.<ref name=":1" />

=== Personal life ===
RAC Paul was introduced to his future wife [[Iris G.R. Paul|Dr. Iris Paul]] by her college friend Chandra.<ref name=":1" /> Her father Mr. Walter went to Malkangiri in order to meet Paul and approved of him due to his hospitality and politeness. He then gave Paul permission to marry his daughter.

RAC and Iris were married on 24 January 1972, at Emanuel Methodist Church.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Their first child, son “Remo” (meaning “man” in the Bondo language), was born in 1974. Their second son, Manoranjan, was born in 1977.

The couple adopted two Bondo children during their work as missionaries among the Bondo tribes. They named these children David Livingstone and Mary Smrutha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Pioneering on the Pinda|last=Wood|first=Beulah|publisher=Evangelical Literature Service|year=1998}}</ref>

=== Influence of religion and health ===
As a young child, Paul had not initially accepted religion. When he fell ill, however, he turned to religion and prayed to live. This influenced him to become a doctor and work as a medical and religious missionary. He wanted to spend his life in "the Lord's service".<ref name=":0" />

After the birth of his second son in 1977, Paul fell ill with kidney problems. He needed a kidney transplant, which he received in the USA. After the transplant, he and Iris returned to their work in India.

Paul suffered a paralytic attack on 14 January 1980. He suffered from ill health, including typhoid and jaundice, until his death in 1986. In the hospital, when he felt well enough, he told nearby patients the gospel.<ref name=":0" /> He ultimately died during by-pass surgery.

== Mission ==
Paul learned of a need for a missionary in Orissa (present-day [[Odisha]]) through [[IMS Health|IMS]] News Bulletin in Muthumalai magazine.<ref name=":1" /> He applied to magazine notice which asked for missionaries to go work in Orissa.

Upon being selected, he left for service on 15 January 1967, and arrived at Malkangiri on 23 January 1967.<ref name=":0" /> He started medical work with the Koya, Bondo, Santhali and Poraja tribal groups. He met Munshi, a Bengali Christian, and taught bible lessons there.<ref name=":0" />

After their wedding, on 9 February 1972, Dr. Iris and Dr. RAC Paul journeyed together to Malkangiri to begin medical work on the Bondo tribes. They left IMS and joined Indian Evangelical Mission, which sent two other missionaries to work with the Pauls: Bros Sasi Kumar and Jeyapaul Sithar.<ref name=":0" />

The Pauls went to Bondo Hills, lived there, and did the ministry during the week and medical work on Sundays. They returned to Malkangiri once per week. Paul was determined to reach religion to locals. He became close with the locals, and they endearingly called him "Mr. Tall".<ref name=":3" />

RAC and Iris treated and helped with health problems such as malaria, tuberculosis, skin diseases, dysentery, and the delivery of babies.

After Paul's kidney transplant, IEM shut down the work in Malkangiri.<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Iris and RAC Paul then resigned from IEM and returned to the base at Malkangiri. They continued medical and gospel work in Malkangiri but could no longer work with the Bondo tribes. Without the support of IEM, the Pauls faced financial difficulties, in addition to Dr. RAC Paul's own medical problems.<ref name=":0" />

Paul suffered a paralytic attack on 24 January 1980, and from then on, he had to stay at home and assist Iris in her medical work.<ref name=":0" /> He told patients the gospel but was no longer able to continue his work in the ministry. He died in 1986.

== Legacy ==

=== Impact on Bondos ===
RAC Paul translated the New Testament into the Bondo language.<ref name=":0" /> The Bondos to continue practicing christianity.

=== Inspiration to others ===
At an IEM promotional meeting, slides of Dr. RAC Paul and Dr. Iris Paul were shown to a group of aspiring missionaries. At the time, RAC Paul was receiving medical treatment at CMC Vellore. One attendee of this meeting recalled being inspired by the following declaration, which was given by the man giving the presentation: "If a dying man is willing to keep on serving the Lord in a dry land, where there was no fruit, or benefit, what about you young people who have good health and strength?"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Victoria|date=March 2011|title=In the Centre of God's Will|journal=IEM Outreach|volume=XLVII|pages=11}}</ref>

=== Continuation of his work after death ===
His wife, Iris Paul, continued working with the Bondos upon Paul's dying wish that she and their children would continue working as missionaries.<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Iris Paul received the Yoke Fellow Award from the Direct Mission Aid Society in 1988 and eight years later, she received the Robert Pierce International Award for Christian development work by [[World Vision International]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Reaching Hand Society ===
Iris founded the Reaching Hand Society.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmp.org.au/what-we-do/associate-partners/reaching-hands|title=Reaching Hands|website=Global Mission Partners}}</ref> Now, Remo Paul and his wife Dr. Susan Sunalini Paul run the RHS as Executive Secretary and Medical Superintendent, respectively. The Reaching Hand Society claims to provide medical care, set up local village churches, and spread health education for the people in many villages in [[Malkangiri district]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, RAC}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Indian Protestant missionaries]]

How Old Are You (film)

2026-04-05T11:03:01Z

OmerRobson4867: started new info

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = How Old Are You
| image = how old are you.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| producer = [[Listin Stephen]]
| writer = [[Bobby Sanjay]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Manju Warrier]]
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = R. Diwakaran
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = Magic Frames
| distributor = Central Pictures & Tricolor Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|5|17|[[Kerala]]}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''How Old Are You''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]], written by [[Bobby Sanjay]] and produced by [[Listin Stephen]]. It stars [[Manju Warrier]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Kaniha]], [[Lalu Alex]] and Amritha Anil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11636/malayalam/how-old-are-you/index.htm |title=How Old Are You? Malayalam Movie - Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis |publisher=Nowrunning.com |access-date=2014-02-03 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223082341/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11636/malayalam/how-old-are-you/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/97995.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928062521/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/97995.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Manju to ask 'How Old are you' ? - Malayalam Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref> This film marks the return of Manju Warrier after a 15-year sabbatical break from the industry.<ref>Rajaneesh Vilakudy (20 May 2014). [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/How-Old-Are-You-is-not-Manju-Warriers-real-life-story/articleshow/35395851.cms "How Old Are You is not Manju Warriers real life"]. ''Bangalore Mirror''. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Roshith |first=Sivalakshmi |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/How-Old-Are-You-Unveiling-the-Male-Female-Bond/2013/12/05/article1927850.ece#.UzM3-vl5P_E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208043700/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/How-Old-Are-You-Unveiling-the-Male-Female-Bond/2013/12/05/article1927850.ece?#.UzM3-vl5P_E |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2013 |title=How Old Are You: Unveiling the Male-Female Bond |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2014-06-12}}</ref> The film was released on 17 May 2014. It received positive reviews from critics and was a major commercial success of the year at the box office.<ref name=2014BO>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219164947/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2014|title=2014: When little gems outclassed big guns in southern cinema |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=12 January 2015|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The movie was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' with [[Jyothika]].<ref name="PrimeGlitz Media">{{cite web|title=Jyothika to return in how old are you tamil remake|url=http://primeglitz.in/jyothikas-36-vayadhinile/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414044631/http://primeglitz.in/jyothikas-36-vayadhinile/|archive-date=14 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015|publisher=PrimeGlitz Media}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is centered on 36-year-old Nirupama, who works as a clerk in the Revenue Department. Her husband is Rajeev Narayanan who works at Akashavaani and aspires to migrate to Ireland. Nirupama can't accompany him as most Irish companies turn down her job applications. There is nothing interesting about her life; she leads a normal life but craves change.

One fine day, she gets an invitation from the President and gets summoned to the IG's office and learns that the [[President of India]] would like to have a conversation with her, after a question which her daughter posed to the President who came to the school. Unfortunately, Nirupama faints in-front of the President and the meeting turns out to be a disaster. Post this, she becomes the laughing stock on Facebook. Nirupama is then faced with the issue of being criticized by her family members. Later Nirupama gets in a situation where she has to watch her husband and daughter fly to [[Ireland]].

Susan David, her old classmate, a successful businesswoman, reminds her of the woman she used to be and inspires her to rediscover her younger self. Nirupama then explains her situation, when she met the president, to the social media and clears her name. Her inability to rise up to her daughter's expectations and the discomfiture of her husband being mistaken for her younger brother further troubles her. Nirupama had a habit of having a vegetable garden on her roof, without the usage of chemicals or pesticides.

One day Nirupama visits an old woman whom she would meet every day on her bus. Both of them don't even know their names, and when she gets to know that the woman is sick, Nirupama turns up at her house with her own vegetable. The old woman thanks her for the time she spent for her and for reminding her that she is not alone in this world. News of her pure vegetables spreads as the sick woman shares them with her employer.

The same employer turns out to be a well-off businessman and is impressed by the quality of the vegetables. He asks Nirupama if she could provide vegetables for his daughter's wedding in four months. For this Nirupama encourages all her neighbors to cultivate vegetables on their rooftops as well, which turns out to be a huge success. In between, Nirupama's daughter calls her to Ireland, but she hesitates as she has much work remaining, including finishing the commitment to supply vegetables for the wedding. Her husband is not happy with this hesitation and implies strongly that she needs to drop everything to come and help her daughter in Ireland. He says that she is neglecting her duties and her daughter. Nirupama reminds her husband to expect only what is given to her.

Her friend Susan David encourages her to present at a seminar with important people as an audience, including a State Minister and Collector. Her topic of biofarming by prioritizing organic vegetable gardens in the design of all housing projects influenced all the officials who appoint her as the lead visionary in making this a reality in Kerala. Once again the President meets her and her family; this time to discuss the vision of expanding Nirupama's biofarming idea nationwide.

The meeting turned out to be a successful one. Nirupama is finally able to answer the question that her daughter asked the president. "Who decides the expiry date of a woman's dreams?" The transformation of her character from a depressed woman to a steady and sprightly lady is complete and the movie ends.

==Cast==
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Nirupama Rajeev
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Rajeev Narayanan
* [[Kaniha]] as Susan David, Nirupama's friend (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Muthumani]] as Sashikala
* Amritha Anil as Lekshmi Rajeev, Nirupama and Rajeev's daughter
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Jayachandran
* [[Siddhartha Basu]] as [[President of India]]
* [[Lalu Alex]] as [[Inspector general|I. G.]] Karthikeyan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Narayanan, Rajeev's father
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Rajeev's mother
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Madhaviyamma
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Nirupama's mother
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Rani
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Bhaskaran, Superintendent
* [[Prem Prakash]] as Simon sir
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Setharaman Iyer
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Benny
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|D. I. G]]. Stephen Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Vaishak Uthaman as the official IT Staff, Kochi Police
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Mohan Varma, District Collector
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Minister Jayakumar
* [[Jayaraj Warrier]] as Sivankutty
* Jayesh Pazhanimala
* Vaigha Rose as Suhra

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = How Old Are You
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|10|}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio = Sound Factory
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=07|s=20}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| prev_title = [[Mr. Fraud]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Bangalore Days]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The film's soundtrack contains 3 songs, all composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] and Carnival Band. Lyrics by Hari Narayanan, [[Rafeeq Ahamed]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Vijanathayil"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 2
| "Vaa Vayassu Cholli"
| [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
| 3
| "Happy Birthday"
| Carnival Band
|}

==Reception==
===Critical reaction===
[[Sify]]'s reviewer rated the film as "watchable" and wrote, "Just like the 2012 Bollywood film ''[[English Vinglish]]'' that marked the return of [[Sridevi]], director [[Rosshan Andrrews]]’s How Old Are You brings back the terrific Manju Warrier, who stayed away from the movies for 14 years."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518162557/http://www.sify.com/movies/how-old-are-you-review-malayalam-15055812.html "Movie Review : 'How Old Are You'"] Retrieved 21 May 2014.</ref> Veeyen of Nowrunning.com stated that "Roshan Andrews in his film 'How Old Are You' takes us along on a woman's quest to unearth her long buried identity. Armed with a bravura performance by Manju Warrier, this superbly acted and emotionally engaging drama is a keeper of a film, and quite an impressive one at that."<ref name="nowrunning1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11636/malayalam/how-old-are-you/4687/review.htm |title=How Old Are You Review - Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=2014-05-19 |access-date=2014-06-12}}</ref><ref name="Return of the heroine">{{cite web|title=Return of the heroine|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/return-of-the-heroine/article6020886.ecel|first=Sharika|last=C|date=18 May 2014|access-date=6 December 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Sharika C. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "A must-watch, the film is also her [Manju Warrier's] way of making a statement – that age does not matter and you are never too old to chase your dreams. Ab ki baar, Manju Warrier!" She cited the film as "one of those rare films that will bring crowds to the theatre just to watch a middle-aged female protagonist perform" and named it as one of [[Kunchacko Boban]]'s best performances.<ref name="Return of the heroine"/> Paresh C Palicha of Rediff.com rated the film 3/5 and said, "How Old Are You is a good watch not just because it is the comeback film of Manju Warrier, but also because it has got a good story to tell."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-how-old-are-you-is-impressive-south/20140519.htm |title=Review: How Old Are You is impressive - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2014-05-19 |access-date=2014-06-12}}</ref> Metromatinee.com called the film "Light hearted yet weighty."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/how-old-are-you-movie-review-480 |title=How Old Are You Movie Review |publisher=Metromatinee.com |date=2014-05-17 |access-date=2014-06-12}}</ref>

===Box office===
''How Old Are You?'' was a commercial success. In [[Kerala]] alone, the film earned a distributor's share of approximately {{INR}}5 [[crore]] from 77 screens in 25 days run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Box-Office â€" April 10 to June 15 â€" Summer Hits |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15057846 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192033/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15057846 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=dead |date=17 June 2014}}</ref> The film collected {{USD}}78,897 from the United Kingdom in three weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2014&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=3&p=.htm|title=United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
; [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html |title="State Awards: Nazriya, Nivin, Sudev bag top honours"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813003515/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |work=Malayala Manorama|date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

* '''Won''', [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] - Sethulakshmi
* '''Won''', [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Singer]] - [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Vijanathayil paathivazhi"

; [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |title="Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |work=Filmfare|date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-3.html#descArticle "Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)"]. ''Filmfare''. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] - [[Manju Warrier]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* Nominated, Best Film
* Nominated, Best Director - [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
* Nominated, Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) - Sethulakshmi

==Remakes==
''How Old Are You?'' was remade into Tamil as ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' in 2015, with [[Jyothika]], marking her comeback to films after an eight-year hiatus,<ref name="PrimeGlitz Media"/> while [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] and [[Siddhartha Basu]] appear in other prominent roles.The film released on 15 May 2015 and met with positive reviews by praising Jyothika's performances, for which she was awarded [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]] at 63rd Britannia South Filmfare Awards.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|url-status=dead|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|archive-date=2 July 2016|website=filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 October 2014 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/actor-rahman-joins-tamil-remake-of-how-old-are-you/ |title=Actor Rahman joins Tamil remake of 'How Old Are You' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service]] |location=Chennai |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 March 2015 |title=Jyothika's 'How Old Are You' remake titled '36 Vayadhinile' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jyothikas-how-old-are-you-remake-titled-36-vayadhinile/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=Indo Asian News Service |location=Chennai |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|HowOldAreYou|''How Old Are You''}}
* {{IMDb title|3737580}}
{{Rosshan Andrrews}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

List of banks in India

2026-03-17T15:07:38Z

OmerRobson4867: added lead

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
This is a list of banks which are considered to be [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled banks]] under the second schedule of [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|RBI Act, 1934]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Scheduled Banks by RBI |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/PDFs/LSCBSC925ABF8A7E04824BA04596DF5C44006.PDF |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=3657 |website=m.rbi.org.in |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

As of 1 August 2025, India's commercial banking sector consists of 12 public sector banks (PSBs), 21 private sector banks (PVBs), 28 regional rural banks (RRBs), 44 foreign banks (FBs), 12 small finance banks (SFBs), 4 payments banks (PBs), 2 local area banks (LABs), and 4 financial institutions. Out of these 128 commercial banks, 124 are classified as scheduled banks and four are classified as non-scheduled banks.

== Commercial banks ==
{{Bar chart
| title = Top 15 banks in India by total assets
| label_type = Bank
| data_type = Total assets in crores (INR)
| bar_width = 50
| width_units = em
| data_max = 8000000
| label1 = [[State Bank of India]]
| data1 = 7,444,291
| label2 = [[HDFC Bank]]
| data2 = 4,392,417
| label3 = [[ICICI Bank]]
| data3 = 2,642,241
| label4 = [[Punjab National Bank]]
| data4 = 1,873,715
| label5 = [[Bank of Baroda]]
| data5 = 1,839,671
| label6 = [[Canara Bank]]
| data6 = 1,777,792
| label7 = [[Axis Bank]]
| data7 = 1,656,962
| label8 = [[Union Bank of India]]
| data8 = 1,497,882
| label9 = [[Bank of India]]
| data9 = 1,056,425
| label10 = [[Indian Bank]]
| data10 = 895,503
| label11 = [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
| data11 = 879,774
| label12 = [[IndusInd Bank]]
| data12 = 554,107
| label13 = [[Central Bank of India]]
| data13 = 481,186
| label14 = [[Yes Bank]]
| data14 = 424,115
| label15 = [[Indian Overseas Bank]]
| data15 = 414,113
}}

=== Public sector banks (PSBs) ===
{{main|Public sector banks in India}}
There are 12 public sector banks in India, as of 1 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public sector banks|url=https://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/public-sector-banks|website=Department of Financial Services, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" 100%;
|-
! Bank name !! Established !! Headquarters !! Government shareholding !! Branches (domestic)
! Total assets !! Revenues !! Official Website !! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
| [[Bank of Baroda]] || 1908 || [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]|| 63.97% || 8,564 ||{{Sort|1971175|{{INRConvert|1971175|c}}}}||{{Sort|15288414|{{INRConvert|152884.14|c}}}}|| https://bankofbaroda.bank.in || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/bank-of-baroda?year=2022|title=Bank of Baroda|date=27 April 2022|website=Fortune India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Offices & Branches">{{cite web |title=Offices & Branches |url=https://www.bankofbaroda.com/offices-branches.htm |website=Bank of Baroda |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of Baroda Share Price, Bank of Baroda Stock Price, Bank Of Baroda Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Bank Of Baroda Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Bank Of Baroda news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/bankbaroda/BOB|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bank of India]] ||1906 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 73.38% || 5,447 ||{{Sort|1120713.40|{{INRConvert|1120713.40|c}}}}||{{Sort|80412.44|{{INRConvert|80412.44|c}}}}|| https://bankofindia.bank.in ||<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Bank of India posts Rs 266 crore profit in Q2, eyes 10% growth in FY20 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bank-of-india-posts-rs-266-crore-profit-in-q2-eyes-10-growth-in-fy20-119110101249_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=22 November 2019 |date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bank Of India Consolidated Balance Sheet, Bank Of India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bankofindia/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/BOI|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bank of Maharashtra]] || 1935 || [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 79.60% || 2,719 ||{{Sort|393224|{{INRConvert|393224|c}}}}||{{Sort|28401.62|{{INRConvert|28401.62|c}}}}|| https://bankofmaharashtra.bank.in<nowiki/>|| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of Maharashtra Balance Sheet, Bank of Maharashtra Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bankmaharashtra/balance-sheetVI/BM05|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
| [[Canara Bank]] || 1906 || [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]|| 62.93% || 10,098 ||{{Sort|1822356.78|{{INRConvert|1822356.78|c}}}}||{{Sort|152657.89|{{INRConvert|152657.89|c}}}}|| https://canarabank.bank.in || <ref name="Business & Branches" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Canara Bank Share Price, Canara Bank Stock Price, Canara Bank Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Canara Bank Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Canara Bank news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/canarabank/CB06|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/canara-bank?year=2022|title=Canara Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Fortune India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Bank of India]] || 1911 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 89.27% || 4,567 ||{{Sort|533506.19|{{INRConvert|533506.19|c}}}}||{{Sort|39667.95|{{INRConvert|39667.95|c}}}}|| https://centralbank.bank.in<nowiki/>|| <ref>{{cite web|title=Central Bank of India Balance Sheet, Central Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/centralbankindia/balance-sheetVI/CBO01|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Bank]] || 1907 || [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 73.84% || 5,965 ||{{Sort|949690.30|{{INRConvert|949690.30|c}}}}||{{Sort|72050.88|{{INRConvert|72050.88|c}}}}|| https://indianbank.bank.in || <ref name="Indian Overseas Bank">{{cite news |title=Indian Overseas Bank. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/i-o-b-5955/information/company-history |website=Business Standard India |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{cite web|title=IOB Share Price, IOB Stock Price, Indian Overseas Bank Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Indian Overseas Bank Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Indian Overseas Bank news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/indianoverseasbank/IOB|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Overseas Bank]] || 1937 || [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 94.61% || 3,438 ||{{Sort|447541.62|{{INRConvert|447541.62|c}}}}||{{Sort|33750.31|{{INRConvert|33750.31|c}}}}|| https://iob.bank.in ||<ref name="Indian Overseas Bank" /><ref name="moneycontrol.com" />
|-
| [[Punjab and Sind Bank]] || 1908 || [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]]|| 93.85% || 1,623 ||{{Sort|170734|{{INRConvert|170734|c}}}}||{{Sort|13048.95|{{INRConvert|13048.95|c}}}}|| https://punjabandsind.bank.in || <ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab & Sind Share Price, Punjab & Sind Stock Price, Punjab & Sind Bank Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Punjab & Sind Bank Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Punjab & Sind Bank news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/punjabsindbank/PSB|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
| [[Punjab National Bank]] || 1894 || [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]]|| 70.08% || 10,261 ||{{Sort|1976227.84|{{INRConvert|1976227.84|c}}}}||{{Sort|140456.81|{{INRConvert|140456.81|c}}}}|| https://pnb.bank.in || <ref name="Business & Branches">{{cite news |title=PNB to be 2nd largest PSB post merger, Canara fourth, UBI fifth, Allahabad 7th
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mega-bank-merger-pnb-obc-and-ubi-to-be-merged-to-form-2nd-largest-bank/articleshow/70909726.cms?from=mdr|website=Economic Times |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/punjab-national-bank?year=2022|title=Punjab National Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Fortune India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[State Bank of India]]|| 1955 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 55.50% || 23,125 ||{{Sort|7881070|{{INRConvert|7881070|c}}}}||{{Sort|473378.14|{{INRConvert|473378.14|c}}}} || https://sbi.bank.in || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/state-bank-of-india?year=2022|title=State Bank of India|date=27 April 2022|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five associate banks, BMB merge with SBI
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/sbi-five-associate-banks-bmb-merge-with-sbi/article17757316.ece |website=The Hindu |date=April 2017 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SBI Share Price, SBI Stock Price, State Bank of India Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, State Bank of India Bids Offers. Buy/Sell State Bank of India news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/statebankindia/SBI|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
| [[UCO Bank]] || 1943 || [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|| 90.95% || 3,327 ||{{Sort|378617.65|{{INRConvert|378617.65|c}}}}||{{Sort|29473.55|{{INRConvert|29473.55|c}}}}|| https://uco.bank.in<nowiki/>|| <ref>{{cite web |title=Efforts of banks under PCA framework are being monitored: RBI Governor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/efforts-of-banks-under-pca-framework-are-being-monitored-rbi-governor/articleshow/74261505.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UCO Bank Share Price, UCO Bank Stock Price, UCO Bank Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, UCO Bank Bids Offers. Buy/Sell UCO Bank news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/ucobank/UCO|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Union Bank of India]] || 1919 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 74.76% || 8,671 ||{{Sort|1499855.67|{{INRConvert|1499855.67|c}}}}||{{Sort|129979.25|{{INRConvert|129979.25|c}}}}|| [https://www.unionbankofindia.bank.in https://unionbankofindia.bank.in]|| <ref name="Business & Branches" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Union Bank Share Price, Union Bank Stock Price, Union Bank of India Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Union Bank of India Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Union Bank of India news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-public-sector/unionbankindia/UBI01|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|}

=== Private sector banks (PVBs) ===
''[[Private bank|Private sector bank]]s are [[bank]]s where the majority of the bank's [[Equity (finance)|equity]] is owned by a [[private company]] or a group of individuals. They comply with the [[Reserve Bank of India |central bank]] guidelines yet have a unique financial system.''

There are 21 private sector banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.

{| class="wikitable sortable style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Bank name !! Established !! Headquarters !! Branches !! Total assets !! Revenues !! Official Website !! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
|[[Axis Bank]]|| 1993 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 5,876 ||{{Sort|1656962.61|{{INRConvert|1656962.61|c}}}}||{{Sort|137989|{{INRConvert|137989|c}}}}|| [https://www.axis.bank.in https://axis.bank.in] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Axis Bank Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Axis Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/axisbank/consolidated-profit-lossVI/AB16|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Bandhan Bank]]|| 2015 ||[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|| 1,715 ||{{Sort|191476.29|{{INRConvert|191476.29|c}}}}||{{Sort|21656|{{INRConvert|21656|c}}}}|| [https://www.bandhan.bank.in https://bandhan.bank.in] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Bandhan Bank Profit & Loss account, Bandhan Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bandhanbank/profit-lossVI/BB09|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[CSB Bank]]|| 1920 ||[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]|| 829 ||{{Sort|47836.27|{{INRConvert|47836.27|c}}}}||{{Sort|3450|{{INRConvert|3450|c}}}}||[https://www.csb.bank.in https://csb.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=CSB Bank Balance Sheet, CSB Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/csbbank/balance-sheetVI/CB05|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[City Union Bank]]|| 1904 ||[[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 875 ||{{Sort|77623.21|{{INRConvert|77623.21|c}}}}||{{Sort|4839|{{INRConvert|4839|c}}}}||[https://www.cityunionbank.bank.in https://cityunionbank.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=City Union Bank Profit & Loss account, City Union Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/cityunionbank/profit-lossVI/CUB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=City Union Bank Balance Sheet, City Union Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/cityunionbank/balance-sheetVI/CUB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[DCB Bank]]|| 1930 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 464 ||{{Sort|76809.78|{{INRConvert|76809.78|c}}}}||{{Sort|3916|{{INRConvert|3916|c}}}}||[https://www.dcb.bank.in https://dcb.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=DCB Bank Profit & Loss account, DCB Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/dcbbank/profit-lossVI/DCB01|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dhanlaxmi Bank]]|| 1927 ||[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]|| 261 ||{{Sort|17936.94|{{INRConvert|17936.94|c}}}}||{{Sort|1072|{{INRConvert|1072|c}}}}||[https://www.dhan.bank.in https://dhan.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhanlaxmi Bank Balance Sheet, Dhanlaxmi Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/dhanlaxmibank/balance-sheetVI/DB01|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Federal Bank]]|| 1931 ||[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]|| 1,589 ||{{Sort|360151.91|{{INRConvert|360151.91|c}}}}||{{Sort|25267|{{INRConvert|25267|c}}}}||https://federal.bank.in<nowiki/>||<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Bank Consolidated Balance Sheet, Federal Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/federalbank/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/FB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[HDFC Bank]]|| 1994 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 9,455 ||{{Sort|4392417.42|{{INRConvert|4392417.42|c}}}}||{{Sort|205000|{{INRConvert|205000|c}}}}|| [https://www.hdfc.bank.in https://hdfc.bank.in] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/hdfc-bank?year=2022|title=HDFC Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Fortune India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HDFC Bank Balance Sheet, HDFC Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/hdfcbank/balance-sheetVI/HDF01|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[ICICI Bank]]|| 1994 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 6,983 ||{{Sort|2642241.41|{{INRConvert|2642241.41|c}}}}||{{Sort|186178.50|{{INRConvert|186178.50|c}}}}|| [https://www.icici.bank.in https://icici.bank.in] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/icici-bank?year=2022|title=ICICI Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Fortune India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/about-us.page|title=ICICI Bank- About Us|work=ICICI Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICICI Bank Balance Sheet, ICICI Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/icicibank/balance-sheetVI/ICI02|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IDBI Bank]]|| 1964 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 2,104 ||{{Sort|412961.90|{{INRConvert|412961.90|c}}}}||{{Sort|24803|{{INRConvert|24803|c}}}}||[https://www.idbi.bank.in https://idbi.bank.in] ||<ref>Re-categorization of IDBI Bank Ltd. as a Private Sector Bank: https://www.idbibank.in/idbi-bank-history.asp</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IDBI Bank Consolidated Balance Sheet, IDBI Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/idbibank/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/IDB05|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IDFC First Bank]]|| 2015 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 1002 ||{{Sort|343908.74|{{INRConvert|343908.74|c}}}}||{{Sort|36257|{{INRConvert|36257|c}}}}||[https://www.idfcfirst.bank.in https://idfcfirst.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=IDFC First Bank Consolidated Balance Sheet, IDFC First Bank Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.idfcfirstbank.com/content/dam/idfcfirstbank/pdf/financial-results/IDFC-FIRST-Bank-Investor-Presentation-Q3-FY23-Final.pdf|access-date=1 February 2023|website=www.idfcfirstbank.com/|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IndusInd Bank]]|| 1994 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 3,081 ||{{Sort|554107.11|{{INRConvert|554107.11|c}}}}||{{Sort|28999|{{INRConvert|28999|c}}}}||[https://www.indusind.bank.in https://indusind.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=IndusInd Bank Share Price, IndusInd Bank Stock Price, IndusInd Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, IndusInd Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell IndusInd Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/indusindbank/IIB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]]|| 1938 ||[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|| 1,019 ||{{Sort|169423.54|{{INRConvert|169423.54|c}}}}||{{Sort|7166|{{INRConvert|7166|c}}}}||https://jkb.bank.in||<ref>{{cite web|title=About Jammu and Kashmir J & K Bank|url=https://www.jkbank.com/others/common/aboutus.php#accordion1_N4|access-date=18 June 2022|website=www.jkbank.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka Bank]]||1924||[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]]|| 957||{{Sort|120960.45|{{INRConvert|120960.45|c}}}}||{{Sort|6232|{{INRConvert|6232|c}}}}||[https://www.karnatakabank.bank.in https://karnatakabank.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka Bank Share Price, Karnataka Bank Stock Price, Karnataka Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Karnataka Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Karnataka Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/karnatakabank/KB04|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Karur Vysya Bank]]|| 1916 ||[[Karur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 888 ||{{Sort|119367.42|{{INRConvert|119367.42|c}}}}||{{Sort|5470|{{INRConvert|5470|c}}}}||[https://www.kvb.bank.in https://kvb.bank.in] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Karur Vysya Share Price, Karur Vysya Stock Price, Karur Vysya Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Karur Vysya Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Karur Vysya Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/karurvysyabank/KVB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]|| 2003 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 2148 ||{{Sort|879774.34|{{INRConvert|879774.34|c}}}}||{{Sort|94274|{{INRConvert|94274|c}}}}||[https://www.kotak.bank.in https://kotak.bank.in]||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kotak Mahindra Share Price, Kotak Mahindra Stock Price, Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/kotakmahindrabank/KMB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en|last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nainital Bank]]|| 1922 ||[[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]]|| 173 ||{{Sort|9306|{{INRConvert|9306|c}}}}||{{Sort|727|{{INRConvert|727|c}}}}||[https://www.nainitalbank.bank.in https://nainitalbank.bank.in] ||<ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=Nainital bank Financial Highlights|url=https://www.nainitalbank.co.in/english/Financial_Highlights.aspx|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Nainital Bank}}</ref>
|-
|[[RBL Bank]]|| 1943 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 561 ||{{Sort|146772.11|{{INRConvert|146772.11|c}}}}||{{Sort|8561|{{INRConvert|8561|c}}}}||[https://www.rbl.bank.in https://rbl.bank.in] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=RBL Bank Share Price, RBL Bank Stock Price, RBL Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, RBL Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell RBL Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/rblbank/RB03|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian Bank]]|| 1929 ||[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]|| 948 ||{{Sort|124655.07|{{INRConvert|124655.07|c}}}}||{{Sort|7305|{{INRConvert|7305|c}}}}||[https://www.southindianbank.bank.in https://southindianbank.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=South Ind Bk Share Price, South Ind Bk Stock Price, South Indian Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, South Indian Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell South Indian Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/southindianbank/SIB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited|Tamilnad Mercantile Bank]]|| 1921 ||[[Thoothukkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 578 ||{{Sort|66449.87|{{INRConvert|66449.87|c}}}}||{{Sort|3992|{{INRConvert|3992|c}}}}||[https://www.tmb.bank.in https://tmb.bank.in]|| <ref>{{cite web|title=audited-balance-sheet {{!}} Tamilnad Mercantile Bank|url=https://www.tmb.in/audited-balance-sheet.aspx|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.tmb.bank.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yes Bank]]||2004||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 1,255 ||{{Sort|424115.93|{{INRConvert|424115.93|c}}}}||{{Sort|20039|{{INRConvert|20039|c}}}}||[https://www.yes.bank.in https://yes.bank.in]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Yes Bank Q1 2020–21|url=https://www.yesbank.in/pdf/q1fy21_statutory_release_pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yes Bank Share Price, Yes Bank Stock Price, Yes Bank Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Yes Bank Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Yes Bank Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/banks-private-sector/yesbank/YB|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|}

=== Regional rural banks (RRBs) ===
{{main|Regional rural bank}}

There are 28 regional rural banks in India, as of 23 October 2025.

{| class="wikitable sortable" 90%;
|-
! State !! Bank name !! Established !! Headquarters !! Branches !! Sponsor bank !! class="unsortable" | Official Website
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Andhra Pradesh Grameena Bank||2025|| [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] ||1,351||[[Union Bank of India]] || https://apgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|| [[Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank]]||1983||[[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]||34||[[State Bank of India]]|| https://aprb.bank.in
|-
| [[Assam]] || [[Assam Gramin Bank]]||2019||[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]||473|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://agvb.bank.in
|-
|[[Bihar]] || [[Bihar Gramin Bank]] ||2025||[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]||2,885|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://bgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]|| [[Chhattisgarh Gramin Bank]]||2013||[[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]||626|| [[State Bank of India]]|| https://cgb.bank.in
|-
|[[Gujarat]]|| [[Gujarat Gramin Bank]]||2025||[[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]||744|| [[Bank of Baroda]]|| https://ggb.bank.in
|-
| [[Haryana]]|| [[Haryana Gramin Bank]]||2013||[[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]||690|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| http://shgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank]] ||2013||[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]||265|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://hpgb.bank.in
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu And Kashmir]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Grameen Bank]] ||2025||[[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||330|| [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]]|| https://jkgrameen.bank.in
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || [[Jharkhand Gramin Bank]] ||2019||[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] ||450|| [[State Bank of India]]|| https://jrgbank.bank.in
|-
|[[Karnataka]] || [[Karnataka Grameena Bank]]||2025||[[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]]||1,750||[[Canara Bank]]|| https://karnatakagb.bank.in
|-
| [[Kerala]] || [[Kerala Grameena Bank]] ||2013||[[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]||635|| [[Canara Bank]]|| https://kgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank]] ||2025||[[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]||1,320|| [[Bank of India]]|| https://mpgb.bank.in
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]|| [[Maharashtra Gramin Bank]] ||2025||[[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Maharashtra]]||748|| [[Bank of Maharashtra]]|| [https://www.mahagramin.bank.in https://mahagramin.bank.in]
|-
| [[Manipur]] || [[Manipur Rural Bank]] ||1981||[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]||28|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://manipurrural.bank.in
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || [[Meghalaya Rural Bank]] ||1981||[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]||89|| [[State Bank of India]]|| https://meghalayaruralbank.bank.in
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || [[Mizoram Rural Bank]] ||1983||[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]||105|| [[State Bank of India]]|| https://mrb.bank.in
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland Rural Bank]] ||1983||[[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]||12|| [[State Bank of India]]|| [https://www.nrb.bank.in https://nrb.bank.in]
|-
|[[Odisha]] || [[Odisha Grameen Bank]] ||2025||[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]||979|| [[Indian Overseas Bank]]|| https://odishabank.bank.in
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Puducherry Grama Bank]]||2008||[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ||48|| [[Indian Bank]]||
https://pygb.bank.in
|-
| [[Punjab]] || [[Punjab Gramin Bank]] ||2019 || [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab]] ||458||[[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://pgb.bank.in
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]|| [[Rajasthan Gramin Bank]]||2025||[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] ||1,596|| [[State Bank of India]]|| https://rgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil Nadu Grama Bank]] ||2019||[[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]||682||[[Indian Bank]]|| https://tngb.bank.in
|-
| [[Telangana]] || [[Telangana Grameena Bank]]||2025||[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]||934||[[State Bank of India]]|| https://tgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Tripura]] || [[Tripura Gramin Bank]] ||1976||[[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]||154|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://tripuragramin.bank.in
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank]]
||2025||[[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]||4,330||[[Bank of Baroda]] || https://upgb.bank.in
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Uttarakhand Gramin Bank]] ||2012||[[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]||291|| [[State Bank of India]] || https://ukgb.bank.in
|-
|[[West Bengal]] || [[West Bengal Gramin Bank]] ||2025||[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]||960|| [[Punjab National Bank]]|| https://wbgb.bank.in
|}

==Co-operative banks==
{{see also|Cooperative banking#India}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}

===State co-operative banks (SCBs)===
There are 34 state co-operative banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cooperative Data Base |url=https://cooperatives.gov.in/en/home/scb-reports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724233605/https://cooperatives.gov.in/en/home/scb-reports |archive-date=2024-07-24 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=cooperatives.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* The Andaman and Nicobar State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Andhra Pradesh State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Arunachal Pradesh State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Assam Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Bihar State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Chandigarh State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Chhattisgarh Rajya Sahakari Bank Maryadit
* The Delhi State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Goa State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Gujarat State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Haryana State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Jammu and Kashmir State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Jharkhand State Co-operative bank Ltd.
* The Karnataka State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* [[Kerala Bank|The Kerala State Co-operative Bank Ltd.]]
* The Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sahakari Bank Maryadit.
* The Maharashtra State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Manipur State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Meghalaya Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Mizoram Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Nagaland State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Odisha State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Pondichery State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Punjab State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Sikkim State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* [[TNSC Bank|The Tamil Nadu State Apex Co-operative Bank Ltd.]]
* The Telangana State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
* The Tripura State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Uttaranchal Rajya Sahakari Bank Ltd.
* The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* The Daman and Diu State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
{{div col end}}

===District central co-operative banks===
There are 352 district central co-operative banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.

===Scheduled urban co-operative banks===
There are 24 scheduled urban co-operative banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.

===Non-scheduled urban co-operative banks===
There are 1407 non-scheduled urban co-operative banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.

== Foreign banks ==
There are 44 foreign banks in India, as of 1 August 2025. Branch/WOS/Representative form of presence as per RBI is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2020|title=Foreign banks in India as on July 14, 2020 - Branch/WOS form of presence|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/pdfs/71207.pdf|access-date=16 October 2021|website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>

=== Foreign banks operating as wholly owned subsidiary in India ===

List of notable foreign banks which are incorporated outside India and are operating a wholly owned subsidiary in India:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* '''{{flag|Singapore}}'''
** [[DBS Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''
** [[UBS]]
* '''{{flag|Mauritius}}'''
** [[State Bank of Mauritius]]
}}

=== Foreign banks with branches in India ===

List of notable foreign banks which are incorporated outside India and are operating branches in India:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* '''{{flag|Australia}}'''
** [[Australia & New Zealand Banking Group]]
* '''{{flag|Bahrain}}'''
** [[Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait]]
* '''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''
** [[AB Bank]]
** [[Sonali Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Canada}}'''
** [[Bank of Nova Scotia]]
* '''{{flag|China}}'''
** [[Bank of China]]
** [[Industrial & Commercial Bank of China]]
* '''{{flag|Denmark}}'''
** [[Danske Bank]]
* '''{{flag|England}}'''
** [[Barclays]]
** [[HSBC Bank India]]
** [[Standard Chartered India]]
* '''{{flag|France}}'''
** [[BNP Paribas]]
** [[Société Générale]]
** [[Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Germany}}'''
** [[Deutsche Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''
** [[Bank Maybank Indonesia]]
* '''{{flag|Japan}}'''
** [[Mizuho Corporate Bank]]
** [[MUFG Bank]]
** [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation]]
* '''{{flag|Netherlands}}'''
** [[Rabobank]]
* '''{{flag|Qatar}}'''
** Doha Bank
** [[Qatar National Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Russia}}'''
** [[Sberbank]]
* '''{{flag|Scotland}}'''
** [[NatWest Group]]
* '''{{flag|Singapore}}'''
** [[United Overseas Bank]]
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}'''
** [[FirstRand Bank]]
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}'''
** [[Industrial Bank of Korea]]
** [[KEB Hana Bank]]
** [[Kookmin Bank]]
** [[Shinhan Bank]]
** [[Woori Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''
** [[Bank of Ceylon]]
* '''{{flag|Sweden}}'''
** [[Handelsbanken]]
* '''{{flag|Taiwan}}'''
** [[CTBC Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Thailand}}'''
** [[Krung Thai Bank]]
* '''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''
** [[Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank]]
** [[Emirates NBD]]
** [[First Abu Dhabi Bank]]
* '''{{flag|United States of America}}'''
** [[American Express]]
** [[Bank of America]]
** [[JPMorgan Chase]]
}}

=== Foreign banks with representative offices in India===

List of notable foreign banks which are incorporated outside India and are operating representative offices in India:

{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* '''{{flag|Australia}}'''
** [[National Australia Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Austria}}'''
** [[Raiffeisen Bank International]]
* '''{{flag|Canada}}'''
** [[Bank of Montreal]]
** [[Toronto Dominion Bank]]
* '''{{flag|France}}'''
** [[Credit Industriel et Commercial]]
** [[Natixis]]
* '''{{flag|Germany}}'''
** [[DZ Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Italy}}'''
** [[Banco BPM]]
** [[Intesa Sanpaolo]]
* '''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''
** [[Access Bank Group|Access Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Norway}}'''
** [[DNB Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}'''
** [[Caixa Geral de Depositos]]
* '''{{flag|Russia}}'''
** [[Gazprombank]]
* '''{{flag|Spain}}'''
** [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria]]
** [[Banco de Sabadell]]
* '''{{flag|Sweden}}'''
** [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken]]
* '''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''
** [[UBS AG]]
** [[Zurcher Kantonalbank]]
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}'''
** [[Busan Bank]]
* '''{{flag|Taiwan}}'''
** [[Bank of Taiwan]]
* '''{{flag|United States}}'''
** [[The Bank of New York Mellon]]
** [[Wells Fargo Bank]]

}}

==Local area banks==

Local area banks are non-scheduled banks. They were set up with the twin objectives of providing an institutional mechanism for promoting rural and semi-urban savings and for providing credit for viable economic activities in local areas. They were established as public limited companies in the private sector. They are promoted either by individuals, corporates, trusts or societies. The minimum paid up capital of such banks is {{INR|50 million}}. The promoter's contribution should be at least {{INR|20 million}}. Local area banks can operate and open branches in a maximum of 3 geographically contiguous districts. They are governed by the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and other relevant statutes. They are to be registered as Public Limited Companies under the Companies Act 1956. Since they are non-scheduled banks, they cannot borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India, like other scheduled commercial banks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?ID=294 | title=Reserve Bank of India - Reports }}</ref>

There are 2 local area banks in India, as of 1 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/banklinks.aspx | title=Reserve Bank of India - Banklinks881026291116 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Bank name
!Established
!Headquarters
!Branches
![[Revenue]]s
!Official Website
! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
|Coastal Local Area Bank
|1999
|[[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|50
|{{Sort|25|{{INRConvert|25|c}}}}
|[https://coastal.bank.in/ https://coastal.bank.in]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=COASTAL BANK |url=https://coastal.bank.in/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=coastal.bank.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COASTAL BANK |url=https://coastal.bank.in/locate-us/Branches |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=coastal.bank.in}}</ref>
|-
|Krishna Bhima Samruddhi Local Area Bank
|2001
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|29
|{{Sort|67.89|{{INRConvert|67.89|c}}}}
|[https://www.kbsbank.bank.in/ https://www.kbsbank.bank.in]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KBS Bank |url=https://www.kbsbank.bank.in/index.php |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.kbsbank.bank.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KBS Bank |url=https://www.kbsbank.bank.in/history.php |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.kbsbank.bank.in}}</ref>[https://www.kbsbank.bank.in/downloads/Annual-Report-2024-25.pdf]
|}

== Payments banks ==
{{main|Payments bank}}

There are 4 payments banks in India, as of 15 December 2025.

