Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

C. V. L. Narasimha Rao

2026-05-06T10:05:21Z

Olphindro Malang:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1952)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. V. L. Narasimha Rao
| image = CVL Narasimha Rao.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| awards =
| occupation = Actor, thespian
| website =
| years_active = 1987{{endash}}present
}}

'''C. V. L. Narasimha Rao''' is an Indian [[character actor]] known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre|theatre]], television, and radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/cvl-narasimha-rao-pitches-telangana-sentiment-announces-to-contest-maa-elections|title=CVL Narasimha Rao pitches Telangana sentiment, announces to contest MAA elections|first=|last=|date=27 June 2021|website=Telangana Today|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150248/https://telanganatoday.com/cvl-narasimha-rao-pitches-telangana-sentiment-announces-to-contest-maa-elections|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/soon-after-announcing-manifesto-cvl-narasimha-rao-withdraws-nomination-for-maa-polls|title=Soon after announcing manifesto, CVL Narasimha Rao withdraws nomination for MAA polls|first=|last=|date=2 October 2021|website=Telangana Today|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150254/https://telanganatoday.com/soon-after-announcing-manifesto-cvl-narasimha-rao-withdraws-nomination-for-maa-polls|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao is one of the senior member, and legal advisor in the Movie Artist's Association of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indtoday.com/cvl-narasimha-rao-withdraws-from-maa-elections/|title=CVL Narasimha Rao withdraws from MAA elections | INDToday|date=2 October 2021|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150250/https://indtoday.com/cvl-narasimha-rao-withdraws-from-maa-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/maa-elections-2021-cvl-narasimha-rao-announced-manifesto-maa-elections-1400514|title=మా ఎన్నికలు: మేనిఫెస్టో ప్రకటించిన సీవీఎల్‌ నరసింహారావు|date=2 October 2021|website=Sakshi|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026194605/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/maa-elections-2021-cvl-narasimha-rao-announced-manifesto-maa-elections-1400514|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Narasimha Rao is a criminal lawyer, and advocate,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pleading-guilty-to-be-free/articleshow/47135448.cms|title=Pleading guilty to be free|date=3 May 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> who later turned into acting through telefilms. He directed and produced a film based on the [[Telangana movement]] called ''Ratanala Veena'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/spurt-of-telangana-films-to-hit-screens-soon/articleshow/9143072.cms|title=Spurt of Telangana films to hit screens soon
|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=31 March 2024|date=8 July 2011}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*''[[Maharshi (1987 film)|Maharshi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Ashwini (film)|Ashwini]]'' (1991)
*''[[Raat (film)|Raat/Ratri]]'' (1992) (Bilingual)
*''Akka Chellelu'' (1993)
*''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladatha]]'' (1996)
*''[[Akka! Bagunnava?]]'' (1996)
*''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' (1997)
*''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' (1998)
*''[[Naa Hrudayamlo Nidurinche Cheli]]'' (1999)
*''[[Samudram (1999 film)|Samudram]]'' (1999)
*''[[Subbu]]'' (2001)
*''[[Aithe]]'' (2003)
*''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003)
*''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004)
*''[[Venky]]'' (2004)
*''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' (2006)
*''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' (2006)
*''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (2007)
*''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' (2008)
*''[[Black & White (2008 Telugu film)|Black & White]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|title=Black & White: Movie Review|author=NaChiKi|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|date=28 August 2008|access-date=10 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209155620/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php|archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref>
*''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Souryam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]'' (2008)
*''[[Pravarakhyudu]]'' (2009)
*''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Adhurs]]'' (2010)
*''[[Rushi (film)|Rushi]]'' (2012)
*''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' (2012)
*''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' (2012)
*''[[Anaamika]]'' (2014)
*''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' (2014)
*''[[Ala Ela]]'' (2014)
*''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015)
*''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]'' (2016)
*''[[Prematho Mee Karthik]]'' (2017)
*''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]'' (2018)
*''[[118 (film)|118]]'' (2019)
*''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90 ML]]'' (2019)
*''Subramanyam'' (2019)
*''[[Majili]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]'' (2019)
*''[[Venky Mama]]'' (2020)
*''[[Disco Raja]]'' (2020)
*''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' (2020)
*''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' (2020)
*''Shivan'' (2020)
*''[[Maa Vintha Gaadha Vinuma]]'' (2020)
*''[[Naandhi]]'' (2021)
*''[[Drushyam 2]]'' (2021)
*''[[Check (film)|Check]]'' (2021)
*''Lawyer Viswanath'' (2021)
*''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' (2021)
*''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021)
*''The Killer'' (2021)
*''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' (2021)
*''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' (2022)
*''[[First Day First Show]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show is a fond tribute to Pawan Kalyan's Kushi, Trivikram launches teaser |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/first-day-first-show-is-a-fond-tribute-to-pawan-kalyans-kushi-trivikram-launches-teaser/758e934b99472 |work=OTTPlay |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[O Saathiya]]'' (2023)
*''[[Natho Nenu]]'' (2023)
*''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' (2023)
*''[[Siddharth Roy]]'' (2024) as Dr. Ramana Gopisetti
*''[[Tillu Square]]'' (2024)
*''[[Kali (2024 film)|Kali]]'' (2024)
*''[[Shanmukha (film)|Shanmukha]]'' (2025)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|CVL Narasimha Rao}}

*{{IMDb name|nm2129327}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. V. L. Narasimha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Riffat Aziz

2026-04-29T19:56:53Z

Olphindro Malang: new the pg w/ refs.

{{Short description|Pakistani-Kashmiri politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Riffat Aziz
| office1 =
Member of [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 29 July 2016
| term_end1 = 25 July 2021
|party = [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]
}}

'''Riffat Aziz''' is a Pakistani-Kashmiri politician who was a member of [[Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from 2016 to 2021.<ref name="ajk former">{{cite web |title=Former Members |url=https://ajkassembly.gok.pk/former-members/ |publisher=Azad Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly Secretariat |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref> Riffat Aziz belongs to Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Jammu & Kashmir and was elected in 2016's elections<ref>[https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/01/pm-sharifs-adviser-slams-jamaat-e-islami-leadership/ PM Sharif’s adviser slams Jamaat-e-Islami leadership] Retrieved on 21 Feb 2018</ref> as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Azad Kashmir on a reserved seat for women from [[Kotli]], [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1274176|title=PML-N, JI, PPP women elected in AJK|first=Tariq|last=Naqash|date=30 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref name="ajk former" />

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 8th Legislative Assembly of Azad Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Riffat}}
[[Category:Pakistani political people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AzadKashmir-MLA-stub}}

Prince Mehra

2026-04-25T18:03:05Z

Olphindro Malang: new initial data nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prince Mehra
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Manjit Singh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| education =
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 1990–present
}}

'''Prince Mehra''', also known as '''Manjit Singh''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Meet UT's Manjit Singh, who is giving wings to birds for taking flight again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/meet-uts-manjit-singh-who-is-giving-wings-to-birds-for-taking-flight-again-8923062/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[social work]]er based in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Meet Prince Mehra, Chandigarh's 'bird doctor' on wheels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/meet-prince-mehra-chandigarhs-bird-doctor-on-wheels-8903483/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is noted for his voluntary work rescuing and rehabilitating injured birds in the Tricity region of [[Chandigarh]], [[Mohali]], and [[Panchkula]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Charming for birds in distress |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/prince-charming-for-birds-in-distress-193437/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mehra began bird rescue work in 1990 after observing incidents involving injured birds.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jasleen |date=2022-12-26 |title=Chandigarh: Meet Limca Book of Records holder Prince Mehra who has dedicated his life to birds |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/nation/chandigarh-meet-limca-book-of-records-holder-prince-mehra-who-has-dedicated-his-life-to-birds-715463 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":46">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-01-05 |title=Meet Prince Mehra, Chandigarh's messiah for birds in distress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jan/01/meet-prince-mehra-chandigarhs-messiah-for-birds-in-distress-2533708.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He equipped a [[bicycle]] with medical supplies to deliver [[first aid]] to birds in urban areas and later transitioned to using an [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|electric scooter]] to extend his range.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |title=पक्षियों के लिए देवदूत बने प्रिंस मेहरा:11 सालों से संकट में फंसे परिंदों को निकाल रहे; 1150 को दे चुके हैं नया जीवन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/news/haryana-chandigarh-inspiring-s.ry-chandigarh-bird-man-state-awardee-prince-mehra-130845541.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> He treats birds injured due to electrocution, kite string entanglement, heat exposure, and other urban hazards.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |title=1254 मृत पक्षियों को दफनाया, 1150 का किया इलाज... चंडीगढ़ के प्रिंस मेहरा, जिन्हें कहा जाता है 'बर्ड मैन' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/chandigarh/prince-mehra-of-chandigarh-who-is-known-as-the-messiah-of-birds/articleshow/96659804.cms |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
He is reported to have treated and rehabilitated over 1,100 injured or distressed birds.<ref name=":47">{{Cite web |title=बेमिसालः मिलिए 'एंबुलेंस मैन' से, जो करते हैं एक ऐसा काम, मिला इंडिया स्टार पर्सनैलिटी अवार्ड |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/success-story-ambulance-man-prince-mehra-got-india-star-personality-award |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Additionally, he has performed the last rites for 600 deceased birds.<ref name=":47" />

In addition to his voluntary efforts, Mehra is employed as a drawing teacher in a government school.<ref name=":43" /> In 2016, he was appointed to the Chandigarh Administration’s Animal Husbandry Department as an animal attendant.<ref name=":42" /> His rescue work is conducted independently and is not part of his formal duties.<ref name=":44" />

== Recognition ==
Mehra was featured in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' in 2014 for operating a mobile bird [[ambulance]].<ref name=":45" /> In 2021, he received a State Award from the Chandigarh Administration in recognition of his contributions to animal welfare.<ref name=":46" />

==Public activities==
Mehra has engaged in public awareness and preventive measures during [[Kite-Flying|kite-flying]] festivals and high-temperature periods, such as distributing water bowls and providing first aid guidance for birds.<ref name=":42" /> Cases requiring advanced care are referred to veterinary hospitals or [[animal welfare organizations]].<ref name=":43" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Prince}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Animal welfare workers]]
[[Category:Indian animal welfare workers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

K. Somashekar

2026-04-24T20:33:00Z

Olphindro Malang: created details.

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Manipur High Court (2025)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kempaiah Somashekar
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|9th Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start = 22 May 2025
| term_end = 14 September 2025
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[D. Krishnakumar]]
| successor = [[M. Sundar]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = 14 November 2016
| term_end2 = 21 May 2025
| nominator2 = [[Tirath Singh Thakur]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| honorific_prefix = Hon’ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Kempaiah Somashekar''' (born 15 September 1963) is a retired Indian judge who has previously served as the 9th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]. He has also served as a judge of [[Karnataka High Court]].

== Early life and education ==
Justice Somashekar was born on 15 September 1963. He enrolled as an advocate on 27 January 1990 and started practising law in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts on both Civil and Criminal sides.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
He was directly appointed as District and Sessions Judge on 17 June 1998 and served as Additional Districts and Sessions Judge at Bijapur (Vijayapura) and City Civil Court, Bangalore. He also served as Principal District and Sessions Judge at Uttara Kannada, Karwar District; Hassan; Bangalore Rural District, Chitradurga. He then served as Principal City Civil and Sessions Judge, Bangalore and also served as Registrar Judicial and Registrar Vigilance at High Court of Karnataka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-05-20 |title=Justice K Somashekar appointed Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-k-somashekar-appointed-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2025-05-22 |title=Justice K. Somashekar Sworn In as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/justice-k-somashekar-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was elevated to bench as an additional judge of Karnataka High Court on 14 November 2016 and was confirmed as permanent Judge on 3 November 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

On 15 May 2025, Supreme court collegium led by Chief Justice of India [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]] recommended his elevation as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-05-15 |title=SC collegium recommends Karnataka HC judge K. Somashekar as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-collegium-recommends-karnataka-hc-judge-k-somashekar-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/article69580295.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was cleared by central government on 20 May 2025. He assumed office as 9th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court on 22 May 2025<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=President appoints Karnataka HC judge K. Somashekar as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/president-appoints-karnataka-hc-judge-k-somashekar-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/article69597801.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2025-05-20 |title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice K Somashekar As Chief Justice Of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/manipur-high-court/justice-kempaiah-somashekar-chief-justice-manipur-high-court-appointment-292810 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> and retired on 14 September 2025 after serving brief tenure of nearly 4 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collegium recommends 3 judges as chief justices of high courts |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/collegium-recommends-chief-justices-of-3-high-courts/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=SC collegium recommends appointment of chief justices for 3 high courts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-collegium-recommends-appointment-of-chief-justices-for-3-high-courts/articleshow/123840572.cms |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Pandit Divyang Vakil

2026-04-24T20:18:37Z

Olphindro Malang: new first article v1

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Pandit Divyang Vakil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = 'Guruji'
| name = Pandit Divyang Vakil
| image = Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil.jpg
| awards = Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar, 2014
| website = {{URL|panditdivyangvakil.com}}
| occupation = [[Guru]] of Taalvidya, [[Spirituality]] and [[Philosophy]].
A [[Tabla]] and [[Rhythm]] maestro, and a [[Music]] Composer.
| organization = Taalim School of Indian Music, USA
}}
'''Pandit Divyang Vakil''' (commonly addressed as [[Guru|''Guruji'']] or 'respected teacher') is a [[Tabla]] and Rhythm maestro renowned globally for his intricate rhythm compositions; a [[Guru]] of Taalvidya'; [[Spirituality]] and [[Philosophy]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Dakshesh |date=6 March 2022 |title=જીવન થી મૃત્યુ તરફની સાહજિક અને પ્રકાશમય ગતિ ને નિરાખતા દિવ્યાંગ વકીલ: એક અનુભૂતિ |language=Gujarati |pages=2 |work=Gujarat Samachar |url=http://www.epapergujaratsamachar.com/archive/epaper.php?edition=Ravipurti&date=2022-03-06&pageno=2 |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Divya Bhaskar ePaper: Today (Aaj Ka) Gujarati Newspaper, Online Gujarati Newspaper |url=https://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/main |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=divyabhaskar epaper |language=gu}}</ref>

== Life and work ==

=== Musical career ===
Pandit Divyang Vakil received formal training in Indian classical percussion instrument [[Tabla]] under the tutelage of not one but three Gurus from different [[Gharana]]s; Pandit [[Sudhirkumar Saxena]] of the [[Ajrara gharānā|Ajrada gharana]], Ustad Latif Ahmed Khan of the [[Delhi gharana]] and [[Alla Rakha|Ustad Allarakha Khan]] of the [[Punjab gharana]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web|title=About Tabla Guru|url=http://divyangvakil.com/index.php/about/tabla-guru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=13 Nov 2002, B1 – South Bergenite at Newspapers.com |url=http://northjersey.newspapers.com/image/499169815/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=North Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Pandit Vakil has also accompanied many of the great masters of [[Indian classical music]] including Pt. [[Nikhil Banerjee]] and Pt. Maniramji.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Nearly 30 years ago, Pandit Divyang Vakil renounced his career as a tabla performer to dedicate himself wholeheartedly to teaching, composing and spiritual pursuits.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|title=High Energy Performance by Tabla Ecstasy Ensemble|journal=Saathee Magazine|date=March 2010|pages=36, 86|url=http://issuu.com/saathee/docs/digital_march_10_saathee_charlotte}}</ref>

=== Tabla ''Guru'' ===
In 2019, Pandit Divyang Vakil (affectionately known as '''Guruji''<nowiki/>' to his students) completed his 40th year of teaching Tabla.<ref name=":9" /> He has taught thousands of students and produced innumerable professionals globally through his expansive teaching career spanning over 4 decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rhythm Riders Music Productions|url=http://www.rrmproductions.com/blog/?p=116|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref> He is the founder of Rhythm Riders Music Institute<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122922/http://www.rrmproductions.com/institute.html Rhythm Riders Music Institute]</ref> in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. An affiliated institute of Rhythm Riders Music Institute is the Taalim School of Indian Music in the US, which is run by American disciples of Pandit Divyang Vakil.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Taalim School|url=http://taalim.com/about/taalim/}}</ref> His students have also established Tabla schools in places such as Australia, Korea, UK and various locations across the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Founder|url=http://www.rrmproductions.com/pandit-divyang-vakil.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120909102604/http://www.rrmproductions.com/pandit-divyang-vakil.html|archivedate=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Christopher |title=In Love With the Tabla Sound {{!}} The East Hampton Star |url=https://www.easthamptonstar.com/arts/2022623/love-tabla-sound |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=easthamptonstar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-05 |title=The Yoga of Sound with Classical Indian Tabla Player Loren Oppenheimer |url=https://www.ihanuman.com/features/yoga-sound-classical-indian-tabla-player-loren-oppenheimer |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=iHanuman |language=en}}</ref>

=== Taalvidya ''Guru'' ===
Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil is currently providing extensive rhythm training to over 500 [[Kathak]] students, dancers, artists, teachers and professionals globally who are being trained in [[Indian classical dance]] form Kathak from different Kathak ''Gurus;'' institutes and belong to different [[Gharana]]s (schools of Indian classical dance and music) of Kathak dance.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Anga Kala Kathak Academy |url=https://angakala.com/about/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=angakala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Tanveer |title=About |url=https://www.tanveerdance.com/7409227-about |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=Tanveerdance.com}}</ref> The '''Taalvidya''<nowiki/>' program focuses on the rhythmic aspect of Kathak and aims at providing the dancers with a deeper understanding into the fundamental structure of the art form through classes, workshops and courses eventually opening up many new avenues for an artist to explore. Kathak dancers from around the world often dance to his Kathak compositions. During the pandemic, his vision connected numerous Kathak dancers, artists and teachers from India and abroad in a collaborative spirit and who choreographed and danced upon many of his original and memorable Kathak compositions produced digitally by [https://rushivakil.com/aaditaal-music/ Aaditaal Music Project]; the production face of Indian music composer, producer and artist Rushi Vakil and released under the title of 'Quarantine Kathak Connections'.<ref name=":3" />

=== Guru of Spirituality and philosophy ===
''Guruji'' Pandit Divyang Vakil has conducted research for the past 2 decades on one of the ignored subjects by mankind i.e.,'Death'; '''The art of dying''<nowiki/>' including understanding of different philosophies and concepts, and scientific aspects revolving around the subject of 'Death' as well as death rituals and customs in practice across various religions in the world. For research, he has travelled across numerous countries and closely examined many events of death to gain deeper insights into the mystery, origin and progression of life towards a distinguished state of 'Death' and the phenomenon of death itself'.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> By combining his vast knowledge and experience as a rhythm maestro, his interest in philosophy and spiritual experience, his research involves in-depth understanding and deciphering the vibrations and rhythmic patterns associated with 'death'. Guruji has delivered many lectures on the 'Philosophy of Death' until now and he shares his experiences upon this subject with doctors and his students as well. He has also conducted various discourses and has delivered numerous lectures globally on topics such as '[[Philosophy of music|Philosophy of Music]]', 'Philosophy of [[Death]] and [[Reincarnation]]', '[[Human behavior|Human behaviour]]', '[[Hanuman Chalisa]]' and more.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

=== Composer ===
As a composer, ''Guruji'' Pandit Divyang Vakil is known for his intricate rhythm compositions. He has been teaching the concepts of rhythm and guiding numerous musicians and drummers globally to adapt the fundamentals of the Indian classical rhythm system onto their own instrument creating new rhythmic structures while demonstrating the universality of rhythm.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Indian Rhythm: A Universal Language |url=https://www.iwomens.net/ed267 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Styles |url=http://vincentpiercepercussion.com/styles/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Vincent Pierce Percussion |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2011, he collaborated with South Korean musician Yu Kyung-hwa. Vakil composed a piece for Yu to play on the traditional Korean instrument, the [[Janggu]], and set it to popular Indian rhythms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mistry |first=Suresh |date=7 February 2011 |title=હું દક્ષિણ કોરિયાથી સૂર- તાલની આપ- લે કરવ। આવી છું |language=Gujarati |work=Gujarat Samachar}}</ref> The piece debuted in February 2011 at Rhythm Riders Music Institute in Ahmedabad, India. The following month Pandit Ji was invited to compose and teach Indian rhythms and theory to Korean artists in an international music exchange program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profiling World Music Composer Pandit Divyang Vakil |url=http://divanee.com/2011/06/11/profiling-world-music-composer-pandit-divyang-vakil/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Divanee |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618135644/http://divanee.com/2011/06/11/profiling-world-music-composer-pandit-divyang-vakil/ }}</ref>

Pandit Divyang Vakil is well known for his contemporary classical Tabla ensemble compositions ''<nowiki/>'Tabla Triveni', 'Tabla Taandav', 'Tabla Tarkhat'<nowiki/>'' and '''Tālavya''<nowiki/>' to name a few. Through his compositions, Pandit Vakil has given a modern form to Indian classical Tabla playing.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2011 |title=Taan and Talavya to Perform at Sports Club |newspaper=Gujarat Samachar}}</ref>

==== Tālavya ====
Formerly known as the Tabla Ecstasy, Talavya is a contemporary Indian Classical [[Percussion ensemble|Percussion Ensemble]] that explores the capabilities of expressing the Indian Classical Hand Drum Tabla as a rhythmic as well as a melodic instrument.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-17 |title=Talavya -Transforming Perceptions of Classical Music (TEDxASB) |url=https://www.indiearth.com/talavya-transforming-perceptions-of-classical-music-tedxasb/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=IndiEarth – Connecting Worldwide Media To India's Artists |language=en-GB}}</ref> The ensemble performs compositions by Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil. Tabla Ecstasy, Power of Tabla, Ardha Taal Chakravyuha are a few of his full length instrumental ensemble pieces which are essentially contemporary compositions by Guruji Pt. Divyang Vakil that Talavya performs.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-03 |title=Powerful and Lightning Fast Tabla Drumming Ensemble Draws Packed House |url=https://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/2019/02/03/powerful-and-lightning-fast-tabla-drumming-ensemble-draws-packed-house |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=NewJerseyStage.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, his tabla duet called Power of Tabla was the first musical performance by Gujarati artists to be performed in the history of [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-Ahmedabad]] Chaos Festival.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2007 |title=Taalnaad at IIM-Chaos |newspaper=Gujarat Samachar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the 'Tabla Ecstacy' perform at the IIM Ahmedabad Chaos festival – Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/ahmedabad/chaos-nasha-fest/chaos-nasha-festival-08/articleshow/2752728.cms |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> One of his most difficult works is Ardha Taal Chakra (literally meaning "circle of half rhythms"). Ardha Taal Chakra explored half-beat Indian rhythm cycles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kukadia |first=Sejal |date=3 June 2011 |title=Tabla Maestro: Pandit Divyang Vakil |newspaper=News India Times |url=http://epaper.newsindia-times.com/Default.aspx?selpg=483&selDt=06/03/2011&BMode=100# |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326090404/http://epaper.newsindia-times.com/Default.aspx?selpg=483&selDt=06%2F03%2F2011&BMode=100 |archivedate=26 March 2012}}</ref> Created in 2006, it was recomposed and renamed in 2010 to become Ardha Taal Chakravyuha. All the group Tabla works retain the essence of the Indian Classical Music while showcasing synchronization of complex rhythms transitioning to smooth meditative passages not usually associated with drumming.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-17 |title=Talavya -Transforming Perceptions of Classical Music (TEDxASB) |url=https://www.indiearth.com/talavya-transforming-perceptions-of-classical-music-tedxasb/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=IndiEarth – Connecting Worldwide Media To India's Artists |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=melaagency |title=Talavya – Contemporary Classical Tabla Ensemble |url=https://artists.melaartsconnect.com/artists/talavya-tabla-ensemble/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=MELA Arts Connect |language=en-US}}</ref> Talavya has also performed at notable events and locations such as the Chico World Music Festival, held in Chico, California, United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-18 |title=Chico World Music Festival brings international flair to campus |url=https://www.chicoer.com/20110918/chico-world-music-festival-brings-international-flair-to-campus |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Chico Enterprise-Record |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-05 |title=Come what May |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/come-what-may/story-qQtXIqlJPfafQR0joOyx0N.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Symphony Space]], NYC,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} TEDx ASB Events at Mumbai, India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxASB {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/3959 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=ted.com}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The INK Conference at Jaipur, India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch The INK Conference in association with TED with Facebook on Indiatimes Live |url=http://inkpaid.live.indiatimes.com/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=inkpaid.live.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Queens University of Charlotte]], USA,<ref name=":5" /> [[Lincoln Center]], NYC,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-20 |title=Talavya Treats the Throngs to Torrential Tabla Thrills |url=https://newyorkmusicdaily.wordpress.com/2017/05/20/talavya/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=New York Music Daily |language=en}}</ref> The Percussive Arts Society International Convention (PASIC™) 2013 at Indianapolis, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confirmed PASIC Artists |url=https://www.drumforum.org/threads/confirmed-pasic-artists.85944/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=[DFO] Drum Forum |date=2 August 2013 |language=en-US}}</ref> and numerous other locations across North America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-02 |title=Indian Tabla Maestros Talavya Begin North American Tour {{!}} World Music Central |url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2011/04/02/indian-tabla-maestros-talavya-begin-north-american-tour/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Talavya has collaborated with American percussionist and musician [[Mickey Hart]], Canadian vocalist [[Shakura S'Aida|Shakura S’Aida]], musician [[Sidi Touré]] and Cuban Fire.<ref name=":8" />

==== Pradhanica ====

Pandit Divyang Vakil's latest work [https://jinkathak.com/productions/ Pradhanica]; meaning 'Female leader ’ or 'Female head' is a collaborative stage production<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gorce |first=Tammy La |date=2016-08-12 |title=Pradhanica Brings the Rhythms of Kathak Dance to New Jersey |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/nyregion/pradhanica-brings-the-rhythms-of-kathak-dance-to-new-jersey.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> between the South Korean origin Kathak dancer, choreographer<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kourlas |first=Gia |date=2013-08-23 |title=Styles Reach Beyond Appearances |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/24/arts/dance/jin-won-at-la-mamas-drive-east-festival.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil's Tabla disciple Jin Won.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khabar: Music: Taalika: Nothing Typical About These Tabla Exponents |url=http://www.khabar.com/magazine/features/music_taalika_nothing_typical_about_these_tabla_exponents |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=khabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=View Magazine Winter 2017, March 3-18, 2018 by The Publishing House – Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/pubhouse/docs/lt_spr_18_pradhanica.temptations.go |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=issuu.com |date=4 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Pradhanica is a 90-minute ensemble of World Drums and Indian classical dance form [[Kathak]] showcasing the contemporary side of the dance composed by Guruji Pandit Divyang<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and led by Jin Won . It essentially explores the possibilities of expressing emotions through rhythm and movement.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lone Tree Arts Center, Theatrical Shows, Music & Dance {{!}} Lone Tree Arts |url=https://www.lonetreeartscenter.org/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=lonetreeartscenter.org}}</ref> The ensemble includes Pandit Divyang Vakil's disciple Mike Lukshis playing the Indian classical hand percussion instrument 'Tabla' along with Kaumil Shah on African [[Djembe]], Vincent Pierce on the Latin American instrument [[Cajón|Cajon]] and Indrajit Roy Choudhary on Indian classical [[string instrument]] [[Sitar]].<ref name=":0" /> Pradhanica has performed at various locations across the states; Manhattan Movement and Art Center,<ref name=":0" /> Drive East, The Festival of South Asian Music and Dance at La MaMa,<ref name=":1" /> Lone Tree Arts Center, Colorado,<ref name=":2" /> Musikfest in Bethlehem, PA,<ref name=":0" /> and Annual Princeton Festival at [[McCarter Theatre|McCarter Theater]] in Princeton are some to mention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Robert |title=Dancer's Journey Traces Steps from East to West |url=https://www.communitynews.org/princetoninfo/artsandentertainment/dancer-s-journey-traces-steps-from-east-to-west/article_03d465a0-8e94-5b3b-bef5-53905e36862d.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Community News |date=23 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Robert |date=2015-07-03 |title=In 'Pradhanica,' Jin Won adds innovations to North Indian Kathak dance |url=https://www.njarts.net/in-pradhanica-jin-won-adds-innovations-to-north-indian-kathak-dance/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=NJArts.net |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Pandit Divyang Vakil post Legacy Concert with students.jpg|thumb|Pandit Divyang Vakil post Legacy Concert with students|400x400px]]

== Events ==

=== Gurupoornima Celebration ===
Gurupoornima 2019 July 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 – Ahmedabad Mirror, 7/18/2019 |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/sharedpages/SharedView.Page.aspx?sk=3402886E&href=AMIR/2019/07/18&page=8 |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 – Ahmedabad Mirror, 7/16/2019 |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/olive/apa/timesofindia/sharedpages/SharedView.Page.aspx?sk=6954BB92&href=AMIR/2019/07/16&page=19 |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Things to do in Ahmedabad today |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/things-to-do-in-ahmedabad-today/70233903.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Legacy concert ===
The Legacy concert, 2019 celebrated ''Guruji'' Pandit Divyang Vakil's 40th teaching anniversary. The concert featured numerous performances by his senior 'Tabla' disciples, artists and students of 'Rhythm' performing on western [[Drum kit]], [[Janggu]] and more; as well as his 'Taalvidya' students, dancers and professionals from the field of '[[Kathak]]' from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 |url=http://www.barkhadance.com/performances/2019/12/16/2019-f76la |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Barkha Dance Company |date=January 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> The event also showcased a performance by the notable American drummer [[Will Calhoun]] who has been inspired by Guruji's rhythmic styles<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Will Calhoun – Tour and Clinic Schedule |url=https://willcalhoun.com/tourschedule_archive_2019_2020.shtml |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=willcalhoun.com}}</ref> as well as Korean percussionist Prof. Kyung- Hwa You, who adapted the aspects of Indian rhythm and music in her playing of the traditional Korean instrument Janggu.

=== Rhythmic Freefall ===
Rhythmic Freefall: The Power of Rhythm in Nature' was an event curated by the [https://taalim.com/ Taalim School of Indian Music] held at the base of the Lower Enfield Falls at [[Robert H. Treman State Park]] on 22 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mroczek |first=Jacob |date=2018-09-25 |title=Video: 100 tabla players drum alongside tempo of Ithaca waterfall |url=http://ithacavoice.com/2018/09/video-100-tabla-players-drum-alongside-tempo-of-ithaca-waterfall/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=The Ithaca Voice |language=en-US}}</ref> Reportedly, over 100 Tabla players aged 4 – 65 years from the Taalim School of Indian Music, USA led by Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil showcased a powerful performance alongside the rushing waterfall to experience the oneness of rhythm in nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Ela |date=2018-09-24 |title=Indian-Americans, others engage in 'Majestic Battle' between tablas and waterfall in New York |url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/indian-americans-others-engage-in-majestic-battle-between-tablas-and-waterfall-in-new-york/38005 |access-date=2019-03-21 |website=News India Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-07 |title=100 tabla players perform near Ithaca, NY, waterfall |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2018/10/07/100-tabla-players-perform-near-ithaca-ny-waterfall-435433/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref> The event marked the 20th anniversary of a similar event conceptualised by Guruji Pandit Divyang Vakil 20 years before in [[Gujarat]], India at the Zanzari waterfall.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Awards==
Pandit Divyang Vakil received the 'Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar' (Gujarat State honour) by the [https://sangeetnatak.gujarat.gov.in/ Gujarat Rajya Sangeet Natak Academy] on 8 December 2014 for his years of contribution to the field of Indian classical music in an award ceremony held at the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Gujarat govt presents Gaurav Puraskar to 12 artists |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2014/12/08/gujarat-govt-presents-gaurav-puraskar-to-12-artists/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=DeshGujarat |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards {{!}} Gujarat State Sangeet Natak Academy : Sports, Youth and Culture Activities Department, Government of Gujarat |url=https://sangeetnatak.gujarat.gov.in/awards.htm |access-date=21 May 2022 |language=Gujarati}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://taalim.com/ Taalim School of Indian Music]
* https://rushivakil.com/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakil, Divyang}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian drummers]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]

International Financial Services Centres Authority

2026-04-23T11:27:01Z

Olphindro Malang: created new details

{{Short description|Financial regulatory authority in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = International Financial Services Centres Authority
| seal = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| seal_width = 50px
| seal_caption = Emblem of The Government of India
| logo = IFSCA.svg
| logo_width = 150px
| logo_caption = Logo of IFSCA
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2020|04|27}} ({{small|Established}}) ({{small|under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019}})
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre]]
| headquarters = [[GIFT City]], [[India]]
| employees = 200
| budget =
| chief1_name = K. Rajaraman
| chief1_position = [[Chairman]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of India]]
| child1_agency = See [[#Subsidiary|list]]
| website = {{website |https://ifsca.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Employees |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/international-financial-services-centres-authority}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About IFSCA |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/AboutIFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331211525/https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/AboutIFSCA |url-status=live }}</ref>
| agency_type = [[Regulatory agency]]
}}

The '''International Financial Services Centres Authority''' ('''IFSCA''') is the [[Regulatory agency|regulatory body]] for the [[India|Indian]] [[special economic zone]]s such as the [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre]] for International Financial Services and commodity markets under the [[ownership]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IFSCA established as unified regulator to develop, regulate financial products, financial services & financial institutions |date=14 July 2021 |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/07/14/ifsca-established-as-unified-regulator-to-develop-regulate-financial-products-financial-services-financial-institutions/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717182452/https://newsonair.com/2021/07/14/ifsca-established-as-unified-regulator-to-develop-regulate-financial-products-financial-services-financial-institutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was established in 2020, under the [[International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019]]. The International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) is located in [[GIFT City]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Act, 2019 |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Upload/PublicationDoc/IFSCA_Act_2019.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
===Developments that led to the IFSCA===
In December 2015 the first International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in [[India]] was set up in [[GIFT City|Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-07-27 |title=PM Modi to visit India's first International Financial Services Centre in Gujarat |url=https://theprint.in/india/pm-modi-to-visit-indias-first-international-financial-services-centre-in-gujarat/1058145/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054309/https://theprint.in/india/pm-modi-to-visit-indias-first-international-financial-services-centre-in-gujarat/1058145/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019 the [[Government of India]] enacted an Act of Parliament called the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-international-financial-services-centres-authority-bill-2019 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054320/https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-international-financial-services-centres-authority-bill-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===Establishment===
On April 27, 2020, The IFSCA was established as a [[statutory body]] under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019 |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Viewer/Index/229 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321091414/https://ifsca.gov.in/Viewer/Index/229 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 27, 2020, inauguration of the IFSCA by the [[Finance minister of india|Finance Minister of India]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]].<ref name=":4" />

On May 27, 2020, the IFSCA released its first set of regulations, namely the IFSCA ([[Banking]]) Regulations, 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Regulations |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/ActsAndRegulation}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Important Milestones announced by IFSCA during the visit of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on July 29, 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1846418 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720155700/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1846418 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Developments===
On June 17, 2020, the IFSCA signed an MoU with the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore|Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS)]] to strengthen cooperation in [[financial services]] between [[India]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA MoU with MAS |url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2020/monetary-authority-of-singapore-and-international-financial-services-centres-authority-sign-mou}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Authority of Singapore and the International Financial Services Centre Authority Exchange Memorandum of Understanding on Supervisory Cooperation |url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2022/monetary-authority-of-singapore-and-the-international-financial-services-centre-authority-exchange-memorandum-of-understanding-on-supervisory-cooperation |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.mas.gov.sg |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054309/https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2022/monetary-authority-of-singapore-and-the-international-financial-services-centre-authority-exchange-memorandum-of-understanding-on-supervisory-cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-08-01 |title=MAS, IFSCA sign MOU to strengthen supervisory cooperation of financial services |url=https://asianbankingandfinance.net/news/mas-ifsca-sign-mou-strengthen-supervisory-cooperation-financial-services |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Asian Banking & Finance |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054313/https://asianbankingandfinance.net/news/mas-ifsca-sign-mou-strengthen-supervisory-cooperation-financial-services |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-18 |title=Singapore's monetary authority inks pact with IFSCA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/singapores-monetary-authority-inks-pact-with-ifsca/articleshow/94287184.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413031104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/singapores-monetary-authority-inks-pact-with-ifsca/articleshow/94287184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 1, 2020, the IFSCA announced the launch of its [[regulatory sandbox]] framework for testing innovative [[financial products]], [[Financial services|services]], and [[business model]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA regulatory sandbox framework |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/ifsc-regulatory-sandbox-framework-comes-into-force/articleshow/76685947.cms }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Rules for new hybrid financial instruments combining banking, insurance, MF, pension announced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/rules-for-new-hybrid-financial-instruments-combining-banking-insurance-mf-pension-announced/articleshow/94813853.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224553/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/rules-for-new-hybrid-financial-instruments-combining-banking-insurance-mf-pension-announced/articleshow/94813853.cms |url-status=live |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sneha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Finacle Inducted to IFSCA Regulatory Sandbox to Power Blockchain-Based Trade Finance |url=https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/power-blockchain-based-trade-finance.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.infosys.com |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405143612/https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/power-blockchain-based-trade-finance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA introduces Framework for Regulatory Sandboxto tap into innovative FinTech solutions |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1665858 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720160330/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1665858 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 1, 2020, the IFSCA issued the IFSCA (Insurance) Regulations, 2020, for regulating the [[insurance]] sector in the IFSC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority (Registration of Insurance Business) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/2022-01-21-conso-ifsca-iio-regu-202121012022054404.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405143615/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/2022-01-21-conso-ifsca-iio-regu-202121012022054404.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 7, 2020, the IFSCA signed an MoU with the [[Abu Dhabi Global Market|Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM)]] to promote and develop the [[financial services]] industry in their respective jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA MoU with ADGM |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ifsc-authority-signs-mou-with-abu-dhabi-global-market/articleshow/79623892.cms }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=Abu Dhabi Global Market, GIFT in financial services pact |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/abu-dhabi-global-market-gift-in-financial-services-pact/article9562222.ece |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322220512/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/abu-dhabi-global-market-gift-in-financial-services-pact/article9562222.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On February 17, 2021, the IFSCA issued the IFSCA (Capital Market Intermediaries) Regulations, 2021, for regulating capital market intermediaries in the IFSC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA (Capital Market Intermediaries) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://www.grantthornton.in/globalassets/1.-member-firms/india/assets/pdfs/ifsca_flyer_june_2022.pdf |website=Grant Thornton |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405143613/https://www.grantthornton.in/globalassets/1.-member-firms/india/assets/pdfs/ifsca_flyer_june_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA (Capital Market Intermediaries) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/distribution-of-capital-market-products-and-services-under-ifsca-capital-market-intermediaries-regulations-202121122022013726.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405143615/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/distribution-of-capital-market-products-and-services-under-ifsca-capital-market-intermediaries-regulations-202121122022013726.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 16, 2021, the IFSCA issued the IFSCA ([[Investment Advisor]]s) Regulations, 2021, for regulating investment advisors in the IFSCA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Investment Advisors Regulations, 2021 |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/ifsc-authority-releases-investment-advisers-regulations-11615628660197.html }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Organisation structure ==
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) is headed by a chairperson who is appointed by the [[Government of India]]. The chairperson is assisted by a full-time Member (Finance) and such number of other Members as may be appointed by the Central Government.<ref name=":7" />
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#FFFFBB;" colspan="3" |Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Organization Structure |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/OrganizedStructure |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321115350/https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/OrganizedStructure |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#BCFFC5;"|[[Chairperson]]
! style="background:#BCFFC5;" colspan="2" |K. Rajaraman
|-
!Department
!Head of Department
!Divisions
|-
|[[Banking]]
|Kumar Raghuraman
|Banking Regulations -1, Banking Regulations -2, Banking Supervision, Finance Company Regulations
|-
|[[Capital market|Capital Markets]]
|Pradeep Ramakrishnan
|Corporate Finance – Equity, Hybrid and related products, Corporate Finance – Debt and Sustainable Finance, Market Infrastructure Institutions – Regulation and Supervision, Division of Supervision of Intermediaries, Investment Funds - I and New Products & Services, Investment Funds - II and Aircraft Leasing
|-
|[[Insurance]]
|Praveen Trivedi
|Insurance
|-
|[[Metal]]s and [[Commodities]]
|Pradeep Ramakrishnan
|Strategic Research and Co-ordination for Market Development & Regulation, Regulatory Policy, Risk Management, and Supervision, Product Regulation, Vault Managers and Co-ordination
|-
|Development
|Dipesh Shah
|Development of Financial Market – I, Development of Financial Market – II & International Affairs
|-
|[[Economic Policy]] and [[Economic analysis|Analysis]]
|
|Economic Policy and Analysis
|-
|General Administration
|Praveen Trivedi
|Administration & HR, Treasury, Finance and Accounts
|-
|[[Information technology|IT]] and [[Fintech]]
|Joseph Joshy C J
|IT, Fintech
|-
|Legal Policy and Legal Affairs
|Praveen Trivedi
|Legal Policy, Legal Affairs
|-
|[[Regulatory policy|Regulatory Policy]] and [[Regulatory affairs|Regulatory Affairs]]
|Prasanna Seshchellam
|Regulatory Cooperation, Risk Based Supervision, SupTech, FATF Cell
|}

==Subsidiary==
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) has several child agencies or subsidiary bodies that help it carry out its functions. Some of these agencies are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Act, 2019 |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Upload/PublicationDoc/IFSCA_Act_2019.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Comitties |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACommittees |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150151/https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACommittees |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Advisory Committee (IFSCA-AC)'' - This committee advises the IFSCA on various issues related to the development and [[regulation]] of [[financial services]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Advisory Committee (IFSCA-AC) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCAAdvisoryCommittee.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Fund Administration (IFSCA-CFA)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[Fund administration|fund administration services]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Fund Administration (IFSCA-CFA) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACFA.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON INVESTMENT ... |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/ReportandPublication/report-of-expert-committee-on-investment-funds_3101202207022022063625.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405144650/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/ReportandPublication/report-of-expert-committee-on-investment-funds_3101202207022022063625.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Depository Receipts (IFSCA-CDR)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the [[issuance]] and [[trading]] of [[Depositary receipt|depository receipts]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Depository Receipts (IFSCA-CDR) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACDR.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Framework for listing of Depository Receipts in GIFT IFSC |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/framework_for_listing_of_depository_receipts_in_gift_ifsc28102020045103.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803163508/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/framework_for_listing_of_depository_receipts_in_gift_ifsc28102020045103.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Market Infrastructure Institutions (IFSCA-CMII)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of market infrastructure institutions like [[stock exchange]]s, [[Clearing Corporation|clearing corporations]], and [[Depositaries|depositories]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Market Infrastructure Institutions (IFSCA-CMII) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACMII.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Authority Committee on Market Infrastructure Institutions |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/MeetingDocument/draft-ifsca-market-infrastructure-institutions-regulations-202127072021053416.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150154/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/MeetingDocument/draft-ifsca-market-infrastructure-institutions-regulations-202127072021053416.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Financial Benchmarks (IFSCA-CFB)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of financial benchmarks in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Financial Benchmarks (IFSCA-CFB) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACFB.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Investment Advisers (IFSCA-CIA)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[investment adviser]]s in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Investment Advisers (IFSCA-CIA) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACIA.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of an Expert Committee on Investment Funds |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1721747 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720161825/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1721747 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Commodity Derivatives Markets (IFSCA-CCDM)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[commodity]] [[derivatives market]]s in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Commodity Derivatives Markets (IFSCA-CCDM) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACCDM.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Regulatory Sandbox (IFSCA-CRS)'' - This committee facilitates the testing and experimentation of innovative [[financial products]], [[Financial services|services]], and [[technologies]] in a controlled environment in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Regulatory Sandbox (IFSCA-CRS) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACRS.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Saurav |date=2022-10-05 |title=Sustainable finance panel moots promoting regulatory sandbox for green fintech |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sustainable-finance-panel-moots-promoting-regulatory-sandbox-for-green-fintech-11664953030595.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405151805/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sustainable-finance-panel-moots-promoting-regulatory-sandbox-for-green-fintech-11664953030595.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Financial Services (IFSCA-CFS)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of all [[financial services]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Financial Services (IFSCA-CFS) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACFS.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Regulation of Depositories (IFSCA-CRD)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[Depositaries|depositories]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Regulation of Depositories (IFSCA-CRD) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACRD.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Accounting Standards (IFSCA-CAS)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the adoption of [[accounting standard]]s in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Accounting Standards (IFSCA-CAS) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACAS.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ifsca Committee on Accounting Standards |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/accounting-standard-to-be-followed-by-ifsc-banking-units-ibus-for-the-purpose-of-ifsca-regulatory-reporting-and-compliance30072021112932.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405151805/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/accounting-standard-to-be-followed-by-ifsc-banking-units-ibus-for-the-purpose-of-ifsca-regulatory-reporting-and-compliance30072021112932.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Cyber Security (IFSCA-CCS)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the [[Computer security|cyber security]] and [[Information privacy|data protection]] measures taken by entities in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Cyber Security (IFSCA-CCS) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACCS.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Money Market and Foreign Exchange Markets (IFSCA-CMFM)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[money market]] and [[foreign exchange market]]s in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Money Market and Foreign Exchange Markets (IFSCA-CMFM) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACMFM.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Governance and Ethics (IFSCA-CGE)'' - This committee promotes [[good governance]] and ethical practices in entities operating in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Governance and Ethics (IFSCA-CGE) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACGE.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Risk Management (IFSCA-CRM)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the [[Risk management|risk management practices]] adopted by entities in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Risk Management (IFSCA-CRM) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACRM.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Insurance (IFSCA-CI)'' - This committee regulates and oversees the functioning of [[Insurance|insurance services]] in IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Insurance (IFSCA-CI) |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/IFSCACI.html}}</ref>
# ''International Financial Services Centres Authority Committee on Retail Business Development (IFSCA-CRBD)'' - To develop international [[retail business]] along with potential strategies for making [[GIFT IFSC|IFSC]] attractive for international financial services .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Jayshree P. |date=2020-08-03 |title=IFSCA sets up committee for international retail business development |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ifsca-sets-up-committee-for-international-retail-business-development-11596460735937.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405152612/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ifsca-sets-up-committee-for-international-retail-business-development-11596460735937.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IFSCA sets up a panel to formulate plan to develop international retail business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/ifsca-sets-up-a-panel-to-formulate-plan-to-develop-international-retail-business/articleshow/77330842.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407001915/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/ifsca-sets-up-a-panel-to-formulate-plan-to-develop-international-retail-business/articleshow/77330842.cms |url-status=live |last1=Noronha |first1=Gaurav }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Expert Committee Report on IFSC International Retail Business ... |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/ReportandPublication/irb-final-report-29-1021062021030248.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405152927/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/ReportandPublication/irb-final-report-29-1021062021030248.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Functions and responsibilities==
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) has been established to regulate and develop [[financial services]] in the International Financial Services Centres (IFSCs) located in [[India]]. Here are the key functions and responsibilities of IFSCA:
* Regulatory and development functions: The IFSCA is responsible for regulating [[financial services]] and products offered in the IFSCs, including [[banking]], [[insurance]], [[securities markets]], and other financial products and services. It is also responsible for promoting and developing the IFSCs in India.<ref name=":1" />
* Granting of approvals and permissions: The IFSCA has the power to grant approvals and permissions to entities operating in the IFSCs, including [[financial institution]]s, intermediaries, and other service providers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ifsca-operations-of-iiio-guidelines- ... |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/ifsca-operations-of-iiio-guidelines-202102112021013044.pdf |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145646/https://ifsca.gov.in/Document/Legal/ifsca-operations-of-iiio-guidelines-202102112021013044.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Promoting International Financial Services Centre: The IFSCA is responsible for promoting IFSCs and developing them into world-class [[Financial centre|financial centers]]. It has the power to enter into MoUs with other [[Regulatory body|regulatory bodies]], [[financial institution]]s, and governments of foreign countries to promote [[financial services]] in IFSCs.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}
* Framing of regulations and rules: The IFSCA has the power to frame [[regulation]]s and rules for the conduct of financial services and products in the IFSCs. It can also make recommendations to the [[Central government|Central Government]] on matters related to the regulation and development of financial services in the IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA issues regulatory framework for Angel Funds to facilitate investments in start-ups |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/ifsca-issues-regulatory-framework-for-angel-funds-to-facilitate-investments-in-start-ups-8768431.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Moneycontrol |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405054309/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/ifsca-issues-regulatory-framework-for-angel-funds-to-facilitate-investments-in-start-ups-8768431.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Business Standard |date=2023-02-17 |title=Reserve Bank of India, IFSCA likely to frame fresh norms for GIFT City |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rbi-ifsca-expected-to-bring-fresh-guidelines-soon-for-gift-city-soon-123021701039_1.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405151147/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rbi-ifsca-expected-to-bring-fresh-guidelines-soon-for-gift-city-soon-123021701039_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* Regulating Capital Markets: The IFSCA regulates [[capital market]]s in IFSCs and has the power to issue regulations, guidelines, and directions for entities operating in these markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Viswanath |first1=INDUSLAW-Namita |last2=Ahmed |first2=Naqeeb |last3=G |first3=Aditya |date=2022-04-26 |title=International financial services centres and opportunities for the fintech sector |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d302bccf-7493-47c9-a9ad-9dd02d26240f |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Lexology |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150229/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d302bccf-7493-47c9-a9ad-9dd02d26240f |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* Regulating Banking Services: The IFSCA regulates [[banking services]] in IFSCs and has the power to issue regulations, guidelines, and directions for entities operating in these services.<ref name=":6" />
* Regulating Insurance Services: The IFSCA regulates insurance services in IFSCs and has the power to issue regulations, guidelines, and directions for entities operating in these services.<ref name=":6" />
* Monitoring and surveillance: The IFSCA is responsible for monitoring and conducting surveillance of the financial services and products offered in the IFSCs to ensure compliance with regulations and rules.
* Dispute resolution: The IFSCA has the power to resolve disputes arising out of [[financial transaction]]s in the IFSCs, including between parties located in the IFSCs and parties located outside the IFSCs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GIFT IFSC: International Arbitration Centre at GIFT IFSC set to improve certainty in resolving disputes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/international-arbitration-centre-at-gift-ifsc-set-to-improve-certainty-in-resolving-disputes/articleshow/90635050.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407084905/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/international-arbitration-centre-at-gift-ifsc-set-to-improve-certainty-in-resolving-disputes/articleshow/90635050.cms |url-status=live |last1=Vyas |first1=Maulik }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Business Standard |date=2021-09-17 |title=IFSCA in process to set up International Arbitration Centre in GIFT IFSC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/amp/article/markets/ifsca-in-process-to-set-up-international-arbitration-centre-in-gift-ifsc-121091701328_1.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405151731/https://www.business-standard.com/amp/amp/article/markets/ifsca-in-process-to-set-up-international-arbitration-centre-in-gift-ifsc-121091701328_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K.R.Srivats |date=2021-09-18 |title=International arbitration centre at Gift City: IFSCA in talks with Law Ministry |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/international-arbitration-centre-at-gift-city-ifsca-in-talks-with-law-ministry/article36539724.ece |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405151732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/international-arbitration-centre-at-gift-city-ifsca-in-talks-with-law-ministry/article36539724.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* International cooperation: The IFSCA can enter into agreements with other regulatory bodies and organizations outside India to promote and develop the financial services industry in the IFSCs and to enhance international cooperation in this regard.

==Departments==
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) is a [[regulatory authority]] established by the [[Government of India]] to develop and regulate the financial services market. The IFSCA has several departments to oversee different areas of [[financial services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Departments |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/AboutDepartments.aspx}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=IFSCA Divisions |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/ListOfOfficers |website=IFSCA |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405150843/https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/ListOfOfficers |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) was recognised with the “Outstanding New Asian Regulatory and Technological Innovation in Financial Services” at the ‘[[Asian Digital Finance Forum & Awards]] 2023’ which was held at [[Hilton Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=DFT2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.lk/financial-services/AFTA-hosts-Asian-Digital-Finance-Forum-and-Awards-2023/42-746800|title=AFTA hosts ‘Asian Digital Finance Forum & Awards 2023’|accessdate=November 27, 2024|work=[[Daily FT]]|date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[List of financial supervisory authorities by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VbhN1-TtBbw/ International Financial Services Centres Authority Headquarters at GIFT City]

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities of India|India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2020]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]

Syed Mazhar Imam

2026-04-23T05:52:44Z

Olphindro Malang: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1908 - 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1908}}
| parents = Syed Fazal Imam (father)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1988|02|22|1908}}
| spouse = Married - 1925
| children = 2 sons and 2 daughters
| state =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1946
| office1 = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 1952
| term_end1 = 2 April 1956
| office2 = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1956
| term_end2 = 2 April 1962
}}

'''Syed Mazhar Imam''' (1908 - 22 February 1988) was an Indian politician and Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in 1946 and Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) from 1952 to 1956 and from 1956 to 1962.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpFJucR0foC&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=Rajya Sabha Members: Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npkaAQAAIAAJ&dq=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha&pg=PP12 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz5PAQAAMAAJ&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=August 1960 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee "B" on Second Five Year Plan, Industries, Minerals, Transport and Communications, Synopsis of Proceedings 11th - 14th and 16th - 18th July, 1956, Laid on the Tables of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha On 28th and 30th July, 1956, Respectively |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/committee-b-second-five-year-plan-industries-minerals-transport-and-communications-synopsis |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1959 |title=THE STATE BANK OF INDIA (AMENDMENT) BILL, 1959 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/52348/GIPE-066570-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Who's Who, 1952 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/who_1952.pdf |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MADDANNA, SHRI M. : Studied upto B.A.; Congress (I) |url=http://164.100.213.102/RSCMSNEW//documents/Members/1628692481578.5_m.pdf |journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E1PAQAAMAAJ&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112116676187 and Others: (1956:July) |date=2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpAjAQAAMAAJ&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1958 |publisher=Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZsaAQAAIAAJ&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7c6I7_GB84C&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette |date=1961 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=Bihar (India) Public Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIfAQAAIAAJ&q=Mazhar+Imam+Syed+rajya+sabha |title=Bihar |date=1958 |language=en}}</ref>

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1
|1946
|1951
|Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] (1st term)
|-
|2
|1952
|1956
|Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] (1st term)
|-
|3
|1956
|1962
|Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] (2nd term)
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]

Munishwar Nath Bhandari

2026-04-23T05:11:12Z

Olphindro Malang: created the data from scratch.

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Munishwar Nath Bhandari
| office1 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = September 2022
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start2 = 14 February 2022
| term_end2 = 12 September 2022
| nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office3 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start3 = 22 November 2021
| term_end3 = 13 February 2022
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start4 = 22 November 2021
| term_end4 = 13 February 2022
| appointer4 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator4 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office5 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start5 = 26 June 2021
| term_end5 = 10 October 2021
| appointer5 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office6 = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start6 = 15 March 2019
| term_end6 = 21 November 2021
| appointer6 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator6 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| office7 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start7 = 5 July 2007
| term_end7 = 14 March 2019
| appointer7 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator7 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|9|13|df=y}}
}}

'''Munishwar Nath Bhandari''' (born 13 September 1960) is an Indian Judge. He is former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]], and the Chairman, Appellate Tribunal under SAFEM Act, 1976. He has also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]] and [[Allahabad High Court]] and [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]] and [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 2019|title=Justice M N Bhandari Transferred From Rajasthan HC to Allahabad HC [Read Notification]|work=Live Law.in|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-m-n-bhandari-transferred-from-rajasthan-hc-to-allahabad-hc-read-notification-143338|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

== Judgeship ==
He was elevated as [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 5 July 2007. He was transferred as [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]] on 15 March 2019. He was appointed [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Allahabad High Court]] on 26 June 2021.

On 16 November 2021 he was transferred to [[Madras High Court]] and on 22 November 2021 he took charge as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]. On 1 February 2022 he was elevated as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court. On 14 February 2022 he took charge as the 51st [[Chief Justice]] of the prestigious [[Madras High Court]]. Tamilnadu Governor [[R. N. Ravi]] administered the oath of office to Justice Bhandari and Tamilnadu Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] took part in the swearing-in ceremony at Raj Bhavan, Tamilnadu.

He was retired on 12 September 2022.

== Post retirement ==
Appointed as Chairman Appellate Tribunal SAFEMA and PMLA on 08/09/2022 by the President of India

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite news|date=22 June 2021|title=Justice Munishwar Nath Bhandari to take over as acting Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court [Read Notification]|work=Bar & Bench|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/justice-munishwar-nath-bhandari-appointed-acting-chief-justice-of-allahabad-high-court|access-date=22 June 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Munishwar Nath}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]

Wai Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:41Z

Olphindro Malang: started new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{other uses|Wai (disambiguation){{!}}Wai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wai
| constituency_no = 256
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 256-Wai.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =348,113
}}
'''Wai Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]], India.

It is a part of [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other assembly constituencies in Satara district, namely [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]], [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]], [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]], [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] and [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation Of Parliamentary And Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Dadasaheb Khasherao Jagtap || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=4 | [[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=4 | Madanrao Prataprao Pisal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Madan Prataprao Bhosale || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=4 | [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wai<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wai">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Wai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13256.htm |access-date=18 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118082955/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13256.htm |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wai Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Wai Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/wai |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118082945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/wai |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 140,971 |percentage = 59.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arunadevi Shashikant Pisal |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 79,579 |percentage = 33.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Bajirao Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,695 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Dada Keskar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,301 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suhas Eknath More |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,904 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Maruti Lohar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,817 |percentage = 0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 0.76% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 61,392 |percentage = 26.12% |change= {{increase}}6.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 236,827 |percentage = 68.03% |change= {{decrease}}0.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 235,041}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,113|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wai<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 130,486 |percentage = 57.60% |change={{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Prataprao Pisal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,839 |percentage = 38.34% |change={{increase}}26.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Bhiva Mahanawar|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,500 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Keshav Kakade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,761 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanraj Maruti Kamble |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,358 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,647 |percentage = 19.27% |change= {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 228,442 |percentage = 68.70% |change= {{decrease}}0.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 226,525}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 332,498|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wai<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 101,218 |percentage = 46.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Prataprao Bhosale|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,516 |percentage = 28.80% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Bajirao Jadhav|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,255 |percentage = 11.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bavalekar Dattaray Maruti(D.M) |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,343 |percentage = 10.75% |change={{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Namdev Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,362 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,325 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,702 |percentage = 17.83% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,446 |percentage = 69.24% |change= {{decrease}}1.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 217,067}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 315,481|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wai<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 80,887 |percentage = 40.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Prataprao Bhosale|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,062 |percentage = 29.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Bajirao Jadhav|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,452 |percentage = 17.85% |change={{decrease}}17.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitinkumar Laxmanrao Bhargude Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,716 |percentage = 4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashokrao Vaman Gaikwad |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 8,025 |percentage = 4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Raju Bhagwan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,565 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabale Sudha Sampat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,534 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,825 |percentage = 10.99% |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 199,076 |percentage = 70.52% |change= {{decrease}}5.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,654}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,316|ref = |change= {{increase}}66.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}29.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Madanrao Prataprao Bhosale |party= Independent politician |votes = 68,660 |percentage = 53.69% |change={{increase}}27.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= [[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,395 |percentage = 39.41% |change={{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dilip Yeshwant Mandhare |party= Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 4,153|percentage = 3.30% |change={{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Mohan Parshuram Gaikwad|party= Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,464 |percentage = 1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,265 |percentage = 14.30% |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,933 |percentage = 75.43% |change= {{increase}}3.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,888}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,614|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}27.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Prataprao Pisal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 43,181 |percentage = 41.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Prataprao Bhosale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,326 |percentage = 40.01% |change={{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrikant Balwant Chavan|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,519 |percentage = 17.93% |change={{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,855 |percentage = 1.80% |change= {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,677 |percentage = 75.40% |change= {{decrease}}8.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,302}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,813|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Prataprao Pisal |party=Independent politician |votes = 51,761 |percentage = 45.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Prataprao Bhosale|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,103 |percentage = 36.02% |change={{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thite Pramod Shriram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 11,651 |percentage = 10.21% |change={{decrease}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Ashokrao Wamanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,100 |percentage = 2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salunkhe Hanment Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,710 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dere Shankar Apa |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,014 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sapkal Maruti Tatyaba |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 778 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,658 |percentage = 9.34% |change= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,345 |percentage = 82.17% |change= {{increase}}8.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,105}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,592|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Prataprao Pisal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,680 |percentage = 38.76% |change={{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil| Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav Patil]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,713 |percentage = 22.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babar Gajanan Dharmshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,517 |percentage = 21.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shelar Kondiba Dhondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,547 |percentage = 11.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Dilawar Allahbux |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,933 |percentage = 2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Lavendra Sahebrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,566 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,967 |percentage = 15.81% |change= {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,104 |percentage = 72.73% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,131|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Ganpatrao Pisal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,074 |percentage = 50.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Baburao Chavan |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 37,231 |percentage = 48.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Bhimrao Baburao |party=Independent politician |votes = 635 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 843 |percentage = 1.11% |change= {{decrease}}35.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,128 |percentage = 70.96% |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,103}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,686|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}16.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 42,438 |percentage = 66.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madanrao Ganpatrao Pisal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,914 |percentage = 29.70% |change={{increase}}14.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Hariba Pawar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Ramchandra Ganapatrao Alias Rambhall Bhosale |party=Janata Party |votes = 726 |percentage = 1.14% |change={{decrease}}22.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,524 |percentage = 36.93% |change= {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,877 |percentage = 64.88% |change= {{decrease}}9.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,996|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,899 |percentage = 56.00% |change={{decrease}}30.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Buvasaheb Abajirao |party=Janata Party |votes = 15,990 |percentage = 23.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jamdade Kondiram Balwant |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,235 |percentage = 15.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babar Vinayak Baburao |party=Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Sarjerao Genu |party=Independent politician |votes = 853 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Ramchandra Bhausaheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 849 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Waman Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 507 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,909 |percentage = 32.37% |change= {{decrease}}48.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,688 |percentage = 75.10% |change= {{increase}}9.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,678}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,796|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}30.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,125 |percentage = 86.73% |change={{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pore Arvind Balkrishna |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,840 |percentage = 5.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao S. Babar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,524 |percentage = 5.20% |change={{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rasal Dinkar Shripati |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,084 |percentage = 2.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,285 |percentage = 80.88% |change= {{increase}}26.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,150 |percentage = 65.64% |change= {{decrease}}16.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,573}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,399|ref = |change= {{increase}}32.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,106 |percentage = 71.59% |change={{increase}}9.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Khasherao Jagtap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,918 |percentage = 17.12% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. K. Ghodake |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,414 |percentage = 5.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Jadhao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,363 |percentage = 5.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Bandisode |party=Independent politician |votes = 443 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,188 |percentage = 54.47% |change= {{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,680 |percentage = 84.46% |change= {{increase}}19.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,244}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,636|ref = |change= {{decrease}}20.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : WAI<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Khasherao Jagtap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,456 |percentage = 62.29% |change={{increase}}18.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Bapusaheb Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,684 |percentage = 24.24% |change={{decrease}}32.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Dagadu Jejurikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,139 |percentage = 11.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Shripati Rasal |party=Independent politician |votes = 802 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,772 |percentage = 38.05% |change= {{increase}}25.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,642 |percentage = 64.64% |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,081}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,162|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Wai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dadasaheb Khasherao Jagtap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,671 |percentage = 56.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Veer Kisan Mahadeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,763 |percentage = 43.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,908 |percentage = 13.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,434 |percentage = 68.80% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,434}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,041|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.95|73.89|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wai (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:38Z

Olphindro Malang: Creating First Details V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhekiajuli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 65
| map_image = Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dhekiajuli forms part of the [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dhekiajuli North Assembly Constituency (1952-1957)
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Omeo Kumar Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Dhekiajuli Assembly Constituency (1957–present)
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Omeo Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Pushpalata Das]]
|-
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Hiranya Bora]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-01 |title=Veteran Congress leader quits after getting notice for criticising PPC chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/veteran-congress-leader-quits-after-getting-notice-for-criticising-ppc-chief/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Pratap Kalita]]
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hiranya Bora]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2019-01-26 |title=Assam: Boost for Congress as two former MLAs join party |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-boost-congress-two-former-mlas-join-party.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Joseph Toppo]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2009 elections in India|2009]] ^
|[[Bhimananda Tanti]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Habul Chakraborty]]
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
Following are details on Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency<ref name="de ref2">{{cite news |title=Dhekiajuli Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Dhekiajuli Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/dhekiajuli-election-result-s03a071/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>-

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Sonitpur district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Tezpur Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural constituency.
* Literacy Level:81.66%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 2,17,380 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:1,10,867 . Female Electors: 1,06,511 .
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°49'05.2"N 92°28'06.6"E.
* Total Area Covered: 748 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Dhekiajuli thana (excluding Barchalla and Borgaon mouzas) in Tezpur sub-division, of Sonitpur district of Assam:.
* Inter State Border :Sonitpur.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-232, Year 2016-233, Year 2021-71.

==Assembly election results ==
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhekiajuli<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Habul Chakraborty]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=34,995|percentage=24.28|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,44,080|percentage=82.23|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=1,75,210}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhekiajuli<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]|votes=71,425|percentage=49.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Habul Chakraborty|votes=36,430|percentage=25.29|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Dhaniram Rajowar|votes=16,690|percentage=11.58|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Benudhar Nath|votes=8,142|percentage=5.65|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ranjay Basumatary|votes=2,972|percentage=2.06|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jahirul Islam|votes=2,164|percentage=1.50|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Satrughna Sasoni|votes=1,603|percentage=1.11|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohan Nag|votes=1,159|percentage=0.80|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Manoranjan Daimary|votes=1,127|percentage=0.78|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,368|percentage=1.64|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=34,995|percentage=24.28|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,44,080|percentage=82.23|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=1,75,210}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Singhal]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=34,995|percentage=24.28|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,44,080|percentage=82.23|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=1,75,210}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhekiajuli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Ashok Singhal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Batash Urang|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== Parliamentary election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhekiajuli<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]
|votes = 71,425
|percentage = 49.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Habul Chakraborty
|votes = 36,430
|percentage = 25.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Dhaniram Rajowar
|votes = 16,690
|percentage = 11.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Benudhar Nath
|votes = 8,142
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjay Basumatary
|votes = 2,972
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jahirul Islam
|votes = 2,164
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Satrughna Sasoni
|votes = 1,603
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohan Nag
|votes = 1,159
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manoranjan Daimary
|votes = 1,127
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,368
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,995
|percentage = 24.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,080
|percentage = 82.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,75,210
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Fazal Hussain (politician)

2026-04-04T20:54:27Z

Olphindro Malang: Creating Basic Article V1...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]], [[advocate]]
| name = Fazal Hussain
| parents = [[Tayyab Husain]]
| image =
| relations = [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]] (brother) [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]] (sister)
}}
'''Fazal Hussain''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]. He was a Candidate for Lok Sabha from the [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar constituency]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=कौन है फजल हुसैन जिनको BSP ने अलवर लोकसभा सीट से दिया टिकट, बहन रह चुकी हैं गहलोत सरकार में मंत्री {{!}} Who Is Fazal Hussain Tijara Alwar Candidate Of BSP Loksabha Election 2024 List |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/who-is-fazal-hussain-tijara-alwar-candidate-of-bsp-loksabha-election-2024-list-8772387 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fazal Hussain(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- ALWAR(RAJASTHAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=366 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Husain was born to [[Tayyab Husain]] in the village of Rehna which is situated in the [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]. He has a brother, [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]], and a sister, [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]. He is part of a [[Political families of Haryana#Tayyab Husain Clan of Mewat|prolific political dynasty]] in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]].

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Fazal}}
[[Category:Meo people]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian political candidates]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Buddy (2024 film)

2026-04-02T06:20:36Z

Olphindro Malang:

{{short description|2024 Indian film directed by Sam Anton}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Buddy
| image = Buddy (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sam Anton]]
| writer = Sam Anton
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Sai Hemanth
}}
| based_on =
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] Aadhana Gnanavelraja
| starring = [[Allu Sirish]] [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] Prisha Rajesh Singh [[Ajmal Ameer]]
| cinematography = Krishnan Vasant
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|8|2|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/buddy-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizody2 |title=Buddy |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Buddy''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy action film]] written and directed by [[Sam Anton]] (in his Telugu debut) and produced by [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] and Aadhana Gnanavelraja under the banner of [[Studio Green]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=First look poster, teaser of Allu Sirish's Buddy out: Hunt on for a teddy bear worthy of a billion-dollar bounty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/first-look-poster-teaser-allu-sirish-buddy-hunt-teddy-bear-billion-dollar-bounty-8638224/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628112533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/first-look-poster-teaser-allu-sirish-buddy-hunt-teddy-bear-billion-dollar-bounty-8638224/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Allu Sirish]], [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]], Prisha Rajesh Singh (in her acting debut), and [[Ajmal Ameer]] in prominent roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Krishnan Vasant and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]. The film is an adaptation of the Tamil film ''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/buddy-movie-review-barring-the-bear-there-is-not-much-to-root-for/article68477009.ece |title='Buddy' movie review: Barring the bear, there is not much to root for in this Allu Sirish, Gayatri Bhardwaj starrer |first=Sangeetha Devi |last=Dundoo |date=2 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821005525/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/buddy-movie-review-barring-the-bear-there-is-not-much-to-root-for/article68477009.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Buddy'' was released in theatres on 2 August 2024 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Buddy Trailer: Allu Sirish finds a warrior ally in his Teddy bear friend in the upcoming action-thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/25/buddy-trailer-allu-sirish-finds-a-warrior-ally-in-his-teddy-bear-friend-in-the-upcoming-action-thriller |website=Cinema Express |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707032604/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2024/Jun/25/buddy-trailer-allu-sirish-finds-a-warrior-ally-in-his-teddy-bear-friend-in-the-upcoming-action-thriller |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Pallavi is an Air Traffic Control officer who suffers a major accident. The doctor along with his crew sends Pallavi into a coma so that he can sell her body parts in [[Hong Kong]]. While all this happens, Pallavi's soul enters a teddy bear and reaches the home of a pilot Aditya Ram who shares a past with Pallavi. The rest of the story is as to how the teddy bear and Aditya head to Hong Kong to save the body of Pallavi.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allu Sirish]] as Aditya Ram
* [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] as Pallavi
* ''Teddy'' Gokulan (motion capture) as Buddy
* Prisha Rajesh Singh as Sara
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Dr. Arjun
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Aditya's uncle
* Sriram Reddy Polasane as Mahendra, Arjun's right hand man
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
}}

==Production==
The film was officially announced on 31 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Buddy First Look: Allu Sirish Drops Trailer On His Birthday; Promises an Action-Packed Adventure |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/buddy-first-look-allu-sirish-drops-trailer-on-his-birthday-promises-an-action-packed-adventure-7961611.html |website=[[News18]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707035222/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/buddy-first-look-allu-sirish-drops-trailer-on-his-birthday-promises-an-action-packed-adventure-7961611.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The director, [[Sam Anton]] revealed that the film would be shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and marking the film as his directorial debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Allu Sirish to join hands with director Sam Anton |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/May/29/allu-sirish-to-join-hands-with-director-sam-anton-44019.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707035746/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2023/May/29/allu-sirish-to-join-hands-with-director-sam-anton-44019.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Hyderabad]], [[Goa]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Trailer of Allu Sirish's Buddy to be out tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/24/trailer-of-allu-sirishs-buddy-to-be-out-tomorrow |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707032606/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/24/trailer-of-allu-sirishs-buddy-to-be-out-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]].
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6:59
| all_lyrics = Sai Hemanth
| title1 = Aa Pilla Kanule - Buddy's Love
| extra1 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[Sanjith Hegde]], Airaa Udupi, [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Feel Of Buddy - I Just Want To Know
| extra2 = Hiphop Tamizha, Airaa Udupi
| length2 = 3:12
}}

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 2 August 2024.

=== Home media ===
The digital rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]], which premiered it on 30 August 2024, along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhavana |title=Allu Sirish's Buddy OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/buddy-digital-premiere-on-netflix-1818919 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826214350/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/buddy-digital-premiere-on-netflix-1818919 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Allu Sirish 'Buddy' OTT release: When and where to watch |url=https://www.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/allu-sirish-buddy-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-film-in-tamil-malayalam-hindi-and-kannada/articleshow/112777603.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=25 August 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Aditya Devulapally of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, this buddy action film reminds us yet again that Allu Sirish has an eye for eye-grabbing subjects."<ref>{{cite news |title='Buddy' movie review: Beaten-to-death in a soul exchange actioner |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/03/buddy-movie-review-beaten-to-death-in-a-soul-exchange-actioner |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806090031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/03/buddy-movie-review-beaten-to-death-in-a-soul-exchange-actioner |url-status=live}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "The audience have already seen films like ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'' (English) and ''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]'' (Tamil film). Hence, director Sam Anton has to be extremely sure that his film ''Buddy'' is completely different and unique. But the film appears to have picked up a monotonous and repetitive template – none of the scenes fail to engage the audiences."<ref>{{cite news |title=Buddy Telugu Movie Review: Fails To Engage |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/buddy-telugu-movie-review-fails-to-engage-review-112231564 |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=2 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803145809/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/buddy-telugu-movie-review-fails-to-engage-review-112231564 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|26235048}}

{{Sam Anton}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films using motion capture]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about bears]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sam Anton]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Member of the Legislative Assembly

2026-03-21T15:49:49Z

Olphindro Malang: correct section as per guidelines and updated info based on references

{{short description|Representative of voters to a regional or sometimes national legislature}}
{{Additional citations|date=March 2026}}
A '''Member of the Legislative Assembly''' ('''MLA''') is a representative elected to sit in a [[legislative assembly]]. The term most commonly refers to members of the legislature of a [[federated state]] or an [[autonomous region]], but is also used for several national legislatures.

==Australia==
{{More|States and territories of Australia}}
Members of the Legislative Assemblies of [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|New South Wales]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/MembersAbout|title=The Role of Members of Parliament|date=2 February 2008|work=parliament.nsw.gov.au|access-date=9 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424004156/https://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/MembersAbout|archive-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Legislative Assembly of Queensland|Queensland]]<ref>Resolution of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (Qld branch), 19 October 2000. Source: Queensland Parliamentary Library, 15 November 2005.</ref> and [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Victoria]], and the Houses of Assembly of [[South Australian House of Assembly|South Australia]] and [[Tasmanian House of Assembly|Tasmania]] use the suffix [[Member of parliament|MP]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/titles-honours-forms-address/parliaments-and-councils |title=Parliaments and councils |website=Australian Government Style Manual |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409060501/https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/titles-honours-forms-address/parliaments-and-councils |archive-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> Previously, these states used the suffixes MLA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/contacting-members/|title=Members' titles|date=25 October 2010|work=parliament.vic.gov.au|access-date=9 April 2011|archive-date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406103000/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/members|url-status=live}}</ref> and MHA respectively.

Members of the Legislative Assemblies of [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Western Australia]], [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly|Northern Territory]], and [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|Australian Capital Territory]] are known as MLAs. However, the suffix MP is also commonly used.

In the federal parliament, members of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] are designated MP and not MHR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/house/pubs/practice/chapter5.htm#mpm|title=House of Representatives Practice|date=30 September 2005|work=aph.gov.au|access-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406062449/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/pubs/PRACTICE/chapter5.htm#mpm|archive-date=6 April 2011}}</ref>

==Brazil==
{{More|Federative units of Brazil}}
In Brazil, members of all 26 legislative assemblies ({{langx|pt|assembléias legislativas}}) are called ''deputados estaduais'' ({{langx|en|state deputies}}). Unlike the federal legislative body which is [[bicameral]], Brazilian state legislatures are [[unicameral]].

The [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] legislative assembly is called the ''Legislative Chamber'' ({{langx|pt|Câmara Legislativa}}) and is composed of ''deputados distritais'' ({{langx|en|district deputies}}). Members of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Lower House]] are also called deputies, but they are ''deputados federais'' ({{langx|en|federal deputies}}).

==Canada==
{{Main|Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories}}
In [[Canada]], members of the federal [[House of Commons of Canada]] are described as [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] (MPs) and members of the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] as senators, although both the House and Senate are part of the [[Parliament of Canada]]. Both senators and MPs are considered to be parliamentarians. Members of provincial and territorial legislative assemblies are called MLAs in all [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] ''except'':

* [[Ontario]], where they have been called [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|members of Provincial Parliament]] (MPPs) since 1938 (before then both "MPP" and "MLA" were used)
* [[Quebec]], where in English they have been called [[National Assembly of Quebec|members of the National Assembly]] (MNAs) since 1968
* [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], where they are called [[Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly|members of the House of Assembly]] (MHAs).

This means that despite the fact that ten out of thirteen provinces and territories use the term "MLA", a large majority (62.8%) of Canadians refer to their provincial legislators as something other than "MLA" (due to Ontario's large population, slightly more people use the term "MPP" alone than use "MLA").

Despite styling its legislature as the [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|House of Assembly]] like Newfoundland and Labrador, [[Nova Scotia]] describes its legislators as MLAs.

==Falkland Islands==
Members of the [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands]] use the suffix MLA. In 2009 the [[Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands]] (which had existed since the 1840s) was replaced with the new Legislative Assembly. As a result, Members of the Legislative Assembly are often still referred to as [[Councillor]]s.

==Hong Kong==
Members of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] are referred to as [[Legco]] Councillors.

==India==
{{Main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)}}

Of the [[States and Union Territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories (UTs) of India]], all 28 states and three UTs ([[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) have [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assemblies]].

A person, if [[Vidhan Sabha#Qualifications required to become a member|qualified]], may be elected as an MLA based on [[universal adult suffrage]] by an electorate consisting of all citizens above the age of 18 of that state or UT. Those elected or appointed to a [[Legislative Assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) are referred to as Members of the Legislative Assembly or MLAs.

Each legislative constituency of the State or UT is represented by only one MLA. As outlined in the Constitution of India, the number of legislative seats in a legislature cannot be more than 500 members and fewer than 60 members. However, with an Act of Parliament, the seats can be fewer than 60, as such is the case in the states of [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]], [[Mizoram]] and the UT of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

Depending on the population and other factors, each State or UT has varying numbers of MLAs, the highest being in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (403) and the least in the UT of Puducherry (30).

Owing to parliamentary democracy, wherein some members of the legislature also act as the executive, some MLAs may have triple responsibilities: as an MLA, as a cabinet minister of a department and/or as a chief minister of that state.

==Malaysia==

{{main|State legislative assemblies of Malaysia}}

A state legislative assembly comprises elected representatives from single-member constituencies during state elections through the first-past-the-post system. The majority party in each assembly forms the state government, and the leader of the majority party becomes chief minister of the state. The state legislative assemblies are unicameral, unlike the bicameral Parliament of Malaysia. The hereditary rulers or governors are vested with powers to dissolve their respective state legislative assemblies on the advice of the chief minister. Once dissolved, elections must be carried out within an interim period of sixty (60) days. Usually, state elections are held simultaneously with the federal parliamentary elections, with the exception of Sarawak, and before 2004, Sabah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim secured the most seats, but his Pakatan Harapan alliance fell well short of a majority |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63694710 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=BBC News|date=20 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Northern Ireland==
{{Main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)}}

Members of the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], the [[devolution|devolved]] [[legislature]] of [[Northern Ireland]] are known as MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly).

The Assembly was suspended on October 14, 2002 but the persons elected to it at the [[2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election|2003 Assembly Election]] were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060017.htm|title=Northern Ireland Act 2006 (c. 17)|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|access-date=2006-05-19|archive-date=2008-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908104116/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060017.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> for the purpose of electing a First Minister and deputy First Minister and choosing the members of an Executive (before 25 November 2006) as a preliminary to the restoration of devolved government in Northern Ireland. Another [[2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election|election]] was held on 7 March 2007 and powers were restored to the Assembly in May 2007.

== South Korea ==
A member of any of the [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|provincial legislative assemblies]] may be referred to as an ''MLA'' in English.

==United States==
{{Main|State legislature (United States)}}

In the [[United States of America]], ''state legislator'' is a generic term referring to a member of the legislative body of any of the country's 50 [[U.S. state|states]].

The formal name of the legislature varies from state to state. In 24 states, it is simply called the ''Legislature'' or the ''State Legislature'', while in 19 states, the legislature is called the ''General Assembly''. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the ''General Court'', while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature as the ''Legislative Assembly''.

The [[AP Stylebook|Associated Press guidelines for journalists]] recommend referring to state legislators as ''state representatives'' or ''state senators'' to avoid confusion with their federal counterparts.

==Wales==
{{Main|Member of the Senedd}}

Members of the [[Senedd]], the [[devolution|devolved]] Parliament for [[Wales]], are usually known as [[Members of the Senedd|MSs]] or ''Aelodau o'r Senedd (ASau).''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Torrance|first=David|date=2020-05-06|title=Senedd Cymru: Why has the National Assembly for Wales changed its name?|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/parliament-and-elections/devolution/senedd-cymru-why-has-the-national-assembly-for-wales-changed-its-name/|language=en-GB|journal=|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511082010/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/parliament-and-elections/devolution/senedd-cymru-why-has-the-national-assembly-for-wales-changed-its-name/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Member Of The Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Parliamentary titles]]

Shillong

2026-03-21T14:12:12Z

Olphindro Malang: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|City and state capital of Meghalaya, India}}
{{Distinguish|Shilong (disambiguation){{!}}Shilong}}
{{Copy edit|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shillong
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 260
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image2 = Shillong.jpg
| image1 = Elephant Falls II, Shillong.jpg
| image3 = Laitlum Canyon (3).jpg
| image4 = Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong – Front Side (2).jpg
| image5 = Ward's Lake, Shillong.jpg
| image6 = Shillong City.jpg
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| color = white
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left to right: [[Elephant Falls]], Laitlum Canyon, [[Ward's Lake]], Panorama of Police Bazar in Shillong, [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong|The Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]], A view of Shillong
| image_map =
| map_caption = Map of Shillong
| nickname = Scotland of the East
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Shillong in Meghalaya
| coordinates = {{coord|25|34|56|N|91|53|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Khasi Hills]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Lei Shyllong (Deity)
| governing_body = Shillong Municipal Board
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = P.K. Boro
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]]
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 64.36
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1495-1965
| elevation_ft = 4908-6449
| population_total = 143,229
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 354,759
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Shillongite and Nong-Shillong/Nongsor
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Indian English|English]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=27 June 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Official Website of Meghalaya State Designated Agency, Government of Meghalaya, India |url=https://msda.nic.in/about-us |website=msda.nic.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Associate official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Garo language|Garo]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya govt working for inclusion of Khasi, Garo languages |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/meghalaya-govt-working-for-inclusion-of-khasi-garo-languages-118091400921_1.html |work=Business Standard India |agency=PTI |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 793 001 – 793 102
| area_code = 0364
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = ML-05
| website = {{URL|eastkhasihills.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]
}}
'''Shillong''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ʃ|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɒ|ŋ}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Shillong |title=Define Shillong |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Shillong |title=Definition of Shillong |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|kha|ʃɨlːɔːŋ|lang}}) is a [[hill station]] and the capital of [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[East Khasi Hills district]]. Shillong is the [[list of most populous cities in India|330th most populous city in India]] with a population of 143,229 according to the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/city.php|title=List of Most populated cities of India|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the [[British Empire|British]] of [[Scotland]]. Hence, they would refer to it as the "Scotland of the East".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Sachin|title=Travel: Shillong, India – 'Scotland of the east'|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/travel-shillong-india-scotland-of-the-east-1-3481504|access-date=19 February 2017|work=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref>

Shillong has steadily grown in size since it was made the civil station of the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] and [[Jaintia Hills]] in 1864 by the [[British Raj|British]]. In 1874, on the formation of [[Assam]] as the Chief Commissioner's Province, Shillong was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Surma River|Surma]] valleys, and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than that of tropical India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shillong |title=Shillong {{!}} India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> Shillong remained the capital of [[undivided Assam]] until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya, and Assam moved its capital to [[Dispur]] in [[Guwahati]].

==Etymology==
Shillong derives its name from Lei Shyllong, a powerful deity believed to reside on the Shillong Peak, which overlooks the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shillong: Destination for Higher Learning |url=https://megeducation.gov.in/edu_dept/pages/shillong.html |website=Department of Education, Government of Meghalaya |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

==History==
{{refimprove section|date=August 2023}}
Shillong was the capital of composite [[Assam]] during the British regime and for a quarter century in independent India until a separate State of [[Meghalaya]] was formed in 1972. David Scott, the British civil servant of the [[East India Company]], was the Agent of the Governor-General North East Frontier<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Barooah |first=Niroda Kumar |title=David Scott on the North-East Frontier of India and in Assam |date=1964 |url=https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/380911 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00034126 |publisher=SOAS University of London}}</ref>. During the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the British authorities felt the need for a road to connect [[Sylhet]] and Assam. The route was to traverse across the Khasi and Jaintia Hills. David Scott overcame the difficulties his administration faced from the opposition of the Khasi Syiems – their chiefs and people. Impressed by the favourable cool climate of [[Khasi Hills]], they negotiated with the Syiem of Sohra in 1829 for a sanatorium for the British. Thus began the consolidation of British interests in the Khasi-Jaintia Hills.

In early 1829, a [[Khasi people|Khasis]] confederation mounted a serious uprising against British occupation. But by January 1833, their leader [[Tirot Sing]] surrendered to David Scott and was detained in Dacca (present-day [[Dhaka]]). A political agent was posted in Sohra, also known as [[Cherrapunjee]].

But the British did not like the climate and facilities of Sohra, and they moved to Shillong. "Ïewduh" is the biggest market in Shillong. The name "Shillong" was later adopted, as the location of the new town was below the Shillong Peak.

In 1874, a separate Chief Commissionership was formed with Shillong as the seat of administration. The new administration included [[Sylhet]], now a part of [[Bangladesh]]. Also included in the Chief Commissionership were the [[Naga Hills]] (present-day [[Nagaland]]), [[Lushai Hills]] (present-day [[Mizoram]]), as well as the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills. Shillong was the capital of composite Assam till 1969, when the autonomous state of Meghalaya was formed. In January 1972, Meghalaya was made a full-fledged state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Syiemlieh|first1=David R.|title=Reflections From Shillong: Speeches of M.M. Jacob (Volume 3)|date=2005|publisher=Daya Books|isbn=8189233297}}</ref>

The Shillong Municipal Board dates back to 1878, when a proclamation was issued constituting Shillong and its suburbs, including the villages of Mawkhar and Laban, into a station under the Bengal Municipal Act of 1876. Inclusion of the villages of Mawkhar (S.E. Mawkhar, Jaiaw, and part of Jhalupara and Mawprem) and Laban (Lumparing, Madan laban, Kench's Trace and Rilbong) within the Municipality of Shillong was agreed to by Haiñ Manik Syiem of Mylliem under the agreement of 15 November 1878.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smb.gov.in/history.html |title=Shillong Municipal Board – History |publisher=Shillong Municipal Board|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> But, there is no trace of Shillong in the British era maps dating back to 1878, up to 1900.

The [[1897 Assam earthquake|great earthquake]] of 12 June 1897 of [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] 8.1 killed 27 from Shillong and destroyed much of the town.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

==Geography==
[[File:Aerial view of Shillong Meghalaya India.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Aerial view of Shillong]]
Shillong is at {{Coord|25.57|N|91.88|E|}}. It lies on the [[Shillong Plateau]], the only major uplifted structure in the northern Indian shield.<ref>Bilham, R. and P. England, Plateau pop-up during the great 1897 Assam earthquake. ''Nature''(Lond),410, 806–809, 2001</ref> The city lies in the centre of the plateau and is surrounded by hills, three of which are revered in Khasi tradition: Lum Sohpetbneng, Lum Diengiei, and Lum Shyllong.

Shillong is just {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Guwahati]], which can be accessed by road along [[NH 40]], a journey of about 2 hours 30 minutes through lush green hills and the [[Umiam lake]] in between.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

===Smart Cities Mission===
Shillong has been selected as the 100th city to receive funding under the centre's flagship "Smart Cities Mission" [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT). In January 2016, 20 cities were announced under the Smart Cities Mission, followed by 13 cities in May 2016, 27 cities in September 2016, 30 cities in June 2017, and 9 cities in January this year. The total proposed investment in the finally selected 100 cities under the Smart Cities Mission would be {{INR}} 2,050,180 million. Under the scheme, each city will get {{INR}} 5000 million from the centre for implementing various projects.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Shillong
|4.4|15.3|13.7
|6.4|17.0|22.7
|10.6|21.3|53.7
|13.8|23.4|130.1
|15.3|23.5|273.7
|17.3|23.7|468.8
|18.0|24.0|394.5
|17.7|24.0|317.5
|16.5|23.4|293.8
|13.2|21.7|192.4
|8.7|19.0|37.3
|5.3|16.3|9.3
|source=[https://worldweather.wmo.int/066/c01621.htm World Weather Information Service]
|float=right
|clear=
}}

Weather conditions in Shillong are typically pleasant and pollution-free. In the summer, the temperature varies from {{convert|23|C|F}}. In the winter, the temperature varies from {{convert|4|C|F}}.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

Under [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen's climate classification]], the city features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (Cwb). Its summers are cool and very rainy, while its winters are cool yet dry. Shillong is subject to vagaries of the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]. The monsoons arrive in June and it rains almost until the end of October.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

Shillong is ranked among top 10 Indian cities with the cleanest air and best [[Air quality index|AQI]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=21 November 2024 |title=India's top 10 cities with the best air quality in 2024: Global cities' AQI insights revealed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-cities-with-best-air-quality-index-aqi-2024-9680798/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Shillong (C.S.O) 1991–2020, extremes 1902–present
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 24.9
| Feb record high C = 26.1
| Mar record high C = 28.1
| Apr record high C = 30.2
| May record high C = 29.5
| Jun record high C = 29.5
| Jul record high C = 28.2
| Aug record high C = 29.5
| Sep record high C = 29.9
| Oct record high C = 27.8
| Nov record high C = 25.1
| Dec record high C = 23.2
|year record high C = 30.2
| Jan high C = 15.2
| Feb high C = 17.5
| Mar high C = 21.4
| Apr high C = 23.4
| May high C = 23.7
| Jun high C = 24.2
| Jul high C = 24.2
| Aug high C = 24.4
| Sep high C = 23.7
| Oct high C = 21.9
| Nov high C = 19.3
| Dec high C = 16.4
| year high C = 21.2
| Jan low C = 5.7
| Feb low C = 7.5
| Mar low C = 11.2
| Apr low C = 14.1
| May low C = 15.6
| Jun low C = 17.4
| Jul low C = 17.9
| Aug low C = 17.7
| Sep low C = 16.8
| Oct low C = 14.2
| Nov low C = 10.4
| Dec low C = 7.2
| year low C = 12.9
| Jan record low C = -0.9
| Feb record low C = -2.4
| Mar record low C = 2.7
| Apr record low C = 6.6
| May record low C = 8.5
| Jun record low C = 10.0
| Jul record low C = 12.3
| Aug record low C = 10.0
| Sep record low C = 10.7
| Oct record low C = 6.7
| Nov record low C = -0.5
| Dec record low C = -3.3
|year record low C = -3.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.6
| Feb rain mm = 15.4
| Mar rain mm = 42.7
| Apr rain mm = 131.4
| May rain mm = 244.5
| Jun rain mm = 423.7
| Jul rain mm = 402.0
| Aug rain mm = 328.4
| Sep rain mm = 270.1
| Oct rain mm = 197.2
| Nov rain mm = 24.7
| Dec rain mm = 7.2
| year rain mm = 2099.9
| Jan rain days = 1.6
| Feb rain days = 1.9
| Mar rain days = 4.0
| Apr rain days = 9.9
| May rain days = 16.1
| Jun rain days = 18.0
| Jul rain days = 17.3
| Aug rain days = 17.3
| Sep rain days = 14.5
| Oct rain days = 8.4
| Nov rain days = 1.5
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 111.3
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 86
| Feb humidity = 76
| Mar humidity = 67
| Apr humidity = 72
| May humidity = 81
| Jun humidity = 85
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 90
| Oct humidity = 90
| Nov humidity = 88
| Dec humidity = 89
| year humidity = 83
| Jan sun = 223.2
| Feb sun = 223.2
| Mar sun = 232.5
| Apr sun = 219.0
| May sun = 170.5
| Jun sun = 108.0
| Jul sun = 99.2
| Aug sun = 108.5
| Sep sun = 102.0
| Oct sun = 176.7
| Nov sun = 216.0
| Dec sun = 235.6
|year sun =
| Jand sun = 7.2
| Febd sun = 7.9
| Mard sun = 7.5
| Aprd sun = 7.3
| Mayd sun = 5.5
| Jund sun = 3.6
| Juld sun = 3.2
| Augd sun = 3.5
| Sepd sun = 3.4
| Octd sun = 5.7
| Novd sun = 7.2
| Decd sun = 7.6
|yeard sun = 5.8
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Shillong (C.S.O) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 701–702
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M157
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityweather>
{{cite web
| url = http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/FEB/shillong2.htm
| title = Shillong Climatological Table 1971–2000
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = Right
|caption = Religions in Shillong City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Shillong |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 46.49
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 41.95
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Tribal religion]]
|value3 = 4.5
|color3 = Chartreuse
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 4.89
|color4 = Green
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 1.14
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.74
|color6 = Gold
|label8 = Not Stated
|value8 = 0.16
|color8 = Black
|label7 = [[Jainism]]
|value7 = 0.13
|color7 = Brown
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken across Shillong city (2011)<ref name=Language2011>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1700.XLSX|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
|value1 = 46.88
|color1 = red
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2 = 20.23
|color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value3 = 10.86
|color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value4 = 9.83
|color4 = sienna
|label5 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value5 = 2.84
|color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Garo language|Garo]]
|value6 = 2.50
|color6 = violet
|label7 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value7 = 1.83
|color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Urdu]]
|value8 = 0.76
|color8 = green
|label9 = others
|value9 = 4.27
|color9 = grey
}}

As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Shillong had a total population of 143,229, of which 70,135 were males, and 73,094 were females. As per 2011 language census report, 67,154 of the city's population speak [[Khasi language|Khasi]] as their native language,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Bikash | date=13 December 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/khasi-students-union-expresses-opposition-to-the-citizenship-amendment-bill/articleshow/67070938.cms | title=Khasi Students Union expresses opposition to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill | newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/12/01/khasi-population-in-city-not-more-than-50-pc-ksu/ |title=Khasi population in city not more than 50 pc: KSU |date=December 2019 |newspaper=Shillong Times |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref> 28,984 speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 15,559 speak [[Hindi]], 14,085 speak [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 4,069 speak [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 2,632 speak [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 3,580 speak [[Garo language|Garo]], 1,088 speak [[Urdu]] and 6,115 speak other languages.<ref name=Language2011/> 14,317 were aged 0 to 6 years. The literacy rate was 83.5% or 119,642 people: 84.8% for males and 82.3% females. The effective [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of people aged 7 years and older was 92.8%, 94.8% for males, and 90.9% for females. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 1,551 and 73,307, respectively. Shillong had 31,025 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Shillong |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=315259 |access-date=30 December 2019 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> As per the 1971 census (before creation of Meghalaya state in 1972), non-tribals constituted 58.53% of the population of Shillong.<ref>{{cite web |last=Myrboh |first=Batskhem |date=9 February 2019 |url=https://raiot.in/on-non-tribal-migration-in-meghalaya/#:~:text=As%20per%20the%201971%20Census,of%20the%20population%20of%20Shillong |title=On Non Tribal Migration in Meghalaya |work=RAIOT |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>

==Governance and politics==
===Civic administration===
Shillong is administered by the Shillong Municipal Board, which originated in 1878 and became a municipality in 1909 under the Meghalaya Municipal Act of 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shillong Municipal Board |url=https://smb.gov.in/#about |website=smb.gov.in |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> The area that is covered by the Municipal Board is 25 square kilometres, and there are currently 27 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shillong Municipal Board |url=https://smb.gov.in/other_menu/whos_who.html |website=smb.gov.in |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians, Shillong 1.jpeg|thumb| The [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong]], is one of the largest Church in India]]
According to 2011 census, [[Christianity]] is the dominant religion in the city, practised by 46.49% of the population, followed by [[Hinduism]] at 41.95%, [[Islam]] 4.89%, and to a lesser degree, that is, 2.01% includes [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. An ancient indigenous religion of the Khasi and Jaintia tribes is still followed by 4.5% of the population.<ref name="Religion"/> The Shillong metropolitan region, which includes the towns of [[Laitumkhrah]], [[Lawsohtun]], [[Madanrting]], [[Mawlai]], Mawpat, Nongkseh, [[Nongmynsong]], [[Nongthymmai]], [[Pynthorumkhrah]], [[Shillong Cantonment]], Umlyngka, and Umpling,
had a population of 354,759, 12% of which was under six years of age. The literacy rate in the metro region was 91%.<ref name="2011census metro">{{cite web|title=Shillong Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/176-shillong.html|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
Tourist sites in and around the city include:<ref>{{cite web|last=Meghalaya Tourism|title=Attractions and Activities in Shillong|url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/destinations/shillong/|access-date=|publisher=Meghalaya Tourism}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Unreliable blog-type source|date=August 2019}}
*'''[[Elephant Falls]]''': 12 km on the outskirts of the city, the mountain stream descends through three successive falls set in dells of fern covered rocks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megtourism.gov.in/waterfalls.html|title=Waterfalls of Meghalaya: Department of Tourism, Government of Meghalaya|website=megtourism.gov.in|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126060253/http://www.megtourism.gov.in/waterfalls.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Ka Phan Nonglait Park''': The park stretches over a kilometre and has an adjacent mini zoo.
*'''[[Ward's Lake]]''': Known locally as Nan-Polok. It is an artificial lake with garden and boating facilities, built during the colonial era.
*'''Shillong Golf Course''': A group of British civil service officers introduced golf to Shillong in 1898 by constructing a nine-hole course. The present 18-hole course was inaugurated in 1924. It was set in a valley at an altitude of 5,200 ft in 1898 as a nine-hole course and later converted into an 18-hole course in 1924 by Captain Jackson and [[C. K. Rhodes]].
*'''Motphran''': The "Monument of France", which is locally known as "Motphran" was erected in memory of the 26th Khasi Labour Corps who served under the British in France during World War I.
*'''Shillong Peak''': A picnic spot, 10 km from the city, 1966 m above sea level, offers a panoramic view of the scenic countryside and is the highest point in the state. Obeisance is paid to U Shyllong at the sanctum sanctorum at the peak's summit every springtime, by the religious priest of Khyrim/Mylliem State.
*'''Ever Living Museum:''' Founded by Kyntiewbor War and located in Mawshbuit, Shillong. It is an ethnographic museum that exhibits the culture of the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo communities of Meghalaya. This museum showcases an extensive collection of artefacts, including traditional weapons, musical instruments, and bamboo crafts. It also houses a "stone museum" displaying various rocks, gemstones, fossils, etc. Alongside a vibrant garden which is full of indigenous orchids, herbal plants, and fruits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Meghalaya - Land of Clouds |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/explore/destinations/by-region/khasi-hills/ever-living-museum/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=www.meghalayatourism.in}}</ref>
*'''Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures''': The Don Bosco Museum is part of DBCIC (Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures). DBCIC comprises research on cultures, publications, training, animation programmes, and the museum, which is a place of knowledge-sharing on the cultures of the northeast in particular, and of culture in general.
*'''State Museum''': Located at the State Central Library complex
*'''[[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]]''' is in Don Bosco Square
*'''Bishop and Beadon Falls''': Both cascade down the same escarpment into a deep valley
*'''Spread Eagle Falls''': 3 km from polo grounds
*'''[[Sweet Falls]]''': Sweet Falls (also called "Weitdem", in the native dialect) is a waterfall located about 5 km from the Happy Valley and is about 96 m in height.
*'''Crinoline Falls''': Near Phan Nonglait Park
*'''Umiam Lake:''' En-route Guwahati to Shillong

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Elephant Fall of Shillong.JPG|[[Elephant Falls]]
File:Mary Help of Christians Cathedral- 25 December 2016.jpg|Mary Help of Christians Cathedral
File:Umiam Lake.jpg|[[Umiam Lake]]
File:Lady Hydari Park.jpg|Lady Hydari Park
File:Shillong borapani lake.jpg|Shillong Barapani Lake
File:Shillong City from Don Bosco Museum.jpg|Shillong City view from Don Bosco Museum
File:Umiam Lake, Shillong, Meghalaya.jpg
</gallery>

==Transport==
Although well connected by road, Shillong has neither rail connections nor a proper air connection. [[Umroi Airport]] located {{convert|30|km|miles|0}} from the city centre has only limited flights.