{| class="wikitable sortable" 90%;
|-
! Bank name !! Established !! Headquarters !! Branches !! [[Revenue]]s !! Official Website!! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
| [[Airtel Payments Bank]] || 2017 || [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]] || || {{Sort|627|{{INRConvert|627|c}}}}||https://airtelpayments.bank.in||<ref>{{cite news |title=Airtel launches India's first payments bank |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/fcR6oefmVxL8A8rzVB4TJK/Airtel-launches-Indias-first-payments-bank.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[Livemint]] |date=23 November 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Parbat|first=Kalyan|title=Airtel Payments Bank set to break even this financial year|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/airtel-payments-bank-set-to-break-even-this-fiscal/articleshow/83131836.cms?from=mdr|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[India Post Payments Bank]] || 2018 || [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]] || 650|| {{Sort|55|{{INRConvert|55|c}}}}||https://ippbonline.bank.in ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Reports - India Post Payments Bank|url=https://www.ippbonline.com/web/ippb/annual-reports|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.ippbonline.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jio Payments Bank]] || 2018 || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] ||||{{Sort|13|{{INRConvert|13|c}}}}||https://jiopayments.bank.in ||<ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=Jio Payments Bank Limited|url=https://www.sbi.co.in/documents/17836/11950852/Jio+Payments+Bank+Limited+-+FY+20-21.pdf/eddf5c5a-3d30-c5ac-6f66-fa4b6f1dd2e5?t=1622724196823|access-date=4 November 2021|website=sbi.co.in |publisher = [[State Bank of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[NSDL Payments Bank]] || 2018 ||[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| || {{INRConvert|62|c}}||https://nsdlpayments.bank.in||<ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=NSDL Payment Bank Annual Report|url=https://nsdlbank.com/assets/layouts/pdf/AnnualReportFY20-21.pdf|access-date=4 November 2021|website=nsdlbank.com|publisher=NSDLBank}}</ref>
|}

== Small finance banks ==
{{main|Small finance bank}}

There are 12 small finance banks in India, as of 15 December 2025.
{| class="wikitable sortable" 90%;
|-
! Bank name !! Established !! Headquarters !! Branches !! Total assets !! Revenues !! Official Website!! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
|[[AU Small Finance Bank]]
|2017
|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|630
|{{Sort|109426|{{INRConvert|109426|c}}}}
|{{Sort|9293|{{INRConvert|9293|c}}}}
|https://au.bank.in
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/au-small-finance-bank?year=2022|title=AU Small Finance Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Small Finance Banks 2022-24 Uploaded byvcpc2008on Jan 06, 2025 SCRIBD |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/812244872/Small-Finance-Banks-2022-24-3 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Capital Small Finance Bank]]
|2016
|[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|180
|{{Sort|9295|{{INRConvert|9295|c}}}}
|
|https://capital.bank.in
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=36828|title=Capital Small Finance Bank Ltd. commences Operations|date=27 April 2016|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Equitas Small Finance Bank]]
|2016
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|987
|{{Sort|45304|{{INRConvert|45304|c}}}}
|{{Sort|3997|{{INRConvert|3997|c}}}}
|https://equitas.bank.in
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/equitas-small-finance-bank?year=2022|title=Equitas Small Finance Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[ESAF Small Finance Bank]]
|2017
|[[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
|756
|{{Sort|26086.88|{{INRConvert|26086.88|c}}}}
|{{Sort|475|{{INRConvert|475|c}}}}
|https://esaf.bank.in
|<ref>{{cite news |title=ESAF SFB fulfils banking dreams of commom man |url=http://passlinebusinessmagazine.in/component/content/article/25-slider/675-esaf-sfb-fulfils-banking-dreams-pf-commom-man |access-date=14 December 2018 |work=Passline Business Magazine |date=4 August 2017 |language=en-gb |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616235044/http://passlinebusinessmagazine.in/component/content/article/25-slider/675-esaf-sfb-fulfils-banking-dreams-pf-commom-man |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Fino Small Finance Bank]] || 2017|| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]||410|| {{Sort|791|{{INRConvert|791|c}}}}
|
|https://fino.bank.in ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/07/17/fino-payments-bank-launches-operations-with-410-branches |title=India Gets Its Fourth Payments Bank |work=[[BloombergQuint]] |date=17 July 2017 |access-date=13 November 2020| language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2021|title=[What The Financials] IPO-Bound Fino Turned Profitable In FY21, But Expenses Remain High|url=https://inc42.com/features/what-the-financials-ipo-bound-fino-turned-profitable-in-fy21-but-expenses-remain-high/|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jana Small Finance Bank]]
|2018
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|640
|{{Sort|32710|{{INRConvert|32710|c}}}}
|{{Sort|3050|{{INRConvert|3050|c}}}}
|https://jana.bank.in
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/jana-small-finance-bank?year=2022|title=Jana Small Finance Bank|date=27 April 2022|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Shivalik Small Finance Bank]]
|2021
|[[Saharanpur|Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
|73
|{{Sort|4119.76|{{INRConvert|4119.76|c}}}}
|
|https://shivalik.bank.in
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Shivalik Small Finance Bank commences operations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/shivalik-small-finance-bank-commences-operations/article34417086.ece |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=the-hindu |date=26 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://shivalik.bank.in/assets/upload/annualreports/pdf/shivalik-sfb-2024-2025.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[Slice Small Finance Bank]]
|2017
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|232
|{{Sort|1687|{{INRConvert|1687|c}}}}
|
|https://slice.bank.in
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/north-east-small-finance-bank-starts-operations-rbi/articleshow/61120503.cms|title=North East Small Finance Bank starts operations: RBI|date=17 October 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Suryoday Small Finance Bank]]
|2017
|[[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|695
|{{Sort|15614.4|{{INRConvert|15614.4|c}}}}
|
|https://suryoday.bank.in
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/suryoday-utkarsh-small-finance-banks-commence-operations-117012300934_1.html|title=Suryoday, Utkarsh small finance banks commence operations|date=23 January 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SURYODAY SMALL FINANCE BANK 2024-25 Annual Report Analysis |url=https://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/annual-results-analysis/SSFB/SURYODAY-SMALL-FINANCE-BANK-2024-25-Annual-Report-Analysis/13005}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ujjivan Small Finance Bank]]
|2017
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|752
|{{Sort|40422|{{INRConvert|40422|c}}}}
|{{Sort|4754|{{INRConvert|4754|c}}}}
|
{{Url|https://www.ujjivansfb.bank.in|https://ujjivansfb.bank.in}}
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/bank-private/ujjivansmallfinancebank/USF|title=Ujjivan Small Finance Bank|date=27 April 2023|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=21 September 2022 |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
|-
|[[Unity Small Finance Bank]]
|2021
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|334
|{{Sort|13774|{{INRConvert|13774|c}}}}
|
|https://unity.bank.in
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Utkarsh Small Finance Bank]]
|2018
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|967
|{{Sort|23903|{{INRConvert|23903|c}}}}
|
|{{Url|https://www.utkarsh.bank.in|https://utkarsh.bank.in}}
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Utkarsh start's operations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/suryoday-utkarsh-small-finance-banks-commence-operations-117012300934_1.html |access-date=14 December 2018 |work=business-standard |date=4 August 2018 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Banking|Companies|Lists}}

*[[Banking in India]]
*[[:Category:Defunct banks of India|Defunct banks of India]]
*[[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]
*[[Reserve Bank of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/BanksInIndia.aspx|title=Banks in India|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}
{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Lists of banks in India|*]]
[[Category:Economy of India lists|Banks]]
[[Category:Lists of banks by country|India]]

Kozhikode railway station

2026-03-17T04:38:31Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kozhikode
| other_name = Kozhikode Main Railway Station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| image = Kozhikode Railway Station from Bridge.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Road, near [[Apsara Theatre]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]],
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.2465|75.7805|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| elevation = {{cvt|11|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]]
| platform = 4(1,2,3,4)
| tracks = 6
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| parking = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|17px}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CLT
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1888|01|02}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former = Calicut Railway Station
| passengers = 28,463 per day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1525083000550-New%20Categories%20of%20Stations-PGT.pdf |title=Categorisation of Stations – Palakkad Division |publisher=Southern Railway Zone – Indian Railways |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2016–17
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 2 ''(in [[Kerala]])'' 1 ''(in [[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad division]])''
| map_locator =
| image_size =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Kozhikode railway station''' (also known as Kozhikode Main railway station)(station code: CLT<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=6 |format=PDF |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–2 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Palakkad railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]]. It was given by [[Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan]] to the British Indian Railways for a lease agreement of 99 years.<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |format=PDF |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is one of the largest and major railway stations in the state of [[Kerala]]. At {{INRConvert|200|c|year=2019}} in financial year 2018–19, it is the largest in terms of passenger revenue in the division.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala railway stations ahead in passenger fare income|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/kerala-railway-stations-ahead-in-passenger-fare-income.html|access-date=26 December 2016|work=[[Manoramaonline.com]]|date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103063307/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/kerala-railway-stations-ahead-in-passenger-fare-income.html|archive-date=3 January 2016|location=Thrissur}}</ref> The station has four platforms, two terminals and a total number of six tracks. The first platform has a capacity to accommodate trains with 24 coaches and second & third platform has the capacity to accommodate 20 coaches; and the fourth one has the capacity to accommodate 24 coaches.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112809360300.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It has a daily turnout exceeding 25,000 passengers. It is one of the major railway stations in Kerala with trains connecting the city to other major cities in India. The other railway stations in the city include {{stnlnk|Ferok}}, [[Kallayi|Kallayi Kozhikode South]], [[Vellayil]] and {{stnlnk|West Hill}}.

An integrated security system was installed at the station in 2012 featuring baggage scanners, CCTVs and vehicle scanners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/50-CCTVs-at-railway-station/article15729676.ece|title = 50 CCTVS at railway station|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 November 2012}}</ref> The 125th anniversary of the station was celebrated on 2 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kozhikode-rail-station-to-celebrate-anniversary/article12553065.ece|title=Kozhikode rail station to celebrate anniversary|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{Railway in Kerala cities}}
The railway line to Kozhikode was opened to traffic on 2 January 1888 and at that time was western terminus of the Madras Railway. The first line in [[Kerala]] was laid between [[Tirur]] and [[Chaliyam]], the former an important port town, back then. With the arrival of the new line to Calicut and its growth as an administrative centre, Chaliyam diminished in significance and the railway line to it was subsequently abandoned.<ref>{{cite news|title=A milestone|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-milestone/article4013251.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 October 2012}}</ref>

The station houses several vintage fixtures including a recreation club named the Railway Institute built by the British adjacent to the station in 1888 to serve as a venue for the social life of the Railways' employees, and a cast iron mechanical pump set that was imported from England to pump water into steam locomotives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Relics of a bygone era wither away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/relics-of-a-bygone-era-wither-away/article4021117.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=An old giant, forgotten|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3916724.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
The 125th anniversary of the station was celebrated on 2 January 2013. It has been ranked as "The Cleanest Railway Station of India" in January 2018 .<ref>{{cite news|title=Kozhikode rail station to celebrate anniversary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kozhikode-rail-station-to-celebrate-anniversary/article3986710.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The station has four platforms and two terminals. The first platform has a capacity to accommodate trains with 24 coaches and the third platform 20 coaches. The fourth one has the capacity to accommodate 24 coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112809360300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821050617/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/28/stories/2005112809360300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-08-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kozhikode station has 4 platforms and platform capacity|date=2005-11-28}}</ref> It heralds as the only A–1 graded station in [[Palakkad railway division]] with a daily turnout exceeding 25,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=A case for better railway facilities in Kozhikode|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-case-for-better-railway-facilities-in-kozhikode/article2879077.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

==Trains starting from Kozhikode==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|#
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|Train No.
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|Route
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|To
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|Distance
!style="background-color:lightskyblue;"|Remarks
|-
| 1 || 12075/12076 || [[Kozhikode–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] || 400 km||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Extended-Jan-Shatabdi-services-from-Friday/article16529956.ece|title=Jan-shadabdi extended to Kozhikode|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 56602/56601 || Kozhikode-Shornur Express || {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}} || 86 km||
|-
| 3 || 56617 || Kozhikode-Kannur Express || {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}} || 86 km||
|-
| 4 || 56632|| Kannur-Kozhikode Express || {{stnlnk|Kannur}} || 89 km||
|-
| 5 || 16511/16512 || KSR bengaluru-Kozhikode Express ||[[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] || 590 km||<ref>{{cite news|title=Amid opposition from commuters, Railway Ministry extends Bengaluru-Kannur Express to Kozhikode|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/amid-opposition-from-commuters-railway-ministry-extends-bengaluru-kannur-express-to-kozhikode/article70740483.ece|access-date=13 March 2026|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Major trains passing through Kozhikode==
*[[Thiruvananthapuram-Kozhikode Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]]
*[[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Kottayam)]]
*[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]
*[[ Mangala Lakshadweep Express ]]
*[[ West Coast Superfast Express ]]
*[[ Malabar Express ]]
*[[ Maveli Express ]]
*[[ Parasuram Express]]
*[[Ernad Express]]
*[[Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[ Yesvantpur–Kannur Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ernakulam Duronto Express]]
*[[Ernakulam–H.Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]
*[[Kerala Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Kochuveli–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Kochuveli–Mangaluru Junction Antyodaya Express]]
*[[Mangaluru–Coimbatore Intercity Express]]
*[[Nagercoil–Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Executive Express|Alleppey Executive Express]]
*[[Tirunelveli–Gandhidham Humsafar Express]]
*[[Mangaluru Central - Rameswaram Weekly Express]]

==Services==
It is one of the major railway stations in [[Kerala]] with trains connecting the city to other major cities in India such as [[Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Surat]], [[Pune]], [[Jaipur]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Goa]], and so forth. Other railway stations in the city include {{stnlnk|Ferok}} (''code: FK''), [[Kallayi|Kallayi Kozhikode South]] (''code: KUL''), [[Vellayil railway station]] (''code: VLL'') and [[West Hill railway station]] (''code: WH'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2307577.ece|title=West Hill as Kozhikode North Station}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/14/stories/2008071451510300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719091946/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/14/stories/2008071451510300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-07-19|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-07-14|title=Vellayil as Kozhikode North}}</ref>

==Facilities==
An integrated security system was installed at the station in 2012 featuring baggage scanners, [[CCTV]]s and vehicle scanners.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 CCTVs at railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/50-cctvs-at-railway-station/article4132570.ece|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 November 2012}}</ref>

*Reservation counters are open between 6:00 am to 8:00 pm
*Retirement Rooms (transit lodging facility)
*Cyber cafe
*Parcel booking Office
*Railway Mailing service (RMS) office
*Railway Protection Force – Circle office
*IRCTC Restaurants
*ATMs
*Pre-Paid autorickshaw counters<ref>{{cite news|title=Prepaid auto service launched|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/01/stories/2009090152980300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407051529/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/01/stories/2009090152980300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2010|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 Sep 2009}}</ref>
*Pre-paid parking space<ref>{{cite news|title=Protest against high parking fee at railway station|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012450400300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411022421/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012450400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=5 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 January 2010}}</ref>
*Escalator and elevator systems<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-new-step-in-kozhikode-railway-stations-journey-to-worldclass-status/article5197948.ece|title = A new step in Kozhikode railway station's journey to world-class status|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 4 October 2013}}</ref>
*Battery operated car facility for differently abled persons and senior citizens

==ATMs==
The following bank-ATMs are available at the railway station:

* [[Indian Bank]]
* [[Indian Overseas Bank]]
* [[Canara Bank]]
* [[State Bank of India]]
* [[Punjab National Bank]]

==See also==
* [[List of railway stations in Kerala]]
* [[Koyilandy railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kozhikode railway station}}

{{Palakkad Railway Division}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kozhikode]]

Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)

2026-03-15T15:08:05Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{short description|2018 action film directed by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| image = Amar Akbar Anthony 2018 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release Poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = Naveen Yerneni Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar Mohan Cherukuri (CVM)
| screenplay = Srinu Vaitla
| story = Srinu Vaitla Vamsi Rajesh Kondaveeti
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Ileana D'Cruz]] [[Vikramjeet Virk]] [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
| music = [[S. S. Thaman]]
| narrator = Srinu Vaitla
| cinematography = Venkat Dileep Chunduru
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|11|16|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/eros-international-media-ltd/article25504328.ece|title = Eros to release Telugu film 'Amar Akbar Anthony' tomorrow| date=15 November 2018 }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070291800000746|title=Certificate Detail|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹60 crore
| gross = ₹25 crore
}}

'''''Amar Akbar Anthony''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Srinu Vaitla|Sreenu Vaitla]] which features [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] playing the lead Alongside [[Vikramjeet Virk]] And [[Abhimanyu Singh]]. Also marking the fourth collaboration between Teja and Vaitla after ''[[Nee Kosam]]'', ''[[Venky]]'' and ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'', the film was produced by Naveen Yerneni, Y. Ravi Shankar and Mohan Cherukuri under their banner [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. [[Pre-production]] of the film began in June 2017, and the film's [[principal photography]] commenced at [[New York City|New York]] in April 2018. The narrative centers around Amar, a man suffering from [[multiple personality disorder]], who is on a vengeful killing spree but is often hindered by the emergence of two more personalities he is unaware of. This film has no relation to the 1977 film of the same name, [[Amar Akbar Anthony]].

The film, released worldwide on 16 November 2018, was panned by critics and audiences, becoming a [[Box-office flop|box office flop]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 23, 2018|title=After Amar Akbar Anthony debacle, budget of Ravi Teja's next gets heavily slashed?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-amar-akbar-anthony-debacle-budget-of-ravi-teja-s-next-gets-heavily-slashed-1394885-2018-11-23|access-date=2020-08-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Set in [[New York City|New York]], the film revolves around Amar, who, once freed from prison, kills a businessman before extracting from him a "Fido" ring. However, Amar is unaware of the fact that he has [[multiple personality disorder]] that causes him to assume two more identities in addition to his own. Each identity has a trigger that results in its emergence. Whenever something breaks, he transforms into Akbar, a [[muslim]] man who keeps helping the needy. Whenever he sees someone acting abnormally, he transforms into Mark Anthony, a calm doctor. Whenever something explodes, he becomes Amar himself. While as Akbar, he meets Pooja, a young woman who also has MPD. In a gym, a few men try to flirt with her, and their telling her to "trust them" triggers the alternate personality, which violently beats them up. Pooja is surprised to meet Akbar as Dr. Anthony, who soon starts her therapy.

Meanwhile, FBI officer Balwant Kharge investigates the murder of the first businessman, and being a partner, he keeps informing the remaining three businessmen who might be the next targets. Evidence brings him closer to the realization that Amar might be involved in the murder. Pooja's uncle Jalal Akbar unites with her. Her real name is revealed to be Aishwarya. Over time, Amar realizes that something is wrong with him. He visits the grave of his parents with flowers but is chased by Kharge and his fellow officers. He tries to kill the next target but fails. He hires Bobby, a random stranger, to find out what is wrong with him. He realizes he has MPD, while the flashback is revealed in the words of Jalal Akbar to Aishwarya and Dr. Mark Anthony's words to Kharge. It is revealed that Amar and Aishwarya's families were betrayed by four businessmen whom they trusted and awarded "Fido" rings. The explosion of their house triggered the disorder in Amar, and the menace created by the businessmen triggered it in Aishwarya. The businessmen tried to kill Amar, Aishwarya, and Jalal in a subsequent chase but failed. Aishwarya and Amar were admitted to Dr. Anthony's school, where they got separated by circumstances.

In the present, Amar manages to kill the second businessman by strangling him while also leaving behind clues that alert Kharge. However, this disorder causes Amar to miss Saboo Menon, the target he had earlier failed to kill. He then manipulates the members of WATA, an association for Telugu people, into killing Menon. They are taken in and end up leading Kharge to the truth. Karan Arora, the fourth businessman, calls Amar for a meeting in exchange for Jalal and Aishwarya's freedom. Realizing his loved ones are still alive, Amar arrives for the exchange and, in the presence of Kharge and his assistant, breaks into a fight that leaves the henchmen wounded and Arora dead. He extracts the last Fedo ring and then leaves the scene. Kharge is disappointed to realize he kidnapped someone else instead of Aishwarya. Amar then visits his long-lost house, where he unites with Aishwarya, and Dr. Anthony tells Jalal that their mental condition will now start returning to normal. Kharge decides to testify against Amar but instead covers up for him after being blackmailed by a letter.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ravi Teja]] as Amar / Akbar / Anthony
** Chandrahaas as Young Amar
*[[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Aishwarya / Pooja / Teresa
** Sloka as Young Aishwarya
*[[Vikramjeet Virk]] as Vikram Talwar
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as FBI officer Balwant Kharge
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Bobby
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Jalal Akbar
*[[Tarun Arora]] as Karan Arora
*[[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Saboo Menon
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Raghav Shetty
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Dr. Marc Anthony
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Amar's mother
*[[Sijoy Varghese]] as Young Aishwarya's father
*[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Aishwarya's mother (Cameo Appearance).
*Mathew Varghese as Amar's father
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Gandikota
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Kandulu
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] as Trinai
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Miriyala
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as WATA Chairman Pullareddy
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Mareddy, Pullareddy's assistant
*[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Chidambaram, Balwant's assistant
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Babu Nath
*Venkata Giridhar as Miriyala's assistant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vajja-venkata-giridhar-looks-forward-to-amar-akbar-anthony/article25504315.ece|title=From the sidelines|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2018|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
*Rajveer Ankur Singh as Rajveer
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Jr. K. A. Paul
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Ravi Teja]] and [[Srinu Vaitla]] who earlier worked in [[Nee Kosam]] (1999), [[Venky]] (2004) and [[Dubai Seenu]] (2007) re-united for this film in June 2017.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200617/srinu-vaitla-and-ravi-teja-to-reunite.html "Srinu Vaitla and Ravi Teja to reunite?"]</ref> The title ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' was confirmed in November 2017 and [[Mythri Movie Makers]] came on board as producers.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-10-09/Interesting-title-for-Ravi-Teja--Vaitla-movie/331944 "Interesting title for Ravi Teja & Vaitla movie"]</ref>

[[Pre-production]] was started,<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-12-01/What-Is-Srinu-Vaitla-Doing-In-US/342419 "What Is Srinu Vaitla Doing In US?"]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090318/ravi-tejas-triple-role.html "Ravi Teja’s triple role"]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-to-sport-three-different-looks-in-amar-akbar-anthony/articleshow/62695682.cms "Ravi Teja to sport three different looks in ‘Amar Akbar Anthony’"]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100118/ravi-teja-turns-nri.html "Ravi Teja turns NRI"]</ref> and the film was launched in March 2018.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ravi-teja-anu-emmanuel-s-amar-akbar-anthony-goes-on-floors-pics-inside-2592020 "Ravi Teja-Anu Emmanuel's 'Amar Akbar Anthony' goes on floors, pics inside"]</ref><ref>[https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/ravi-tejas-amar-akbar-anthony-srinu-vytla-gets-officially-launched-today/ "Ravi Teja’s Amar Akbar Anthony with Srinu Vytla gets officially launched today"]</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Anu Emmanuel]], who was signed as the female lead, opted out of the project in May 2018 due to date issues.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anu-emmanuel-walks-out-of-ravi-teja-amar-akbar-anthony-ileana-d-cruz-is-the-replacement-1239764-2018-05-23 "Ileana D'Cruz in and Anu Emmanuel out of Ravi Teja's Amar Akbar Anthony"]</ref> [[Ileana D'Cruz]] was signed as the female lead in May 2018, continuing her successful collaboration with Ravi Teja after ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' and ''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]'', making a comeback to [[Telugu cinema]] after last appearance opposite Ravi again in ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (2012).<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ileana-replaces-anu-emmanuel-in-ravi-tejas-next/articleshow/64245705.cms "Ileana replaces Anu Emmanuel in Ravi Teja’s next!"]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/210518/ileana-dcruz-to-stage-a-comeback.html "Ileana D’Cruz to stage a comeback!"]</ref> [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] was chosen to make a comeback for the film since she was settled in America, where most of the film was set.<ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060418/layas-american-comeback.html</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in [[New York City|New York]] on 1 April 2018.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srinu-vaitla-ravi-teja-shoot-in-jennifer-lopezs-mansion-for-amar-akbar-anthony/articleshow/63625471.cms "Srinu Vaitla, Ravi Teja shoot in Jennifer Lopez's mansion for Amar Akbar Anthony"]</ref> The last major schedule started in August 2018 at [[New York City]].<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-11/Amar-Akbar-Anthony-shooting-in-final-phase-in-USA/404980 "Amar Akbar Anthony shooting in final phase in USA"]</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 November 2018
| recorded = 2018
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:10
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|TB1tgP2v1G0|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]] and released on [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amar Akbar Antony – Thaman S. - Download or Listen Free – Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/amar-akbar-antony/M1EIDe-aEZk_ |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=12 November 2018}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:10
| title1 = Kalala Kadhala
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = Harini Ivvaturi
| length1 = 4:41
| title2 = Don Bosco
| lyrics2 = [[Viswa]]
| extra2 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Hariteja, [[Manisha Eerabathini]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Khullam Khulla Chilla
| lyrics3 = Balaji
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju|Mohana]], Ramya Behara
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 =Guppeta
| lyrics4 = Balaji
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Kaala Bhairava]], Sri Krishna, Saketh
| length4 = 4:16
}}

== Release ==
Vaitla stated in an interview in June 2018 that the film would be released during [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-financially-disciplined/article24180232.ece "‘I am financially disciplined’"]</ref> The worldwide release date was announced as 5 October 2018.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-tejasrinu-vaitla-films-release-date-sealed-telugu-news-218932 "Ravi Teja-Srinu Vaitla film's release date sealed"]</ref> But the movie was rescheduled to be released on 16 November 2018.

== Reception ==
Neeshita Nyayapati of [[The Times of India]] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The film just turns out to be old wine in a new bottle made worse by ignorance."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/amar-akbar-anthony/movie-review/66650804.cms|title=Amar Akbar Anthony Review {2.5/5}: Old wine in a new bottle made worse by ignorance|work=The Times of India|access-date=2016-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Murali Krishna C H of [[Cinema Express]] gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Amar Akbar Anthony has all the ingredients for good commercial cinema, but ends up being a lacklustre film all the same."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2018/Nov/16/amar-akbar-anthony-review-a-clumsy-revenge-drama-8797.html|title=Amar Akbar Anthony Review: A clumsy revenge drama|work=Cinema Express|access-date=2016-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R of [[The Indian Express]] gave 1/5 stars and wrote, "Writer-director Sreenu Vaitla believes he can throw anything at the audience and they will lap it up as long as they see Ravi Teja onscreen."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-aaa-ravi-teja-5450120/|title=Amar Akbar Anthony movie review: This Ravi Teja starrer is an incoherent mess|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar CR of [[Firstpost]] wrote, "The funny moments fall flat which leaves the actors to overcompensate with pointless conversations. But the biggest drawback of the film is, perhaps, the weight that Sreenu Vaitla seems to have carried on his shoulders that the film has to be funny and thrilling at the same time. It just doesn’t work most of the time."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-this-ravi-teja-ileana-dcruz-starrer-is-an-action-comedy-sans-any-thrills-5561901.html|title=Amar Akbar Anthony movie review: This Ravi Teja, Ileana D'Cruz starrer is an action-comedy sans any thrills|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8107464}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]

Neha Rana

2026-03-15T02:53:23Z

OmerRobson4867: creating info

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Rana
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|3|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ludhiana, Punjab
| years_active = 2020–present
| notable_works = Ishk Par Zor Nahin
Junooniyat
}}

'''Neha Rana''' is an Indian [[actress]] who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] television. She is best known for her role of Rhea Mehta in [[Sony Television|Sony TV]] 's [[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]n<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Neha Rana to play Ahaan's girlfriend in Sony TV's Ishq Par Zor Nahin |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/neha-rana-play-ahaan-s-girlfriend-sony-tv-s-ishq-par-zor-nahin-210414 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-26 |title=Neha Rana roped in to essay the role of Ahaan's girlfriend Rhea in Ishk Par Zor Nahi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-rana-roped-in-to-essay-the-role-of-ahaans-girlfriend-rhea-in-ishk-par-zor-nahi/articleshow/82257311.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Ilahi Dosanjh in [[Colors TV]] 's [[Junooniyatt]] .

From August 2024 to June 2025, she portrayed the lead role of "Megha" in ''Colors TV's'' show [[Megha Barsenge|''Megha Barsenge'']].

== Career ==
Neha Rana was first featured in April 2020, in the music video "Mareez-e-Ishq" along with the singer [[Shaarib Sabri]]. She was featured in other music videos like "Left Right" "Khaas" and "Teriyan Akhiyan".

In 2020, Neha played the lead role in the Hindi film "Indu in Burkha". She also appeared in the Ansh Bagri starrer film Vella Panti in a supporting role.

In 2021, Neha made her television debut with the show [[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]n where she played the role of Rhea Mehta. She also played the role of Anurita in [[Colors TV]] show [[Choti Sarrdaarni|Choti Sardaarni]] in the same year.

In 2022, she played a supporting role in the [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] show [[Banni Chow Home Delivery]] but later quit as there was no growth in the character she was playing.

In 2023, Neha portrayed the role of Ilahi Dosanjh in [[Colors TV]] 's [[Junooniyatt]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-01 |title=Exclusive! Banni Chow Home Delivery actress Neha Rana to play the lead in the show starring Ankit Gupta and Gautam Singh Vig |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-banni-chow-home-delivery-actress-neha-rana-to-play-the-lead-in-the-show-starring-ankit-gupta-and-gautam-singh-vig/articleshow/96661035.cms |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neha Rana roped to play lead role in Ankit Gupta starrer Junooniyat |url=https://pragativadi.com/junooniyat-neha-rana-to-play-lead-role-in-ankit-gupta-and-gautam-singh-vigs-show/}}</ref> making it her first show in the lead role.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
|Rhea Mehta
|Debut show
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=Neha Rana roped in to play Param Singh's girlfriend in Ishk Par Zor Nahi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/neha-rana-roped-in-to-play-param-singhs-girlfriend-in-ishk-par-zor-nahi-23170315 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-12 |title=Neha Rana: My experience in my debut show Ishk Par Zor Nahi has come in handy for my stint in Choti Sarrdaarni |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-rana-my-experience-in-my-debut-show-ishk-par-zor-nahi-has-come-in-handy-for-my-stint-in-choti-sarrdaarni/articleshow/85275034.cms |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
|Anurita
|
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Choti Sarrdaarni: After Ishk Par Zor Nahi, Neha Sarna to play grey shade character once again |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/choti-sarrdaarni-after-ishk-par-zor-nahi-neha-sarna-to-play-grey-shade-character-once-again_178791 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
|Niyati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE! Neha Rana replaces Sonal Vengurlekar in StarPlus' Banni Chow Home Delivery |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-neha-rana-replaces-sonal-vengurlekar-starplus-banni-chow-home-delivery-220325 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Junooniyatt]]''
|Ilahi Dosanjh
| rowspan="5" |Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Junooniyatt' to bring together Ankit Gupta, Gautam Vig, & Neha Rana |url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/junooniyatt-bring-together-ankit-gupta-gautam-vig-neha-rana |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=IANS Life |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112173602/https://ianslife.in/entertainment/junooniyatt-bring-together-ankit-gupta-gautam-vig-neha-rana |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-01 |title=Exclusive! Banni Chow Home Delivery actress Neha Rana to play the lead in the show starring Ankit Gupta and Gautam Singh Vig |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-banni-chow-home-delivery-actress-neha-rana-to-play-the-lead-in-the-show-starring-ankit-gupta-and-gautam-singh-vig/articleshow/96661035.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=Junooniyat: Neha Rana to play lead role in Ankit Gupta and Gautam Singh Vig's show |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/junooniyat-banni-chow-home-delivery-actress-neha-rana-to-play-lead-role-in-ankit-gupta-and-gautam-singh-vigs-show-tv-gossip-2293766/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| rowspan="2"|''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
| Megha Khurana
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
| Megha "Mannu" Talwar
|
|-
|''[[Dhaakad Beera]]''
| Karishma Chaudhary
|
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Mahadev & Sons]]''
|Narmada Saini
|
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
|2024
|''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
|Megha Khurana
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Mareez-e-ishq
|[[Shaarib Sabri]]
|
|-
|Left Right
|Sandeep Surila
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=अजय हुड्डा और नेहा राणा का सबसे हिट गाना 'लेफ्ट राइट' |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/haryanvi/ajay-hooda-and-neha-rana-most-hit-song-left-right-1-4744339 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Khaas
|
|
|-
|Teriyan Akhiyan
|Arun Solanki
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=6125290}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Neha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maharajapuram S. Ramachandran

2026-03-14T22:04:00Z

OmerRobson4867: creating new pg!

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic vocalist (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maharajapuram S. Ramachandran
| caption =
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = Carnatic music
| instrument = Vocal
| years_active =
}}
| alias =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Carnatic vocalist
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|06|30}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_name = S. Ramachandran
| death_date =
| death_place =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) [[Kalaimamani]] (2012)
| website =
| spouse =
| father = [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]]
| mother = Gnanam
| relatives = [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]] (grandfather)
| children =
}}
'''Maharajapuram Santhanam Ramachandran''' (born 30 June 1949) is an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] [[vocalist]] from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He received many awards and honors including the [[Kalaimamani]] by the Government of Tamil Nadu and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.

==Biography==
S. Ramachandran was born on 30 June 1949, at Chennai in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=MAHARAJAPURAM SANTHANAM RAMACHANDRAN |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741592993_ms%2520ramachandran.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> He was born into a family of Carnatic musicians. His father [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]] and his grandfather [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]] were also renowned Carnatic vocalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Narayana |date=2014-12-16 |title=Like Father Like Son |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Dec/16/like-father-like-son-694829.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-01 |title=To grandfather, with love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/to-grandfather-with-love/article35079409.ece |access-date=2023-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His mother Gnanam is also a Carnatic musician.<ref name="Hindu"/> He received his training in Carnatic vocal music from his father and also from his grandfather.<ref name="SNA"/> Ramachandran also trained in [[Mridangam]].<ref name="SNA"/> He also accompanied his father during his concerts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-03 |title=In his father's footsteps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/in-his-fathers-footsteps/article4268913.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramachandran follows the same style of music that his father and grandfather, his gurus, followed. He gave his first solo concert at Krishna Gana Sabha in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classic Concert |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/classic-concert/articleshow/16176010.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He has performed in various venues across India including the [[Madras Music Academy]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-16 |title=Maharajapuram Ramachandran to perform at Nadabrahma tomorrow |url=https://starofmysore.com/maharajapuram-ramachandran-to-perform-at-nadabrahma-tomorrow/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ramachandran who is also a teacher in Carnatic music, has also worked as a faculty in fine arts at [[Annamalai University]].<ref name="SNA" /> He has also conducted many workshops on music in India and abroad.<ref name="SNA" /> He is also an A grade artist of [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnatic Music Vocal Concert by Maharajapuram Ramachandran |url=https://www.sruti.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/MRamachandran.pdf |work=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti magazine]]}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Ramachandran received many awards and honors including [[Kalaimamani]] by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2012, and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for the year 2022 for his contribution to Carnatic vocal music.<ref name="SNA" /> He also received titles like Sangeetha Choodamani given by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Arsha Kala Bhushan, Tamil Isai Vendhar by the Government of Tamil Nadu, the Asthana Vidwan from Sri Jagadguru Badari Shankaracharya Samasthan, and the Isai Kalai Selvan from Australian Tamil Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Narayana |date=2014-03-10 |title=Keeping Maharajapuram Legacy Alive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Mar/10/keeping-maharajapuram-legacy-alive-584311.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, he received the Sree Sathsanga Papanasam Sivan Awards by Sree Sath Sangam Papanasam Sivan Karnataka Sangeetha Sabha, [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Sree Sathsanga Papanasam Sivan Awards conferred on 2 artistes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sree-sathsanga-papanasam-sivan-awards-conferred-on-2-artistes/article69054983.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Maharajapuram S.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]

East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-08T16:14:30Z

OmerRobson4867: improved article

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = East Delhi {{Small|DL-3}}
| incumbent_image = File:Harsh_Malhotra.png
| mp = [[Harsh Malhotra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Delhi/East Delhi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Jangpura (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura]] [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]] [[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]] [[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]] [[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]] [[Laxmi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Laxmi Nagar]]
 [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]] [[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]] [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]] [[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]]
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
}}

[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Delhi Result Map.svg|alt=|thumb|Political map of Delhi showing parliamentary constituencies as of 2024 elections.]]
'''East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 7 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the [[India]]n National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]]. This constituency came into existence in 1966. It presently comprises 40 municipal wards of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] with approximately 16 lakh voters and a population of approx 25 lakhs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/03/stories/2005120311470400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106011832/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/03/stories/2005120311470400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=Delimitation panel accepts NCP's proposals |date=3 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref>

East Delhi is one of the larger and highly populated Lok Sabha constituencies not only in Delhi but all over India. The constituency covers areas east of the [[Yamuna]] and has a large population, including Seelampur, [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], [[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi|Gandhi Nagar]] and Preet Vihar. The current MP from here is Harsh Malhotra

==Assembly segments==
Following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies, since 2008, it comprises the following Delhi Vidhan Sabha segments:<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=556}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|41
|[[Jangpura (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura]]
| rowspan="2" |[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|54
|[[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
|[[Amanatullah Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|55
|[[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[East Delhi]]
|[[Ravikant Ujjain]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|56
|[[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli]] (SC)
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|57
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
|[[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|58
|[[Laxmi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Laxmi Nagar]]
| [[Abhay Verma]]
|-
|59
|[[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]]
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|-
|60
|[[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[East Delhi]]
|[[Anil Goyal]]
|-
|61
|[[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|-
|62
|[[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]]
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|[[Sanjay Goyal]]
|-
|}
From 1993 to 2008, it comprised the following [[Delhi Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-06|publisher=Government of Delhi website}}</ref> [[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]], [[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]], [[Mandawali]], [[Geeta Colony (Assembly constituency)|Geeta Colony]], [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]], [[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]], [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]], [[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]], [[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]], Nand Nagari, [[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]], Babarpur, [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]], [[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]], Yamuna Vihar, Qarawal Nagar, [[Wazirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Wazirpur]], [[Nerela (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nerela]] (Polling stations 1-64 and 70-97), Bhalswa Jahangirpur (Polling stations 3-163), [[Adarsh Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]], [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]] (Polling stations 46, 97-101) and [[Model Town (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Model Town]] (Polling stations 103-113)

From 1966 to 1993, the constituency comprised the following [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]] segments: Wazirabad, [[Narela]], [[Geeta Colony (Assembly constituency)|Gita Colony]], Gandhi Nagar, Krishan Nagar, Shahdara, Rohtas Nagar and Ghonda

== Members of Parliament ==
The '''East Delhi''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 1967. The list of Member of Parliament (MP) is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| Hardayal Devgun
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Kishore Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" | [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|rowspan=4|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|rowspan=4|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]

|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Baikunth Lal Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| 1997^
| rowspan="3" | [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Maheish Girri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Gautam Gambhir]]
|-
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Delhi|2024]]
|[[Harsh Malhotra]]
|}

^By-Poll

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[East Delhi]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: East Delhi">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: East Delhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U053.htm |accessdate=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208070213/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U053.htm |archivedate=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Harsh Malhotra]]
|votes=6,64,819
|percentage=52.59
|change= {{decrease}} 2.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|votes=5,71,156
|percentage=45.18
|change={{increase}}27.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,394|percentage=0.43|change={{increase}}0.04}}
{{Election box majority||votes=93,663|percentage=7.41|change={{decrease}} 23.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,64,411|percentage=59.60|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}} 2.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[East Delhi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gautam Gambhir]]|votes=6,05,734|percentage=55.35|change=+7.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]|votes=3,04,934|percentage=24.24|change=+7.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Atishi Marlena]]|votes=2,19,328|percentage=17.44|change=-14.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=4,920|percentage=0.39|change=-0.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,91,222|percentage=31.11|change=+15.19}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,58,195|percentage=61.70|change=-3.69}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +7.52
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Lok Sabha Election 2019"/>

===[[16th Lok Sabha|16th Lok Sabha: 2014 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[East Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU053.htm?ac=3|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523231111/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU053.htm?ac=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Maheish Girri|Dr. Maheish Girri]]|votes=5,72,202|percentage=47.83|change=+15.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Rajmohan Gandhi]]|votes=3,81,739|percentage=31.91
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sandeep Dikshit]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,03,240|percentage=16.99|change=-43.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,975
|percentage= 0.42
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=1,90,463
|percentage=15.92
|change=-12.19
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=11,96,336
|percentage=65.39
|change=+11.96
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +15.53
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[15th Lok Sabha|15th Lok Sabha: 2009 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[East Delhi]]<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf 2009 Lok Sabha results by constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
|votes = 5,18,001
|percentage = 60.41
|change = +4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chetan Chauhan]]
|votes = 2,76,948
|percentage = 32.30
|change = -4.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Yunus
|votes = 45,447
|percentage = 5.30
|change = +1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Vikram Seth
|votes = 3,556
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Abdul Gaffar
|votes = 3,157
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,41,053
|percentage = 28.11
|change = +8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,57,406
|percentage = 53.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +1.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[14th Lok Sabha|14th Lok Sabha: 2004 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf 2004 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
|votes = 6,69,527
|percentage = 56.22
|change = +13.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lal Bihari Tiwari
|votes = 4,39,748
|percentage = 36.93
|change = -13.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bal Raj SIngh
|votes = 50,985
|percentage = 4.28
|change = +0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,29,779
|percentage = 19.30
|change = +11.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,90,814
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +7.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[13th Lok Sabha|13th Lok Sabha: 1999 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf 1999 Lok Sabha results by constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lal Bihari Tiwari
|votes = 5,21,434
|percentage = 50.22
|change = +1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = AVM H L Kapur
|votes = 4,38,674
|percentage = 42.25
|change = -2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Javed Ansari
|votes = 37,444
|percentage = 3.61
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 82,760
|percentage = 7.93
|change = +3.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,38,275
|percentage = 43.37
|change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[12th Lok Sabha|12th Lok Sabha: 1998 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf 1998 Lok Sabha results by constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lal Bihari Tiwari
|votes = 5,63,083
|percentage = 48.83
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sheila Dikshit]]
|votes = 5,17,721
|percentage = 44.89
|change = +18.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Zahid Khan
|votes = 35,126
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 45,362
|percentage = 3.94
|change = -18.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,53,220
|percentage = 51.44
|change = +27.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +0.13
}}
{{Election box end}}

===11th Lok Sabha: 1997 By-Election===
{{Election box begin | title=Lok Sabha By-election, 1997: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/U05/DL-4-LS.HTML 1997 Lok Sabha Bye election]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
|votes = 2,64,550
|percentage = 48.24
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Walia]]
|votes = 1,42,027
|percentage = 25.89
|change = -9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|votes = 1,21,364
|percentage = 22.34
|change = +22.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,22,523
|percentage = 22.55
|change = +8.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 5,43,383
|percentage = 24.58
|change = -26.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -0.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[11th Lok Sabha|11th Lok Sabha: 1996 General Elections]]===
 <section begin="General Election 1996"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf 1996 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baikunth Lal Sharma]]
|votes = 5,38,655
|percentage = 48.73
|change = +8.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Deep Chand Bandhu]]
|votes = 3,86,156
|percentage = 34.93
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Chaudhari Kesari Singh
|votes = 48,455
|percentage = 4.38
|change = -16.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Jitender Kumar
|votes = 38,401
|percentage = 3.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,52,499
|percentage = 13.80
|change = +5.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,05,410
|percentage = 50.54
|change = +2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +8.46
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="General Election 1996"/>

===[[10th Lok Sabha|10th Lok Sabha: 1991 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf 1991 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baikunth Lal Sharma|B. L. Sharma (Prem)]]
|votes = 303,141
|percentage = 40.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
|votes = 241,316
|percentage = 32.05
|change = -17.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri|Ram Bir Singh Bidhuri]]
|votes = 158,712
|percentage = 21.08
|change = +15.83
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 61,825
|percentage = 8.22
|change = -16.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 752,846
|percentage = 48.23
|change = -1.40
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[9th Lok Sabha|9th Lok Sabha: 1989 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf 1989 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H K L Bhagat
|votes = 359,602
|percentage = 49.79
|change = -27.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chand Ram
|votes = 183,603
|percentage = 25.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Kanshi Ram]]
|votes = 81,095
|percentage = 11.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Kishor Lal
|votes = 37,925
|percentage = 5.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 175,999
|percentage = 24.37
|change = -37.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 722,183
|percentage = 49.63
|change = -11.72
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -27.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[8th Lok Sabha|8th Lok Sabha: 1984 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf 1984 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H K L Bhagat
|votes = 386,150
|percentage = 76.95
|change = +21.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kishore Lal
|votes = 73,970
|percentage = 14.74
|change = -19.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 312,180
|percentage = 62.21
|change = +41.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 501,822
|percentage = 61.35
|change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +21.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[7th Lok Sabha|7th Lok Sabha: 1980 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf 1980 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|candidate = H K L Bhagat
|votes = 228,727
|percentage = 55.00
|change = +24.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kishore Lal
|votes = 141,019
|percentage = 33.91
|change = -34.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = Mir Singh
|votes = 25,539
|percentage = 6.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 87,708
|percentage = 21.09
|change = -16.50
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 415,881
|percentage = 62.36
|change = -7.77
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|swing = +24.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[6th Lok Sabha|6th Lok Sabha: 1977 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf 1977 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kishore Lal]]
|votes = 240,594
|percentage = 67.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H K L Bhagat
|votes = 107,487
|percentage = 30.36
|change = -33.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = Radhey Shyam
|votes = 3,748
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 133,107
|percentage = 37.59
|change = +5.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 354,078
|percentage = 70.13
|change = +5.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[5th Lok Sabha|5th Lok Sabha: 1971 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf 1971 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = H K L Bhagat
|votes = 146,632
|percentage = 64.12
|change = +18.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Hardayal Devgun
|votes = 72,382
|percentage = 31.65
|change = -17.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organization)
|candidate = Fateh Singh
|votes = 5,717
|percentage = 2.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 74,250
|percentage = 32.47
|change = +29.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 228,685
|percentage = 64.82
|change = -2.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|swing = +18.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[4th Lok Sabha|4th Lok Sabha: 1967 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: East Delhi<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf 1967 Lok Sabha results by constituency]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Hardayal Devgun
|votes = 83,261
|percentage = 48.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = B Mohan
|votes = 77,645
|percentage = 45.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = V N Kaushik
|votes = 9,855
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,616
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,761
|percentage = 67.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.6420|N|77.2980|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East Delhi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Delhi]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1966]]

Hats Off India

2026-03-05T02:42:07Z

OmerRobson4867: started a stub

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hats Off India
| image = Hats Off India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = R Raghunath
| writer = R Raghunath
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = G. Nandakumar
| starring = Ganesh Ashitha
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]
| editing = T Shashikumar
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Vishwapriya Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|1|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}''''' Hats Off India''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by R Raghunath and starring Ganesh and Ashitha with [[B. C. Patil]] and Sadhu Shetty in supporting roles. This was the last film of legendary actress [[Pandari Bai]].

==Plot==
As [[Bharathanatyam]] dancers, Ravi and Jyothi go to America to spread Indian culture. Upon returning from a performance, Ravi and Jyothi are dragged on the roads in an Indian locality and an American senator's son tries to rape Jyothi in pitch darkness. An angered Ravi uses the senator's son's pistol and shoots him. He runs away with Jyothi to India.

Unfazed by their escape, the senator contacts the dons Sadhu Shetty and Dawood in India to get Ravi dead or alive. Sadhu Shetty succeeds in his effort but Ravi and Jyothi change his mind and he lets them go. Taking advantage of this Dawood follows the pair but he gets killed at a port, and Jyothi loses her two legs in the encounter. B. C. Patil, a cop, tries to save Ravi and Jyothi. On the advice of US court he takes Ravi to US. From a clue the judge knows about the real happenings that lead to senator's son's murder. B. C. Patil changes the Indian mentality to help out Ravi, who is an alleged criminal. The unity among the Indians causes the judge to pass a judgement in favour of Ravi. In the court battle the judge, the senator and other US citizens salute by saying Hats off India.<ref name="I"/>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[B. C. Patil]]
*Sadhu Shetty as himself
*Ganesh as Ravi
*Ashitha as Jyothi
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]] as Raghavendra Tea Stall owner
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Smt. Pandaribai, organizer
*[[Kishori Ballal]]
}}

== Production ==
Ramnath, who worked as an assistant director to [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998), makes his directorial debut through film.<ref name="S"/> The film is jointly produced by G. Nandakumar, the producer of ''[[America! America!!]]'' (1997) who won the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti |Kannada Rajyotsava Award]] in 1998, with B Jagannath under the banner of Vishwapriya Films.<ref name="I"/><ref name="S"/> The film got embroiled in controversy due to having an English title. Part of the film was shot in Mangalore in December 1998.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|title=Hats Off India: Coming up: a feel-good movie!|work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209121454/http://www.screenindia.com/dec25/south.htm|archive-date=9 December 2007}}</ref> G. Nandakumar reused some shots from ''America! America!!'' (1997), much to the dissent of [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]].<ref name="I"/> The court scenes were shot at Nandakumar's home which was converted into an American courtroom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm|website=Screen|access-date=14 February 2025|title=Hats off India: Hat's off, indeed!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301142626/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb19/south.htm|archive-date=1 March 2000}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hats Off India
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:58
| language = Kannada
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| chronology = [[Hamsalekha]]
| prev_title = [[Preethse]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Shabdavedhi]]
| next_year = 2000
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Vt4conaQrZE|Hats Off India – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hats off India (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/hats-off-india-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=25 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The titular song was originally 12 minutes long.<ref name ="S"/>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hats Off India
| all_lyrics = Hamsalekha
| length1 = 5:25
| extra1 = [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]]
| title2 = Kannada Chithrava Nodranna
| length2 = 5:05
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| title3 = Naadir Dinna
| length3 = 5:19
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| title4 = Odu Odu Odu
| length4 = 5:04
| extra4 = [[G. V. Atri]]
| title5 = You Read Love
| length5 = 5:05
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| total_length = 25:58
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "On the whole Hats off to late director Raghunath for his dexterity and producer Nandakumar for his taste and Dil ({{Translation|guts}}) to make bold films".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/hatsofindia.html|title=Hats off India - Hats off to director|work=indiainfo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208032611/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/hatsofindia.html|archive-date=8 February 2002}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14741898}}

[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:2000 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]

C. Rajagopalachari

2026-03-04T08:55:52Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|Indian statesman and writer (1878–1972)}}
{{Redirect2|Rajaji|Rajagopalachari|other use|Rajaji (film)|the names|Rajagopalachari (given name)}}
{{Tamil name|Chakravarti|Rajagopalachari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
| birth_name = Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
| image = Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg
| caption = Formal portrait, {{circa|1948}}
| office = [[Governor-General of India]]
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start = 21 June 1948
| term_end = 26 January 1950
| predecessor = [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]
| successor = [[Rajendra Prasad]] ''as [[President of India]]''
| office1 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 17 December 1950
| term_end1 = 5 November 1951
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor1 = [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| successor1 = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| office2 = [[Minister without portfolio#India|Minister without portfolio]]
| term_start2 = 15 July 1950
| term_end2 = 17 December 1950
| primeminister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office3 = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| term_start3 = 15 August 1947
| term_end3 = 21 June 1948
| premier3 = [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| predecessor3 = ''Position established'' ''[[Frederick Burrows]] as [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal Presidency]]''
| successor3 = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| office4 = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Madras State]]
| term_start4 = 10 April 1952
| term_end4 = 13 April 1954
| predecessor4 = [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]]
| successor4 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| office5 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Premier of Madras Presidency]]
| governor5 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine|The Lord Erskine]]
| term_start5 = 14 July 1937
| term_end5 = 9 October 1939
| predecessor5 = [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]]
| successor5 = [[T. Prakasam]]
| constituency5 = Leader of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|State Legislative Council]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1878|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thorapalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1972|12|25|1878|12|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting_place = Rajaji Memorial
| nationality = {{flag|British Raj}} (1878–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1972)
| party = [[Swatantra Party]] (from 1959) [[Indian National Congress]] (1906-1942,1944-1957) [[Indian National Democratic Congress]] (1957–1959)
| spouse = {{marriage|Alamelu Mangalamma|1897|1916|end=died}}
| children = 5, including [[C. R. Narasimhan]]
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]] [[Presidency College, Chennai]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Lawyer]]||[[Politician|Statesman]]|[[Writer]]|[[Indian independence activist]]}}
| signature = Rajagopalachari sign.jpg
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| language = {{hlist|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]|English}}
| notable_works = {{ubl | Chakravarti Thirumagan (Ramayana) | Vyasar Virundhu (Mahabharata) | Stories for the Innocent | Hinduism; Doctrine and Way of Life}}
| awards = [[#Awards and honours|See below]]
}}
| relations = [[Devdas Gandhi]] (son-in-law) [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (affinal) [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] (grandson) [[Ramchandra Gandhi]] (grandson) [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (grandson)
| honorific_prefix =
}}

{{Rajaji}}

'''Chakravarti Rajagopalachari''' (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972), popularly known as '''Rajaji''' or '''C.R.''', also known as '''Mootharignar Rajaji'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raman|first=Mohan V.|date=2013-11-25|title=All's in a letter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/alls-in-a-letter/article5389739.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129042304/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/alls-in-a-letter/article5389739.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> (Rajaji'', the Scholar Emeritus''), was an Indian statesman, writer, lawyer, and [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/b7BmRSyqrO8LaTmz1yIv5L/C-Rajagopalachari-The-icon-India-needs-today.html|title=C. Rajagopalachari: The icon India needs today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210005432/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/b7BmRSyqrO8LaTmz1yIv5L/C-Rajagopalachari-The-icon-India-needs-today.html|archive-date=10 December 2016|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Rajagopalachari was the last [[Governor-General of India]], serving until the abolition of that office upon India becoming a republic in 1950. He was the only Indian-born Governor-General or Viceroy of India; all previous holders of these posts had been British nationals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/702415/how-rajendra-prasad-and-not-rajaji-became-indias-first-president|title=How Rajendra Prasad (and not Rajaji) became India's first president|date=26 January 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130082035/http://scroll.in/article/702415/how-rajendra-prasad-and-not-rajaji-became-indias-first-president|archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> He was an accomplished writer and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]]. He was close to both Gandhi and Nehru. He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons, and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament, until his death at the age of 94 in 1972.

Rajagopalachari also served—at different times—as leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu#Madras Presidency|Premier of the Madras Presidency]], [[Governor of West Bengal]] (he was serving in this post when appointed by the King to take over from Lord Mountbatten), a member of the national cabinet as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union]], and as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu#Madras State|Chief Minister of Madras State]]. Rajagopalachari founded the [[Swatantra Party]] in 1959.

Rajagopalachari was born in the [[Thorapalli]] village of [[Hosur]] taluk in the [[Krishnagiri district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a sickly child, and his parents constantly feared that he might not live long.<ref name="”Mango_of_Salem”">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04|title=Mango of Salem: C. Rajagopalachari |url=https://siliconeer.com/current/siliconeer-cover-story-independence-day-special-issue-mango-of-salem-c-rajagopalachari-august-2011-celebrating-12-years/|access-date=2025-09-15| website=siliconeer.com/current/|language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110730/https://siliconeer.com/current/siliconeer-cover-story-independence-day-special-issue-mango-of-salem-c-rajagopalachari-august-2011-celebrating-12-years/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was educated at [[Bangalore University|Central College]], Bengaluru, and [[Presidency College, Madras]]. In the 1900s he started legal practice at the Salem court. On entering politics, he became a member and later Chairperson of the [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] municipality.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=December 10, 2015|title=Remembering C Rajagopalachari: 10 interesting facts about India's last Governor-General|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|access-date=2021-11-18|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110726/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref> One of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s earliest political lieutenants, he joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the agitations against the [[Rowlatt Act]], joining the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]], the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], and the [[Civil Disobedience]] movement. In 1930, Rajagopalachari risked imprisonment when he led the [[Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha]] in response to the [[Dandi March]]. In 1937, Rajagopalachari was elected Prime minister of the Madras Presidency<ref name=":3" /> and served until 1940, when he resigned due to Britain's declaration of war on Germany.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} He later advocated co-operation over Britain's war effort and opposed the [[Quit India Movement]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} He favoured talks with both [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and proposed what later came to be known as the ''[[C. R. formula]]''. In 1946, Rajagopalachari was appointed Minister of Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the [[Interim Government of India]], and then as the [[Governor of West Bengal]] from 1947 to 1948, [[Governor-General of India]] from 1948 to 1950, [[Home Minister of India|Union Home Minister]] from 1951 to 1952 and as [[List of chief ministers of Madras Presidency|Chief Minister of Madras State]] from 1952 to 1954. In 1959, he resigned from the Indian National Congress and founded the [[Swatantra Party]], which fought against Congress in the [[1962 Indian general election|1962]], [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] elections. Rajagopalachari was instrumental in setting up a united Anti-Congress front in Madras State under [[C. N. Annadurai]], which swept the 1967 elections. He died on 25 December 1972 at the age of 94 and received a [[state funeral]].

Rajagopalachari was an accomplished writer who made lasting contributions to [[Indian English literature]] and is also credited with the composition of the song ''[[Kurai Onrum Illai]]'' set to [[Carnatic music]]. He pioneered [[temperance movement|temperance]] and [[Temple Entry Proclamation|temple entry movements]] in India and advocated Dalit upliftment. He has been criticized for introducing the compulsory study of Hindi and the Madras Scheme of Elementary Education in Madras State, which have been criticised as hereditary education policy designed to perpetuate caste hierarchy.<ref name="thenewsminute_2018-06-012" /> Critics have often attributed his pre-eminence in politics to his standing as a favourite of both [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Rajagopalachari was described by Gandhi as the "keeper of my conscience". During his lifetime, he also acquired the nickname 'Mango of Salem'.<ref name="”Mango_of_Salem”" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=T. |title=Tamil Nadu’s saga of controversial Governors begins with Sri Prakasa of the 1950s |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadus-saga-of-controversial-governors-begins-with-sri-prakasa-of-the-1950s/article70698930.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=4 March 2026 |language=en-IN |date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Rajagopalachari was born to Chakravarti Venkatarya Achari (Iyengar) and his wife Singaramma on 10 December 1878<ref>[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 4</ref> in [[Thorapalli]] village on the outskirts of [[Hosur]], in [[hosur taluk]], [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]].<ref>[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 3</ref> His father was the ''[[District Munsiff Court|munsiff]]'' of Thorapalli.<ref name="srbakship1">[[#Bakshi|Bakshi]], p. 1</ref> He hailed from a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family belonging to the [[Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava sect]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=T. m|date=2020-01-30|title=Keeping the cow and brahmin apart|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/keeping-the-cow-and-brahmin-apart/article30686002.ece|access-date=2020-09-08|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512235700/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/keeping-the-cow-and-brahmin-apart/article30686002.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harad|first=Tejas|title=Does Ramachandra Guha have a caste?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/06/14/response-ramchandra-guha-gandhi-caste|access-date=2020-09-08|website=Newslaundry|date=14 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705204955/https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/06/14/response-ramchandra-guha-gandhi-caste|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple already had two sons, Narasimhachari and Srinivasa.<ref name="ourleadersp50">[[#Varma et al.|Varma et al.]], p. 50</ref>

A weak and sickly child, Rajagopalachari was a constant worry to his parents who feared that he might not live long.<ref name="ourleadersp50" /> As a young child, he was admitted to a village school in [[Thorapalli]]<ref name="ourleadersp50" /> then at the age of five moved with his family to [[Hosur]] where Rajagopalachari enrolled at R. V. Government Boys Higher Secondary School.<ref name="ourleadersp50" /> He passed his matriculation examinations in 1891 and graduated in arts from Central College, [[Bangalore]] in 1894.<ref name="ourleadersp50" /> Rajagopalachari graduated in law from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]] in 1897.<ref name="oxforddnb">{{cite ODNB|last=Copley|first=Antony R. H.|date=23 September 2004|title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31579|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211181037/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31579|archive-date=11 February 2015|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31579 }}</ref>

Rajagopalachari married Alamelu Mangalamma in 1897 <ref name="oxforddnb" /> when she was ten years old<ref>[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 8</ref> and she gave birth to her son a day after her thirteenth birthday.<ref>[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 10</ref> The couple had five children, three sons: [[C. R. Narasimhan]], C. R. Krishnaswamy, and C. R. Ramaswami, and two daughters: Lakshmi Gandhi (''née'' Rajagopalachari) and Namagiri Ammal.<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Chakravarti-Rajagopalachari/6000000009056489225|title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|website=geni_family_tree|date=10 December 1878|language=en-US|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110725/https://www.geni.com/people/Chakravarti-Rajagopalachari/6000000009056489225|url-status=live}}</ref> Mangamma died in 1916 whereupon Rajagopalachari took sole responsibility for the care of his children.<ref name="oxforddnb" /> His son [[C. R. Narasimhan|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Narasimhan]] was elected to the Lok Sabha from [[Krishnagiri]] in the 1952 and 1957 elections and served as a member of parliament for Krishnagiri from 1952 to 1962.<ref name="1951elections">{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections 1951 to the First Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="1957elections">{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008104728/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> He later wrote a biography of his father. Rajagopalachari's daughter Lakshmi married [[Devdas Gandhi]], son of Mahatma Gandhi<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="ourleadersp52" /> while his grandsons include biographer [[Rajmohan Gandhi]], philosopher [[Ramchandra Gandhi]] and former governor of [[West Bengal]] [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|date=15 August 2009|title=The Rise and Fall of the Bilingual Intellectual|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=XLIV|issue=33|url=http://www.epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/13825.pdf|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109043549/https://www.epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/13825.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajagopalachari's great-grandson, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Kesavan, is a spokesperson of the Congress Party and Trustee of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/motilal-vora-appointed-as-tamil-nadu-congress-committee-trustee/articleshow/46235465.cms|title = Motilal Vora appointed as Tamil Nadu Congress Committee trustee|newspaper = The Economic Times|access-date = 13 January 2019|archive-date = 13 January 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/motilal-vora-appointed-as-tamil-nadu-congress-committee-trustee/articleshow/46235465.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Indian Independence Movement ==

Rajagopalachari's interest in public affairs and politics began when he commenced his legal practice in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in 1900.<ref name="famousindiansp42">{{cite book|title=Famous Indians of the 21st Century|page=42|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2007|isbn=978-81-223-0829-7}}</ref> At the age of 28, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and participated as a delegate in the 1906 [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] session.<ref name="ourleadersp50" /> Inspired by Indian independence activist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]],<ref name="ourleadersp52">[[#Varma et al.|Varma et al.]], p. 52</ref> he later became a member of the Salem municipality in 1911.<ref name="bakship399">{{cite book|title=C. Rajagopalachari|first=Shri Ram|last=Bakshi|page=399|year=1990|isbn=978-81-7041-313-4 |publisher=Anmol Publications}}</ref> In 1917, he was elected chairman of the municipality and served from 1917 to 1919<ref name="ourleadersp52" /><ref name="pillarsp88">{{cite book|title=Pillars of Modern India, 1757–1947|first=Syed Jafar|last=Mahmud|page=88|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-586-5 }}</ref> during which time he was responsible for the election of the first [[Dalit]] member of the Salem municipality. In 1917, he defended Indian independence activist [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]] against charges of sedition<ref name="encyclopaediap34">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p. 34</ref> and two years later participated in the agitations against the [[Rowlatt Act]].<ref name="pillarsp88" /><ref name="gandhiandrajaji_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Gandhi and Rajaji|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200680300.htm|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|date=2 February 2003|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216163448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200680300.htm|archive-date=16 December 2007|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Rajagopalachari was a close friend of the founder of [[Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company]] [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] as well as greatly admired by Indian independence activists [[Annie Besant]], [[Subramania Bharati]] and [[C. Vijayaraghavachariar]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

After [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] joined the Indian independence movement in 1919, Rajagopalachari became one of his followers.<ref name="famousindiansp42" /><ref name="gandhiandrajaji_thehindu" /> He participated in the non-cooperation movement and gave up his law practice.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> In 1921, he was elected to the Congress Working Committee and served as the General Secretary of the party<ref name="pillarsp88" /> before making his first major breakthrough as a leader during the 1922 Indian National Congress session at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] when he strongly opposed collaboration with the colonial administration and participation in the [[Diarchy in Madras Presidency|diarchial]] legislatures established by the [[Government of India Act 1919]].<ref name="centenaryhistoryp115">{{cite book|title=A Centenary History of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1985: 1919–1935|first=B. N.|last=Pande|page=115|publisher=All India Congress Committee|year=1986}}</ref><ref name="modernindiap189">{{cite book|title=History of Modern India|page=189|first=S. N.|last=Sen|publisher=New Age International|year=2006|isbn=978-81-224-1774-6}}</ref> While Gandhi was in prison, Rajagopalachari led the group of "No-Changers", individuals against contesting elections for the [[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council]] and other provincial legislative councils, in opposition to the "Pro-changers" who advocated council entry.<ref name="indiannationalmovementp140">{{cite book|title=Indian national movement, Volume 2|page=140|first=Hasan|last=Imam|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-0199-3 |year=1999}}</ref> When the motion was put to the vote, the "No-changers" won by 1,748 to 890 votes resulting in the resignation of important Congress leaders including [[Pandit Motilal Nehru]] and [[C. R. Das]], the President of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="indiannationalmovementp141">{{cite book|title=Indian national movement, Volume 2|page=141|first=Hasan|last=Imam|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-0199-3 |year=1999}}</ref> When the Indian National Congress split in 1923, Rajagopalachari was a member of the Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> He was also involved in the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] movement against [[untouchability]] during 1924–25. In a public speech on 27 May 1924, he reassured the anxious upper caste Hindus in Vaikom, "Mahatmaji does not want the caste system abolished but holds that untouchability should be abolished...Mahatmaji does not want you to dine with the [[Thiyyas]] or the [[Pulayar|Pulayas]]. What he wants is that we must be prepared to go near or touch other human beings as you go near a [[cow]] or a [[horse]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Arundhati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LaTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|title=The Doctor and the Saint: The Ambedkar-Gandhi Debate: Caste, Race and Annihilation of Caste|date=2019-04-22|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-515-8|page=95|language=en|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065252/https://books.google.com/books?id=1LaTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1930s, Rajagopalachari emerged as one of the major leaders of the [[Tamil Nadu]] Congress. When Gandhi organised the Dandi march in 1930, Rajagopalachari [[Vedaranyam March|broke the salt laws at Vedaranyam]], near [[Nagapattinam]], along with Indian independence activist [[Sardar Vedaratnam]].<ref name="famousindiansp42" /><ref name="pillarsp88" /> Rajagopalachari was sentenced to six-months of rigorous imprisonment and was sent to the [[Central Prison, Tiruchirapalli|Trichinopoly Central Prison]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sezhiyan|first=Era|date=2011-08-24|title=The government against satyagrahas, then and now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-government-against-satyagrahas-then-and-now/article2390738.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115620/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-government-against-satyagrahas-then-and-now/article2390738.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was subsequently elected President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> Following the enactment of the Government of India Act in 1935, Rajagopalachari was instrumental in getting the Indian National Congress to participate in the 1937 general elections.<ref name="pillarsp88" />

== Madras Presidency 1937–39 ==

{{Main|Chief ministership of C. Rajagopalachari}}

[[File:Rajaji1939.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Premier Rajagopalachari at a rally in [[Ootacamund]], 1939.]]

The Indian National Congress first came to power in the [[Madras Presidency]] (also called Madras Province by the British), following the [[1937 Madras legislative assembly election|Madras elections of 1937]]. Except for a six-year period when Madras was under the Governor's direct rule, the Congress administered the [[Madras Presidency]] until India became independent on 15 August 1947 as the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp199">[[#Encycylopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 199</ref> At the age of 59, Rajagopalachari won the Madras University seat and entered the Assembly as the first Premier of the Madras Presidency from the Congress party.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 1938, when Dalit members of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] proposed a Temple Entry Bill, Congress Prime Minister Rajagopalachari asked them to withdraw it.<ref name="carnegieendowment20170804" /> Rajagopalachari issued the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act 1939, under which restrictions were removed on [[Dalits]] and [[Shanars]] entering Hindu temples.<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="casteinindianpoliticsp116">[[#Kothari|Kothari]], p. 116</ref> In the same year, the [[Meenakshi Amman temple|Meenakshi temple at Madurai]] was also opened to the Dalits and Shanars. In March 1938, Rajagopalachari introduced the Agricultural Debt Relief Act, to ease the burden of debt on the province's peasant population.<ref name="oxforddnb" />

He also introduced [[prohibition]],<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="rajajiroleinfreedommovementp149">[[#Bakshi|Bakshi]], p. 149</ref> along with a sales tax to compensate for the loss of government revenue that resulted from the ban on alcohol.<ref name="rajaji_genius">{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/rajaji/page11.htm|title=Rajaji, An Extraordinary Genius|publisher=freeindia.org|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517073248/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/rajaji/page11.htm|archive-date=17 May 2011}}</ref> The Provincial Government shut down hundreds of government-run primary schools, citing lack of funds.<ref name="periyar_bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.evrperiyar-bdu.org/biography.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614223845/http://www.evrperiyar-bdu.org/biography.htm|archive-date=14 June 2007|title=Biography of E. V. R. Periyar|access-date=29 October 2008|publisher=Bharatidasan University}}</ref> His opponents said that this deprived many low-caste and Dalit students of their education. His opponents also attributed [[Caste system in India|casteist]] motives to his government's implementation of Gandhi's [[Nai Talim]] scheme<ref name="wardhascheme_time">{{cite news| title=Wardha Scheme| date=5 September 1938| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760130,00.html| work=Time Inc.| access-date=29 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220052034/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C760130%2C00.html| archive-date=20 December 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref> into the education system.<ref name="periyar_bio" />

Rajagopalachari's tenure as [[Prime Minister of Madras]] is largely remembered for the compulsory introduction of Hindi in educational institutions, which made him highly unpopular.<ref name="hindi_imposition">{{cite news | last=Kumar | first=P. C. Vinoj | title= Anti-Hindi sentiments still alive in TN | date=10 September 2003 | work =Sify News }}</ref> This measure sparked off widespread [[Anti-Hindi agitations|anti-Hindi]] protests, which led to violence in some places and the jailing of over 1,200 men, women and children who took part in the unrest.<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations">{{cite book| title=Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970, Chapter 4| url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s1.4.21&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch4&brand=ucpress| last=Ramaswamy| first=Sumathi| year=1997| publisher=University of California| access-date=27 October 2008| archive-date=31 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065318/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s1.4.21&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch4&brand=ucpress| url-status=live}}</ref> Two protesters, Thalamuthu Nadar and Natarasan, were killed during the protests.<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations" /> Dravidar Kazhagam founder Periyar E.V. Ramasamy opposed the decision of C. Rajagopalachari to make learning Hindi compulsory in schools in 1937. During the anti-Hindi agitations, Rajagopalachari was constantly identified as an enemy and destroyer of [[Tamil Thai|Tamil thai]]. The opposition to Rajagopalachari grew because he continued to openly criticize the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–40]] in the most elitist terms and casually ignored the death of a young protester in 1938 when he was asked about it.<ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1940, Congress ministers resigned in protest over the declaration of war on Germany without their consent, leaving the governor to take over the reins of the administration. On 21 February 1940, the unpopular new law on the use of Hindi was quickly repealed by the Governor of Madras.<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations" /> Despite its numerous shortcomings, Madras under Rajagopalachari was still considered by political historians as the best-administered province in British India.<ref name="indiaspartitionp74">{{cite book|title=India's partition: the story of imperialism in retreat|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaspartitions00grah|url-access=limited|first=D. N.|last=Panigrahi|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaspartitions00grah/page/n94 74]|isbn=978-0-7146-5601-4 }}</ref>

== Second World War ==

[[File:Gandhi Rajagopalachari.jpg|thumb|250px|Chakravarti with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] during the Gandhi-Jinnah talks, 1944. Gandhi described Chakravarti as his "keeper of my conscience"]]

Some months after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Rajagopalachari resigned as premier along with other members of his cabinet in protest at the declaration of war by the [[Viceroy of India]]. Rajagopalachari was arrested in December 1940, in accordance with the Defence of India rules, and sentenced to one year in prison.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> However, subsequently, Rajagopalachari differed in opposition to the British war effort.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> He also opposed the [[Quit India Movement]] and instead advocated dialogue with the British.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=C. R. follows Cripps|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777755,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=4 May 1942|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014171534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C777755%2C00.html|archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="time_foreignnews">{{cite magazine|title=Foreign News|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773843,00.html|magazine=Time|date=2 November 1942|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014151930/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C773843%2C00.html|archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> He reasoned that passivity and neutrality would be harmful to India's interests at a time when the country was threatened with invasion.<ref name="time" /> He also advocated dialogue with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which was demanding the partition of India.<ref name="time" /> He subsequently resigned from the party and the assembly following differences over resolutions passed by the Madras Congress legislative party and disagreements with the leader of the Madras provincial Congress [[K. Kamaraj]].<ref name="pillarsp88" />

Following the end of the war in 1945, elections followed in the Madras Presidency in 1946. During the last years of the war, Kamaraj was requested by Nehru, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] to make Rajagopalachari the Premier of Madras Presidency. Kamaraj, President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, was forced to make [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] as Prime Ministerial candidate, by the elected members, to prevent Rajagopalachari from winning. However, Rajagopalachari did not contest the elections, and Prakasam was elected.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Rajagopalachari was instrumental in initiating negotiations between Gandhi and Jinnah.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> In 1944, he proposed a solution to the Indian Constitutional tangle.<ref name="pillarsp88" /> In the same year, he proposed an "absolute majority" threshold of 55 per cent when deciding whether a district should become part of India or Pakistan,<ref name="spoilsofpartitionp41">{{cite book|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|first=Joya|last=Chaterji|page=41|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-87536-3 }}</ref> triggering a huge controversy among nationalists.<ref name="spoilsofpartitionp41" />

From 1946 to 1947, Rajagopalachari served as the Minister for Industry, Supply, Education, and Finance in the Interim Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru.<ref name="pillarsp88" />

== Governor of West Bengal 1947–1948 ==

[[File:C. Rajagopalachari 1948.jpg|thumb|Picture of C. Rajagopalachari in 1948.]]

When India and Pakistan attained independence, the province of Bengal was partitioned into two, with [[West Bengal]] becoming part of India and [[East Bengal]] part of Pakistan. At that time, Rajagopalachari was appointed as the first [[Governor of West Bengal]].<ref name="ghosep331">[[#Ghose|Ghose]], p. 331</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mondal|first=Manisha|date=10 December 2018|title=Remembering C. Rajagopalachari, independent India's first and last Indian Governor General|url=https://theprint.in/politics/remembering-c-rajagopalachari-independent-indias-first-and-last-indian-governor-general/160069/|website=ThePrint|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626055904/https://theprint.in/politics/remembering-c-rajagopalachari-independent-indias-first-and-last-indian-governor-general/160069/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Disliked by the Bengali political class for his criticism of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] during the 1939 Tripuri Congress session,<ref name="guha_telegraph">{{cite news|title=Remembering Rajaji – The men and women of character who once ruled and guided us|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=25 December 2002|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021225/asp/opinion/story_1487350.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021225/asp/opinion/story_1487350.asp|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Rajagopalachari's appointment as Governor of West Bengal was protested by Bose's brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose]].<ref name="guha_telegraph" /> During his tenure as governor, Rajagopalachari's priorities were to deal with refugees and to bring peace and stability in the aftermath of the [[Direct Action Day|Calcutta riots]].<ref name="guha_telegraph" /> He declared his commitment to neutrality and justice at a meeting of Muslim businessmen: "Whatever may be my defects or lapses, let me assure you that I shall never disfigure my life with any deliberate acts of injustice to any community whatsoever."<ref name="guha_telegraph" /> Rajagopalachari was also strongly opposed to proposals to include areas from [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]] as part of the province of West Bengal.<ref name="guha_telegraph" /> One such proposal by the editor of a newspaper led to the reply:
<blockquote>"I see that you are not able to restrain the policy of agitation over inter-provincial boundaries. It is easy to yield to the current pressure of opinion and it is difficult to impose on enthusiastic people any policy of restraint. But I earnestly plead that we should do all we can to prevent ill-will from hardening into a chronic disorder. We have enough ill-will and prejudice to cope with. Must we hasten to create further fissiparous forces?"<ref name="guha_telegraph" />
</blockquote>
Despite the general attitude of the Bengali political class, Rajagopalachari was highly regarded and respected by Chief Minister [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] and his ministry.<ref name="spoilsofpartitionp41"/>

== Governor-General of India 1948–1950 ==

[[File:The first Indian Governor General of India, C. R. Rajagopalachari, had a Gandhian air and was very popular (cropped).jpg|thumb|During a 1948 tour of southern India, women in [[Mysore]] removing their gold necklaces and giving them to Rajagopalachari as a sign of honour.]]

From 10 until 24 November 1947, Rajagopalachari served as Acting [[Governor-General of India]] in the absence of the Governor-General [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], who was on leave in England to attend the [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten|marriage]] of [[Queen Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] to Mountbatten's nephew [[Prince Philip]].<ref name="profilesincouragep50">{{cite book|title=Profiles in courage: dissent on Indian socialism|page=50|first=Parth|last=Shah|publisher=Centre for Civil Society|year=2001|isbn=978-81-87984-01-6 }}</ref> Rajagopalachari led a very simple life in the viceregal palace, washing his own clothes and polishing his own shoes.<ref name="crkesavanp36">[[#Kesavan|Kesavan]], p. 36</ref> Impressed with his abilities, Mountbatten made Rajagopalachari his second choice to succeed him after [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], when he was to leave India in June 1948.<ref name="indiansummerp276">{{cite book|title=Indian summer: the secret history of the end of an empire|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiansummersecr00vont/page/276 276]|first=Alex|last=Von Tunzelmann|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-8050-8073-5|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansummersecr00vont/page/276}}</ref> Rajagopalachari was eventually chosen as the governor-general when Nehru disagreed with Mountbatten's first choice, as did Patel himself.<ref name="indiansummerp276" /> He was initially hesitant but accepted when Nehru wrote to him, "I hope you will not disappoint us. We want you to help us in many ways. The burden on some of us is more than we can carry."<ref name="indiansummerp276" /> Rajagopalachari then served as [[Governor-General of India]] from June 1948 until 26 January 1950 and was not only the last Governor-General of India but the only Indian citizen ever to hold the office.

By the end of 1949, an assumption was made that Rajagopalachari, already Governor-General, would continue as president.<ref name="greatergamep98">{{cite book|title=The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatergameindia0000vanp/page/98 98]|first=David|last=Van Praagh|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7735-2639-6|url=https://archive.org/details/greatergameindia0000vanp/page/98}}</ref> Backed by Nehru, Rajagopalachari wanted to stand for [[1950 Indian presidential election|the presidential election]] but later withdrew,<ref name="greatergamep98" /><ref name="guhap47">[[#Guha|Guha]], p 47</ref> due to the opposition of a section of the Indian National Congress mostly made up of [[North India]]ns who were concerned about Rajagopalachari's non-participation during the Quit India Movement.<ref name="greatergamep98" /><ref name="era154">{{cite book|title=Living an era|page=154|first=Dvārakā Prasāda|last=Miśra|publisher=Vikas|year=1978|isbn=978-0-7069-0612-7 }}</ref><ref name="encyclopaediap31">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p 31</ref><ref name="rajmohanp309">[[#Gandhi|Gandhi]], p. 309. "Why was the party not keen on C. R., whose success as Governor-General had been unquestioned? That he came from outside the Hindi belt and was not fluent in the language were perhaps factors. 'The protagonists of Hindi favour Rajendra Prasad', Nehru told Patel. But the biggest reason was C. R.'s 1942 role."</ref>

[[File:Rajagopalachari declares India as a Republic.jpg|thumb|Rajagopalachari as Governor-General of India proclaims the Republic of India on 26 January 1950]]

== Role in Constituent Assembly ==

He was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from Madras. He was a part of Advisory Committee and Sub-Committee on Minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/c__rajagopalachari|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070329/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/c__rajagopalachari|url-status=live}}</ref> He debated on issues relating to rights of religious denominations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=C.+Rajagopalachari&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=15752&date_of_debate=|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=16 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161051/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|archive-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

== In Nehru's Cabinet ==

At Nehru's invitation, in 1950, Rajagopalachari joined the Union Cabinet as [[Minister without Portfolio]]<ref name="ghosep331" /> where he served as a buffer between Nehru and Home Minister [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]] and on occasion offered to mediate between the two.<ref name="ghosep331" /> Following Patel's death on 15 December 1950, Rajagopalachari was finally made [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs Minister]] and went on to serve for nearly 10 months.<ref name="ghosep331" /> As had his predecessor, he warned Nehru about the expansionist designs of China and expressed regret over the [[Tibet]] problem.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} He also expressed concern over demands for new linguistically based states, arguing that they would generate differences amongst the people.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

By the end of 1951, the differences between Nehru and Rajagopalachari came to the fore.<ref name="ghosep331" /> While Nehru perceived the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] to be the greatest threat to the nascent republic, Rajagopalachari held the opinion that the [[Communist Party of India|Communists]] posed the greatest danger.<ref name="ghosep331" /><ref name="nehrup185">[[#Zachariah|Zachariah]], p. 185</ref> He also adamantly opposed Nehru's decision to commute the death sentences passed on those involved in the [[Telangana uprising]] and his strong pro-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leanings.<ref name="nehrup185" /><ref name="nehrup186">[[#Zachariah|Zachariah]], p. 186</ref> Tired of being persistently over-ruled by Nehru concerning critical decisions,<ref name="ghosep331" /> Rajagopalachari submitted his resignation on the "grounds of ill-health" and returned to Madras.<ref name="ghosep332">[[#Ghose|Ghose]], p. 332</ref>

== Madras State 1952–1954 ==

{{Main|Chief ministership of C. Rajagopalachari}}

[[File:Rajaji Statue in Salem.jpg|thumb|C. Rajagopalachari's Statue in Salem.]]