===Roadways===
[[File:Shillong Bypass road.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Shillong [[Bypass (road)|Bypass road]]]]

Shillong is well-connected by roads with all major northeastern states.{{fact|date=January 2026}} Three major National Highways pass through:
*[[National Highway 6 (India)]] – Connected to [[Guwahati]], [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]]
*[[National Highway 106 (India)]] - Connected to [[Nongstoin]]
*[[National Highway 206 (India)]] - Connected to [[Dawki]]
* '''Shillong-Silchar highway''' - connected to [[Silchar]]: {{convert|166.8|km|abbr=on}} from Mawlyngkhung near Shillong to Panchgram on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH-6]] near Silchar, will cut travel time between the two cities from 8.5 hours to 5 hours and act as a continuation of [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]] offering a new Rs 22,864 crore high-speed highway between the North-East and Kolkata bypassing Bangladesh, executed by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) and expected to be completed by 2030.<ref name=const1>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheraj |date=18 May 2025 |title=New North-East link to Kolkata will be via sea, giving Bangladesh a miss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-north-east-link-to-kolkata-will-be-via-sea-giving-bangladesh-a-miss-10011504/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

Private bus operators, as well as state transport buses from other states, come to and from Shillong daily. Taxi services are also available to destination like [[Guwahati]], [[Agartala]], [[Kohima]], [[Dimapur]], [[Aizawl]] and other North Eastern towns and cities.

The Shillong Bypass ''(pictured)'' is a two-lane road that stretches across {{convert|47.06|km|miles|1}}, connecting Umiam (NH-40) to Jorabat (NH-44), which then leads to other northeastern Indian states of [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]]. The project was estimated to have cost around {{INRConvert|220|c}} and was completed in a span of two years (2011–2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/gadkari-to-inaugurate-shillong-bypass/articleshow/47109056.cms|title=Gadkari to inaugurate Shillong Bypass|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=30 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/gadkari-inaugurate-shillong-bypass-today-030615157.html|title=Gadkari to inaugurate Shillong bypass today|author=ANI|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=1 May 2015|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>

===Airways===
[[File:Shillong Airport terminal building 4.jpg|thumb|[[Shillong Airport]]]]
Shillong is served by the [[Shillong Airport]], which is located about 30 km away at Umroi. The airport has daily flights to and from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/three-new-flights-to-raipur-shillong/articleshow/69349771.cms|title=Three new flights to Raipur, Shillong from Kolkata | Kolkata News|website=The Times of India|date=16 May 2019 }}</ref> It also have flights to and from [[Lilabari Airport|Lilabari]], [[Delhi]], [[Silchar]], [[Agartala]], [[Imphal]], [[Dimapur]], [[Dibrugarh]] and [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flightradar24 |title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/airport/shl/arrivals |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=Flightradar24 |language=en}}</ref> Presently Indigo, Alliance Air and SpiceJet are operating regular services from the airport.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=8 October 2021|title=Boom: Umroi Airport caters to 10,000+ fliers in 3 months|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/10/08/boom-umroi-airport-caters-to-10000-fliers-in-3-months/|access-date=19 November 2021|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 February 2023 |title=SpiceJet introduces direct flight service from Delhi to Shillong |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/spicejet-introduces-direct-flight-service-from-delhi-to-shillong-123022500406_1.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

===Railways===
Teteliya-Byrnihat line, {{cvt|22|km}} long, from Guwahati's suburb Tetelia to [[Byrnihat]] near Shillong in Meghalaya is likely to be completed by March 2026.<ref name=railne1/> From Byrnihat it will be extended further to Shillong in future.<ref name=railne1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/ North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719103230/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/ |date=19 July 2020 }}, Financial Express, 17 July 2020.</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Indian Institute of Management, Shillong 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|Indian Institute of Management]]]]
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Shillong}}


=== Autonomous institutions ===
* [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong]]
* [[National Institute of Technology Meghalaya]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Shillong]]<ref>{{cite news |title=National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Shillong: Accreditation & Awards, Ranking, Fees |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/college-details/11/national-institute-of-fashion-technology-nift-shillong |work=India Today |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy]]
* [[Institute of Hotel Management]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Institute of Hotel Management - Shillong Meghalaya - Central IHMs |url=https://nchm.nic.in/index.php/node/671 |website=nchm.nic.in |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

===General degree colleges===
* [[Lady Keane College]]
* [[Raid Laban College]]
* [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St. Edmund's College]]
* [[Sankardev College]]
* [[Seng Khasi College]]
* [[Shillong College]]
* [[Shillong Commerce College]]
* [[Synod College]]
* [[Women's College, Shillong]]

===Law college===
* [[Shillong Law College]]

===Medical College===
* [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]

===Law schools===
* [[National Law University]], Meghalaya<ref>{{cite news |title=1st NLU Meg- NHRC National Law Moot Court Competition (Prizes Worth Rs. 1.5 L) [Offline; March 15-17] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/lawschool/moot-courts/nlu-meghalya-nhrc-national-law-moot-court-competition-245588 |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Live Law |date=31 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Central Universities===
* [[English and Foreign Languages University]]
* [[North Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU)
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)<ref>{{cite news |title=IGNOU Shillong Regional Centre {{!}} Admission, Courses & Contact Details |url=https://ignou.icnn.in/ignou-shillong-regional-centre/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=ICNN News |date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Private Universities===
* [[Martin Luther Christian University]]
* [[William Carey University, Meghalaya]]

==Media==
Local media in Shillong is strong. There are a number of theatres, newspapers, magazines, local radio and television stations.

===Cinema===
Cinemas in Shillong include Bijou Cinema Hall, Gold Cinema and Anjalee Cinema Hall (also called Galleria Anjalee Cinema).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2015/01/30/shillong-gets-its-first-multiplex/|title=Shillong gets its first multiplex|work=[[The Shillong Times]]|date=30 January 2015|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>

===Print media===
{{see also|Shillong Observer}}
Newspapers are published for Shillong both in Khasi and English. Prominent English dailies published here include ''[[Shillong Times]]'', ''Meghalaya Guardian'', ''Highland Post'', ''Meghalaya Times'' and ''[[The Sentinel (Gauhati)|The Sentinel]]''. Khasi dailies like ''U Mawphor'', ''U Nongsaiñ Hima'' ''Peitngor'', ''Kynjat Shai''among others are published here. Weekly newspaper are "Salonsar" and "Dongmusa". There are magazines like "Iing Khristan" (100 years of publication), "Pateng Mynta" in Khasi and "Youth Today" and "Eastern Panorama" in English.

===Electronic media===
The radio industry has expanded with a number of private and government-owned FM channels being introduced. State-owned Doordarshan transmits terrestrial television channels. Apart from these few weekly news channels like Peitngor Cable News (PCN), Ri Khasi Channel, Batesi and T7 are broadcast weekly on the local cable networks.

===Communication services===
Fixed telephone lines are available. Internet services are available both wired and wireless broadband. It is also well covered in mobile networks with all major cellular providers like [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea]], [[BSNL]] and [[Jio]] are available here.

==Sport==
[[File:Polo basketball court.jpg|thumb|right|Polo basketball court]]

Shillong is one of the capital cities in [[Northeast India]] to produce three football clubs that participate in the [[I-League]], namely, [[Rangdajied United FC]], [[Royal Wahingdoh FC]] and [[Shillong Lajong FC]]. All three have their home stadium at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. Royal Wahingdoh FC was adjudged 2nd [[runners-up]] in the [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15 season of I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/matchday/points-table/|title=Points Table | Hero I-League|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

The Shillong Golf Course is one of the oldest golf course in the country and is surrounded by pine and rhododendron trees.

Among people of the Khasi tribe of Meghalaya, archery has been both a sport, a form of defence for several centuries and gambling (teer). While modern customs have replaced many of traditional aspects of the culture here, a pervasive fascination for archery remains. Shillong teer is an authorised game that is subject to regulations established by the Meghalaya Amusement and Betting Tax Act. The Khasi Hills Archery Sports Association is in charge of managing this lottery event.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramadurai|first=Charukesi |date=16 May 2018 |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180515-in-india-gambling-with-bows-and-arrows |title=In India, gambling with bows and arrows |work=BBC |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

Binningstar Lyngkhoi from Shillong is a national marathon runner and represented India in the last 2010 Commonwealth Games. He is the fastest marathoner in India with a timing of 2:18 hours.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Stadium
|-
| [[Shillong Lajong FC]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong]]
|-
| [[Rangdajied United F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong]]
|-
| [[Ryntih FC]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong]]
|}

==Headquarters Eastern Air Command, Indian Air Force==
HQ Eastern Air Command (HQ, EAC) was shifted to Shillong on 10 June 1963 from [[Kolkata]] and housed in the old buildings located at Nonglyer village at Upper Shillong, some {{cvt|10|km}} from (Lower) Shillong, but at a greater altitude of around {{convert|6,000|ft|order=flip}} [[AMSL]]. Initially a British military base, it was taken over by No. 58 Gorkha Regiment of the Indian Army post Independence in 1947. The Regiment was redeployed after the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, making way for the IAF to step in. Only helicopters can operate from HQ, EAC, using a {{convert|12.7|ha|adj=on}} helipad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=22&page_type=command&comm_id=1|title=EASTERN AIR COMMAND|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

EAC controls air operations in the eastern sector which include West Bengal, Assam, Mizoram and the other eastern states bordering Bangladesh, Burma, and Tibet. EAC comprises permanent airbases at Chabua, Gauhati, Bagdogra, Barrackpore, Hashimara, Jorhat, Kalaikunda and Tezpur with forward airbases at Agartala, Culcutta, Panagarh and Shillong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Commands/295-Eastern-Air-Command.html|title=Eastern Air Command (EAC) – Bharat Rakshak: Indian Air Force|first=Shillong.|last=Meghalaya|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913120012/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/units/commands/295-eastern-air-command.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Neighbourhoods==
{{wide image|Shillong City.jpg|400px|Panorama of Police Bazar which is an important economic centre and major commercial hub of Shillong|align-cap=center}}
Historic neighbourhoods of Shillong include Mawkhar, Jaiaw, Riatsamthiah, Umsohsun, Wahingdoh, Khyndailad (Police Bazar), Mawlai, Laitumkhrah, Laban, Malki, Nongthymmai and Polo.

==Notable people==
{{Further|Category:People associated with Shillong|Category:People from Shillong}}

==See also==
* [[Tourism in North East India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [https://Shillong.com Shillong.com]
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{North East India}}{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Meghalaya}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shillong| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in India]]

Neeraja Kona

2026-03-20T00:57:03Z

Olphindro Malang: created some info first draft.

{{short description|Indian film director, Writer & costume designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neeraja Kona
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|04|29}}
| birth_place = [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Personal stylist|Stylist]], [[Costume Designer]], [[Lyricist]], Director
| years_active = 2012–present
| height =
| parents = [[Kona Raghupathi]]
| spouse = Ajay
| relatives = [[Kona Venkat]]
| othername =
}}

'''Neeraja Kona''' (born 29 April 1983) is an Indian stylist, costume designer, lyricist and director who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

==Career==
Neeraja began her career assisting in styling [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr NTR]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] for [[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']] (2013), directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]]. She was [[Nithiin]]'s stylist for ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]''. Nithiin then signed her on for his next two movies ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]'' and [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]''. She later met [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], and became her personal stylist.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEZiUHQYPOQ 'Neeraja Kona is Samantha's new stylist - Tv9]. youtube.com Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130706220431/http://www.sify.com/movies/neeraja-kona-is-samantha-s-new-stylist-news-telugu-nhbq85jjfed.html 'Neeraja Kona is Samantha`s new stylist]. sify.com Retrieved on 8 March 2014.</ref>

Early on in her career, Neeraja got to be part of [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' and [[Harish Shankar]]'s ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]].'' She designed costumes for Samantha Ruth Prabhu in both films. She has worked with the directors [[Vamsi Paidipally]], and [[V. V. Vinayak]]. Her other projects include Hansika's Romeo and Juliet, [[Gopichand Malineni]]'s ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'', [[Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi|Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'', and Karunakaran's movie. She has also assisted in styling [[Allu Arjun]] and Kajal Aggarwal in ''[[Yevadu]]'', Nithiin and [[Yami Gautam]] in ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]'', Samantha Ruth Prabhu and [[Pranitha Subhash]] in [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr NTR]] - Santosh Srinivas's project and [[Sudheer Babu]] in two songs from ''[[Aadu Magaadra Bujji]]''. She was also a lyricist for few songs in the films ''[[Thikka]]'', ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' and ''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]'' which are composed by [[S. Thaman|S.S.Thaman]].

Her debut directorial feature film, ''[[Telusu Kada]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/siddu-jonnalagaddas-next-titled-telusu-kada|title=Siddu Jonnalagadda's Next Titled Telusu Kada|date=16 October 2023 |work=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref> featuring [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]], was released on 17 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-02 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda's Telusu Kada to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/02/siddu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As a Costume Designer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="8"|2013 || ''[[Aadu Magaadra Bujji]]'' || rowspan="15"|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Autonagar Surya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|
|-
| [[Heart Attack (2014 film)|''Heart Attack'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]''
|
|-
| [[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014 || ''[[Alludu Seenu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Rabhasa]]''
|
|-
| [[Power (2014 Telugu film)|''Power'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|
|-
||2015 || ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' || rowspan="2"|Tamil || "Halena" song only
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017 || [[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''
| rowspan="6"|Tamil ||
|-
| [[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|''Velaikkaran'']] || <ref name="Stylist Neeraja forays into K’town">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |title=Stylist Neeraja forays into K'town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/151016/stylist-neeraja-forays-into-ktown.html |access-date=3 December 2021 |date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203100710/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/151016/stylist-neeraja-forays-into-ktown.html |archive-date=3 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''
|
|-
| [[Irumbu Thirai (2017 film)|''Irumbu Thirai'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Saamy Square]]''
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
|
|-
|}

=== As a lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
|-
|2016
|''[[Thikka]]''
|"Vellipoke"
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''
|"Miami"
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]''
|"Naa Chinni Lokkammea"
|-
|}

=== As a Director ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Notes
!Ref
|-
|2025 || ''[[Telusu Kada]]''
|Debut as feature film director
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Neeraj Kona's 'Telusu Kada' featuring Siddu Jonnalagadda launched! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/neeraj-konas-telusu-kada-featuring-siddu-jonnalagadda-launched/articleshow/104519912.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDB name|6066970}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kona, Neeraja}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]

English language

2026-03-19T21:57:34Z

Olphindro Malang: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|West Germanic language}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name = English
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ᵻ|ʃ}} {{respell|ING-lish}}{{sfn|''Oxford Learner's Dictionary''|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English – Pronunciation]}}
| states = The [[English-speaking world]], including the {{enum|[[United Kingdom]]|[[United States]]|[[Canada]]|[[Australia]]|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]|[[New Zealand]]|[[Commonwealth Caribbean]]|[[South Africa]]|[[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|others]]}}
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{nowrap|380 million}}
| speakers_label = Speakers
| date = 2021
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages? |website=Ethnologue |date=2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618002011/https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| speakers2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Second language|L2]]: {{nowrap|1.077 billion}} (2021)<ref name="Ethnologue26">{{e26|eng|English}}</ref>
* [[English-speaking world|Total]]: 1.457 billion}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[West Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[North Sea Germanic]]
| fam5 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-English]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old English]]
| ancestor3 = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor4 = [[Early Modern English]]
| script = {{plainlist|
* [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])
* [[Anglo-Saxon runes]] (historical)
* [[English Braille]], [[Unified English Braille]]
}}
| nation = {{ubli | [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language#Sovereign states|57 countries]] and [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language#Non-sovereign entities|30 dependent territories]] | Organisations including the {{enum
| [[UN]]
| [[EU]]
| [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]
| [[International Criminal Court|ICC]]
| [[IMF]]
| [[IOC]]
| [[ISO]]
| [[NATO]]
| [[WTO]]
| [[ASEAN]]
| [[Organisation of American States|OAS]]
| [[OECD]]
}} }}
| iso1 = en
| iso2 = eng
| iso3 = eng
| lingua = 52-ABA
| notice = IPA
| sign = [[Manually coded English]] {{nwr|(multiple systems)}}
| glotto = stan1293
| glottorefname = English
| mapscale = 1.25
| map = English language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#346699|Regions where English is the native language of the majority}}
{{legend|#99ccff|Regions where English is an official or widely spoken language, but not a majority native language}}
| dialects = {{hlist |class=inline |[[British English]]|[[North American English|North American]]|[[Caribbean English|Caribbean]]|[[Australian English|Australian]]|[[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]|[[South African English|South African]]|[[Hiberno-English]]}} ([[List of dialects of English|full list]])
}}
'''English''' is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It emerged in [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|early medieval England]] and has since become a global [[lingua franca]].{{sfn|The Routes of English}}{{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=6}}{{sfn|Wardhaugh|2010|p=55}} The namesake of the language is the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], one of the [[Germanic peoples]] who [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|migrated to Britain]] after the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|end of Roman rule]]. English is the [[List of languages by total number of speakers|most spoken language]] in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former [[British Empire]] (succeeded by the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]) and the [[United States]]. It is the most widely learned [[second language]] in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the [[list of languages by number of native speakers|third-most spoken native language]], after [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name="Ethnologue26" />

English is either the official language, or one of the official languages, in [[list of countries and territories where English is an official language|57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories]], making it the most geographically widespread language in the world. In the [[United Kingdom]], the United States, [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]], it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=108–109}} It is a [[official languages of the United Nations|co-official language of the United Nations]], the [[languages of the European Union|European Union]], and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the [[de facto]] lingua franca of diplomacy, [[languages of science|science]], technology, international trade, [[logistics]], tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the [[languages used on the Internet|Internet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html |title=How the English Language Conquered the World |last=Chua |first=Amy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301222132/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' estimated that there were over 1.4&nbsp;billion speakers worldwide {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref name="Ethnologue26" />

[[Old English]] emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Early inscriptions were written with [[Anglo-Saxon runes|runes]] before a [[Old English Latin alphabet|Latin-based alphabet]] was adopted for longer texts. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from [[Old Norse]], a [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic language]].<ref name="Finkenstaedt1973">{{cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter |year=1973 |isbn=978-3-533-02253-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|p=30}}{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=39}} An evolution of the Latin alphabet, the [[English alphabet]], fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the [[High Middle Ages]], coinciding with the emergence of [[Middle English]] in [[England in the High Middle Ages|England under Norman control]]. Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from [[langues d'oïl|French dialects]], which are the source of approximately [[list of English words of French origin|28 per&nbsp;cent of Modern English words]], and from [[Latin]], which is [[list of Latin words with English derivatives|the source of an additional 28 per&nbsp;cent]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 |chapter=Lexis and Semantics |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |date=1992 |last1=Burnley |first1=David |pages=409–499 |isbn=978-1-139-05553-6 |editor-first1=Norman |editor-last1=Blake |quote=Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the [[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]] (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973)}}</ref> While Latin and the [[Romance languages]] are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole, [[English grammar|English's grammar]] and [[English phonology|phonology]] remain Germanic, as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary. Finally, Middle English transformed, in part through the [[Great Vowel Shift]], into [[Modern English]], which exists on a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Scots language|Scots]]; it is next-most closely related to [[Low German|Low Saxon]] and [[Frisian languages|Frisian]].

== Classification ==
English is a member of the [[Indo-European language family]], belonging to the [[West Germanic]] branch of [[Germanic languages]].{{sfn|Bammesberger|1992|pp=29–30}} Owing to their descent from a shared ancestor language known as ''[[Proto-Germanic]]'', English and other Germanic languages{{snd}}which include [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]{{sfn|Durrell|2006}}{{snd}}have characteristic features in common, including a division of verbs into [[Germanic strong verb|strong]] and [[Germanic weak verb|weak]] classes, the use of [[modal verb]]s, and sound changes affecting [[Proto-Indo-European]] consonants known as [[Grimm's law|Grimm's]] and [[Verner's law]]s.{{sfn|König|van der Auwera|1994}}

[[Old English]] was one of several [[Ingvaeonic languages]], which emerged from a [[dialect continuum]] spoken by West Germanic peoples during the 5th century in [[Frisia]], on the coast of the [[North Sea]]. Old English emerged among the Ingvaeonic speakers on the [[British Isles]] following their migration there, while the other Ingvaeonic languages ([[Frisian languages|Frisian]] and [[Old Low German]]) developed in parallel on the continent.{{sfn|Bazelmans|2009|pp=325–326}} Old English evolved into [[Middle English]], which in turn evolved into Modern English.{{sfn|Robinson|1992}} Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into other [[Anglic languages]], including [[Scots language|Scots]]{{sfn|Romaine|1982|pp=56–65}} and the extinct [[Fingallian]] and [[Yola dialect]]s of Ireland.{{sfn|Barry|1982|pp=86–87}}

English was isolated from other Germanic languages on the continent and diverged considerably in [[lexis (linguistics)|vocabulary]], [[syntax]], and [[phonology]] as a result. It is not [[mutually intelligible]] with any continental Germanic language{{snd}}though some, such as Dutch and Frisian, show strong affinities with it, especially in its earlier stages.{{sfn|Harbert|2006}}{{page needed|date=July 2024}} English and Frisian [[Anglo-Frisian languages|were traditionally considered more closely related to one another]] than they were to other West Germanic languages, but most modern scholarship does not recognise a particular affinity between them.<ref>{{multiref2|{{harvnb|Bazelmans|2009|p=326|loc="According to most researchers, this means that there cannot have been an 'original' Anglo-Frisian entity ..."}} | {{harvnb|Stiles|2018|p=31|loc="... It is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree. The term and concept of 'Anglo-Frisian' should be banished to the historiography of the subject."}} }}</ref> Though they exhibited similar sound changes not otherwise found around the North Sea at that time, the specific changes appeared in English and Frisian at different times{{snd}}a pattern uncharacteristic for languages sharing a unique phylogenetic ancestor.{{sfn|Versloot|2017|pp=341–342}}{{sfn|Stiles|2018|pp=5–6}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of English}}

=== Proto-Germanic to Old English ===
[[File:Beowulf Cotton MS Vitellius A XV f. 132r.jpg|thumb|Manuscript (written in [[uncial script]]) of ''[[Beowulf]]'', an epic poem composed in Old English between 975 and 1025.{{pb}}The poem begins: {{lang|ang|Hƿæt ƿē Gārde{{\}}na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga{{\}}þrym ge frunon ...}} [Listen! We have heard of the glory in bygone days of the folk-kings of the spear-Danes ...]<ref>{{cite book |title=Beowulf |edition=2nd |date=2012 |orig-date=1999 |translator-last=Liuzza |translator-first=Roy M. |translator-link=Roy Liuzza |publisher=Broadview |isbn=978-1-554811137}}</ref> ]]
[[Old English]] (also called ''Anglo-Saxon'') was the earliest form of the English language, spoken from {{circa|450}} to {{cx|1150}}. Old English developed from a set of [[West Germanic]] dialects, sometimes identified as [[Anglo-Frisian]] or [[North Sea Germanic]], that were originally spoken along the coasts of [[Frisia]], Lower Saxony and southern [[Jutland]] by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], and [[Jutes]].<ref>Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130</ref> From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|settled Britain]] as [[end of Roman rule in Britain|the Roman economy and administration collapsed]]. By the 7th century, Old English [[Celtic language decline in England|had become dominant in Britain]]{{snd}}replacing the [[Common Brittonic]] and [[British Latin]] previously spoken during the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]],{{sfn|Collingwood|Myres|1936}}{{sfn|Graddol|Leith|Swann et al.|2007}}{{sfn|Blench|Spriggs|1999}} which ultimately left little influence on English. ''England'' and ''English'' (originally {{lang|ang|Ænglaland}} and {{lang|ang|Ænglisc}}) are both named after the Angles.{{sfn|Bosworth|Toller|1921}}

Old English was divided into two Anglian dialects ([[Mercian dialect|Mercian]] and [[Northumbrian Old English|Northumbrian]]) and two Saxon dialects ([[Kentish Old English|Kentish]] and [[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]]).{{sfn|Campbell|1959|p=4}} Through the influence exerted by the kingdom of [[Wessex]], and the educational reforms instated by [[King Alfred]] during the 9th century, the West Saxon dialect became the [[standard language|standard written variety]].{{sfn|Toon|1992|loc=Chapter: Old English Dialects}} The epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, ''[[Cædmon's Hymn]]'', is written in Northumbrian.{{sfn|Donoghue|2008}} Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the [[Scots language]] developed from Northumbrian. During the earliest period of Old English, a few short inscriptions were made using a [[Anglo-Saxon runes|runic alphabet]].{{sfn|Gneuss|2013|p=23}} By the 7th century, a [[Old English Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]] had been adopted. Written with [[half-uncial]] [[letterform]]s, it included the runic letters ''[[wynn]]'' {{angbr|{{lang|ang|ƿ}}}} and ''[[thorn (letter)|thorn]]'' {{angbr|{{lang|ang|þ}}}}, and the modified Latin letters ''[[eth]]'' {{angbr|{{lang|ang|ð}}}}, and ''[[Æ|ash]]'' {{angbr|{{lang|ang|æ}}}}.{{sfn|Gneuss|2013|p=23}}{{sfn|Hogg|Denison|2006a|pp=30–31}}

Old English is markedly different from Modern English, such that 21st-century English speakers are entirely unable to understand Old English without special training. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: [[Old English grammar|nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs]] had many more [[inflectional morphology|inflectional endings and forms]], and word order was [[free word order|much freer]] than in Modern English. Modern English has [[grammatical case|case forms]] in pronouns (''he'', ''him'', ''his'') and has a few verb inflections (''speak'', ''speaks'', ''speaking'', ''spoke'', ''spoken''), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more [[grammatical person|person]] and [[grammatical number|number]] endings.{{sfn|Hogg|1992a}}{{sfn|Smith|2009}}{{sfn|Trask|2010}}

=== Influence of Old Norse ===
Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the English spoken in some regions [[Middle English#Transition from Old English|underwent significant changes]] due to contact with [[Old Norse]], a [[North Germanic]] language. Several waves of Norsemen colonising the northern British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English speakers in constant contact with Old Norse. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the [[Danelaw]] surrounding York; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and [[English language in Northern England|Northern English]]. The centre of Norse influence was [[Kingdom of Lindsey|Lindsey]], located in the [[Midlands]]. After Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity in 920, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with ''th-'' (''they'', ''them'', ''their'') which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with {{lang|ang|h-}} ({{lang|ang|hie, him, hera}}).{{sfn|Thomason|Kaufman|1988|pp=284–290}}

Other [[list of English words of Old Norse origin|Norse loanwords]] include ''give'', ''get'', ''sky'', ''skirt'', ''egg'', and ''cake'', typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones.{{sfn|Kastovsky|1992|pp=320, 332}}

=== Middle English ===
{{Further|Influence of French on English}}
{{Quote box |align=center |quoted=true |
|salign=center
|quote={{lang|enm|Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting.}}{{pb}}[Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.]
|source= [[John Trevisa]], {{cx|1385}}{{sfn|Hogg|2006|pp=360–361}}
}}
The [[Middle English]] period is often defined as beginning with the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066. During the centuries that followed, English was heavily influenced by the form of [[Old French]] spoken by the new Norman ruling class that had migrated to England (known as [[Old Norman]]). Over the following decades of contact, members of the middle and upper classes, whether native English or Norman, became increasingly bilingual. By 1150 at the latest, bilingual speakers represented a majority of the English aristocracy, and monolingual French speakers were nearly non-existent.{{sfn|Townend|2012|pp=81–82}} The French spoken by the Norman elite in England eventually developed into the [[Anglo-Norman language]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Short |first=Ian |title=A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World |chapter=Language and Literature |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-84615-046-3 |doi=10.1017/9781846150463.011 |pages=191–214}}</ref> The division between Old to Middle English can also be placed during the composition of the ''[[Ormulum]]'' ({{cx|late 12th century}}), a work by the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] canon [[Orrm]] which highlights blending of Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in the language for the first time.{{sfn|Townend|2012|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johannesson |first1=Nils-Lennart |title=Ormulum |last2=Cooper |first2=Andrew |date=2023 |url=https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/20530/16515 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289043-6 |series=Early English text society |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811020739/https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/20530/16515 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the lower classes, who represented the vast majority of the population, remained monolingual English speakers, a primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of [[loanword]]s related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains.{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=39}} For instance, the French word {{lang|fr|trône}} appears for the first time, from which the English word ''throne'' is derived.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://scholarworks.harding.edu/tenor/vol5/iss1/5 |title=Effects of the Norman Conquest on the English Language |first=Curt |last=Baker |date=Spring 2016 |journal=Tenor Times |volume=5 |access-date=17 July 2025 |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809205313/https://scholarworks.harding.edu/tenor/vol5/iss1/5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating [[possession (linguistics)|possession]]. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms,{{sfn|Lass|1992|pp=103–123}} and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible.{{sfn|Fischer|van der Wurff|2006|pp=111–113}}

Middle English literature includes [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'' ({{cx|1400}}), and [[Thomas Malory]]'s ''{{lang|fr|[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]}}'' (1485). In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horobin |first1=Simon |title=Chaucer's Middle English |url=https://opencanterburytales.dsl.lsu.edu/refmideng/ |website=The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales |publisher=Louisiana State University |access-date=24 November 2019 |quote=The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be Northernisms |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203092713/https://opencanterburytales.dsl.lsu.edu/refmideng/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Wycliffe's Bible|the first translation]] of the entire Bible into English by [[John Wycliffe]] (1382), Matthew 8:20 reads: {{langr|enm|"Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis."}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Wycliffe |first=John |url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wycliffe/wycbible-all.pdf |publisher=Wesley NNU |title=Bible |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202202047/http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wycliffe/wycbible-all.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Here the plural suffix {{lang|enm|-n}} on the verb ''have'' is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present.

=== Early Modern English ===
[[File:Great Vowel Shift2a.svg|thumb|Illustration of the [[Great Vowel Shift]] that affected long vowels in [[Early Modern English]]. After the highest vowels /i: u:/ broke into [[diphthong]]s /ai au/, each of the lower vowels gradually shifted up one level to compensate.]]
The period of [[Early Modern English]], lasting between 1500 and 1700, was characterised by the [[Great Vowel Shift]] (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a [[chain shift]], meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. [[Mid vowel|Mid]] and [[open vowel]]s were [[raising (sound change)|raised]], and [[close vowel]]s were [[vowel breaking|broken]] into [[diphthong]]s. For example, the word ''bite'' was originally pronounced as the word ''beet'' is today, and the second vowel in the word ''about'' was pronounced as the word ''boot'' is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.{{sfn|Lass|2000a}}{{sfn|Görlach|1991|pp=66–70}}

English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]. Around 1430, the [[Court of Chancery]] in [[Westminster]] began using English in its [[writ|official documents]], and a new standard form of Middle English, known as [[Chancery Standard]], developed from the dialects of London and the [[East Midlands English|East Midlands]]. In 1476, [[William Caxton]] introduced the [[printing press]] to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English.{{sfn|Nevalainen|Tieken-Boon van Ostade|2006|pp=274–279}}

Literature in Early Modern English includes the works of [[William Shakespeare]] and the 1611 [[King James Version]] (KJV) of the Bible. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the [[consonant cluster]]s {{IPA|/kn ɡn sw/}} in ''knight'', ''gnat'', and ''sword'' were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.{{sfn|Cercignani|1981}} Matthew 8:20 in the KJV reads: "The Foxes have holes and the birds of the ayre have nests."{{sfn|Lass|2006|pp=46–47}} This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of ''of'' instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French ({{lang|fr|ayre}}) and word replacements (''bird'', originally meaning 'nestling', which had replaced Old English {{lang|ang|fugol}}).{{sfn|Lass|2006|pp=46–47}}

=== Spread of Modern English ===
By the late 18th century, the [[British Empire]] had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication.{{sfn|How English evolved into a global language|2010}}{{sfn|The Routes of English}} English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple [[indigenous language]]s opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others.{{sfn|Romaine|2006|p=586}}{{sfn|Mufwene|2006|p=614}}{{sfn|Northrup|2013|pp=81–86}} In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Colin |title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA311 |date=1998 |page=311 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-362-8}}</ref> and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster.{{sfn|Graddol|2006}}{{sfn|Crystal|2003a}} In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been.{{sfn|McCrum|MacNeil|Cran|2003|pp=9–10}}

As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, [[Samuel Johnson]] published his ''[[Dictionary of the English Language]]'', which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, [[Noah Webster]] published the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|American Dictionary of the English language]]'' to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes.{{sfn|Romaine|1999a}}

In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now found only in pronouns, such as ''he'' and ''him'', ''she'' and ''her'', ''who'' and ''whom''), and [[subject–verb–object word order]] is mostly fixed.{{sfn|Romaine|1999a}} Some changes, such as the use of [[do-support|''do''-support]], have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word ''do'' as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory.{{sfn|Romaine|1999a|p=2|loc="Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives."}} Now, ''do''-support with the verb ''have'' is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in ''-ing'', appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as "had been being built" are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. ''dreamed'' instead of ''dreamt''), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. ''more polite'' instead of ''politer''). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media.{{sfn|Leech|Hundt|Mair|Smith|2009|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Mair|Leech|2006}}{{sfn|Mair|2006}}

== Geographical distribution ==
{{See also|List of countries and territories where English is an official language|List of countries by English-speaking population|English-speaking world}}
[[File:Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|
{{legend|#045a8d|Majority native language}}
{{legend|#0674b6|Co-official and majority native language}}
{{legend|#439dd4|Official but minority native language}}
{{legend|#9bbae1|Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20 per&nbsp;cent of the population, de facto working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc.<ref name="Ethnologue26" />}}
]]
[[File:EF English Proficiency Index 2019 Europe.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[EF English Proficiency Index]] 2019 in Europe:<ref>{{cite web |title=EF English Proficiency Index 2019 |url=https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/cefcom-epi-site/reports/2019/ef-epi-2019-english.pdf |access-date=15 August 2024}} (pp. 6–7).</ref>
{{legend|#407294|Very high (63.07–70.27)}}
{{legend|#5A857D|High (58.26–61.86)}}
{{legend|#9DBB88|Moderate (52.50–57.38)}}
{{legend|#E7CB5B|Low (48.69–52.39)}}
{{legend|#F47B4B|Very low (40.87–48.19)}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|Not included in report}}]]
{{as of|2016}}, 400&nbsp;million people spoke English as their [[first language]], and 1.1&nbsp;billion spoke it as a second language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which countries are best at English as a second language? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/which-countries-are-best-at-english-as-a-second-language-4d24c8c8-6cf6-4067-a753-4c82b4bc865b |publisher=World Economic Forum |first1=Keith |last1=Breene |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125144549/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/which-countries-are-best-at-english-as-a-second-language-4d24c8c8-6cf6-4067-a753-4c82b4bc865b/ |url-status=live}}</ref> English is the [[list of languages by total number of speakers|largest language by number of speakers]], spoken by communities on every continent.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=106}} Estimates of [[second language]] and foreign-language speakers vary greatly depending on how proficiency is defined, from 470&nbsp;million to more than 1&nbsp;billion.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=108–109}} In 2003, [[David Crystal]] estimated that non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of three-to-one.{{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=69}}

=== Three circles model ===
[[Braj Kachru]] has categorised countries into the [[Three Circles of English ]] model, according to how the language historically spread in each country, how it is acquired by the populace, and the range of uses it has there{{snd}}with a country's classification able to change over time.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}}{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=2}}

"Inner-circle" countries have large communities of native English speakers; these include the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English{{snd}}and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}} the United Kingdom (60&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Office for National Statistics|2013|loc=Key Points}}{{sfn|National Records of Scotland|2013}}{{sfn|Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|2012|loc=Table KS207NI: Main Language}} Canada (19&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Statistics Canada|2014}} Australia (at least 17&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2013}} South Africa (4.8&nbsp;million),{{sfn|Statistics South Africa|2012|loc=Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number)}} Ireland (4.2&nbsp;million), and New Zealand (3.7&nbsp;million).{{sfn|Statistics New Zealand|2014}} In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces.{{sfn|Bao|2006|p=377}} Inner-circle countries are the base from which English spreads to other regions of the world.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}}

"Outer-circle" countries{{snd}}such as the Philippines,{{sfn|Rubino|2006}} Jamaica,{{sfn|Patrick|2006a}} India, Pakistan, Singapore,{{sfn|Lim|Ansaldo|2006}} Malaysia, and Nigeria{{sfn|Connell|2006}}{{sfn|Schneider|2007}}{{snd}}have much smaller proportions of native English speakers, but use of English as a second language in education, government, or domestic business is significant, and its use for instruction in schools and official government operations is routine.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=5}} These countries have millions of native speakers on dialect continua, which range from [[English-based creole languages]] to standard varieties of English used in inner-circle countries. They have many more speakers who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and exposure to English-language broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the language of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners{{snd}}with most including words rarely used by native speakers in inner-circle countries, as well as grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties.{{sfn|Bao|2006|p=377}}

"Expanding-circle" countries are where English is taught as a foreign language{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=4}}{{snd}}though the character of English as a first, second, or foreign language in a given country is often debatable, and may change over time.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=5}} For example, in countries like the Netherlands, an overwhelming majority of the population can speak English,{{sfn|European Commission|2012}} and it is often used in higher education and to communicate with foreigners.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=197}}

=== Pluricentric English ===
English is a [[pluricentric language]], which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=2}}{{sfn|Romaine|1999}}{{sfn|Baugh|Cable|2002}}{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|pp=8–9}} Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their [[accent (sociolinguistics)|accents]],{{sfn|Trudgill|2006}} but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international [[standard written English]]. The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation.{{sfn|Ammon|2008|pp=1537–1539}}

American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the [[English-speaking world]].{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=122}} Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|pp=5–6}}

The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce [[koiné]] forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.{{sfn|Deumert|2006|p=130}} The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers.{{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}}{{sfn|Deumert|2006|p=131}}
* Australia has no official languages at the federal or state level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Rowena |date=2019 |title='National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=83–84 |doi=10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 |doi-access=free |quote=The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language.}}</ref>
* In Canada, English and French share an [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|official status]] at the federal level.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Peter |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Canadian_Cons/ulsvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA556&printsec=frontcover |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Canadian Constitution |last2=Macklem |first2=Patrick |last3=Rosiers |first3=Nathalie Des |date=2017-08-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-066482-4 |language=en |page=556 |quote=
Both English and French are official languages, which means that they have "equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use... |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221215831/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ulsvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA556&printsec=frontcover&source=entity_page&newbks=0&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2026-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html |title=Official Languages Act – 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.) |work=Act current to July 11th, 2010 |publisher=Department of Justice |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=5 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105194649/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/tdm/cs/C-11 |title=Charter of the French language |last= |first= |date=26 March 2024 |website=Légis Québec |publisher=Québec Official Publisher |access-date=5 June 2024 |quote=French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status. |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606093614/https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/tdm/cs/C-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* English is the official second language of Ireland, while Irish is the first.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2 |title=Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland |last= |first= |date=January 2020 |website=Irish Statute Book |access-date=5 June 2024 |quote=1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language. |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423200419/https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* While New Zealand is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are [[Maori Language Act 1987|Māori]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Maori Language Act 1987 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0176/latest/DLM124116.html |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009183739/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0176/latest/DLM124116.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[New Zealand Sign Language#Official language status|New Zealand Sign Language]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/696482 |title=Recognition for sign language |date=6 April 2006 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515221254/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/488120/696482 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The United Kingdom does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside [[Welsh Language Act 1993|Welsh]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huws |first1=Catrin Fflur |title=The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success? |journal=Language Policy |date=June 2006 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=141–160 |doi=10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0}}</ref> and [[Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022|Irish]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2022 |title=Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-63402597 |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703141924/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-63402597 |url-status=live }}</ref> respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language.
* In the United States, English was designated the official language of the country by [[Executive Order 14224]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ho |first1=Vivian |last2=Pannett |first2=Rachel |date=1 March 2025 |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=1 March 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301233633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> English has additional official or co-official status at the state level in 32 states, and all 5 territories;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#people-and-society |title=United States |date=29 May 2024 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=5 June 2024 |quote=Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska. |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321202516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> 18 states and the District of Columbia have no official language.