In the [[1952 Madras legislative assembly election|1952 Madras elections]], the Indian National Congress was reduced to a minority in the state assembly with a coalition led by the [[Communist Party of India]] winning most of the seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html |title=Leader, amend thy mind |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=8 November 1997 |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055217/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html |archive-date=24 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rajajitojaya_rediff">{{cite news|title=From Rajaji to Jayalalithaa|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22flip.htm|work=Rediff News|first=T. V. R.|last=Shenoy|date=22 August 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022142135/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22flip.htm|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> The Congress did not want the Communists taking power or to impose [[Governor's rule]] in the state. It brought Rajagopalachari out of retirement to form the government as a consensus candidate.<ref name="Richard Leonard Park">{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Richard Leonard|date=7 May 1952|title=Indian Election Results|journal=Far Eastern Survey|publisher=Institute of Pacific Relations|volume=21|issue=7|pages=61–70|doi=10.2307/3024481|jstor=3024481}}</ref><ref name="Deva">{{Cite book|last=Deva|first=Narendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqjaAAAAMAAJ&q=prakasam|title=Selected Works of Acharya Narendra Deva: 1948-1952|publisher=Radiant Publishers|year=1999|isbn=81-7027-176-2|page=409|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065331/https://books.google.com/books?id=oqjaAAAAMAAJ&q=prakasam|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 March 1952, Kamaraj presented a resolution, proposing the election of Rajagopalachari as the leader of the Madras Legislature Congress party. The resolution was approved by the party and Kamaraj revealed that Rajagopalachari had been reluctant to accept the responsibility as Chief Minister and the leader of the Madras Legislature Congress party as his health was fragile and added that by acceding to the request of the party, Rajagopalachari had put country before self.<ref>{{Cite book|last=R. K.|first=Murthi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us-1AAAAIAAJ|title=Rajaji: Life and Work|publisher=Allora Publications|year=1979|location=New Delhi|page=113|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065310/https://books.google.com/books?id=Us-1AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajagopalachari did not contest the by-election and on 10 April 1952, Madras Governor [[Sri Prakasa]] appointed him as Chief Minister by nomination as [[Madras Legislative Council|MLC]] without consulting either the Prime Minister Nehru or the ministers in the Madras state cabinet.<ref name="ghosep332" /><ref name="rajajitojaya_rediff" /><ref name="governors_constitutionp24">[[#Reddy|Reddy]], p. 24</ref><ref name="governors_constitutionp25">[[#Reddy|Reddy]], p. 25</ref> It was the first time when the governor office was accused of acting inappropriately after independence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jaiswal|first=Mansi|date=2018-05-21|title=Here's a timeline of controversial decisions by 'Honourable Governors'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/here-s-a-timeline-of-controversial-decisions-by-honourable-governors-118052100857_1.html|access-date=2021-12-01|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201145327/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/here-s-a-timeline-of-controversial-decisions-by-honourable-governors-118052100857_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[P. C. Alexander]], a former governor of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra wrote about the appointment of Rajagopalachari as "The most conspicuous case of constitutional impropriety by the Governor in the exercise of discretion to choose the Chief Minister..."<ref name="governorsandcms_thehindu" />

On 3 July 1952, Rajagopalachari was then able to prove that he had a majority in the assembly by luring [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] from opposition parties and independents to join the Indian National Congress.<ref name="rajajitojaya_rediff" /><ref name="dynamicsp359">{{cite book |page=359|first=J. R.|last=Siwach|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1985|title=Dynamics of Indian government and politics}}</ref> 19 members of the [[Tamil Nadu Toilers Party]] led by [[S. S. Ramasami Padayachi]], 5 members of the [[Madras State Muslim League]]<ref name="Aziz">{{Cite book|last=Aziz|first=Abdul M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0UFAQAAIAAJ&q=+rajaji|title=Rise of Muslims in Kerala politics|publisher=CBH Publications|year=1992|pages=41, 44|isbn=978-81-85381-25-1|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065549/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0UFAQAAIAAJ&q=+rajaji|url-status=live}}</ref> and 6 members of [[Commonweal Party]] also provided their support to Rajagopalachari to prevent the Communists from gaining power.<ref name="Susanne Hoeber Rudolph">{{Cite book|first=Susanne|last= Hoeber Rudolph|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|date=15 July 1984|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7|page=58}}</ref><ref name="rameshrao">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=Ramesh N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wtuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajaji|title=Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2001|pages=32–33|isbn=978-81-241-0809-3|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070103/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wtuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajaji|url-status=live}}</ref> Nehru was furious and wrote to Rajagopalachari saying "the one thing we must avoid giving is the impression that we stick to office and we want to keep others out at all costs."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050303/asp/opinion/story_4445928.asp |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta: Opinion |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=3 March 2005 |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217013634/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050303/asp/opinion/story_4445928.asp |archive-date=17 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="governorsandcms_thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/31/stories/0231000q.htm|title=Of Governors and Chief Ministers|first=C. V.|last=Gopalakrishnan|date=31 May 2001|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105171101/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/31/stories/0231000q.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=5 November 2008}}</ref> Rajagopalachari, however, refused to contest a by-election and remained as a nominated member of the Legislative Council.<ref name="rajajitojaya_rediff" /><ref name="governorsandcms_thehindu" />

During Rajagopalachari's tenure as Chief Minister, a powerful movement for a separate [[Andhra State]], comprising the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of the [[Madras State]], gained a foothold.<ref name="sriramulu_time">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822565-1,00.html |title=Fast & Win |publisher=Time |date=29 December 1952 |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203163221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C822565-1%2C00.html |archive-date=3 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="battleforandhra_thehindu">{{cite news|title=The battle for Andhra|date=30 March 2003|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000040300.htm|work=The Hindu|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102141050/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/03/30/stories/2003033000040300.htm|archive-date=2 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 19 October 1952, an Indian independence activist and social worker from Madras named [[Potti Sriramulu]] embarked on a hunger strike reiterating the demands of the separatists and calling for the inclusion of Madras city within the proposed state.<ref name="sriramulu_time" /><ref name="battleforandhra_thehindu" /><ref name="sriramulu_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/01/stories/2006110101700200.htm|date=1 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201034/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/01/stories/2006110101700200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Rajagopalachari remained unmoved by Sriramulu's action and refused to intervene.<ref name="battleforandhra_thehindu" /><ref name="sriramulup225">{{cite book|title=Socio-political ideas and activities of Potti Sriramulu|page=225|first=B.|last=Sreeramulu|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|year=1988}}</ref> After fasting for days, Sriramulu eventually died on 15 December 1952, triggering riots in Madras city and the Telugu-speaking districts of the state.<ref name="sriramulu_time" /><ref name="battleforandhra_thehindu" /><ref name="sriramulu_thehindu" /> Initially, both Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Nehru were against the creation of linguistically demarcated states but as the law and order situation in the state deteriorated, both were forced to accept the demands.<ref name="battleforandhra_thehindu" /> [[Andhra State]] was thus created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking districts of Madras, with its capital at [[Kurnool]].<ref name="regionalism_indiap5">{{cite book|title=Regionalism in India|page=5|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref><ref name="regionalism_indiap6">{{cite book|title=Regionalism in India|page=6|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> However, the boundaries of the new state were determined by a commission which decided against the inclusion of Madras city.<ref name="commissionsp244">{{cite book|title=Committees And Commissions in India Vol. 1: 1947–54|page=244|first=Virendra|last=Kumar|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1976|isbn=978-81-7022-196-8}}</ref> Though the commission's report suggested the option of having Madras as the temporary capital of Andhra State to allow smooth partitioning of the assets and the secretariat, Rajagopalachari refused to allow Andhra State to have Madras even for a day.<ref name="riverdisputeskeralap177">{{cite book|title=River disputes in India: Kerala rivers under siege|first=S. N.|last=Sadasivan|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7099-913-3 |page=177}}</ref>

On 7 June 1952, Rajagopalachari ended the procurement policy and food rationing in the state, abolishing all price and quota controls.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Copley|first=A. R. H.|title=The Political Career of C. Rajagopalachari: 1937–1954. A Moralist in Politics.|publisher=Macmillan Company of India|year=1978|location=Delhi|page=298}}</ref> His decision was a rejection of a planned economy in favour of a free market economy. He also introduced measures to regulate the running of universities in the state.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

In 1953, he introduced a new education scheme known as the "[[Modified Scheme of Elementary education 1953]]", which reduced schooling for elementary school students from five hours to three hours per day<ref name="modifiedscheme_edu_q">{{cite web|title=Appendix Q: Modified Scheme of Elementary Education Madras|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12280V01.htm|publisher=Minister of Human Resources Development, Government of India|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150034/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12280V01.htm|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="modifiedscheme_edu_t">{{cite web|title=Appendix Q: Modified Scheme of Elementary Education Madras|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12281301.htm|publisher=Minister of Human Resources Development, Government of India|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150114/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12281301.htm|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute_2018-06-012">{{cite web|date=2018-06-01|title=How TN painstakingly built a public education system, and why it's crumbling now|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tn-painstakingly-built-public-education-system-and-why-it-s-crumbling-now-82282|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726171200/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tn-painstakingly-built-public-education-system-and-why-it-s-crumbling-now-82282|url-status=live}}</ref> and suggested that boys to learn the family crafts from their father and girls housekeeping from their mothers.<ref name="modifiedscheme_edu_q" /><ref name="modifiedscheme_edu_t" /> Rajaji had not even consulted his own cabinet or members of the legislative assembly before the scheme's implementation. He said: "Did [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]] or [[Ramanuja]] announce their philosophy after consulting others?".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kannan|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USfI9rPtpygC|title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai|date=2017-06-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-313-4|page=233|language=en|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070048/https://books.google.com/books?id=USfI9rPtpygC|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheme came in for sharp criticism and evoked strong protests from the [[Dravidian movement|Dravidian parties]].<ref name="sangam">{{cite web|title=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|date=September 2009|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102103358/http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|archive-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> Two amendments were proposed against the scheme at the Madras State legislative assembly. One advocated for a study by an expert group, while another advocated for the scheme's abolition. Both sides launched publicity campaigns in June 1953. At the Adyar riverside, Rajaji made a speech to the [[Dhobi|washermen]]. He stated kuladharma, or each clan's or caste's social obligation. He delivered talks and made radio broadcasts to clarify his views.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2019-12-15|title=Those Were The Days: How Rajaji's 'kula kalvi thittam' became a controversial education reform|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/12/15013004/1203824/Those-Were-The-Days-How-Rajajis-kula-kalvi-thittam-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927152855/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/12/15013004/1203824/Those-Were-The-Days-How-Rajajis-kula-kalvi-thittam-.vpf|archive-date=27 September 2020|website=dtnext.in}}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] dubbed the scheme ''Kula Kalvi Thittam'' or [[Hereditary Education Policy]]<ref name="regionalismp89">{{cite book| first = Charles A.|last=Ryerson| title = Regionalism and religion: the Tamil renaissance and popular Hinduism| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZldl0ty| publisher = Christian Literature Society| year = 1988|page=89}}</ref> which was put forward with the intention of perpetuating the caste system.<ref name="thenewsminute_2018-06-012" /><ref name=":2" /> and attempted to organize massive demonstrations outside Rajagopalachari's house on 13 and 14 July 1953.<ref name="sangam" /> The scheme was criticized from political leaders from all sides as casteist. Opponents and critics claimed that the system would reinforce deep-seated, caste-based inequality in society. They regarded the plan as an attempt to place children from the upper caste in an advantageous place than children from oppressed groups, who were simply supposed to learn their father's job.<ref name="thehindu-article2236009">{{Cite news|date=2011-07-17|title=RTE: States can still do it with media backing|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/rte-states-can-still-do-it-with-media-backing/article2236009.ece|access-date=2021-07-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715081018/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/rte-states-can-still-do-it-with-media-backing/article2236009.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajagopalachari argued, <blockquote>It is a mistake to imagine that the school is within the walls. The whole village is a school. The village polytechnic is there, every branch of it, the [[dhobi]], the [[wheelwright]], the [[Shoemaking|cobbler]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ|title=Rajaji: A Life|date=2010-10-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-85890-33-8|page=355|language=en|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065802/https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

The Scheme was stayed by the house and the Parulekar Committee was commissioned to review the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Review of Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–57)|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/1st_1952/Review_1-52-57.pdf|access-date=15 July 2021|website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015092058/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/1st_1952/Review_1-52-57.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The committee found the scheme to be sound and endorsed the Government's position.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_SfNAAACAAJ|title=The Modified Scheme of Elementary Education: A Guide Book|publisher=Director of Information and Publicity|year=1953}}</ref> India's President [[Rajendra Prasad]] and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] also offered their support to the scheme.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Rajendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRKq0J6PiCEC|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents: Presidency Period January to December 1953|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1992|isbn=81-7023-343-7|location=New Delhi|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0f0KAQAAIAAJ|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 1 February 1954-31 May 1954, Volume 25|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|year=1984|isbn=0-19-565275-4|page=214}}</ref>

Rajagopalachari closed down 6000 schools, citing financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumaradoss|first=Y. Vincent|date=2004|title=Kamaraj Remembered|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=17|pages=1655–1657|jstor=4414921|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Kamaraj opposed this policy and eventually opened 12,000 schools in his tenure.<ref name="thehindu-article2236009" />

Despite his government's efforts to postpone the [[Modified Scheme of Elementary education 1953|Modified Scheme of Elementary Education 1953]], public resistance grew, particularly in response to initiatives that sought to establish Hindi as the national language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subramanian|first=Ajantha|title=The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India|date=2019|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-24348-4|page=105|oclc=1154472223}}</ref> The rising unpopularity of his government forced Rajagopalachari to resign on 26 March 1954, as the President of the Madras Congress Legislature Party (CLP) thereby precipitating new elections. Kamaraj's name was proposed by [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu|P. Varadarajalu Naidu]] for the post of CLP leader. [[M. Bhaktavatsalam|M. Bakthavatsalam]], another senior Congress leader, fielded [[Chidambaram Subramaniam|C. Subramaniam.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2022-09-30 |title=Battle of ballots is nothing new in the Congress |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/battle-of-ballots-is-nothing-new-in-the-congress/article65955114.ece |access-date=2022-10-05 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005024745/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/battle-of-ballots-is-nothing-new-in-the-congress/article65955114.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 March 1954, the election took place, Subramaniam could garner only 41 votes to Kamaraj's 93 and lost the elections.<ref name="indianreviewp231">{{cite book |title=The Indian review, Volume 55 |publisher=[[G. A. Natesan]] |year=1954 |page=231}}</ref> Rajagopalachari eventually resigned as Chief Minister on 13 April 1954, attributing the decision to poor health.<ref name="hindustanp763">{{cite book|title=Hindustan year-book and who's who, Volume 29|page=763|publisher=M. C. Sarkar|year=1961}}</ref>

== Split from Congress – parting of ways ==

{{Main|Swatantra Party}}

Following his resignation as Chief Minister, Rajagopalachari took a temporary break from active politics and instead devoted his time to literary pursuits. He wrote a Tamil re-telling of the Sanskrit epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' which appeared as a serial in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' from 23 May 1954 to 6 November 1955.<ref name="religionjournalp592">{{cite book|title=Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 49|page=592|publisher=American Academy of Religion|year=1981}}</ref> The episodes were later collected and published as ''Chakravarti Thirumagan'', a book which won Rajagopalachari the 1958 Sahitya Academy award in [[Tamil language]].<ref name="indianliteraturep78">{{cite book|title=Indian literature, Volume 10|page=78|publisher=Sahitya Academy|year=1967}}</ref><ref name=sahitya>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil |title=Tamil Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007 |work=[[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website |publisher=Sahitya Academy |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="ourleadersp68">[[#Varma et al.|Varma et al.]], p. 68</ref>

Rajagopalachari tendered his official resignation from the Indian National Congress and along with a number of other dissidents organised the [[Congress Reform Committee]] (CRC) in January 1957.<ref name="stateandsocietyp542">{{cite book|title=State and society: a reader in comparative political sociology|page=542|year=1973|isbn=978-0-520-02490-8 |publisher=University of California Press|first1=Reinhard|last1=Bendix|first2=Coenraad M.|last2=Brand}}</ref><ref name="indianhistorycongressp617">{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 58|page=617|year=1998}}</ref> [[K. S. Venkatakrishna Reddiar]] was elected president and the party fielded candidates in 55 constituencies in the [[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election|1957 state assembly elections]], to emerge as the second largest party in Madras state with 13 seats in the legislative assembly.<ref name="roach">{{cite journal| doi = 10.2307/3024537| first = James R.|last=Roach| title = India's 1957 elections| journal = Far Eastern Survey| volume = 26| issue = 5| pages = 65–78| date = May 1957| jstor = 3024537}}</ref> The Congress Reform Committee also contested 12 [[Lok Sabha]] seats during the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 Indian elections]].<ref name="electionarchivesp8">{{cite book|title=The Election archives, Issues 33–36|page=8|first=Shiv|last=Lal|year=1978}}</ref> The committee became a fully-fledged political party and was renamed the [[Indian National Democratic Congress]] at a state conference held in [[Madurai]] on September 28–29, 1957.<ref name="indianhistorycongressp617" />

On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the [[Indian National Congress]], Rajagopalachari, along with Murari Vaidya of the newly established [[Forum of Free Enterprise]] (FFE)<ref name="swatantraconservatismp66">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 66</ref> and [[Minoo Masani]], a [[classical liberal]] and critic of socialist Nehru, announced the formation of the new [[Swatantra Party]] at a meeting in Madras.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp65">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 65</ref> Conceived by disgruntled heads of former princely states such as the [[Raja of Ramgarh]], the Maharaja of Kalahandi and the Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga, the party was conservative in character.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp74">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 74</ref><ref name="swatantraconservatismp72">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 72</ref> Later, [[N. G. Ranga]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Field Marshal]] [[K. M. Cariappa]] and the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] joined the effort.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp72" /> Rajagopalachari, Masani and Ranga also tried but failed to involve [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] in the initiative.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp78">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 78</ref>

In his short essay "Our Democracy", Rajagopalachari explained the necessity for a right-wing alternative to the Congress by saying:
<blockquote>since... the Congress Party has swung to the Left, what is wanted is not an ultra or outer-Left [viz. the CPI or the [[Praja Socialist Party]], PSP], but a strong and articulate Right<ref name="swatantraconservatismp74" /></blockquote>
Rajagopalachari also insisted that the opposition must:
<blockquote>operate not privately and behind the closed doors of the party meeting, but openly and periodically through the electorate.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp74" /></blockquote>
He outlined the goals of the Swatantra Party through twenty one "fundamental principles" in the foundation document.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp188">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 188</ref> The party stood for equality and opposed government control over the private sector.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp189">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 189</ref><ref name="swatantraconservatismp190">[[#Erdman|Erdman]], p. 190</ref> Rajagopalachari sharply criticised the bureaucracy and coined the term "[[Licence Raj|licence-permit Raj]]" to describe Nehru's elaborate system of permissions and licences required for an individual to set up a private enterprise. Rajagopalachari's personality became a rallying point for the party.<ref name="swatantraconservatismp74" />

In 1961, Rajagopalachari criticized [[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]], the Indian military action in which Portuguese rule in [[Goa]] was forcibly ended and the territory was incorporated into India, writing that India had "totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against militarism" and had undermined the power and prestige of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. According to Rajagopalachari, while Portuguese rule in Goa had been an "offense to Indian nationalism", it was not a greater offense than the Chinese occupation of territories claimed by India or the social evil of [[Dalit|untouchability]], and the "great adventure" of seizing Goa undermined India's devotion to Gandhian principles of non-violence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1074-1962-03-KS-a-RCW.pdf |title=Indian Occupation of Portuguese Territories in India. - Invasion of Goa, Daman, and Diu. - Incorporation in Indian Union. |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303014022/http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1074-1962-03-KS-a-RCW.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rajagopalachari's efforts to build an anti-Congress front led to a patch up with his former adversary [[C. N. Annadurai]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="wisestman_thehindu">{{cite news|title=The wisest man in India|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200650300.htm|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208005403/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200650300.htm|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Annadurai grew close to Rajagopalachari and sought an alliance with the Swatantra Party for the [[1962 Madras State legislative assembly election|1962 Madras legislative assembly elections]]. Although there were occasional electoral pacts between the [[Swatantra Party]] and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), Rajagopalachari remained non-committal on a formal tie-up with the DMK due to its existing alliance with Communists whom he dreaded.<ref name="socialchangep111">{{cite book|title=Social change in modern India|page=111|first=Mysore Narasimhachar|last=Srinivas|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1995|isbn=978-81-250-0422-6}}</ref> The Swatantra Party contested 94 seats in the Madras state assembly elections and won six<ref name="1962electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007003737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> as well as won 18 parliamentary seats in the [[1962 Indian general election|1962 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref name="1962elections">{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections 1962 to the Second Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008202517/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

== 1965 Anti-Hindi agitations in Madras ==

{{Main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg|alt=Photo taken at a private function.|thumb|DMK leaders [[K. A. Mathiazhagan]], [[V. P. Raman|V.P. Raman]], [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]] with Swatantra Party founder C. Rajagopalachari.]]

On 26 January 1950, the Government of India adopted [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as the official language of the country, but because of objections in non-Hindi-speaking areas, it introduced a provision tentatively making English the second official language on a par with Hindi for a stipulated fifteen-year period to facilitate a switch to Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states. From 26 January 1965 onwards, Hindi was to become the sole official language of the Indian Union and people in non-Hindi speaking regions were compelled to learn Hindi. This led to vehement opposition and just before Republic Day, severe [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti-Hindi protests]] broke out in Madras State. Rajagopalachari had earlier been sharply critical of the recommendations made by the Official Languages Commission in 1957.<ref name="ghosep218">[[#Ghose|Ghose]], p. 218</ref> On 28 January 1956, Rajagopalachari signed a resolution along with Annadurai and Periyar endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref name="aanli">{{cite book | year=1958| title= Modern India rejects Hindi| publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India| page=29}}</ref> At an All-India Language Conference held on 8 March 1958, he declared: "Hindi is as much foreign to non-Hindi speaking people as English [is] to the protagonists of Hindi".<ref name="languageconflictp192">{{cite book|title=Language conflict and national development: group politics and national language policy in India|year=1970|page=192|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01590-6 |first=Jyotindra|last=Dasgupta}}</ref> When the Anti-Hindi agitations broke out in 1965, Rajagopalachari completely reversed his 1938 support for the introduction of Hindi and took a strongly anti-Hindi stand in support of the protests,<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|title=Tongue tied|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2692&acc=high|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218000710/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2692&acc=high|archive-date=18 February 2013|first=A. R.|last=Venkatachalapathy|work=[[India Today]]|date=20 December 2007}}</ref> coining the slogan 'English Ever, Hindi Never'.<ref>{{cite news|date=2019-06-03|title=News Analysis {{!}} Hindi imposition and the T.N. resistance|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/news-analysis-hindi-imposition-and-the-tn-resistance/article27421119.ece|work=The Hindu|last1=Kumar|first1=D. Suresh|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108015150/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/news-analysis-hindi-imposition-and-the-tn-resistance/article27421119.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 January 1965, he convened the Madras state Anti-Hindi conference in [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="tamilnation">{{cite web|title=Remembering the 1965 Anti Hindi Struggle|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/nandivarman/080127hindi.htm|publisher=Tamilnation}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> angrily declaring that [[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]] which declared that Hindi was the official language should "be heaved and thrown into the Arabian Sea."<ref name="indiatoday" />

== 1967 elections ==

The [[1967 Madras State legislative assembly election|fourth elections to the Madras Legislative assembly]] were held in February 1967.<ref name="feb1967_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |title=DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA |work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> At the age of 88, Rajagopalachari worked to forge a united opposition to the Indian National Congress through a tripartite alliance between the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], the [[Swatantra Party]] and the [[Forward Bloc]].<ref name=frontline1>{{cite news | first = S. | last = Vishwanathan | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The Congress party was defeated in Madras for the first time in 30 years and the coalition led by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam came to power.<ref name="seminarp38">{{cite book|title=Seminar, Issues 353–364|page=38|publisher=R. Thapar|year=1989}}</ref> [[C. N. Annadurai]] served as Chief Minister from 6 March 1967 until his death on 3 February 1969.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Rajagopalachari delivered a moving eulogy to Annadurai at his funeral.<ref name="wisestman_thehindu" />

The [[Swatantra Party]] also did well in elections in other states and to the [[Lok Sabha]], the directly elected [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} It won 45 Lok Sabha seats in the 1967 general elections and emerged as the single largest opposition party. The principal opposition party in the states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]], it also formed a [[coalition government]] in [[Odisha]] and had a significant presence in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Tamil Nadu and [[Bihar]].

== Later years and death ==

In 1971, Annadurai's successor [[M. Karunanidhi]] relaxed prohibition laws in [[Tamil Nadu]] due to the poor financial situation of the state.<ref name="businessindiap21">{{cite book|title=Business India, Issues 315–321|page=21|publisher=A. H. Advani|year=1990}}</ref> Rajagopalachari pleaded with him not to repeal prohibition but to no avail<ref name="swarajyap1">{{cite book|title=Swarajya, Volume 16|year=1971|page=1|publisher=[[T. Sadasivam]]}}</ref> and as a result, the Swatantra Party withdrew its support for the state government<ref name="encyclopaediap32">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p. 32</ref> and instead allied with the [[Congress (O)]], a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress led by Kamaraj.<ref name="hindnationalip246">{{cite book|title=The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s|page=246|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85065-301-1 |first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot}}</ref>

In January 1971, a three-party anti-Congress coalition was established by the Congress (O), [[Jan Sangh]] and the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<ref name="320millionp81">{{cite book|title=320 Million Judges|page=81|first=G. G.|last=Mirchandani|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-061-7 |year=2003}}</ref> then on 8 January, the national executive of the Swatantra Party took the unanimous decision to join the coalition.<ref name="320millionp81" /> The dissident parties formed an alliance called the National Democratic Front and fought against the Indian National Congress led by [[Indira Gandhi]] in the [[1971 Indian general election]]s.<ref name="thecallp24">{{cite book|title=The Call, Volumes 22–23|page=24|publisher=S. Bhattacharya|year=1973}}</ref><ref name="commitmentp76">{{cite book|title=Politics of commitment: a study based on fifth general elections in India|year=1972|first=R. L.|last=Gupta|publisher=Trimurti Publications|page=76}}</ref> However, the alliance fared badly.<ref name="politicalsciencep104">{{cite book|title=Political Science|page=104|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89611-86-6 |year=1978}}</ref> The Swatantra Party's tally was reduced to 8 seats from 23 in the 1967 elections.<ref name="1971loksabha">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=15 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="politicalsciencep103">{{cite book|title=Political Science|page=103|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89611-86-6 |year=1978}}</ref> The decline of the Swatantra Party was also visible in the [[1971 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly elections]] in which it won just 19 seats down from 27 in the 1967 elections.<ref name="1971electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

By November 1972, Rajagopalachari's health had begun to decline<ref name="encyclopaediap36">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p. 36</ref> and on 17 December the same year, a week after his 94th birthday, he was admitted to the Government Hospital, Madras suffering from [[uraemia]], [[dehydration]] and a [[urinary infection]].<ref name="encyclopaediap36" /> In the hospital, he was visited by Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi, [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[V. V. Giri]], Periyar<ref name="wisestman_thehindu" /> and other state and national leaders.<ref name="encyclopaediap36" /> Rajagopalachari's condition deteriorated in the following days as he frequently lost consciousness and he died at 5:44 pm on 25 December 1972 at the age of 94.<ref name="encyclopaediap38">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p 38</ref> His son, [[C. R. Narasimhan]], was at his bedside at the time of his death reading him verses from a Hindu holy book.<ref name="encyclopaediap38" /> He was a widower for 56 years, and also outlived a son and both his sons-in-law.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

On his death, condolences poured in from all corners of the country. [[Indira Gandhi]], the then Prime Minister of India commented:

{{blockquote|Mr. Rajagopalachari was one of the makers of new India, a sincere patriot, a man whose penetrating intellect and moral sense added depth to national affairs. His analysis, his anticipation, his administrative acumen and his courage to steer an unpopular course if he felt the need, marked him as a statesman and made an impact on the national history at several crucial junctures. He had held the highest positions and lent distinction to every office.<ref name="encyclopaediap41">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p. 41</ref>|Swarajya, 27 January 1973}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Lutyens’ bust has been replaced with Rajaji’s: Decolonisation and its layered political messaging |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/lutyens-delhi-rajaji-decolonisation-10547550/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=25 February 2026 |language=en |date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== Contributions to literature and music ==
{{See also|List of works by C. Rajagopalachari}}
An accomplished writer both in his mother tongue Tamil as well as English,<ref name="oxforddnb" /> Rajagopalachari was the founder of the Salem Literary Society and regularly participated in its meetings.<ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee">{{cite book|title=Passions of the Tongue:Language Devotion in Tamil Nadu, 1891–1970|first=Sumathi|last=Ramaswamy|year=1997|publisher=University of California|url=http://escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s1.5.24&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch5&brand=ucpress|access-date=13 March 2009|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918043915/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s1.5.24&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch5&brand=ucpress|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1922, he published ''Siraiyil Tavam'' (Meditation in jail), a day-to-day account of his first imprisonment by the colonial government from 21 December 1921 to 20 March 1922.<ref name="Indianliterturep1018">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2|page=1018|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 }}</ref>

Rajagopalachari started the Tamil Scientific Terms Society in 1916,<ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" /> a group that coined new words in Tamil for terms connected to botany, chemistry, physics, astronomy and mathematics.<ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" /> It received a mixed reception because it relied on [[Sanskrit]] roots to coin new Tamil words.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Irschick|first=Eugene F.|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929|publisher=University of California Press|year=1969|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|page=303}}</ref><ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" />

In 1951, he wrote an abridged retelling of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in English,<ref name="encyclopedialiteraryp889">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of literary translation into English, Volume 1|page=889|first=O.|last=Classe|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=978-1-884964-36-7 }}</ref><ref name="gandhicommanderp241">{{cite book|title=C. Rajagopalachari, Gandhi's southern commander|page=241|first=Anthony R. H.|last=Copley|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|year=1986}}</ref> followed by one of the ''Ramayana'' in 1957.<ref name="ourleadersp68" /><ref name="gandhicommanderp241" /> Earlier, in 1961, he had translated [[Kambar, Tamil|Kambar]]'s Tamil ''Ramayana'' into English.<ref name="ramayana_criticalinventoryp496">{{cite book|title=A Critical inventory of Rāmāyaṇa studies in the world, Volume 2|page=496|publisher=Sahitya Academy|year=1991|isbn=978-81-7201-100-0 |first1=K.|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first2=Satkari|last2=Mukhopadhyay}}</ref> In 1965, he translated the [[Thirukkural]] into English and also wrote books on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Upanishads]] in English as well as works on [[Socrates]] and [[Marcus Aurelius]] in Tamil.<ref name="srbakship3">[[#Bakshi|Bakshi]], p 3</ref> Rajagopalachari often regarded his literary works as the best service he had rendered to the people.<ref name="wisestman_thehindu" /> In 1958, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for works in the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] language for his retelling of the ''Ramayana'' – ''Chakravarti Thirumagan''.<ref name="sahitya" /> He was also one of the founders of the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], an organisation dedicated to the promotion of education and Indian culture.<ref name="bvbdelhi">{{cite web|title=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan – Delhi Kendra Home Page|url=http://www.bvbdelhi.org/|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan – Delhi Kendra|access-date=15 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808125953/http://www.bvbdelhi.org/|archive-date=8 August 2010}}</ref> In 1959, the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan published his book: "Hinduism: Doctrine and Way of Life".

Apart from his literary works, Rajagopalachari also composed a devotional song "[[Kurai Onrum Illai]]" devoted to [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]],<ref name="collaborators_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Rajaji's unknown collaborator|first=Gopal|last=Gandhi|author-link=Gopal Gandhi|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200220100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226105332/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/12/22/stories/2002122200220100.htm|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> a song set to music and a regular at [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] concerts. Rajagopalachari composed a benediction hymn sung by [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] at the United Nations General Assembly in 1967.<ref name="chennaionline_kuraionrunillai">{{cite web|title=Kurai Onrum Illai|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicnew/thamizhsongs/2004/song17.asp|publisher=Chennai Online|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125063554/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicnew/thamizhsongs/2004/song17.asp|archive-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
===National honours===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)

===Literary awards===
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1958)
*[[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] (1969)

== Legacy ==
{{See also|List of things named after C. Rajagopalachari}}
[[File:1948 CR Baldev Singh Chiefs of Staff.JPG|thumb|Rajagopalachari with Defence Minister [[Baldev Singh]] and the chiefs of Staffs of [[Indian Armed Forces]] in 1948.]]

[[File:Manmohan Singh, the Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar, the Chairman, BJP Parliamentary Party, Shri Lal Krishna Advani and other dignitaries paid homage at the portrait of Shri C. Rajagopalachari, on his Birth Anniversary.jpg|thumb|A portrait of C. Rajagopalachari at the Parliament House in New Delhi. Then PM [[Manmohan Singh]], the Speaker, Lok Sabha, [[Meira Kumar]], the chairman, BJP Parliamentary Party, [[Lal Krishna Advani]] and other dignitaries paid homage at the portrait of Rajagopalachari, on his Birth Anniversary on 10 December 2011.]]

In 1954, during US Vice-president [[Richard Nixon]]'s nineteen country Asian tour, he was lectured by Rajagopalachari on the consuming emotional quality of nuclear weapons.<ref name="nixon_life_p228">{{cite book|title=Nixon, A Life|first=Jonathan|last=Aitken|publisher=Regnery Publishing|page=[https://archive.org/details/nixonlife00aitk/page/228 228]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-89526-489-3|url=https://archive.org/details/nixonlife00aitk/page/228}}</ref> The pair discussed spiritual life, particularly reincarnation and predestination.<ref name="nixon_life_p228" /> Nixon wrote three pages of notes recording Rajagopalachari's words, claiming in his memoirs thirty-six years later that the afternoon "had such a dramatic effect on me that I used many of his thoughts in my speeches over the next several years."<ref name="nixon_life_p228" />

While on a tour to the United States as a member of the [[Gandhi Peace Foundation]] delegation, in September 1962, Rajagopalachari visited American President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the [[White House]].<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="ourleadersp69">[[#Varma et al.|Varma et al.]], p. 69</ref><ref name="ashupasrichap71">[[#Pasricha|Pasricha]], p. 71</ref> Rajagopalachari warned Kennedy of the dangers of embarking on an arms race, even one which the US could win.<ref name="ourleadersp69" /> At the end of the meeting Kennedy remarked "This meeting had the most civilizing influence on me.<ref name="ashupasrichap71" /> Seldom have I heard a case presented with such precision, clarity and elegance of language".<ref name="ashupasrichap72">[[#Pasricha|Pasricha]], p. 72</ref> On 1 May 1955, Rajagopalachari appealed to the Government of India to cancel receipt of aid from America if the country continued with its nuclear tests.<ref name="atomicp51">{{cite book|title=Atomic and hydrogen weapons: comments and reactions, 1954–1955|page=51|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=1957}}</ref> [[Operation Vijay (1961)|India's use of military force against Portugal]] to capture the Portuguese enclave of Goa was criticised by Rajagopalachari<ref name="life_international">{{cite magazine|date=12 February 1962|title=Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life International]]}}</ref> who said of the operation and subsequent acts of international diplomacy, "India has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power."<ref name="life_international" />

[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], a prominent [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]] leader, once remarked that Rajagopalachari was the Congress leader he respected the most despite the fact he was also someone with whom he had the most differences.<ref name="encyclopaediap50">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan]], p. 50</ref> Of Rajagopalachari, Periyar, one of his foremost political rivals remarked "he was a leader unique and unequaled, who lived and worked for high ideals".<ref name="wisestman_thehindu" />

Regarded as a pioneer of social reform,<ref name="pillarsp89">{{cite book|title=Pillars of Modern India, 1757–1947|first=Syed Jafar|last=Mahmud|page=89|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-586-5 }}</ref> Rajagopalachari issued temple entry proclamations in the Madras Presidency and worked towards the upliftment of Dalits. He played a pivotal role in the conclusion of the [[Poona Pact]] between [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and the Indian National Congress and spearheaded the Mahabal Temple Entry program in 1938.<ref name="pillarsp89" /> He was a staunch advocate of prohibition and was elected Secretary of the Prohibition League of India in 1930.<ref name="pillarsp89" /> On assuming the premiership of the Madras Presidency, he introduced [[alcohol prohibition|prohibition]] throughout the province.<ref name="pillarsp89" /> where it remained in vogue until its removal by M. Karunanidhi over thirty years later in 1971 and again prohibited by Karunanidhi in 1974 until it was reintroduced by [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]] in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=Deadly concoctions|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30243505.ece|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Frontline|date=4 January 2002|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182902/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30243505.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajagopalachari was also an active member of the All India Spinners Association.<ref name="pillarsp89" /> and a strong opponent of "linguistic states", which he felt would bring anarchy to India.<ref name="makingofindiap199">{{cite book|title=The Making of India: A Historical Survey|page=199|first=Ranbir|last=Vohra|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6 }}</ref>

He is also remembered for his literary contributions, some of which are considered modern-day classics. He frequently wrote articles for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' and his own journal ''Swarajya'', of which [[Philip Spratt]] was editor.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

[[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]], [[Governor of Bengal]] from 1944 to 1946, regarded Rajagopalachari as the wisest man in India.<ref name="wisestman_thehindu" /> The best possible tribute to Rajagopalachari was from Mahatma Gandhi who referred to him as the "keeper of my conscience".<ref name="guha_telegraph" /> Today, his private papers are part of the archives at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], at [[Teen Murti House]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives |url=http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203613/http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php |archive-date=3 May 2011 |publisher=[[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]] }}</ref>

On 21 August 1978, a portrait of Rajagopalachari was put in the Central Hall of [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]. The portrait of Rajagopalachari, painted by N. S. Subbakrishna, was unveiled by the then President of India, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=3&CatDesc=Central+Hall|title=Photo Gallery: Lok Sabha|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231623/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=3&CatDesc=Central+Hall|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23, Fenbruary, 2026, a bust of Rajagopalachari was installed at the Grand Open Staircase near Ashok Mandap of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], and unveiled by President, [[Droupadi Murmu]]. This was accompanied by the first-ever 'Rajaji Utsav' celebration at the Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre. <ref name="w693">{{cite web | title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari bust at Rashtrapati Bhavan: Replaces Lutyens amid 'mental decolonisation' push | website=The Times of India | date=2026-02-23 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/128710187.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst | access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref><ref name="j259">{{cite web | last=Bahl | first=Ishita | title=C Rajagopalachari's bust unveiled at the Rashtrapati Bhavan | website=Hindustan Times | date=2026-02-24 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/c-rajagopalachari-s-bust-unveiled-at-the-rashtrapati-bhavan-101771872737340.html | access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Critics opine that he failed to gauge the thoughts and feelings of the masses in provincial and then state administrations. His introduction of Hindi<ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" /> and the [[Modified Scheme of Elementary education 1953]] (dubbed by its critics as Hereditary Education Policy)<ref name=":2" /><ref name="thenewsminute_2018-06-012" /> have been the target of extensive criticism. His pacifist stance during the Quit India Movement and his [[C. R. formula|C. R. Formula]] angered most of his colleagues in the Indian National Congress.<ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="gandhiandrajaji_thehindu" />

Referring to Rajagopalachari, [[Sarojini Naidu]], who was never on good terms with him, remarked that 'the Madras fox was a dry logical [[Adi Shankaracharya]] while Nehru was the noble, compassionate [[Buddha]]'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathai|first=M. O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDduAAAAMAAJ&q=sarojini+naidu+madras+fox+adi+sankaracharya|title=Reminiscences of the Nehru Age|date=1978|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-0621-9|page=63|language=en|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065908/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDduAAAAMAAJ&q=sarojini+naidu+madras+fox+adi+sankaracharya|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although his popularity at the regional level fluctuated greatly, Rajagopalachari was able to exercise his stranglehold over provincial politics mainly because he was favored by national leaders such as Gandhi, Patel and Nehru.<ref name="oxforddnb" /> The President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, K. Kamaraj, and a majority of the provincial leaders opposed him in the 1940s, Rajagopalachari clung on to a position of influence in regional politics through support from his colleagues at the center.<ref name="oxforddnb" />

Rajagopalachari has always been the archetype of the [[Tamil Brahmin]] [[Archenemy|nemesis]] of the [[Self-Respect Movement|Dravidian movement]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Padmaja|first=R.|title=RAJAJI AS A SOCIAL REFORMER|url=https://www.rjisacjournal.com/rajaji-as-a-social-reformer/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=RJISAC Journal - Research journal of Indian studies|language=en-US|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627064208/https://www.rjisacjournal.com/rajaji-as-a-social-reformer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oxforddnb" /><ref name="passionsofthetongue_brahmandevotee" /> He was accused of being pro-Sanskrit and pro-Hindi, despite his fierce support for the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965]].<ref name=":1" /> Rajagopalachari claimed that jati was "the most important element in the organization of our society". [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] argued that Rajagopalachari and other political leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel praised the caste system both indirectly and directly as a glue that binds the social structure together.<ref name="newslaundry170810">{{Cite web|last=Vivek|first=T. R.|title=Don't belittle Rajaji and Gandhi to make Ambedkar look taller|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/08/10/rajaji-gandhi-ambedkar-christophe-jaffrelot|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Newslaundry|date=10 August 2017|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627064206/https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/08/10/rajaji-gandhi-ambedkar-christophe-jaffrelot|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="carnegieendowment20170804">{{Cite web|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=Defenders of Varna|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2017/08/defenders-of-varna?lang=en|access-date=2021-06-27|website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627064215/https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/08/04/defenders-of-varna-pub-72738|url-status=live}}</ref> As a governor-general, Rajaji stated, <blockquote>The food is grown, the cloth is woven, the sheep are shorn, the shoes are stitched, the scavenging is done, the cartwheels and the ploughs are built and repaired because, thank God, the respective castes are still there and the homes are trade schools as well and the parents are masters as well, to whom the children are automatically apprenticed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355|title=Rajaji: A Life|date=2010-10-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-85890-33-8|page=355|language=en|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331065944/https://books.google.com/books?id=45pYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Our Leaders, Volume 10|chapter=Section 4: C. Rajagopalachari|publisher=Children's Book Trust|first1=B. G.|last1=Varma|first2=Saurabh|last2=Pandey|isbn=978-81-7011-929-6|ref=Varma et al.|year=1989}}
* {{cite book | title=C. Rajagopalachari: Role in Freedom Movement| last=Bakshi| first=S. R. | year=1991| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7041-433-9|ref=Bakshi}}
* {{cite book|title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7824-003-9 |ref=Guha}}
* {{cite book | title=Caste in Indian Politics| last=Kothari| first=Rajni|author-link=Rajni Kothari | year=2004| publisher=Orient Blackswan| isbn=978-81-250-0637-4|ref=Kothari}}
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Ralhan 2002}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties Volume 60: The Swatantra Party 1966–1968|first=O. P.|last=Ralhan | year=1998| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD|ref=Ralhan 1998}}
* {{cite book|title=Unfolding Rajaji|first=C. R.|last=Kesavan|author-link=C. R. Kesavan|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2003|isbn=978-81-88661-10-7|ref=Kesavan}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (vol. 15: The Political Thought of C. Rajagopalachari)|first=Ashu|last=Pasricha|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-495-0|ref=Pasricha}}
* {{cite book|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography: A Biography|first=Sankar|last=Ghose|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7023-369-5|ref=Ghose}}
* {{cite book|title=Rajaji, A life|first=Rajmohan|last=Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|publisher=Penguin books|isbn=978-0-14-026967-3|year=1997|ref=Gandhi}}
* {{cite book|title=Nehru: Historical Biographies Series|publisher=Routledge|first=Benjamin|last=Zachariah|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-25016-0|ref=Zachariah|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nehru0000zach}}
* {{cite book|title=Governors under the Constitution|first=Pingle Jaganmohan|last=Reddy|publisher=Nagarjuna University|year=1986|ref=Reddy}}
* {{cite book|title=The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism|year=2008|orig-date=1967|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|first=Howard Loyd|last=Erdman|isbn=978-0-521-04980-1|ref=Erdman}}
* Vasanthi Srinivasan, Gandhi's Conscience Keeper: C Rajagopalachari and Indian Politics (Permanent Black 2009)
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|first=Jyotsna|last=Kamat|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/people/famous/rajaji.htm|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri}}
* {{cite news|title=In the footsteps of Rajaji|first=R.|last=Varadarajan|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/10/stories/0410223e.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2 October 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507140551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/10/stories/0410223e.htm|archive-date=7 May 2010|url-status=usurped}}
*Vasanthi Srinivasan, Gandhi's Conscience Keeper: C Rajagopalachari and Indian Politics (Permanent Black 2009)
*{{cite book|title=Unfolding Rajaji|author=C. R. Kesavan|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kR5uAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-81-88661-10-7|year=2003|author-link=C. R. Kesavan}}
*{{cite book|title=I Meet Rajaji|first=Monica|last=Felton|author-link=Monica Felton|date=1962|publisher=Macmillan}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|C. Rajagopalachari}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/014065}}

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Kochu Themmadi

2026-03-03T21:03:08Z

OmerRobson4867: small refine intro to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kochu Themmadi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[A. Vincent]]
| producer = Sobhana Parameswaran Nair
| writer = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| screenplay = M. T. Vasudevan Nair
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] Sunanda [[Sreenivasan]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = P. Bhaskara Rao
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| studio = Roopavani Films
| distributor = Roopavani Films
| released = {{Film date|1986|11|28|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kochu Themmadi''''' is a 1986 [[India]]n [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[A. Vincent]] and produced by Sobhana Parameswaran Nair. The film stars [[Mammootty]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], Sunanda and [[Sreenivasan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1917|title=Kochuthemmaadi|accessdate=2014-10-23|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4339 |title=Kochuthemmaadi |accessdate=2014-10-23 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023152652/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4339 |archivedate=23 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kochu-themmadi-malayalam-movie/|title=Kochu Themmadi|accessdate=2014-10-23|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023151801/http://spicyonion.com/title/kochu-themmadi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Unni lives as a servant's son in his maternal home. His father is a drunkard and doesn't take care of him. He is good in studies but gets involved with bad friends and their influences. A new teacher joins the school, Shekharan. Shekharan is feared by students, he is a disabled ex-serviceman. Shekharan takes special interest in Unni because he used to love his mother in his youth. He tries to lead the students to a better path but not all of them go his way. Will he be able to persuade them or whether fate has a different plan for him forms the climax of the story.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Shekharan
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Headmaster
*[[Bahadoor]] as Kellapan Nair, Ravi's driver
*Sunanda as Ammini
*[[Sreenivasan]] as P.T. Master
*[[Jalaja]] as Madhavikutty, Unni's Mother
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Mesthari
*Santhosh as Unni
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Hanifa
*Sherin as Ravi
*[[Santhakumari]] as Nanniyamma
*Prathima as Devika, as Ravi's mother
*[[Premji]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Devatha Njaan" || [[P. Madhuri]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Enikku Venda Enikku Venda" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Ennaaliniyoru Kadha" || P. Madhuri, [[K. P. Brahmanandan]], Gopan, [[Latha Raju]], Sherin Peters || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Etho Nadiyude Theerathil" || P. Madhuri || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Ethra Pushpangal Munnil Sakhee" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 6 || "Mannnil Ningal Udayamaay" || [[P. Susheela]], Chorus || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246737|Kochu Themmadi}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Balapareekshanam

2026-03-03T21:01:49Z

OmerRobson4867: improved formatting additionally and improved wording

{{short description|1978 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balapareekshanam
| image =Balapareekshanam.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = Anthikkad Mani
| producer = Babu Jose
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| story = [[K. Balachander]]
| starring = [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[KP Ummer]]
| music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cinematography = C. Namas
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Ragam Pictures
| distributor = Ragam Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1978|7|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Balapareekshanam''''' is a 1978 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by Anthikkad Mani and produced by Babu Jose. The film stars [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[KP Ummer]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and Babu Jose. Balapareekshanam's musical score is by [[M. K. Arjunan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=839|title=Balapareekshanam|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1375 |title=Balapareekshanam |accessdate=2014-10-08 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013092205/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1375 |archivedate=13 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/balapareekshanam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013230848/http://spicyonion.com/title/balapareekshanam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Balapareekshanam|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film was based on the Tamil film ''[[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]''.

==Cast==

*[[Jayabharathi]] as Nirmala
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Sankarankutty
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Govindankutty
*[[Sukumari]] as Parvathyamma
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Ramesh
*Babu Jose
*[[Kottayam Santha]] as Raji's mother
*[[Pattom Sadan]] as Krishna Pilla
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Raji
*Sreemoolanagaram Vijayan as Avarachan
*[[Paul Vengola]] as Kochu Kunju
*[[Pala Thankam]] as Krishna Pilla's wife
*Radhadevi as Gouri

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Jeevitham Swayam" || [[Jolly Abraham]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaalindi Theerathe" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 3 || "Pullippuli Pole" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 4 || "Vennilaa Puzhayile" || [[P. Susheela]], [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271985|Balapareekshanam}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thoppil Bhasi]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jersey (2019 film)

2026-03-03T17:46:29Z

OmerRobson4867: started new entry!

{{short description|2019 film by Gowtam Tinnanuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jersey
| image = Jersey 2019 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
| producer = Suryadevara Naga Vamsi
| writer = Gowtam Tinnanuri
| starring = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] [[Shraddha Srinath]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|04|19}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|25 crore}}<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే..|trans-title=Highest grossing films of 2019|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231040059/https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|51.70 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Jersey Box Office Revisit: Nani’s OG Earned 108.69% Higher Overseas Than Shahid Kapoor’s Disastrous Remake – Decoding Budget, Salaries & Collections |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/jersey-box-office-revisit-nanis-og-earned-108-69-higher-overseas-than-shahid-kapoors-disastrous-remake-decoding-budget-salaries-collections/|website= Koimoi |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jersey''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports drama]] film written and directed by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] and produced by Suryadevara Naga Vamsi, under Sithara Entertainments. It stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Shraddha Srinath]] with Ronit Kamra, [[Sathyaraj]], [[Harish Kalyan]], [[Sanusha]], [[Sampath Raj]] and [[Viswant Duddumpudi]] in pivotal roles. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Sanu Varghese|Sanu John Varghese]] and [[Naveen Nooli]] respectively.