=== English as a global language ===
{{Main|English as a lingua franca}}
{{See also|Foreign-language influences in English|Study of global communication}}
[[File:Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Status of English in public education by region<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html |publisher=The University of Winnipeg |access-date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031000038/https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{legend|#00a2e8|Mandatory subject}}{{legend|#ffc90e|Optional subject}}{{legend|#ababab|No data}}]]
[[File:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|2014 English Proficiency Index<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html |title=CIA World Factbook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322184415/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{legend|#225500|Very high (80–100&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent)}}
{{legend|#44aa00|High (60–80&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent)}}
{{legend|#66ff00|Moderate (40–60&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent)}}
{{legend|#99ff55|Low (20–40&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent)}}
{{legend|#ccffaa|Very low (0.1–20&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent)}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}]]

Modern English is sometimes described as the first global [[lingua franca]],{{sfn|Graddol|2006}}{{sfn|Meierkord|2006|p=165}} or as the first [[world language]].{{sfn|Brutt-Griffler|2006|pp=690–691}}{{sfn|Northrup|2013}} English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy.{{sfn|Northrup|2013}} Parity with French as a language of diplomacy had been achieved by [[Treaty of Versailles]] negotiations in 1919.{{sfn|Phillipson|2004|p=47}} By the time the [[United Nations]] was founded at the end of [[World War II]], English had become pre-eminent;{{sfn|Conrad|Rubal-Lopez|1996|p=261}} it is one of six official languages of the United Nations.{{sfn|United Nations|2010}} and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations.{{sfn|Richter|2012|p=29}} Many other worldwide international organisations, including the [[International Olympic Committee]], specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations, such as the [[European Free Trade Association]] (EFTA), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN),{{sfn|Crystal|2003a}} and [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) use English as their sole working language, despite most members not being countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the EU allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations.{{sfn|Ammon|2006|p=321}} English serves as the basis for the required [[controlled natural language]]s{{sfn|Wojcik|2006|p=139}} [[Seaspeak]] and Airspeak, used as [[international auxiliary language|international languages]] of seafaring{{sfn|International Maritime Organization|2011}} and aviation.{{sfn|International Civil Aviation Organization|2011}}

English is the most frequently taught foreign language in the world.{{sfn|Graddol|2006}}{{sfn|Crystal|2003a}} Most people learning English do so for practical reasons, as opposed to ideological reasons.{{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=195}} In EU countries, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in 19 of the 25 member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and [[Malta]]). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 per&nbsp;cent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 per&nbsp;cent of respondents.{{sfn|European Commission|2012|pp=21, 19}} The global influence of English has led to concerns about [[language death]],{{sfn|Crystal|2000}} and to claims of [[linguistic imperialism]],{{sfn|Jambor|2007}} and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however, the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think English provides them with better employment opportunities and increased quality of life.{{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|loc=Chapter 12: English into the Future}}

Working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine{{sfn|Alcaraz Ariza|Navarro|2006}} and computing. Though it formerly had parity with French and German in scientific research, English now dominates the field.{{sfn|Gordin|2015}} Its importance in scientific publishing is such that over 80 per&nbsp;cent of scientific journal articles indexed by ''Chemical Abstracts'' in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 per&nbsp;cent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996, and 82 per&nbsp;cent of articles in humanities publications by 1995.{{sfn|Brutt-Griffler|2006|pp=694–695}}

As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies.{{sfn|Mufwene|2006|p=614}}{{sfn|Northrup|2013|pp=81–86}}{{sfn|Mesthrie|2010|p=594}} For example, English is one of the official languages of India. Many Indians have shifted from associating the language with colonialism to associating it with economic progress.{{sfn|Annamalai|2006}} English is widely used in media and literature, with India being the third-largest publisher of English-language books in the world, after the US and UK.{{sfn|Sailaja|2009|pp=2–9}} However, less than 5 per&nbsp;cent of the population speak English fluently, with the country's native English speakers numbering in the low hundreds of thousands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 March 2010 |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422224021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf |title=Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition|first1=Sonalde B. |last1=Desai|first2=Amaresh|last2=Dubey|first3=Brij Lal |last3=Joshi|first4=Mitali |last4=Sen|first5=Abusaleh|last5=Shariff|first6=Reeve|last6=Vanneman |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211124532/http://www.ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/HumanDevelopmentinIndia.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2015 |isbn=978-0-19-806512-8}}</ref> In 2004, David Crystal claimed India had the largest population of people able to speak or understand English in the world,{{sfn|Crystal|2004}} though most scholars estimate the US remains home to a larger English-speaking population.{{sfn|Graddol|2010}} Many English speakers in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries.{{sfn|Mazrui|Mazrui|1998}} Regarding its future development, it is considered most likely that English will continue to function as a [[koiné]] language, with a standard form that unifies speakers around the world.{{sfn|Crystal|2006}}

== Phonology ==
{{IPA notice|brackets=no|section}}
[[English phonology]] and [[phonetics]] differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of [[phoneme]]s (speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes.{{sfn|Wolfram|2006|pp=334–335}} This overview mainly describes [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) and [[General American]] (GA), the [[standard varieties]] of the United Kingdom and the United States respectively.{{sfn|Carr|Honeybone|2007}}{{sfn|Bermúdez-Otero|McMahon|2006}}{{sfn|MacMahon|2006}}

=== Consonants ===
Most English dialects share the same 24{{nbsp}}consonant phonemes (or 26, if marginal {{IPA|/x/}} and glottal stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}} are included). The consonant inventory shown below is valid for [[California English]],{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=41–42}} and for RP.{{sfn|König|1994|p=534}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]] !! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental]] !! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | ({{IPA link|ʔ}}) || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ð}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ({{IPA link|x}}) || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
! [[Median consonant|Median]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɹ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}
For pairs of [[obstruent]]s (stops, affricates, and fricatives) such as {{IPA|/p b/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}}, and {{IPA|/s z/}}, the first is [[fortis and lenis|fortis]] (strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as {{IPA|/p tʃ s/}} are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as {{IPA|/b dʒ z/}}, and are always [[voiceless]]. Lenis consonants are partly [[voiced]] at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as {{IPA|/p/}} have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] {{IPA|[pʰ]}} when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often [[unreleased stop|unreleased]] {{IPA|[p̚]}} or pre-glottalised {{IPA|[ʔp]}} at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: e.g. ''nip'' has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, not phonemically) than ''nib'' {{IPA|[nɪˑb̥]}} ([[#Vowels|see below]]).{{sfn|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=47–53}}
* Lenis stops: ''bin'' {{IPA|[b̥ɪˑn]}}, ''about'' {{IPA|[əˈbaʊt]}}, ''nib'' {{IPA|[nɪˑb̥]}}
* Fortis stops: ''pin'' {{IPA|[pʰɪn]}}; ''spin'' {{IPA|[spɪn]}}; ''happy'' {{IPA|[ˈhæpi]}}; ''nip'' {{IPA|[nɪp̚]}} or {{IPA|[nɪʔp]}}

In RP, the lateral approximant {{IPA|/l/}} has two main [[allophone]]s (pronunciation variants): the clear or plain {{IPA|[l]}}, as in ''light'', and the dark or [[velarised alveolar lateral approximant|velarised]] {{IPA|[ɫ]}}, as in ''full''.{{Sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=13}} GA has dark ''l'' in most cases.{{Sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2008|p=41}}
* Clear ''l'': RP ''light'' {{IPA|[laɪt]}}
* Dark ''l'': RP and GA ''full'' {{IPA|[fʊɫ]}}, GA ''light'' {{IPA|[ɫaɪt]}}

All [[sonorant]]s (liquids {{IPA|/l, r/}} and nasals {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ/}}) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word.{{sfn|Brinton|Brinton|2010|pp=56–59}}
* Voiceless sonorants: ''clay'' {{IPA|[kl̥eɪ̯]}}; ''snow'' RP {{IPA|[sn̥əʊ̯]}}, GA {{IPA|[sn̥oʊ̯]}}
* Syllabic sonorants: ''paddle'' {{IPA|[ˈpad.l̩]}}, ''button'' {{IPA|[ˈbʌt.n̩]}}

=== Vowels ===
{{stack begin}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Closing diphthongs
! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|eɪ}} || b'''ay'''
|-
| {{IPA|əʊ}} || {{IPA|oʊ}} || r'''oa'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|aɪ}} || cr'''y'''
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ}} || c'''ow'''
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || b'''oy'''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Centring diphthongs
! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word
|-
| {{IPA|ɪə}} || {{IPA|ɪɹ}} || p'''eer'''
|-
| {{IPA link|ɛ|eə}} || {{IPA|ɛɹ}} || p'''air'''
|-
| {{IPA|ʊə}} || {{IPA|ʊɹ}} || p'''oor'''
|}
{{stack end}}

{{stack begin}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 1em;"
|+ Monophthongs
! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] !! [[General American|GA]] !! Word
|-
| {{IPA link|iː}} || {{IPA link|i}} || n'''ee'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɪ}} || b'''i'''d
|-
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}} || {{IPA link|ɛ}} || b'''e'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}} || b'''a'''ck
|-
| {{IPA link|ɑː}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} || br'''a'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} || b'''o'''x
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}, {{IPA link|ɑ}} || cl'''o'''th
|-
| {{IPA link|ɔ|ɔː}}|| p'''aw'''
|-
| {{IPA link|uː}} || {{IPA link|u}} || f'''oo'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} || g'''oo'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐ|ʌ}} || b'''u'''t
|-
| {{IPA link|ə|ɜː}} || {{IPA link|ɚ|ɜɹ}} || b'''ir'''d
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ə}} || comm'''a'''
|}
{{stack end}}

The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The accompanying table below lists the vowel [[phoneme]]s in RP and GA, with example words from [[lexical set]]s. The vowels are represented with symbols from the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wells |first=John C. |date=8 February 2001 |url=https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm |title=IPA transcription systems for English |publisher=University College London |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919182345/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In RP, vowel length is phonemic; [[long vowels]] are marked with a [[triangular colon]] {{angbr IPA|ː}} in the table above, such as the vowel of ''need'' {{IPA|[niːd]}} as opposed to ''bid'' {{IPA|[bɪd]}}.{{sfn|Giegerich|1992|pp=56–57}} In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive.{{sfn|Cohen|2012|p=80}}

In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically [[clipping (phonetics)|shortened before fortis consonants]] in the same [[syllable]], like {{IPA|/t tʃ f/}}, but not before lenis consonants like {{IPA|/d dʒ v/}} or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of ''rich'' {{IPA|[rɪtʃ]}}, ''neat'' {{IPA|[nit]}}, and ''safe'' {{IPA|[seɪ̯f]}} are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ''ridge'' {{IPA|[rɪˑdʒ]}}, ''need'' {{IPA|[niˑd]}}, and ''save'' {{IPA|[seˑɪ̯v]}}, and the vowel of ''light'' {{IPA|[laɪ̯t]}} is shorter than that of ''lie'' {{IPA|[laˑɪ̯]}}. Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis.{{sfn|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=46–50}}

The vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions.{{sfn|Cruttenden|2014|p=138}}{{sfn|Flemming|Johnson|2007}} Some dialects do not contrast {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} in unstressed positions, such that ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the [[weak vowel merger]].{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=167}} GA {{IPA|/ɜr/}} and {{IPA|/ər/}} are realised as an [[r-colored vowel|''r''-coloured vowel]] {{IPA|[ɚ]}}, as in ''further'' {{IPA|[ˈfɚðɚ]}} (phonemically {{IPA|/ˈfɜrðər/}}), which in RP is realised as {{IPA|[ˈfəːðə]}} (phonemically {{IPA|/ˈfɜːðə/}}).{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=121}}

=== Phonotactics ===
An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in ''sprint'' {{IPA|/sprɪnt/}}, and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) ''angsts'' {{IPA|/aŋksts/}}. This gives an English syllable a structure of (CCC)V(CCCCC){{snd}}where C represents a consonant and V a vowel. The word ''strengths'' {{IPA|/strɛŋθs/}} is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in ''play''; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in ''fly'' or ''sly''; ''s'' and a voiceless stop, as in ''stay''; and ''s'', a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in ''string''.{{sfn|Brinton|Brinton|2010|page=60}} Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of [[sibilant]]s and of [[plosive]]s with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: {{IPA|/h/}} can only occur in syllable-initial position, and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} only in syllable-final position.{{sfn|König|1994|pp=537–538}}

=== Stress, rhythm, and intonation ===
{{See also|Stress and vowel reduction in English|Intonation (linguistics)#English|English prosody}}
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] plays an important role in English. Certain [[syllable]]s are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently [[vowel reduction|reduced]] while vowels in stressed syllables are not.{{sfn|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=42}}

Stress in English is [[phonemic]], gaining freedom and dynamicity once lost in Proto-Germanic through a majority of borrowings from non-Germanic languages. For instance, the word ''contract'' is stressed on the first syllable ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|t|r|æ|k|t}} {{respell|KON|trakt}}) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|n|ˈ|t|r|æ|k|t}} {{respell|kən|TRAKT|'}}) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb.{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}}{{sfn|Merriam Webster|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}}{{sfn|Macquarie Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry "contract"}} Here stress is connected to [[vowel reduction]]: in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to {{IPA|/ə/}}. Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. "a burnout" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɜːr|n|aʊ|t}}) versus "to burn out" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɜːr|n|_|ˈ|aʊ|t}}), and "a hotdog" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|t|d|ɒ|g}}) versus "a hot dog" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|t|_|ˈ|d|ɒ|g}}).{{sfn|Brinton|Brinton|2010|p=66}}

In terms of [[rhythm]], English is generally described as a [[stress-timed]] language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sentence stress |url=https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-room/teaching-articles/sentence-stress |website=ESOL Nexus |publisher=British Council |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203092723/https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-room/teaching-articles/sentence-stress |url-status=dead}}</ref> Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in [[vowel quality]]: [[vowel reduction]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lunden |first1=Anya |title=Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English |journal=Laboratory Phonology |volume=8 |page=27 |doi=10.5334/labphon.37 |year=2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Regional variation ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Phonological features in Standard English varieties{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=4–6}}
! !! scope="col" | [[American English|United States]] !! scope="col" | [[Canadian English|Canada]] !! scope="col" | [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]] !! scope="col" | [[Ulster English|Northern Ireland]] !! scope="col" | [[Scottish English|Scotland]] !! scope="col" | [[English language in England|England]] !! scope="col" | [[Welsh English|Wales]] !! scope="col" | [[South African English|South Africa]] !! scope="col" | [[Australian English|Australia]] !! scope="col" | [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | [[father-bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{IPA|/ɒ/}} is [[unrounded]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{IPA|/ɜr/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ɚ]}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | [[cot-caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]]
| {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || {{yes}} || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | [[Full–fool merger|''fool''–''full'' merger]]
| || || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{IPA|/t, d/}} [[flapping]]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || {{usually|Often}} || {{rarely}} || {{rarely}} || {{rarely}} || {{rarely}} || {{yes}} || {{usually|Often}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | [[trap-bath split|''trap''–''bath'' split]]
| || || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || || {{usually|Often}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{usually|Often}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | [[non-rhoticity]]
| || || || || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | close vowels for {{IPA|/æ, ɛ/}}
| || || || || || || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{IPA|/l/}} can always be pronounced {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{IPA|/ɑː/}} is [[fronted (phonetics)|fronted]] before {{IPA|/r/}}
| || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || {{MaybeCheck|text=Possibly}} || || || || || || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|}
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Dialects and low vowels
! scope="col" style="text-align:right" | [[Lexical set]] !! scope="col" | RP || scope="col" | GA !! scope="col" | CanE !! scope="col" | Sound change
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|THOUGHT}}
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|CLOTH}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɒ/}} || [[Lot–cloth split|''lot''–''cloth'' split]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|LOT}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || rowspan="2" | [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|PALM}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|BATH}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/æ/}} || rowspan="2" | [[Trap–bath split|''trap''–''bath'' split]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | {{sc2|TRAP}}
| {{IPA|/æ/}}
|}
Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as [[Canadian English|Canada]], [[Australian English|Australia]], [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]] and [[South African English|South Africa]] have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=4–6}}

English has undergone many [[phonological history of English|historical sound changes]], some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the [[Great Vowel Shift]], which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the [[Northern Cities Vowel Shift]] and [[Canadian Shift]] have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents.{{sfnm|Lass|1992|1pp=90, 118, 610|Lass|2000|2pp=80, 656}}

Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and [[phone (phonetics)|phones]] than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a [[voiceless]] {{IPAblink|ʍ}} sound in ''whine'' that contrasts with the voiced {{IPA|[w]}} in ''wine'', but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced {{IPA|[w]}}, a dialect feature called [[wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]]. The voiceless velar fricative sound {{IPA|/x/}} is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes ''loch'' {{IPA|/lɔx/}} from ''lock'' {{IPA|/lɔk/}}. Accents like [[Cockney]] with "[[h-dropping|''h''-dropping]]" lack the glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}}, and dialects with [[th-stopping|''th''-stopping]] and [[th-fronting|''th''-fronting]] like [[African-American Vernacular English|African-American Vernacular]] and [[Estuary English]] do not have the dental fricatives {{IPA|/θ, ð/}}, but replace them with dental or alveolar stops {{IPA|/t, d/}} or labiodental fricatives {{IPA|/f, v/}}.{{sfn|Roach|2009|p=53}}{{sfn|Giegerich|1992|p=36}} Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as [[yod-dropping|''yod''-dropping]], [[yod-coalescence|''yod''-coalescence]], and reduction of consonant clusters.{{sfn|Wells|1982}}{{Page needed|date=January 2023}}

GA and RP vary in their pronunciation of historical {{IPA|/r/}} after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the [[syllable coda]]). GA is a [[rhotic dialect]], meaning that it pronounces {{IPA|/r/}} at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses {{IPA|/r/}} in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide {{IPA|/r/}} like RP or keep it like GA.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=114}}

There is complex dialectal variation in words with the [[phonological history of English short A|open front]] and [[phonological history of English low back vowels|open back vowels]] {{IPA|/æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/}}. These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three {{IPA|/æ ɑ ɔ/}},{{sfn|Wells|1982|pp=xviii–xix}} and in Canadian English, they merge to two {{IPA|/æ ɑ/}}.{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=493}}

== Grammar ==
Typical for an Indo-European language, [[English grammar]] follows [[nominative–accusative alignment|accusative]] [[morphosyntactic alignment]]. Unlike other Indo-European languages, English has largely abandoned the inflectional [[case system]] in favour of [[analytic language|analytic]] constructions. Only the [[personal pronoun]]s retain morphological case more strongly than any other [[word class]]. English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into [[English subordinators|subordinators]] and [[English coordinators|coordinators]], and add the class of interjections.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=22}} English also has a rich set of [[auxiliary verb]]s, such as ''have'' and ''do'', expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by [[do-support|''do''-support]], [[wh-movement|''wh''-movement]] (fronting of question words beginning with ''wh''-) and word order [[subject–auxiliary inversion|inversion]] with some verbs.<ref name="Carter2016">{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Ronald |last2=McCarthey |first2=Michael |last3=Mark |first3=Geraldine |last4=O'Keeffe |first4=Anne |title=English Grammar Today |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-61739-7}}</ref>

Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected [[strong inflection|strong]] stems inflected through [[ablaut]] (i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs ''speak''{{\}}''spoke'' and ''foot''{{\}}''feet'') and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as ''love''{{\}}''loved'', ''hand''{{\}}''hands'').<ref name="Baugh2012">{{cite book |last1=Baugh |first1=Albert |last2=Cable |first2=Thomas |title=A history of the English language |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-65596-5 |edition=6th}}</ref> Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system (''he''{{\}}''him'', ''who''{{\}}''whom''); similarly, traces of more complex verb conjugation are seen in the inflection of the [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] verb ''to be''.<ref name="Baugh2012" />

The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence:{{sfb|Aarts|Haegeman|2006|p=118}}
{| style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Det. !! Noun !! Prep. !! Det. !! Noun !! Conj. !! Det. !! Adj. !! Noun !! Verb !! Advb. !! Conj. !! Det. !! Noun !! Verb
|-
| ''The'' || ''chairman'' || ''of'' || ''the'' || ''committee'' || ''and'' || ''the'' || ''loquacious'' || ''politician'' || ''clashed'' || ''violently'' || ''when'' || ''the'' || ''meeting'' || ''started''.
|}

=== Nouns and noun phrases ===
[[English nouns]] are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into [[proper noun]]s (names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into [[count noun]]s and [[mass noun]]s.{{sfn|Payne|Huddleston|2002}}

Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural [[suffix]] -''s'', but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. "one loaf of bread", "two loaves of bread".{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=56–57}}

Regular plural formation:
* Singular: ''cat'', ''dog''
* Plural: ''cats'', ''dogs''

Irregular plural formation:
* Singular: ''man'', ''woman'', ''foot'', ''fish'', ''ox'', ''knife'', ''mouse''
* Plural: ''men'', ''women'', ''feet'', ''fish'', ''oxen'', ''knives'', ''mice''

Possession can be expressed either by the possessive [[enclitic]] -''s'' (also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition ''of''. Historically the -''s'' possessive has been used for [[animacy|animate nouns]], whereas the ''of'' possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use -''s'' also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive -''s'' is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with -''s'' the apostrophe follows the -''s''.<ref name="Carter2016" />

Possessive constructions:
* With -''s'': "The woman's husband's child"
* With ''of'': "The child of the husband of the woman"

Nouns can form [[noun phrase]]s (NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=55}} Noun phrases can be short, such as ''the man'', composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. ''red'', ''tall'', ''all'') and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. ''the'', ''that''). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as ''and'', or prepositions such as ''with'', e.g. "the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles" (this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit.<ref name="Carter2016" /> For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in "The President of India's wife", where the enclitic follows ''India'' and not ''President''.

The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of [[definiteness]], where ''the'' marks a definite noun and ''a'' or ''an'' an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include ''one'', ''many'', ''some'' and ''all'', are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. ''one man'' (sg.) but ''all men'' (pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=54–55}}

==== Adjectives ====
[[English adjectives]] are words such as ''good'', ''big'', ''interesting'', and ''Canadian'' that most typically modify nouns, [[denotation|denoting]] characteristics of their [[referent]]s (e.g. "a ''red'' car"). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=57}} English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g. "the child is ''happy''").{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=530}}

In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] in form with the noun they modify, as in most other Indo-European languages. For example, in the phrases "the slender boy", and "many slender girls", the adjective ''slender'' does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=528}}

Some adjectives are inflected for [[degree of comparison]], with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix -''er'' marking the comparative, and -''est'' marking the superlative: "a small boy", "the boy is smaller than the girl", "that boy is the smallest". Some adjectives have irregular [[suppletive]] comparative and superlative forms, such as ''good'', ''better'', and ''best''. Other adjectives have comparatives formed by [[periphrasis|periphrastic constructions]], with the adverb ''more'' marking the comparative, and ''most'' marking the superlative: ''happier'' or ''more happy'', ''the happiest'' or ''most happy''.{{sfn|König|1994|p=540}} There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form.{{sfn|Mair|2006|pp=148–149}}

==== Determiners ====
[[English determiners]] are words such as ''the'', ''each'', ''many'', ''some'', and ''which'', occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as [[definite]] or indefinite.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney D. |title=A student's introduction to English grammar |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |last3=Reynolds |first3=Brett |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-316-51464-1 |edition=2nd |pages=124–126}}</ref> They often agree with the noun in [[grammatical number|number]]. They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison.

==== Pronouns, case, and person ====
[[English pronouns]] conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ({{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|I|me}}, {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|he|him}}, {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|she|her}}, {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|we|us}}, {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|they|them}}) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing ''it'' from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between feminine {{pronoun pair|she|her}}, [[epicene]] {{pronoun pair|they|them}}, and masculine {{pronoun pair|he|him}}.<ref name="OEDthey">{{OED|they|id=200700}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singular "They" |url=https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/singular-they |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=APA Style |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021234745/https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar/singular-they |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[subjective case]] corresponds to the Old English [[nominative case]], and the [[objective case]] is used in the sense both of the previous [[accusative case]] (for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or [[indirect object]] of a transitive verb).{{sfn|Leech|2006|p=69|loc="Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case"}}{{sfn|O'Dwyer|2006|loc="English has subjective, objective and possessive cases."}} The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used.{{sfn|Greenbaum|Nelson|2002}} While grammarians such as [[Henry Sweet]]{{sfn|Sweet|2014|p=52|loc="But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a '''nominative''' case (he) and an '''objective''' case (him)"}} and [[Otto Jespersen]]{{sfn|Jespersen|2007|pp=173–185}} noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, including ''[[The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language]]'', retain traditional ''nominative'' and ''accusative'' labels for the cases.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002}}

Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in ''my chair''), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. "the chair is mine").{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=425–426}} Grammatical person in English no longer distinguishes between formal and informal pronouns of address, with the second person singular familiar pronoun ''[[thou]]'' that previously existed in the language having fallen almost entirely out of use by the 18th century.{{sfn|McMahon|2012|p=182}}

Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular:
* Plural and singular are always identical (''you'', ''your'', ''yours'') in the second person (except in the reflexive form: {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|yourself|yourselves}}) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as ''y'all'' (found in [[Southern American English]] and [[African-American Vernacular English]]), ''youse'' (found in [[Australian English]]), or ''ye'' (in [[Hiberno-English]]).
* In the third person, the {{pronoun pair|nolink=yes|they|them}} series of pronouns (''they'', ''them'', ''their'', ''theirs'', ''themselves'') are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. In the singular, the {{pronoun pair|they|them}} series (sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form ''themself'') serve as a [[gender-neutral]] set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted, especially as part of the [[LGBTQ culture]].<ref name="OEDthey" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/singular-they |title=Welcome, singular "they" |last=Lee |first=Chelsea |date=31 October 2019 |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214220442/https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/singular-they |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kamm |first=Oliver |title=The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious |access-date=24 November 2021 |date=12 December 2015 |website=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/the-pedant-the-sheer-usefulness-of-singular-they-is-obvious-3qs05ngflkj |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619175236/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-pedant-the-sheer-usefulness-of-singular-they-is-obvious-3qs05ngflkj |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ English personal pronouns
! scope="col" | Person !! scope="col" | Subjective case !! scope="col" | Objective case !! scope="col" | Dependent possessive !! scope="col" | Independent possessive !! scope="col" | Reflexive
|-
! scope="row" | 1st, singular
| ''I'' || ''me'' || ''my'' || ''mine'' || ''myself''
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd, singular
| ''you'' || ''you'' || ''your'' || ''yours'' || ''yourself''
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd, singular
| ''he/she/it/[[singular they|they]]'' || ''him/her/it/them'' || ''his/her/its/their'' || ''his/hers/its/theirs'' || ''himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves''
|-
! scope="row" | 1st, plural
| ''we'' || ''us'' || ''our'' || ''ours'' || ''ourselves''
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd, plural
| ''you'' || ''you'' || ''your'' || ''yours'' || ''yourselves''
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd, plural
| ''they'' || ''them'' || ''their'' || ''theirs'' || ''themselves''
|}

Pronouns are used to refer to entities [[deixis|deictically]] or [[anaphoric reference|anaphorically]]. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation{{snd}}for example, the pronoun ''I'' identifies the speaker, and the pronoun ''you'', the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as ''that'' refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence "I already told you that". The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact").{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=426}}

==== Prepositions ====
Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g. "with the dog", "for my friend", "to school", "in England".{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=58}} [[English prepositions]] have a wide range of uses{{snd}}including describing movement, place, and other relations between entities, as well as functions that are syntactic in nature, like introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=58}} For example, in the phrase "I gave it to him", the preposition ''to'' marks the indirect object of the verb ''to give''. Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=598–600}}

=== Verbs and verb phrases ===
[[English verbs]] are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with a third person present singular subject. Only the copula verb ''to be'' is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects.{{sfn|König|1994|p=540}} Auxiliary verbs such as ''have'' and ''be'' are paired with verbs in the [[infinitive]], past, or progressive forms. They form [[periphrasis|complex]] tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=51}}{{sfn|König|1994|p=541}}

Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=50}} The verb ''to be''{{snd}}which among other uses in English functions as the primary auxiliary verb indicating the [[imperfective aspect]] (e.g. "I ''am'' going"), as well as the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]]{{sfn|Peters|2004|loc="be" p. 66}}{{snd}}is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first person present form is ''am'', the third person singular form is ''is'', and the form ''are'' is used in the second person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is ''been'' and its gerund-participle is ''being''.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=75, 91, 113–114}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ English inflectional forms
! scope="col" | Inflection !! scope="col" | Strong !! scope="col" | Regular
|-
! scope="row" | Plain present
| ''take'' || ''love''
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd person sg. present
| ''takes'' || ''loves''
|-
! scope="row" | Preterite
| ''took'' || ''loved''
|-
! scope="row" | Plain (infinitive)
| ''take'' || ''love''
|-
! scope="row" | Gerund–participle
| ''taking'' || ''loving''
|-
! scope="row" | Past participle
| ''taken'' || ''loved''
|}

==== Tense, aspect, and mood ====
English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix ''-ed'', and for the strong verbs either the suffix ''-t'' or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix ''-s''.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=51}}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | !! scope="col" | Present !! scope="col" | Preterite
|-
! scope="row" | First person
| ''I run'' || ''I ran''
|-
! scope="row" | Second person
| ''You run'' || ''You ran''
|-
! scope="row" | Third person
| ''John runs'' || ''John ran''
|}

English does not have future verb forms.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=208–210}} The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs ''will'' or ''shall''.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=51–52}} Many varieties also use a [[near future tense|near future]] constructed with the [[phrasal verb]] "be going to" ([[going-to future]]).{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=210–211}}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | !! scope="col" | Future
|-
! scope="row" | First person
| "I will run"
|-
! scope="row" | Second person
| "You will run"
|-
! scope="row" | Third person
| "John will run"
|}

Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily ''have'' and ''be'', which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ("I have run" vs. "I was running"), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ("I had been running") and present perfect ("I have been running").{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=50–51}}

For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as ''can'', ''may'', ''will'', ''shall'' and the past tense forms ''could'', ''might'', ''would'', ''should''. There are also [[English subjunctive|subjunctive]] and [[imperative mood]]s, both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular ''-s''), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: "It is important that he run every day"; imperative ''Run!'').{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=51–52}}

An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition ''to'', is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause.<ref>{{cite web |title=Finite and Nonfinite Clauses |url=https://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-17-clauses/6-finite-and-nonfinite-clauses.html |website=MyEnglishGrammar.com |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207091436/http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-17-clauses/6-finite-and-nonfinite-clauses.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For example, "he has to go" where only the auxiliary verb ''have'' is inflected for time and the main verb ''to go'' is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as "I saw him leave", where the main verb is ''see'', which is in a preterite form, and ''leave'' is in the infinitive.

==== Phrasal verbs ====
English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called [[phrasal verb]]s, verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are "to get up", "to ask out", "to get together", and "to put up with". The phrasal verb frequently has a highly [[English-language idioms|idiomatic]] meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g. ''lay off'' meaning ''terminate someone's employment'').{{sfn|Dixon|1982}} Some grammarians do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, e.g. "he woke up in the morning" and "he ran up in the mountains" are syntactically equivalent.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=274}}

==== Adverbs ====
The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs.<ref name="Carter2016" /> Many [[English adverbs]] are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix ''-ly''. For example, in the phrase "the woman walked quickly", the adverb ''quickly'' is derived from the adjective ''quick''. Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as ''good'', which has the adverbial form ''well''.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=565–566}}

=== Syntax ===
[[File:Constituent structure analysis English sentence.svg|thumb|In the English sentence "The cat sat on the mat", the subject is ''the cat'' (a noun phrase), the verb is ''sat'', and ''on the mat'' is a prepositional phrase composed of a noun phrase ''the mat'', headed by the preposition ''on''.]]
Modern English syntax is moderately [[isolating language|analytic]].{{sfn|McArthur|1992|pp=64, 610–611}} It has developed features such as [[English modal verb|modal verbs]] and [[word order]] as resources for conveying meaning. [[Auxiliary verb]]s mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the [[grammatical voice|passive voice]] and progressive [[grammatical aspect|aspect]].{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=1209–1219}}

==== Basic constituent order ====
English has moved from the Germanic [[V2 word order|verb-second (V2) word order]] to being almost exclusively [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO).{{sfn|König|1994|p=553}} The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as "he had been hoping to try opening it".{{sfn|Müller|2020|p=666}}

In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order.{{sfn|König|1994|p=550}} The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb:

{| style="text-align: center;"
|-
! S !! V !! O
|-
| ''The dog'' || ''bites'' || ''the man''
|-
| ''The man'' || ''bites'' || ''the dog''
|}

An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cases of Nouns and Pronouns |url=http://guidetogrammar.org/grammar/cases.htm |website=Guide to Grammar and Writing |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116081858/http://guidetogrammar.org/grammar/cases.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun:

{| style="text-align: center;"
|-
! S !! V !! O
|-
| ''He'' || ''hit'' || ''him''
|}

[[Indirect object]]s (IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as "I gave ''Jane'' the book" or in a prepositional phrase, such as "I gave the book ''to Jane''".{{sfn|König|1994|p=551}}

==== Clause syntax ====
{{Main|English clause syntax}}
English sentences may be composed of one or more clauses, that may in turn be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any noun or prepositional phrases. Within a sentence, there is always at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase "I think (that) you are lying", the main clause is headed by the verb ''think'', the subject is ''I'', but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause "(that) you are lying". The subordinating conjunction ''that'' shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.{{sfn|Miller|2002|pp=60–69}} [[Relative clause]]s are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence "I saw the letter that you received today", the relative clause "that you received today" specifies the meaning of the word ''letter'', the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns ''who'', ''whose'', ''whom'', and ''which'' as well as by ''that'' (which can also be omitted).{{sfn|König|1994|p=545}} In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses.{{sfn|König|1994|p=557}}

==== Auxiliary verb constructions ====
[[English auxiliary verbs]] are relied upon for many functions, including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence "the dog did not find its bone", the clause "find its bone" is the complement of the negated verb ''did not''. [[Subject–auxiliary inversion]] is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=94–98}}

The verb ''do'' can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I did shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb ''not'' to an ordinary [[finite verb|finite]] lexical verb, as in *"I know not"{{snd}}it can only be added to an auxiliary (or [[copular verb|copular]]) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary ''do'' is used, to produce a form like "I do not (don't) know." The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions{{snd}}inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say *"Know you him?"; grammatical rules require "Do you know him?"{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=114}}

Negation is done with the adverb ''not'', which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not -''n't'' can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb ''to be''. Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with ''do''-support, thus in Modern English "I don't know him" is the correct answer to the question "Do you know him?", but not *"I know him not", although this construction may be found in older English.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=786–790}}

Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb ''to be'' or ''to get'', although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with ''get''. For example, putting the sentence "she sees him" into the passive becomes "he is seen (by her)", or "he gets seen (by her)".{{sfn|Miller|2002|pp=26–27}}

==== Questions ====
Both [[yes/no question]]s and [[wh-question|''wh''-questions]] in English are mostly formed using [[subject–auxiliary inversion]] ("Am I going tomorrow?", "Where can we eat?"), which may require ''do''-support ("Do you like her?", "Where did he go?"). In most cases, [[interrogative word]]s (or wh''-words''){{snd}}which include ''who'', ''what'', ''when'', ''where'', ''why'', and ''how''{{snd}}appear in a [[wh-movement|fronted position]]. For example, in the question "What did you see?", the word ''what'' appears as the first constituent despite being the [[grammatical object]] of the sentence. When the ''wh''-word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs (e.g. "Who saw the cat?"). [[Prepositional phrases]] can also be fronted when they are the questions theme (e.g. "To whose house did you go last night?"). The personal interrogative pronoun ''[[who (pronoun)|who]]'' is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant ''whom'' serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=7–8}}

==== Discourse level syntax ====
While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a [[topic–comment]] structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction, "the girl was stung by the bee". Another way is through a [[cleft sentence]] where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a [[dummy subject]] such as ''it'' or ''there'', e.g. "it was the girl that the bee stung", "there was a girl who was stung by a bee".{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|pp=1365–1370}} Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g. "it is raining") or in existential clauses ("there are many cars on the street"). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic–comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax.{{sfn|Peters|2004|loc="dummy subject" p. 167, "there" p. 537}}

[[Focus (linguistics)|Focus constructions]] emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example, "the girl was stung by ''a bee''" (emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or "''the girl'' was stung by a bee" (contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy).{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=1370}} Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, "That girl over there, she was stung by a bee", emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, "she was stung by a bee, that girl over there", where reference to the girl is established as an afterthought.{{sfn|Huddleston|Pullum|2002|p=1366}}

[[Cohesion (linguistics)|Cohesion]] between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as [[anaphora (linguistics)|anaphora]] (e.g. "that is exactly what I mean" where ''that'' refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or ''then'' used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event).{{sfn|Halliday|Hasan|1976}} [[Discourse marker]]s such as ''oh'', ''so'', or ''well'', also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for [[stance (linguistics)|stance taking]] in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example, "no way is that true!" (the idiomatic marker "no way!" expressing disbelief), or "boy! I'm hungry" (the marker ''boy'' expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers.{{sfn|Schiffrin|1988}}

== Vocabulary ==
The English [[lexicon]] consists of around 170,000 words (or 220,000, if counting obsolete words), according to an estimate based on the 1989 edition of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language |title=How many words are there in the English language? |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909203258/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language |url-status=dead}}</ref> Over one-half are nouns, one-quarter are adjectives, and one-seventh are verbs. Another estimate{{snd}}which includes [[scientific jargon]], [[prefix]]ed and [[suffix]]ed words, loanwords of extremely limited use, technical [[acronym]]s, etc.{{snd}}counts around 1&nbsp;million total English words.{{sfn|Algeo|1999}}

English borrows vocabulary quickly from many languages and other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by [[lexicography|lexicographers]] (scholars who study vocabulary and compile dictionaries) were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from high-quality [[linguistic corpora]]{{sfn|Leech|Hundt|Mair|Smith|2009|pp=24–50}} (collections of actual written texts and spoken passages). Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available.{{sfn|Algeo|1999|pp=584–585}}{{sfn|Kastovsky|2006}}

=== Word-formation processes ===
English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion,{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=129}} using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive word-formation process is nominal compounding,{{sfn|Algeo|1999}}{{sfn|Kastovsky|2006}} producing compound words such as ''babysitter'' or ''ice cream'' or ''homesick''.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=129}}

Formation of new words, called [[neologism]]s, based on [[list of Greek and Latin roots in English|Greek or Latin roots]] (for example ''television'' or ''optometry'') is a highly productive process in modern European languages like English, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer [[Philip Gove]] attributed many such words to the "[[international scientific vocabulary]]" (ISV) when compiling ''[[Webster's Third New International Dictionary]]'' (1961). Another active word-formation process in English is that of [[acronym]]s, which result from pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. ''[[NATO]]'', ''[[laser]]'', ''[[scuba set|scuba]]''.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=120–121}}

=== Word origins ===
{{Further|Foreign-language influences in English|Lists of English words by country or language of origin}}
{{See also|Linguistic purism in English}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=English lexicon by source language<ref name="Finkenstaedt1973" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutenglish/proportion |title=What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin? |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2008 |website=Ask the experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817153021/http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutenglish/proportion |archive-date=17 August 2008}}</ref>
|value1=28.30
|label1=French, including Anglo-Norman
|value2=28.24
|label2=Latin, including scientific and technical loans
|value3=25
|label3=Germanic (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch)
|value4=5.32
|label4=Greek
|value5=4.03
|label5=None given
|value6=3.28
|label6=Derived from proper names
|other=Other languages
}}
Throughout its history, English has been a particularly frequent borrower of loanwords from other languages.{{sfn|Denning|Kessler|Leben|2007|p=7}} West Germanic words in use since the Anglo-Saxon period still comprise most of the language's core vocabulary, as well as most of its most frequently used words.{{sfn|Nation|2001|p=265}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Denning |first=Keith |title=English Vocabulary Elements |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz76l9RAccQC |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-19-516802-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Algeo|1999}} Many sentences can be constructed without loanwords, but not without core Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solodow |first1=Joseph |title=Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OfV9NZxH68C |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=196 |isbn=978-0-521-51575-7}}</ref> English has formal and informal [[register (sociolinguistics)|speech registers]]; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, while Latinate vocabulary appears more frequently in legal, scientific, and academic writing.{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|pp=124–127}}{{sfn|Algeo|1999|pp=80–81}}

Prolonged and intense contact with French has resulted in English having a very high proportion of Latinate words{{snd}}with French loanwords borrowed during different stages of the language's history comprising 28&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent of the English lexicon.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=196}} In all periods of its history, English has also borrowed words from Latin directly,{{sfn|Kastovsky|2006}}{{sfn|Algeo|1999}} representing another 28&nbsp;per&nbsp;cent of the lexicon.{{sfn|Burnley|1992|pp=409–499|loc="Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the ''[[Shorter Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973)"}} In turn, many of these words had originally entered Latin from Greek. Greek and Latin stems remain highly productive sources for new literary, technical, and scientific vocabulary in English.{{sfn|Romaine|1999|p=4}}

Loanwords from Old Norse primarily entered English between the 8th and 11th centuries, during the Norse colonisation of eastern and northern England, and typically displaced an Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Many represent core vocabulary{{snd}}including ''give'', ''get'', ''sky'', ''skirt'', ''egg'', and ''cake''.{{sfn|Denning|Kessler|Leben|2007}}{{sfn|Kastovsky|1992|pp=320, 332}}

=== English loans in other languages ===
{{Main|Englishisation}}
[[File:Spanglish sign for mecanic.jpg|thumb|Sign written in [[United States Spanish]], using the English word ''free'' instead of the Spanish {{lang|es|gratis}}]]
English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=196}}{{sfn|Brutt-Griffler|2006|p=692}} The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world lingua franca, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=197}} That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=198}} Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as [[calque]]s, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=202}} Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe.{{sfn|Gottlieb|2006|p=202}}

== Orthography ==
Since the 9th century, English has been written using the [[English alphabet]], which uses the [[Latin script]]. [[Anglo-Saxon runes]] were previously used to write Old English, but only in short inscriptions; the overwhelming majority of attested writings in Old English are in the [[Old English Latin alphabet]].{{sfn|Gneuss|2013|p=23}}

[[English orthography]] is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system.{{sfn|Swan|2006|p=149}} Further complications have arisen through [[sound change]]s with which the orthography has not kept pace.{{sfn|Lass|2000a}} Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced.{{sfn|Mountford|2006}} There are also systematic [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences between British and American English]]. These situations have prompted [[English-language spelling reform|proposals for spelling reform in English]].{{sfn|Neijt|2006}}

Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words.{{sfn|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=653}} Moreover, standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling{{snd}}for example, the words ''photograph'', ''photography'', and ''photographic'',{{sfn|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=653}} or the words ''electricity'' and ''electrical''. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal",{{sfn|Swan|2006|p=149}} there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns.{{sfn|Abercrombie|Daniels|2006}} The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world.{{sfn|Mountford|2006|p=156}} Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word.{{sfn|Mountford|2006|pp=157–158}}

Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] used to spell consonant sounds. The letters ''b'', ''d'', ''f'', ''h'', ''j'', ''k'', ''l'', ''m'', ''n'', ''p'', ''r'', ''s'', ''t'', ''v'', ''w'', ''y'', ''z'' represent, respectively, the phonemes {{IPA|/b, d, f, h, dʒ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, j, z/}}. The letters ''c'' and ''g'' normally represent {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, but there is also a [[soft c|soft ''c'']] pronounced {{IPA|/s/}}, and a [[hard and soft G|soft ''g'']] pronounced {{IPA|/dʒ/}}. The differences in the pronunciations of the letters ''c'' and ''g'' are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ''ch'' for {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, ''sh'' for {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, ''th'' for {{IPA|/θ/}} or {{IPA|/ð/}}, ''ng'' for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, ''qu'' for {{IPA|/kw/}}, and ''ph'' for {{IPA|/f/}} in Greek-derived words. The single letter ''x'' is generally pronounced as {{IPA|/z/}} in word-initial position and as {{IPA|/ks/}} otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin{{sfn|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=653}} or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin.{{sfn|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=654}}

For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''y'', and very rarely ''w''). As a result, some "[[vowel length#Short and long vowels in English|long vowels]]" are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the ''oa'' in ''boat'', the ''ow'' in ''how'', and the ''ay'' in ''stay''), or the historically based [[silent e|silent ''e'']] (as in ''note'' and ''cake'').{{sfn|Abercrombie|Daniels|2006}}

The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German.{{sfn|Dehaene|2009}} Nonetheless, there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words.{{sfn|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=653}} Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English.{{sfn|McGuinness|1997}}{{sfn|Shaywitz|2003}} Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English.{{sfn|Mountford|2006|p=159}}

English writing also includes a system of [[punctuation]] marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud.{{sfn|Lawler|2006|p=290}}

== Dialects, accents, and varieties ==
Dialectologists identify many [[English dialects]], which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate [[regional accents of English|regional accents]]. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of [[British English]] (BrE) and [[North American English]] (NAE).{{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=107}}

=== Britain and Ireland ===
<gallery mode="packed">
Alain de Botton on Fear of Failure at Cannes Lions 2012.flac|An example of a man with a contemporary [[Received Pronunciation]] accent ([[Alain de Botton]]).
Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|An example of a man with a [[Cockney accent]] ([[Danny Baker]]).
Russell brand bbc radio4 desert island discs 21 07 2013.flac|An example of an [[Essex]] man with a working-class [[Estuary English]] accent ([[Russell Brand]]).
Damien hirst bbc radio4 desert island discs 13 05 2013 b01sd0hy.flac|An example of a man with a ([[West Yorkshire|West]]) [[Yorkshire accent]] ([[Damien Hirst]]).
John bishop bbc radio4 desert island discs 24 06 2012.flac|An example of a man with a contemporary [[Liverpool accent]] ([[John Bishop]]).
Rob Brydon BBC Radio4 Front Row 18 Mar 2012 b01dhl11.flac|An example of a man with a ([[South Wales|South]]) [[Welsh English|Wales accent]] ([[Rob Brydon]]).
Alex Salmond BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 16 January 2011 b00xgs41.flac|An example of a man with one of the many [[Scottish English|accents of Scotland]] ([[Alex Salmond]]).
George Best - The New Elizabethans -20 Jul 2012 - b01kt7cs.flac|An example of a man with a [[Northern Irish accent]] ([[George Best]]).
Mary Robinson - Desert Island Discs - 28 July 2013.flac|An example of a woman with one of the many [[Hiberno-English|accents of Ireland]] ([[Mary Robinson]]).
</gallery>
[[File:Dialects of English in UK and Ireland.svg|thumb|Primary dialect regions in the United Kingdom and Ireland]]

The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500&nbsp;years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects.{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|p=10}} Within the United Kingdom, [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP), an educated accent associated originally with [[South East England]], has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950–61 [[Survey of English Dialects]], grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear.{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|p=125}}

Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. Only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence.{{sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1996|p=3}} There is also variability within RP, particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life.{{sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1996|p=37}} Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is [[h-dropping|''h''-dropping]], which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society.{{sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1996|p=40}}

[[English in England]] can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as [[West Country English]]), Midlands English and [[English language in Northern England|Northern English]]. Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the [[Yorkshire dialect]]s, the [[Geordie]] dialect (spoken around [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], in [[Northumbria (modern)|Northumbria]]) and the [[Lancashire dialect|Lancashire]] dialects, which include the urban subdialects of [[Manchester]] ([[Manchester dialect|Mancunian]]) and [[Liverpool]] ([[Scouse]]). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties.{{sfn|Hughes|Trudgill|1996|p=31}} In the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], dialects such as [[Black Country]] ([[Black Country dialect|Yam Yam]]), and by less extent [[Birmingham]] ([[Brummie dialect|Brummie]]), preserve archaic features from Early Modern and Middle English, retaining Germanic elements such as specific grammatical structures and vocabulary.{{sfn|Clark|Asprey|2013}}

Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the [[Cockney]] dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been influencing neighbouring regions throughout history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |title=Estuary English Q and A – JCW |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-date=11 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111062912/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Roach|2009|p=4}}{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|p=80}} Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of [[linking and intrusive R|intrusive R]] (''drawing'' is pronounced "drawring" {{IPA|/ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/}}), [[t-glottalization|''t''-glottalisation]] (''Potter'' is pronounced with a glottal stop as ''Po'er'' {{IPA|/ˈpɒʔə/}}) and [[th-fronting|''th''-fronting]], or the pronunciation of ''th-'' as {{IPA|/f/}} (''thanks'' pronounced "fanks") or {{IPA|/v/}} (''bother'' pronounced "bover").{{sfn|Trudgill|1999|pp=80–81}}

[[Scots language|Scots]] is today considered a separate language from English, but it has [[history of the Scots language|its origins]] in early Northern Middle English{{sfn|Aitken|McArthur|1979|p=81}} and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly [[Scottish Gaelic]] and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots, [[Scottish English]] comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots.{{sfn|Romaine|1982}}

In [[Ireland]], various forms of English have been spoken following the [[Norman invasion of Ireland|Norman invasion of the island]] during the 11th century. In [[County Wexford]] and in the area surrounding [[Dublin]], two extinct dialects known as [[Forth and Bargy]] and [[Fingallian]] developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern [[Irish English]], however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into [[Ulster English]], the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the [[rhoticity in English|rhoticity]] which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP.{{sfn|Barry|1982|pp=86–87}}{{sfn|Hickey|2007}}

=== North America ===
<gallery mode="packed">
Emery Emery Voice.ogg|An example of a [[Midwestern America]]n man with a [[General American accent]] ([[Emery Emery]]).
Rep. Martha Roby's "Roller Coaster" Speech Sound Bite.flac|An Alabama woman with a contemporary [[Southern American accent]] ([[Martha Roby]]).
Chuck Zito on Becoming a Hells Angel.flac|A man with a [[New York City accent]] ([[Chuck Zito]]).
Sec. Walsh on Construction Jobs in Infrastructure Bill v2.flac|A man with a [[Boston accent]] ([[Marty Walsh]]).
On the phone- Russell Gage.ogg|An example of two men with [[AAVE accents]], the interviewer from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] ([[D. J. Shockley]]) and the interviewee from [[Louisiana]] ([[Russell Gage]]).
Margaret atwood bbc radio4 front row 27 07 2007 b007tjpb.flac|An Ontario woman with a [[Standard Canadian accent]] ([[Margaret Atwood]]).
</gallery>

[[File:Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Percentage of Americans aged 5+ in the 50 states, [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Puerto Rico]] who speak English at home, according to the 2016–2021 [[American Community Survey]]]]
[[File:Non-RhoticityUSA.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Rhoticity dominates in [[North American English]], but ''[[The Atlas of North American English]]'' found over 50 per&nbsp;cent non-rhoticity, with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (marked with a red dot) and non-rhotic AAVE pronunciations found primarily among African Americans regardless of location.]]
{{image frame
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Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéisation that occurred during the colonial period, [[North American English]] has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as [[African-American English]], [[Chicano English]], [[Cajun English]], or [[Newfoundland English]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Handbook of World Englishes |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-16421-0 |page=45}}</ref> American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level,{{sfn|Labov|2012}} though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents,{{sfn|Wells|1982|p=34}} known collectively as [[General American English]] (GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including [[Midland American English|Midland]] and [[Western American English]].{{sfn|Rowicka|2006}}{{sfn|Toon|1982}}{{sfn|Cassidy|1982}}

[[Canadian English]] varieties, excepting those from [[Atlantic Canada]] and possibly [[Quebec]], are generally considered to belong to the GA continuum, although they often show [[Canadian raising|raising]] of the vowels {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} and {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} before [[voiceless consonants]] and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well.{{sfn|Boberg|2010}} [[Atlantic Canadian English]], notably distinct from [[Standard Canadian English]],<ref>[[Labov, William]]; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). ''[[The Atlas of North American English]]''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148.</ref> comprises [[Atlantic Canadian English#Maritimes|Maritime English]] and [[Newfoundland English]]. It was influenced mostly by British and Irish English, as well as [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], and [[Acadian French]].<ref>Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</ref>

In most American and Canadian English dialects, [[rhoticity in English|rhoticity]] (or ''r''-fullness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or ''r''-dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of [[World War II]]. This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard.{{sfn|Labov|1972}} Varieties beyond GA which have developed distinct sound systems include the [[Southern American English]], [[New York City English]], [[Eastern New England English]], and [[African-American Vernacular English]] (AAVE) groups{{snd}}all of which are historically non-rhotic, save a few varieties of Southern American.