The storyline follows Arjun (Nani), a talented but failed cricketer who decides to return to [[cricket]] in his mid-30s, driven by the desire to represent the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]], and fulfill his son's wish for a national team jersey as a gift. [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 18 October 2018 and was completed in late-March 2019.

''Jersey'' was released worldwide on 19 April 2019, receiving critical acclaim with praise for its direction, plot, screenplay, editing, music, score, emotional weight and cast performances (especially from Nani and Kamra). Several reviewers listed the film as one of the "Best Telugu films of the decade".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|title=Jersey to Brochevarevarura: 7 best films of Telugu cinema in 2019|website=India Today|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229123807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Nani's performance in the film was highly appreciated by most critics, with ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranking his performance as one of his career's best and in the list of ''100 Greatest Performances of the Decade''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/best-telugu-cinema-2019-oh-baby-mallesham-here-are-our-picks-114961|title="Jersey" Best of Telugu cinema 2019: From 'Oh! Baby' to 'Mallesham', here are our picks|website=The News Minute|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229134555/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/best-telugu-cinema-2019-oh-baby-mallesham-here-are-our-picks-114961|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won two [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film – Telugu]] and [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] (Nooli). It further won two Critics Choice, [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]] and four [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]. The film was also screened at the International Indian Toronto Film Festival in August 2020. In 2022, Tinnanuri also helmed the [[Hindi]] remake of the film, sharing [[Jersey (2022 film)|the same title]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-steps-into-nani-s-shoes-for-jersey-remake-begins-cricket-practice-see-pic/story-UBzaUo7kkHGj9RQL7vmGJM.html|title=Shahid Kapoor steps into Nani's shoes for Jersey remake, begins cricket practice. See pic|website=hindustantimes.com|date=November 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124064250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-steps-into-nani-s-shoes-for-jersey-remake-begins-cricket-practice-see-pic/story-UBzaUo7kkHGj9RQL7vmGJM.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also won the state Gaddar Award for Second Best Feature Film,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 2019, [[New York City]], a young man named Nani visits a bookstore and purchases a book titled ''Jersey''. Moments later, a woman arrives asking for the same book. Nani, without hesitation, offers her his copy. Curious, the woman asks why he gave her his copy so readily. Nani explains that the book tells the story of his father, Arjun. Soon after, Nani receives a call from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). They have organized a grand event to honor his late father’s contributions to cricket. At the ceremony, in front of his mother, Arjun’s friends, BCCI officials, and former cricketers, Nani is invited to share his father’s story. As he accepts a special [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] jersey emblazoned with "Arjun," memories come flooding back.

Flashing back to [[Hyderabad]], 1986, Arjun was a prodigious [[Ranji Trophy]] cricketer with dreams of representing India. However, due to constant rejection fueled by selection politics, he grew disillusioned and quit cricket. He secured a government job under the sports quota but later lost it after being falsely accused of bribery—a blow that shattered his spirit. By 1996, Arjun, aged 36, was unemployed and struggling to support his family. His wife, Sarah, often scolded him for not clearing his name through legal means. Their son, young Nani, who played cricket at school, once asked his father for an Indian team jersey for his birthday. Despite their financial hardships, Arjun promised to get it. Desperate to fulfill his son’s wish, Arjun reached out to friends for help but found no support. His old coach, Murthy, offered him a chance to play in a charity match between the Hyderabad team and [[New Zealand]]. The promised ₹1,000 match fee could cover the cost of the jersey. Arjun played magnificently but later learned the match was for charity and carried no payment. Disheartened and frustrated, Arjun, in a moment of helplessness, struck Nani when he asked again about the jersey—a moment he deeply regretted.

Realizing the depth of his son’s love and admiration, Arjun made a life-changing decision. He resolved to return to cricket despite his age. Coach Murthy, though skeptical, supported him. Arjun attended the Ranji selection trials but was mocked and rejected due to his age. However, an article by journalist Ramya, praising Arjun’s perseverance, swayed the selectors to give him a chance. Arjun seized the opportunity, performing exceptionally and earning his place back in the Hyderabad team. Meanwhile, Sarah’s father offered to fund a legal battle to reclaim Arjun’s old job. But Arjun, finding new meaning in cricket, refused. He chose pride and passion over convenience. In the semifinals, Arjun, despite severe chest pains, led his team to victory. Doctors warned him to get medical tests, but financial constraints held him back. Choosing heart over health, Arjun continued to play. In the Ranji finals, Hyderabad found itself in trouble. Arjun rose to the occasion, leading the team to a stunning victory, only to collapse shortly after.

Back in 2019, at the felicitation, Nani reveals that Arjun had suffered from [[arrhythmia]] since he was 26, something he hid from everyone. His father didn’t quit because he was weak; he quit because he was ill. Yet when it mattered most, he returned, risking everything to fulfill a simple promise to his son. Arjun proved that "it’s never too late to dream".

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Arjun G.
*[[Shraddha Srinath]] as Sarah Fernandes, Arjun's wife
*Ronit Kamra as Nani, Arjun's son
** [[Harish Kalyan]] as Adult Nani, in a cameo appearance (voice dubbed by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]])
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Coach Murthy
*[[Viswant Duddumpudi]] as Nandan "Nandu" Reddy
*[[Sanusha]] as Journalist Ramya, Nandu's girlfriend
*[[Sampath Raj]] as Ramappa Gowda, Karnataka coach
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as Atul, Mumbai coach
*[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Rajesh, Arjun's friend
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as the BCCI Chairman
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as a Lawyer
*[[Brahmaji]] as Raju, an aspiring actor
*Sanjay Swaroop as Paul, Sarah's father
*Anchor Sowmya as Padhoo
*Aaron Bleakley as the New Zealand captain
*Matthew Jackson as a New Zealand cricketer
*Finn Hulbert as a New Zealand cricketer
*Philip Murgatroyd as a New Zealand cricketer
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In June 2018, [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] was reported to sign his 23rd film with [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]], who made his debut with ''[[Malli Raava]]'' (2018), which was officially announced at the [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)|second season]] of the ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss Telugu]]'' show, which commenced on 10 June 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|title=Nani's next is a sports period drama|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-next-sports-period-drama-83390|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420112501/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-next-sports-period-drama-83390|url-status=live}}</ref> A first look poster was released on 15 June 2018, revealing the title as ''Jersey''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nanis-next-with-gowtam-tinnanuri-goes-on-floors/articleshow/66260691.cms|title='Jersey': Nani's next with Gowtam Tinnanuri goes on floors|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114025006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nanis-next-with-gowtam-tinnanuri-goes-on-floors/articleshow/66260691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The poster featured a cricket jersey with the name "Arjun", who is a struggling 36 year old cricketer played by Nani in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-to-play-a-cricketer-in-jersey/articleshow/64600276.cms|title=Nani to play a cricketer in Jersey|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109002957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-to-play-a-cricketer-in-jersey/articleshow/64600276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was set up in the period of 1986 and 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-23|title=Nani's 'Jersey' to be set in the past|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-jersey-be-set-past-83558|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423091429/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-jersey-be-set-past-83558|url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] noted that the film is not based on the life of late cricketer [[Raman Lamba]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jersey not based on Raman Lamba |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/jersey-not-based-on-raman-lamba-522937 |access-date=22 March 2021 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616110732/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/jersey-not-based-on-raman-lamba-522937 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The pre-production work of the film took place soon after its announcement, and makers decided to start the shoot in September 2018, only after finalising the cast and crew members. While Nani had undergone a special training in cricket, for three and half hours per day, to fit into his role.<ref name=":1" /> Followed by the success of ''Bigg Boss Season 2'', Nani decided to increase the remuneration by {{Indian Rupee|4}} crore to {{Indian Rupee|6}} crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-02|title='Bigg Boss' introduced me to the real world: Nani on hosting the Telugu version of the show|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bigg-boss-introduced-me-real-world-nani-hosting-telugu-version-show-89302|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923161200/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bigg-boss-introduced-me-real-world-nani-hosting-telugu-version-show-89302|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Nani signed the film free of cost and also opting for a profit-sharing basis, due to major constraints in the film's budget.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Natural Star Nani signs the film on a profit-sharing basis?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-natural-star-nani-signs-the-film-on-a-profit-sharing-basis/articleshow/66412104.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114024953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-natural-star-nani-signs-the-film-on-a-profit-sharing-basis/articleshow/66412104.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Anirudh Ravichander]] announced that he will be composing music for the project,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-09|title=Anirudh starts composing for Nani's 'Jersey'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-starts-composing-nani-s-jersey-86259|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301095519/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-starts-composing-nani-s-jersey-86259|url-status=live}}</ref> which marks his second film in Telugu after ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Anirudh Ravichander to score music for the Nani starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-the-nani-starrer/articleshow/65699709.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104144804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-the-nani-starrer/articleshow/65699709.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The technical crew also included [[Sanu John Varghese|Sanu John Vargehse]], [[Naveen Nooli]] and Avinash Kolla as the cinematographer, editor and art director respectively. Initially [[Reba Monica John]] and [[Kashmira Pardeshi]] were roped in as the female leads for the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani's 'Jersey' ropes in '@Nartanasala' beauty Kashmira?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-jersey-ropes-in-nartanasala-beauty-kashmira/articleshow/65682746.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815001945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-jersey-ropes-in-nartanasala-beauty-kashmira/articleshow/65682746.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, [[Shraddha Srinath]] was finalised to star opposite Nani.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Shraddha Srinath signs a Telugu film opposite Nani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shraddha-srinath-signs-a-telugu-film-opposite-nani/articleshow/66260821.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|last1=Suresh|first1=Sunayana|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505014833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shraddha-srinath-signs-a-telugu-film-opposite-nani/articleshow/66260821.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Shraddha claimed that the film's script based on sports is about "emotions and relationships".<ref name=":2" /> [[Harish Kalyan]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harish Kalyan's surprise appearance in Jersey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-surprise-appearance-in-jersey/articleshow/68955340.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505065227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-surprise-appearance-in-jersey/articleshow/68955340.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Sampath Raj]] were signed in other prominent roles. While Adah Sharma was reported to act in a special song in the film,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Adah Sharma's special number opposite Nani in 'Jersey'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adah-sharmas-special-number-opposite-nani-in-jersey/articleshow/67913678.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213013716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adah-sharmas-special-number-opposite-nani-in-jersey/articleshow/67913678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> it was claimed as baseless rumours, since the actress did not confirm her presence.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Adah Sharma claims she has not been approached for a song in 'Jersey'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adah-sharma-claims-she-has-not-been-approached-for-a-song-in-jersey/articleshow/67955059.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adah-sharma-claims-she-has-not-been-approached-for-a-song-in-jersey/articleshow/67955059.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-15|title=Adah Sharma clears air on her appearance in Nani's 'Jersey'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/adah-sharma-clears-air-her-appearance-nani-s-jersey-96762|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301140548/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/adah-sharma-clears-air-her-appearance-nani-s-jersey-96762|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was launched on 17 October 2018, with the presence of the crew members, whilst [[Trivikram Srinivas]] attending the ceremony as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Nani's next with Gowtam Tinnanuri goes on floors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nanis-next-with-gowtam-tinnanuri-goes-on-floors/articleshow/66260691.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nanis-next-with-gowtam-tinnanuri-goes-on-floors/articleshow/66260691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography commenced the very following day, and was held at various places across [[Hyderabad]]. It was revealed that 250 cast and crew members were involved in the making of the film.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title='Journey of Jersey' showcases the effort Nani put in to pull off his role in 'Jersey'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/journey-of-jersey-showcases-the-effort-nani-put-in-to-pull-off-his-role-in-jersey/articleshow/68641448.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517163654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/journey-of-jersey-showcases-the-effort-nani-put-in-to-pull-off-his-role-in-jersey/articleshow/68641448.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The main cricket match that takes place in the film was apparently shot in 24 days on two international and five domestic cricket grounds.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-01|title='Journey of Jersey': The teaser is a sneak peak[sic] into the Nani film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/journey-jersey-teaser-sneak-peak-nani-film-99303|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228164921/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/journey-jersey-teaser-sneak-peak-nani-film-99303|url-status=live}}</ref> 130 professional cricket players were also roped in to be extras for these scenes, with 18 of them coming in from [[England]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> It was revealed that the shooting of the film was wrapped up in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Nani wraps up filming of his next with Gowtham Tinnanuri|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nani-wraps-up-filming-of-his-next-with-gowtham-tinnanuri/articleshow/68199819.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505211919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-nani-wraps-up-filming-of-his-next-with-gowtham-tinnanuri/articleshow/68199819.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Post-release the director had shot two climaxes for the film, however there was no change in the climax scene after Nani condemned rumours about the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What the Hell! Climax of Nani's Jersey in their hands?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/what-the-hell-climax-of-nanis-jersey-in-their-hands/articleshow/68289481.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505175707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/what-the-hell-climax-of-nanis-jersey-in-their-hands/articleshow/68289481.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and analysis ==
In an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', director Tinnanuri stated about the film's plotline which deals with late bloomers,<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-17|title=Nani's Jersey deals with late bloomers and their aspirations|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-movie-jersey-late-bloomers-5451536/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120011140/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-movie-jersey-late-bloomers-5451536/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=Nani's 'Jersey' is a sports drama about late bloomers|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-jersey-sports-drama-about-late-bloomers-97458|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063223/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-jersey-sports-drama-about-late-bloomers-97458|url-status=live}}</ref> who want to aspire in the sports field, but they face difficulties from doing so. He further added:
{{Blockquote|text=The basic plot revolves around the concept of late bloomers. Some people pursue their dreams only after a certain age and they still achieve success. They are known as late bloomers. We have plenty of examples and success stories with regards to it in different fields. But, in the case of sports, the late bloomer concept is somewhat difficult to apply. Because the sports field demands physical fitness. After a certain age, competing in any sports becomes tough. Likewise, Jersey is the story of a man who is settled in life with his wife and kid but aspires to be an Indian cricketer. The story also includes the reasons behind his dream and what he has done to achieve it during the process.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>|author=|title=|source=}}
While some claimed that the film is based on the life of [[Raman Lamba]], Nani and director Tinnanuri claimed that it is a fictional story.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2019-04-10|title=Nani confirms that Jersey is not a biopic|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-confirms-that-jersey-is-not-a-biopic--519850|access-date=2020-11-28|website=www.thehansindia.com|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072803/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-confirms-that-jersey-is-not-a-biopic--519850|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Jersey (soundtrack)}}
The film's [[soundtrack album]] and [[Background Score|background score]] were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his second Telugu project after ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-09|title=Anirudh starts composing for Nani's 'Jersey'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-starts-composing-nani-s-jersey-86259|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The News Minute|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063353/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-starts-composing-nani-s-jersey-86259|url-status=live}}</ref> The album featuring five tracks had lyrics written by Krishna Kanth; four of the tracks were released as singles before the album release on 17 April 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=Jersey - Full Movie Audio Jukebox {{!}} Nani & Shraddha Srinath {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruVHJatQKFI|access-date=2021-05-29|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213549/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruVHJatQKFI|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, two of the tracks were released as bonus singles after the film's release – the first track "Aarambhame Le" was unveiled on 24 April<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani surprises fans with 'Aarambhame Le' video from 'Jersey'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/nani-surprises-fans-with-aarambhame-le-video-from-jersey/articleshow/69073235.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004094831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/nani-surprises-fans-with-aarambhame-le-video-from-jersey/articleshow/69073235.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and another track "Nuvvadiginadhe" was released along with the original background score on 13 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BGM jukebox of Nani and Shraddha Srinath's 'Jersey' released!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bgm-jukebox-of-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-released/articleshow/69308758.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref>


== Marketing and release ==
The first look poster of the film was released on [[New Year's Eve]], 31 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani's first look from his upcoming 'Jersey' to release on New Year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-first-look-from-his-upcoming-jersey-to-release-on-new-year/articleshow/67300845.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028072224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-first-look-from-his-upcoming-jersey-to-release-on-new-year/articleshow/67300845.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani shares glimpses of Jersey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/nani-shares-glimpses-of-jersey/articleshow/67324357.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726185208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/nani-shares-glimpses-of-jersey/articleshow/67324357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The official teaser of the film was released on 12 January 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Teaser of Nani's sports-drama to be out on January 12|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-teaser-of-nanis-sports-drama-to-be-out-on-january-12/articleshow/67483885.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-teaser-of-nanis-sports-drama-to-be-out-on-january-12/articleshow/67483885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and received praise for the portrayal of Nani's character as a cricketer in their mid-30s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Jersey teaser: Nani starrer sports drama looks inspiring|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jersey-teaser-nani-starrer-sports-drama-looks-inspiring-5535478/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234414/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jersey-teaser-nani-starrer-sports-drama-looks-inspiring-5535478/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jersey Teaser: Nani nails it as an ageing cricketer in this inspiring sports-drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-teaser-nani-nails-it-as-an-ageing-cricketer-in-this-inspiring-sports-drama/articleshow/67509590.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115062552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-teaser-nani-nails-it-as-an-ageing-cricketer-in-this-inspiring-sports-drama/articleshow/67509590.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 March 2019, the movie team released a new poster, with resemblance to a magazine cover, which gained attention from film buffs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The new poster of Nani and Shraddha Srinath's 'Jersey' is unique!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-new-poster-of-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-is-unique/articleshow/68331669.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-new-poster-of-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-is-unique/articleshow/68331669.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released on 12 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey' theatrical trailer: Nani promises an emotional sports drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-theatrical-trailer-nani-promises-an-emotional-sports-drama/articleshow/68845139.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-theatrical-trailer-nani-promises-an-emotional-sports-drama/articleshow/68845139.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-12|title=Watch: Nani's 'Jersey' trailer promises a gripping cricket drama|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-nanis-jersey-trailer-promises-gripping-cricket-drama-99902|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729185706/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-nanis-jersey-trailer-promises-gripping-cricket-drama-99902|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's pre-release event was held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]] on 15 April,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Trailer and pre-release event dates of the Nani starrer fixed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-trailer-and-pre-release-event-dates-of-the-nani-starrer-fixed/articleshow/68809288.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=6 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006183040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-trailer-and-pre-release-event-dates-of-the-nani-starrer-fixed/articleshow/68809288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] attending the event as the chief guest, in presence of the film's cast and crew.

The film received a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] without any cuts,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': The Nani starrer passed without any cuts; gets clean U certificate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-the-nani-starrer-passed-without-any-cuts-gets-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/68902021.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309001054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-the-nani-starrer-passed-without-any-cuts-gets-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/68902021.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and released worldwide on 19 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-09|title=Nani starrer Jersey to release on April 19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-starrer-jersey-to-release-on-april-19-5618046/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-starrer-jersey-to-release-on-april-19-5618046/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the film was expected to be released simultaneously in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': The Nani starrer to release in Tamil too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-the-nani-starrer-to-release-in-tamil-too/articleshow/67975944.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505084647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-the-nani-starrer-to-release-in-tamil-too/articleshow/67975944.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the dubbed version was released on [[Sun NXT]] on 27 March 2021 as ''The Cricketer: My Dear Father''.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1374403009120137223|user=sunnxt|title=The critically acclaimed, National Award winning movie #Jersey in Tamil. Coming soon on SUN NXT.|author=SUN NXT}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi on television and [[YouTube]] by Goldmines Telefilms on 13 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qky1I3a2e0Q|title=Jersey (2019) New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie {{!}} Nani, Shraddha Srinath, Sathyaraj, Sanusha|date=2019-10-13|last=Goldmines Telefilms|type=Film|language=Hindi|author-link=Goldmines Telefilms|access-date=2021-10-05|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104181802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qky1I3a2e0Q|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Jersey'' received unanimous critical acclaim , especially for Nani's performance, Tinnanuri's screenplay and emotional sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2019|title=Jersey movie reviews: Jr NTR and Allu Arjun lead glowing ratings from Tollywood for Nani's film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-movie-reviews-jr-ntr-and-allu-arjun-lead-glowing-ratings-from-tollywood-for-nani-s-film-1506046-2019-04-20|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907073616/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-movie-reviews-jr-ntr-and-allu-arjun-lead-glowing-ratings-from-tollywood-for-nani-s-film-1506046-2019-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|71|7.3|7|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jersey |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Neetishta Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars stating, "Jersey will make you laugh, cry and cheer out loud. A while into the film, Nani simply ceases to exist and it is only cricketer Arjun you see."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jersey/movie-review/68952269.cms |title=JERSEY MOVIE REVIEW. |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jersey/movie-review/68952269.cms |url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars stating, "Not just drama, Jersey has enough cricketing moments to draw you to the edge of the seat. Gowtam exactly knows how much of cricket should be shown at a given point in the narration, so that the game doesn't overshadow the human drama."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-19 |title=Jersey movie review: Gowtam Tinnanuri delivers a rewarding sports drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-nani-5684532/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021071133/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-nani-5684532/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Haricharan Pudipeddi gave 4 out of 5 stars stating, "Jersey manages to showcase the cricket games as convincingly as possible. The effort that has gone into getting trained for his character is quite visible in Nani’s performance. From the stands to the shots and the follow through, Nani gets the body language of a batsman right and is a treat to watch while playing."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title=Jersey movie review: Nani, Shraddha Srinath film is a rewarding story of triumph and self discovery|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jersey-movie-review-nani-shraddha-srinath-movie-is-a-rewarding-story-of-triumph-and-self-discovery/story-CsJqO56y6qH5943zX9cGGP.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021065651/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jersey-movie-review-nani-shraddha-srinath-movie-is-a-rewarding-story-of-triumph-and-self-discovery/story-CsJqO56y6qH5943zX9cGGP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars stating "Jersey packs in so many emotional moments that it'll leave you with a heavy heart and loads of tears. It's a blessing that this film exists in Telugu. Watch it, cherish it, and soak yourself in the world of Jersey. They don't make such films so often these days."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title=Jersey movie review: Nani delivers a sublime performance in Gowtam Tinnanuri's emotional tour de force - Entertainment News|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jersey-movie-review-nani-delivers-a-sublime-performance-in-gowtam-tinnanuris-emotional-tour-de-force-6480411.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=www.firstpost.co|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915040956/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jersey-movie-review-nani-delivers-a-sublime-performance-in-gowtam-tinnanuris-emotional-tour-de-force-6480411.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating, "Jersey is a refreshing and compelling sports drama and the film offers many heart-warming moments. Climax sequence is superb. Nani's brilliant performance, emotional scenes and honest narration makes this a good movie."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jersey-review-a-refreshing-and-compelling-sports-drama--review-telugu-tetsA2fdbaiai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423084938/http://www.sify.com/movies/jersey-review-a-refreshing-and-compelling-sports-drama--review-telugu-tetsA2fdbaiai.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2019 |title=Jersey review: A refreshing and compelling sports drama. |website=[[Sify]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Gowtam Tinnanuri presents an endearing sports drama backed by strong performances."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-04-19|title='Jersey' review: A film to savour|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jersey-review-this-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-starrer-directed-by-gowtam-tinnanuri-is-an-endearing-sports-drama/article26887442.ece|access-date=2020-11-28|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419104713/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jersey-review-this-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-starrer-directed-by-gowtam-tinnanuri-is-an-endearing-sports-drama/article26887442.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Film Companion|''Film Companion'']] wrote, "There are a few simple-yet-touching moments that safely put Jersey in a league of its own."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title=An engaging sports drama driven by its lead actor's performance|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/jersey-movie-review-a-sports-film-thats-all-heart/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Film Companion|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806012746/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/jersey-movie-review-a-sports-film-thats-all-heart/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Director Gowtam Tinnanuri's Jersey is not just your regular sports drama. It is an emotional film that talks about a disgruntled cricketer's life, his ever-supporting wife and what it is like to be back to doing what you once considered your life."<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2019|first=Janani|last=K.|title=Jersey Movie Review: Nani and Shraddha Srinath sparkle in excellent sports drama|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-movie-review-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-sparkle-in-excellent-sports-drama-1505613-2019-04-19|access-date=2020-11-28|website=India Today|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128093708/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-movie-review-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-sparkle-in-excellent-sports-drama-1505613-2019-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Keeping the best for last, Gowtam ends the film with a twist which enhances the tale."<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2019-04-21|title=Jersey movie review: Nani's best in this emotional drama|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/210419/jersey-movie-review-nanis-best-in-this-emotional-drama.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The sports drama genre, be it fictional or biopics, is in vogue in Indian cinema. Gowtam Tinnanuri’s biggest challenge with ''Jersey,'' therefore, was to not sound too predictable. But the director pulls it off by choosing to tell a story about failure rather than success. Both Shraddha and Nani are terrific together, portraying two guilt-ridden people who don’t know how to bridge the widening gap between them."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title='Jersey' review: Nani and Shraddha shine in this moving sports drama|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jersey-review-nani-and-shraddha-shine-moving-sports-drama-100321|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072747/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jersey-review-nani-and-shraddha-shine-moving-sports-drama-100321|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| Critics Choice Film Awards
| rowspan="5"| 28 March 2020
| Best Film
| ''Jersey''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|title=Critics Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list|website=The Indian Express|date=2 March 2020|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|website=The Indian Express|date=28 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014141903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| Nani
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor – Female
| Shraddha Srinath
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Writing
| [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[67th National Film Awards|22 March 2021]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film – Telugu]]
| Naga Vamsi (producer) [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] (director)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322165021/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| [[Naveen Nooli]]
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="9" | [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| Sithara Entertainments
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919042626/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Tinnanuri|[[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Nani|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Srinath|[[Shraddha Srinath]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Kanth|Krishna Kanth}} – (for "Needa Padadhani")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Varghese|[[Sanu Varghese]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actor – Telugu (Critics)
|Nani
| {{won}}
|-
|Entertainer of the Year – Telugu
|Nani
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| 11 January 2020
| Favorite Actor of the Year
| [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html|title=Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels|website=Hindustan Times|date=12 January 2020|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114140133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Find of the Year – Female
| [[Shraddha Srinath]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Remake ==
{{main|Jersey (2022 film)}}
''Jersey'' has been remade in [[Hindi]] with the [[Jersey (2022 film)|same title]] by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri|Tinnanuri]] himself, marking as his Hindi directorial debut and produced by [[Dil Raju]], [[Allu Aravind]] and Aman Gill under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] and [[Geetha Arts]]. The film stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-to-hit-the-screens-in-august/503422|title=It's official! Shahid Kapoor to star in the Hindi remake of Jersey|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=14 October 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014060556/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-to-hit-the-screens-in-august/503422|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/14/shahid-kapoor-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-nani-starrer-jersey-2047426.html |title=Shahid Kapoor to star in Hindi remake of Nani-starrer 'Jersey' |date=14 October 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216041837/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/14/shahid-kapoor-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-nani-starrer-jersey-2047426.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8948790}}
{{National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}
{{Gowtam Tinnanuri}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2019 sports films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1986]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Minister of Home Affairs (India)

2026-03-03T05:45:11Z

OmerRobson4867: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Home Affairs
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|hi|Gr̥ha Mantrī}}
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Ministry of Home Affairs India.svg
| insigniasize = 280px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| image = Amit Shah photographed during the first Union Cabinet Meeting of the 18th Lok Sabha (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Amit Shah]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2019|05|30|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| style =
| member_of = [[Union Cabinet of India]] [[Cabinet Committee on Security]]
| reports_to = [[President of India]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Parliament of India]]
| residence = 6A, Krishna Menon Marg, [[New Delhi]]
| seat = Room No. 104, [[North Block]], [[New Delhi]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified = on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = 15 August 1947
| first = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| salary =
| abbreviation = MHA
| website =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Minister of Home Affairs''' or the '''Home Minister''' is the head of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]]. One of the senior-most portfolios in the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]], the chief responsibility of the home minister is the maintenance of the [[internal security]] of [[India]]; the country's large police force comes under its jurisdiction. Occasionally, they are assisted by the minister of state of home affairs and the lower-ranked deputy minister of home affairs.

Ever since the time of independent India's first home minister [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] in the [[union cabinet]]. Like Patel, several home ministers have since held the additional portfolio of [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]]. As of today, three home ministers have gone on to become the prime minister: [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Charan Singh]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. [[Amit Shah]] is the current and the longest serving home minister in [[History of India (1947–present)|history]] from 30 May 2019 till date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=Amit Shah now India's longest-serving home minister. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amit-shah-now-indias-longest-serving-home-minister/articleshow/123127647.cms |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Amit Shah becomes longest-serving Home Minister, PM Modi praises tenure. |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/amit-shah-becomes-longest-serving-home-minister-pm-modi-praises-tenure/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=DD News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=Amit Shah Breaks LK Advani's Record To Become Longest-Serving Home Minister. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-breaks-lk-advanis-record-to-become-longest-serving-home-minister-9021261 |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

On several occasions, the prime minister also held the additional portfolio of the minister of home affairs. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] briefly acted as home minister in 1950 following the demise of Vallabhbhai Patel, [[Indira Gandhi]] briefly served as home minister in 1966 following resignation of [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Morarji Desai]] held the portfolio from 1978 till 1979, [[Chandra Shekhar]] throughout his prime ministerial tenure and [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] briefly served as home minister in 1996.

[[P. Chidambaram]] who served as the home minister from 2008 till 2012 has the rare distinction of serving as both cabinet minister and minister of state in the ministry. He served as minister of state from 1986 till 1989.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The current minister is [[Amit Shah]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who has been in office since 30 May 2019 and succeeded his party colleague [[Rajnath Singh]] as the home minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Home Minister – Shri Amit Shah |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/about-us/meet-the-minister/union-home-minister |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2019 |title=India's security, welfare of people Modi govt's priority: Amit Shah after taking charge as Home Minister |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/indias-security-welfare-of-people-modi-govts-priority-amit-shah-after-taking-charge-as-home-minister-1003999 |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2019 |title=Amit Shah is Home Minister, Rajnath is Defence Minister: Full list of new portfolios in Modi govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Cabinet ministers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |Minister {{small|(birth-death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]''' {{small|(1875{{ndash}}1950) MCA for [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]}} (Deputy Prime Minister)
| 15 August 1947
| 15 December 1950 {{small|''(died in office)''}}
| '''{{ayd|1947|8|15|1950|12|15}}'''
| rowspan="16"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="10" style="width:9em"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! 2
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1964) MP for [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 15 December 1950
| 26 December 1950
| '''{{ayd|1950|12|15|1950|12|26}}'''
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:C Rajagopalachari 1944.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. Rajagopalachari]]''' {{small|(1878{{ndash}}1972) ''Unelected''}}
| 26 December 1950
| 5 November 1951
| '''{{ayd|1950|12|26|1951|11|5}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 4
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Kailash Nath Katju.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kailash Nath Katju]]''' {{small|(1887{{ndash}}1968) MP for [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]}}
| 5 November 1951
| 13 May 1952
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1951|11|5|1955|1|10}}'''
|-
| 13 May 1952
| 10 January 1955
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 5
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Govind Ballabh Pant]]''' {{small|(1887{{ndash}}1961) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| 10 January 1955
| 17 April 1957
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1955|1|10|1961|3|7}}'''
|-
| 17 April 1957
| 7 March 1961 {{small|''(died in office)''}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 6
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1966) MP for [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
| 8 March 1961
| 10 April 1962
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1961|2|26|1963|9|1}}'''
|-
| 11 April 1962
| 29 August 1963
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
! rowspan="5"| 7
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5"| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="5"| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}} (Prime Minister from 27 May{{snd}}9 June 1964; and 11{{snd}}24 January 1966)
| 1 September 1963
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="5"| '''{{ayd|1963|9|1|1966|11|9}}'''
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| '''Self'''
|-
| 9 June 1964
| 11 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'''
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| '''Self'''
|-
| 24 January 1966
| 9 November 1966
| rowspan="3"| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="8"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 9 November 1966
| 13 November 1966
| '''{{ayd|1966|11|9|1966|11|13}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 9
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Yashwantrao Chavan.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]}}
| 13 November 1966
| 13 March 1967
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1966|11|13|1970|6|27}}'''
|-
| 13 March 1967
| 27 June 1970
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
! rowspan="2"| (8)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 27 June 1970
| 13 March 1971
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1970|6|27|1973|2|5}}'''
|-
| 13 March 1971
| 5 February 1973
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
! 10
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
| [[File:Uma Shankar Dikshit Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]''' {{small|(1901{{ndash}}1991) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| 5 February 1973
| 10 October 1974
| '''{{ayd|1973|2|5|1974|10|10}}'''
|-
! 11
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
| [[File:Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1994) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| 10 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}'''
|-
! 12
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[File:Charan Singh Portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Charan Singh]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1987) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
| 24 March 1977
| 1 July 1978
| '''{{ayd|1977|3|24|1978|7|1}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Morarji Desai]]'''
|-
! 13
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[File:Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 July 1978
| 24 January 1979
| '''{{ayd|1978|7|1|1979|1|24}}'''
|-
! 14
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[File:Hirubhai M. Patel Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hirubhai M. Patel]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
| 24 January 1979
| 28 July 1979
| '''{{ayd|1979|1|24|1979|7|28}}'''
|-
! (9)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}" |
| [[File:Yashwantrao Chavan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]}} (Deputy Prime Minister)
| 28 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| '''{{ayd|1979|7|28|1980|1|14}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
| '''[[Charan Singh]]'''
|-
! 15
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India (cropped).png|70px]]
| '''[[Zail Singh]]''' {{small|(1916{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]}}
| 14 January 1980
| 22 June 1982
| '''{{ayd|1980|1|14|1982|6|22}}'''
| rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 16
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Ramaswamy_Venkataraman_(2012_stamp_of_India)_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
| 22 June 1982
| 2 September 1982
| '''{{ayd|1982|6|22|1982|9|2}}'''
|-
! 17
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
| 2 September 1982
| 19 July 1984
| '''{{ayd|1982|9|2|1984|7|19}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 18
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]}}
| 19 July 1984
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1984|7|19|1984|12|31}}'''
|-
| 31 October 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 19
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 12 March 1986
| '''{{ayd|1984|12|31|1986|3|12}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! (18)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]}}
| 12 March 1986
| 12 May 1986
| '''{{ayd|1986|3|12|1986|5|12}}'''
|-
! 20
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Buta Singh at DJ Sheizwoods house (11) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Buta Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]}}
| 12 May 1986
| 2 December 1989
| '''{{ayd|1986|5|12|1989|12|2}}'''
|-
! 21
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[File:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]}}
| 2 December 1989
| 10 November 1990
| '''{{ayd|1989|12|2|1990|12|10}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| '''[[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]'''
|-
! 22
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}" |
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 10 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| '''{{ayd|1990|11|10|1991|6|21}}'''
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}" |
| '''Himself'''
|-
! (19)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2004) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 16 May 1996
| '''{{ayd|1991|6|21|1996|5|16}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'''
|-
! 23
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| '''{{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
! 24
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| '''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2"| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 25
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Indrajit_Gupta_portrait.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Indrajit Gupta]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Midnapore]]}}
| 29 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1996|6|29|1998|3|19}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 21 April 1997
| 19 March 1998
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 26
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Lkadvani.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[L. K. Advani]]''' {{small|(born 1927) MP for [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}} (Deputy Prime Minister from 29 June 2002)
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1998|3|19|2004|5|22}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
| 13 October 1999
| 22 May 2004
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
! 27
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Shivraj Patil in pensive mood at the inauguration of the one day Seminar on “The Role of Media in Bringing Parliament Closer to the People”.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shivraj Patil]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2025) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Maharashtra]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 30 November 2008
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2008|11|30}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 28
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Palaniappan Chidambaram - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[P. Chidambaram]]''' {{small|(born 1945) MP for [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]}}
| 30 November 2008
| 22 May 2009
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2008|11|30|2012|7|31}}'''
|-
| 23 May 2009
| 31 July 2012
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
! 29
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Sushilkumar Shinde.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|(born 1941) MP for [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]]}}
| 31 July 2012
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2012|7|31|2014|5|26}}'''
|-
! 30
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[File:The official portrait of Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajnath Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}}
| 26 May 2014
| 30 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2014|5|27|2019|5|30}}'''
| rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 31
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Shri Amit Shah in Raigad.jpg|91x91px]]
| rowspan="2" | '''[[Amit Shah]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]}}
| 30 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2019|5|31|||}}'''
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| 9 June 2024
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of state==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |Minister {{small|(birth-death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Rustom Khurshedji Sidhwa''' {{small|(1882{{ndash}}1957)}}
| 11 October 1951
| 13 May 1952
| '''{{ayd|1951|10|11|1952|5|13}}'''
| rowspan="11"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:B. N. Datar Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[B. N. Datar]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1963) MP for [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]}}
| 14 February 1956
| 17 April 1957
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|1956|2|14|1963|2|13}}'''
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
| 16 April 1962
| 13 February 1963
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1976) MP for [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]]}}
| 22 February 1963
| 10 March 1964
| '''{{ayd|1963|2|22|1964|3|10}}'''
|-
! rowspan="5"| 4
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
| rowspan="5"| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 10 March 1964
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="5"| '''{{ayd|1964|3|10|1966|11|13}}'''
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
| 9 June 1964
| 11 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'''
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
| 24 January 1966
| 13 November 1966
| rowspan="4"| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]}}
| 13 March 1967
| 27 June 1970
| '''{{ayd|1967|3|13|1970|6|27}}'''
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Personnel and Administrative Reforms)
| 27 June 1970
| 18 March 1971
| '''{{ayd|1970|6|27|1971|3|18}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 7
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}}
| 27 June 1970
| 18 March 1971
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1970|6|27|1973|11|9}}'''
|-
| 18 March 1971
| 9 November 1973
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Om Mehta Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Om Mehta]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}} (Personnel and Administrative Reforms)
| 10 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}'''
|-
! 9
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''S. D. Patil''' {{small|MP for [[Erandol Lok Sabha constituency|Erandol]]}}
| 14 August 1977
| 28 July 1979
| '''{{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Morarji Desai]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 10
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Dhanik Lal Mandal Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2022) MP for [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]}}
| 14 August 1977
| 15 July 1979
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1977|8|14|1980|1|14}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| 30 July 1979
| 14 January 1980
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| '''[[Charan Singh]]'''
|-
! 11
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}}
| 14 January 1980
| 31 October 1984
| '''{{ayd|1980|1|14|1984|10|31}}'''
| rowspan="14"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 12
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Yogendra Makwana]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 14 January 1980
| 15 January 1982
| '''{{ayd|1980|1|14|1982|1|15}}'''
|-
! 13
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Nihar Ranjan Laskar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]''' {{small|(born 1932) MP for [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 7 February 1984
| '''{{ayd|1982|1|15|1984|2|7}}'''
|-
! 14
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 7 February 1984
| 31 October 1984
| '''{{ayd|1984|2|7|1984|10|31}}'''
|-
! (11)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}}
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
|'''{{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="11"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| (14)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994) MP for [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]}}
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1984|11|4|1985|9|25}}'''
|-
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| rowspan="9"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! 15
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Kerala Governor Khan during an inaugural function in 2023.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]}}
| 12 August 1985
| 25 September 1986
| '''{{ayd|1985|8|12|1985|9|25}}'''
|-
! 16
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:P. A. Sangma official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2016) MP for [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]}} (States)
| rowspan="2"| 25 September 1985
| rowspan="2"| 20 January 1986
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|1|20}}'''
|-
! 17
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Arun Nehru.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arun Nehru]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Raebareli]]}} (Internal Security)
|-
! (6)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 14 March 1986
| 14 June 1986
| '''{{ayd|1986|3|14|1986|3|14}}'''
|-
! 18
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]''' {{small|(born 1949) MP for [[Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Washim]]}} (States)
| 12 May 1986
| 22 October 1986
| '''{{ayd|1986|5|12|1986|10|22}}'''
|-
! 19
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Palaniappan Chidambaram - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. Chidambaram]]''' {{small|(born 1945) MP for [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]}}
| 24 June 1986
| 2 December 1989
| '''{{ayd|1986|6|24|1989|12|2}}'''
|-
! 20
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Chintamani Panigrahi]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}
| 22 October 1986
| 25 June 1988
| '''{{ayd|1986|10|22|1988|6|25}}'''
|-
! 21
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Mohan Dev addressing the press conference in New Delhi on November 20, 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Mohan Dev]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]}} (Internal Security)
| 25 June 1988
| 2 December 1989
| '''{{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|12|2}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 22
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:The Union Tourism Minister, Shri Subodh Kant Sahai addressing at the National Tourism Awards 2010-2011 presentation ceremony, in New Delhi on February 29, 2012.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]}}
| 23 April 1990
| 5 November 1990
| '''{{ayd|1990|4|23|1990|11|5}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| '''[[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| 21 November 1990
| 21 June 1991
| '''{{ayd|1990|11|5|1991|6|21}}'''
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]'''
|-
! 23
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. M. Jacob]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Kerala]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 21 June 1991
| 17 January 1993
| '''{{ayd|1991|6|21|1993|1|17}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'''
|-
! 24
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Rajesh Pilot 2008 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajesh Pilot]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]}} (Internal Security)
| 18 January 1993
| rowspan="2"| 15 September 1995
| '''{{ayd|1993|1|18|1995|9|15}}'''
|-
! 25
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:P.M. Sayeed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. M. Sayeed]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]}}
| 19 January 1993
| '''{{ayd|1993|1|19|1995|9|15}}'''
|-
! 26
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Syed Sibtey Razi in 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Sibtey Razi]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2022) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| rowspan="3"| 15 September 1995
| rowspan="3"| 16 May 1996
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|1995|9|15|1996|5|16}}'''
|-
! 27
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Ram Lal Rahi]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]]}}
|-
! 28
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Meijinlung Kamson]]''' {{small|(born 1939) MP for [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]}}
|-
! 29
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Mohammad Taslimuddin (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]''' {{small|(1943{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]}}
| 1 June 1996
| 9 June 1996
| '''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|9}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 30
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Maqbool Dar]]''' {{small|(1943{{ndash}}2008) MP for [[Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag]]}}
| 10 July 1996
| 21 April 1997
| '''{{ayd|1996|7|10|1997|4|21}}'''
|-
| 1 May 1997
| 19 March 1998
| '''{{ayd|1997|5|1|1998|3|19}}'''
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| '''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]'''
|-
! 31
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Governor Ram Naik.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Naik]]''' {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]}}
| 5 May 1999
| 13 October 1999
| '''{{ayd|1999|5|5|1999|10|13}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5" style="width:9em"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
! 32
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:I. D. Swami at 52nd All India Police Athletic Championship 2003.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[I. D. Swami]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2019) MP for [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2004|5|22}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
! 33
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:C. Vidyasagar Rao with Venkaiah Naidu (cropped).png|70px]]
| '''[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1941) MP for [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 29 January 2003
| '''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|1|29}}'''
|-
! 34
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Harin Pathak 2014-01-21 09-56.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Harin Pathak]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]}}
| 29 January 2003
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|2003|1|29|2004|5|22}}'''
|-
! 35
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Swami Chinmayanand releasing a book in 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Chinmayanand Swami]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]}}
| 24 May 2003
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|2003|5|24|2004|5|22}}'''
|-
! 36
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manikrao Gavit taking office in 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2022) MP for [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 6 April 2007
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|4|6}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="5"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="10"| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! 37
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shriprakash Jaiswal delivering speech 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
! 38
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:S. Regupathy in 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. Regupathy]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 15 May 2007
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
! 38
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:V. Radhika Selvi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. Radhika Selvi]]''' {{small|(born 1976) MP for [[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]]}}
| 18 May 2007
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|2007|5|18|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
! 39
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shakeel Ahmad briefing media April 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shakeel Ahmad]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]}}
| 6 April 2008
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|2008|4|6|2009|5|22}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 40
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mullappally Ramachandran.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mullappally Ramachandran]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2014|5|26}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
! 41
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ajay Maken (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajay Maken]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}'''
|-
! 42
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gurudas Kamat New Delhi on November 15, 2010.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gurudas Kamat]]''' {{small|(1954–2018) MP for [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 12 July 2011
| '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2011|7|12}}'''
|-
! 43
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Maharaja Jitendra Singh Naruka of Alwar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]}}
| 12 July 2011
| 28 October 2012
| '''{{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|10|28}}'''
|-
! 44
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Prime Minister of Bhutan, Mr. Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay meeting the Minister of State for Home, Shri R.P.N. Singh, in New Delhi on August 30, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|R. P. N. Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Kushi Nagar]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|5|26}}'''
|-
! 45
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kiren Rijiju]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}}
| 26 May 2014
| 30 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2014|5|26|2019|5|30}}'''
| rowspan="9"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="9"| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
! 46
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 5 July 2016
| '''{{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|5}}'''
|-
! 47
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:HG Ahir Meets CM Fadnavis.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}'''
|-
! 48
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:G. Kishan Reddy in 2025.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[G. Kishan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| '''{{ayd|2019|5|31|2021|7|7}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
! 49
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Nityanand Rai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nityanand Rai]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MP for [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|2019|5|31|2024|6|9}}'''
|-
! 50
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ajay Mishra Teni (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajay Mishra Teni]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MP for [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 7 July 2021
| rowspan="2"| 9 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}'''
|-
! 51
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Nisith Pramanik Minister.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nisith Pramanik]]''' {{small|(born 1986) MP for [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]}}
|-
! (49)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Nityanand Rai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nityanand Rai]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MP for [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 10 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
! 52
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sanjay Bandi Bjp.png|70px]]
| '''[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]}}
|-
|}