In Southern American English, the most populous grouping outside GA,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/ |title=Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead |access-date=15 August 2007 |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=14 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914172319/http://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/ |url-status=live}}</ref> rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's [[older Southern American English|historical non-rhotic prestige]].<ref>{{citation |title=Rural White Southern Accents |first=Erik R. |last=Thomas |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |work=Atlas of North American English |year=2003 |url=http://www.atlas.mouton-content.com/secure/generalmodules/varieties/unit0000/virtualsession/vslessons/thomas.pdf |page=16 |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222004531/http://www.atlas.mouton-content.com/secure/generalmodules/varieties/unit0000/virtualsession/vslessons/thomas.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014 |url-status=dead}} [Later published as a chapter in: Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (eds) (2004). ''A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool.'' New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324.]</ref>{{sfn|Levine|Crockett|1966}}{{sfn|Schönweitz|2001}} Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang",{{sfn|Montgomery|1993}} being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by [[monophthong|glide-deleting]] in the {{IPA|/aɪ/}} vowel (e.g. pronouncing ''spy'' almost like ''spa''), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word ''press'' almost like "pray-us"),{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=95–96}} the [[pin–pen merger]], and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later.{{sfn|Bailey|1997}}

Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class African Americans, [[African-American Vernacular English]] (AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-standard [[older Southern American English|older Southern dialects]]. A minority of linguists,<ref>{{cite book |title=Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English |last=McWhorter |first=John H. |author-link=John McWhorter |publisher=Basic Books |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Edt7yUD6PkMC |page=162 |isbn=978-0-7382-0446-8}}</ref> contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a [[pidgin]] or [[English-based creole]] to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins.{{sfn|Bailey|2001}} AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or "uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities.{{sfn|Green|2002}}{{sfn|Patrick|2006b}}

=== Australia and New Zealand ===
<gallery mode="packed">
AustraliaPart2.ogg|An example of a man with a [[Australian English phonology|general Australian accent]].
Prime Minister Gillard of Australia at News Conference with President Obama.flac|An example of a [[South Australia]]n woman with a [[broad Australian accent]] ([[Julia Gillard]]).
Geoffrey Rush bbc radio4 front row 01 05 2013.flac|An example of a [[Queensland]] man with a cultivated Australian accent ([[Geoffrey Rush]]).
Eleanor catton bbc radio4 womans hour 09 09 2013.flac|An example of a woman with a [[New Zealand accent]] ([[Eleanor Catton]]).
H.E. Mr. John Key Prime Minister, New Zealand - speech at Connect Asia-Pacific 2013 Summit.ogg|An example of a man with a [[New Zealand accent]] ([[John Key]]).
</gallery>

Since 1788, English has been spoken in [[Oceania]], and [[Australian English]] has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being [[General Australian]]. The [[New Zealand English|English of neighbouring New Zealand]] has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language.{{sfn|Eagleson|1982}} Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by [[South African English]] and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the [[South Island]] of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb, e.g. "the government is" (rather than ''are'').{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=16–21}}{{sfn|Burridge|2010}} New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=24–26}}{{sfn|Maclagan|2010}}{{sfn|Gordon|Campbell|Hay et al.|2004}}

=== Southeast Asia ===
<gallery mode="packed">
Declaration of Independence Part 1.ogg|An example of a male teenager with a [[Singaporean English|Singaporean accent]].
Dr. Villaverde on Conflicts of Interest in Medicine and Dr. Dans on Evidence-Based Medicine in INCLEN.flac|Examples of a man and woman with [[Philippine English|Filipino accents]].
</gallery>
English is an official language of the [[Philippines]]. Its use is ubiquitous in the country, and appears in areas including on [[road signs in the Philippines|street signs]], marquees, and government documents, and in courtrooms, public media, the entertainment industry, and the business sector. It became an important and widely spoken language in the country during the period of American rule between 1898 and 1946.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dayag |first1=Danilo |date=2008 |chapter=English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives |pages=49–66 |editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first=Ma. Lourdes |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |doi=10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 |isbn=978-962-209-947-0}}</ref> [[Taglish]] is a prominent form of [[code-switching]] between [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and English.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=2004 |volume=5 |pages=226–233 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |s2cid=145684166 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515012035/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia ===
<gallery mode="packed">
South African English.ogg|An example of a man with a [[South African accent]].
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie bbc radio4 front row 03 05 2013.flac|An example of a woman with an educated [[Nigerian English|Nigerian accent]] ([[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]).
Sylbourne Sydial with Nordia Teape on Integrated Diaspora Services.flac|An example of a woman and man with [[Jamaican English|Jamaican accents]].
Arundhati Roy BBC Radio4 Bookclub 2 Oct 2011 b015brn8.flac|An example of a woman with an [[Indian accent]] ([[Arundhati Roy]]).
</gallery>
English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In [[South Africa]], English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with [[Afrikaans]] and various African languages such as the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] and [[Bantu languages]]. Today, about nine per&nbsp;cent of the South African population speaks [[South African English]] (SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack [[Linking and intrusive R|intrusive R]]. The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers.{{sfn|Lanham|1982}} Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels.{{sfn|Lass|2002}} Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce {{IPA|/p, t, t͡ʃ, k/}} without aspiration (e.g. ''pin'' pronounced {{IPA|[pɪn]}} rather than as {{IPA|[pʰɪn]}} as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} instead of as the more common fricative.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=30–31}}

Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in [[Nigeria]]; over 150&nbsp;million Nigerians speak some form of the language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861683342/Nigerian_English.html |title=Nigerian English |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909162439/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861683342/Nigerian_English.html |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref> Though traditionally based on British English, increasing United States influence during the latter 20th century has resulted in American English vocabulary entering Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. ''senior wife'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adegbija |first1=Efurosibina |title=Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English |journal=World Englishes |date=1989 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=165–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x}}</ref>

Varieties of English are spoken throughout the former British colonial possessions in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, the [[Leeward Islands|Leeward]] and [[Windward Islands]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Barbados]], the [[Cayman Islands]], and [[Belize]]. Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are [[Jamaican English]] and [[Jamaican Creole]]. In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama.{{sfn|Lawton|1982}} Residents are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and frequently [[code-switch]] between them. The relationship between different varieties can be conceptualised as a continuum, in which more creole-like or RP-like forms function as more formal and informal registers of the language respectively.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|p=115}}

Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs {{IPA|/ei/}} and {{IPA|/ou/}} are monophthongs {{IPA|[eː]}} and {{IPA|[oː]}} or even the reverse diphthongs {{IPA|[ie]}} and {{IPA|[uo]}} (e.g. ''bay'' and ''boat'' pronounced {{IPA|[bʲeː]}} and {{IPA|[bʷoːt]}}). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced {{IPA|[t͡ʃail]}} and "wind" {{IPA|[win]}}.{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=117–118}}{{sfn|Lawton|1982|pp=256–260}}{{sfn|Trudgill|Hannah|2002|pp=115–116}}

[[Indian English]] historically tends towards RP as an ideal, with the proximity of speakers to RP generally reflective of class distinctions. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} (often pronounced with retroflex articulation as {{IPA|[ʈ]}} and {{IPA|[ɖ]}}) and the replacement of {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} with dentals {{IPA|[t̪]}} and {{IPA|[d̪]}}. Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent {{angbr|h}} found in words such as ''ghost'' is pronounced as an Indian [[voiced aspirated]] stop {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}.{{sfn|Sailaja|2009|pp=19–24}}

=== Non-native varieties ===
<gallery mode="packed">
Non-native English reading by Spanish native speaker 003.ogg|An example of a [[Hispanophone]] man speaking English.
Japan PM Shinzo Abe addressing US Congress 2015.ogg|An example of a Japanese man speaking English ([[Shinzo Abe]]).
Werner Herzog BBC Radio4 Start the Week 26 March 2012 b01dtjcj.flac|An example of a German man speaking English ([[Werner Herzog]]).
</gallery>
[[English as a second or foreign language|Non-native English speakers]] may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered English pronunciation. This can happen either because they apply the [[phonology|speech rules]] of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in [[first language acquisition]]. They may create novel pronunciations for English sounds not found in their first language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bjarkman |first1=Peter C. |last2=Hammond |first2=Robert Matthew |title=American Spanish Pronunciation |publisher=Georgetown University Press |place=Washington, D.C. |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-87840-099-7 |page=226}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
* {{annotated link|English-only movement}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |first1=Bas |last1=Aarts |first2=Liliane |last2=Haegeman |date=2006 |chapter=6. English Word classes and Phrases |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |editor1-last=Aarts |editor1-first=Bas |editor2-first=April |editor2-last=McMahon |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6425-2}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 |chapter=Spelling Reform Proposals: English |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Abercrombie |first1=D. |last2=Daniels |first2=P. T. |pages=72–75 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1}}
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* {{cite book |last=Barry |first=Michael V. |chapter=English in Ireland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=84–134 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2}}
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* {{cite book |last=Bazelmans |first=Jos |chapter=The Early-Medieval Use of Ethnic Names from Classical Antiquity: the Case of the Frisians |pages=321–338 |editor-last1=Derks |editor-first1=Ton |editor-last2=Roymans |editor-first2=Nico |title=Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |series=Amsterdam Archaeological Studies |volume=13 |date=2009 |isbn=978-90-485-0791-7 |jstor=j.ctt46n1n2.1 |jstor-access=free}}
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* {{cite book |editor-last=Blake |editor-first=Norman |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=II: 1066–1476 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 |isbn=978-1-139-05553-6}}
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* {{cite book |title=English Phonology: An Introduction |first=Heinz J. |last=Giegerich |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-33603-1 |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics}}
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* {{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language' |author-link=David Graddol |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |access-date=7 February 2015 |date=2006 |publisher=The British Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042939/http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}
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* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |date=2002 |title=African American English: a linguistic introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521891387 |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
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* {{cite book |date=1992 |chapter=The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=I: The Beginnings to 1066 |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7}}
** {{Harvc |last=Bammesberger |first=Alfred |year=1992 |chapter=The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y83EPUUWnQkC&pg=PA26 |in=Hogg |pages=26–66}}
** {{Harvc |last=Hogg |first=Richard M. |chapter=Phonology and Morphology |in=Hogg |year=1992 |pages=67–168 |id={{sfnref|Hogg|1992a}}}}
** {{Harvc |last=Kastovsky |first=Dieter |chapter=Semantics and Morphology |in=Hogg |year=1992 |pages=290–408}}
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* {{cite web |title=Personnel Licensing FAQ |url=http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 |access-date=16 December 2014 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau |date=2011 |at=In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency? |quote=Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220003044/http://www.icao.int/safety/airnavigation/pages/peltrgfaq.aspx#anchor14 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|International Civil Aviation Organization|2011}} }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Trudgill |first1=Peter |first2=Jean |last2=Hannah |date=2008 |title=International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English |edition=5th |location=London |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-97161-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8u8MR8MNaEC }}
* {{cite web |publisher=United Nations |title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations |date=2010 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/705254/files/everything_un.pdf?ln=en |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. |ref={{sfnref|United Nations|2010}} |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200412/https://tind-customer-undl.s3.amazonaws.com/46855284-e7b4-4ef3-ad95-8b8252fc27bd?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27everything_un.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Expires=86400&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAXL7W7Q3XFWDGQKBB%2F20230317%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Date=20230317T200411Z&X-Amz-Signature=e9f0f4293b0666c9f09c2350fff35bc0126c052b25512f4fad2cfa5fe9cdf260 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Versloot |first=Arjen P. |author-link=:fy:Arjen Versloot |chapter=13. Traces of a North Sea Germanic Idiom in the Fifth–Seventh Centuries AD |pages=339–373 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/frisians-and-their-north-sea-neighbours/3E63327F4D3842542B0E1DD40129BE3B |title=Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours: From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age |date=2017 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-78744-063-0 |doi=10.1017/9781787440630 |url-access=subscription |editor-last1=Hines |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=IJssennagger |editor-first2=Nelleke |location=[[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge]] |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307173503/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/frisians-and-their-north-sea-neighbours/3E63327F4D3842542B0E1DD40129BE3B |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Wardhaugh |first=Ronald |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |edition=6th |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-8668-1 |series=Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics |volume=4}}
* {{cite book |last=Watts |first=Richard J. |title=Language Myths and the History of English |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532760-1 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001}}
* {{Accents of English}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 |chapter=Controlled Languages |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Wojcik |first1=R. H. |pages=139–142 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 |chapter=Variation and Language: Overview |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |date=2006 |last1=Wolfram |first1=W. |pages=333–341 |isbn=978-0-08-044854-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box |about=yes |by=no }}
* [http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/Eng/Database/Phonetics/Englishes/Home/HomeMainFrameHolder.htm Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)]. Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world.
* [http://www.dialectsarchive.com/ International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents]

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Gumbaz, Srirangapatna

2026-03-16T20:37:00Z

Olphindro Malang: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Islamic mausoleum in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Monument
|monument_name = Gumbaz
|image = Gumbaz.jpg
|caption = Gumbaz
|location = [[Srirangapatna]], [[India]]
|designer =
|type = Mausoleum (Persian)
|material = Black Granite and Amphibolite
|length =
|width =
|height = {{convert|20|m}}
|begin = 1782
|complete = 1784
|open =
|dedicated_to = [[Hyder Ali]], [[Tippu Sultan]] and family
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|12.4100|76.7139|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|extra = '''Variant Names''' Tippu Samadhi
}}
The '''Gumbaz''' at [[Ganjam, Srirangapatna|Ganjam]] [[Srirangapattana]] is an Islamic mausoleum located in centre of a beautiful landscaped gardens, holding the graves of [[Tipu Sultan]] (Western Side), his father [[Hyder Ali]] (Middle) and his mother Fakhr-Un-Nisa (Eastern Side). It was built by Tipu Sultan to house the graves of his parents. Tipu was buried here after his death in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna]] in 1799.<ref name=Mysore>{{cite web|title=Everything about Srirangapatna! Gumbaz|url=http://mysore.ind.in/gumbaz|access-date=21 September 2015|date=2010}}</ref><ref name=Hari>{{cite web|last1=Naryana|first1=Hari|title=Srirangapatna – Gumbaz|url=https://hariexploresindia.wordpress.com/category/tipu-sultan/page/2/|website=India That Was ~ A Legacy Unfolded|access-date=21 September 2015|date=9 October 2010}}</ref>

==History==
The Gumbaz was raised by Tipu Sultan in 1782-84 at [[Srirangapattana]] to serve as a mausoleum for his father and mother.<ref name=Baiju>{{cite web|last1=Joseph|first1=Baiju|title=Gumbaz - The Burial Chamber of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore|url=http://blog.baijujoseph.com/2012/07/gumbaz-burial-chamber-of-tipu-sultan.html|website=The Home of Nostalgic Moments A Photographic Journey & Book Mark of Memories|access-date=21 September 2015|date=21 July 2012}}</ref> The mausoleum was surrounded by a [[cypress]] garden which is said to have different species of flowering trees and plants collected by Tippu Sultan from [[Persia]], [[Ottoman Turkey]], [[Kabul]] and [[French Mauritius]].<ref name=BL>{{cite web|title=Hyder Ally's Tomb, Srirangapatam|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000007683u00003000.html|website=British Library|access-date=21 September 2015|date=26 March 2009|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102195502/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000007683u00003000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The original carved doors of the mausoleum have been removed and are now displayed at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London. The present doors made of ebony and decorated with ivory were gifted by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]]<ref name=Native>{{cite web|title=Gumbaz, Srirangapatna|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/srirangapatna/attractions/gumbaz/|website=Native Planet|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Aulia>{{cite web|title=Tipu Sultan|url=http://www.aulia-e-hind.com/dargah/Srirangapatnam.htm|website=Aulia e Hind|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Newell />

==Architecture==
The Gumbaz is designed in the [[Islamic Architecture|Islamic]] style, with a large rectangle shaped garden, having a path leading to the mausoleum. In the middle of the garden, the Gumbaz stands on an elevated platform. The dome is supported by sharply cut black granite pillars. The doors and windows have [[latticework]] cut through in stone on the same black granite material. The walls inside are painted with tiger stripes, the colours of Tippu Sultan. The three graves of [[Tippu Sultan]], his father [[Hyder Ali]] and his mother Fakr-Un-Nisa are located inside the mausoleum. Many of Tippu's relatives are buried outside the mausoleum in the garden. Most of the grave inscriptions are in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Next to the Gumbaz is the Masjid-E-Aksa, which was also built by Tippu Sultan<ref name=Mysore /><ref name=Chopp>{{cite web|last1=Chopp|first1=Chris|title=Srirangapatna Gumbaz: Final Resting Place for Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan|url=http://www.fullstopindia.com/srirangapatna-gumbaz-final-resting-place-for-haider-ali-and-tipu-sultan/|website=Full Stop India|access-date=21 September 2015|date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=Usha>{{cite news|last1=Hariprasad|first1=Usha|title=Srirangapatna, the historic island city|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/4087-srirangapatna-the-historic-island-city|access-date=21 September 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Citizen Matters|date=20 April 2012}}</ref>

The Gumbaz uses the Bijapur style of construction, and consists of a dome placed on a cubical structure, with ornamental railings and turrets decorated with finals which are spherical shaped. The dome is supported by 36 black granite pillars, and has an east facing entrance.<ref name=Casey />
<gallery mode="nolines" style="font-size:88%;" widths="250">
File:Gumbaz Srirangapatam 2015.jpg|Gumbaz, Seringapatam
File:Gumbaz Plan - Copy.jpg|Plan of the Gumbaz at Ganjam, by [[B. Lewis Rice|B L Rice]] (1894)<ref name=RiceIII />
</gallery>
==Burials==
<gallery mode="nolines" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%" widths="250">
File:Gumbaz Entrance, Seringapatam Edited.jpg|Gumbaz entrance, Seringapatam
File:Mausoleum of Hyder Ali and Tipoo Sultan (XV, May 1858, p.48) - Copy.jpg|Mausoleum of Hyder Ali and Tipoo Sultan (1858)<ref name=Offering1858>{{cite journal|title=Mausoleum of Hyder Ali and Tipoo Sultan|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=May 1858|volume=XV|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFwEAAAAQAAJ|access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>
File:BURIALS OUTSIDE THE GUMBAZ.jpg|Burials outside the Mausoleum
</gallery>

Inside the mausoleum, the middle grave is that of Hyder Ali, to his east is Tipu Sultan's mother, and to his West Tipu Sultan is buried. On the southern side of the veranda outside are the graves of Sultan Begum - Tipu's sister, Fatima Begum - Tipu's daughter, Shazadi Begum - infant daughter, Syed Shahbaz - Tipu's son-in-law, Mir Mahmood Ali Khan, and his father and mother. On the East side is the black grave supposedly of Tipu's foster mother Madina Begum. There is an elevation on the veranda with 3 rows of graves, with the first having no headstones. Another row has 14 graves - 8 women and 6 men, including that of Malika Sultan e Shaheed or Ruqia Banu, Burhanuddin Shaheed - brother-in-law of Tipu and brother of Ruqia Banu, Nizamuddin and 1 unmarked grave. The third row consists of 14 graves, 9 women and 5 men and includes Nawab Muhammad Raza Ali Khan or Ban Ki Nawab who was killed in the Battle for Coorg, and an unidentified grave. On the northern side, there are many rows of graves of both sexes, with only a few having headstones.<ref name=Anwar>{{cite book|last1=Haroon|first1=Anwar|title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan: Sultanat e Khudadad|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781483615363|page=294|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2PUU22CeRkC&q=Ganjam+Cemetery+1799&pg=PA295|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>

==British Occupation, 1792==
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="230">
Gumbaz Entrance Back, Seringapatam Edited.jpg|Gumbaz entrance (backside), Seringapatam
Tomba d'Hayder-Ali-Khan - Copy.jpg|Tomb of Hayder Ali, by Dottor Giulio Ferrario (1824)<ref name=Ferrario>{{cite book|last1=Ferrario|first1=Dottor Giulio|title=Il costume antico e moderno o storia del governo, della milizia, della religione, delle arti scienze ed usanze di tutti i popoli antichi e moderni, Volume 3|date=1824|location=Firenze (Florence)|page=257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzcuAAAAYAAJ&q=Tomba+d%27Hayder-Ali-Khan&pg=PA338|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>
The grounds of the Gumbaz was briefly occupied by British India forces in 1792, towards the end of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. The army camped on the grounds, and cut down many cypress trees in the garden surrounding the tomb of [[Hyder Ali]], to be used as tent poles and fascines. The flower beds surrounding the mausoleum were dug up for the burial of those who fell in the battle. The landscaped lawns were used to exercise the horses, and the walkways used for target practice. The choultry meant for the Muslim fakirs were converted into a makeshift hospital to treat the battle wounded. These scenes were depicted in the illustrations by the military artist Charles Gold's book ''Oriental Drawings'' published in 1806. His painting shows Hyder Ali's tomb rising to the skies, but with a backdrop scene of British soldiers camping in the gardens. British forces wearing red coats with axes, cutting down the cypress trees, directing Indian workers to carry away the wood, and generally disrupting the garden.<ref name=Casey>{{cite web|author=Casey|title=Gumbaz -- Srirangapattana Mausoleum|url=http://diksoochi.blogspot.com.au/2007/12/gumbaz-srirangapattana-mausoleum.html|website=Dream Destinations|access-date=21 September 2015|date=29 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="De Almeida">{{cite book|last1=De Almeida|first1=Hermione|last2=Gilpin|first2=George H|title=Indian Renaissance: British Romantic Art and the Prospect of India|date=1950|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd.|location=Hants, England|isbn=075463681X|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu0j0GFSsDcC&q=charles+gold+anglo+mysore&pg=PA156|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lalbagh-Gold>{{cite web|title=Lal Bagh from Charles Gold's Oriental Drawings|url=http://warfare2.netai.net/19C/Gold2_Lal_Bagh.htm|website=Charles Gold's Oriental Drawings|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Wales>{{cite web|title=Charles Gold's Oriental Drawings: Lal Bagh|url=http://www.uwtsd.ac.uk/rbla/online-exhibitions/charles-golds-oriental-drawings/lal-bagh/|website=University of Wales|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref>

Charles Gold describes the scene as
{{Quote|The Sultan's garden... became a melancholy spectacle, devoted to the necessities of military service; and appeared for the first time as if it had suffered the ravages of the severest winter. The fruit trees were clipped of their branches; while the lofty cypress trees, broken to the ground by troops, to be formed into fascines, were rooted up by the followers to be consumed as firewood.<ref name=Casey /><ref name="De Almeida" /><ref name=Gold>{{cite book|last1=Gold|first1=Charles (Capt.)|title=Oriental Drawings: Sketched between the Years 1791 and 1798|date=1806|publisher=G and W Nicoll (Bunney)|location=London}}</ref>}}

During this occupation, the Gumbaz was sketched by military artists such as Charles Gold, [[James Hunter (Military Artist)|James Hunter]] (d. 1792), Robert Home (1752-1834) and Sir. Alexander Allan (1764-1820).

==Vintage Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Hyder Ally's Tomb, Seringapatam.jpg|Hyder Ali's Tomb, Seringapatam by [[James Hunter (Military Artist)|James Hunter]] (d.1792)<ref name=Hunter>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=James|title=Picturesque Scenery in the Kingdom of Mysore|date=1792|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000007683u00016000.html|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
File:Mausoleum of Hyder Aly Khan at Lalbaug (cropped).jpg|Mausoleum of Hyder Aly Khan at Lalbaug, by [[Robert Hyde Colebrooke]], ca. 1793
File:Hyder's tomb in the Loll Baug Gardens.jpg|Hyder's tomb in the Loll Baug Gardens, by Robert Home (1752-1834)<ref name=Home>{{cite book|last1=Home|first1=Robert|title=Select Views in Mysore, the country of Tippoo Sultan: From the Drawings Taken on the Spot by Home, With Historical Description|date=1974|publisher=R Bowyer|location=London|page=Plate 29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhcAAAAcAAJ&q=Views+in+the+Mysore+Country&pg=PP11|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyder's tomb in the Loll Baug Gardens|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000002567u00029000.html|website=British Library|access-date=21 September 2015|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>
File:Mausoleum of Hyder.jpg|Mausoleum of Hyder, by Sir. Alexander Allan (1764-1820)<ref name=Allan>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Alexander|title=The collection of Views in the Mysore Country|date=1 June 1794|url=http://www.donaldheald.com/pages/books/25199/sir-alexander-allan-bt/views-in-the-mysore-country|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mausoleum of Hyder|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000378u00018000.html|website=British Library|access-date=21 September 2015|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>
File:Mausoleum, Laul Baug, Seringapatam with tombs of Hyder Ali, his wife, and son Tippoo Saib, Aug 1832.jpg|Mausoleum, Laul Baug, Seringapatam with tombs of Hyder Ali, his wife, and son Tippoo Saib, by Henry Jervis, Aug 1832
</gallery>

==Robert Home's Description==
[[File:Front view of Tipu Sultan's Tomb Seringapatam, 1895.jpg|thumb|right|Front view of Tipu Sultan's Tomb, Seringapatam, 1895]]
Robert Home, the official military artist the [[Madras Army]] led by [[Lord Cornwallis]], sketched the Gumbaz (see Vintage Gallery above) and described it. According to Home, the gardens called the Lal Bagh (garden of rubies), covered a third of the river island and was the largest garden in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]]. The garden was landscaped beautifully with designs which was a combination of several Asian traditions, and in its middle was the mausoleum of Tipu's father Hyder Ali. He further describes the garden during the British occupation at the end of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] as
<poem>
''This garden was laid out in regular paths of shady cypress; and abounded with fruit trees, flowers, and vegetables of every kind. But the axe of the enemy [the British] soon despoiled it of its beauties; and those trees, which once administered to the pleasures of their master, were compelled to furnish materials for the reduction of his capital''.<ref name=Casey /><ref name="De Almeida" />
</poem>

==Tipu's Burial==
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="230">
Gumbaz Rice - Copy.jpg|Gumbaz at Ganjam, by [[B. Lewis Rice|B L Rice]] in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] (Vol. 3), 1894.<ref name=RiceIII />
Tipu Sultan's Tomb, Seringapatam (Caine, 1891, p.519) - Copy.jpg|Tipu Sultan's Tomb, Seringapatam (Caine, 1891, p. 519).<ref name=Caine>{{cite book|last1=Caine|first1=William Sproston|title=Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers|date=1890|publisher=London and G. Routledge & Sons, Limited|location=London|isbn=9781274043993|page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog/page/n563 519]|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>
[[Tipu Sultan]] was buried at the Gumbaz, next to the graves of his father and mother, after his death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799.<ref name=Jangveer>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Jangveer|title=On Tipu's trail|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080907/spectrum/main6.htm|access-date=21 September 2015|issue=Spectrum|work=The Tribune|date=7 September 2008}}</ref> The burial took place the next day after the end of the war, on 5 May 1799 at 5 May. The British allowed for Tipu to be buried at the Gumbaz, next to his father's grave, and also provided full military honours for his funeral. The body was carried in a procession, accompanied by European soldiers of the Grenadier division. The chief mourner was Tipu's son Abdul Khaliq, followed by some officials and people. A severe thunderstorm is recorded to have struck Seringapatam at the time his body was buried.

The burial of Tipu Sultan is described by many British Officers such as Lieutenant Richard Bayly of the 12th Regiment. According to Lieut. Bayly
<poem>
''I must relate the effects and appearance of a tremendous storm of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning that ensued on the afternoon of the burial of Tippoo Saib. I had returned to camp excessively indisposed. About five o'clock a darkness of unusual obscurity came on, and volumes of huge clouds were hanging within a few yards of the earth, in a motionless state. Suddenly, a rushing wind, with irresistible force, raised pyramids of sand to an amazing height, and swept most of the tents and marquees in frightful eddies far from their site. Ten Lascars, with my own exertions, clinging to the bamboos of the marquee scarcely preserved its fall. The thunder cracked in appalling peals close to our ears, and the vivid lightning tore up the ground in long ridges all around. Such a scene of desolation can hardly be imagined; Lascars struck dead, as also an officer and his wife in a marquee a few yards from mine. Bullocks, elephants, and camels broke loose, and scampering in every direction over the plain; every hospital tent blown away, leaving the wounded exposed, unsheltered to the elemental strife. In one of these alone eighteen men who had suffered amputation had all the bandages saturated, and were found dead on the spot the ensuing morning. The funeral party escorting Tippoo's body to the mausoleum of his ancestors situated in the Lal Bagh Garden, where the remains of his warlike father, Hyder Ali, had been deposited, were overtaken at the commencement of this furious whirlwind, and the soldiers ever after were impressed with a firm persuasion that his Satanic majesty attended in person at the funeral procession. The flashes of lightning were not as usual from far distant clouds, but proceeded from heavy vapours within a very few yards of the earth. No park of artillery could have vomited forth such incessant peals as the loud thunder that exploded close to our ears. Astonishment, dismay, and prayers for its cessation was our solitary alternative. A fearful description of the Day of Judgement might have been depicted from the appalling storm of this awful night. I have experienced hurricanes, typhoons, and gales of wind at sea, but never in the whole course of my existence had I seen anything comparable to this desolating visitation. Heaven and earth appeared absolutely to have come in collision, and no bounds set to the destruction. The roaring of the winds strove in competition with the stunning explosions of the thunder, as if the universe was once more returning to chaos. In one of these wild sweeps of the hurricane, the poles of my tent were riven to atoms, and the canvas wafted forever from my sight. I escaped without injury, as also my exhausted Lascars, and casting myself in an agony of despair on the sands, I fully expected instant annihilation. My hour was not, however, come. Towards morning the storm subsided; the clouds became more elevated, the thunder and lightning ceased, and nature once more resumed a serene aspect. But never shall I forget that dreadful night to the latest day of my existence. All language is inadequate to describe its horrors. Rather than be exposed to such another scene, I would prefer the front of a hundred battles''<ref name=Casey /><ref name=Bayly>{{cite book|last1=Bayly|first1=Richard|title=Diary of Colonel Bayly 12th Regiment :1796-1803|date=1896|publisher=Army and Navy Co-Operative Society|location=London|pages=95–96|url=http://www.mq.edu.au/macquarie-archive/seringapatam/other/bayly2.html|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
</poem>

==Renovation by Lord Dalhousie==
[[File:Tippu's Tomb, Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|right|Tippu's Tomb, Seringapatam, by William Henry Pigou (1855)<ref name=Pigou-BL>{{cite web|title=Tippu's Tomb, Seringapatam|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000000208u00018000.html|website=Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections|publisher=British Library|access-date=22 September 2015|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>]]
In 1855, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], [[Governor-General of India]] visited Seringapatam on his way to the [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]. During his visit he found most of the monuments in a state of neglect, slowing falling into decay. He then ordered that buildings to be renovated and maintained, as they not only provided memories for the war for the Deccan, and the exploits of the Duke of Wellington, but were also architecturally beautiful. Lord Dalhousie also paid for the replacement doors for the Gumbaz. Dalhousie also ordered for the murals in the [[Daria Daulat Bagh|Daria Daulat]] to be restored, and the building be repaired, a sum approved for the annual maintenance of Daria Daulat, Gumbaz and other associated monuments. A minute to this effect was recorded by his staff, and a fund was established for the maintenance of these monuments at Seringapatam <ref name=Bird>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=William Osborn Bird|title=A parson's holiday : being an account of a tour in India, Burma, and Ceylon in the winter of 1882-83|date=1885|publisher=F B Mason|page=160|url=https://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu/bookreader/sea:344/#page/174/mode/1up|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Walsh|first1=Robin|title=Gumbaz - Mausoleum|url=http://www.mq.edu.au/macquarie-archive/seringapatam/images/gumbaz/|website=Macquarie University|access-date=21 September 2015|date=1999}}</ref><ref name=Lyon>{{cite web|last1=Edmund David|first1=Lyon|title=Views in Mysore. The Deria Dowlut in Seringapatam. Front of Palace and part of the garden|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoEnqFull.asp?PrintID=15410|access-date=23 September 2015|date=1868}}</ref><ref name=Nina>{{cite news|last1=Varghese|first1=Nina|title=Tipu's legacy lost in the ruins?|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/01/25/stories/2003012500351800.htm|access-date=23 September 2015|publisher=The Hindu: Business Line|date=25 January 2003}}</ref><ref name=Prinsep>{{cite book|last1=Prinsep|first1=Val Cameron|title=Glimpses of Imperial India|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=1878|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45561/page/n266 20]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45561|quote=lord dalhousie visit to seringapatam.|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Kirmani>{{cite book|last1=Kirmani|first1=Mir Hussain Ali Khan|title=History of Tipu Sultan: Being a Continuation of the Neshani Hyduri|date=1864|page=162}}</ref>

==Persian Epitaphs==
The [[epitaph|Persian epitaphs]] at the Gumbaz were studied by [[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Rice]] and appear in his work, [[Epigraphia Carnatica]]: Volume III: Inscriptions in the [[Mysore district|Mysore District]] (1894)<ref name=Parsons>{{cite book|last1=Parsons|first1=Constance E|title=Seringapatam|date=1931|publisher=H. Milford|page=[https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931/page/n190 133]|url=https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="270px" perrow="4">
File:SR-PA-16-30 - Copy.jpg|Persian Epitaphs at Gumbaz, Seringapatam, by Benjamin Lewis Rice in Epigraphia Carnatica (Vol. 3), 1894
File:SR-R-16-30c - Copy.jpg|Roman Script of the Persian Epitaphs at Gumbaz, Seringapatam
File:SR-P-16-30c - Copy.jpg|English Translation of the Persian Epitaphs at Gumbaz, Seringapatam<ref name=RiceIII>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume III: Inscriptions in the Mysore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat03mysouoft|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

==William Baillie Memorial==
In the gardens of Lalbagh, next to the Gumbaz is located the memorial for [[William Baillie (East India Company officer)|William Baillie]]. The memorial was commissioned, 35 years after Col Baillie's death, and 17 years after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|fall of Tippu Sultan]], by William's nephew Lt. Col. John Baillie, who served as the [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] in the Court of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Oudh]], [[Lucknow]]. It is an austere, but poignant and pretty structure.<ref name=DH-Mullur>{{cite news|last1=Mullur|first1=Shashikiran|title=Vestiges of William Baillie|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/364372/vestiges-william-baillie.html|access-date=22 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=22 October 2013}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:William Baillie Memorial, Seringapatam.JPG|William Baillie Memorial, [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]
File:Plaque of the William Baillie Memorial, Seringapatam.JPG|Plaque of the William Baillie Memorial, [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]
</gallery>

==His Majesty's Cemetery, Ganjam==
According to Rev. E W Thompson and other accounts, there used to exist a Madras Army cemetery called ''His Majesty's Cemetery'' at [[Ganjam]], near the Gumbaz (a short distance in the North-West direction), much before the [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam|Garrison Cemetery]]. The cemetery was enclosed by a wall, with an inscription on the gate-post, ''His Majesty's Cemetery, Ganjam, a.d. 1799-1808''. It contains burials between 1799 and 1808, mainly from the 33rd Regiment. Daniel Pritchard, the music master of this regiment was buried at this cemetery in July 1799. Elinda Harmonci, a child aged 4 years was also buried here in November 1799.

[[Edward Montagu (Indian Army officer)|Col. Edward Montague]] of the Bengal Artillery, died 8 May 1799, 4 days after the final assault is buried near the Sangam, on the extreme east end of the island.<ref name=Newell>{{cite book|last1=Newell|first1=H A|title=Topee and Turban, or Here and There in India|date=1921|location=London|page=242|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Topee_and_Turban_or_Here_and_There_in_India_1000836325/315|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928052852/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Topee_and_Turban_or_Here_and_There_in_India_1000836325/315|publisher=Forgotten Books|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Thompson>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Rev. E W|title=The Last Siege of Seringapatam: An Account of the Final Assault, May 4th, 1799; of the Death and Burial of Tippu Sultan; and of the Imprisonment of British Officers and Men; taken from the Narratives of Officers present at the Siege and of those who survived their captivity|date=1923|publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press|location=Mysore City, British India|pages=68, 69|url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091442/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
*[[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]]
*[[Scott’s Bungalow, Seringapatam]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}




==External links==
{{commons category|Tipu Sultan Gumbaz}}
[[Category:Mausoleums in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]
[[Category:Tipu Sultan]]
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]

List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:39Z

Olphindro Malang: clean up

{{Short description|Members of Lok Sabha (1991-96)}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{disputed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
This is a '''list of members of the 10th Lok Sabha''' arranged by [[States and territories of India|state or territory]] represented. These members of the [[Lok Sabha|lower house of the Indian Parliament]] were elected to the [[10th Lok Sabha]] (1991 to 1996) at the [[1991 Indian general election]].<ref>Lok Sabha. ''[http://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx Member, Since 1952]''</ref>

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|GEN
|[[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Chandigarh==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
|GEN
|[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| ST
|[[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Daman and Diu==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]
|GEN
|[[Devjibhai Tandel]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Delhi==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|rowspan=2|GEN
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Rajesh Khanna]](By poll)
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|GEN
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|GEN
|[[Sajjan Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|GEN
|Baikunth Lal Sharma
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|5
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|GEN
|Tarachand Khandelwal
|-
|6
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|GEN
|[[Jagdish Tytler]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
| SC
|Kalka Dass
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Lakshadweep==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]
| ST
|[[P.M. Sayeed]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Puducherry==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Pondicherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pondicherry]]
|GEN
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (27) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFF31|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (11) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#0000FF|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#009F3C|[[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]] || GEN || [[Kanithi Viswanatham|Dr.Kanithi Viswanatham]]||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2 || [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]] || ST || [[Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju|Vijayarama Raju Satrucharla]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]] || GEN || [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (born 1950)|Poosapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju]]
|-
| 4 || [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] || GEN ||[[M. V. V. S. Murthi|Dr. M.V.V.S Murthi]]||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 5 || [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]] || ST || [[Kamala Kumari Karredula]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]] || GEN || [[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|-
| 7 || [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]] || GEN || Thota Subbarao ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=10}}
|-
| 8 || [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]] || GEN ||Dr. K.V.R.Choudhary
|-
| 9 || [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]] || SC || [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
|-
| 10 || [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]] || GEN || [[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]
|-
| 11 || [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]] || GEN || [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|-
| 12 || [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]] || GEN || Kolusu Peda Reddaiah Yadav
|-
| 13 || [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]] || GEN || [[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao|V. Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|-
| 14 || [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]] || GEN || |[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu |Prof. Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|-
| 15 || [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]] || GEN || [[S. M. Laljan Basha]]
|-
| 16 || [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]] || GEN || [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
|-
| 17 || [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]] || GEN || [[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy|K. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=14}}
|-
| 18 || [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]] || GEN || [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy|M. Subbarama Reddy]]
|-
| 19 || [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]] || SC || [[Padmashree Kudumula]]
|-
| 20 || [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]] || SC || [[Chinta Mohan |Dr.Chinta Mohan]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]] || GEN || [[M. Gnanendra Reddy|M. Gyanendra Reddy]]
|-
| 22 || [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]] || GEN || [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
|-
| 23 || [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]] || GEN || [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|-
| 24 || [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]] || GEN || [[S. Gangadhar]]
|-
| 25 || [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]] || GEN || [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|-
|rowspan=2|26 ||rowspan=2| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]] ||rowspan=2| GEN || [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]] (By Poll)
|-
| 27 || [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] || GEN || [[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
|-
| 28 || [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]] || SC || [[Mallu Ravi]]
|-
| 29 || [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] || GEN || [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
|-
| 30 || [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]] || GEN || [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM}}
|-
| 31 || [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]] || GEN || [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| 32 || [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]] || SC || [[Nandi Yellaiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 33 || [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] || GEN || [[M. Baga Reddy]]
|-
| 34 || [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] || GEN || [[Gaddam Ganga Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 35 || [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] || GEN || [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
|-
| 36 || [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]] || SC || [[G. Venkat Swamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 37 || [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]] || GEN || [[J. Chokka Rao|Juvvadi Chokka Rao]]
|-
| 38 || [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]] || GEN || [[Kamaluddin Ahmed (politician)|Kamaluddin Ahmed]]
|-
| 39 || [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]] || GEN || [[Surendra Reddy]]
|-
| 40 || [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]] || GEN || [[P. V. Rangayya Naidu]]
|-
| 41 || [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]] || GEN || [[Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 42 || [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]] || GEN || Bhim Narsinha Reddy ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]] || GEN || Laeta Umbrey ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]] || GEN || [[Prem Khandu Thungon]]
|-
|}

==Assam==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (8) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#99CCFF|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2||Independent (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]] || SC || Dwaraka Nath Das || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] || GEN || [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]
|-
| 3 || [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]] || ST || Dr. [[Jayanta Rongpi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| 4 || [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] || GEN || Nurul Islam || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]] || ST || Satyendra Nath Brohmo Chaudhury || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 6 || [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]] || GEN || Uddabh Berman || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India|CPI(M)}}
|-
| 7 || [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] || GEN || [[Kirip Chaliha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] || GEN || [[Probin Deka]]
|-
| 9 || [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]] || GEN || Swarup Upadhyay
|-
| 10 || [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]] || GEN || Muhi Ram Saikia || {{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| 11 || [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] || GEN || [[Tarun Gogoi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 12 || [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] || GEN || [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
|-
| 13 || [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] || GEN || [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
|-
| 14 || [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]] || GEN || [[Balin Kuli]]
|-
|}

==Bihar==
{{Color box|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Dal|JD]] (32)
{{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (8)
{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5)
{{Color box|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] (5)
{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
{{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] (1)
{{Color box|{{party color|Samata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Samata Party|SAP]] (1)
{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Ind]] (1)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Member
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
!#
!Name
|-
|1
|[[Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency|Bagaha]] (SC)
|[[Mahendra Baitha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|2
|[[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]
|[[Faiyazul Azam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|3
|[[Motihari Lok Sabha constituency|Motihari]]
|[[Kamla Mishra Madhukar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|4
|[[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]
|[[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|5
|[[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
|[[Brishin Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|6
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|[[Girija Devi (politician)|Girija Devi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|7
|[[Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chhapra]]
|[[Lal Babu Rai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|8
|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] (SC)
|[[Ram Sundar Das]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |[[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
|Shiva Sharan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|[[Lovely Anand]]^
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party|SAP]]
|-
|10
|[[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
|[[George Fernandes]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|11
|[[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
|[[Nawal Kishore Rai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|12
|[[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|[[Hari Kishore Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|13
|[[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
|[[Bhogendra Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|14
|[[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|[[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|15
|[[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
|[[Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|16
|[[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]] (SC)
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|17
|[[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
|[[Manjay Lal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|18
|[[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|19
|[[Balia, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Balia]]
|[[Surya Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|20
|[[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa]]
|[[Sury Narayan Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|21
|[[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
|[[Sharad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|22
|[[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
|[[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|23
|[[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Syed Shahabuddin]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|24
|[[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
|[[Pappu Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|-
|25
|[[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
|[[Mohammad Yunus Saleem|Yunus Saleem]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|26
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
|[[Simon Marandi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|27
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
|[[Shibu Soren]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|28
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|[[Suraj Mandal (politician)|Suraj Mandal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|29
|[[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
|Pratap Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|30
|[[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
|[[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|31
|[[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
|[[Ram Sharan Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|32
|[[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
|[[Brahmanand Mandal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|33
|[[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
|[[Krishna Sahi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|34
|[[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Communist Party politician)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|35
|[[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|36
|[[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav|Ram Lakhan Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|37
|[[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
|[[Tej Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|38
|[[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] (SC)
|[[Chhedi Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|39
|[[Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency|Bikramganj]]
|[[Ram Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|40
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|[[Ram Naresh Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|41
|[[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
|[[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|-
|42
|[[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
|[[Prem Chand Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|43
|[[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|44
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|[[Upendra Nath Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|45
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Koderma]]
|[[Mumtaz Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|46
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|[[Binod Bihari Mahato]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|47
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|[[Rita Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|48
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|49
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|50
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Shailendra Mahato]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|51
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|[[Krishna Marandi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|-
|52
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|[[Kariya Munda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|53
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|[[Lalit Oraon]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|54
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)
|[[Ram Deo Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

==Goa==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|1
|[[Mormugao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]]
|GEN
|[[Eduardo Faleiro]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
|GEN
|[[Harish Narayan Prabhu Zantye]]
|-
|}

==Gujarat==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]] || GEN || Babubhai Shah ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2 || [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]] || GEN || [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=15}}
|-
| 3 || [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]] || GEN || [[Chandresh Patel Kordia]]
|-
| 4 || [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] || GEN || [[Shivlal Vekaria]]
|-
| 5 || [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] || GEN || [[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel]]
|-
| 6 || [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
|-
| 7 || [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]] || GEN || [[Dileep Sanghani]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]] || GEN || Mahavir Singh Gohil
|-
| 9 || [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]] || SC || [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma]]
|-
| 10 || [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]] || GEN || [[Harin Pathak]]
|-
| 11 || [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]] || GEN || [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
| 12 || [[Mehsana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]] || GEN || [[A.K. Patel]]
|-
| 13 || [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || [[Mahesh Kanodia]]
|-
| 14 || [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] || GEN || [[Harisinh Pratapsinh Chavda]]
|-
| 15 || [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] || GEN || [[Arvind Trivedi]]
|-
| 16 || [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]] || GEN || [[Gabhaji Mangaji Thakor]]
|-
| 17 || [[Dohad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]] || ST || [[Damor Somjibhai Punjabhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 18 || [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]] || GEN || [[Shankersinh Vaghela]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 19 || [[Kaira (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]] || GEN || [[Khushiram Jeswani]]
|-
| 20 || [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] || GEN || [[Ishwarbhai Chavda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 21 || [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]] || ST || [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|-
| 22 || [[Baroda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]] || GEN || [[Dipika Topiwala]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 23 || [[Broach (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]] || GEN || [[Chandubhai Deshmukh]]
|-
| 24 || [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]] || GEN || [[Kashiram Rana]]
|-
| 25 || [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]] || ST || [[Chhitubhai Gamit]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 26 || [[Bulsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]] || ST || [[Uttambhai Harjibhai Patel]]
|-
|}

==Haryana==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] || SC || [[Ram Prakash Chaudhary (Indian politician)|Ram Prakash Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 2 || [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] || GEN || [[Tara Singh (Haryana politician)|Tara Singh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] || GEN || [[Chiranji Lal Sharma]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sonepat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]] || GEN || [[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]]
|-
| 5 || [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] || GEN || [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|-
| 6 || [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] || GEN || [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
|-
| 7 || [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] || GEN || [[Rao Ram Singh]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]] || GEN || [[Jangbir Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| 9 || [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]] || GEN || Narain Singh || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] || SC || [[Selja Kumari]]
|-
|}

==Himachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Simla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]] || SC || [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] || GEN || [[Sukh Ram]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]] || GEN || D. D. Khanoria || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 4 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|-
|}

==Karnataka==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] || SC || [[Ramchandra Veerappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]] || GEN || [[Basawaraj Jawali]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 3 || [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]] || GEN || [[Venkatesh Naik]]
|-
| 4 || [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]] || GEN || [[Basavaraj Patil Anwari]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] || GEN || [[Basavarajeshwari]]
|-
| 6 || [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]] || GEN || [[Channaiah Odeyar]]
|-
| 7 || [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]] || GEN || [[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] || GEN || [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 9 || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] || GEN || [[V. Krishna Rao]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 10 || [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] || SC || [[K.H. Muniyappa]]
|-
| 11 || [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || GEN || [[M. V. Chandrashekara Murthy]]
|-
| 12 || [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] || GEN || [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|-
| 13 || [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] || GEN || [[K. Venkatagiri Gowda]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 14 || [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] || GEN || [[G. Made Gowda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 15 || [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] || SC || [[Srinivasa Prasad]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] || GEN || [[Chandraprabha Urs]]
|-
| 17 || [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]] || GEN || [[Dhananjay Kumar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]] || GEN || [[Oscar Fernandes]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] || GEN || [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 20 || [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]] || GEN || [[Taradevi Siddhartha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 21 || [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]] || GEN || K. G. Shivappa
|-
| 22 || [[Kanara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]] || GEN || [[G. Devaraya Naik]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]] || GEN || B. M. Mujahid
|-
| 24 || [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] || GEN || [[D. K. Naikar]]
|-
| 25 || [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]] || GEN || [[Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa]]
|-
| 26 || [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] || SC || |[[B. Shankaranand]]
|-
| 27 || [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]] || GEN || [[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|-
| 28 || [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] || GEN || Basagondappa Gudadinni
|-
|}