==Deputy ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:17em" |Minister {{small|(birth-death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. N. Datar Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. N. Datar]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1963) MP for [[Belgaum North Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum North]]}}
| 12 August 1952
| 14 February 1956
| '''{{ayd|1952|8|12|1956|2|14}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6" style="width:9em"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! 2
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Violet Alva stamp (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Violet Alva]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1969) MP for [[Bombay state|Bombay]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 23 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| '''{{ayd|1957|4|23|1962|4|10}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Maragatham Chandrasekar Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]}}
| 8 May 1962
| 27 May 1964
| '''{{ayd|1962|5|8|1964|5|27}}'''
| rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
! 4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lalit Narayan Mishra 1976 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1975) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 26 February 1964
| 27 May 1964
| '''{{ayd|1964|2|26|1964|5|27}}'''
|-
! (3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Maragatham Chandrasekar Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]}}
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| '''{{ayd|1964|5|27|1964|6|9}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
! rowspan="3"| (4)
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Lalit Narayan Mishra 1976 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1975) MP for [[Bihar]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|1964|5|27|1966|1|24}}'''
|-
| 9 June 1964
| 11 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'''
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Purnendu Sekhar Naskar Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]''' {{small|(1921-1993) MP for [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 March 1967
| '''{{ayd|1966|1|24|1967|3|13}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 6
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]}}
| 14 February 1966
| 13 March 1967
| '''{{ayd|1966|2|14|1967|3|13}}'''
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[K. S. Ramaswamy]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Madras state|Madras]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 18 March 1967
| 18 March 1971
| '''{{ayd|1967|3|18|1971|3|18}}'''
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|
| '''[[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|1971|5|2|1977|3|24}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 9
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Ram Lal Rahi]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 15 September 1995
| '''{{ayd|1991|6|21|1995|9|15}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| {{nobold|''Position not in use since 1995''}}
|-
|}

== Length of Tenure ==
===List by length of tenure===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Finance Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total tenure
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Amit Shah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| '''{{Age in years and days|30 May 2019}}'''
| '''{{Age in years and days|30 May 2019}}'''
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| L K Advani
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6 years, 64 days
| 6 years, 64 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" |3
| Govind Vallabh Pant
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6 years, 56 days
| 6 years, 56 days
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mha.gov.in Home Ministry, Govt. of India]
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah take charge of Home Ministry of India 2019]

{{Home Ministers of India}}
{{Heads of the Ministries of the Government of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Home Affairs (India) Minister}}
[[Category:Union ministers of India|Home Affairs]]
[[Category:Ministers of internal affairs of India]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of India]]

Bhaskar Hazarika

2026-03-01T22:32:53Z

OmerRobson4867: created some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhaskar Hazarika
| image = Bhaskar Hazarika in 2017.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Image of Bhaskar Hazarika in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| occupation = Film director, writer, producer
| awards =
}}
'''Bhaskar Hazarika''' is a [[National Film Awards]]-winning Indian film director who makes films in [[Assamese language]]. His notable films include ''[[Kothanodi]]'' (2015), ''[[Aamis]]'' (2019), and ''[[Emuthi Puthi]]'' (2022) (as a writer).<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=8 April 2024 |title=I Have An Extremely Bleak View Of Humanity: National Award Winner Bhaskar Hazarika |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/i-have-an-extremely-bleak-view-of-humanity-national-award-winner-bhaskar-hazarika|website=Outlook |location= |publisher= |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> He is known for exploring dark and complex themes in his films. ''Kothanodi'' and ''Emuthi Puthi'' won [[National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film]] in the respective years.<ref name="63rdawards">{{cite web | url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf | title=63rd National Film Awards | publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals | date=28 March 2016 | access-date=28 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215071718/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf | archive-date=15 December 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="70thaward">{{cite press release|title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced; Aattam bags the Best Feature Film award |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=16 August 2024|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4769297|name=Bhaskar Hazarika}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Major Pillar Edicts

2026-02-28T18:26:40Z

OmerRobson4867: /* External links */Rmv Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district Category:Junagadh

{{Short description|Edicts of the Indian emperor Ashoka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Major Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
| image = [[File:Delhi-Topra pillar edicts.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = Major Pillar Edicts on the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]].
| material = Sandstone
| size =
| writing =
| created = 3rd century BCE
| discovered =
| location = [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Afghanistan]]
| id =
| registration =
| map ={{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|width = 300
|caption = [[File:Brown 5C3317.svg|6px]] Location of the Major Pillar Edicts. [[File:Pfeil rechts.svg|8px]] New locations after displacement.
|border=none
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.998479|N |long=84.408476|E |label=[[Lauria Nandangarh]]|position=top |mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.350588|N |long=81.389549|E |label=[[Kosambi]]|position=left |mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.7|N |long=81|E |label=|position=left |mark=Pfeil rechts.svg|label_size=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.431111|N |long=82.87500|E |label=[[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad]]|mark=1x1.png|marksize=16|position=bottom |label_size=50}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=30.1252|N |long=77.1623|E |label=[[Topra]]|position=top |mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=29.9|N |long=75.7|E |label=|position=top |mark=Pfeil unten.svg|label_size=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=28.635739|N |long=77.245398|E |label=[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|New Delhi]]|mark=1x1.png|marksize=16|position=left |label_size=50}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=28.99|N |long=77.70|E |label=[[Meerut]]|position=bottom |mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=28.2|N |long=76.0|E |label=|position=top |mark=Pfeil links.svg|label_size=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.550227|N |long=84.647581|E |label=[[Lauriya Araraj]]|mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|position=right |label_size=75}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.27|N |long=84.50|E |label=[[Rampurva]]|position=right |mark=Brown 5C3317.svg|marksize=16|label_size=75}}
}}
}}
{{Ashoka Edicts articles}}
The '''Major Pillar Edicts''' of Indian Emperor [[Ashoka]] refer to 7 separate major [[Edicts of Ashoka]] inscribed on columns (the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]), which are significantly detailed and are among the earliest dated inscriptions of any Indian monarch. An English translation of the Edicts was published by [[Romila Thapar]].<ref name=RT>{{Cite web |url=http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf |title=Ashoka and the decline of the Mauryas |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517144931/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

These edicts are preceded chronologically by the [[Minor Rock Edicts]] (11th year of his reign), [[Major Rock Edicts]] (12th year of his reign), and Minor pillar edicts (12th year of his reign) and constitute the most technically elegant of the inscriptions made by Ashoka. They were made at the end of the reign of Ashoka (during the 26th and 27th years of his reign), that is, from 237 to 236 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yailenko |first1=Valeri P. |title=Les maximes delphiques d'Aï Khanoum et la formation de la doctrine du dhamma d'Asoka |journal=Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne |date=1990 |volume=16 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.3406/dha.1990.1467 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_1_1467 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Chronologically they follow the fall of [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] power in [[Central Asia]] and the related rise of the [[Parthian Empire]] and the independent [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] {{Circa|250 BCE}}, and Hellenistic rulers are not mentioned anymore in these last edicts.

Edict No.7, the last Major Pillar Edict, appears exclusively on the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]], and is testamental in nature, making a summary of the accomplishments of Ashoka during his life.

==History==
[[Ashoka]] was the third monarch of the [[Maurya Empire]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], reigning from around 269 BCE.<ref name="colostate">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|accessdate=2007-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314160034/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|archivedate=14 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ashoka famously converted to Buddhism and renounced violence soon after being victorious in a gruesome [[Kalinga War]], yet filled with deep remorse for the bloodshed of the war. Although he was a major historical figure, little definitive information was known as there were few records of his reign until the 19th century when a large number of his edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars, were found in modern-day [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]. These many edicts were concerned with practical instructions in running a kingdom such as the design of irrigation systems and descriptions of Ashoka's beliefs in peaceful moral behavior. They contain little personal detail about his life.<ref name="colostate"/>

==List of the Major Pillar Edicts ==
The Major Pillar Edicts of Ashoka were exclusively inscribed on the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] or fragments thereof, at [[Kausambi]] (now [[Allahabad pillar]]), [[Topra Kalan]], [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Meerut]], [[Lauriya Araraj|Lauriya-Araraj]], [[Lauria Nandangarh]], [[Rampurva]] ([[Champaran]]), and fragments of these in Aramaic ([[Kandahar Aramaic inscription|Kandahar, Edict No.7]] and [[Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription|Pul-i-Darunteh, Edict No.5 or No.7]] in [[Afghanistan]])<ref>Inscriptions of Asoka de D.C. Sircar [https://books.google.com/books?id=1_omDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 p.30]</ref><ref>Handbuch der Orientalistik de Kurt A. Behrendt [https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA39 p.39]</ref> However many pillars, such as the bull pillar of [[Rampurva]], or the pillar of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] do not have inscriptions.

These pillar edicts include:<ref name=RT/>

Major Pillar Edict I 
Asoka's principle of protection of the people

Major Pillar Edict II 
Defines dhamma as a minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness and purity

Major Pillar Edict III 
Preach to avoid practices of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride and other sins among the subjects

Major Pillar Edict IV 
Prescribe duties and responsibilities of Rajukas, who would go every five years to different parts of empire to spread Dhamma

Major Pillar Edict V 
A list of animals and birds which should not be killed on certain days, and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all occasions. Describes the release of 25 prisoners by Ashoka.

Major Pillar Edict VI 
Dhamma Policy
[[File:Delhi Topra pillar Major Pillar Edict No7.jpg|thumb|Delhi Topra pillar Major Pillar Edict No.7.]]
Major Pillar Edict VII 
Works done by Asoka for Dhamma Policy. He says that all sects desire both self-control and purity of mind. This edict only appears on the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]].

===Language of Inscriptions ===
Only one language was used on the pillars: [[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]]. A few derived inscriptions were made on rock in [[Aramaic]], in areas of [[Afghanistan]]. The edicts are composed in [[Grammar|non-standardized]] and archaic forms Prakrit.

===Authorship===
The Major Pillar Edicts are generally attributed to [[Ashoka]].<ref name="CIB235"/> Strictly speaking though, the inscriptions of the Major Pillar Edicts, just as those of the [[Major Rock Edicts]], are not inscribed in the name of "Ashoka", but in the name of "[[Devanampriya]]" ("Beloved of the God", thought to be a general regnal title like "Our Lord"), "Devanampriya [[Priyadasi]]" ("Our Lord Priyadasi", or literally "Our Lord who glances amicably") or "Devanampriya Priyadasi Raja" ("Our Lord the King Priyadasi").<ref name="CIB235">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |pages=235–240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |language=en}}</ref> This title also appears in Greek in the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]], when naming the author of the proclamation as βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης ("King Piyodasses"), and in Aramaic in the same inscription as "our lord, king Priyadasin".<ref name="Asokan studies">{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |page=113 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n125/mode/2up}}</ref>

{{One source section|date=March 2025}}
{{Fringe section|date=March 2025}}
{{Undue weight section|date=March 2025}}

The association of the Major inscriptions with "[[Ashoka]]" is only a reconstruction based on the 3rd-4th century CE ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' which associates the name "Ashoka" with the name "Priyadarsi", and an extrapolation based on the fact that the name "Ashoka" appears with the title "Devanampriya" ("Beloved of the Gods") in a few of the [[Minor Rock Edicts]].<ref name="CIB235"/> [[Christopher Beckwith]] — whose theories are not accepted by mainstream scholarship — has suggested that "Priyadarsi" was a king in his own right, probably the son of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] known to the Greeks as [[Amitrochates]], and [[Ashoka]] was either a Buddhist legend or a much later king who authored the Buddhist [[Minor Rock Edicts]] around the 1st century CE.<ref name="CIB235"/>

Conversely, the Major Pillar Edicts in the name of King Priyadasi do not have a clear Buddhist character, being mainly codes of conduct gathered under the name of "Dharma" (translated as ''[[Eusebeia]]'' ("Piety") in Greek and "Truth" in Aramaic in the [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]]), and never mentioning [[Buddhism]], the [[Buddha]] or the [[Samgha]] (except for Edict no 7 which mentions the Samgha, but the authenticity of which has been doubted by Christopher Beckwith).<ref name="CIB235"/>

However, many of Beckwith's methodologies and interpretations concerning early Buddhism, inscriptions, and archaeological sites have been criticized by other scholars, such as [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] and [[Osmund Bopearachchi]].<ref name="Bopearachchi">{{cite journal|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|title=Review of C.I. Beckwith, ''Greek Buddha''|year=2016|url=https://www.academia.edu/30812686|journal=Ancient West & East|volume=15|page=341-342|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031701/https://www.academia.edu/30812686|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bronkhorst">{{cite book|last=Bronkhorst|first=Johannes|title=How the Brahmins Won|year=2016|publisher=Brill|pages=483–489|url=https://www.academia.edu/25308643|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162155/https://www.academia.edu/25308643|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], Beckwith's theory is "an outlier and no mainstream Ashokan scholar would subscribe to that view."<ref name="Olivelle">{{cite book | last=Olivelle | first=Patrick | title=Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King | publisher=Yale University Press | date=2024 | page=xxviii | isbn=978-0-300-27000-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3gEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Description of the pillars==
The Major Pillar Edicts of Ashoka are exclusively inscribed on the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] or fragments thereof, although many pillars, such as the bull pillar of [[Rampurva]], or the pillar of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] do not have inscriptions. A few other pillars (the pillars of [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]], [[Rummindei]] and [[Nigali Sagar]]) only have very short inscriptions (the "Schism Edicts", the "Queen's Edict", the "Rummindei Edict" and the "Nigali Sagar Edict"), forming the [[Minor Pillar Edicts]].

The Major Pillar Edicts (excluding the two fragments of translations found in modern [[Afghanistan]]) are all located in the [[Gangetic Plain]], in contrast with the [[Major Rock Edicts]], which appear exclusively at the borders of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirakawa |first1=Akira |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |date=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120809550 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&pg=PA96 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edicts of Ashoka
! scope = "col" width = "10%" | Name !! scope = "col" |Map !! scope = "col" | Location !! scope = "col" | Pillar !! scope = "col" | Capital/ Close-up !! scope = "col" | Rubbing
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar, Lauriya-Navandgarh|Lauriya-Navandgarh]] ||{{Main|Lauria Nandangarh}}Located in Lauriya-Nandangarh, [[Bethia]], Bihar, India [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ashoka+Pillar+at+Lauria+Nandangarh/@26.9984283,84.407952,282m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39937cee76f7ce99:0x2c7f29363b6a2a26!8m2!3d26.9984579!4d84.4085256?hl=en Google map] Major Pillar Edicts 1–6.<ref name=DKC/> {{coord|26.998479|84.408476|display=inline}}||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
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| label = [[Lauria Nandangarh]]
| label_size = 70
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| lat_deg = 26.998479
| lon_deg =84.408476
}}
||[[File:Lauria Nandangarh pillar of Ashoka side view.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Close view of Lauriya Nandangarh Ashoka Pillar.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ashoka pillar lauriya-navandgarh1.png|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar, Allahabad|Allahabad]]||{{main|Allahabad pillar}}[[Allahabad Fort]], [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Major Pillar Edicts 1–6.<ref name=DKC>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the ... by Dilip K Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 p.32]</ref> Also has one Schism Edict and the "Queen Edict" Former location in [[Kosambi]]: {{Coord|25.350588|81.389549|display=inline}} Current location in Allahabad: {{Coord|25.431111|81.87500|display=inline}}||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
| float =
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| relief = yes
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| label = [[Allahabad]]
| label_size = 70
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| lon_deg =81.875
}}
||[[File:Ashoka_pillar,_Allahabad,_c.1900.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Frieze_of_capital_of_Lat_at_Allahabad.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ashoka_pillar_allahabad.png|100px]]
|-
|[[Delhi-Topra pillar|Delhi-Topra]]||{{main|Delhi-Topra pillar}}Located in [[Delhi]], originally from [[Topra]] in [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Haryana]]. Major Pillar Edicts 1–7.<ref name=DKC/> Former location in Topra: {{Coord|30.1252|77.1623|display=inline}} Current location in New-Delhi: {{Coord|28.635739|77.245398|display=inline}}||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
| float =
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| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Topra]]
| label_size = 70
| position = top
| background =
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| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 30.1252
| lon_deg =77.1623
}}
||[[File:Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 05.JPG|100px]] ||[[File:Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Delhi-Meerut pillar|Delhi-Meerut]]||{{main|Ashokan Edicts in Delhi}}Located in [[Delhi]], originally from [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Major Pillar Edicts 1–6.<ref name=DKC/> Former location in Meerut: {{Coord|28.99|77.70|display=inline}} Current location in Delhi: {{Coord|28.673853|77.211849|display=inline}}||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
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| alt =
| relief = yes
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| lat_deg = 28.99
| lon_deg =77.70
}}
||[[File:Asokan Pillar.JPG|100px]] || [[File:Delhi-Meerut pillar inscription.jpg|100px]]||[[File:Ashoka pillar delhi4.png|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Ashoka pillar, Lauriya-Araraj|Lauriya-Araraj]] ||{{main|Lauriya Araraj}}Located in Lauriya near Areraj, [[Bethia]], [[Bihar]], India. Major Pillar Edicts 1–6.<ref name=DKC/> {{coord|26.550227|84.647581|display=inline}} ||
{{Location map
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||[[File:Ashoka pillar, Lauriya-Araraj.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ashoka Lauriya Areraj inscription.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ashoka pillar lauriya-araraj1.png|100px]]
|-
|[[:Commons:Category:Rampurva|Rampurva]] ||{{main|Rampurva}}Located in [[Rampurva]], [[Bethia]], Bihar, India Major Pillar Edicts 1–6.<ref name=DKC/> Another pillar of Rampurva, the bull pillar, does not have inscriptions. {{coord|27.2699|84.4995|display=inline}}||
{{Location map
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||[[File:Rampurva pillars.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Lion Capital - Chunar Sandstone - Circa 3rd Century BCE - Rampurva - ACCN 6298-6299 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4432.JPG|70px]] ||[[File:Rampurva pillar north face.jpg|100px]]
|-
|}

==Content of the Edicts==

===Major Pillar Edict 1===
Asoka's principle of protection of the people.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 1
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King [[Devanampriya|Beloved of the Gods]] [[Priyadarsin]] speaks thus.
This rescript on morality was caused to be written by me (when I had been) anointed twenty-six years.

(Happiness) in this (world) and in the other (world) is difficult to secure without great love of morality, careful examination, great obedience, great fear (of sin), (and) great energy.

But indeed by my instruction this regard for morality and love of morality have been promoted day by day and will progress still (more).

And my agents also, both the high ones and the low ones and those of middle rank, are conforming to and practising (morality), (and are thus) able to stir up fickle (persons).

In the same way the [[Mahamatras]] of the borderers also (are acting). For (their) instruction (is) this, viz. to protect according to morality, to dispose according to morality, to cause pleasure according to morality, (and) to guard (their speech) according to morality.

|1st Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 1.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 2===
Defines dhamma as a minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness and purity.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 2
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.

(To practise) morality is meritorious; but what does morality include?
(It includes) few sins, many virtuous deeds, compassion, liberality, truthfulness, (and) purity.

The gift of spiritual insight also has been bestowed by me in many ways.

On bipeds and quadrupeds, on birds and aquatic animals various benefits have been conferred by me, (even) to the boon of life.
And many other virtuous deeds also have been performed by me.

For the following purpose was this rescript on morality caused to be written by me, (viz.) in order that (men) might conform to it, and that it might be of long duration. And he who will act thus will perform good deeds.

|2nd Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 2.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 3===
Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride etc.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 3
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.

(Men) regard only (their) virtuous deeds, (thinking): "This virtuous deed has been performed by me". They do not at all regard (their) evil deeds, (thinking) : "This evil deed has been performed by me". This very (act) is called a sin.

Now this is indeed difficult to recognize. But indeed this ought to be regarded thus: these (passions), viz. fierceness, cruelty, anger, pride, envy, are called sinful. Let me not ruin (myself) by (these) very (passions).

The following ought to be specially regarded:
"This (action conduces) to my (happiness) in this (world), that other (action) to my (happiness) in the other (world).

|3rd Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 3.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 4===
Deals with duties of Rajukas.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 4
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.

This rescript on morality was caused to be written by me (when I had been) anointed twenty-six years.

My Lajukas are occupied with the people, with many hundred thousands of men.

I have ordered that either rewards or punishments are left to their discretion, in order that the Lajukas should perform (their) duties confidently (and) fearlessly, that they should bestow welfare and happiness on the people of the country, and that they should confer benefits (on them).

They will know how to cause pleasure and to cause pain (to them), and will exhort the people of the country through those who are devoted to morality, in order that they may attain (happiness) both in this (world) and in the other (world).

The Lajukas also must obey me. They will also obey the agents who know (my) wishes. And these (agents) will also exhort those (people), in order that the Lajukas may be able to please me.

For, as one feels confident after having entrusted (his) child to an intelligent nurse, (thinking): "The intelligent nurse will be able to keep my child well", so the Lajukas were appointed by me for the welfare and happiness of the country-people.

In order that they should perform (their) duties, being fearless, confident, (and) unperturbed, for this (purpose) I have ordered that either rewards or punishments are left to the discretion of the Lajukas.

For the following is to be desired, (viz,) that there should be both impartiality in judicial proceedings and impartiality in punishments.

And my order (reaches) even so far (that) a respite of three days is granted by me to persons lying in prison on whom punishment has been passed, (and) who have been condemned to death.

(In this way) either (their) relatives will persuade those [Lajukas) to (grant) their life, or, if there is none who persuades (them), they will bestow gifts or will undergo fasts in order to (attain happiness) in the other (world).

For my desire is this, that, even when the time (of respite) has expired, they should attain (happiness) in the other (world).

And various moral practices, self-control, (and) the distribution of gifts are (thus) promoted among the people.

|4th Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 4.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 5===
A list of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days, and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all occasions. Describes the release of 25 prisoners by Asoka.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 5
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadansin speaks thus.

(When I had been) anointed twenty-six years, the following animals were declared by me inviolable, viz. parrots, mainas, the aruna, ruddy geese, wild geese, the nandimukha, the gelata, bats, queen-ants, terrapins, boneless fish, the vedaveyaka, the Ganga-puputaka, skate-fish, tortoises and porcupines, squirrels (?), the srimara, bulls set at liberty, iguanas (?), the rhinoceros, white doves, domestic doves, (and) all the quadrupeds which are neither useful nor edible.

Those [she-goats], ewes, and sows (which are) either with young or in milk, are inviolable, and also those (of their) young ones (which are) less than six months old.

Cocks must not be caponed.

Husks containing living animals must not be burnt.

Forests must not be burnt either uselessly or in order to destroy (living beings).

Living animals must not be fed with (other) living animals.

Fish are inviolable, and must not be sold, on the three Chaturmasis (and) on the Tishya full-moon during three days, (viz.) the fourteenth, the fifteenth, (and) the first (tithit), and invariably on every fast-day.

And during these same days also no other classes of animals which are in the elephant-park (and) in the preserves of the fishermen, must be killed.

On the eighth (tithi) of (every) fortnight, on the fourteenth, on the fifteenth, on Tishya, on [[Punarvasu]], on the three [[Chaturmasya|Chaturmasis]], (and) on festivals, bulls must not be castrated, (and) he-goats, rams, boars, and whatever other (animals) are castrated (otherwise), must not be castrated;(then).

On Tishya, on Punarvasu, on the Chaturmasis, (and) during the fortnight of (every) Chaturmasis, horses (and) bullocks must not be branded.

Until (I had been) anointed twenty-six years, in this period the release of prisoners was ordered by me twenty-five (times).

|5th Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 5.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 6===
Dhamma Policy.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 6
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.

(When I had been) anointed twelve years, rescripts on morality were caused to be written by me for the welfare and happiness of the people, (in order that), not transgressing those (rescripts), they might attain a promotion of morality in various respects.

(Thinking): "Thus the welfare and happiness of the people (will be secured)" I am directing my attention not only to (my) relatives, but to those who are near and far, in order that I may lead-them to happiness, and I am instructing (them) accordingly.

In the same manner I am directing my attention to all classes. And all the sects have been honoured by me with honours of various kinds.

But this is considered by me (my) principal (duty), viz. visiting (the people) personally.

(When I had been) anointed twenty-six years, this rescript on morality was caused to be written by me.

|6th Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n285 Inscriptions of Asoka p.128-130]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Delhi-Topra Major Pillar Edict 6.jpg|thumb]]
|}

===Major Pillar Edict 7===
Works done by Asoka for Dhamma Policy. He says that all sects desire both self-control and purity of mind. This edict only appears on the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]], at the fortress of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] in [[New Delhi]].

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Major Pillar Edict 7
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script
|-
| align = left |
{{blockquote |
King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
The kings who were in times past, had this desire, that men might (be made to) progress by the promotion of morality; but men were not made to progress by an adequate promotion of morality.

Concerning this, King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
The following occurred to me. On one hand, in times past kings had this desire, that men might (be made to) progress by an adequate promotion of morality; (but) on the other hand, men were not made to progress by an adequate promotion of morality. How then might men (be made to) conform to (morality)? How might men (be made to) progress by an adequate promotion of morality? How could I elevate them by the promotion of morality?

Concerning this, King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
The following occurred to me. I shall issue proclamations on morality, (and) shall order instruction in morality (to be given).
Hearing this, men will conform to (it), will be elevated, and will (be made to) progress considerably by the promotion of morality. For this purpose proclamations on morality were issued by me, (and) manifold instruction in morality was ordered (to be given), [in order that those agents] (of mine) too, who are occupied with many people, will exhort (them) and will explain (morality to them) in detail. The Lajukas also, who are occupied with many hundred thousands of men, —these too were ordered by me: "In such and such a manner exhort ye the people who are devoted to morality".

Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
Having in view this very (matter), I have set up [[Pillars of Ashoka|pillars of morality]] (''Dhaṃma taṃbhāni'', ie "pillars of the Dharma"), appointed [[Mahamatra]]s of morality (''Dhaṃma Mahāmātā'', the "Inspectors of the Dharma"), (and) issued [proclamations] on morality.

King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted. And (at intervals) of eight kos wells were caused to be dug by me, and flights of steps (for descending into the water) were caused to be built. Numerous drinking-places were caused to be established by me, here and there, for the enjoyment of cattle and men. [But] this so-called enjoyment (is) [of little consequence]. For with various comforts have the people been blessed both by former kings and by myself. But by me this has been done for the following purpose: that they might conform to that practice of morality.

Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
Those my [[Mahamatra]]s of morality too are occupied with affairs of many kinds which are beneficial to ascetics as well as to householders, and they are occupied also with all sects. Some (Mahamatras) were ordered by me to busy themselves with the affairs of the [[Sangha]]; likewise others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] (and) [[Ajivika]]s; others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the [[Nirgrantha]]s; others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with various (other) sects; (thus) different Mahamatras (are busying themselves) specially with different (congregations). But my Mahamatras of morality are occupied with these (congregations) as well as with all other sects.

King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
Both these and many other chief (officers) are occupied with the delivery of the gifts of myself as well as of the queens, and among my whole harem [they are reporting] in divers ways different worthy recipients of charity both here and in the provinces. And others were ordered by me to busy themselves also with the delivery of the gifts of (my) sons and of other queens' sons, in order (to promote) noble deeds of morality (and) the practice of morality. For noble deeds of morality and the practice of morality (consist in) this, that (morality), viz. compassion, liberality, truthfulness, purity, gentleness, and goodness, will thus be promoted among men.

King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
Whatsoever good deeds have been performed by me, those the people have imitated, and to those they are conforming. Thereby they have been made to progress and will (be made to) progress in obedience to mother and father, in obedience to elders, in courtesy to the aged, in courtesy to Brahmanas and [[Sramana]]s, to the poor and distressed, (and) even to [[dasa|slaves]] and servants.

King Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin speaks thus.
Now this progress of morality among men has been promoted (by me) only in two ways, (viz.) by moral restrictions and by conversion. But among these (two), those moral restrictions are of little consequence; by conversion, however, (morality is promoted) more considerably. Now moral restrictions indeed are these, that I have ordered this, (that) certain animals are inviolable. But there are also many other moral restrictions which have been imposed by me. By conversion, however, the progress of morality among men has been promoted more considerably, (because it leads) to abstention from hurting living beings (and) to abstention from killing animals.

Now for the following purpose has this been ordered, that it may last as long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign and) as long as the moon and the sun (shall shine), and in order that (men) may conform to it. For if one conforms to this, (happiness) in this (world) and in the other (world) will be attained.

This rescript on morality was caused to be written by me (when I had been) anointed twenty-seven years.

Concerning this, Beloved of the Gods says.
This rescript on morality must be engraved there, where either stone pillars or stone slabs are (available), in order that this may be of long duration.
|7th Major Pillar Edict. Translation by [[E. Hultzsch]] (1857-1927). Published in India in 1925. [https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n289 Inscriptions of Asoka p.119-]. Public Domain.
}}
| align = center width = "30%" | [[File:Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 03.JPG|thumb|Photograph of the righthand portion of the 7th Edict.]] [[File:Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions (7th edit highlighted).jpg|thumb|Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions, with 7th edit highlighted]] [[File:Dhamma thambaa inscription.jpg|thumb|Ashoka called his pillars ''Dhaṃma thaṃbhā'' ([[Dharma]] [[stambha]]), i.e. "pillars of the Dharma". 7th [[Major Pillar Edict]]. [[Brahmi script]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |page=[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n292 132], Edict No 7 line 23 |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |language=Sanskrit}}</ref>]][[File:Dhamma Mahaamaataa.jpg|thumb|The expression ''Dhaṃma Mahāmātā'', the "Inspectors of the Dharma", established by Ashoka. 7th [[Major Pillar Edict]] on the Delhi-Topra pillar, [[Brahmi script]].]][[File:Dhamma Libi in the 7th Major PIllar Edict of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|Expression "Dhamma Libi" ("Dharma Inscriptions").]]
|}

====7th Edict: issues of authenticity====
[[File:Delhi-Topra pillar 7th Edict.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Complete rubbing of the 7th Edict.]]
[[File:Delhi-Topra pillar First lines of Edict VI and Edict VII.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Paleographical differences between the 6th Edict and the 7th Edict (first line of each inscription as a sample): the lettering of the 7th Edict is quite irregular, lightly inscribed (even "scribbled") and different in shape.<ref name="CB246"/> Only one year is supposed to separate the two (Regnal Year 26, and Regnal year 27). [[Delhi-Topra pillar]].<ref name="CB246"/>]]
The authenticity of the 7th Edict is generally not disputed, but [[Christopher Beckwith]] — whose theories are not accepted by mainstream scholarship — has challenged it, and he suggests it is a later inscription, possibly made as late as the 5th century CE, when the old [[Brahmi]] script had not yet evolved much, and was still readable for any literate person.<ref name="CB246"/><ref name="CB242">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |language=en}}</ref> He gives numerous reasons for his doubts:<ref name="CB246">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |pages=246–250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |language=en}}</ref>
* This 7th edict is unique to the [[Ashoka pillar]] of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]], and unseen anywhere else, in direct contrast with the other six pillar edicts, which are inscribed on numerous pillars.<ref name="CB246"/>
* This edict appears to be a compilation, a "hodgepodge", of parts of the other pillar edicts and also parts of the [[Major Rock Edicts]].<ref name="CB246"/>
* The script and layout of the text (forming the end of a column, continued by a band around the pillar rather than the normal text in columns only) is of a much lower quality than the other edicts, although it is supposed to have been written only one year after the 6th Edict, in the year 27. The lettering is also quite irregular, lightly inscribed (even "scribbled") and different in shape.<ref name="CB246"/>
* This edict claims the existence of several religious organizations: the Buddhist [[Samgha]] (a comparatively late term, whether the ancient term ''[[Sramanas]]'' is used in other inscriptions such as the [[Major Rock Edicts]], and neither terms are even used in the other Major Pillar Edicts themselves), the [[Brahmana]]s (never mentioned in the other Major Pillar Edicts), and, uniquely among all the [[edicts of Ashoka]], the [[Ajivikas]] and [[Nirgranthas]] ([[Jains]]).<ref name="CB246"/> This may be an attempt by some faiths, especially the [[Ajivikas]] and [[Nirgranthas]], to claim Mauryan antiquity, possibly during the time of the [[Kushan Empire]] (2-3rd century CE).<ref name="CB246"/>
* The edict contains many repetitions, consistent with assembling multiple copies of existing inscriptions. Most strangely, the opening royal statement "King Priyadarsin, Beloved of the Gods, says..." is repeated nine times in the 7th Edict, whereas it only appears once at the beginning of all the other known edicts.<ref name="CB246"/>

However, Beckwith's theories are not accepted by mainstream scholarship: many of his methodologies and interpretations concerning early Buddhism, inscriptions, and archaeological sites have been criticized by other scholars, such as [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] and [[Osmund Bopearachchi]].<ref name="Bopearachchi"/><ref name="Bronkhorst"/> According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], Beckwith's theory is "an outlier and no mainstream Ashokan scholar would subscribe to that view."<ref name="Olivelle"/>

==Possible derived inscriptions in Aramaic==
There are several inscriptions in Aramaic, which seem to be translations or interpretations of passages of the Major Pillar Edicts in the Aramaic language. They were not written on pillars, but on stone blocks. The extent of their similarity with the Major Pillar Edicts is disputed.

{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Derived inscriptions in Aramaic
! scope = "col" width = "10%" | Name !! scope = "col" |Map !! scope = "col" | Location !! scope = "col" | Overview !! scope = "col" | Capital/ Close-up !! scope = "col" | Rubbing
|-
|[[Kandahar Aramaic inscription]] ||Found in [[Old Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] ({{coord|31.602222|65.658889|display=inline}}) Fragment of Major Pillar Edicts 7 in [[Aramaic]].<ref name=DKC/><ref name="books.google.fr">Handbuch der Orientalistik de Kurt A. Behrendt [https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA39 {{p.|39}}]</ref><ref>"Un troisième fragment trouvé à Kandahar (Kandahar III) est un passage du septième édit sur pilier dont le texte d'origine en mâgadhï est traduit par groupes de mots en araméen" Comptes rendus des séances - Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres 2007, {{p.|1400}}</ref>||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Kandahar]]
| label_size = 70
| position = right
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =31.602222
| lon_deg =65.658889
| outside =0
}}
||[[File:Old_Kandahar_ruins.jpg|100px]] || || [[File:Kandahar Aramaic inscription.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription]]||Found in Pul-i-Darunteh, [[Laghman Province]], [[Afghanistan]] ({{coord|34.5846|70.1834|display=inline}}) Fragment of Major Pillar Edicts 5 or 7 in [[Aramaic]].<ref name=DKC/><ref name="books.google.fr"/>||
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 100px
| float =
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Pul-i-Darunteh
| label_size = 70
| position = right
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg =34.5846
| lon_deg =70.1834
}}
||[[File:Stark_contrasts_in_Afghanistan_-_080907-F-0168M-071.jpg|100px]] || || [[File:Lampaka_inscription.jpg|100px]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Related topics
** [[Ancient iron production]]
** [[Dhar iron pillar]]
** [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
** [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
** [[Stambha]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
** [[Hindu temple architecture]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
** [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
** [[Outline of ancient India]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
** [[Tagundaing]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516000049/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/position/salomon.html On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts]

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]

Siliguri Junction–Rangtong Evening Safari

2026-02-26T15:19:01Z

OmerRobson4867: Added The Post With Sources

{{Short description|Express trains with Vistadome carriages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Siliguri Junction–Rangtong Evening Safari
| image =
| type = Tourist Train
| status =
| first = 31 August 2021
| last =
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways]]
| start = {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} {{coord|26.7234|88.4138|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline|name=Siliguri Junction station}}
| stops = 05
| end = {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} {{coord|26.7234|88.4138|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline|name=Siliguri Junction station}}
| distance = {{convert|32.4|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3 hrs 03 mins
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 52556
| class = First Class (FC)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| baggage = Available
| catering = No
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[Narrow gauge]]
| speed = Avg. Speed – 10km/hr
| map =
}}
'''Siliguri Junction–Rangtong Evening Safari'''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-evening-safari-steam-engine-52556/102499/445/10428| title=Siliguri Junction Rangtong Evening Safari}}</ref> was a narrow-gauge tourist special [[steam engine]] powered train in India that does a round trip between {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} and Rangtong and back to Siliguri in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The train belongs to the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone of [[Indian Railways]]. The service was officially started from 31 August 2021 from {{rws|Siliguri Junction}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-news-22211796.html| title=स्टीम जंगल टी सफारी के समय-सारणी में किया गया बदलाव}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Railways introduces new jungle tea toy-train safari on Darjeeling Himalayan route|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/watch-railways-introduces-new-jungle-tea-toy-train-safari-on-darjeeling-himalayan-route/805856|website=timesnownews.com}}</ref> The train was cancelled in March 2022, due to poor occupancy and has not restarted since.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-evening-safari-steam-engine-52556/102499/445/10428| title=Siliguri Junction Rangtong Evening Safari}}</ref>

==Route==
The train starts its journey from Platform number 01 (narrow gauge) of {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} at 14:45 and reaches [[Sukna railway station]] at 15:20 after a ten-minute halt it continues its journey and reaches Rangtong at 16:20. For reverse direction, the train starts from Rangtong at 16:40 and reaches [[Sukna railway station]] at 17:20. After a five-minute, halt it again travels from Sukna and reaches {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} at 18:05. Through its journey through [[narrow gauge]], the train passes through beautiful [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]], tea gardens, hills, valleys, rivers etc. It provides once in a lifetime experience for the travellers in the steam engine powered train. The train runs entirely in [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=steam jungle tea safari’ launched by NF railway gaining popularity amongst tourist|url=https://northeastindia24.com/assam-steam-jungle-tea-safari-launched-by-nf-railway-gaining-popularity-amongst-tourist/|website=northeastindia24.com}}</ref>

==Traction==
The train is hauled by [[Steam Engine]] of [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling Loco Shed]] for its entire journey.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==Loco reversal==
The train reverses its direction in Rangtong Railway station.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==See also==
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Special]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mountain railways of India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:2 ft gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siliguri Junction-Rangtong-Siliguri Evening Safari}}

Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas

2026-02-26T10:01:44Z

OmerRobson4867: started new post!

{{Short description|Miniature painting by Abu'l Hasan}}

{{infobox artwork
| image = 12 Abu'l Hasan Jahangir Welcoming Shah 'Abbas, ca. 1618, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington DC.jpg
| artist = [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)]]
| museum = [[Freer Gallery of Art]]
}}

'''Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas''' is a Mughal miniature painting by the artist [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu'l Hasan]]. It is located in the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C.

== Background ==
The work dates to 1620.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Jessica |date=2015-09-01 |title=Metamorphosis at the Mughal Court |url=https://academic.oup.com/arthistory/article-abstract/38/4/732/7278263?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Art History |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=732–747 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12178 |issn=0141-6790|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A possible explanation for the commissioning of this work, and other imaginary scenes, such as [[Jahangir Shooting the Head of Malik Ambar|Jahangir Shooting the head of Malik Ambar]], would be that they were attempts to influence the real world through depicting them in the imaginary realm. [[Malik Ambar]] and Shah [[Abbas the Great|Abbas I]] were two of Jahangir's fiercest adversaries, and while the former was depicted dead with Jahangir shooting arrows at his head, Shah Abbas is depicted in a deferential position to the emperor. This deference is also apparent in another such painting, ''[[Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mumtaz |first=Murad Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iun7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ethereal+malachite+green%22&pg=PA153 |title=Faces of God: Images of Devotion in Indo-Muslim Painting, 1500–1800 |date=2023-08-28 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-54944-9 |pages=153–155 |language=en}}</ref>

During [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]], this painting was among the ones looted and mounted on the "St. Petersburg album".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas, from the St. Petersburg Album - National Museum of Asian Art |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1942.16a/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Cropped_image_of_Abu'l_Hasan_Jahangir_Welcoming_Shah_'Abbas,_ca._1618,_Freer_Gallery_of_Art,_Washington_DC.jpg|thumb|Shah Abbas appears to be listening to his host deferentially.]]
At the top of the painting are two angels, who are holding up a genealogy of Jahangir, tracing his descent from [[Timur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25950/page/169/mode/2up |title=The imperial image: paintings for the Mughal court |date=1981 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Washington |pages=170–171}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ettinghausen |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000106a489/page/n31/mode/2up |title=ACL-CPL 00106 Paintings of the Sultans and Emperors of India in American Collections |pages=Plate 13}}</ref>

The painting depicts an imaginary meeting between Jahangir and Shah Abbas. They are seated on a floating throne, seemingly hovering against the green background.<ref name=":3" /> They are flanked by two attendants—to the left of Jahangir is [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]], who served as [[List of Mughal grand viziers|grand vizier]] of the empire, and was the older brother of empress [[Nur Jahan]]. To the right of Shah Abbas is Khan Alam, the representative of the Mughal empire in the Safavid court.<ref name=":1" />

Jahangir is portrayed as slightly larger, and more self-assured than his guest. Shah Abbas appears to be listening to him deferentially.<ref name=":2" /> Both the rulers have a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] around them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Asok |date=1980-01-01 |title=Mughal Painting during Jahangir's Time |url=https://www.academia.edu/90891267/Mughal_Painting_during_Jahangirs_Time |journal=Artibus Asiae |pages=388-389}}</ref>

In front of the two kings are various luxurious objects. These include an Italian table and a Chinese porcelain cup.<ref name=":1" /> Asaf Khan holds up a wine bottle and cup. Khan Alam is holding an [[automaton]] of ''Diana on a Stag''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |date=2023-06-18 |title=A robot in a 400-year-old painting of Jahangir is a lesson in how rulers project global power |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1050990/a-robot-in-a-400-year-old-painting-of-jahangir-is-a-lesson-in-how-rulers-project-global-power |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Works by Abu'l Hasan}}
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2025}}
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Kamal Shedge

2026-02-07T23:20:29Z

OmerRobson4867: started new details!