==Kerala==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || GEN || [[Ramanna Rai|M. Ramanna Rai]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 2 || [[Cannanore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]] || GEN || [[Mullappally Ramachandran]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || GEN || [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| 4 || [[Calicut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calicut]] || GEN || [[K. Muraleedharan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]] || GEN || [[E. Ahamed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Muslim League Kerala State Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || GEN || [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|-
| 7 || [[Palghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]] || GEN || V. S. Vijayaraghavan || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 8 || rowspan=2|[[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam ]]
|rowspan=2| SC
|[[K. R. Narayanan|K.R. Narayanan]]
|-
|S. Sivararaman (By Poll)
|{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 9 || [[Trichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]] || GEN || [[P. C. Chacko]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 10 || [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]] || GEN || [[Savithri Lakshmanan]]
|-
| 11 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || GEN || [[K. V. Thomas]]
|-
| 12 || [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] || GEN || [[P. C. Thomas]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
| 13 || [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chennithala]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 14 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || GEN || Palai K.M. Mathew
|-
| 15 || [[Alleppey (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]] || GEN || [[T. J. Anjalose]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 16 || [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || GEN || [[P. J. Kurien]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 17 || [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]] || SC || [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|-
| 18 || [[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]] || GEN || [[S. Krishna Kumar]]
|-
| 19 || [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] || GEN || [[Susheela Gopalan|Suseela Gopalan]]||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 20 || [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] || GEN || [[A. Charles]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] || SC || [[Barelal Jatav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] || GEN || Yoganand Saraswati || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] || GEN || [[Madhavrao Scindia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] || GEN || [[Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 5 || [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || SC || [[Anand Ahirwar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]] || GEN || [[Uma Bharti]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 7 || [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria|Dr. Ramakrishna Kusmaria]]
|-
| 8 || [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] || GEN || [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 9 || [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] || GEN || Bheem Singh Patel || {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 10 || [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] || ST || [[Motilal Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=19}}
|-
| 11 || [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] || ST || [[Dalbir Singh]]
|-
| 12 || [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]] || ST || [[Khelsai Singh]]
|-
| 13 || [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]] || ST || [[Pushpa Devi Singh]]
|-
| 14 || [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]] || GEN || [[Bhawani Lal Verma]]
|-
| 15 || [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || SC || [[Khelan Ram Jangde]]
|-
| 16 || [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]] || SC || [[Paras Ram Bhardwaj]]
|-
| 17 || [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]] || GEN || [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
|-
| 18 || [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] || GEN || [[Pawan Diwan]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] || ST || [[Arvind Netam]]
|-
| 20 || [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] || ST || [[Manku Ram Sodhi]]
|-
| 21 || [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]] || GEN || [[Chandulal Chandrakar]]
|-
| 22 || [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] || GEN || [[Shivendra Bahadur Singh]]
|-
| 23 || [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]] || GEN || Vishweshwar Bhagat
|-
| 24 || [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] || ST || [[Mohan Lal Jhikram]]
|-
| 25 || [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] || GEN || Shravan Kumar Patel
|-
| 26 || [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]] || GEN || [[Vimla Varma]]
|-
| 27 || [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]] || GEN || [[Kamal Nath]]
|-
| 28 || [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]] || GEN || [[Aslam Sher Khan]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] || GEN || [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 30 || [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] || GEN || [[Sushil Chandra Verma]]
|-
| 31 || [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]] || GEN || [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| 32 || [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] || GEN || [[Digvijaya Singh|Digvijay Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 33 || [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]] || SC || [[Phool Chand Verma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 34 || [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] || GEN || [[Mahendra Kumar Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 35 || [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] || GEN || [[Rameshwar Patidar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 36 || [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]] || ST || [[Suraj Bhanu Solanki]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 37 || [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] || GEN || [[Sumitra Mahajan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 38 || [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] || SC || [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|-
| 39 || [[Jhabua (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]] || ST || [[Dileep Singh Bhuria]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 40 || [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]] || GEN || [[Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== [[Maharashtra]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]] || GEN || [[Sudhir Sawant]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2 || [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]] || GEN || [[Govind Rao Nikam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]] || GEN || [[A. R. Antulay]]
|-
| 4 || [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay South]] || GEN || [[Murli Deora]]
|-
| 5 || [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay South Central]] || GEN || [[Mohan Rawale]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 6 || [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay North Central]] || GEN || [[Sharad Dighe]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 7 || [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay North East]] || GEN || [[Gurudas Kamat]]
|-
| 8 || [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay North West]] || GEN || [[Sunil Dutt]]
|-
| 9 || [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bombay North]] || GEN || [[Ram Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]] || GEN || [[Ram Kapse]]
|-
| 11 || [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]] || ST || [[Damodar Barku Shingada]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 12 || [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]] || GEN || [[Vasant Pawar]]
|-
| 13 || [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]] || ST || [[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]
|-
| 14 || [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] || ST || [[Bapu Hari Chaure]]
|-
| 15 || [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]] || ST || [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
|-
| 16 || [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]] || GEN || [[Vijaykumar Naval Patil]]
|-
| 17 || [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]] || GEN || [[Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode|Gunwantrao Sarode]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]] || SC || [[Mukul Balkrishna Wasnik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] || GEN || [[Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]]||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 20 || [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]] || GEN || [[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 21 || [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] || GEN || [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]]
|-
| 22 || [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]] || GEN || Raje Tejsingh Rao Bhonsle
|-
| 23 || [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] || GEN || [[Datta Meghe]]
|-
| 24 || [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]] || GEN || [[Praful Patel]]
|-
| 25 || [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]] || GEN || [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
|-
| 26 || [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]] || GEN || [[Shantaram Potdukhe]]
|-
| 27 || [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]] || GEN || [[Ramchandra Ghangare]]
|-
| 28 || [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]] || GEN || [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]] || GEN || [[Vilasrao Gundewar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 30 || [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] || GEN || [[Suryakanta Patil]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 31 || [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] || GEN || [[Ashokrao Anandrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 32 || [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]] || GEN || [[Ankushrao Tope]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 33 || [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Moreshwar Save]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 34 || [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]] || GEN || [[Kesharbai Kshirsagar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 35 || [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Patil]]
|-
| 36 || [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]] || SC || [[Arvind Kamble]]
|-
| 37 || [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]] || GEN || Dharmanna Sadul
|-
| 38 || [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] || SC || [[Sandipan Thorat]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 39 ||rowspan=2| [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]] ||rowspan=2| GEN || [[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]]
|-
|| [[Maruti Shelke]] (By Poll)
|-
| 40 || [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]] || GEN || [[Shankarrao Kale]]
|-
| 41 || [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]] || GEN || [[Vidura Nawale]]
|-
| 42 || [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]] || GEN || [[Anna Joshi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|rowspan=3| 43 ||rowspan=3| [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]] ||rowspan=3| GEN || [[Ajit Pawar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[Sharad Pawar]] (1991)
|-
|Bapusaheb Thite (1994)
|-
| 44 || [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]] || GEN || [[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]
|-
| 45 || [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]] || GEN || [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
| 46 || [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] || GEN || [[Prakashbapu Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
| 47 || [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]] || GEN || Balasaheb Shankarrao Mane
|-
| 48 || [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] || GEN || [[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]
|-
|}

== [[Manipur]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|1
|[[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
|GEN
|Yumnam Yaima Singh
|{{Full party name with colour|Manipur People's Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur ]]
| ST
|Meijinlung Kamson
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== [[Meghalaya]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|1
|[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
|GEN
|[[Peter G. Marbaniang]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
|ST
|[[P.A. Sangma]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== [[Mizoram]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram ]]
| ST
|Dr. C. Silvera
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== [[Nagaland]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
|GEN
|Imchalemba
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Odisha==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]] || ST || [[Bhagey Gobardhan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] || GEN || [[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] || SC || [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 4 || [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] || SC || [[Anadi Charan Das]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || GEN || [[Rabi Ray]]
|-
| 6 || [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]] || GEN || [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|-
| 7 || [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]] || GEN || [[Lokanath Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 8 || [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]] || GEN || [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 9 || [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]] || GEN || [[Sivaji Patnaik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 10 || [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] || GEN || [[Ramchandra Rath]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=11}}
|-
| 11 || [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]] || GEN || [[Gopinath Gajapati]]
|-
| 12 || [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]] || ST || [[Giridhar Gamang]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]] || ST || [[Khagapati Pradhani]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]] || GEN || Subash Chandra Nayak
|-
| 15 || [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]] || SC || [[Mrutyunjaya Nayak]]
|-
| 16 || [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]] || GEN || [[Sarat Pattanayak]]
|-
| 17 || [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] || GEN || [[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|-
| 18 || [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]] || GEN || [[Sriballav Panigrahi]]
|-
| 19 || [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]] || GEN || [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
|-
| 20 || [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] || ST || [[Frida Topno]]
|-
| 21 || [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] || ST || [[Govind Chandra Munda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
|}

==Punjab==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]] || GEN || [[Sukhbans Kaur Bhinder]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=13}}
|-
| 2 || [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] || GEN || [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|-
| 3 || [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]] || GEN || [[Surinder Singh Kairon]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 4 ||rowspan=2| [[Jullundur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]] ||rowspan=2| GEN ||Yash
|-
|[[Umrao Singh]] (By Poll)
|-
| 5 || [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]] || SC || [[Santosh Chowdhary]]
|-
| 6 || [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]] || GEN || [[Kamal Chaudhry]]
|-
| 7 || [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]] || SC || [[Harchand Singh]]
|-
| 8 || [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]] || GEN || [[Sant Ram Singla]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] || GEN || [[Gurcharan Singh Galib]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]] || GEN || [[Gurcharan Singh Dadhahoor]]
|-
| 11 || [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]] || SC || [[Kewal Singh]]
|-
| 12 || [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]] || GEN || [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ferozepur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]] || GEN || [[Mohan Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

==Rajasthan==
{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)
{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Member
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
!#
!Name
|-
|1
|[[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]] (SC)
|[[Birbal Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
|[[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]
|[[Manphool Singh Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|3
|[[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]]
|[[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4
|[[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
|[[Mohd. Ayub Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|5
|[[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
|[[Balram Jakhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|6
|[[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
|[[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7
|[[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
|[[Rajesh Pilot]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|8
|[[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
|[[Mahendra Kumari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9
|[[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
|[[Krishnendra Kaur (Deepa)|Krishnendra Kaur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|10
|[[Bayana Lok Sabha constituency|Bayana]] (SC)
|[[Ganga Ram Koli]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11
|[[Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Sawai Madhopur]] (ST)
|[[Kunji Lal Meena]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|12
|[[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
|[[Rasa Singh Rawat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|13
|[[Tonk Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk]] (SC)
|[[Ram Narain Bairwa]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|14
|[[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
|[[Dau Dayal Joshi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|15
|[[Jhalawar Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|16
|[[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]] (ST)
|Prabhu Lal Rawat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|17
|[[Salumber Lok Sabha constituency|Salumber]] (ST)
|[[Bheru Lal Meena]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|18
|[[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]
|[[Girija Vyas]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|19
|[[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
|[[Jaswant Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20
|[[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
|[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|21
|[[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
|[[Guman Mal Lodha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|22
|[[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]] (SC)
|[[Buta Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|23
|[[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
|[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
|[[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|25
|[[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
|[[Nathuram Mirdha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}
==Sikkim==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
|[[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|GEN
|[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}
|-
|}

== [[Tamil Nadu]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
|Rangaswamy Jeevarathinam
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]]
|M. Krishnasswamy
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
|S.S.R. Rajendra Kumar
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram (SC)]]
|Dr. P. Vallal Peruman
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
|C.K. Kuppuswamy
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
|P.P. Kaliaperumal
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
|C. Sreenivaasan
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
|P.G. Narayanan
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
|Dr. N. Murugesan
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Madras Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]]
|Era Anbarasu
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Madras North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]]
|D. Pandian
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Madras South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]]
|Dr. R. Sridharan
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
|A. Govindarajalu Subbaraman Rambabu
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
|[[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]]
|[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam (SC)]]
|Dr. Padma
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|N. Dennis
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
|[[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris (SC)]]
|R. Prabhu
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]]
|Palaniyappa Gounder Kumarasamy
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|Senapathi A. Gounder
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur (SC)]]
|A. Ashokaraj
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]
|R. Ramasamy
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi (SC)]]
|B. Raja Ravi Varma
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
|N. Sundararaj
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
|Dr. Vadivelu Rajeshwaran
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram (SC)]]
|B. Devarajan
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
|K.V. Thangka Balu
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Vazhappady Koothappadayachi Ramamurthy
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
|[[Palaniappan Chidambaram]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]]
|R. Kanaga Govinda Rajulu
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi (SC)]]
|[[Mookaiah Arunachalam]]
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
|[[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
|Krishnasami Thulasiah Vandayar
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Thindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thindivanam]]
|K. Ramamurthee Thindivanam
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
|Dr. K. S. Soundaram
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
|Lourdusamy Adaikalaraj
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|-
|P. R. Kumaramangalam
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
|Dhanuskodi Athithan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|M.R. Kadambur Janarthanan
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[Tirupattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupattur]]
|Adikesavan Jayamohan
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
|B. Akber Pasha
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|}

== [[Telangana]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool (SC)]]
|[[Nandi Yellaiah]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
|[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

== [[Tripura]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East (ST)]]
|Maharani Bibhu Kumari Devi
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|}

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (52)
{{Color box|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Dal|JD]] (22)
{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)
{{Color box|{{party color|Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Party|JP]] (4)
{{Color box|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
{{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Member
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
!#
!Name
|-
|1
|[[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
|[[Manabendra Shah]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|2
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
|[[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]
|[[Jeevan Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4
|[[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]
|[[Balraj Pasi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|5
|[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]] (SC)
|[[Mangal Ram Premi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|6
|[[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
|[[Chetan Chauhan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|7
|[[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
|[[Ghulam Mohammad Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|8
|[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sharma (politician)|Rajendra Kumar Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9
|[[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
|[[Sripal Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|10
|[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]
|[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11
|[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
|[[Raj Veer Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|12
|[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
|[[Santosh Gangwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|13
|[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
|[[Parshuram Gangwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|14
|[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Satyapal Singh Yadav|Satyapal Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|15
|[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
|[[Gendan Lal Kanaujia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|16
|[[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]]
|[[Surendra Pal Pathak]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|17
|[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
|[[Janardan Prasad Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|18
|[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]] (SC)
|[[Ram Lal Rahi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|19
|[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi]] (SC)
|[[Jai Prakash|Jai Prakash Rawat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21
|[[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]] (SC)
|[[Chhotey Lal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|22
|[[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
|[[Devi Bux Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|23
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|[[Sheila Kaul]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
|[[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Abhay Pratap Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |25
| rowspan="2" |[[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Satish Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|26
|[[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
|[[Vishwanath Das Shastri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27
|Akbarpur (SC)
|[[Ram Avadh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|28
|[[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|29
|[[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki]] (SC)
|[[Ram Sagar Rawat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|30
|[[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
|[[Laxminarain Mani Tripathi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31
|[[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
|[[Rudrasen Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|32
|[[Balrampur Lok Sabha constituency|Balrampur]]
|[[Satya Deo Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33
|[[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
|[[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34
|[[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Lal Kamal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35
|[[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]
|[[Rampal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|36
|[[Khalilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Khalilabad]]
|[[Ashthabhuja Prasad Shukla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|37
|[[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|[[Raj Narain Passi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|38
|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
|[[Mahant Avedyanath]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|39
|[[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
|[[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|40
|[[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency|Padrauna]]
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|41
|[[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
|[[Mohan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|42
|[[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
|[[Hari Kewal Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|43
|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|44
|[[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
|[[Kalpnath Rai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|45
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|[[Chandrajit Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|46
|[[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
|[[Ram Badan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|47
|[[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]]
|[[Sheo Sharan Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|48
|[[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
|[[Arjun Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|49
|[[Saidpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saidpur]] (SC)
|[[Rajnath Sonkar Shastri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|50
|[[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
|[[Vishwanath Shastri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|51
|[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
|[[Ananda Ratna Maurya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52
|[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
|[[Shrish Chandra Dikshit]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|53
|[[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj]] (SC)
|[[Ram Nihor Rai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|54
|[[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|55
|[[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
|[[Ram Pujan Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|56
|[[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
|[[Saroj Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|57
|[[Chail Lok Sabha constituency|Chail]] (SC)
|[[Shashi Prakash]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|58
|[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|59
|[[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
|[[Prakash Narain Tripathi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|60
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|[[Vishwanath Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61
|[[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
|[[Rajendra Agnihotri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|62
|[[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun]] (SC)
|[[Gaya Prasad Kori]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63
|[[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur]] (SC)
|[[Keshari Lal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|64
|[[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur]]
|[[Shyam Bihari Misra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65
|[[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
|[[Jagatvir Singh Drona]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|66
|[[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]]
|[[Kanshi Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
|67
|[[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
|Chhotey Singh Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|68
|[[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
|[[Salman Khurshid]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|69
|[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
|[[Uday Pratap Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|70
|[[Jalesar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalesar]]
|[[Swami Sureshanand]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|71
|[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
|[[Mahadeepak Singh Shakya|Mahadeepak Shakya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]] (SC)
|[[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|73
|[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
|[[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|74
|[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
|[[Sakshi Maharaj]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75
|[[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]] (SC)
|[[Lal Bahadur Rawal (Indian politician)|Lal Bahadur Rawal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|76
|[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
|[[Sheela Gautam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|77
|[[Khurja Lok Sabha constituency|Khurja]]
|Roshan Lal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|78
|[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
|[[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|79
|[[Hapur Lok Sabha constituency|Hapur]]
|[[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|80
|[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
|[[Amar Pal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|81
|[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
|[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|82
|[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Naresh Kumar Balyan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|83
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|[[Harpal Singh Panwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|84
|[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
|[[Rasheed Masood]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|85
|[[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]] (SC)
|Ram Singh Mandebas
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

== [[West Bengal]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Haradhan Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|Manoranjan Sur
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Nani Bhattacharya
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Pramothesh Mukherjee]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Dr. Sudhir Ray
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Dr. Debiprosad Pal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|[[Sudhir Kumar Giri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Inder Jit
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Amal Datta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Purna Chandra Malik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Susanta Chakraborty
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|Malini Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Jitendra Nath Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abedin Zainal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Rupchand Murmu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saifuddin Choudhury
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|[[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Radhika Ranjan Pramanik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Dr. Asim Bala
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Bir Sing Mahato
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Subrata Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Sudarsan Raychaudhuri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Satyagopal Misra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Sukhendu Khan
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha Membership}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by term|10]]

Prematho Mee Karthik

2026-03-03T21:49:59Z

Olphindro Malang: new the post basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prematho Mee Karthik
| image = Prematho Mee Karthik.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Rishi
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ravinder R Gummakonda
| starring = [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] [[Simrat Kaur]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Saiprakash Ummadisingu
| editing = Madhu
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Prematho Mee Karthik''''' ({{Translation|With love, your Karthik}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] film directed by Rishi and starring [[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] and [[Simrat Kaur]] with [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] and [[Murali Sharma]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/karthikeya-and-simrat-kaur-starrer-prematho-mee-karthik-theatrical-trailer/articleshow/61374591.cms|title='ప్రేమతో మీ కార్తీక్' ట్రైలర్: కాస్త డిఫరెంట్‌గా ఉన్నాడే!|date=31 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|language=te|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126031657/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/karthikeya-and-simrat-kaur-starrer-prematho-mee-karthik-theatrical-trailer/articleshow/61374591.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/songlaunch-premathomeekarthik.html|title=Prematho Mee Karthik Songs Launch by Vamsi Paidipally & Harish Shankar|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=16 November 2017|language=te|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107193555/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/songlaunch-premathomeekarthik.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/prematho-mee-karthik-459851|title=ప్రేమతో)...|date=19 March 2017|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220070532/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/prematho-mee-karthik-459851|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/gollapudi-maruti-rao-about-prematho-mee-karthik-952404|title=స్టార్ట్ కెమెరా అనలేకపోయా- గొల్లపూడి మారుతీరావు|date=14 November 2017|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220070535/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/gollapudi-maruti-rao-about-prematho-mee-karthik-952404|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] Karthik goes to India for thirty days as per his father's advice and Anjali. How this changes his life forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/prematho-mee-karthik/articleshow/61670515.cms?from=mdr|title=Prematho Mee Karthik|date=16 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126031659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/prematho-mee-karthik/articleshow/61670515.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kartikeya Gummakonda|Kartikeya]] as Karthik
*[[Simrat Kaur]] as Anjali
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Karthik's father
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]]
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Khaleel Pasha
*[[Prudhviraj]]
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Anjali's mother
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Anjali's grandmother
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
*[[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]]
*[[Madhunandan]] as Driver
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as police officer
*Kotesh Manava
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Vagamon]] and [[Idukki]] in Kerala, [[Coorg]], Goa and Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://andhrabhoomi.net/content/chitra-3389|title=ప్రేమతో మీ కార్తీక్|date=7 March 2017|work=[[Andhra Bhoomi]]|language=te|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220073032/http://andhrabhoomi.net/content/chitra-3389|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prematho Mee Karthik
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:23
| language = Telugu
| label =
| producer = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Goodalochana]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aana Alaralodalaral]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc =
}}
The music was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7umKsAMFX5nWjMzmiDV3qy|title=Prematho Mee Karthik (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2018|work=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Okka Chinukulo
| extra1 = [[Sachin Warrier]], [[Anne Amie]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Pacha Pacha Kalale
| extra2 = Pranavi Acharya
| length2 = 3:37
| title3 = Visirina Banthalle
| extra3 = Shaan Rahman
| length3 = 3:48
| title4 = Vanavaasam
| extra4 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], Malavika
| length4 = 4:46
| total_length = 16:23
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9890030}}

[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Taj Mahal (1995 film)

2026-03-03T18:29:01Z

Olphindro Malang: brief correct section as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1995 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taj Mahal
| image = Taj Mahal (1995 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name =
| director = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| screenplay = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
| story = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Jandhyala]]
}}
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Monica Bedi]] [[Sanghavi]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = K. Madhava [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1995|05|25}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Taj Mahal''''' is a 1995 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Muppalaneni Shiva]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]]. The film stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Monica Bedi]] and [[Sanghavi]]. The music was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. It is the first successful film for Srikanth as a [[Leading actor|lead actor]] and the debut film of noted lyricist [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Madhukar |date=5 August 2014 |title=Reading literature, friends encouragement my forte |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-08-05/Reading-literature-friends-encouragement-my-forte-104062 |publisher=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Srikanth: Six films of the actor you can't miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around the love story of Amar ([[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]), a wealthy young man, and Mumtaz ([[Monica Bedi]]), a girl who sells miniature Taj Mahal models in Agra. Amar, on a trip with his friends, falls head over heels for Mumtaz's charm and innocence. Their whirlwind romance blossoms amidst the backdrop of the majestic Taj Mahal.

However, their path to love is filled with obstacles. Amar's family disapproves of their relationship due to their different social backgrounds. Mumtaz's brother, fearing for her safety, also tries to keep them apart. To make matters worse, Mumtaz discovers a shocking truth about her past that throws her life into turmoil.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Amar
*[[Monica Bedi]] as Mumtaz
*[[Sanghavi]] as Rekha, Chakravarthy's Daughter
*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Emraan Bhai, Mumtaz's Brother
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Phaneendra, Amar's Father
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Chakravarthy
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as SI Prakash
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Amar's Grandfather
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Vasundhara, Amar's Mother
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Driver Veerababu
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Kurmam
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Devadas/Beggar
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Prabhu, Amar's Friend
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Ananth, Amar's Friend
*[[Achyuth]] as Raja
*[[D. Ramanaidu]] as himself
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Taj Mahal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cover =
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 27:12
| label = [[Suresh Productions]]
| producer = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| prev_title = Kondapalli Ratayya
| prev_year = 1995
| year = 1995
| next_title = Oho Naa Pellanta
| next_year = 1996
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]] . Lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]], [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]], [[Bhuvana Chandra]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:12
| title1 = Chik Lik Chik Lik
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:24

| title2 = O Kala Kannadi
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:12

| title3 = Jum Jum Antoo
| lyrics3 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:45

| title4 = Pelli Pellantu
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 4:34

| title5 = Saagipoye Neeli Megham
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 4:37

| title6 = Manchu kondallona
| lyrics6 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 4:40
}}

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain]] - [[Srihari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0306115}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1995 romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]

Unbreakable (2025 film)

2026-03-02T01:41:31Z

Olphindro Malang: started stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian documentary film}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unbreakable
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Vinay Shukla]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Arvind Kejriwal]] [[Bhagwant Mann]] [[Manish Sisodia]] [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] [[Sandeep Pathak]] [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]] [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 28 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{unbulleted list|Hindi|English}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

{{Arvind Kejriwal series}}
'''''Unbreakable''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Political sociology|socio-political]] [[documentary film|documentary]] about the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP). It covers the [[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal|arrest of party leader Arvind Kejriwal]] and other key members during the [[2024 Indian general election]]. The 30-minute film includes interviews with prominent AAP figures such as [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Atishi Marlena]], [[Bhagwant Mann]], [[Sandeep Pathak]], [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Raghav Chadha]], [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]], [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]] and Jasmine Shah.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/film-exposes-govt-actions-kejriwal-slams-bjp-after-cops-deny-permission-to-screen-documentary-unbreakable-2845509.html | title='Film Exposes Govt Actions': Kejriwal Slams BJP After Cops Deny Permission To Screen Documentary 'Unbreakable' | publisher=[[Zee News]] | author=Divyadeep Singh | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

The documentary was originally set to be screened for the media in [[Delhi]], but the event was stopped by the [[Delhi Police]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/delhi-police-banned-screening-of-arvind-kejriwal-documentary-unbreakable-enn25011802339 | title=AAP Documentary Screening Halted By Delhi Police, Party Says Move Politically Motivated | publisher=[[ETV Network]] | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> who cited a lack of required permissions. AAP leaders, including Kejriwal, accused the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) of obstructing the screening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/delhi-row-erupts-over-screening-of-documentary-on-aap-101737186919433.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com | title=Delhi: Row erupts over screening of documentary on AAP | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | author=Alok K N Mishra | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-police-halts-aap-documentary-screening-arvind-kejriwal-accuses-bjp-of-resorting-to-hooliganism-and-dictatorship/articleshow/117350817.cms | title=Delhi Police halts AAP documentary screening, Arvind Kejriwal accuses BJP of resorting to hooliganism and dictatorship | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

Later, on 19 January 2025, YouTuber [[Dhruv Rathee]] released the documentary on his [[YouTube]] channel, which gained considerable attention.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/unbreakable-documentary-on-aap-leaked-by-dhruv-rathee-watch-before-it-gets-banned-11737348667676.html | title='Unbreakable' documentary on AAP LEAKED by Dhruv Rathee, unseen video goes viral: 'Watch before it gets banned!' | newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=20 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/national/youtuber-dhruv-rathi-shared-aap-documentary-unbreakable-kejriwal-said-thank-you | title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Leaks AAP's Documentary 'Unbreakable', Kejriwal Expresses Gratitude | publisher=[[Prabhasakshi]] | author=Ankit Singh | date=20 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025 | language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/delhi/news/aap-documentary-unbreakable-leaked-online-dhruv-rathee-shares-film-on-youtube-arvind-kejriwal-thanked-67920 | title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Leaks 'Unbreakable' Documentary, Arvind Kejriwal Commends, Calls it 'A Fight Against the Entire System | work=[[Hari Bhoomi]] | author=Shivani Jha | date=20 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025 | language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Censorship in Delhi ==
The Delhi Police halted the screening of the documentary, stating that the necessary permissions were not obtained.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/no-permission-was-taken-delhi-police-on-screening-of-aap-s-documentary-125011800301_1.html | title=No permission was taken: Delhi Police on screening of AAP's documentary | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> The event, intended as a private screening for journalists, was clarified by AAP leader Arvind Kejriwal as not being part of an election campaign, as there were no election-related materials or propaganda.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1078110/delhi-police-stops-screening-of-documentary-on-aap-says-no-permission-obtained | title=Delhi Police stops screening of documentary on AAP, says no permission obtained | publisher=[[Scroll.in]] | date=19 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

The police argued that the screening violated election guidelines, explaining that political events require approval through a single-window system at the District Election Officer's (DEO) office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-police-halts-arvind-kejriwal-documentary-screening-claims-aap-assembly-elections-2025-model-code-of-conduct-latest-updates-2025-01-18-971869 | title=Delhi Police halts screening of documentary on Arvind Kejriwal, claims AAP; cops respond | publisher=[[India TV]] | author=Bhaskar Mishra | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> They also stated that they could neither grant nor reject permission, as this process must be followed during the election period.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/states-and-uts/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-slams-delhi-police-for-stopping-unbreakable-film-screening-calls-it-a-private-event | title=Arvind Kejriwal Slams Delhi Police for Stopping 'Unbreakable' Film Screening, Calls It a Private Event | newspaper=[[The Hawk (newspaper)|The Hawk]] | author=Rishabh | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-police-has-again-scuttled-our-attempt-to-screen-documentary-aap-101737278385744.html | title=Delhi Police has again scuttled our attempt to screen documentary: AAP | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=19 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

Kejriwal criticized the police action, alleging that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) influenced the authorities to block the screening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-documentary-screening-cancelled-kejriwal-slams-bjp-over-dictatorship-9786343/ | title=AAP documentary screening cancelled, Kejriwal slams BJP over 'dictatorship' | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=19 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> He claimed the BJP was concerned about the film's content, which covers the arrest of AAP leaders and points to alleged unlawful actions by the BJP government.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thedailyguardian.com/politics/aaps-documentary-unbreakable-halts-screening-by-delhi-police/ | title=AAP's Documentary 'Unbreakable' Halts Screening by Delhi Police | work=Daily Guardian | author=Sumit Kumar | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

According to AAP sources, theatre owners in Delhi were reportedly threatened with consequences if they screened the documentary. Despite the setback, Kejriwal expressed hope that permission would eventually be granted for the screening.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/delhi-elections-2025-aap-documentary-screening-on-kejriwal-banned-by-police-party-alleges-bjp-hand-article-117349401 | title=Delhi Elections: AAP Documentary Screening On Kejriwal Halted, Party Alleges BJP Hand | publisher=[[Times Now]] | author=Tejshree Purandare | date=18 January 2025 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unbreakable}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]
[[Category:Documentary films about ideologies]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Arvind Kejriwal]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party]]

Tasnim Mir

2026-02-25T11:16:57Z

Olphindro Malang: started new post

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Tasnim Mir
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2005|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Mehsana]], Gujarat, India
| height = 1.67 m
| years_active = 2021–present
| handedness = Right
| event = Women's singles
| career_record = 102 wins, 52 losses
| highest_ranking = 49
| date_of_highest_ranking = 13 June 2023
| current_ranking = 50
| date_of_current_ranking = 13 January 2026
| bwfbadminton_id = 86604
| bwf_id = FAC2C822-E1D1-4FED-8F6C-A64F5DABD146
|medals={{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Games|World University Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Summer World University Games|2025 Rhine-Ruhr]]|[[Badminton at the 2025 Summer World University Games#Medal events|Mixed team]]}}}}

'''Tasnim Mir''' (born 13 May 2005) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players:Tasnim Mir |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/86604/tasnim-mir |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref> She is a former [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]] World Junior Number 1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/tasnim-mir-first-indian-girl-to-become-junior-world-no-1/articleshow/88859912.cms?from=mdr|title=Tasnim Mir, first Indian girl to become Junior World No.1|work=Times Of India|date=12 January 2022|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BWF Junior Rankings (9/27/2022) |url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/category.aspx?id=31725&category=818}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mir was born in Mehsana, where her father Irfan Ali Mir worked in the police department. He was also a badminton coach, and introduced Mir to the sport when she was seven or eight years old.<ref name="HTyouth">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/tasnim-mir-becomes-first-indian-to-claim-world-no-1-status-in-u-19-girls-singles-101642307515949.html|title=Tasnim Mir becomes first Indian to claim world no. 1 status in U-19 girls singles|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 January 2022|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> When twelve, she stopped attending daily classes in school to focus on badminton training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetribalbox.com/meet-the-worlds-number-1-ranked-u-19-badminton-player-indias-tasnim-mir|title=Meet the world's number 1 ranked U-19 Badminton Player - India's Tasnim Mir|work=The Tribal Box|date=9 February 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826043344/https://www.thetribalbox.com/meet-the-worlds-number-1-ranked-u-19-badminton-player-indias-tasnim-mir|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==

===2018===
Mir won the U-15 singles and doubles titles at national sub-junior tournaments in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Nagpur]] in January and July 2018 respectively. In October of that year, she again won an U15 title and then the U17 title as well.<ref name="BridgeStory">{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/top-young-talent-indian-badminton-tasnim-mir-takes-giant-strides-mark-arrival/|title=Tasnim Mir takes giant strides to mark her arrival |work=The Bridge |date=10 May 2020|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> The following year, she broke through the domestic junior ranks by winning the national U-19 girls' title while still 14 years of age.<ref name="HTyouth" /> In 2018, Mir also played her first international event, the [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Badminton Asia Junior U17 and U15 Championships]], in [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]]. While she lost in the quarter-finals in the U15 singles event, she partnered Meghana Reddy to win the gold in the U15 doubles.

===2019===
In 2019, she excelled at the [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Badminton Asia Junior U17 and U15 Championships]] held in [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesia]], winning the U15 singles crown. Besides, she won the singles and mixed doubles titles in the Dubai Junior International Series, and got to the quarter-final stage of the Korea Junior Open International Challenge.<ref name="BadmintonAsia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.badmintonasia.org/updates/news/best-of-asia-s-juniors-tasnim-mir-india|title=Best of Asia's Juniors: Tasnim Mir |work=[[Badminton Asia]] |date=11 February 2021|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

===2020===
In 2020, she earned a bronze at the Dutch Junior International.<ref name="BridgeStory" />

===2021===
Mir represented India at the [[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup]] held in October 2021 in [[Aarhus]], Denmark. She won one and lost one of her two singles matches in the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bwfthomasubercups.bwfbadminton.com/results/4230/totalenergies-bwf-thomas-uber-cup-finals-2020-new-dates/podium|title=Thomas & Uber Cup Finals 2020 |work=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=17 October 2021|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

===2022===
Mir claimed the women's title at the India International Challenge badminton tournament in [[Raipur, Chhattisgarh]] in September 2022, upsetting several seeded players on her path to the win.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/tasnim-mir-priyanshu-rajawat-chhattisgarh-international-challenge-badminton-sportstar-conclave-india-sports-news/article65937646.ece|title=Tasnim, Rajawat claim singles crowns in Chhattisgarh International Challenge |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=26 September 2022|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

Mir trained briefly at the [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]] in 2018, before making the move to [[Guwahati]] where she is coached by Edwin Iriawan at the Assam Badminton Academy.<ref name="BridgeStory" /><ref name="IEChennai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/dec/21/ex-india-coachs-bid-to-propel-new-stars-2397994.html|title=Ex-India coach's bid to propel new badminton stars |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2021|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== BWF World Tour (1 runner-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |website=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Al Ain Masters#Finals 2|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Al Ain Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 20–22, 7–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 4 runners-up) ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Yulia Yosephine Susanto]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 11–21, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (II)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 21–17, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Iran Fajr International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanya Hemanth]]
| align="left" | 7–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 17–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Iran Fajr International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Réunion Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Sree Santhosh Ramraj]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (6 titles, 1 runner-up) ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Dubai Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2020
| align="left" | Nepal Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Letshanaa Karupathevan]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Bulgarian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mariia Golubeva]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Alpes Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Emilie Drouin]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Belgian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Antonia Schaller]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Dubai Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayan Rashid]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Galuh Dwi Putra]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Zainaba Reem Siraj]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 22–24, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2020
| align="left" | Nepal Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayan Rashid]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Murugappa KS]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Sikkandar]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

==Performance timeline==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}

===Tournaments===
''Senior level''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Team events !! 2020
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Uber Cup]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup|QF]]
|}

===World Tour===
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! rowspan="2" | Tournament !! colspan="5" | [[BWF World Tour]] !! rowspan="2" | Best !! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! [[2022 BWF World Tour|2022]] !! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| colspan="4" | A
| 2026; bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2'''
| bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Masters (badminton)|Thailand Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="3" | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 German Open (badminton)|1R]]
| A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 German Open (badminton)|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 German Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Orléans Masters|1R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Macau Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Macau Open (badminton)|1R]]
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Vietnam Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Vietnam Open|1R]]'''
| A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23, '24)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]
| rowspan="2" | A
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|QF]]'''
|
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25 I)
|
|-
| colspan="2" | A
|
|
|-
| align=left | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Korea Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Al Ain Masters]]
| 2022; style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| 2024; style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''[[Al Ain Masters|F]]'''
|
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''F''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Australian Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Syed Modi International|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Syed Modi International|2R]]
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International 2024 badminton: PV Sindhu to play Unnati Hooda in semi-finals, Lakshya Sen also advances |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/syed-modi-india-international-2024-badminton-day-4-report |publisher=Olympics |date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| 2022; style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Guwahati Masters|1R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Guwahati Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Guwahati Masters|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Odisha Open|2R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Odisha Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Odisha Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2025 Odisha Masters|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
! Year-end ranking
! 2022; | 54
! 2023; | 73
! 2024; | 58
! 2025; | 52
! 2026; |
! Best; colspan="2" | '''49'''
|-
! Tournament !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! Best
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
=== Others ===
* [[Sportstar]] Emerging Hero Award 2022<ref>{{cite news|title=Tasnim Mir wins Emerging Hero award at Sportstar West Sports Conclave 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/sportstar-conclave/ahmedabad-2022/tasnim-mir-emerging-hero-award-badminton-sportstar-west-sports-conclave-2022/article65929945.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Tasnim}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2025 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Amrit Kaur

2026-02-24T03:08:12Z

Olphindro Malang: adjust page to improve readability to improve readability

{{short description|Indian politician (1889–1964)}}
{{About|Amrit Kaur, the Indian activist and politician|the Indian princess|Amrit Kaur of Mandi|the Canadian actress|Amrit Kaur (actress)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Amrit Kaur
| image = RajkumariAmritKaur1936.png
| alt = A South Asian woman of middle age, her head covered with a shawl
| caption = Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, from a 1936 issue of ''The Indian Listener''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|2|2|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|2|6|1887|2|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater =
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| organization = [[St John Ambulance]], [[Tuberculosis in India#Tuberculosis Association of India|Tuberculosis Association]], [[Indian Red Cross]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| term_start = 16 August 1947
| term_end = 16 April 1957
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = ''Post established''
| successor = D. P. Karmakar ''(as MoS)''
| parents = [[Harnam Singh]] Priscilla Golaknath
}}
}}

[[Raja (title)|Rajkumari]] Bibiji '''Amrit Kaur''' [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|DStJ]] (''[[née]]'' '''Ahluwalia'''; 2 February 1887 – 6 February 1964) was an Indian activist and politician. Following her long-lasting association with the [[Indian independence movement]], she was appointed the first and the longest serving [[Ministry of Health (India)|Health Minister of India]] in 1947 and remained in office until 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-02-07 |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies; India's First Minister of Health; Gandhi's Secretary 17 Years, a Princess, Led Campaign to Eradicate Malaria |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies-indias-first-minister-of-health.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She also held the charge of Sports Minister and Urban Development Minister and was instrumental in setting up the [[National Institute of Sports|National Institute of Sports, Patiala.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-06 |title=Who was Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, named in TIME's magazine list of 100 influential women? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amrit-kaur-time-magazine-power-women-100-list-6302654/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Alexander |title=INDIA'S GIRLS: FROM PURDAH TO THE PLAYING FIELDS |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1955/11/14/indias-girls-from-purdah-to-the-playing-fields |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Sports Illustrated Vault {{!}} SI.com |language=en-us}}</ref> During her tenure, Kaur ushered in several [[Healthcare in India|healthcare reforms in India]] and is widely remembered for her contributions to the sector and her advocacy of [[women's rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sahima |date=2018-02-06 |title=Meet Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/02/07/amrit-kaur-indias-first-health-minister/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaur was also a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], the body that framed the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/rajkumari-amrit-kaur/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the first Indian woman as a minister in central ministry.

==Life==

Amrit Kaur was born on 2 February 1887 in [[Lucknow|Badshah Bagh, Lucknow University Campus, Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (then North-Western Provinces), India. Kaur was born to [[Harnam Singh|Raja Sir Harnam Singh Ahluwalia]] the younger son of the Raja [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala]]. Harnam Singh left [[Kapurthala]] following a conflict over succession to the throne, becoming the manager of estates in the former princely state of [[Oudh State|Oudh]], Singh later married Chatterjee's daughter, Priscilla Golaknath (later Rani Priscilla Kaur Sahiba), and they had ten children, of which Amrit Kaur was the youngest, and their only daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=HP General |date=2020-05-03 |title=Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur |url=https://hpgeneralstudies.com/raj-kumari-amrit-kaur-%E0%A5%A5-first-health-minister-of-independent-india-%E0%A5%A5-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Himachal Pradesh General Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kaur was raised as a Christian, and had her early education in [[Sherborne School for Girls]] in Dorset, England, and had her college education at [[Oxford University]]. After completing her education in England, she returned to India in 1918.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1964-02-07|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies; India's First Minister of Health; Gandhi's Secretary 17 Years, a Princess, Led Campaign to Eradicate Malaria|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies-indias-first-minister-of-health.html|access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Kaur died in New Delhi on 6 February 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verinder Grover|title=Great Women of Modern India|publisher=Deep & Deep|year=1993|isbn=9788171004591|volume=5: Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur}}</ref> Although she was, at the time of her death, a practicing Christian, she was cremated according to family customs and her funeral was presided over by the SGPC.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 1964|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies.html}}</ref> Kaur had never married, and had no children.<ref name=":3" />

Today, her private papers are part of the Archives at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], at [[Teen Murti House]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archives|url=http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203613/http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php|archive-date=3 May 2011|publisher=[[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Career==

===Participation in India's independence movement===
[[File:Amrit_kaur_sahiba.jpg|thumb|c. 1933]]
After her return to India from England, Kaur became interested in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Her father had shared close association with [[Indian National Congress]] leaders including [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], who often visited them. Kaur was drawn to the thoughts and vision of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom she met in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) in 1919. Kaur worked as Gandhi's secretary for 16 years, and their correspondence was subsequently published as a volume of letters titled ''Letters to Rajkumari Amrit Kaur''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Roychowdhury|first=Adrija|date=2020-08-27|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: The princess who built AIIMS|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-the-princess-who-built-aiims-6570937/|access-date=2020-08-30|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Following the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] later that year, when the British forces shot and killed over 400 peaceful protestors in Amritsar, Punjab, Kaur became a strong critic of the British rule in India. She formally joined the Congress and began active participation in India's independence movement while also focusing on bringing about [[social reform]].<ref name="bhardwaj">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-the-princess-who-was-gandhis-secretary-indias-first-health-minister/186245/|website=[[ThePrint]]|last=Bhardwaj|first=Deeksha|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the princess who was Gandhi's secretary & India's first health minister|access-date= 18 October 2019|date=2 February 2019}}</ref> She was strongly opposed to the practice of [[purdah]] and to [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], and campaigned to abolish the [[devadasi]] system in India.<ref name=":3" />

Kaur co-founded the [[All India Women's Conference]] in 1927.<ref name="bhardwaj" /> She was later appointed its secretary in 1930, and president in 1933. She was imprisoned by the British authorities for her participation in the [[Dandi March]], led by Mahatama Gandhi in 1930. Kaur went to live at Gandhi's [[ashram]] in 1934 and adopted an austere lifestyle despite her aristocratic background.<ref name="bhardwaj" /><ref name=":3" />

As a representative of the Indian National Congress, in 1937 she went on a mission of goodwill to [[Bannu]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], colonial India (in the present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan). The British authorities charged her with sedition and imprisoned her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, an epitome of patriotism and sacrifice |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2017/08/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-epitome-of.html |access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi with Rajkumari Amrit Kaur at Simla in 1945.jpg|thumb|Rajkumari with Mahatma Gandhi, Shimla 1945]]

The British authorities appointed her as a member of the Advisory Board of Education, but she resigned from the position following her involvement with the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. She was imprisoned by the authorities for her actions during the time.<ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=151084|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Affairs|last=Srinivas|first=V|title=RajKumari Amrit Kaur|access-date= 18 October 2019|date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

She championed the cause of universal suffrage,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-24 |title=Amrit Kaur: The princess turned Gandhian who fought Nehru on women's political participation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/amrit-kaur-the-princess-turned-gandhian-who-fought-nehru-on-womens-political-participation-5037044/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and testified before the Lothian Committee on Indian franchise and constitutional reforms, and before the Joint Select Committee of British Parliament on Indian constitutional reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMINENT PARLIAMENTARIANS MONOGRAPH SERIES |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761593/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur_English.pdf}}</ref>

Kaur served as the Chairperson of the All India Women's Education Fund Association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-07 |title=Meet Princess Amrit Kaur, India's First Health Minister Who Built AIIMS |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-princess-amrit-kaur-india-s-first-health-minister-who-built-aiims-341005.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was a member of the Executive Committee of [[Lady Irwin College]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister And Her Efforts For Reforming The Nation |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/app-lite/history/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-32123 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=thelogicalindian.com}}</ref> She was sent as a member of the Indian delegation to [[UNESCO]] conferences in London and Paris in 1945 and 1946, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Place of women in UNESCO: an Indian view |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000073882 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> She also served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the All India Spinners' Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Navratri with 9 Women Heros!! Lets Salute Amrit Kaur |url=https://www.bankersadda.com/celebrating-navratri-with-9-women-heros-lets-salute-amrit-kaur/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.bankersadda.com|date=31 March 2020 }}</ref>

Kaur worked to reduce illiteracy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sriprakash |first1=Arathi |last2=Sutoris |first2=Peter |last3=Myers |first3=Kevin |date=2019 |title=The science of childhood and the pedagogy of the state: Postcolonial development in India, 1950s |journal=Journal of Historical Sociology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=345–359 |doi=10.1111/johs.12246 |issn=0952-1909 |pmc=7198113 |pmid=32412520}}</ref> and eradicate the custom of [[child marriage]]s and the [[purdah]] system for women, which were then prevalent among some Indian communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Ratika |date=2021-11-24 |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister And Her Efforts For Reforming The Nation |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/history/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-32123 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Logical Indian |language=en}}</ref>

===Representative of the Christian Indian community ===
Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur was a [[Punjabi Christian]] and was linked with several [[Christian mission]]ary organizations around the world.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> From 1947 to 1957, she served as the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health]] in India and as a result, she had close contact with the Prime Minister.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]] thus made issues relevant to their community known to Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur, who delivered their concerns to him.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] thus saw Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur as "a kind of representative of Christians in India".<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> For example, in 1955, Kaur informed Nehru about the intimidation of Christians in the United Provinces' city of [[Meerut]].<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> Nehru then proceeded to forward two letters written by Kaur to the district magistrate there.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009">{{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |last2=Young |first2=Richard Fox |title=India and the Indianness of Christianity |date=2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6392-8 |page=225 |language=en}}</ref>

===AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences ) ===
On February 18, 1956, the then Minister of Health, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, introduced a new bill in the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People). In her speech, Kaur said:
{{blockquote|It has been one of my cherished dreams that for post graduate study and for the maintenance of high standards of medical education in our country, we should have an institute of this nature which would enable our young men and women to have their post graduate education in their own country.}}

The creation of a major central institute for post-graduate medical education and research had been earlier recommended by the Health survey of the government of India. By 1956, the AIIMS ([[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]) was formed as an autonomous institution through an Act of Parliament.<ref name="Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith">{{cite book | title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112116676187 and Others: (1956:Feb.-Mar.) | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk1PAQAAMAAJ| page=259}}</ref>

===Member of the Constituent Assembly ===

[[File:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur receiving penicillin cases.jpg|thumb|Ninety-three cases of penicillin, a gift from the Canadian Red Cross to India arrived at New Delhi in a special plane from Canada on 17 October 1947. Presenting the gift to Amrit Kaur, the then Health Minister in the Government of India at the Palam aerodrome. [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], Director General of Health Services appears on the left and standing on the right is Sardar Balwant Singh Puri of the Indian Red Cross.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=2021-02-17 |title=India's Journey From Requesting Penicillin in 1947 to Making Vaccines for the World |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/249438/india-covid-19-vaccine-hub-covishield-serum-institute-narendra-modi-justin-trudeau-canada-partition-penicillin-malaria-history-div200/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>]]

Following India's independence from the colonial rule in August 1947, Kaur was elected from the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], the government body that was assigned to design the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/ CADIndia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161051/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/ |date=29 March 2019 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> She was also a member of Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights and Sub-Committee on Minorities.<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/rajkumari_amrit_kaur Rajkumari Amrit Kaur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323063912/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/rajkumari_amrit_kaur |date=23 March 2019 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in (6 February 1964). Retrieved on 2018-12-07.</ref> As a member of the Constituent Assembly, she supported a proposal for a [[Uniform Civil Code]] in India.<ref name=":0" /> She also advocated for universal franchise, opposed affirmative action for women, and debated the language concerning the protection of religious rights.