{{Short description|Indian typographer and type designer (1935–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_date = 22 June 1935
| birth_place = [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|4 July 2020|22 June 1935|df=y}}
| known_for = [[Typography]]
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| image = Kamal Shedge.jpg
}}

'''Kamal Shedge''' (22 June 1935 – 4 July 2020) was an Indian typographer and type designer. He is well known for his title designs and logos for numerous [[Marathi theatre]] plays, periodicals, newspapers, [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films, book covers and record labels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |year=2021 |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shedge was born on 22 June 1935 in [[Girgaon]] area of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]. He completed his education at the Orient High School in Girgaon. From an early age, Shedge was interested in reading, copied figures from magazines like ''[[Filmfare]]'' and created innovative letters. This is how he learned some basics of art as he did not study art formally at any art institute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=शेडगे, कमल जयंत |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/saedagae-kamala-jayanta |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref>

Shedge wanted to become a story writer. Although, it became difficult to pursue this field after his poor performance in the high school exams. At that time, his father worked as a calligrapher in the art department of ''[[The Times of India]]''. He asked him to join his field of work. Initially, Shedge's non-design background came across as an administration hurdle. It was only later that Walter Langhammer, then head of art department intervened after seeing his work and made way for him to join. Thereby in 1955, Shedge began working in the art department of the Times of India. He was given small jobs to start with, which included completing the sketches of senior artists in the department.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Tanya |date=20 Jul 2021 |title=Emperor of Letters: Kamal Shedge |url=https://fontstand.com/news/essays/emperor-of-letters-kamal-shedge/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Fontstand News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1959, Ramesh Sanzgiri joined the Times of India as the art director. He provided Shedge with insights about how to design a title rather than just putting together a combination of letters. Shedge then created designs for headlines in magazines such as ''Filmfare'', [[Femina (India)|''Femina'']] and ''Madhuri''. His artistic prowess gained prominence with the launch of the ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' in 1962. He had designed the masthead for the daily which set a benchmark for layout design in newspapers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=जोशी |first1=रंजन |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=778 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |last2=घारे |first2=दीपक |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |edition=1st |location=मुंबई |pages=713–714 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts}}</ref>

During this time, advertising in media was expanding to Indian languages. However, little variety of lettering in [[Devanagari]] script was available at the time. In order to accomplish this task, it was necessary to have a transliteration in Devanagari script that could communicate the same meaning as English. Shedge introduced Devanagari alphabets with different weights (bold, light), similar to the [[serif]] and [[sans-serif]] alphabets in English. This completely changed the world of lettering in advertising. His work was a precursor to the fonts we see on the computer today.<ref name=":0" />

=== Theatre titles ===
[[File:Title designs for Marathi theatre plays by Kamal Shedge.jpg|alt=Title designs by Kamal Shedge|thumb|Title designs for Marathi plays by Kamal Shedge]]
Shedge played a key role in changing the face of play advertisements in Marathi theatre. His first opportunity to design a theatre title came about in 1962. However, he gained prominence few years later with his design for the play ''Matsyagandha''. Around this time, Shedge got an opportunity to work for Marathi theatre artist Mohan Wagh. The latter had started a drama production house called ''Chandralekha'' which staged many Marathi dramas. Since their first play, Shedge had created publicity material for them.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Aksharsanvad – An interview with Kamal Shedge |url=http://aksharaya.org/event/aksharsanvad-an-interview-with-kamal-shedge/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Aksharaya |language=en-US}}</ref> From 1965 onward, his work has been part of plays like ''Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete'', ''Garambicha Bapu'', ''Swami'', ''Lagnachi Bedi'', to modern hits like ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]''. He provided a brand identity to the play that not only improved the tastes of the audience but also drew them to the theatres.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Fb canvas logo.png|alt=Typography design by Kamal Shedge|thumb|''Kalnirnay'' logo and typography designed by Kamal Shedge|left]]

=== Logo designs ===
In 1974, Shedge was approached by [[Jayant Salgaonkar]] to design the logo for ''[[Kalnirnay]]'', a calendar-almanac in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. It is now produced in several Indian languages but the Marathi version continues to feature the logo and numerals that Shedge had designed.<ref name=":2" /> He had also made logos for periodicals like ''Maher'', ''Deepavali'', ''Kirloskar'' and ''Chanderi''.<ref name=":4" />

=== Movie titles ===
Shedge had created titles for a number of Marathi movies like [[Veer Savarkar (film)|''Veer Savarkar'']] (2001), ''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana]]'' (2011) and ''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2012). Given his proficiency in multiple scripts, he was approached by film producers to adapt English titles in regional languages. ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']] (2002), ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007) and ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007) are some of the films where he adapted the English design in Hindi. Occasionally, he also designed titles in both the scripts, like the film [[Kites (film)|''Kites'']] (2010) or the titles in [[Urdu]] style for [[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|''Umrao Jaan'']] (2006).<ref name=":2" />

=== Other works ===
Additionally, Shedge also designed book covers, cassettes and record labels. He has created record covers for noted singers like [[Bhimsen Joshi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Shedge |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2086896-Kamal-Shedge |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Shedge retired from the Times of India in 1990 and continued freelance work. He published three books, ''Majhi Akshargatha'' (1995), ''Chitrakshara'' (2002) and ''Kamalakshara'' (2009) which discuss about his works and career. He also organized several exhibitions of his calligraphic works which were well received.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
Shedge died in Mumbai on 4 July 2020 at the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Shedge Death: सुप्रसिद्ध 'अक्षरकार' कमल शेडगे यांचं मुंबईत निधन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/mumbai-famous-aksharkar-kamal-shedge-dies-at-85/articleshow/76784357.cms |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kamal Shedge}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8DwSoWDNm0 Interview] on [[YouTube]] (in Marathi)
* Tribute page on [https://www.facebook.com/kamalshedgetypograher/ Facebook] and [https://www.instagram.com/kamal_shedge/ Instagram]
* [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=933370410746491 Interview] with [[DD Sahyadri]] on [[Facebook]] (in Marathi)

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Indian typographers and type designers]]

Nilkantha Sengupta

2026-02-07T22:28:33Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting a info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nilkantha Sengupta
| native_name = নীলকণ্ঠ সেনগুপ্ত
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|10|31}}<ref name="stq">{{ cite book | last = Katyal | first = Anjum | title = “Nine Lives - Nilkantha Sengupta's "Totality of Theatre.” | publisher =The Seagull Theatre Quarterly 29/30 June 2001| pages=197-222| url= https://www.seagullindia.com/stq/pdf/banglastq2.pdf | access-date =2026-01-28}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|06|01|1946|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|theatre director|organiser|}}
| yearsactive =
| website =
| spouse = Kajal Sengupta (m.1988)
| children = Kanchanmala Sengupta
| awards = Eminent Director's Award (1989)
}}
'''Nilkantha Sengupta''' (31 October 1946 - 1 June 2010) was an [[Demographics of India|India]]n [[Bengali people|Bengali]] actor, [[Theatre director| theatre director]] and [[playwright]].<ref name ="cs">{{cite web| title = Nilkantha Sengupta movies, filmography, biography and songs |url= https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nilkantha-sengupta-132806 | access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref><ref name="stq"/> He was known as an all-time dramatist and mainly acted for Bengali films and dramas.<ref name="fc">{{cite web| title = Nilkantha Sengupta - Biography, Movies, Photos, ...|url =
https://www.filmiclub.com/person/nilkantha-sengupta-9lnbd0r |access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref>
Sengupta received the best Actor Award from the Information and Culture Department of the [[West Bengal Government]] in 1988 and the ''Eminent Director's Award'' from [[Paschimbanga Natya Akademi]] in 1989.<ref name="pbna">{{ cite web | url = https://pbna.wbicad.in/awards/pbna-puraskar.php | title = Paschimbanga Natya Akademi Puraskar award 1989-1990| access-date =2025-10-31}}</ref><ref name="binodanplus">{{ cite web | url= https://binodanplus.com/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8/ | title = নাটকই ছিল তাঁর যাপন | access-date =2025-10-26}}</ref>

==Biography==
Nilakantha Sengupta was born in [[Kotalipara Upazila|Kotalipara]] of Faridpur (now [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh| Gopalganj District]] during [[British Raj| British India]]. Nilkantha was the fifth son of his parents and very talented but immersed in the study of drama. Leaving the carefree confines of government jobs, he started a new chapter in the world of Bengali theatre.<ref name="binodanplus"/>

Sengupta formed a Bengali theatre group in Kolkata, named, "Theatre Commune," on 1 July 1972 . Its first drama ''Bibhur Bag'' based on 'Tiger' of [[William Saroyan]]. It was staged on 9 October at Rangana.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Kolkatar Dinponji (Calendar of Kolkata in Bengali) | url =https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/PURASHREE_JUL.pdf | access-date =2026-01-28}}</ref> Within a short period of time, it became a popular theatre group in Kolkata. On 23rd November 1974, under the direction of Nilakantha Sengupta, [[Mohit Chattopadhyay |Mohit Chatterjee's]] drama - 'Swadeshi Naksa' was staged in 1985.

As a playwright, Sengupta was influenced by works- [[Dante Alighieri|Dante’s]] [[Divine Comedy]], [[ Plutarch | Plutarch’s]] [[Parallel Lives | lives]], F.R. Cowell’s 'Cicero and the Roman Republic' and [[ William Shakespeare |Shakespeare’s]] [[ Julius Caesar (play)| Julius Caesar]]. He wrote several plays. Among them, the famous 'Julius Caesar's Last Seven Days', in 1983 (Julius Caesar Shesh Saath Din) was an adaption from a short story of Brecht titled "Caesar und Sein Legioner" (1947)<ref name ="researchgate">{{ cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385072516_Brecht_Adaptations_in_Bengali_Group_Theatre_Nuances_and_Controversies | title = Brecht Adaptations in Bengali Group Theatre:Nuances and Controversies| website = [[ResearchGate]]| access-date =2026-01-29}}</ref>
The others are 'The Next Air Attack' (parabarti biman akrama - পরবর্তী বিমান আক্রমণ), 'Look Up' (uparer dike takan - উপরের দিকে তাকান), 'Daansagar', 'Sadhabar Ekadashi' etc. are notable.

== Filmography ==
<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/personalities-details.php?i=MjQ1 | title = Personalities Actors - Nilkantha Sengupta | access-date =2026-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4467909/bio/ | title = Mini Biography:Nilkantha Sengupta |access-date =2026-01-29}}</ref>
=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1974 || [[Chhera Tamsuk]] || ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Ganadevata (film) | Ganadevata]]'' || || as Tarini, the singer
|-
| 1979 || "[[Parashuram (1979 film)|Parashuram]]" || ||
|-
| 1980 || Mayna Tadanta || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || Mouchor || ||
|-
| 1984 || Ananya Amar || ||
|-
| 1986 ||"[[Pathbhola]]" || ||
|-
| 1987 || Bandookbaj || ||
|-
| 1999|| Kahini || ||
|}

==Personal life and death==
In 1988, Sengupta married Kajal Sengupta, also an actress, his worthy disciple. In 2010, Sengupta passed away, leaving behind his wife Kajal and only daughter Kanchalmala.<ref name="binodanplus"/>

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Nilkantha}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]

Niwari, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-06T13:43:41Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Niwari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Niwari Railway Station.jpg
|photo2a = Garh Kundar.JPG}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: Niwari Railway Station in Niwari, [[Madhya Pradesh|M.P]] Bottom: Garh Kundar Fort
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.34|N|78.80|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Niwari district|Niwari]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] Anil jain (bjp)
| leader_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Niwari Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20711
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Bundeli]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 472442
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-36
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-7680
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[New Delhi]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|434|km|mi}} SE
| website = {{URL|https://niwari.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Niwari''' is a [[town]] and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Niwari district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Niwari district]].

==Geography==
Niwari is located on {{coord|25.34|N|78.80|E|}}.
Niwari is adjacent to the [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]] and [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]] districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Bundelkhand]] Region of [[Madhya Pradesh]].
It belongs to [[Sagar Division]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Nivari2.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Nivari, India }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Niwari had a population of 20,711 with the 606,00 km2 area. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Niwari has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 50%. In Niwari, 7% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Places of interest==
* Garh Kundar Fort, 20 km away
* Gajanan Mata Temple Garh Kundar, 20 km away
* Giddhwahini Mata Temple Kundar, 21 km away <ref>{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/facts-about-mysterious-garh-kundar-fort-where-suddenly-whole-barat-disappeared/articleshow/96171586.cms | title=कभी सुना है आपने इस रहस्यमय किले के बारे में, जहां से पूरी की पूरी बारात अचानक हो गई थी गायब }}</ref>

==Transportation==
Niwari Is well connected by roads and railway.
*''Niwari'' is located on [[Jhansi]]-[[Chhatarpur]]-[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway 39]]. Niwari is connected by private bus services to all nearest major cities.
*[[Niwari railway station]] located on [[Jhansi]]-Manikpur-[[Prayagraj]] line. Niwari railway station is in the North Central Railway zone with the railway code '''NEW'''. It connects Niwari to major cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/niwari-new/1395 | title=20 Departures from Niwari NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Niwari district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Bareilly Airport

2026-01-31T17:07:36Z

OmerRobson4867: added info

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Bareilly Airport
| image = Terminal Front view.png
| image-width = 250
| IATA = BEK
| ICAO = VIBY
| type = Military/Public
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| area-served = [[Bareilly]]
| location = Izzatnagar, Bareilly, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 578
| elevation-m =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|25|20|N|079|27|03|E|type:airport_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_label = '''BEK'''
| r1-number = 11/29
| r1-length-f = 10400
| r1-length-m =
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]/ [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy =
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 121,746 ({{decrease}} 5.3%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 828 ({{decrease}} 33.8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
| r2-number =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-surface =
| caption =
| opened = {{start date and age|2021|03|08|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{cite news |date=March 5, 2021 |first=Maria |last=Khan |title=Inaugural flight at UP's Bareilly airport on March 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/inaugural-flight-at-ups-bareilly-airport-on-march-8/articleshow/81334871.cms |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Bareilly Airport''' {{airport codes|BEK|VIBY}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] at [[Indian Air Force]]'s '''Trishul Air Base''' in Izzatnagar, located {{convert|6|km}} north from the city centre.

==History==
The [[Airports Authority of India]] approved construction of a passenger terminal at the Trishul Air Force Base.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|title= UP: Bareilly likely to get airport by 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-bareilly-likely-to-get-airport-by-2017/story-YnlIjAyIGGqhpU79ogN2jP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date= 6 April 2016| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Bareilly district|district administration]] bought {{convert|10|ha|acre}} of land from local farmers for the project.<ref>{{cite news|title= Civil airport project pending awaiting state govt order |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Civil-airport-project-pending-awaiting-state-govt-order/articleshow/37585241.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 1 July 2014|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The AAI began the tender process to award construction contracts for the airport in September 2017, and expected the civil enclave to be ready by March 2018, pending the approval from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Bareilly airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/bareilly-airport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224926/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/bareilly-airport |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2017 |work=CAPA. Centre for Aviation | access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref> However, the IAF requested changes in the layout of the [[taxiway]] connecting the terminal to the runway.<ref>{{cite news|title= Civilian flights from city may be delayed as IAF seeks changes in taxiway plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/-civilian-flights-from-city-may-be-delayed-as-iaf-seeks-changes-in-taxiway-plan/articleshow/61536334.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 7 November 2017| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> After the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] approved the taxiway, passenger service was hoped to begin by February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title= Taxiway gets nod, flights to start before Holi: DM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/taxiway-gets-nod-flights-to-start-before-holi-dm/articleshow/67382442.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 4 January 2019| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The job of developing the civil enclave was awarded to M/s SCC Infrastructure Pvt.Ltd. a construction company based at [[Ahmedabad]], and the turn key engineering and design of the proposed structures was entrusted to M/s Solcon Consultants a design and engineering firm based at [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]].

==Terminals==

===Terminal 1===
The airport's first passenger terminal to begin commercial operations was inaugurated by
the state civil aviation minister, [[Nand Gopal Nandi]], and Union Minister, [[Santosh Gangwar]], on 10 March 2019, at the air force base.

The terminal building covers an area of 2,500 square meters, and can handle 150 passengers (75 arrival, 75 departure) during peak hours. Its new [[Airport ramp|apron]], measuring 95×100 metres, provides parking space for two [[ATR 72|ATR-72]] type aircraft at a time, as per IMG norms, and has a parking facility for, 250 cars.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Uttar Pradesh's Bareilly Airport to begin operations under RCS-UDAN scheme|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/filefield_paths/Uttar-Pradesh%E2%80%99s-Bareilly-Airport-191120.pdf|website=aai.aero|date=29 September 2020|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

===Terminal 2===

A new terminal building, next to the first terminal towards north, was inaugurated on 8 March 2021, as part of the airport expansion project. It is spread over 3,020 square metres and has a capacity to accommodate over 300 passengers. It has two baggage conveyor belts and six check-in counters.The dimension of Link Taxiway will be 835 m x 18 m. The new apron for parking of three Airbus A321 type aircraft.{{efn|Both the terminals have new apron for parking
three Airbus A321 type aircraft.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Uttar Pradesh's Bareilly Airport to begin operations under RCS-UDAN scheme|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/filefield_paths/Uttar-Pradesh%E2%80%99s-Bareilly-Airport-191120.pdf|website=aai.aero|date=29 September 2020|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>}} The total cost of these works is around ₹ 70 crore.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Uttar Pradesh's Bareilly Airport to begin operations under RCS-UDAN scheme|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/filefield_paths/Uttar-Pradesh%E2%80%99s-Bareilly-Airport-191120.pdf|website=aai.aero|date=29 September 2020|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

==Trishul Air Force Base, Bareilly==

'''Trishul Air Force Base, Bareilly''', one of the [[Indian Air Force]]'s largest, is a part of the [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]. The base has a squadron of [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] and a helicopter squadron of [[HAL Dhruv]]. It had [[Foxbat]] spyplanes capable of flying up to {{convert|80000|ft}}.<ref name=br_bareilly>{{cite web|title=The MIGnificient Flying Machines |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Foxbat.html |publisher=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |access-date=18 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426100225/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Foxbat.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India|volume=128, Part 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-9812568281 |url=http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/isbn/981256828x/page-1/ |title=The Evolving Maritime Balance of Power in the Asia-Pacific |access-date=9 July 2013 |last1=Prabhakar |first1=Lawrence W. |last2=Ho |first2=Joshua |last3=Bateman |first3=Walter Samuel Grono |date=9 May 2024 |publisher=World Scientific }}</ref> Its [[underground hangar]] is considered one of Asia's largest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bareilly Air Force Station–Quick Facts|url=https://www.indiamapped.com/air-force-station-in-india/bareilly-air-force-station/|website=www.indiamapped.com|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522123416/http://www.indiamapped.com/air-force-station-in-india/bareilly-air-force-station/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
[[file:Check in counters.png|thumb|Check in counters]]

{{Airport-dest-list

|{{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}}|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-6edom|title=INDIGO 1H23 DOMESTIC ROUTES ADDITION SUMMARY – 05MAR23|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Bar chart
| title = Annual passengers
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Passengers
| bar_width = 50
| width_units = em
| label1 = 2021-22
| data1 = 1,03,667
| label2 = 2022-23
| data2 = 1,42,102
| label3 = 2023-24
| data3 = 1,28,566
| label4 = 2024-25
| data4 = 121,746
}}

== See also ==
*[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]
*[[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport]]
*[[Kanpur Airport]]
*[[Kushinagar International Airport]]
*[[Airports in India]]
*[[List of the busiest airports in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bareilly Airport}}{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Bareilly]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bareilly]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Sreeparru

2026-01-18T23:00:38Z

OmerRobson4867: Added Basic Entry More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sreeparru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sreeparru in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Eluru mandal|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2534 <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - District Census Handbook - West Godavari |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230921/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 004
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08812
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sreeparru''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588429-sreeparru-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Sreeparru Village Population - Eluru - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
It is 22 km from the city of Eluru, the headquarters of Eluru district.

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} Sreeparru has a population of 2534 of which 1274 are males while 1260 are females. Average Sex Ratio of Sreeparru village is 989. Child population is 219 which makes up 8.64% of total population of village with sex ratio 840. In 2011, literacy rate of Sreeparru village was 66.74% when compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh.

== See also ==
* [[Eluru]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Greentouch Entertainment

2026-01-16T21:57:42Z

OmerRobson4867: stub

{{Short description|Indian media and entertainment company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Greentouch Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| logo = Greentouch Entertaintment logo.jpg
| type = Media and Entertainment Company
| key_people = Shyamsundar Dey Arijit Dutta
| caption =
| foundation = 2012
| location_country = [[Kolkata]], [[West bengal]], [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

'''Greentouch Entertainment''' Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian media and entertainment company based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Started in 2012, Greentouch Entertainment is one of the prominent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movie production houses in West Bengal.

==Film Production==
'''Greentouch Entertainment''' Pvt. Ltd. has produced and distributed Bengali feature films, such as ''[[Jodi Love Dilena Prane]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130403/jsp/entertainment/story_16738967.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614224805/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130403/jsp/entertainment/story_16738967.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2013|title=Jodi Love Dile Na Prane|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> ''[[List of Indian Bengali films of 2015|Asche Bochor Abar Hobe]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/asche-bochor-abar-hobe/movieshow/61242732.cms|title=Asche Bochor Abar Hobe Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> ''Hercules'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photos-details/SBZ/317/prosenjit-chatterjee-unveils-album-of-bengali-film-hercules.html|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee unveils album of Bengali film Hercules {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|last=Indiablooms|work=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2018-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/play-to-live/|title=Play to live|date=2015-01-09|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Katmundu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rediscover-yourself-with-Katmundu-this-Puja/articleshow/49381833.cms|title=Rediscover yourself with Katmundu this Puja! - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> ''[[Bastu-Shaap|Bastushaap]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/The-cast-of-Bastushaap-on-each-other/articleshow/50650980.cms|title=The cast of Bastushaap on each other - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> ''[[Hemanta (film)|Hemanta]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160803/jsp/t2/story_100132.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807222046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160803/jsp/t2/story_100132.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=Anjan's autumn Sonata|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> ''Chocolate''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chocolate/movie-review/54738349.cms|title=Chocolate Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> and ''[[Dekh Kemon Lage]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-isnt-someone-whos-pretty-she-can-act-to-save-her-life-soham/articleshow/59679343.cms|title=Subhashree isn't someone who's pretty; she can act to save her life: Soham|author=Ruman Ganguly|date=20 July 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
The upcoming releases are ''Honeymoon''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/subhashree-soham-to-star-in-pb-chakis-debut-film-honeymoon/articleshow/61875764.cms|title=Subhashree-Soham to star in PB Chaki's debut film, Honeymoon - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> and ''Michael''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulgal.com/event/michael-road-caption-contest/|title=ঘর রং করতে ভরসা যখন মাইকেল !|date=2017-12-06|work=Gulgal|access-date=2018-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
Now the Company is renamed as Shadow Films{{when|date=March 2022}}

==Television==
In addition to the film production activities, Greentouch Entertainment has also produced Bengali serials. The prime-time show "Hiyar Majhe", a joint production with [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] starring [[Monami Ghosh]] and Badshah Moitra was telecasted on [[ETV Bangla]] in 2013 .

The company has also been produced the story of ''[[Taranath Tantrik]]'' in 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/features/five-reasons-watch-colors-banglas-taranath-tantrik-160703|title=Five reasons to watch Colors Bangla's Taranath Tantrik|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> telecasted on [[Colors Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Tota-makes-a-comeback-after-15-years-on-telly/articleshow/52239582.cms|title=Tota makes a comeback after 15 years on telly - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Cast
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Jodi Love Dile Na Prane]]''|| 28 February ||[[Sudeshna Roy]] Abhijit Guha ||[[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Ananya Chatterjee]] [[Arjun Chakraborty]] [[Tridha Choudhury]] [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
|''[[Asche Bochor Abar Hobe]]''|| 22 May || Susanta Das|| [[Rittika Sen]] [[Arjun Chakraborty]] [[Anindya Chatterjee]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
|
|-
|''Hercules''|| 29 August || [[Sudeshna Roy]] Abhijit Guha|| [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Paoli Dam]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai]]''|| 9 January || [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Payel Sarkar]] [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] [[Indrasish Roy]]
|
|-
|''[[Katmundu]]''|| 16 October || [[Raj Chakraborty]]|| [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Soham Chakraborty]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]] [[Mimi Chakraborty]] [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] and Roja Paromita Dey
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Bastu-Shaap|Bastushaap]]''|| 15 January || [[Kaushik Ganguly]]|| [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Raima Sen]] [[Churni Ganguly]] and [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
|''[[Hemanta (film)|Hemanta]]''|| 12 August || [[Anjan Dutt]]|| [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Payel Sarkar]] Souptic Chakraborty
|
|-
|''Chocolate''|| 7 October || Sujan Mukherjee|| [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Payel Sarkar]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]] [[Kanchan Mullick]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Dekh Kemon Lage]]''|| 21 July || [[Sudeshna Roy]] Abhijit Guha|| [[Soham Chakraborty]] [[Subhashree Ganguly]] [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]] [[Kanchan Mullick]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Shonar Pahar
|6 July
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Tanuja]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Thai Curry (film)|Thai Curry]]''
|1 March
|Ankit Aditya
|Soham Chakroborty
Hiran Chatterjee
Rudranil Ghosh
Saswata Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Satyanweshi Byomkesh]]''
|16 October
|Sayantan Ghoshal
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|''[[The Parcel]]''
| 13 March
| Indrasis Acharya
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|''Biye.Com''
|22 November
|Abhijit Guha and Sudeshna Roy
|[[Bonny Sengupta]] [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|''Harano Prapti''
|13 September
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
|
|-
|''Saheb er Cutlet''
|20 October
| [[Anjan Dutt]]a
| Arjun, Ambarish, Anindita & others
|
|-
|''Dadur Kirti''
| Television film
| Pathikrit Basu
| Om, Ayushi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Ajob Premer Golpo''
|27 July
|[[Raja Chanda]]
| Bonny, Srabanti
|
|-
|''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06]]''
| 10 October
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Bonny Sengupta]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''Hirokgorer Hire''
|16 September
|
|[[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Soham Chakraborty]]
|
|-
|''Boudi Canteen''
|30 September
|
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|
|-
|''Savings Account''
|4 November
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|
|-
|''Amropali''
|11 November
|
|[[Bonny Sengupta]]
|
|-
|''Har Mana Har''
|25 November
|
|[[Soham Chakraborty]]
|
|-
|''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]''
|23 December
|[[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]
|
|-
|''Uttaran''
|30 December
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''Joy Kali Kolkattawali''
|27 January
|[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]]
|[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|
|-
|''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E|Sohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]''
|30 June
|Aritra Sen
|[[Vikram Chatterjee]], [[Solanki Roy]]
|
|-
|''[[Biye Bibhrat]]''
|14 July
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|''[[Byomkesh O Durgo Rahasya]]''
|11 August
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Rukmini Maitra]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter|greentouchent}}

[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]

Rajpur (Kathiawar)

2026-01-09T19:33:46Z

OmerRobson4867: corrected lead for clarity

{{Multiple issues|{{No footnotes|date=January 2017}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

{{Princely states topics}}
'''Rajpur''' is a town and former minor Rajput [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula in [[Gujarat]], western India.

==History==
The Sixth Class [[princely state]] in [[Jhalawar prant]] was ruled by [[Jhala]] [[Rajput]] Chieftains. It also comprised two more villages.

In 1901 it has a population of 1,718, yielding a state revenue of 26,883 Rupees (1903–4, mostly from land), paying a 2,598 Rupees tribute to the British and the [[Junagadh State]].

==External links==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif Imperial Gazetteer on dsal.uchicago.edu - Kathiawar]

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Alain Daniélou

2026-01-07T17:30:24Z

OmerRobson4867: slightly fixed lead and added references

{{Short description|French historian, Indologist and musicologist (1907–1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{infobox writer
| image = Alain Daniélou.jpg
| alt = Alain Daniélou
| caption = Alain Daniélou playing the [[piano]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|1|27|1907|10|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lonay]], [[Switzerland]]
| occupation = [[Historian]], [[Indologist]], [[musicologist]], [[translator]], [[writer]]
| subject = [[Culture of India]], [[Hindu studies]], [[Indian classical music]], [[Indian philosophy]], [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Hinduism]]
| partner = [[Raymond Burnier]]<ref name="LePoint">{{cite magazine |last=Golliau |first=Catherine |date=28 June 2010 |title=L'affaire Daniélou |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/l-affaire-danielou-24-06-2010-1207334_3.php |magazine=[[Le Point]] |language=fr |location=[[Paris]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515074640/https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/l-affaire-danielou-24-06-2010-1207334_3.php |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Jean Daniélou]]<ref name="LePoint"/><ref name="LeMonde">{{cite news |last=Catinchi |first=Philippe-Jean |date=8 September 2010 |title="L'Hindouisme traditionnel et l'interprétation d'Alain Daniélou", de Jean-Louis Gabin: Alain Daniélou, revu et corrigé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/09/08/l-hindouisme-traditionnel-et-l-interpretation-d-alain-danielou-de-jean-louis-gabin_1408343_3260.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr |location=[[Paris]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909051100/https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/09/08/l-hindouisme-traditionnel-et-l-interpretation-d-alain-danielou-de-jean-louis-gabin_1408343_3260.html |archive-date=9 September 2010 |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Boysson 2008">{{cite book |last=de Boysson |first=Emmanuelle |year=2008 |title=Le cardinal et l'hindouiste: Le mystère des frères Daniélou |language=fr |location=[[Paris]] |publisher=Presses de la Renaissance |series=Petite Renaissance. Spiritualité |isbn=9782750904234}}</ref>
| website = {{url|www.alaindanielou.org}}
| notable_works = * ''Introduction to the Study of Musical Scales'' (1943)<ref>{{cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |year=1943 |title=Introduction to the Study of Musical Scales |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.28938/mode/2up |url-access=limited |location=[[Varanasi|Bénarès]] |publisher=[[The India Society, London]] |isbn=0-8364-2353-4 |s2cid=190774873 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
* ''The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism'' (1964)<ref>{{cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |year=2017 |orig-year=1964 |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXtDwAAQBAJ |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3638-9 |oclc=24247413 |s2cid=169604069}}</ref>
* ''Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus'' (1979)<ref>{{cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |year=1984 |orig-year=1979 |title=Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC |location=[[Rochester, Vermont]] |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=0-89281-374-1 |oclc=25281659 |s2cid=191033152}}</ref>
}}

'''Alain Daniélou''' ({{IPA|fr|danielu|lang}}; 4 October 1907 – 27 January 1994) was a French [[historian]], [[Indologist]], [[intellectual]], [[musicologist]], [[translator]], [[writer]] and Western [[Conversion to Hinduism|convert]] to and expert on the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] branch of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Aldrich |author-first=Robert |year=2015 |chapter=Sojourners and the Seduction of Ceylon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY7ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |title=Cultural Encounters and Homoeroticism in Sri Lanka: Sex and Serendipity |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia |page=147 |isbn=9781138491502 |oclc=943053586}}</ref>

In 1991, he was awarded the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance, and Drama.<ref name=sna>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar''winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=SNA Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
His mother, Madeleine Clamorgan, was from an old family of the [[Normans|Norman]] [[French nobility|nobility]]; a fervent [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]],<ref name="LePoint"/><ref name="LeMonde"/><ref name="Boysson 2008"/> she founded schools and a [[Religious order (Catholic)|religious order]], the Order of Sainte-Marie,<ref name="Boysson 2008"/> for women teachers in civilian costume under the patronage of [[Francis Xavier|St. François-Xavier]]. His father, [[Charles Daniélou]], was an [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] [[Breton people|Breton]] politician who held numerous national ministerial posts in the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. One of his brothers was the Roman Catholic [[prelate]] and [[Académie Française]] member, [[Jean Daniélou]].<ref name="LePoint"/><ref name="LeMonde"/><ref name="Boysson 2008"/><ref name=independent>{{cite news |last=Kirkup |first=James |author-link=James Kirkup |date=4 February 1994 |title=Obituary: Alain Daniélou |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alain-danielou-1391815.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212754/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alain-danielou-1391815.html |archive-date=2014-04-08 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work=[[The Independent]] |location=[[London]] |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

He received his education at the [[Institution Notre-Dame de Sainte-Croix]], [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], and at [[St. John's College, Annapolis]].<ref name=independent/> The young Daniélou studied [[singing]] under the famous [[Charles Panzéra]], as well as [[Dance|classical dancing]] with [[Nicholas Legat]] (teacher of [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]), and composition with [[Max d'Ollone]]. Subsequently, he performed professionally on stage with dancers such as [[Floria Capsali]] and Marjorie Daw.<ref name=independent/> Growing up, he rebelled against his mother's deep devotion to her faith, but his father remained a positive influence, which helped in developing his musical talent and in coping with his [[homosexuality]].<ref name="Boysson 2008"/> He studied [[piano]] and singing, learning the songs of Duparc and Chausson and the ''[[Song cycle|liederkreis]]'' of Schumann and Schubert. He started writing poems, as acquired proficiency in English and other [[European languages]].<ref name=independent/>

==Career==

===India: 1932–1960===
He and his partner, the Swiss photographer [[Raymond Burnier]],<ref name="LePoint"/> first went to India as part of an adventure trip, and they were fascinated with the [[Indian art|art]] and [[Culture of India|culture]] of the nation. Daniélou and Burnier were among the first Westerners to visit India's famed [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|erotic Hindu temples]] in the village of [[Khajuraho]] and Burnier's stunning photographs of the ancient temple complex launched the site internationally. The photographs were featured in an exhibition at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|New York's Metropolitan Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257462.pdf.bannered.pdf |title=Medieval Indian Sculpture |access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref>

In 1932, during his first trip to India, he met one of the great influences poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=independent/> His close association with Tagore lead him to become the director of Tagore's school of music at [[Shantiniketan]] ([[Visva-Bharati University]]).<ref name=hindu/> Subsequently, in 1935, he joined the [[Banaras Hindu University]], where he studied [[Hindu music|Hindustani music]], [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] and [[Sanskrit literature|literature]], [[Hindu philosophy]], and [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]] for the next 15 years of his life. In 1949, he was appointed as a research professor at the University, a post he held until 1953; he also remained the director of the College of Indian Music. In Bénarès (now [[Varanasi]]), he lived in a mansion on the banks of the [[Ganges]], named ''Rewa Kothi''. During these years, he studied [[Indian classical music]] in Bénarès with Shivendranath Basu and played the [[veena]], a classical Indian instrument which he started playing professionally. He also studied [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages, as well as [[Indian philosophy]].

His interest in the symbolism of [[Hindu architecture]] and sculpture lead him to long trips with Burnier to [[Khajuraho]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and [[Konark Sun Temple|Konarak]], sites located in [[central India]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | title = Visual flashback| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/19/stories/2004071901220300.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040909022138/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/19/stories/2004071901220300.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = September 9, 2004|date= July 19, 2004| work = [[The Hindu]]| access-date = 2014-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Snapshots of Indian culture|publisher=The Telegraph| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090319/jsp/calcutta/story_10684180.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090323111608/http://telegraphindia.com/1090319/jsp/calcutta/story_10684180.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 March 2009 |date=March 19, 2009|access-date = 2014-04-07 }}</ref> He also translated some works of [[Swami Karpatri]], the ''[[Samnyasa|samnyasin]]'' by whom he was initiated into [[Shaivism]] under the Hindu name ''Shiva Sharan'' ("Protected by Shiva").<ref name=independent/><ref>Rama, Swami (1999) Himalayan Institute, ''Living With the Himalayan Masters'', page 247.</ref> In 1942, he published his translation of the [[Tirukkural]], a Tamil moral literature.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sanjeevi | first = N. | title = ''Bibliography on Tirukkural''. ''In'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers | publisher = University of Madras | date = 1973 | location = Chennai | pages = 146 }}</ref>

In 1953, he joined the [[Adyar Library|Adyar Library and Research Centre]] at the [[Theosophical Society Adyar]] near Madras (now [[Chennai]]), where he was the director of a centre of research into [[Sanskrit literature]] until 1956. In 1959, he became a member of [[French Institute of Pondicherry]], which works in the field of [[Indology]].<ref name=independent/>

===Europe: 1960 onwards===
Upon his return to Europe in 1960, he was appointed an advisor to the [[UNESCO]]'s [[International Music Council]], which led to a number of recordings of traditional music such as ''[[Unesco Collection: A Musical Anthology of the Orient]]'', ''[[Musical Atlas]]'', ''[[Musical Sources]]'', and ''[[Anthology of Indian Classical Music - A Tribute to Alain Daniélou]]''. In 1963, he became the founder and director of the International Institute for Comparative Music Studies and Documentation (IICMSD) in [[West Berlin]], where he remained till 1977; he was also the director of the Istituto Internazionale di Musica Comparata (IISMC) in [[Venice]] from 1969 to 1979.<ref name=independent/>

He worked on [[Indian classical music]]. But his more important contribution to [[Indology]] is his writings on the ancient wisdom of the [[Vedas]], [[Hindu philosophy]], and [[Shaivism]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

He is the author of over thirty books on Indian music and culture. He received several awards for his work on music. He was also a photographer and artist.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Awards and recognition==
Daniélou was an Officer of the [[Légion d'Honneur]], an Officer of the [[Ordre National du Mérite]], and [[Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Commander of Arts and Letters]]. He was the director of the [[UNESCO Collection]] series, a series of recordings of traditional [[world music]]. In 1981, Daniélou received the UNESCO/CIM prize for music, and, in 1987 the Kathmandu Medal from [[UNESCO]].

==Legacy==
In 2004, to mark his tenth death anniversary a photo exhibition, "India through the eyes of Alain Danielou (1935-1955)" was hosted at the [[Alliance Française]], Hyderabad.<ref name=hindu/>

== Works ==
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6pRe5Ta1W1YC While the Gods play, Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and Destiny of Mankind]'' ({{langx|fr|La Fantaisie des Dieux et L'Aventure Humaine}}, 1985)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC Gods of Love and Ecstasy, The Tradition of Shiva & Dionysus, Omnipresent Gods of Transcendence]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=09qUXlCkyVIC The Hindu Temple; Deification of Eroticism]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=J61zQgAACAAJ Music and the Power of Sound]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ A Brief History of India]''published by [[Inner Traditions]]
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vvhKXwAACAAJ The complete Kâma Sûtra]'' The first unabridged translation.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IMSngEmfdS0C Virtue, success, pleasure & liberation: the four aims of life in the tradition of ancient India]''
* ''Ragas of North Indian Classical Music''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GCOewSVrf2sC The Way to the Labyrinth: An Autobiography]'' published by [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]].
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C The Myths and Gods of India, Hindu Polytheism]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NeHwPQAACAAJ Yoga: the Method of Reintegration]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XOnIkBQ0QC Yoga, Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6p8dAQAAIAAJ Fools of God]''
* ''Song-poems - Rabindranath Tagore, Texts in English, French and Bengali & Melodies''
* ''The Congress of the World With miniatures of tantric cosmology''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez8YAQAAIAAJ Sacred Music, its Origins, Powers and Future, Traditional Music in Today's World]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aTguAAAAMAAJ The Situation Of Music And Musicians In The Countries Of The Orient]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4OBguwEACAAJ Introduction to The Study of Musical Scales]''
* ''Northern Indian Music: Vol. One, Theory, History and Technique''
* ''Northern Indian Music: Vol. Two, The Main Ragas''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mFwoDwAAQBAJ The Phallus, Sacred Symbol of Male Creative Power]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua6yuxBPQdQC India, a civilization of differences: the ancient tradition of universal tolerance]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VlwoDwAAQBAJ Shiva And The Primordial Tradition: From the Tantras to the Science of Dreams]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wl7T45yhh1sC Manimekhalaï, The Dancer With The Magic Bowl]'' Translation by Alain Daniélou
* ''Shilappadikâram, The Ankle Bracelet''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez8YAQAAIAAJ Sacred Music, Its Origins, Powers And Future]''
* ''A Descriptive Catalogue Of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Alain Daniélou's Collection at the Giorgio Cini Foundation''

== Discography ==
* ''[[Unesco Collection: A Musical Anthology of the Orient]]''
* ''[[Anthology of Indian Classical Music - A Tribute to Alain Daniélou]]''
* ''Musiciens et Danseurs de la caste des Ahirs'' (1951)
* ''Religious Music of India (1952)''
* ''[[Musical Atlas]]''
* ''[[Musical Sources]] (Philips, Holland)''
* ''Anthology of North Indian Classical Music - (Bärenreiter-Musicaphon, Kassel)''

== Filmography ==

* 2023: ''Alain Daniélou, l'esprit libre'', a documentary by [[:fr:Joël Farges]], Kolam, 77', ISAN 0000-0006-EA8A-0000-F-0000-0000-T.
* 2017: ''Alain Daniélou - The Way to the Labyrinth'', a documentary by Riccardo Biadene, KAMA Productions.

== See also ==
{{Portal|France|Hinduism|India|Literature|Music|Poetry|Tamils}}
* [[Michel Danino]]
* [[Jean Filliozat]]
* [[Francois Gautier]]
* [[Louis Renou]]
* [[Tirukkural translations into French]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GCOewSVrf2sC The Way to the Labyrinth: An Autobiography by Alain Danielou]''
* [https://www.alaindanielou.org/ Official web site of Alain Danielou (English)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060326200043/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1995/10/1995-10-05.shtml Article on Daniélou]
* Exhibition catalogue of Khajuraho photographs, Metropolitan Museaum of Art [http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257462.pdf.bannered.pdf]
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Portalbar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Tirukkural}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danielou, Alain}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French musicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century French philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century French translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Breton musicians]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:French expatriates in India]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Switzerland]]
[[Category:French former Christians]]
[[Category:French gay writers]]
[[Category:French Hindus]]
[[Category:French historians of philosophy]]
[[Category:French historians of religion]]
[[Category:French Indologists]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Hindus]]
[[Category:Matriarchy]]
[[Category:People from Neuilly-sur-Seine]]
[[Category:French recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:Shaivites]]
[[Category:Tamil–French translators]]
[[Category:Tirukkural translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into French]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)]]

Banas Dairy

2026-01-06T03:09:23Z

OmerRobson4867: rework information as per guidelines

{{Short description|Dairy in Palanpur, Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Banas Dairy
| image = Banas_Dairy_Banas_-_2.JPG
| image_alt = Banas Dairy
| image_caption = Banas Dairy
| location = [[Palanpur, Gujarat]], India
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]] of [[Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation]]
| foundation = 1969
| key_people = [[Shankar Chaudhary]] (Chairman)<ref name="ic">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancooperative.com/dairy/history-made-bhatol-ousted-from-banas-dairy/|title=History made; Bhatol ousted from Banas dairy|date=28 December 2015|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Bhavabhai Rabari (Vice Chairman) Shri Sangramsingh R Chaudhary (I/C MD)
| industry = Milk and milk items
| owner = [[Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation]], [[Government of Gujarat|Ministry of Cooperation]], [[Government of Gujarat]]
| num_employees = 5000
| parent =
| revenue = {{profit}} INR₹ 18,255 crore (2021–22)
| homepage = {{URL|http://banasdairy.coop/}}
}}
[[File:Banas Dairy.jpg|thumb]]
'''Banas Dairy''' ({{langx|gu|બનાસ ડેરી}}) (Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Federation, Palanpur) is a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Amul|Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation]] which is registered under the Gujarat State Co-op Act 1961 and [[ownership]] lies with the milk pourers. Based in the [[Banaskantha district]] of [[Gujarat]], India,<ref>{{Cite web|title = India's largest dairy company plans to double its output in ten years {{!}} IUF UITA IUL|url = http://cms.iuf.org/?q=node/1650|website = cms.iuf.org|access-date = 21 July 2015}}</ref> and is Asia's largest milk producer cooperative.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gujarat's Banas Dairy is Asia's No.1 in milk production| date=3 October 2008 |url = http://deshgujarat.com/2008/10/03/gujarats-banas-dairy-is-asias-no1-in-milk-production/}}</ref> It was founded in 1969, in accordance with the 1961 rule of the National Dairy Development Board under Operation Flood. Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel played an important role in the foundation of the dairy.<ref name="ic" /> It is headquartered at [[Palanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Gujarat's largest dairy distributes Rs 1,650 cr additional profit to its members |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gujarats-largest-dairy-distributes-rs-1650-cr-additional-profit-to-its-members-1126178.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Banas Dairy collects an average of around 8.3 million liters of milk every day. In winter, milk collection increases to 10 million liters of milk every day.