=== Health Minister ===
After India's independence, Amrit Kaur became part of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s first [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet]]; she was the first woman to hold Cabinet rank, serving for ten years. In January 1949, she was appointed a [[Dame]] of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of Saint John]] (DStJ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Page 81 {{!}} Issue 38503, 4 January 1949 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38503/page/81 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> She was assigned the [[Ministry of Health (India)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name="bhardwaj" /> In 1950, she was elected the president of [[World Health Assembly]].<ref name=":0" /> As Health Minister, Kaur led a major campaign to fight the spread of [[malaria]] in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> She also led the campaign to eradicate tuberculosis and was the driving force behind the largest B.C.G vaccination programme in the world.<ref name=":3">Sambuy, L. M., & Portnowitz, T. (2023). ''[[In Search of Amrit Kaur]]: A lost princess and her vanished world''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref> In 1956, Kaur was awarded with an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the [[Princeton University]].<ref name="P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press 1956 p. ">{{cite book | title=Civic Affairs | publisher=P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press | issue=v. 3 | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfsmAQAAIAAJ| page=65}}</ref>

Kaur believed that the only proper method of birth control was continence, and promoted the [[Calendar-based contraceptive methods|rhythm method]] of birth control in India.<ref name="time1955">{{cite magazine |title=INDIA: Baby Days Are Black |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,891127,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=17 January 1955}}</ref> Government money was not spent on [[Birth control|contraceptives]], and instead women were given beads to keep track of "safe" days (green) and "baby" days (black).<ref name="time1955"/> Some women refused to use the beads, believing that only cows should wear that kind of bead, while others were embarrassed or believed that the beads would guarantee against conception.<ref name="time1955"/>

Kaur was also instrumental in founding the Indian Council of Child Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aboutus|url=http://www.iccw.co.in/dared_dream.html|access-date=2020-08-30|website=www.iccw.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kaur served as the Chairperson of the [[Indian Red Cross]] society for fourteen years. During her leadership, the Indian Red Cross did a number of pioneering works in the hinterlands of India. She served on the boards of governmental bodies aimed at fighting tuberculosis and leprosy.<ref name=":0" /> She started the Amrit Kaur College of Nursing and the [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur played a key role in the development of College of Nursing, New Delhi (established in 1946), Government of India renamed the college as [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing]] in her honor.<ref name=":3" />

From 1957 until her death in 1964, she remained a member of [[Rajya Sabha]]. Between 1958 and 1963 Kaur was the president of the All-India Motor Transport Congress in Delhi. Until her death, she continued to hold the presidencies of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Tuberculosis Association of India, and the St. John's Ambulance Corps. She also was awarded the Rene Sand Memorial Award,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |title=Genealogy |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was named TIME Magazine's Woman of the Year in 1947.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Posthumous tribute ===
In 2019, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Kaur for 1947.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/ |title=100 Women of the Year |magazine=Time |date=March 5, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223082517/https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==

*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C0gaAAAACAAJ India's 50 Most Illustrious Women]'' ({{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}}) by Indra Gupta
*{{Cite book |last=Sambuy |first=Livia Manera |title=In Search of Amrit Kaur: A Lost Princess and Her Vanished World |date=Mar 14, 2023 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9780374715724 |translator-last=Portnowitz |translator-first=Todd}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000318/windows/fact.htm "Rajkumari Amrit Kaur"] by Illa Vij, and short extract from Kaur's ''Gandhij and Women'', ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Chandigarh

{{First Nehru ministry}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Rajkumari Amrit}}
[[Category:First Nehru ministry]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian Protestants]]
[[Category:Kapurthala State]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne Girls]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Women in war 1900–1945]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Dames of the Order of St John]]

Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I

2026-02-02T13:52:01Z

Olphindro Malang: basic cleanup intro for accuracy additionally and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Nizam of Hyderabad from 1724 to 1748}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox noble
| honorific_prefix = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]
| name = Asaf Jah I
| title = Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah
| image = Asaf Jah I.jpg
| caption = Nizam-ul-Mulk {{circa|1745}}
| succession = 1st [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| CoA =
| reign = 31 July 1724 – 1 June 1748
| tenure = {{Circa}} 1677–1748
| predecessor = ''Position Established''
| successor = [[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Umda Begum
*Said-un-Nisa Begum}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Firuz Jung]]
*[[Nasir Jung]]
*[[Salabat Jung]]
*[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]]
*Basalat Jung
*Humayun Jah
*Khair-un-Nisa Begum
*Mukarrama Banu Begum
*Khan Bahadur Begum}}
| noble family = [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty]]
| father = Nawab [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]]
| mother = Safiya Khanum
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1671|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1748|06|1|1671|08|11}}
| death_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Hyderabad Deccan]]
| place of burial = [[Khuldabad]] (near [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]), [[Hyderabad State]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch =[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| rank = [[Nizam]] [[Grand Vizier]] (formerly) [[Subahdar]] (formerly) [[Faujdar]] (formerly) [[Sowar]] (formerly)
| battles ={{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* Against [[Sayyid Brothers]] 
**Battle of Ratanpur (Jun,1720)
**[[Battle of Balapur]] (Jul,1720)
* Against [[Marathas]] 
**[[Deccan Wars]](1680-1707)
**[[Siege of Wagingera]](1704)
**[[Battle of Palkhed]] (1728)
**[[Battle of Bhopal]](1737)
* Against [[Mughals]] 
**[[Battle of Shakar Kheda]] (1724)
* [[Mughal-Persian Wars]] 
**[[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire| Nader's invasion]](1738-39)
***[[Battle of Karnal]](1739)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
| full name = Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Chin Qilich Siddiqi Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I
| years_active = {{Circa}} 1677–1748
}}

'''Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi ''' (11 August 1671{{Spaced ndash}}1 June 1748) also known as '''Chin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan''', '''Nizam-ul-Mulk''', '''Asaf Jah''' and '''Nizam I''', was the first [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta · 2005, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813, p;142</ref><ref>Military History of India, Jadunath Sarkar · 2022 p;132</ref>

He began his career during the reign of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who made him a general. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Asaf Jah preferred to remain neutral, refusing to favour any one of Aurangzeb's warring sons. When Aurangzeb's third son [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] ultimately emerged victorious, Asaf Jah was rotated as governor of multiple Mughal provinces until 1714, when he was appointed as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] with authority over six Mughal provinces in southern India from 1714 to 1719. From 1719 onwards, he was involved in combating the intrigues of the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyid brothers]]. From 1720 to 1722, he helped the new Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in eliminating the Sayyid brothers and was elevated, as a reward, to the [[Grand Vizier|grand viziership]] from 1722 to 1724.

Political intrigues compelled Asaf Jah to rebel against the emperor and in 1724 Muhammad Shah was forced to recognize Asaf Jah as the permanent Viceroy of the Deccan. Later that year Asaf Jah proclaimed himself Nizam and began the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]], with himself as its first ruler.<ref name="WilliamIrvine_1922">{{cite book | title = Later Mughals. Vol. 2, 1719–1739 | year = 1922 | author = William Irvine | author-link = William Irvine (historian) | oclc = 452940071 | page = 271 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=143}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Rai| first = Raghunath| title = History| publisher = FK Publications| isbn = 9788187139690 }}</ref><ref name="Faruqui">{{cite journal|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=43|number=1|date=2009|pages=5–6|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003290|jstor=20488070|s2cid=146592706}}</ref> The Nizam essentially became a [[Tributary state|tributary]] of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] following his defeat at the hands of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] in 1728.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Anglo_Maratha_Relations_1785_96/Y-kanqrtVhYC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |pages=198 |language=en |quote=It was Bajirao I who had imposed chauth on the Nizam's dominions and, over a long period, it had accumulated to quite a large amount. To all intents and purposes the Nizam was a tributary of the Marathas;}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location= |pages=122 |quote=Palkhed resulted in the following concessions by the Nizam: (1) recognition of Shahu as the sole Maratha monarch; (2) recognition of his right to chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan; (3) reinstating the Maratha collectors who had been driven out; (4) agreement to pay the outstanding arrears of chauth and sardeshmukhi. The implications, however, were much more important. First, in the military sphere, Bajirao had defeated the best-equipped Mughal army of the day under its best general.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |date=2009 |title=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/at-empires-end-the-nizam-hyderabad-and-eighteenthcentury-india/A19C9D4C7DD0313FCDAA25F27E745585 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=21-22 |doi= |issn= |quote=The struggle between Shahu and the Nizam (who was supported by Sambhaji) lasted three years. By 1728, however, Shahu was victorious. Seeing the writing on the wall, the Nizam agreed to recognize Shahu as Shivaji’s sole successor; support for Sambhaji was dropped. The Nizam also agreed to all of Shahu’s taxation demands except one: the creation of a Maratha-operated bureaucracy to collect the tributary taxes.}}</ref>

==Background==
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan was the son of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi ud-Din Khan]] and Safiya Khanum, the daughter of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'adullah Khan]]. Sa'adullah Khan was a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] noble who was the [[Grand Vizier]] (1645–1656) of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]; during his tenure construction of [[Taj Mahal]] was completed.<ref name="x594">{{cite book | last=Nayeem | first=M.A. | author2=Indian Council of Historical Research | title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D. | publisher=Jaico Publishing House | series=A Jaico book | year=1985 | isbn=978-81-7224-325-8 | page=2}}</ref><ref name="y066">{{cite book | last1=Kulakarṇī | first1=A.R. | last2=Nayeem | first2=M.A. | title=History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects | publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute | year=2000 | page=23}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Gauri |title=Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707 |date=2006 |publisher=Kanishka, New Delhi |isbn=8173918236|page=50}}</ref> His paternal grandfather [[Kilich Khan]] hailed from [[Samarkand]] in present-day Uzbekistan.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=1}} In 1654, Kilich Khan came to India for the first time while on his way to the ''[[Hajj]]'' (Islamic pilgrimage) during the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. After completing the pilgrimage, he migrated to India and joined erstwhile Mughal prince Aurangzeb's army in the [[Deccan]] in 1657.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=2}} Khan fought in the [[Battle of Samugarh]] which ended with the defeat of Aurangzeb's brother [[Dara Shikoh]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=4}} Besides being a commander in Aurangzeb's army, he also served as governor of Zafarabad (present-day [[Bidar]]).{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=8}} Khan's eldest son and Nizam-ul-Mulk's father Ghazi ud-Din Khan migrated to India in 1669, and got employed in Aurangzeb's army, raised a General and later as governor of [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=11-12}}{{sfn|Faruqui|2013|p=3-4}}<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8ixuAAAAMAAJ&q=syed+nobleman |title= Hyderabad, 400 Glorious Years |author= K. Chandraiah |date= 1998 |publisher= K. Chandraiah Memorial Trust |page= 71 }}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on 11 August 1671 as Mir Qamaruddin Khan to Ghazi ud-Din Khan and his first wife Safia Khanum (Wazir-un-Nisa Begum) at [[Agra]], the name was given to him by the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb.<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Mughal|author=William Irvine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA270|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|year=1971|page=270}}</ref>{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=41}}{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}}

Mir Qamaruddin was educated privately. Due to his long residence in the Deccan, he adopted the flowing robes of the Marathas, tight in the waist, and made obeisance in the Deccan fashion.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3gtAAAAMAAJ&q=mahratta |title= Punjab |page= 107 |author= Zulfiqar Ahmad |date= 1982 |publisher= Sang-E-Meel Publications }}</ref> He wrote poetry in Urdu in the typical Deccani style of the age.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3ysfAQAAMAAJ&q=nizam+ul+mulk+poetry+urdu+deccan |title= Islamic Culture: Volume 12 |author=Marmaduke William Pickthall, Muhammad Asad |date= 1967 |publisher= Islamic Culture Board, Academic and Cultural Publications Charitable Trust (Hyderabad, India) }}</ref> In 1677 aged six, Mir Qamaruddin accompanied his father to the Mughal court. Aurangzeb awarded him a [[Mansabdar|Mansab]]. Mir Qamaruddin displayed considerable skill as a warrior and in his teens he began accompanying his father into battles, for which Mir Qamaruddin Khan received a rank of 400 [[Sepoy|''zaat'']] and 100 [[Sowar|''sowar'']] in 1684.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}} In 1688 aged 17 he joined his father in the successful assault on the [[Adoni|fort of Adoni]] and was promoted to the rank of 2000 ''zaat'' and 500 ''sowar'' and presented with the finest [[Arabian horse|Arab steed]] with gold [[Saddle seat|trappings]] and a [[Incense|pastille]] perfumed with [[ambergris]] from the Mughal court. In 1690 aged 19 he was bestowed with the title ''Chin Qilich Khan'' (boy swordsman) and was gifted with a female elephant by Aurangazeb. In 1693, the Marathas besieged the [[Panhala Fort]]. In response, Mir Qamaruddin fought and defeated the Marathas at [[Karad]]. 30 Marathas were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}} In 1698, Aurangzeb sent Mir Qamaruddin to put down a revolt at [[Bagalkot|Nagori]], near [[Bijapur]]. The emperor was satisfied with his expedition and subsequently sent him to [[Kotha, Punjab|Kotha]] to restore order. Following his success, he was raised to a rank of 3,000 zaat and 500 Sowar. In 1699 Aurangzeb promoted him to 3,500 ''zaat'' and 3,000 Sowar. Mir Qamaruddin successfully sieged the Panhala Fort which was occupied by the Marathas. He closed all the roads as a result of which no supply could reach the inhabitants.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}} The fort fell to his forces on 9 June 1700. Satisfied with his services, Aurangzeb made him the ''[[faujdar]]'' (garrison commander) of [[Bijapur]] and increased his rank by 400 "Sowar".{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}}

==Career==

===Life After Aurangzeb===
The disintegration of the Mughal empire which Aurangzeb had well established, began upon Aurangzeb's death in 1707. The [[Sayyid brothers]] (Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha) became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death and became king makers during the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref> They created conflict in the Mughal court by eliminating and appointing new emperor one after other. When [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1707-1712) died, his successor [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712-1713) was assassinated and his nephew [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–1719) became the emperor with the support of the Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar was later blinded, deposed and murdered and his first cousin [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] (February–June 1719) became Emperor and died of lung disease, when his elder brother [[Rafi ud-Daulah]] (June–September 1719) became Emperor who also died of lung disease, thus [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748) the grandson of Bahadur Shah I from his fourth son [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] ascended the throne at the age of 17 years with the Sayyid brothers as his [[regent]]s.<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000">{{cite book|title=The Begums of Bhopal|author=Shaharyar M. Khan|edition=illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86064-528-0|page=18}}</ref>

===Later Mughals and Asaf Jah===
After [[Aurangzeb]] died in 1707, Asaf Jah was appointed [[Governor]] of [[Oudh]]. After [[Bahadur Shah I]]'s death in 1712 Asaf Jah opted for a private life in [[Delhi]]. His sabbatical was cut short when in 1714 [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Asaf Jah I as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm) and ''Fateh Jung''.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1|volume=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|pages=279–281|last=Richards|first=John.F.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=9780521566032|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> In 1719, Asaf Jah was then called upon by Farrukhsiyar to help fight off the Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar lost his strife against the Sayyid brothers and was killed in 1719. In due course from 1719 to 1722, Asaf Jah I was on a mission to eradicate the Sayyid brothers from the Mughal court and to make this happen he organized and promoted Central Asian nobles in the Mughal court against the Sayyid brothers, in 1720 he captured the forts of Asirgarh and Burhanpur in Deccan and killed Mir Alam Ali Khan, the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan, who was the Deputy Subahdar of the Deccan. Muhammad Shah with the help of Asaf Jah, got Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan murdered in 1720 and Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned in 1722, Muhammad Shah assumed an independent Mughal Emperor and as a reward in 1722, Asaf Jah was appointed as [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vazir]] (Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire. As a Grand Vazir Asaf Jah's attempts to reform the court corruption created for him many enemies. In 1723, Asaf Jah's differences with the court noble increased and alarmed by his growing power, Muhammad Shah transferred him from the court of Delhi to [[Awadh]]. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Grand vizier left all imperial responsibilities and marched towards the Deccan by the end of the year 1723.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nizam-Ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, Delhi's Sayyid Brothers and Rise of the British East India Company|url=https://www.therahnuma.com/nizam-ul-mulk-asaf-jah-i-delhis-sayyid-brothers-and-rise-of-the-british-east-india-company/|publisher=Rahnuma e Deccan|date=6 March 2019|access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Richards"/>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=93–143}}<ref name="Roy">{{cite book|title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=95|isbn=978-0-231-80042-6|last=Roy|first=Olivier|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Śekhara">{{cite book|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC|pages=16–18|last=Bandyopadhyaya|first=Sekhara|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2004|isbn=9788125025962|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah's opponents, [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]]-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Asaf Jah which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref name="Roy"/> In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated [[Mubariz Khan]] and in response the Mughal emperor recognized him as the viceroy of the Deccan.<ref name="PVK_1987">{{cite book |first=P. V. |last=Kate |title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PA11 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |pages=11–13}}</ref>

===Governor of Bijapur===

Mir Qamar-ud-din became the ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Bijapur]] in 1702 and was awarded a [[Working animal|steed]] by Emperor Aurangzeb. In the same year, he was also given the ''faujdari'' of Azamnagar and [[Belgaum]]. In 1704, he became the ''faujdar'' of [[Bidar|Nusratabad]] and [[Mudgal]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}} In 1705 Mir Qamar-ud-din survived the attacks during the [[Siege of Wagingera|Siege of Wagingera Fort]], and led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=46}} He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants at [[Vardhangad Fort]]. The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Mir Qamar-ud-din was raised to a rank of 5,000 zaat and 5,000 "Sowar" for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with a [[sabre|jewelled sabre]] and an elephant.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=47}}

===Viceroy of the Deccan===

On 10 January 1713, Mughal prince [[Farrukhsiyar]] defeated Mughal Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]] in the Battle of Agra and later killed him, One of Mughal general [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] aided and intrigues Jahandar Shah after the death of his father [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1712 to overcame all his brothers-(including the battle in which [[Azim-ush-Shan]] the father of Farrukhsiyar was drowned in the [[Ravi River]]) and ascended the throne of Mughal Emperor, in return, Zulfiqar Khan was made [[Grand vizier]], "Amir-ul-Umara" and [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] all at once. Zulfiqar Khan was captured and strangled to death in 1713 AD with the orders of Farrukhsiyar.<ref>[[John F. Richards]], ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: The Mughal Empire'' (New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), p. 262</ref><ref name="Reeti&Lasya">{{cite web|title=A brief history of the Nizams of Hyderabad|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/|last1=Pandharipande|first1=Reeti|last2=Nadimpally|first2=Lasya|work=outlookindia.com/|date=5 August 2017|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

In 1713 [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Mir Qamaruddin as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) and [[Faujdar]] of [[Carnatic region]] with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm) and ''Fateh Jung'' (Conqueror of battles).<ref name="Richards1">{{cite book|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1|volume=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|pages=273–281|last=Richards|first=John.F.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=9780521566032|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He was a competent diplomatic person and accomplished his responsibilities very well, he eventually organized the administration, augmented finances and obtained full control over the Deccan including Carnatic region, the Nizam abrogated Maratha's from collecting Chauth in the region under his control which was granted by his predecessors. Nizam had been with Aurangzeb throughout his Deccan campaign. He was aware of the territory as well as the native communities for which he avoided confrontation with the Marathas and locals, rather he reduced the growing influence of Marathas in Deccan by bringing [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]] to his side and appointing the rival Maratha generals (Maratha generals, Candrasen Jadhav, Sultanji Nimbalkar and [[Raja Ramabha Rao Bahadur]]) under his services.<ref name="Sinha">{{cite journal|title=The new foundations of Maratha power|last=Sinha|first=H.N|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44304068|page=232|volume=23|year=1960|jstor=44304068|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Paul">{{cite book|title=Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa|last=Paul|first=Jaiwant.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KohEAAAQBAJ|pages=24–25|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351941200|year=2017|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=24–25}}<ref name="Reeti&Lasya"/><ref name="Maha_Gaz1">{{cite web|title=The Marathas and the Nizam|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/History%20Part/History_III/chapter_8.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maha_Gaz2">{{cite web|title=District Gazetteers list|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/list.php|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|year=2006|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>{{note|21}} In 1715 AD, Farrukhsiyar under the influence of Sayyed brothers, call back Nizam to Delhi, and replaced Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan (one among the Sayyed brothers) as the viceroy of Deccan.<ref name="Maha_Gaz1"/><ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/>{{note|21}}

===Governor of Malwa-challenges-restoring Emperor===
{{Main|Battle of Balapur}}
The Sayyid brothers, known as the ''badshahgar''(king-makers),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KMEAQAAIAAJ&q=barah+sayyid |title=Sikhism, an Oecumenical Religion |page=87 |author= Kapur Singh |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies }}</ref> became the sole authority of Mughal court reducing the status of the Turkic and the Irani noblemen. As a result, they formed a force of counter-revolution against the Sayyid brothers. The head of the Counter-Revolution was Nizam. To subdue the counter-revolution, the Sayyid brothers shifted Nizam-ul-mulk from Delhi. In 1715 AD, the Nizam was appointed as the Governor of [[Malwa]]-(central India), a lesser position than the previous post. in 1716 AD Nizam unwillingly accepted the new post so that he could reinforce his forces against the Sayyid brothers and check and halt the increasing influence of Marathas in the central India region.<ref name="Akhtar">{{cite thesis|title=Composition and role of the nobility (1739-1761)|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144523653.pdf|last=akhtar|first=MD Shakil|page=39-59|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|year=2008|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

In 1719, Nizam became suspicious of the machination of the Sayyed brothers and understood their intentions to take over the Mughal Empire. When two of the Mughal Emperors died simultaneously within a year due to the same ailment and [[Muhammad Shah]] the 18-year-old Mughal prince was appointed Mughal Emperor and [[Sayyid Brothers]] as [[regent]] to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam commence full-fledged preparation to launch an armed action against them. When the Sayyid Brothers learned about the Nizam's situation, they got furious and issued an imperial order asking the Nizam to report to Delhi. Alternately they planned an attack on Nizam in case he did not report. Meanwhile, Nizam received a secret communication from the Mughal empress's mother "Resist the Sayyids, and you will find yourself a place of Honor in the history of Mughals, May Allah help you in a war of righteousness against suppression", and later a secret communication was sent by Emperor Muhammad Shah to get him relief from the atrocities of Sayyid Brothers. Nizam was convinced of the Sayyid Brothers' planning and refused to report to Delhi and decided to eliminate the Sayyid brothers.<ref name="Paul"/>

In Delhi, the Sayyid brothers released an imperial order to attack Nizam's forces from two fronts, thus dispatched a 20,000 imperial army of Delhi led by Dilawar Khan to attack from the North and the Army of Governor of Aurangabad led by Alim Ali (the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan) to attack from South. Nizam being a military strategist rather than marching towards Delhi decided to move southwards to the Deccan where he had many sympathizers to support. The Nizam utilizing his diplomatic manipulation occupied [[Asirgarh Fort]] from Mughals and left [[Ujjain]] towards [[Burhanpur]]. His army clashed with Dilawar Khan aided by Maratha reinforcement near Burhanpur ([[Khandwa]]) in June 1720, Dilawar Khan and Marathas were defeated and Nizam took over Burhanpur. Sayyed brothers hopeless with the battle result issued an imperial order appointing Nizam as Viceroy of Deccan.<ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="Paul"/>

Mughal empress's mother alarmed Nizam that "Plans are already being made to mount a strong invasion of the south, be on your guard" Meanwhile Sayyed brothers ordered Alim Ali-(Uninformed by Sayyed brothers about Nizam's appointment as Viceroy of Deccan) to march towards Nizam and stop him from reaching Aurangabad. Nizam wanted to avoid any war against a 20-year-old Alim Ali and sent his envoy, but all his efforts to avoid war went in vain when in July 1720 AD Alim Ali approached with his army, though Alim Ali fought with bravery he lost against Nizam well-equipped army. Frustrated with the defeat of Alim Ali, the Sayyed brothers now decided to attack with a much larger imperial army of 50,000 led by Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], they decided to move towards the south by collecting reinforcement from [[Rajputana]]. While the Mughal army was encamped in the outskirts of Delhi, a plot was devised against the Sayyid brothers and a section of Nizam's sympathizers a Turcic soldier assassinated the commander and chief of the [[Mughal Army]] [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Sayyid Hussain]] (one of Sayyed Brothers) on 9 October 1720. When [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Abdullah Khan]] was informed about the death of his brother, he became furious and marched towards Delhi from [[Agra]] to avenge his brother's murder, he led an army against the Emperor Muhammad Shah with his own puppet Emperor, [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Ibrahim]]. Muhammad Shah assigned Nizam's uncle and sympathizer [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]] to march towards Agara to deal with Abdullah Khan, the battle was fought near [[Hasanpur]], and most of Abdullah Khan army deserted him, Abdullah Khan personally fought on foot following the Barha tradition and was captured in November 1720, and eventually being poisoned while in captivity. [[Muhammad Shah]] was crowned Emperor without any regent and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani was appointed as first [[Grand vizier]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ervine |first1=William |title=The later Mughals |year=2006 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=8175364068}}</ref><ref name="Malik">{{cite journal|title=Farmans of Muhammad Shah to Nizam ul Mulk|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140616|year=1965|volume=27|pages=183–192|publisher=Indian History Congress|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|jstor=44140616|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="Paul"/> Nizam choose to continued his stay in Deccan and when Muhammad Amin Khan Turani died in 1721, he was offered to be [[Grand vizier]] of Mughal Empire.

===Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire===

In 1721 AD, Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for eliminating the [[Sayyid Brothers]] with the post of ''Wakil E Mutlaq'' [[Grand vizier]] in the court of [[Muhammad Shah]], the 18-year-old successor. From Muhammad Shah's point of view, he expected Asaf Jah I to act as an elderly statesman and faithful servant of the emperor, but the cunning Asaf Jah proved to be more self-willed and attempted to use his influence with the emperor to increase his territorial ambitions in the Deccan. With the pretext of restoring law and order in Gujarat, he sent there an expedition and appointed his maternal uncle, the relative of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] (سعد الله خان) named Hamid Khan, to administer Gujarat. Hamid Khan engaged Shujaat Khan Gujarati in battle and shot him with an arrow in the chest while on top of his elephant, and finally entered Ahmedabad as a conqueror.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrzuyqW1aRwC&dq=hamid+khan+shujaat+khan&pg=PA507 |title= Hyderabad Affairs:Volume 4 |date=1883 |author= Moulvi Syed Mahdi Ali }}</ref> Shujaat Khan Gujarati's brother, Rustam Ali Khan, who had advanced towards Ahmedabad was also defeated with the aid of two Maratha commanders.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&dq=hamid+khan+marathas&pg=PT89 |title= Ahmedabad:From Royal City to Megacity |date= 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |author= Achyut Yagnik |isbn= 9788184754735 }}</ref> Muhammad Shah sent Sarbuland Khan to punish Hamid Khan. As Sarbuland Khan opposed this mission, with his request Muhammad Shah released Sayyid Najmuddin Ali Khan Barha from prison to join his imperial army, with the reward of the governorship of Ajmer. Although a large number of Sarbuland Khan's men fell, in the heat of battle Shaikh Allahyar Khan delivered the victory to the imperialists. Both Hamid Khan and the Marathas suffered heavy losses. As a result, Hamid Khan departed to Aurangabad in the Deccan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrzuyqW1aRwC&dq=hamid+khan+sarbuland+khan&pg=PA508 |title= Hyderabad Affairs:Volume 4 |page=508 |date=1883 |author=Moulvi Syed Mahdi Ali|publisher=Harvard University }}</ref> Thus the Nizam failed to win the confidence of the Emperor and lost in the estimation of the nobles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |author= Jaswant Lal Mehta |date=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |page=145 |isbn=9781932705546 }}</ref> For the Nizam, his desire to restore the decorum of Mughals lapsed when some courtiers, cliques of corrupt concubines and eunuchs along with harlots and jesters who were the Emperor's constant companions became Nizam's enemy and coercively built distrust in the mind of Emperor about Nizam's growing power, thou Muhammad Shah had been dependent entirely upon the policies and courage of the Nizam, he transferred him from the court of Delhi to [[Awadh]] in 1723 AD. Muhammad Shah was young and foolish and allowed his confidants to make remarks about him when he had made his obeisance in the Deccan fashion, which created a grudge between them.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SHgtAAAAMAAJ&q=mahratta |title= Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society |publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications |page= 381 |date= 1988 }}</ref> His efforts were misrepresented and thwarted by the nobles close to the Emperor.<ref>{{cite book |title= A New History of India |author= Ishwari Prasad |date= 1940 |publisher= Indian Press, Limited |page= 334}}</ref> Nizam rebelled against the imperial order, abdicated as the Grand Vizier and marched towards the Deccan against the will of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Under the influence of Nizam's opponents, Muhammad Shah issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]]-the Governor of Hyderabad, and a former ally of the Barha Sayyids,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bkRxDwAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+shah+appointed+mubariz+khan&pg=PA6 |title= A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e |page= 6 |publisher= S Chand Limited |date= 2018 |isbn= 9789352534340 }}</ref> to stop and kill the Nizam which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=143}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref name="Roy"/> In 1724, with the help of the Marathas,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5lGEAAAQBAJ&dq=asaf+jah+deccan+1739&pg=PA60 |title= War in the Eighteenth-Century World |page=60 |author= Jeremy Black |date= 2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 9780230370005 }}</ref> Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan and in response, the Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of the Deccan with the title of ''Asaf Jah''.<ref name="PVK_1987" /><ref name="Mahajan">{{cite book|title=History of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnscEAAAQBAJ|pages=175–178|last=Mahajan|first=VD|publisher=S Chand Publication|year=2007|isbn=9788121903646|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

===Nizam of Hyderabad===
{{See also|Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725-27)}}
On 11 October 1724, the Nizam established autonomous rule over the Deccan region and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|year=1964|publisher=Columbia University|isbn=978-0-231025-80-5|access-date=12 August 2020}}
*{{cite news|title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|last=Rao|first=Sushil|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2009|access-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=93–94}} He acquired ''de facto'' control over Deccan and thus all six Mughal viceregal governorates of Deccan became his feudatory.<ref name="taylor">{{cite book|title=Ancient and Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm_71j9KYPcC|last1=Mackenna|first1=P. J.|last2=Taylor|first2=William Cooke|year=2008|page=98|publisher=Wertheimer and Company|isbn=978-1-247867-35-9|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref "name=corner">{{cite book|title=The History of China and India: Pictorial and Descriptive|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinain00corn|last=Corner(Julia)|first=Miss|year=1847|pages=298–310|publisher=H.Washbourne|isbn=978-1-011544-27-1|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

In 1725 AD, as a sovereign ruler, the Nizam wanted to strengthening the Deccan by controlling the growing influence of the Marathas, he confronted and defeated Maratha forces and prevented them from collecting levies in [[Carnatic region]]—(it was granted to Marathas by his predecessor [[Syed Brothers|Mughal Viceroy of Deccan]] in 1719 AD).<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web|title=BA Semester VI- Maratha History 1707-1818 AD (HISKB 602)|url=http://uafulucknow.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BA-Semester-VI-HISKB-602.pdf|last=Kumar|first=Mukesh|work=Department of History, KMC Language University, Luckhnow|year=2020|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bosu&Basu">{{cite journal|title=Trading world of the Southern coromandel and the crisis of the 1730's|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141147|year=1981|pages=333–339|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=42|last1=Bosu|first1=Bhaskarjyoti|last2=Basu|first2=Bhaskrjyoti|jstor = 44141147|format=PDF|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> In 1726 AD [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]] sought the Nizam's arbitration to settle issues with [[Shahu I]] of [[Satara (city)|Satara]] which Shahu declined, thus in 1727 AD the Nizam armies captured [[Pune]] and appointed Sambhaji II as [[Chhatrapati]].<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="Sardesai">{{cite book|title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772|volume=2|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/new-history-marathasthe-expansion-maratha-power-1707-1772|pages=96–101|last1=Sardesai|first1=Govind Sakharam|year=1948|publisher=Phoenix Publications|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> These valorous acts of the Nizam started an extended series of conflicts with Shahu who used a [[Guerrilla warfare]] technique led by his [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Baji Rao I]], which resulted in the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 AD, Sambhaji II repudiate at the last moment and the Shahu forces surrounded the Nizam, he sign the treaty with Shahu which restored him as a Chhatrapati of Marathas and the right to collect levies in the Carnatic region.<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="Sardesai"/>

1733 AD the Nizam and Baji Rao had made a compact to support each other in times of external attacks, in 1734 The Marathas attacked and captured [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Malwa]] from the Mughal control, and in exchange for these territories the Mughal emperor gave them the right to collect levies from Deccan, to which the nizam refused and the secret compact among both was broken.<ref name="Sewell">{{cite book|title=The Analytical History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Abolition of the Honourable East India Company in 1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7LnhfByCQAC&pg=PA69|pages=68–71|last=Sewell|first=Robert|publisher=W.H. Allen and Company|year=2008|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> in 1737 AD when Maratha forces gathered in Delhi, Nizam marched against Maraths from Deccan to stop the invasion thus Marathas withdraw from Delhi and with the help of Nawab of Bhopal, they make a counterattack on Nizam's armies which resulted in the [[Battle of Bhopal]], later in January 1738, a peace treaty was signed between both the parties and withdraw to their regions.<ref name="Sewell"/><ref name="maratha">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&dq=maratha+delhi+1737&pg=PR23 An Advanced History of Modern India]</ref><ref name="MP">{{cite book | title = Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages | author = S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan | publisher = Sarup & Sons | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-7625-806-7 | page = 384 }}</ref><ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/>{{note|1}}

The Nizam divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One-third became his private estate known as the [[Sarf-i-Khas]], one-third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as Diwan's territory, and the remainder was distributed to nobles ([[Jagirdar]], [[Zamindars]], [[Deshmukh]]), who in return paid Mazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] estates. The [[House of Paigah]] doubled up as generals, [[Nawab Abu'l Fateh Khan]] who served as general of the nizams, the paigah's making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to the [[Barmakids]] for the [[Abbasid]] [[Caliphate]]. Only second to the Nizam's family.

====War against the Marathas====

The Nizam wrote some advice for his successors in the Ma'asir-i Nizami:<ref>{{cite book |title= Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author= Richard M. Eaton |date= 2013 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 20 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
"It is necessary for the ruler of the Deccan who desires his safety, peace from war, and the prosperity of his country to have peace with the [[Marathas]] who are the landholders[zamindaran] of this region."</blockquote>

{{quote box|width=25%|quote="The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But Marathas never fight directly on the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."|source='''Warid''', ''written proverb describing [[Asaf Jah I]] and Samsam-ud-Daula's campaign against the [[Maratha]]s in 1734''<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/latermughals02irviuoft/latermughals02irviuoft_djvu.txt Full text of "Later Mughals;"]</ref>
}}

{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

In 1725, the Marathas clashed with the Nizam, who refused to pay [[Chauth]] and [[Sardeshmukhi]] to the [[Maratha]]s. The war began in August 1727 and ended in March 1728. Nizam signed a treaty named Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon at [[Shevgaon]] near [[Nashik]] by [[Bajirao I]], the son of Peshwa [[Balaji Vishwanath]] Bhatt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yosuf Hussain Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281 |title=Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahi Founder Of The Hyderabad State |date=1936}}</ref>

====Maratha Treaty====

Anxious to divert Marathas away from his Deccan strongholds, and to save himself from the Mughal emperor of North India's hostile attempts to suppress his independence,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VYH7FhoTsC&q=It+is+necessary+to+take+our+hands+off+Malwa.+God+willing,+I+will+enter+into+an+understanding+with+them |title= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona: Volumes 51-53 |page= 94 |publisher= Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date= 1970 |quote= The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated by Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own}}</ref> The Nizam encouraged the Marathas to invade [[Malwa]] and the northern Indian territories of the Mughal empire.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Finally+,+in+the+following+year+,+the+nizam+entered+into+a+secret+agreement+with+the+peshwa+by+which+he+offered+to&pg=PA549 |title= The New Cambridge Modern History |page= 549 |date= 1957 |publisher= University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h6Y9AAAAMAAJ&q=connived |title= Mughal Empire in India, 1526-1761: Volume 3 |author= Shripid Rama Sharma |date= 1934 |publisher= Karnatak Printing Press }}</ref> The Nizam says that he could use the Marathas to his advantage in the Maasir-i Nizami:<ref>{{cite book |title= Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author= Richard M. Eaton |date= 2013 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 21 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
"I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them."
</blockquote>

==Nader Shah==

In 1739, from beyond the [[Hindu Kush]], [[Nader Shah]] started advancing towards [[Delhi]] through [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="William&Anita">{{cite news|title=One diamond to rule the world|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/one-diamond-to-rule-the-world/|newspaper=The Indian Express|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|last2=Anand|first2=Anita|date=11 December 2016|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops to [[Karnal]], where [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Muhammed Shah]]'s forces had gathered to turn back the Persian army. Influenced by suspicions of the Hindustani party, Muhammad Shah refused to give command of the army to the Nizam,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKw5AQAAIAAJ&q=muhammad+shah+hindustani+party |title=India and the Passing of Empire
|author=Sir George Dunbar |date=1951 |page=50 }}</ref> which was given instead to the commander-in-chief, Khan-i Dauran.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9w9uAAAAMAAJ&q=khan+dauran+head+army |title= Role of Jats and Rajputs in the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date= 1993 |author= Sunanda Bhattacharya |page= 37 }}</ref> The combined forces of Muhammad Shah and the Nizam were cannon fodder for the Persian cavalry and was defeated by Nader Shah's superior [[weapon]]ry and tactics. The Nizam remained inert with a third of the army during the battle, likely hoping to take the places of his rivals at court.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=saadat+khan+baggage&pg=PA148 |title= Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |author= Jaswant Lal Mehta |date= 2005 |page= 148 |publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn= 9781932705546 }}</ref> He watched the battle passively without participation, as he believed it was futile to wage war against such a formidable foe rather than save himself and his men. He told the messenger sent by Muhammad Shah:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117946/page/n101/mode/2up |author=Zahiruddin Malik |page=98 |title=A Mughal Statesman Of The Eighteenth Century |date=1973 }}</ref>
<blockquote>"Whatever the king likes, he is free to speak and make orders, but he does not understand the art of warfare. The stupid fellows went to launch a campaign without order and discipline, and by their folly destroyed a force of 40,000...The king is angry with me for not carrying out his commands. The reality is they did not listen to my advice."
</blockquote>

Nader Shah entered [[Delhi]] and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi quarrelled and attacked his soldiers. After nine hundred of his soldiers were killed in a bazaar brawl, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered a massacre. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed. When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers dared to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate a truce. Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city.<ref name="William&Anita"/> Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah <blockquote> "You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed." </blockquote> These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he ended the massacre on condition and returned to Persia.<ref name="William&Anita"/>

==Later life==

The Nizam was well suited to rule his territory. The administration was under control. In March 1742, the British who were based in Fort St George in [[Madras]] sent a modest [[hamper]] to Nizam ul-mulk in recognition of his leadership of the most important of the Mughal successor states. Its contents included a gold throne, gold and silver threaded silk from [[Europe]], two pairs of large painted-looking glasses, equipage for coffee cups, 163.75 yards of green and 73.5 yards of crimson velvet, brocades, Persian carpets, a gold ceremonial cloth, two Arab horses, half a dozen ornate rose-water bottles and 39.75 chests of rose water – enough to keep the Nizam and his entire Darbar fragrant for the rest of his reign. In return, the Nizam sent one horse, a piece of jewellery and a note warning the British that they had no right to mint their currency, to which they complied.

It was after Nizam ul-mulk's death that his son and grandson sought help from the British and French to win the throne. Just days before he died in 1748, [[Asaf Jah]] dictated his last will.
The 17-clause document was a blueprint for governance and personal conduct that ranged from advice on how to keep the troops happy and well-fed to an apology for neglecting his wife.
He then reminded his successors to remain subservient to the Mughal Emperor who had granted them their office and rank. He warned against declaring war unnecessarily, but if forced to do so to seek the help of elders and saints and follow the sayings and practices of the Prophet. Finally, he insisted to his sons that "you must not lend your ears to tittle-tattle of the backbiters and slanderers, nor suffer the riffraff to approach your presence."<ref name="Faruqui"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Hyderabad state 1909.jpg|right|240px|thumb|By the Reign of the seventh Nizam, his dominion was similar in size to Belgium, but it was a far cry from when the first Nizam had ruled over a territory the size of France.]]
Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most important [[Muslim]] states outside the [[Middle East]] by the first half of the twentieth century. [[Hyderabad State]] survived right through the period of [[British Raj|British rule]] up to the time of [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, and was indeed the largest – the state covered an extensive 95,337 sq. miles, an area larger than [[Mysore state|Mysore]] or [[Gwalior]] and the size of Nepal and Kashmir put together<ref name="hyd_online_nizams">{{cite web
|title = Hyderabad Online : The Nizam Dynasty
|url = http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070416073722/http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm
|archive-date = 16 April 2007}}</ref> (although it was the size of France when the first Nizam held reign) – and one of the most prosperous, among the [[princely states]] of the [[British Raj]]. The titles of "Nizam Ul Mulk" and "Asaf Jah" that were bestowed on him by the Mughal Emperors, carried his legacy as his descendants ruled under the title of " Nizam of Hyderabad" and the dynasty itself came to be known as the Asaf Jahi Dynasty.

In early 1710, while being as Subedar of [[Awadh]], he was very much disturbed by the Mughal Emperor court politics and crafty cliques present inside the court, that he resigned from Subedar of Awadh and left to live a life of [[Fakir]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=51}}

==Personal life==
Asaf Jah was married to Said-un-Nisa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from [[Gulbargah]]. From this marriage he had four children, two daughters; one of them being Khair-un-Nisa Begum, who was later married to [[Mutawassil Khan]]<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|18}} and two sons; [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Feroz Jung]] and [[Nasir Jung]] (later nizam). From other wives he had four more sons; [[Salabat Jung]] (later Nizam), [[Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]] (later Nizam), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.<ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/> He had two more daughters, Mukarrama Banu Begum also known as Kali Begum, who was married to Qiyam-ul-Mulk, the Qiladar of Bidar and Kalyani, and with whom she had a daughter, who married the son of Najm-ud-Daulah in 1766;<ref name="g784">{{cite book | first = Ekbote Gopal | last = Rao | title=The Chronology of Modern Hyderabad, 1720-1890 | publisher=Central Records Office Hyderabad Government | year=1954 | pages=35, 17, 80}}</ref> and Khan Bahadur Begum, who died on 20 November 1788, and was buried in [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad]].<ref name="g784"/>

As per the 1749 British records of [[Fort St. George]], Nizam-ul-Mulk even thought about installing his favourite daughter Khair-un-Nisa Begum's son [[Muzaffar Jung]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjJuAAAAMAAJ|title= History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects|author=M. A. Nayeem|publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute|year=2000|page=38|quote=Muzaffar Jung (Hidayat Muhiuddin Khan) was a grandson of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I's favourite daughter Khair-un-Nissa Begum.}}</ref> when he was dissatisfied with the conduct of Nasir Jung. He gave up that idea due to possible serious repercussions and reconciled with Nasir Jung.<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|19}} He recommended bestowing the [[Circars]] of [[Adoni]] and [[Raichur]] to Muzaffar Jung with acceptance of the [[Mughal emperor|Padishah]].<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|19}}

Nasir Jung being Nizam-ul-Mulk's son (i.e. have some claim to the ''Deccan Subah'') and Muzaffar Jung being his favourite grandson<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|title=Brief History of Andhra Pradesh|author=Abdul Waheed Khan|publisher=State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=1972|isbn=9788170221951 }}</ref>{{rp|50}} lead the succession of one of the most important Subahs of Mughal empire into a severe crisis with was well exploited first by the French and then by British. After defeating Nasir Jung with the help of the French, Muzaffar Jung indeed became Nizam later, but for a very short period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXwBAAAAMAAJ|title= History of the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, 1707-1806, Volume 1|author=Abdur Rashid|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan|year=1978|page=256}}</ref> Interestingly, Muzaffar Jung being favourite grandson of Asaf Jah I, was the only thing that hesitated Nasir Jung about executing him, when he was imprisoned during the [[Carnatic Wars|Second Carnatic War]].<ref name="SarojiniRegani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|title= Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857|author=Sarojini Regani|isbn=9788170221951|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1988}}</ref>{{rp|31}} Unexpected sudden death of Muzaffar Jung lead his uncle Salabat Jung (i.e. younger brother of Nazir Jung) to be installed as the new Nizam who was deposed by his younger brother [[Nizam Ali Khan]] with the help of British and Marathas.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC|title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, Volume 7|author=George Michell, Mark Zebrowski|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|page=20|isbn=9780521563215 }}</ref>

The succession feud between Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung was one of the most pivotal events in Indian history that led to the interference of European powers.<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|48}} This led to the emergence of [[Robert Clive]] and the ultimate domination of the British in the Indian peninsula in the later years.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=150–159}}</ref> Irony was that Both Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung died due to the betrayal of Pathan Nawabs (i.e. Faujdars) of the circars of [[Kurnool]], [[Kadapa]] and [[Savanur]].<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|43;51}}

==Death==

Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolving [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|increasing threats of neighbouring Marathas]], he was engaged in an extensive tour of his domain. During this tour, in May 1748, he arrived in [[Burhanpur]], he caught a cold and flu that deteriorated his health. Realizing death upon him, the Nizam dictated his last testament (wasiyyatnama), spanning 17 clauses in the presence of his available family members and close confidants. He died on 1 June 1748 aged 77 at [[Burhanpur]] and was buried at [[Mausoleum|''mazaar'']] of [[Sayyid Burhan-ud-din|Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti]], [[Khuldabad]], near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the place where Nizam's mentor [[Aurangazeb]] is also buried.<ref name="Faruqui"/>

The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750–1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]], surrendering the coastal region to the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing|pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}
* {{cite book|title=A comprehensive history of medieval India|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|page=346|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|last=Farooqui|first=Salma Ahmed|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government|publisher=Asian Education Services|pages=280–292|isbn=978-81-206-1971-5|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14| publisher=BiblioBazaar|page=467|isbn=978-1-145-42314-5|last=Townsend|first=Meredith|year=2010}}</ref>

==Titles==
* 1685 : Khan
* 1691 : Khan Bahadur
* 1697 : Chin Qilich Khan (by Emperor Aurangazeb<ref name="hyd_on_the_net_nizams">{{cite web | title = Hyderabad on the Net : The Nizams | url = http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/nizam.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204205748/http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/nizam.htm | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>)
* 9 December 1707 : Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur
* 1712 : Ghazi ud-din Khan Bahadur and Firuz Jang
* 12 January 1713 : Khan-i-Khanan, Nizam ul-Mulk and Fateh Jang (by Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]<ref name="hyd_on_the_net_nizams" />)
* 12 July 1737 : Asaf Jah (by Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]<ref name="hyd_on_the_net_nizams" />)
* 26 February 1739 : Amir ul-Umara and Bakshi ul-Mamalik (Paymaster-General)
* Final : Chin Fateh Khan, Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur, Khan-i-Khana, Fateh Jung, Firuz Jang, Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur, Amir-ul-Umara, Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

== In popular culture ==
*In the [[Hindi]]-language TV series [[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|''Peshwa Bajirao'']], [[Yuri Suri]] portrays Qamr-ud-din Khan.
*In the 2015 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', [[Raza Murad]] appears in a cameo as Asaf Jah I.

==Positions==
* 1701–1705: [[Faujdar]] of [[the Carnatic]] and [[Talikota]]
* 1705–1706: Faujdar of the [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]]{{Clarify|date=September 2012|The Adil Shahi dynasty only lasted until 1686.}}, [[Azam Nagar]] and [[Belgaum]]
* 1706–1707: Faujdar of [[Raichur]], Talikota, Sakhar and Badkal
* 1707: Faujdar of [[Firozabad]] and [[Balakot]]
* 9 December 1707 – 6 February 1711: [[Subedar]] of [[Oudh]] and Faujdar of [[Gorakhpur]]
* 12 January 1713 – April 1715: Subedar of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and Faujdar of [[the Carnatic]]
* April 1717-7 January 1719: Faujdar of [[Moradabad]]
* 7 February – 15 March 1719: Subedar of [[Patna]]
* 15 March 1719 – 1724: Subedar of [[Malwa]]
* 1722–1724: Subedar of [[Gujarat]]

==Military promotions==
* Commander of 400-foot and 100 horse, 1684 (roughly equivalent to a modern [[battalion]] commander or [[lieutenant-colonel]])
* 400-foot and 500-horse, 1691
* 400-foot and 900-horse, 1698
* 3,000-foot and 500 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern regimental commander or [[colonel]])
* 3,500-foot and 3,000 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern brigade commander or [[brigadier]])
* 4,000-foot and 3,000 horse, 1699,
* 4,000-foot and 3,600-horse, 1700
* 4,000-foot and 4,000 horse, 1702 (roughly equivalent to a modern division commander or [[major-general]])
* 5,000-foot and 5,000 horse, 1705
* 6,000-foot and 6,000 horse, 9 December 1707
* 7,000-foot and 7,000 horse, 27 January 1708
* 8,000-foot and 8,000 horse, 12 January 1713
* 9,000-foot and 9,000 horse, 8 February 1722
{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]|1671||1748|}}
{{succession box | before= None | title=[[Nizam of Hyderabad]] | after=[[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad]] | years=1720 – 1 June 1748}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| title = Nizamu'l-Mulk Asaf Jah I | last = Khan | first = Yousuf Hussain | author-link = Yousuf Hussain Khan | publisher = Basel Mission Press | date = 1936 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281/page/n3}}
* {{cite book| last = Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal | title = Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC| year = 2005| publisher = Sterling| isbn = 9781932705546|access-date=29 September 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}

==Further reading==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281273/mode/2up?q= Nizam ul Mulk early career, life in Delhi, Formation of Empire]

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iwPKCRkJmk The Nizam's Golden Era]

{{Hyderabad state}}
{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asaf Jah, Khan Qamar Ud Din Siddiqi}}
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1671 births]]
[[Category:1748 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:People from Burhanpur]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Malwa]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]

Deori Kalan

2026-01-30T20:49:37Z

Olphindro Malang: Creating New Pg Added Tags...

{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deori Kalan
| other_name = Devpuri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = A temple in deori.png
| caption1 = Shiv Temple in Deori
|image3 = Indian natioanal high ways NH 7.JPG
|caption3 = NH 44
|image2 = Spotted Deer (Axis axis).jpg
|caption2 = Nauradehi}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.40|N|79.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 360
| population_total = 30000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470226
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Deori Kalan
}}

'''Deori Kalan''' is a historic city located on the banks of the Sukhchain River, along the [[Narsinghpur]]–[[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] [[road]]. It is a 150-year-old [[municipality]] situated in the [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Deori is located at {{Coord|21.40|N|79.02|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Deori.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Deori]</ref> It has an average elevation of 360 metres (1,181 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Deori had a population of 25,632.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deori Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802163-deori-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Males constituted 52% of the population, while females made up 48%. The town recorded an average literacy rate of 70%, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy stood at 77%, and female literacy at 63%. Approximately 15% of the population was below 6 years of age.

==History==

Deori is a historic city in the Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It holds the status of a [[tehsil]]. The population of Deori is approximately 50,000.

In the 17th century, King Gond founded the city, which was originally known as Ramgarh or Ujargarh. Subsequently, a temple was constructed at the site, and the city was renamed "Deori", meaning "Abode of God".

The city is historically known as "Panch Mahlon Ki Rajdhani". An ancient fort is located at the centre of the city. Additionally, the city is home to its oldest temple, which is surrounded by several historical structures.