The company's products are marketed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation, [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://banasdairy.coop/aboutus.html|title=About Us (BanasDairy (Amul))|website=banasdairy.coop|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707113409/http://banasdairy.coop/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it is currently largest member union of the latter.<ref name="Banas reference8">{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy's First Plant in NCR |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/banas-dairy%E2%80%99s-first-plant-in-ncr-38305.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |publisher=www.businesswireindia.com |date=17 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Banas Dairy has 20,00,00 shareholders, which are spread across 1,750 cooperative societies. Till year 2014 it was procuring milk from more than 0.35 million milk producers of Banaskantha district of Gujarat and measuring approximately 3.3 million liters of milk per day in Gujarat state.<ref name="Banas reference8" />

== History ==

In March 2021, Banaskantha District Co-operative Milk Producers Union Limited (BDCMPUL), popularly known as Banas Dairy, has inaugurated a buttermilk packaging plant set up with an investment of ₹10.30 crore.<ref name="Banas reference1">{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy's buttermilk packaging plant starts {{!}} Rajkot News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/banas-dairys-buttermilk-packaging-plant-starts/articleshow/81399831.cms |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Present capacity of the plant is a packaging capacity of two [[lakh]] litres buttermilk.<ref name="Banas reference1" />

In September 2020, considering the growing demand for potato-based products across the world, Banas Dairy is planning to establish a Rs 100-crore potato processing unit in [[North Gujarat]].<ref name="Banas reference4">{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy has started construction of a potato processing plant in Gujarat, India for the production of French Fries |url=https://www.potatopro.com/news/2020/banas-dairy-has-started-construction-potato-processing-plant-gujarat-india-production |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=8 September 2020 |ref=PotatoPro |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Banas reference2">{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy to establish Potato Processing Unit |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/banas-dairy-to-establish-potato-processing-unit/ |access-date=15 March 2021 |publisher=Indian Cooperative |date=7 September 2020}}</ref> The unit is planned to be set up in Banaskantha district in [[North Gujarat|Northern Gujarat]] which is known for potato farming and the unit is planned to produce 50,000 metric tonnes of potatoes is focused for producing [[French fries]] and other 12 other potato products for catering both domestic and international markets in the [[Southeast Asia]] annually.<ref name="Banas reference2" /><ref name="Banas reference4" /> The civil work for the project has already begun and the machinery for the plant is planned to be imported from Netherlands and the production is targeted to begin by October 2021.<ref name="Banas reference4" /> Currently, Banas Dairy is one of the 18 cooperative unions operating under the [[Amul|Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation]] (GCMMF) and procures around 7,000 metric tonnes of potatoes from 500 odd farmers and manufacturers potato-based products at a hired unit in North Gujarat.<ref name="Banas reference4" />

In April 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] praised Banas Dairy for its work in the dairy sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy changed both image and destiny of thousands of families in Kashi: PM Modi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/banas-dairy-changed-both-image-and-destiny-of-thousands-of-families-in-kashi-pm-modi20250411132333/ |publisher=Asian News International |date=11 April 2025}}</ref>

== Plants ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
* Banas Dairy currently has four running dairy plants '''('''LLPD indicates Lakh Litres Per Day, MTPD indicates Metric Tons Per Day''')''' 
**; Palanpur
**: Banas – I Plant Capacity – 7 LLPD
**: Banas – II Plant Capacity – 24 LLPD
**: Banas – III Plant Capacity – 18 LLPD
**: Cheese Plant Capacity – 900 MTPD
**; [[Haryana]]
**: [[Faridabad]] Plant Capacity<ref name="Banas reference6">{{cite news |title=Banas Dairy lays foundation of new dairy plant {{!}} Rajkot News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/banas-dairy-lays-foundation-of-new-dairy-plant/articleshow/74165701.cms |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> – 10 LLPD-The foundation stone was laid in February 2014 with a planned investment of Rs 300 crores.<ref name="Banas reference7">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sohini |title=Banas Dairy planning units in Lucknow, Kanpur, Faridabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/banas-dairy-planning-units-in-lucknow-kanpur-faridabad-114021701423_1.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=19 February 2014}}</ref> The processing capacity for initial years is one million litres per day (lpd) and expandable up to 1.5 million lpd.<ref name="Banas reference7" />
**; [[Lucknow]]<ref name="Banas reference7" /><ref name="Banas reference6" />
**: Lucknow Plant Capacity – 5-10 LLPD– In year 2014,Banaskantha District Co-operative Milk Producer's Union Ltd (Banas Dairy) has planned to open a plant of 0.5 million lpd each in [[Lucknow]] soon.<ref name="Banas reference7" />
**; [[Kanpur]]<ref name="Banas reference7" />
**: Kanpur Plant Capacity<ref name="Banas reference6" /> – 5-10 LLPD– In year 2014,Banaskantha District Co-operative Milk Producer's Union Ltd (Banas Dairy) has planned to open a plant of 0.5 million lpd in [[Kanpur]] soon.<ref name="Banas reference7" />
* Banas Dairy currently has two running cattle feed plants
**; Katarva
**: Katarva Plant is Asia's largest cattle feed plant. It has a capacity of 1800 MTPD<ref name="Banas reference3">{{cite news |date=28 July 2020 |title=Banas Dairy to pay Rs 1,144 crore to 3.5L milk farmers {{!}} Rajkot News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/banas-dairy-to-pay-rs-1144-crore-to-3-5l-milk-farmers/articleshow/77205566.cms |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
**; Palanpur
**: Palanpur plant has a capacity of 700 MTPD

== Timeline ==
{{Very long section|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
* 3 October 1966 – Registered 8 Village level Co-operative Societies in vadgam and Palanpur Taluka Besides Started Sending milk at [[Dudhsagar Dairy]] Mehsana.
* 31 January 1969 – The Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producer Union Limited (Banas Dairy) got registered under co-operative law.
* 1 November 1969 – Beginning of collecting and sending milk at Dudhsagar Dairy Mehsana through milk Union.
* 14 January 1971 – The foundation stone was laid down for feeder Balancing Dairy by the founder chairman late Galbabhai N. patel at 122 acre land purchased Near jagana village
* 7 May 1971 – Banas Dairy (pilot Chilling plant) started functioning.
* 17 June 1972 – Khimana milk chilling center commenced functioning.
* 17 October 1972 – [[Dhanera]] milk chilling center commenced functioning.
* 14 April 1974 – Animal Husbandry services started functioning
* 26,January,1975 – Commencement of Skim milk Powder production. 5 July 1977 – Production Commenced at Feed Milling Plant (100MT\Day).
* 4 February 1979 – foundation stone laid down for dairy plant expansion by [[Verghese Kurien]], Chairman of [[Amul|GCMMF Ltd.]] Anand, Chairman [[National Dairy Development Board]] and IDC
* 4 February 1979 – Feed milling plant inaugurated by [[Surjit Singh Barnala|Shri Surjit Singh Barnala]], Cabinet Minister (GOI) For Agriculture and irrigation
* 4 February 1979 – statue of founder chairman Shri Galbabhai N.patel unveiled by [[Babubhai J. Patel]], Chief Minister of Gujarat.
* 14 March 1979 – [[Tharad]] milk chilling center commenced functioning
* 17 March 1980 – Commencement of dispatching milk to Mother Dairy [[Delhi]] through rail milk tanker.
* 1 November 1983 – [[Danta, Banaskantha|Danta]] milk chilling center started functioning.
* 8 October 1984 – Galbabhai Dairy Co-operative Training Center made functioning.
* 1 November 1984 – [[Radhanpur]] milk chilling center started functioning.
* 14 September 1986 – Excellence award for cross bred cow received at 21st ida conference.
* 9 December 1986 – Amulya milk powder production commenced.
* 1 July 1989 – Co-operative Development Program commenced.
* 1 October 1993 – New powder plant of 30 TPD started production.
* 7 May 1994 – Silver jubilee function was organised and inauguration of 30 TPD powder plant done by Hon. Agri.Minister Shri [[Balram Jakhar]]. Government of India.
* 2 October 1998 – Foundation stone of Banas -II project was laid by padma vibhushan [[Verghese Kurien]], former chairman of [[National Dairy Development Board]] and chairman of [[Amul|GCMMF Ltd.]]
* 15 June 1999 – Banas Dairy was awarded [[ISO 9002]] and HACCP certification.
* 13 February 2001 – First consignment of whole milk powder exported to [[Oman]]
* 20 September 2001 – Trial run of 60 TPD powder plant in Banas-II
* 10 May 2003 – production of ice cream
* 1 September 2003 – Tetra pack milk packing inaugurated by Shri BM Vyas MD, GCMMF Ltd.
* 23 September 2004 – Bhumi Pujan at Dama for AH complex
* 24 September 2004 – Inauguration of AMUL parlor at Danta by Shri BM Vyas, MD, GCMMF Ltd.
* 24 August 2005 – AMUL Kool liquid sterilized flavored milk Launched
* 23 August 2006 – Kanpur milk packing & Marketing Started
* 9 February 2007 – Dhudh Sanjeevani Scheme dedicated to people by Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri [[Narendra Modi]].
* 24 March 2007 – Inauguration of Banas II Dairy Complex by Union Agri. Minister [[Sharad Pawar|shri Sharad pawar]].
* 24 November 2007 – Unveiling of the statue of Late Galbabhai N.Patel Founder chairman of Banas Dairy by chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Narendra Modi.
* 1 August 2007 – Semen Freezing at semen collection Station, dama started
* 24 November 2007 – Milk packaging and selling started at Jaipur
* 7 August 2010 – Foundation stone of Banas III Dairy Complex and Inauguration of cattle Feed plant by chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Narendra Modi.
* 21 February 2009 – Inauguration of the Semen collection station Dama and 1000 MT cattle Feed plant at Katarva by Dr. Amrita Patel, chairman, [[National Dairy Development Board]]
* 9 June 2009 – pilot project of paneer production started
* 15 August 2010 – a record in mass tree plantation drive organized under the auspices of GCMMF Ltd. by planting 16.37 lac trees across villages of the district
* 11 February 2011 – historical milk train started from Palanpur to Kanpur carrying milk and milk products
* 1 April 2011 – Banas dairy Education Research and Development, a trust of Banas Dairy started functioning
* 1 April 2011 – inauguration of swavlamban-National pension scheme – first initiative in the country.
* 18 May 2011 – pilot project on Cheese production started
* 28 June 2011 – inauguration of Banas III Dairy Complex and Foundation stone laid of 100 MT Milk Powder Plant by Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri Narendra Modi.
* 28 December 2011 – high speed Tetra pack Milk packing line started.
* 25 April 2016 – new cheese plant at palanpur started with capacity of 900 metric ton per month.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Banas-Dairy-starts-cheese-manufacturing-plant/articleshow/51987377.cms {{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Banas-Dairy-starts-cheese-manufacturing-plant/articleshow/51987377.cms|title=new cheese Plant)|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 April 2016 |access-date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>
* In July 2017, It was reported that Banas Dairy will replicate Gujarat milk cooperative model in UP<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/banas-dairy-to-replicate-milk-cooperative-model-in-up/article9732214.ece|title=Banas Dairy to replicate Gujarat milk cooperative model in UP|last=Vora|first=Rutam|date=2017-06-21|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
* 1992-1993 – Best Performance Year in Productivity – Dairy Development & Production in Co-operative Sector (Product Plant) by [[Balram Jakhar|Dr. Balram Jakhar]], Union Minister of Agriculture at [[New Delhi]].
* 1993-1994 – Performance in Productivity – Dairy Processing Industries – by [[Shankar Dayal Sharma|Dr.Shankar Dayal Sharma]] President of India at New Delhi.
* 1993-1994 – The second Best Performance in Productivity – Dairy Development and Production in Cooperative and Public Sector (Product Plant) by Dr.Shankar Dayal Sharma President of India at New Delhi.
* 1996-1997 – The best Productivity Performance-Dairy Processing Industries -by [[Sikander Bakht]], Minister of Industries at New Delhi.
* 1997-1998 – The Second Best Performance in Productivity – Dairy Processing Industry By [[Krishan Kant]], Vice President of India at New Delhi.
* 1999-2000 – The second best Productivity Performance – Dairy Processing Industry by Shri [[Arun Jaitley]], Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Industry At New Delhi.
* 2000-2001 – The best Productivity Performance – Dairy Processing Industry by Shri Arun Jaitley.
* 2001-2002 – The second best Productivity Performance-Dairy Processing Industry by Shri Arun Jaitley.
* 2003-2004 – The best Productivity Performance – Dairy Processing Industry (Large Unit)– by [[Subodh Kant Sahay]], Minister of State for Food Processing Industry on 26 August 2005.
* 2004-2005 – The Productivity Performance-Dairy Processing Industry (Large Unit) by Subodh Kant Sahay, Minister of State for Food Processing Industry on 19 March 2008.
* 2009 – Received Commendation Certificate of the prestigious [[Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award]] (RGNQA) in large manufacturing category for the year 2008 given away by [[K. V. Thomas|Prof. K V Thomas]], Minister of State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Banas Dairy bags national award for quality control {{!}} Rajkot News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/banas-dairy-bags-national-award-for-quality-control/articleshow/5345087.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=16 December 2009 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2010 – The Quality Council of India, New Delhi gave away D.L. Shah quality, Award to Banas Dairy.
* 2011 – Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri [[Narendra Modi]] Gave away Award to Banas Dairy for planting 6 lacs tree in collaboration with District Administration on 15 August 2010.
* 2020 – Awarded with the 'Amul Green Award' for its work on environment conservation and preservation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Banas Dairy bags award for going green {{!}} Rajkot News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/banas-dairy-bags-award-for-going-green/articleshow/74465947.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=4 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Banas Dairy Banas - 1.JPG|<div align="center">Banas – 1 Plant At [[Palanpur]] </div>
File:Banas_Dairy_Banas_-_2.JPG|<div align="center">Banas – 2 Plant At [[Palanpur]] </div>
File:Banas_Dairy_Banas_-_3.JPG|<div align="center">Banas – 3 Plant At [[Palanpur]] </div>
File:Banas_Dairy_Faridabad.jpg|<div align="center">Banas Dairy Plant At [[Faridabad]] </div>
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://banasdairy.coop/home.html}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032838/http://www.nddb.org/aboutnddb/operationflood.html Operation Flood]

[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1966]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dairy cooperatives in India]]

Training Command (India)

2026-01-02T06:21:00Z

OmerRobson4867: further enhance lead per standard format additionally and updated info for consistency

{{more citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Training Command Indian Air Force
| image = File:Training Command, IAF.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Emblem of the Air Training Command
| dates =
| country = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Air Force]]
| type = Operational Air Command
| role = Flying and ground training.
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| motto = {{langx|sa-Latn|[[Prayer in Hinduism#Mantras|Tamasoma Jyotirgamaya]]}} "From darkness, lead us unto Light"
| colors =
| colors_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries = 
| commander1 = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Seethepalli Shrinivas]], [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| commander1_label = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]]
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| start_date = 22 July 1949
}}

'''Training Command''' is the [[Indian Air Force]]'s command responsible for flying and ground training.

In the 1930s, the approaching threat and later advent of [[World War II]] and the leaning of Japan towards the Axis powers, the latter was considered as a potential enemy. Therefore, need was felt to make IAF a self-supporting force for the South Eastern Theatre of war. This led to the rapid expansion of the IAF. A target was fixed of 10 IAF Squadrons. With this expansion, the requirement of pilots and technical personnel increased. For the training of technical personnel, a technical training school was set up at Ambala in 1940.

In a 1949 reorganisation of the Indian Air Force, while frontline units were put under the Operations Command, all the training institutions were placed under the jurisdiction of the Training Command.<ref>Sarkar, ''Hindustan year-book and who's who'', 536</ref>

Among Training Command's units is the [[Navigation Training School IAF|Navigation Training School]] at [[Begumpet Air Force Station]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. It flies the [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|BAe HS. 748]],<ref>Dutch Aviation Society, [http://www.scramble.nl/mil/2/india/iaf-orbat.htm Indian Air Force Order of Battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109193309/http://www.scramble.nl/mil/2/india/iaf-orbat.htm |date=2011-11-09 }}, verified October 2011</ref> the [[Basic Flying Training School (India)|Basic Flying Training School]] and the [[Air Force Administrative College]]. The '''Hawk Operational Training Squadron''' and ''' Weapon System Operators' School''' are located at [[Bidar Air Force Station]] which flows the [[BAE Systems Hawk#Hawk 132|Hawk Mk 132]] trainer aircraft.

==Early training platforms==

Before and during the early years of Training Command’s establishment, the Indian Air Force relied on British-origin trainer aircraft such as the de Havilland Tiger Moth, Percival Prentice, and the North American Harvard to train successive batches of pilots. These aircraft formed the bedrock of IAF’s basic and advanced flight training from the 1930s through the 1950s, before being gradually replaced by indigenous and jet-powered platforms. A detailed account of this evolution has been documented in:<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Trainer Aircraft of the IAF: The First Steeds |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/11/14/trainer-aircraft-of-the-iaf-the-first-steeds/ |website=IAFHistory |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

==Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+List of Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief
! Rank
! Name
! From
! To
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[Air commodore]]
| [[Ravinder Hari Darshan Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|07|22}}<ref name="tc-brf">{{cite news|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/TC|title=Training Command - BRF |access-date=29 May 2021|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1952|12|03}}
|-
| [[Surendra Nath Goyal]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1952|12|17}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1956|01|10}}
|-
| [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1956|01|11}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1957|11|20}}
|-
| [[K. Jaswant-Singh|Kanwar Jaswant Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1958|05|27}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|03|22}}
|-
| rowspan='2'|[[Ranjan Dutt]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|03|23}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1960|04|12}}
|-
|rowspan='7'|[[Air Vice Marshal]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1960|04|13}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1960|12|29}}
|-
| [[Surendra Nath Goyal]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1961|04|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1966|08|06}}
|-
| [[Teja Singh Virk]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1966|08|10}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1969|08|22}}
|-
| [[Victor Srihari]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1969|08|30}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1972|03|03}}
|-
| [[Anand Ramdas Pandit]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1972|03|04}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1973|04|08}}
|-
| [[Gian Dev Sharma]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1973|04|09}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1947|06|29}}
|-
| [[George Kanishtkumar John]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1974|07|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|03|22}}
|-
| rowspan='32'|[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| [[Maurice Barker]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|04|22}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|09|22}}
|-
| [[Randhir Singh (air marshal)|Randhir Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|10|23}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1978|04|29}}
|-
| [[Hemant Ramkrishna Chitnis]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1978|05|11}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1979|02|19}}
|-
| [[George Kanishtkumar John]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1979|02|20}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1979|09|30}}
|-
| [[Balwant Wickram Chauhan]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1979|10|29}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1981|09|19}}
|-
| [[Erasseri Pathayapurayil Radhakrishnan Nair]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1981|10|20}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1985|02|28}}
|-
| [[Vir Narain]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1985|03|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1987|11|30}}
|-
| [[Jagdish Kumar Seth]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1987|12|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|09|30}}
|-
| [[Rajendra Kumar Dhawan]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|07}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1993|05|31}}
|-
| [[Verinder Puri]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1993|09|03}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|1995|05|31}}
|-
| [[Krishna Bihari Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1995|07|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
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| [[Jagbir Singh Rai]]
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| [[Teshter Jall Master]]
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| [[Bijoy Krishna Pandey]]
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| [[Subhash Bhojwani]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|12}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
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| [[Bhushan Nilkanth Gokhale]]
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| [[Gurnam Singh Choudhary]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
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| [[Venkataraman Ramamurthy Iyer]]
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| [[Dhiraj Kukreja]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|02|29}}
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| [[Rajinder Singh (air marshal)|Rajinder Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|03|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|06|30}}
|-
| [[Paramjit Singh Gill]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|07|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|06|30}}
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| [[Ramesh Rai]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|07|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|07|31}}
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| [[S R K Nair|Sridharan Panicker Radha Krishnan Nair]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|09|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|07|31}}
|-
| [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|08|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|04|30}}
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| [[Surendra Kumar Ghotia]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|05|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|30}}
|-
| [[Arvindra Singh Butola]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|10|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|30}}
|-
| [[Rajiv Dayal Mathur]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|01}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|07|31}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bharatshakti.in/air-force-change-of-guard-at-critical-posts/|title=Rapid Turnover in IAF Brass|publisher=Bharat Shakti|date=2021-05-29}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manavendra Singh]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|09|25}}<ref name="tc-brf"/>
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|12|31}}
|-
| [[Radhakrishnan Radhish]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|01|01}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/training-command/|title=Training Command IAF|publisher=IAF|date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|04|30}}
|-
|[[Nagesh Kapoor]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|05|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|04|30}}
|-
|[[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|05|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|12|31}}
|-
|[[Seethepalli Shrinivas]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|01|01}}
|''Incumbent''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 January 2026 |title=AIR MARSHAL SEETHEPALLI SHRINIVAS TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER COMMANDING- IN-CHIEF TRAINING COMMAND, INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2210485&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=PIB}}</ref>
|}

== See also==
* [[Maintenance Command]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=M. C.|title=Hindustan year-book and who's who|year=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ0UAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Training+Command%22+|access-date=2009-04-17}}

{{Military of India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Commands of the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1949]]

Vedapureeswarar Temple, Pondicherry

2025-11-25T07:47:00Z

OmerRobson4867: Added The Location W/ Refs

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Puducherry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Temple
| image = Vedapureeswarar temple, Pondicherry (7).jpg
| alt =Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Temple, Puducherry
| caption =Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Temple, Puducherry
| map_type = India Puducherry
| map_caption = Location in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|56|23.482|N|79|49|47.213|E|type:landmark_region:PY|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| district = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| location = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| deity = Vedapurishvarar ([[Shiva]])
Tripurasundari ([[Parvati]])
| festivals=[[Brahmotsavam]], Annabhishekam, [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
}}

'''Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Temple''' in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] and Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is destroyed by French troops and Indian subcontinental peoples in religious riots between Hindus and Christians in 1748 CE. Shiva is worshipped as Vedapurishvarar and Parvati is worshipped as Tripurasundari.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered [[gopuram|rajagopuram]], the gateway tower. A Divan named Divan Kandappa Mudaliar expanded the temple with the help of public contributions in 1788 CE.

==History==
[[File:Vedapureeswarar temple, Pondicherry (5).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the temple tank]]
[[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], the first [[Governor-general]] of [[French India]], founded [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the future capital of French India, in 1674 CE. The [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Puducherry|Varadharaja Perundevi Temple]] housed the images of the Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Temple during its destruction and reconstruction by the French troops and Indian subcontinental peoples in religious riots between Hindus and Christians in 1748 CE.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=Hindu Munnani group vows to demolish a Pondicherry church, kicks off campaign|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940415-hindu-munnani-group-vows-to-demolish-a-pondicherry-church-kicks-off-campaign-809030-1994-04-14|date=15 April 1994|last=Swamy|first=Prakash A.|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> It is known that the temple was totally destroyed by the French troops and Indian subcontinental peoples in religious riots between Hindus and Christians. Divan Kandappa Mudaliar, with the help of public contributions, reconstructed the temple in 1788 CE. The details of the demolition has been recorded in the diary of a chronicler of the period named [[Ananda Ranga Pillai]].<ref name="India Today"/> The presiding deities in the temple are known to have been migrated from the Samba Ishvaran Ishvari Street to the temple during the later part of the 19th century CE.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple is maintained and administered by Sri Vedapurishvarar Tripurasundari Devastanams Trust under the Department of Hindu religious institutions of the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Hindu religious institutions and Wakf|page=16|publisher=Department of Hindu religious institutions, Government of Puducherry|url=http://py.gov.in/portalapp/citizens/righttoinformation/hindu_RTIManual.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035735/http://py.gov.in/portalapp/citizens/righttoinformation/hindu_RTIManual.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2015|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
This temple has a seven-tiered ''[[Gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the gateway tower raising to a height of {{convert|75|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The presiding god Vedapurishvarar is in the form of a [[Lingam]] is housed in his sanctum sanctorum. The sanctum sanctorum of him is approached from the main entrance through the flag staff hall, Mahamandapa and Arthamandapa. The flag staff is located in the flagstaff hall axial to his sanctum sanctorum. A statue of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] faces his shrine in the Mahamandapa. There are shrines of [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]] before the Mahamandapa and his sanctum sanctorum is guarded by two [[Dvarapala|Dvarapalas]]. The presiding goddess Tripurasundari is in the form of a [[Yoni]] is housed in her sanctum sanctorum.<ref name="dinamalar"/> There also shrines of [[Shani]], [[Durga]], [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandeshvara]], [[Dakshinamurti]], [[Navagraha]] around the two sanctum sanctorums. The rectangular temple tank is located inside the temple and has 35 steps to the basement.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Brimming temple tanks draw delighted devotees in droves|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/brimming-temple-tanks-draw-delighted-devotees-in-droves/article27536308.ece|last=S.|first=Nadarajan|date=16 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>

==Festival==
[[File:Vedapureeswarar temple, Pondicherry (10).jpg|250px|thumb|Aerial view of the temple]]
This temple follows [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] and [[Shaktism|Shaktite]] traditions of worship. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple has many festivals in its calendar, with [[Brahmotsava|Brahmotsavam]] festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Tamil calendar|Vaikasi]]'' (May - June), Annabhishekam during ''[[Tamil calendar|Aipassi]]'' (October - November) and [[Maha Shivaratri]] during ''[[Tamil calendar|Masi]]'' (February - March) being the most prominent. The Hindu saint [[Ramalinga Swamigal|Ramalinga Svamigal]] (1823 CE – 1874 CE) has sung songs about Kartikeya who is present in this temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Vedapureeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=640|access-date=15 March 2024|website=Dinamalar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat inline}}
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Puducherry]]

Kancharla Srikanth

2025-11-12T07:28:57Z

OmerRobson4867: started article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kancharla Srikanth
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = K. Ramiah,Dhanalakshmi
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2029
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|7|25}}
}}

'''Kancharla Srikanth''' or '''Kancharla Srikanth Chowdary''' (born 4 June 1972) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] constituency [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]],[[Nellore]],[[Chittor]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Kancharla Srikanth(TDP):(ELECTED BY GRADUATES MLC election) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-backed-candidate-wins-rayalaseema-east-graduate-constituency/article66635509.ece|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public representative {{!}} Prakasam District {{!}} India |url=https://prakasam.ap.gov.in/public-representatives/|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://theprint.in/india/kancharla-srikanth-wins-prakasam-nellore-chittoor-graduates-mlc-poll/1454601/|website=theprint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Kancharla Srikanth, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=171&p_auth=ipy92SxB|website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kancharla, Srikanth}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Jainism in Delhi

2025-10-22T19:35:05Z

OmerRobson4867: started stub!

{{Short description|Ancient centre of Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg|right|270px|thumb|[[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir]] in [[Chandni Chowk]], Delhi.]]
{{Jainism}}
[[Delhi]] is an ancient centre of [[Jainism]], home to over 165 Jain temples. [[Delhi]] has a large population of Jains spread all over the city. It has had continued presence of a Jain community throughout its history, and it is still a major Jain centre.

==Rajput period==
In Delhi, during the [[Tomara dynasty]], the Jain poet [[Vibudh Shridhar]] wrote the [[Apabhramsa]] work ''Pasanah Chariu'' "The Conduct of [[Parshva]]" in VS 1189 with the support of a Jain merchant prince, [[Nattal Sahu]]. This book provides the very first account of the city of Delhi and the first mention of the [[Agrawal]] community. Agrawals continue to be the major business community in and around Delhi. Vibudh Shridhar is the first known Agrawal author.<ref>Parmananda Jain Shastri, Agrawalon ka Jain Sanskriti men yogadan, Anekanta Oct. 1966, p. 277–281</ref> His ''Pasanah Chariu'' provides the first reference to the Agrawal community and the first historical reference to the legend of the origin of the name ''Dilli'' for [[Delhi]].<ref>An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513–519</ref>

'''Manidhari Jinchandra Suri''' visited Delhi (then often called Yoginipur) during the rule of the Tomara king Madanpal. He died in Samvat 1223. His samadhi is now known as the [[Mehrauli]] Dada Bari.<ref>[http://www.dadagurudev.com/Manidhari.htm Manidhari Shri Jinchandra Suriji] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203144052/http://www.dadagurudev.com/Manidhari.htm |date=2008-12-03 }}</ref>

==Khalji period==

[[Alauddin Khalji]] recruited [[Thakkar Pheru]] a [[Shrimal Jain]] from Kannana in [[Haryana]] as a treasurer.<ref>Itihas ki Amarbel Oswal, Mangilal Bhutoria</ref> He was an expert in coins, metals, and gems. For the benefit of his son Hemapal, he wrote several books on related subjects including [[Dravya Prariksha]] on metals and various coins; and [[Ratna Pariksha]] on various precious gems stones.<ref>[http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b63_168.pdf NOTICES OF THIRTEEN MSS. IN PRAKRIT...] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126104600/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b63_168.pdf |date=2012-11-26 }}, B.M. Chinatamani</ref> He was continuously employed until the rule of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiasuddin Tughluq]].

==Tughlaq period==
Delhi was the location where the [[Digambara]] [[Bhattaraka]] institution was initiated according to some authors. Bhaṭṭāraka [[Prabhachandra]], who was the disciple of Bhaṭṭāraka Ratnakirti of Ajmer, visited Delhi at the invitation of the lay Jains there. He visited the Muslim ruler [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]], who had a Jain minister named Chand Shah. At Ferozshah's request, he visited his inner courtyard. Until that time, Prabhachandra used to be without clothes, but at Chand Sah's request, he wore a loincloth. Bakhtavar Shah in his Buddhi Prakash writes:<ref>Jain Dharm Ka Prachin Itihas, Paramananda Shastri, 1975</ref>

===Jinaprabh Suri and Vividha Tirtha Kalpa===
Jinaprabh Suri, who had wandered over a large part of India and written an account of various [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]s during Samvat 1364–1389, lived in Delhi during the rule of b. Tughluq and wrote parts of the [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]] there.<ref>The Vividhatirthakalpa as historical source and coherent text: {{cite web |url=http://www.southasiacenter.upenn.edu/pdf/Paper_Steven_Vose.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304113254/http://www.southasiacenter.upenn.edu/pdf/Paper_Steven_Vose.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 }}</ref> A Jain idol originally at [[Hansi]] which was in the royal storage, was released with his efforts.<ref>Vividha tīrtha kalpa of Jinaprabha Sūri, Ed. [[Jinvijay|Muniraja Jinavijaya]]</ref> It is now said to be located at the Jain temple at Chelpuri in Delhi.<ref>Samkshipta Parichaya, Shri Shvetambar Jain Mandir, Naughara Gali</ref>

==Mughal period==
[[File:Naya Mandir, Dharampura - side view (1).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Naya Mandir]]]]
Both [[Akbar]]<ref>Akbar, the Great Mogul, 1542-1605. By Vincent A. Smith, M.A., M.R.A.S. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1917.</ref> and [[Jahangir]],<ref>Jahāngīr's Vow of Non-Violence, Ellison B. Findly, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1987), pp. 245–256</ref> who had their capital at Agra, invited and met Jain monks. [[Shahjahan]] moved his capital to Delhi after building the walled city of Delhi called [[Shahjahanabad]].

Several Jain, such as [[Sahu Todar]] served as the imperial treasurers during the Mughal rule.

A part of Shahjahanabad was allocated to the Jains on the south side of the [[Chandni Chowk]] canal, close to the imperial residence (qila-mubarak, now known as the [[Red Fort]]). The Jains were permitted to have a temple during 1658 in [[Urdu Bazaar (Delhi)|Urdu Bazar]], which was called the Urdu Mandir (now [[Lal Mandir]]), provided it did not look like a temple.

[[Raja Harsukh Rai]] in the early 19th century was the chief of the Agrawal Jain community, and a builder of several Jain temples in and around Delhi including the [[Naya Mandir]], was the imperial treasurer during Sam. 1852-Sam. 1880. [[Naya Mandir]] was the first Delhi temple to have a [[Sikhara|shikhara]].

==Modern period==

Delhi has 148 [[Digambara]] temples, mostly in the walled city areas, 61 [[Sthanakvasi]] Upashrayas and 16 [[Śvetāmbara]] Murtipujaka temples. In modern Delhi, the majority of Jains in Jain Colony (Veer Nagar), nearby Roopnagar area are [[Bhabra]] refugees from Punjab in Pakistan who arrived after the partition of India.<ref>[http://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/41864.pdf The Mūrtipūjaka Śvetāmbara Community in North Delhi]{{cbignore|bot=medic}},{{dead link|date=July 2013}} Akiko Shimizu, Centre of Jaina Studies Newsletter, Issue 3: February 2008, page 28</ref>

== Main temples ==
[[File:Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak - Main (1).jpg|thumb|Atma Vallabha Sanskriti mandir]]
[[File:Dadabari, Mehrauli - side view.jpg|thumb|[[Dādābadī#Mehrauli|Dādābadī, Mehrauli]]]]
[[File:Jain worship.jpg|thumb|Worship in [[Jambudweep]]]]

; [[Digambar|Digambara Jain]] [[Lal Mandir]]
The oldest Jain temple in Delhi known as Lal Mandir ("Red Temple"). It is just opposite of the Red Fort on the Netaji Subhas Marg, [[Chandni Chowk]], Delhi. Constructed in 1658, the temple has undergone many modifications, additions, and alterations. The temple has a free bird hospital (though donations are appreciated) in the courtyard. It practices the Jain principle that all life is sacred.

; [[Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak]]
Located at 20th kilometer on G. T. Karnal Road, its idyllic setting bring out the elegance of the buildings, which were all built according to traditional Jain [[Shastra]]s. The complex includes Shri Vasupujaya Temple, Shri Vallabh Smarak, a Shastra Bhandar, a Jain [[Museum]], and a Research Centre for [[Indology]]. The complex also has a school for children, a [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] & [[Bhojanalaya]] for the convenience of visitors, as well as a free dispensary. The complex also contains "Devi Padamavati Temple" and a [[shrine]] of Sadhvi Mrigavati ji.

; [[Naya Mandir]]
This was the first temple in Delhi with a shikhar. [[Raja Harsukh Rai]], imperial treasurer in the late Mughal period, constructed this large and ornate Jain temple in the Dharampura locality of Old Delhi in 1807 during the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar II with a cost of about 8 Lakh rupees, then an enormous amount. He was able to obtain the royal permission to construct a shikhara for the temple for the first time during the Mughal rule. This temple is known as the Naya Mandir (new temple), since an older Jain temple, now known as the Lal Mandir already existed.

; [[Ahinsa Sthal]]
Ahinsa Sthal is a [[Jain temple]] located in [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]]. A magnificent monolithic {{convert|4.93|m}} statue of ''Tirthankara Mahāvīra'' in [[lotus position]] weighing around 30 tonnes is installed here.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kurt Titze|author2=Klaus Bruhn|title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|isbn=8120815343|page=266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|access-date=24 October 2015|language=en}}</ref> The temple complex also consist of a large garden.

; [[Dādābadī#Mehrauli|Dādābadī, Mehrauli]]
The dādābadī in Delhi, is the place where Dādā Guru Jinachandra Sūri was cremated. According to the legend, while on his deathbed, he told his followers that when he died the "Mani" (magic jewel) embedded in his forehead would fall out and should be placed in a bowl of milk. He also instructed them that his body should not be kept anywhere while preparing for the funeral. Everyone was so sad, however, that they forgot his instructions and set his body on the ground. When they tried to move it again, it wouldn't budge. Even elephants were used, but all attempts failed and the last rites had to be performed right there, at the spot where the shrine now stands.

=== Nearby Jain Tirthas ===
* [[Hastinapur]]
* [[Tijara]]
* [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples|Ahi Kshetra]]
* [[Hansi]]
* [[Ranila]]
* [[Kasan Gurgaon|Kasan]]

==Other Temples==
[[File:Padmavati Digamber Jain temple, interior.jpg|thumb|Interior in Shri Padmavati Purwal Digamber Jain Mandir]]
[[File:Panchayati Mandir, Dharampura (1).jpg|thumb|Shri Digamber Jain Panchayti Mandir]]
[[File:Ahinsa Sthal 1.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Mahavira]] at [[Ahinsa Sthal]] ]]
;Central Delhi

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}

* [[Bhattaraka]]
* [[Mula Sangh]]
* [[Agrawal Jain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050129235242/http://archnet.org/institutions/INTACH/library/web/delhi/Page071.html Lal Mandir]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060220212403/http://chandnichowk.com/dadabari/mdcomplex.htm The Mehrauli Dadabari complex]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060208235103/http://www.jainworld.org/pictures/temples/ Ahimsa Sthal]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jainism In Delhi}}
[[Category:Jainism in Asia by city]]
[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Religion in Delhi]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]

Dramatic Prakrit

2025-09-30T19:00:10Z

OmerRobson4867:

{{Short description|Middle Indo-Aryan language registers}}
'''Dramatic Prakrits''' were those standard forms of [[Prakrit]] dialects that were used in dramas and other literature in [[Middle kingdoms of India|medieval India]]. They may have once been spoken languages or were based on spoken languages, but continued to be used as literary languages long after they ceased to be spoken.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sanskrit |volume=24 |page=172 |quote="As regards these dialectic varieties..."}}</ref> Dramatic Prakrits are important for the study of the development of Indo-Aryan languages, because their usage in plays and literature is always accompanied by a translation in Sanskrit.<ref>Woolner, pg. v.</ref>

==Dialects==
The phrase "Dramatic Prakrits" often refers to the three most prominent of them, [[Shauraseni language|Shauraseni]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]] and [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. However, there were a slew of other less commonly used Prakrits that also fall into this category. These include Prācya, Bahliki, Dakshinatya (spoken in modern-day states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra), Sakari, Candali, Sabari, Abhiri, Dramili, and Odri. There was an astoundingly strict structure to the use of these different Prakrits in dramas. Characters each spoke a different Prakrit based on their role and background; for example, Dramili was the language of "forest-dwellers", Shauraseni was spoken by "the heroine and her female friends", and Avanti was spoken by "cheats and rogues".<ref>Banerjee, pg. 19-21</ref> The Prakrits varied in intelligibility with [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni]] being most similar to classical [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00woolrich|title=Introduction to Prakrit|year=1917|publisher=Calcutta, Printed at the Baptist mission press|page=5}}</ref> while [[Magadhi Prakrit]] being most similar to classical [[Pali]].

Maharashtri is a particularly interesting case. Maharashtri was often used for poetry and as such, diverged from proper Sanskrit grammar mainly to fit the language to the meter of different styles of poetry. The new grammar stuck, which leads to the unique flexibility of vowels lengths, amongst other anomalies, in Marathi.<ref>Deshpande, pg. 36-37</ref>

The three principal Dramatic Prakrits and some of their descendant languages:

; [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
: Shauraseni was used in north-central India, later evolving into the [[Hindi languages]], viz. the [[Hindi language (Hindi belt)|varieties of Hindi]], the Central Zone of modern Indic, including [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

; [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
: Magadhi was used in eastern India, later evolving into the [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone|Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], including [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]], and the [[Bihari languages]] ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]), among others.

; [[Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit]]
:
: Ardhamagadhi Prakrit was a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit thought to have been spoken in modern-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and used in some early Buddhist and Jain dramas. It was likely a Central Indo-Aryan language, related to Pali and the later Shauraseni Prakrit.
Āvantī, Prācyā, Bāhlīkā, Dākṣiṇātyā are other dialects not known to us today.

==References==
*Woolner, Alfred C. ''Introduction to Prakrit''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, India, 1999.
*Banerjee, Satya Ranjan. ''The Eastern School of Prakrit Grammarians: A Linguistic Study''. Calcutta: Vidyasagar Pustak Mandir, 1977.

==Notes==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Apabhraṃśa]]
*[[Pali]]

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti

2025-08-17T15:58:30Z

OmerRobson4867: Starting post

{{Short description|Indian megaproject}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Prime Minister Gati Shakti
| native_name = Pradhānmantrī Gatī Shaktī
| logo = Prime Minister Gati Shakti (or 'PM Gati Shakti') logo.png
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|15 August 2021}}
}}

'''Prime Minister Gati Shakti,''' also known as National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity ([[IAST]] {{IAST|Pradhānmantrī Gatī Shaktī}}) is an [[Indian mega project|Indian megaproject]] worth $1.2 trillion [[USD]] to provide competitive advantage for manufacturing in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=India has a $1.2 trillion plan to snatch factories from China |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-02/india-has-a-1-2-trillion-plan-to-snatch-factories-from-china |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Bloomberg|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
On 15 August 2021, [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]] announced this project to boost [[Indian Economic Growth]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=WHAT IS PM GATI SHAKTI MASTER PLAN? |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-pm-gati-shakti-master-plan#collapse |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-15 |title=Explained: What is Gati Shakti Master Plan that PM Modi announced on Independence Day? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-pm-gati-shakti-master-plan-that-modi-announced-on-i-day-7454522/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The plan was launched on 13 October 2021 to provide multimodal connectivity infrastructure to all economic zones of India and approved on 21 October 2021 by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Gati Shakti |url=https://dpiit.gov.in/logistics-division |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade}}</ref>

== Aim and Project ==
The plan aims to bring all relevant ministries and departments of [[Government of India]] together and create a digital platform<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's ambitious infra push: A digital platform that combines 16 ministries |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-ambitious-infra-push-a-digital-platform-that-combines-16-ministries-522023 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=WION |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Gati Shakti Master Plan |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/pm-gati-shakti-master-plan |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Invest India, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM launches Gati Shakti- National Master Plan for infrastructure development |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1763638 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> for more holistic and integrated planning of projects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Infra planning, implementation, monitoring to get new direction from Gati Shakti: PM Modi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/pm-gati-shakti-national-master-plan-to-play-big-role-in-development-of-modern-infra-modi/articleshow/89886610.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> For instance, it will interconnect ministries of [[Roads in India|Indian Roadways]], [[Indian Railways]], Indian airways and Indian waterways for easy movement of goods.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=States may adopt Gati Shakti master plan after PM's nudge |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-infrastructure/states-may-adopt-gati-shakti-master-plan-after-pms-nudge/93669954 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> It will also enable transparency in monitoring current projects and provide information about upcoming connectivity projects to the community.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The main objectives of the plan is to achieve a sustained 5 trillion dollar economy and an increase to 20 trillion dollar economy by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Gati Shakti to help India achieve $5 trillion economy, says MoS Som Parkash |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/pm-gati-shakti-to-help-india-achieve-5-trillion-economy-says-mos-som-parkash-article-92112666 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=TimesNow |date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Gati Shakti: A game changer that can help India achieve $20-trillion economy dream by 2040 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/pm-gati-shakti-portal-a-game-changer-to-achieve-20-trillion-economy-by-2040/articleshow/92812108.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> As part of this plan, [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] will also develop 400 new [[Vande Bharat Express]] in 3 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yogima Seth |title=PM Gati Shakti project: 400 new Vande Bharat trains to be made in 3 years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-gati-shakti-project-400-new-vande-bharat-trains-to-be-made-in-3-years/articleshow/89269815.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> This plan will also add steam to 196 critical infrastructure gap projects<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Gati Shakti to add steam to 196 critical infrastructure gap projects |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/196-critical-infrastructure-gap-projects-identified-npg-coordinating-on-issues-dpiit-official/articleshow/94230131.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ravi Dutta |date=2022-09-16 |title='Gati Shakti has spotted 196 key projects' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/gati-shakti-has-spotted-196-key-projects-11663260534909.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Live Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandi |first=Shreya |date=2022-09-15 |title=PM GatiShakti: 196 critical infrastructure gap projects identified |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pm-gatishakti-govt-identifies-196-critical-infrastructure-gap-projects-122091501074_1.html |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> from which 22 infrastructure projects have been initially approved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Gati Shakti: Green signal for 22 infrastructure projects worth Rs 1 lakh crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/projects-worth-rs-1-22-lakh-crore-get-approval-under-pm-gati-shakti-9183161.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] will also revamp 200 railway terminals within India with modern facilities<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-10-03 |title=Indian Railways to revamp 200 stations across India with modern facilities |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-revamp-200-stations-across-india-with-modern-facilities-11664783876984.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and will additionally build 300 new terminals in next five years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |title=Targeting to develop 300 Gati Shakti Terminals in next five years: Ashwini Vaishnaw |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/targeting-to-developing-300-gati-shakti-terminals-in-next-five-years-ashwini-vaishnaw/articleshow/94073272.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> This is thus aimed at revolutionizing India's infrastructure over the next five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan: Key Features, Achievements & Challenges for UPSC CSE |url=https://superkalam.com/blog/current-affairs-2024---pm-gati-shakti-national-master-plan |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=superkalam.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved four key [[railway]] projects worth ₹11,169 crore under the Gati Shakti initiative in July 2025. These include capacity enhancements on the [[Itarsi]]–[[Nagpur]], [[Aurangabad]]–[[Parbhani]], [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]–[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], and [[Dangoaposi]]–[[Jaroli railway station|Jaroli]] [[Corridors of Power (album)|corridors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Cabinet approves four railway projects across six states worth ₹11,169 crore|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/cabinet-approves-four-railway-projects-across-six-states-worth-11169-crore/123021117}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]
*[[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
*[[RapidX]]
*[[UDAN]]
*[[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]