Deori city played a significant role during the [[Indian independence movement]] and was once visited by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

==Places of interest==
*'''Nauradehi:''' The Nauradehi Sanctuary, located near Deori, spans an area of approximately 103.62 square kilometres. The sanctuary is home to various wildlife species, including sambar, chital, blackbuck, and nilgai. Nearby is the Gopalpura forest, renowned for its teak (''sagon'') and tendu trees, and commonly referred to as the 'Sagon' ([[Teak]]) and 'Tendu' Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=MPFOREST - Recruitment, Education, Schemes |url=https://mpforest.org/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=MPFOREST.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''Deori Fort:''' The Deori Fort is believed to have been originally built by a Chandela Raja and later rebuilt by Durga Singh, the Gond ruler of Gourjhamar. Deori was a prosperous settlement until around 1813 AD, when a massive fire caused its depopulation, and the town never regained its former glory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forts protected by Jabalpur division |url=https://asijabalpur.gov.in/publication/forts-protected-by-Jabalpur-division.pdf |website=asijabalpur.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''Amritjhiriya Paramhans Aashram:''' The Amritjhiriya Paramhans Ashram is a serene and natural retreat, known for its peaceful environment. The site also features several temples and ashrams, making it a place of spiritual significance.

==Civic administration==
Deori is represented in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] through the [[Deori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|accessdate=15 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2023, the constituency is represented by [[Brijbihari Pateriya]] of the Bhartiya Janata Party ([[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]).<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Election2018/Result%20Booklet%20AE%202018%20v6.pdf |title=2018 Vidhan Sabha Elections Result Book of Madhya Pradesh |access-date= November 21, 2020}}</ref>{{update after|2024|2}}

==Notable people==
* [[Brijbihari Pateriya]] - Indian Politician
* [[Nathuram Premi]] (1881–1960) – writer, publisher, poet, editor
* [[Harsh Yadav]] – Indian politician

==Temples==
Deori city is home to numerous ancient and modern temples of historical and religious significance.
* '''Khanderao Temple:''' This is an ancient temple where a fair is held during Champa Chhat. A notable ritual during the festival involves devotees walking on fire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-11-30 |title=यहां मौजूद है देव खंडेराव का मंदिर, लगता है 400 साल पुराना मेला, मनोकामना पूरी होने पर दहकते अंगारों पर चलते हैं श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/sagar/400-years-old-fair-of-dev-khanderao-temple-in-sagar-devotees-walk-on-burn-coals/mp20221130210044480480167 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''[[Beenaji|Beena Barha]] Jain Temples:''' The Jain temples of Beena Barha, located in the rural area of Garhpipariya near Deori, are an Atishay Jain Tirth. Renowned Jain monk [[Acharya Vidyasagar]] has visited these temples multiple times for [[Chaturmasya|Chaturmas]], inspiring the local community during various religious events organised in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री दिगम्बर जैन अतिशय क्षेत्र बीनाजी-बारहा : सागर (म.प्र.) |url=https://www.vidyasagar.net/atishay-kshetra-binaji-barha/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion In Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''Chausath Yogini Mandir:''' The Chausath Yogini Temple, located in Panari village, is a sacred site dedicated to the 64 forms of [[Goddess Durga]]. Additionally, the temple complex is home to the largest [[Banyan|banyan tree]] in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-06 |title=पनारी गांव : मां चौसठ योगिनी का दरबार - =tu rfUbe Guºt bü Vi |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/sagar-tu-rfube-gut-b-vi-3185766 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>
*'''Sankatmochan Hanuman Mandir:''' This temple, approximately 100 years old, is dedicated to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]] and is a significant place of worship in Deori.
*'''Mahakali Math:''' A revered religious site dedicated to Goddess [[Mahakali]], known for its spiritual and cultural importance in the region.
*'''Kherapati Math:''' A revered religious site dedicated to Goddess [[Maa Kher Mai]], known for its spiritual and cultural importance in the region.

==Colleges==

'''Government Nehru College'''

Government Nehru College was originally established as a non-government institution by Shri Dwarka Prasad Katare in 1964 to provide higher education. It was later converted into a government college on August 1, 1973. On September 1, 1975, Swami Vivekanand College was merged into it. The college is currently located on the bypass road near the new police station.

The construction of the college building was funded by the government and the University Grants Commission. The college shifted to its new building in March 1989. The college campus spans approximately 8 acres (32,000 m²), which includes the main building, playground, and garden. In the 1996–97 academic session, the college was granted the status of a Post Graduate College. The library is situated on the first floor of the college building.

'''BKP College'''

BKP College is a private institution offering higher education.

'''Government ITI'''

The Government ITI provides vocational training and skill development opportunities in Deori.

==Transportation==
Deori is well-connected by road, with [[NH 44]] passing through the city. Daily buses operate from Deori, linking it to Sagar, Damoh, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Nagpur, Narsinghpur, Seoni, Balaghat, [[Rehli]], [[Gadarwara]], and other nearby locations.

==See also==
* [[kesli]]
* [[Gaurjhamar]]
* [[Bankori]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* http://www.mp.gov.in/

{{Sagar Division}}

 

[[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Sagar district]]

Awara (album)

2026-01-28T01:13:29Z

Olphindro Malang: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Arjan Dhillon discography]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Nannarasi Radhe

2026-01-17T17:34:54Z

Olphindro Malang: created a post w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian television drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nannarasi radhe.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Yasha.M.Shetty
| director = Vinod Dhondale, Shivu Poojenagrara
| presenter = Sreenivas H.D. Kote
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Abhinav Vishvanathan
*Kaustuba Mani
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
*[[Tejaswini Prakash]]
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme = Radhe Radhe Nannarasi Radhe
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 668
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Hema. V. Bellur, Geetha Vinod, Poornima Deepak Naidu
| producer = Vardhan
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| cinematography = Anjan Channasandra
| editor = M.Manu
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 9:30 PM
| company = Vridhi Creations
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|03|df=yes}}
| released =
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|23|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Nannarasi Radhe''''' is a [[Kannada]] language television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] channel on 3 February 2020. Episodes are also streamed on Viacom's online platform [[Voot]]. It stars Abhinav Vishwanathan and Kaustuba Mani as protagonists. It received the ''Best Serial'' Award in 2021 Anubandha Awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daily soap Nannarasi Radhe completes 150 episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-nannarasi-radhe-completes-150-episodes/articleshow/78528126.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Times of India|date=7 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nannarasi Radhe completes 200 episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/nannarasi-radhe-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/79638491.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Times of India|date=9 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Daily soap Nannarasi Radhe completes 450 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-nannarasi-radhe-completes-450-episodes/articleshow/87865728.cms|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Popular daily soap 'Nannarasi Radhe' completes 600 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/popular-daily-soap-nannarasi-radhe-completes-600-episodes/articleshow/92412056.cms|access-date=2022-06-23|website=The Times of India|date=23 June 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A series of events brings Inchara to Agastya Enterprises, where Agastya Rathod, whom she detests, works. They both have secrets, but Agastya discovers Inchara's secret and blackmails her into acting as his girlfriend to achieve his dream of settling in [[United States|America]]. As they pretend to be a couple, they become closer as friends. Agastya seeks Inchara's help in finding his biological mother, and she promises to assist him. Inchara uncovers the secret of Agastya's mother but agrees not to reveal it based on a promise to his father, Santhosh Rathod. The reason behind Inchara's agreement remains a mystery.

During Janamashtmi celebrations at the Rathod Mansion, Agastya and Inchara's fake love story is exposed, causing tension between the families. Inchara's mother vows to find a wealthier family for her daughter's marriage within 15 days. Inchara's marriage is arranged with Rishab, but Agastya persistently tries to uncover his mother's secret and attends all the wedding rituals. At the wedding ceremony, Agastya unexpectedly marries Inchara, leaving everyone shocked. Agastya challenges Inchara's family to let him stay for seven days and convince her to accept him. If she rejects him after seven days, he will sign an annulment paper and leave her life. Eventually, Inchara's mother accepts their marriage.

Agastya decides to leave the house to search for his mother but is stopped when the truth about his mother is revealed. He apologizes to his father, and Shravan's true identity is exposed. Inchara vows to make Agastya fall in love with her. During Shreya's wedding, a fight breaks out, and Agastya and Inchara end up marrying for the third time. Inchara questions Agastya about his reasons for marrying her, but he promises to reveal it later. They attend Shreya's wedding as the real bride and groom. Ashwini, who was locked up by Indrani, is discovered to be the daughter of Santhosh and Vaidehi. However, it is revealed that Indrani has been deceiving Ashwini about her true parentage.

Lavanya returns, having faced hardships, and Inchara and Lavanya uncover Ashwini's true background. Ashwini overhears a conversation revealing the lies told to her by Indrani. Indrani attempts to poison the family, but her plan is exposed, leading to her arrest. Inchara faints and reveals she is pregnant, and the series concludes with her [[baby shower]].

== Cast ==
* Abhinav Vishwanathan as Agastya Rathod-Vaidehi's son; Santosh Rathod's step son; Vaidehi's son; Ashwini's half brother; Inchara's husband; Sudha and [[Sathish]]'s nephew; Lavanya, Urvi and shivam's step cousin.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Nannarasi Radhe actress Tejaswini Prakash bonds with her on-screen brother Abhinav|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/nannarasi-radhe-tejaswini-prakash-bonds-with-her-on-screen-brother-abhinav-see-post/articleshow/76704151.cms|access-date=2020-06-30|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2020 }}</ref>
* Kaustuba Mani as Inchara Agastya Rathod-Agasthya Rathod's wife; Sunitha's elder daughter; Apoorva's elder sister; Ravi's niece; Tarun and shivani's cousin.Rishab's ex-fiancée .
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Santhosh Rathod- Vaidehi husband; Agasthya's step father;Ashwini's father; sudha and sathish's brother;
* [[Hema Bellur|Hema V Bellur]] as Vaidehi -Santosh Rathod's wife; Agasthya and Ashwini's mother; Indrani and Hemaraju's half sister.
* Amoolya Gowda as Ashwini -Santhosh & Vaidehi's Daughter;Agasthya's half sister; Lavanya, Urvi and shivam's cousin;Sudha and Sathish's niece.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Amoolya Gowda on her acting comeback after two years: Felt little left out when my friends got good projects but I kept believing and motivating myself
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-amoolya-gowda-on-her-acting-comeback-after-two-years-felt-little-left-out-when-my-friends-got-good-projects-but-i-kept-believing-and-motivating-myself/photostory/91832957.cms?picid=91833103|access-date=2022-05-27|website=The Times of India| date=27 May 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]] as Sudha -Santhosh& Satish's sister;Lavanya's Mother;shravan's mother in law; Vaidehi and meenakhi's sister in law; Agasthya, shivam, Urvi and Ashwini's aunt.
* [[Tejaswini Prakash]] as Lavanya -Agastya's step cousin; Sudha's Daughter; Shivam, Urvi and Ashwini's cousin; shravan's wife; Santosh and Sathish's niece.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tejaswini Prakash aka Lavanya to return to Nannarasi Radhe
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tejaswini-prakash-aka-lavanya-to-return-to-nannarasi-radhe/articleshow/91815516.cms|access-date=2022-05-26|website=The Times of India|date=26 May 2022 }}</ref>
* Arun Kumar as Sharavn- Lavanya's Husband;Sudha's son in law;
* Pradeep Chandra Kuthpady as Sathish Rathod; Santosh & Sudha's Brother; Meenakshi's Husband; Shivam and Urvi's father; Ashwini, Lavanya and Agastya's uncle.
* Veena Rao as Meenakshi Rathod;Sathish's wife; Shivam and Urvi's mother;
* Sahana Shetty as Urvi Rathod -Sathish and Meenakshi's daughter; Agastya's step cousin;Shivam's sister; Ashwini and Lavanya's cousin; Sudha and santhosh's niece.
* Padmini as Sunitha -Inchara's & Apoorva'smother;Ravi's younger sister; Tarun and shivani's aunt;Agastya's mother in law.
* Shravyagowda as Apoorva "Appu"Vaidya Inchara's younger sister; Sunitha's Daughter;Ravi's niece. Tarun and shivani's cousin. Agastya's sister in law.
* Raghavndera as Ravi -Sunitha's Brother; Mohini's Husband; Tarun and shivani's father; Inchara and Apoorva's uncle.
* Akshata Radhakrishna as Mohini -Ravi's wife; Tarun and shivani's mother; Sunitha's sister in law; Inchara and Apoorva's aunt.
* Viharika Pooja as Shivani -Ravi and Mohini's daughter; Inchara and Apoorva's cousin;Tarun's sister; Sunitha's niece.
* Arfath Shariff as Tarun -Ravi and Mohini's son; Inchara and Apoorva's cousin;Shivani's brother; Sunitha's nephew.

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|''Nannarasi Radhe'' ನನ್ನರಸಿ ರಾಧೆ
|3 February 2020
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|23 September 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|''Jode Rejo Raaj'' જોડે રે'જો રાજ
|6 June 2022
|[[Colors Gujarati]]
|25 March 2023
|Remake
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|''Tu Raja Mun Rani''
|10 June 2024
|[[Tarang TV]]
|Ongoing
|Remake
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

2023 SAFF Championship

2025-12-20T02:23:02Z

Olphindro Malang: rework page to improve readability

{{Short description|Fourteenth edition of the SAFF Championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| image = 2023 SAFF Championship logo.png
| upright = 0.7
| caption =
| tourney_name = SAFF Championship
| year = 2023
| country = India
| dates = 21 June – 4 July
| num_teams = 8
| sub-confederations = 2
| venues = 1
| cities = 1
| champion = IND
| count = 9
| second = KUW
| matches = 15
| goals = 38
| attendance = {{#expr:1200+22860+50+200+309+12642+100+250+250+9562+50+500+19640+26380}}
| top_scorer = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (5 goals)
| player = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| young_player =
| goalkeeper = {{fbicon|BAN}} [[Anisur Rahman Zico]]
| fair_play = {{fb|NEP}}
| prevseason = [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2026 SAFF Championship|2026]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2023 SAFF Championship''' (known as the '''2023 Bangabandhu SAFF Championship''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref name=SPBK>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 June 2023 |title=Bashundhara Toiletries Limited becomes title sponsor of SAFF Championship 2023 |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/696273/Bashundhara-Toiletries-Limited-becomes-title-sponsor-of-SAFF-Championship-2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=daily-sun.com|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622031615/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/696273/Bashundhara-Toiletries-Limited-becomes-title-sponsor-of-SAFF-Championship-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> was the 14th edition of the [[SAFF Championship]], the biennial international men's [[association football|football]] championship of [[South Asia]] organised by [[South Asian Football Federation]] (SAFF). The event was held at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]], India from 21 June to 4 July 2023.

[[India national football team|India]], the defending champions, won their record-extending ninth championship by defeating [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] in [[2023 SAFF Championship final|the final]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2021 |title=SAFF Championship 2021 Final: India defeats Nepal 3-0 to lift title for the eighth time |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2021-final-india-nepal-chhetri-indian-football-news/article37024014.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103340/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2021-final-india-nepal-chhetri-indian-football-news/article37024014.ece |archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Akhil |title=Double, double toil and treble: Blue Tigers bask in SAFF C'ship glory|publisher=AIFF|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/double-double-toil-and-treble-blue-tigers-bask-in-saff-cship-glory |access-date=12 July 2023|date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712113849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/double-double-toil-and-treble-blue-tigers-bask-in-saff-cship-glory|archive-date=12 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Host selection==
At the SAFF Executive Committee meeting, held on 17 October 2021 in the [[Maldives]], [[Football Sri Lanka]] expressed their interest to bid for hosting the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Premlal|first=Sushil|title=FSL keen to host 2023 SAFF Tourney|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/211010/sports/fsl-keen-to-host-2023-saff-tourney-457799.html|date=10 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-17|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019125501/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/211010/sports/fsl-keen-to-host-2023-saff-tourney-457799.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[FIFA]] suspended Sri Lanka on 21 January 2023, which ceased them from hosting and participation in any football tournament.<ref name="fifasuspension">{{Cite web|title=Suspension of the Football Federation of Sri Lanka (FFSL) from 21 January 2023 until further notice|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/5d07bb14cb642349/original/Circular-1831_Suspension-FFSL_EN.pdf|date=22 January 2022|location=[[Zürich]]|access-date=2023-01-27|website=digitalhub.fifa.com|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122234914/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/5d07bb14cb642349/original/Circular-1831_Suspension-FFSL_EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later on 30 January 2023, SAFF unofficially announced that only [[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]] had applied for hosting rights till the deadline which is 29 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=সাফের স্বাগতিক হতে শুধু নেপালের আবেদন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/zmhy0mir5x |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=29 January 2023|language=Bengali|archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329140719/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/zmhy0mir5x |url-status=live}}</ref> The host was supposed to be announced following the SAFF members' meeting during 33rd AFC Congress in [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]] on 1 February 2023. On 14 February 2023, [[All India Football Federation|India]] were declared as the hosts of the 14th edition of the championship.<ref name=India_host>{{cite web|url=https://saffederation.org/news/read/79|title=SAFF confirms Sports Partner International as the official commercial partner|website=saffederation.org|date=14 February 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214135443/https://saffederation.org/news/read/79|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SAFF Championship 2023: All you need to know, dates, schedule, match timings, venue |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2023-full-schedule-date-time-venue-match-details-live-streaming-info-indian-football/article66976802.ece |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=[[Chennai]] |date=16 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626210539/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2023-full-schedule-date-time-venue-match-details-live-streaming-info-indian-football/article66976802.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 March 2023, AIFF announced [[Bangalore]] as the host city for SAFF Championship 2023.<ref name="AIFFhost">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru to host 2023 SAFF Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bengaluru-to-host-2023-saff-championship|website=the-aiff.com |access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319133850/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bengaluru-to-host-2023-saff-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Participating nations ==
Football Sri Lanka was sanctioned by FIFA on 21 January 2023, which made them ineligible for participation in the competition.<ref name="fifasuspension"/> [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] and [[Lebanon national football team|Lebanon]] were invited as guest teams with a view to increase the number of teams for the championship and make the event more competitive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanon to compete in SAFF Championship|url=https://saffederation.org/news/read/89|date=8 May 2023|access-date=8 May 2023|website=saffederation.org|archive-date=8 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508110656/https://saffederation.org/news/read/89|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col|Country
! scope=col|Appearance
! scope=col|Previous best performance
! scope=col|[[FIFA World Rankings|FIFA ranking]] ({{nowrap|6 April 2023}})<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Men's Ranking |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13974 |website=fifa.com |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406092822/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13974|archive-date=6 April 2023|url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|BAN}}
| align="center" |13th
|{{sort|3|'''Champions'''}} ([[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]])
| align="center" |192
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|BHU}}
| align="center" |9th
|{{sort|6|Semi-finals}} ([[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]])
| align="center" |185
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|IND}}
| align="center" |14th
|{{nowrap|{{sort|1|'''Champions'''}} ([[1993 SAARC Gold Cup|1993]], [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]], [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup|1999]], [[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]], [[2009 SAFF Championship|2009]], [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]], [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]], [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]}})
| align="center" |101
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|KUW}}
| align="center" |1st
|''Debut'' ({{sort|99|invitee}})
| align="center" |143
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|LBN}}
| align="center" |1st
|''Debut'' ({{sort|99|invitee}})
| align="center" |99
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|MDV}}
| align="center" |12th
|{{sort|2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]], [[2018 SAFF Championship|2018]])
| align="center" |154
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|NEP}}
| align="center" |14th
|{{sort|4|Runners-up}} ([[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]])
| align="center" |174
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:left;"| {{fb|PAK}}
| align="center" |12th
|{{sort|5|Third place}} ([[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]])
| align="center" |195
|}

=== Squads ===
Each team had to register a squad with a minimum of 18 players and a maximum of 23 players, at least three of whom must be goalkeepers.

== Venue ==
The [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India hosted all the matches.<ref name="AIFFhost"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="20px" |[[Bangalore]]
! rowspan="5" |{{Location map+ |India|width=240 |float=center |caption= |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.9697|long=77.5934|position=right |label='''[[Bangalore]]'''}}
}}
|-
|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|-
|{{Coord|12|58|10.92|N|77|35|36.24|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bangalore}}
|-
| Capacity: '''25,810'''
|-
|[[File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg|250x150px|alt=Aerial view Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|}

== Draw ==
The draw ceremony of this tournament was held on 17 May 2023 at 12:30 IST in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Triyasha |date=2023-05-15 |title=SAFF Championship 2023 Draw on May 17, Indian Football Team eye consecutive titles - Follow SAFF 2023 LIVE |url=https://www.insidesport.in/saff-championship-2023-draw-on-may-17-indian-football-team-eye-consecutive-titles-follow-saff-2023-live/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=25%| Pot 1
!width=25%| Pot 2
!width=25%| Pot 3
!width=25%| Pot 4
|-
|{{fb|LBN}} (99) {{fb|IND}} (101) ''(hosts)''
|{{fb|KUW}} (143) {{fb|MDV}} (154)
|{{fb|NEP}} (174) {{fb|BHU}} (185)
|{{fb|BAN}} (192) {{fb|PAK}} (195)
|}

=== Draw result ===
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[#Group A|Group A]]
!{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}}
! width="175" |Team
|-
| align="center" |A1
|{{fb|IND}}
|-
| align="center" |A2
|{{fb|KUW}}
|-
| align="center" |A3
|{{fb|NEP}}
|-
| align="center" |A4
|{{fb|PAK}}
|}
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[#Group B|Group B]]
!{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}}
! width="175" |Team
|-
| align="center" |B1
|{{fb|LBN}}
|-
| align="center" |B2
|{{fb|MDV}}
|-
| align="center" |B3
|{{fb|BHU}}
|-
|align="center" |B4
|{{fb|BAN}}
|}
|}

== Officiating ==
;Referees
{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|BAN}} Md Alamgir Sarker
*{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Pema Tshewang]]
*{{flagicon|IND}} Crystal John
*{{flagicon|MDV}} Sinan Hussain
*{{flagicon|NEP}} Prajwol Chhetri
*{{flagicon|PAK}} Irshad Ul Haq
{{colend}}
;Assistant referees
{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|BAN}} Mohammad Nuruzzaman
*{{flagicon|BHU}} Phurpa Wangchuk
*{{flagicon|IND}} S Manikandan
*{{flagicon|IND}} Sumanta Dutta
*{{flagicon|MDV}} Ahmed Hassan
*{{flagicon|NEP}} Nani Ram Thapa Magar
{{colend}}

== Group stage ==
{{hatnote|All times are local, [[India Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]).}}

=== Group A ===
{{2023 SAFF Championship group tables|Group A}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|21|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|KUW}}
|score = 3–1
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624175740/https://saffederation.org/uploads/6492f5e2b5462.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|goals1 =
*[[Khalid El Ebrahim|El Ebrahim]] {{goal|23}}
*[[Shabaib Al-Khaldi|Al-Khaldi]] {{goal|42}}
*[[Mohammad Daham|Daham]] {{goal|65|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Anjan Bista|Bista]] {{goal|69}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bangalore]]
|attendance = 1,200
|referee = Md Alamgir Sarker ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|21|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–0
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624175648/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64932b99cb0b0.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|PAK}}
|goals1 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|10||16|pen.|75|pen.}}
*[[Udanta Singh Kumam|Kumam]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 22,860
|referee = Prajwol Chhetri ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|24|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|PAK}}
|score = 0–4
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624175537/https://saffederation.org/uploads/6496ea9a66863.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|KUW}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Hassan Al-Enezi|Al-Enezi]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Mobarak Al-Faneeni|Al-Faneeni]] {{goal|17||45+1}}
*[[Eid Naser Al-Rasheedi|Al-Rasheedi]] {{goal|69}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 309
|referee = [[Pema Tshewang]] ([[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|24|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NEP}}
|score = 0–2
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624175157/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64971d8ad1d63.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|62}}
*[[Naorem Mahesh Singh|N. M. Singh]] {{goal|70}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 12,642
|referee = Sinan Hussain ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|27|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|NEP}}
|score = 1–0
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230629122427/https://saffederation.org/uploads/649adec1e6aaf.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|PAK}}
|goals1 =
*[[Aashish Chaudhary (footballer)|Chaudhary]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 250
|referee = Sinan Hussain ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|27|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230627224534/https://saffederation.org/uploads/649b1b22326b6.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|KUW}}
|goals1 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|45+2}}
|goals2 =
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|A. Ali]] {{goal|90+2|o.g.}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 9,562
|referee = Md Alamgir Sarker ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
}}

=== Group B ===
{{2023 SAFF Championship group tables|Group B}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|22|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|LBN}}
|score = 2–0
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624175921/https://saffederation.org/uploads/6494469232010.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|goals1 =
*[[Hassan Maatouk|Maatouk]] {{goal|80}}
*[[Khalil Bader|Bader]] {{goal|90+6}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 50
|referee = Crystal John ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|22|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|MDV}}
|score = 2–0
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624180015/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64947b372b8f4.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|BHU}}
|goals1 =
*[[Hamza Mohamed|Mohamed]] {{goal|6|pen.}}
*[[Naiz Hassan|N. Hassan]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 200
|referee = Irshad Ul Haq ([[Pakistan Football Federation|Pakistan]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|25|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|score = 3–1
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230626073527/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64983a90daffe.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|MDV}}
|goals1 =
*[[Rakib Hossain|Rakib]] {{goal|42}}
*[[Tariq Kazi|Kazi]] {{goal|67}}
*[[Shekh Morsalin|Morsalin]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
*[[Hamza Mohamed|Hamza]] {{goal|18}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 100
|referee = Prajwol Chhetri ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|25|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BHU}}
|score = 1–4
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230626073603/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64986aabbc06a.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|LBN}}
|goals1 =
*[[Chencho Gyeltshen|Gyeltshen]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
*[[Mohamad Omar Sadek|Sadek]] {{goal|11}}
*[[Ali Al Haj|Al Haj]] {{goal|23}}
*[[Khalil Bader|Bader]] {{goal|35}}
*[[Mahdi Zein|M. Zein]] {{goal|42}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 250
|referee = Irshad Ul Haq ([[Pakistan Football Federation|Pakistan]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|28|df=y}}
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|LBN}}
|score = 1–0
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230629122611/https://saffederation.org/uploads/649c28ec38f65.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|MDV}}
|goals1 =
*[[Hassan Maatouk|Maatouk]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance = 50
|referee = [[Pema Tshewang]] ([[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2023|6|28|df=y}}
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BHU}}
|score = 1–3
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230629122703/https://saffederation.org/uploads/649c6695907bf.pdf
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|goals1 =
*[[Tsenda Dorji|Dorji]] {{goal|12}}
|goals2 =
*[[Shekh Morsalin|Morsalin]] {{goal|21}}
*[[Phuntsho Jigme|Jigme]] {{goal|31|o.g.}}
*[[Rakib Hossain|Rakib]] {{goal|36}}
|stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
|location = Bangalore
|attendance =
|referee = Crystal John ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

== Knockout stage ==
=== Bracket ===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|style=white-space:nowrap|widescore=yes
|bold_winner=high|color=yes
|RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Final|Final]]


| 1 July 2023|{{fb|KUW}} {{aet}}|1|{{fb|BAN}}|0
| 1 July 2023|{{fb|LBN}}|0 (2)|{{fb|IND}} {{pen}}|0 (4)

|4 July 2023|{{fb|KUW}}|1 (4)|{{fb|IND}} {{pso}}|1 (5)

}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2023|7|1|df=y}}
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|KUW}}
| score = 1–0
| aet = y
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230701202406/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64a02bdf0f725.pdf
| team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
| goals1 =
*[[Abdullah Al-Buloushi (footballer, born 1998)|Al-Buloushi]] {{goal|105+2}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
| location = Bangalore
| attendance = 500
| referee = Crystal John ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2023|7|1|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fb-rt|LBN}}
| score = 0–0
| aet = y
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043927/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64a068e10b054.pdf
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| penaltyscore = 2–4
| penalties1 =
*[[Hassan Maatouk|Maatouk]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Walid Shour|Shour]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Mohamad Omar Sadek|Sadek]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Khalil Bader|Bader]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|A. Ali]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]]
| stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
| location = Bangalore
| attendance = 19,640
| referee = Sinan Hussain ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
}}

=== Final ===
{{main|2023 SAFF Championship final}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2023|7|4|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fb-rt|KUW}}
| score = 1–1
| aet = y
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230705091149/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64a46456995f9.pdf
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Shabib Al-Khaldi|Khaldi]] {{goal|14}}
| goals2 =
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|36}}
| penaltyscore = 4–5
| penalties1 =
*Daham {{penmiss}}
*Otaibi {{pengoal}}
*[[Ahmed Al-Dhefiri|Dhaferi]] {{pengoal}}
*Naji {{pengoal}}
*[[Shabaib Al-Khaldi|Khaldi]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Khalid Hajeyah|Hajeyah]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Subhasish Bose|S. Bose]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]]
| stadium = Sree Kantiramva Stadium
| location = Bengaluru
| attendance = 24,563
| referee = Prajwol Chhetri ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Goalscorers ===
{{Goalscorers
|goals=38 |matches=15

|5 goals=
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]

|2 goals=
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Rakib Hossain]]
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Shekh Morsalin]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Mobarak Al-Faneeni]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Shabaib Al-Khaldi]]
*{{fbicon|LBN}} [[Khalil Bader]]
*{{fbicon|LBN}} [[Hassan Maatouk]]
*{{fbicon|MDV}} [[Hamza Mohamed]]

|1 goal=
*{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Tariq Kazi]]
*{{fbicon|BHU}} [[Tsenda Dorji]]
*{{fbicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Abdullah Al-Buloushi (footballer, born 1998)|Abdullah Al-Buloushi]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Mohammad Daham]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Khalid El Ebrahim]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Hasan Al-Enezi]]
*{{fbicon|KUW}} [[Eid Naser Al-Rasheedi]]
*{{fbicon|LBN}} [[Ali Al Haj]]
*{{fbicon|LBN}} [[Mohamad Omar Sadek]]
*{{fbicon|LBN}} [[Mahdi Zein]]
*{{fbicon|MDV}} [[Naiz Hassan]]
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Anjan Bista]]
*{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Aashish Chaudhary (footballer)|Aashish Chaudhary]]

|1 own goal=
*{{fbicon|BHU}} [[Phuntsho Jigme]] (against Bangladesh)
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]] (against Kuwait)

}}

=== Awards ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
!Most Valuable Player
!Top Scorer
!Goalkeeper
!Fair Play
|-
|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (5 goals)
|{{fbicon|BAN}} [[Anisur Rahman Zico]]
|{{fb|NEP}}
|}

== Champion ==
{{winners|fb|SAFF Championship 2023| India|9th}}

== Prize money ==
Prize money amounts were announced in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/football/saff-championship-2023-prize-money-full-list-of-award-winners-as-winning-captain-sunil-chettri-wins-big-2023-07-05-879476/|title=SAFF Championship 2023 Awards And Winners|website=India TV News|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!Amount ([[USD]])
|-
|Champions
|50,000
|-
|Runner-up
|25,000
|-
!Total
!75,000
|}

== Broadcasting ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" text-align:left;"
|-
! scope=col|Country
! scope=col|Broadcaster
! scope="col" class=unsortable|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|BAN}}
|[[T Sports]]
|<ref name=SPBK/>
|-
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|[[DD Bharati]], [[DD Sports]], [[FanCode]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs Pakistan, SAFF Championship live streaming; When and where to watch football match live |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-vs-pakistan-live-streaming-saff-championship-2023-bengaluru-start-time-2395859-2023-06-21 |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=21 June 2023|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625114848/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-vs-pakistan-live-streaming-saff-championship-2023-bengaluru-start-time-2395859-2023-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|KUW}}
|[[Kuwait Television]]
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1671576117998764033|user=KwtTelevision|title=|author=تلفزيون دولة الكويت|date=21 June 2023|access-date=21 June 2023|script-title=ar:للإعلان عبر تلفزيون دولة الكويت على القناة الثالثة الرياضية خلال مباريات بطولة كأس اتحاد جنوب اسيا لكرة القدم 2023 ، التواصل مع ادارة الاعلان التجاري والتسويق whatsapp : +965 22326688|language=ar|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161838/https://twitter.com/KwtTelevision/status/1671576117998764033|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|LBN}}
|[[Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International|LBCI]]
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1671157302819454979|user=LBCILebanon|title=|author=LBCI TV|date=20 June 2023|access-date=21 June 2023|language=ar|script-title=ar:تابعوا مباراة منتخب لبنان ضد بنغلادش ضمن بطولة إتحاد جنوب آسيا لكرة القدم... الخميس الساعة 1 بعد الظهر على شاشة الـLBCI|trans-title=Watch the Lebanon national team match against Bangladesh in the SAFF Championship... Thursday at 1:00 pm on LBCI|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629162005/https://twitter.com/LBCILebanon/status/1671157302819454979|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|MDV}}
|[[ICE TV]], [[Yes TV (Maldives)|Yes TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1671227421746675712|user=ICEmdv|title=The most awaited SAFF 2023 is here, brought to you by @medianetmv in partnership with @psm_mkt|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629163328/https://twitter.com/ICEmdv/status/1671227421746675712|archive-date=29 June 2023|url-status=live|date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1671214570541846528|user=YES_Maldives|title=Get ready, Maldives! SAFF 2023 is here! @psm_mkt in partnership with @medianetmv brings you the action! Stay tuned for matches, goals, and unforgettable moments. Are you ready?|date=20 June 2023|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629184339/https://twitter.com/YES_Maldives/status/1671214570541846528|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|[[Kantipur Television]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailylivescores.com/kantipur-tv-to-broadcast-saff-championship-2023-live-in-nepal/|title=Kantipur TV to broadcast SAFF Championship 2023 Live in Nepal|website=dailylivescores.com|date=7 June 2023|access-date=21 June 2023|archive-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623070626/https://dailylivescores.com/kantipur-tv-to-broadcast-saff-championship-2023-live-in-nepal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAFF Championship 2023: Nepal vs India: Where and how to watch in India and Nepal? |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-saff-championship-nepal-india-telecast-live-stream |website=khelnow.com |access-date=29 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624025753/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-saff-championship-nepal-india-telecast-live-stream|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|PAK}}
|[[Geo Super]], [[A Sports]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nasir |first1=Saad |title=How to Watch Pakistan Vs. Nepal SAFF Championship: Live Stream and Timings |url=https://propakistani.pk/2023/06/27/how-to-watch-pakistan-vs-nepal-saff-championship-live-stream-and-timings/ |website=propakistani.pk|date=27 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628161105/https://propakistani.pk/2023/06/27/how-to-watch-pakistan-vs-nepal-saff-championship-live-stream-and-timings/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Association football}}
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable"style=white-space:nowrap
|+ 2023 in SAFF
! colspan="6" | Men's
|-
| [[2023 SAFF U-16 Championship|U-16 Championship]]
| [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|U-19 Championship]]
| [[2023 SAFF Championship|Senior Championship]] ([[2023 SAFF Championship final|Final]])
|-
! colspan="6" | Women's
|-
| [[2023 SAFF U-17 Women's Championship|U-17 Championship]]
| [[2023 SAFF U-20 Women's Championship|U-20 Championship]]
|
|-
|}</onlyinclude>

*[[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]]
*[[2022 AFF Championship]]
*[[2022 EAFF E-1 Football Championship]]
*[[2023 CAFA Nations Cup]]
*[[2023 WAFF Championship]]
*[[2023 AFC Asian Cup]]
*[[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SAFF Championship}}
{{2022–23 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SAFF Championship}}
[[Category:2023 SAFF Championship| ]]
[[Category:SAFF Championship tournaments|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in Asian men's international football]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Men's international association football competitions hosted by India|2023]]
[[Category:June 2023 sports events in India]]
[[Category:July 2023 sports events in India]]

Mohanthal

2025-11-17T20:20:25Z

Olphindro Malang:

{{short description|Indian sweet dish named after Bhagwan Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Mohanthal
| image =Mohanthal1.jpg
| caption =''Mohanthal'' sweet served in a platter
| alternate_name =''Mohanthar''
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Western India]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Gram flour|Besan (gram flour)]], [[condensed milk]], [[sugar]]
| variations = [[Besan chakki]], [[Dal Badam Chakki]]
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Mohanthal''' is an Indian sweet made from traditional [[Gram flour|besan]] ([[gram flour]]). It is common in the [[Braj]], [[Sindh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Gujarat]] regions of India. As with other [[sweets from the Indian subcontinent]] it is commonly consumed at religious festivals such as [[Diwali]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mohanthal Recipe - Traditional Diwali Sweet - Gram Flour Fudge |url=https://foodviva.com/desserts-sweets-recipes/mohanthal/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=foodviva.com |date=5 November 2021 |language=en-US |quote=Mohanthal is a traditional Rajasthani sweet which is usually prepared on the festivals of Diwali and Janmashtami, also popular in Rajasthan.....Mohan is another name of the Lord Krishna and Thal means bhog (dish) in Gujarati, as this sweet is usually served as Bhog (prasad) to the God.}}</ref> ''Krishna Janamashtami,'' or as ''[[prasada|prasad]]'', an offering at a [[mandir]].

== Preparation ==
Mohanthal is made from [[besan]], [[ghee]], and sugar and can be combined with many other ingredients, such as spices and nuts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=mohanthal&pg=PA368|title=India Guide Gujarat|last=Desai|first=Anjali H.|date=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=9780978951702|location=|pages=368|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/diwali-2017-special-10-tasty-diwali-sweet-recipes/896921/|title=Diwali 2017 Special: 10 Tasty Diwali Sweet Recipes|date=2017-10-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/rajasthan-festival-2018-5-rajasthani-dishes-you-should-try-to-celebrate-the-royal-state-1829289|title=Rajasthan Festival 2018: 5 Rajasthani Dishes You Should Try To Celebrate The Royal State|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> There are several besan based sweets in Indian cuisine but each are prepared slightly differently. For example, in magas sugar is added directly, whereas in mohanthal, first a sugar syrup called [[chashni]] is made, and then added to the besan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayley |date=2024-10-20 |title=Mohanthal Recipe |url=https://www.jcookingodyssey.com/mohanthal/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=J Cooking Odyssey |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[File:Mohanthar.jpg|thumb|Mohanthal]]
==Etymology==
The word '''''Mohanthal''''' is compound of two words: ''Mohan'' and ''thal''. ''Mohan'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word and is used an epithet for Hindu god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janmashtami 2022: How Did Mohanthal Get Its Name |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/janmashtami-2022-how-did-mohanthal-get-its-name-1660345897223 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Slurrp |language=en |quote=this dessert used to be the favorite of Lord Krishna and because of this, it was named mohanthal. Interestingly, ‘Mohan’ means Krishna while ‘thal’ means bhog or prashad. Because of being loved by Lord Krishna, this dessert was named so and is still offered to the deity.}}</ref> ''Mohan'' also means something which is attractive, captivating or enticing. The name ''Mohan'' is used for ''Shri Krishna'' due to his attractive personality. The word ''Thāl'' is derivative of Sanskrit word ''Sthāla''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=R. L. (Ralph Lilley) |date=1962–1966 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?page=795 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> which means a plate and here refers to plate in which this Bhog is set.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Rajasthani desserts]]

34th Royal Sikh Pioneers

2025-10-15T19:32:07Z

Olphindro Malang: adjusted intro to improve readability and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 34th Royal Sikh Pioneers
| image = Indian pioneers.png
| image_size = 300
| caption = ''[[Subedar major]] 34th Royal Sikh pioneers standing 2nd from right & [[Lance Naik]] standing 1st on the left''
| dates = 1857-1922
| country = India
| branch = [[Bengal Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
| type = Infantry
| size = Three battalions
| command_structure = [[Bengal Army]] (to 1895) [[Bengal Command]]
| garrison =
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors = Red; faced dark blue
| colors_label = Uniform
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] [[Second Afghan War]] [[Relief of Chitral]] [[World War I]] [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] [[Mesopotamia Campaign]] [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries =
}}

The '''34th Royal Sikh Pioneers''' was an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. They could trace their origins to 1857, when they were raised as the Punjab Sappers.

The regiment recruited the [[Mazhabi]] [[Sikhs]] and [[Ramdasia]] [[Sikhs]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=15253&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=1&viewall=1|title = The History of The Sikh Pioneers}}</ref> of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]].
Despite being Pioneers by name, the regiment was specially trained as [[Assault Pioneer]]s.

==Brief history==
The regiment took part in the [[Siege of Delhi]], the [[Siege of Lucknow]] and the [[Capture of Lucknow]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. They were next in action during the [[Second Afghan War]] in 1878 and the [[Relief of Chitral]] in 1897. To honour the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Indian they took part in the [[Rawalpindi Parade 1905]].

During [[World War I]] they were part of the [[3rd (Lahore) Division]] and served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], in the [[Mesopotamia Campaign]] and in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]].

After World War I, the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments.<ref>Sumner p.15</ref> In 1922, the 34th Sikh Pioneers now became the 2nd Battalion, [[3rd Sikh Pioneers]]. The regiment was allocated to the new [[Indian Army]] on independence.

==Notable Achievements==
[[File:Kinggeorgev1928.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Pale-eyed young man with a beard and moustache|His Royal Highness [[King George V]] awarded the 34th Sikh Pioneers with the "Royal" title in 1921, making them a Royal regiment for their outstanding service during the [[First World War]].]]
* They were the most highly decorated Sikh Regiment of the [[First World War]].
* They became a "Royal" Regiment in 1921.

==Predecessor names==
*Punjab Sappers - 1857
*24th (Pioneer) Regiment of Punjab Infantry - 1858
*32nd Bengal Native Infantry - 1861
*32nd (Punjab) Bengal Native Infantry (Pioneers) - 1864
*32nd (Punjab) Bengal Infantry (Pioneers) - 1885
*32nd Punjab Pioneers - 1901
*34th Sikh Pioneers - 1903

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860-1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1857]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Modern Sikh military]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Neelamana Madhavan Nampoothiri

2025-09-15T12:13:10Z

Olphindro Malang: created new page with sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{COI|date=July 2017}}

'''N.M. Nampoothiri''' (Kizhakke Neelamana in [[Chengannur]], 17 April 1943 – 30 March 2017) was an Indian historian and a former college professor at Malayalam PG Centre - Sree Punnasseri Neelakanta Sharma Memorial Government Sanskrit College, Pattambi, Palakkad District, Kerala. He died at Alappuzha at 12.30 hrs on 30 March 2017 after prolonged illness.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/historian-namboodiri-passes-away-117033100549_1.html Obituary]</ref>

He participated in the two-day national seminar on "Rethinking [[Synod of Diamper|Diamper]]: Religion, Canon, Polity and Society" held at Kochi on 16 and 17 September 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071112062749/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/21/stories/2006082120750300.htm Seminar on Synod of Diamper]</ref>

[[Mamankam]], an ancient festival held once in every 12 years at [[Thirunavaya]], was re-enacted under his guidance in 1999.<ref>[[Mamankam festival|Re-enactment of Mamankam]]</ref> Later this attempt was appreciated by media including BBC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nampoothiri|first=N.M.|title=Mamangam Festival Appreciation of India Art|year=2006|publisher=Sura Books|isbn= 9788174781758|pages=16|url=http://www.surabooks.com/}}</ref>

Regarding the exact location of [[Muziris]], N.M. Nampoothiri pointed out that it had not yet been conclusively established that [[Pattanam]] was the ancient port of Muziris.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2561478.ece Perspective on Location of Muziris]</ref>

In an interview with [http://www.asianetnews.tv/live-tv Asianet News] in 2006, a Malayalam News Channel, he said the artifacts excavated so far from Pattanam do not prove the location is that of Muziris.<ref>{{YouTube|xJPwaEoLdu0|Muziris: an Interview with Asianet News Channel}}</ref> His perspective on findings in Pattanam is that the excavated pottery [[sherd]]s assures that they were here, but not assures there existed an ancient harbour.

According to Dr [[Roberta Tomber]], of the British Museum, even if Muziris has been found, one mystery remains - just how it disappeared so completely in the first place.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4970452.stm News in BBC]</ref> Muziris remains almost a mythical port, an ancient rendezvous for trade between Rome and southern India - but it appeared to have simply disappeared.

The sixth season of the Pattanam excavations which concluded before the onset of monsoon season in May 2012 found more pottery [[sherd]]s from the site and attempts continue to identify the sherds.<ref>Sixth [https://web.archive.org/web/20121027195050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/kochi/31920684_1_kchr-excavation-kerala-council season of Pattanam Excavations]</ref>

==List of works==

''' Tovari Rock cut Shelter''': Nampoothiri identified and brought to light the Tovari, a prehistoric rock cut shelter of [[Edakkal Caves|Edakkal series]] in collaboration with [[M. R. Raghava Varier| Dr. M.R. Raghava Varier]]. It was from the Edakkal Caves area, Dr. Varier found an ancient Tamil Brahmi inscription in February 2012.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2872568.ece Discovery of Tamil Brahmi Inscription from Edakkal]</ref>

'''Village to village heritage survey''': In October 2013 he said a survey will be executed with the help of college students under village to village heritage survey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085541/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/CHS-to-comb-villages-to-spot-culture-heritage/2013/10/17/article1839688.ece village to village heritage survey]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Official Web site : http://www.malabarandkeralastudies.net/home



{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nampoothiri, Neelamana Madhavan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

Muppalaneni Shiva

2025-08-31T20:46:26Z

Olphindro Malang: expanded formatting additionally

{{Short description|Indian film director and writer (born 1968)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Muppalaneni shiva.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = Muppalaneni Shiva
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|11|25|df=y}}<ref name="telugucinewritersassociation">{{cite web|title=Muppalaneni Siva profile|url=http://telugucinewritersassociation.com/profile/80-muppalaneni-siva-profile|website=telugucinewritersassociation.com|publisher=Telugu Cine Writers Association|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
| height =
| birth_place = Narasaya Palem, [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="telugucinewritersassociation"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|writer}}
| yearsactive =
| website =
}}

'''Muppalaneni Shiva''' is an Indian film director and writer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has directed movies for production houses like Suresh Productions, Super Good Films, Sravanthi Movies, Ramakrishna Cine Studios & Etharam films etc. His successful movies include [[Taj Mahal (1995 film)|Taj Mahal]], Gilli Kajjalu, [[Priya O Priya]], [[Ammayi Kosam]], [[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]], [[Sandade Sandadi]] & [[Sankranti (film)|Sankrathi]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://directormuppalanenishiva.blogspot.in/2011/11/biography-of-muppalaneni-shiva.html|title = Muppalaneni Shiva| publisher= blogspot.in |date= 22 November 2011 |accessdate= 11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telugucolours.com/id3-pid551-chM/profile/muppalaneni-shiva|title = Muppalaneni Shiva Filmography| publisher= telugucolours.com |accessdate= 11 February 2013}}</ref>

==Childhood and early years==
Muppalaneni Shiva was born at Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh on 25 November 1968. He studied in Pamidi Ankamma High School at his native place Narasaya Palem. He completed his graduation at Arts & Science College of Bapatla. During his college days, he was good at painting and achieved state level awards in modern art.

==Career==
At the start of his career he worked with [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] and [[Paruchuri Brothers]]. He worked for more than 20 films under A. Kodanda Rami Reddy direction. At that time he worked with top stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]]. In 1994 he got a chance to direct a film with Superstar Krishna and the film name is Gharana Alludu. Finally he got a major break with [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] under [[Suresh Productions]]' Taj Mahal film in 1995.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
!Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''Gharana Alludu''
|
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Taj Mahal (1995 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Korukunna Priyudu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Priya O Priya]]''||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''Gilli Kajjalu''
|
|-
| ''[[Subhalekhalu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Speed Dancer]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]''||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Maa Pelliki Randi]]''||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
|-
| ''[[Postman (2000 film)|Postman]]''
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ammayi Kosam]]''||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Thulli Thirindha Kaalam]]''
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Nee Premakai]]''
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''||Remake of Kannada film ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]''||Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Nammal]]''
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]''||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Aanandham]]''
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Rajababu (film)|Rajababu]]''||Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Balettan]]''
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Allare Allari]]''
|
|-
| 2009 || ''Life Style''
|| Remake of Tamil film ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sri Sri (2016 Film)|Sri Sri]]''||
|}

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]] – [[Nee Premakai]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.html |title= Nandi Awards 2002 |publisher= idlebrain.com |accessdate= 25 November 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1110888}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiva, Muppalaneni}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Indian Army Pioneer Corps

2025-08-27T22:51:15Z

Olphindro Malang: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|Operational logistics corps of the Indian Army}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Army Pioneer Corps
| image =
| dates = 1758 – Present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| role = Support, Logistics, Construction and Maintenance
| size = 16 companies
| motto = Shram Sarva Vijayee (With Labour, everything can be won/ [[labor omnia vincit]])
| battles = World War 1 World War 2 Basantar Shamshernagar Keran Tithwal Kargil Mushkoh Operation Vijay Operation Deewar OP Pawan OP Parakram Indo-Pak Wars
| decorations = [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] 3 [[Sena Medal]] 
[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|50px]] 3 [[Kirti Chakra]] 
[[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|50px]] 6 [[Shaurya Chakra]] 
Presidential Colours
}}
[[File:Indian pioneers.png|thumb|right|305x305px|Pioneers of the British Indian Army. Left to right: 34th Sikh Pioneers, 12th Pioneers, 128th Pioneers, 81st Pioneers, 64th Pioneers, 61st King George's Own Pioneers, 48th Pioneers, 23rd Sikh Pioneers, 106th Hazara Pioneers, 34th Sikh Pioneers, 107th Pioneers (Water colour by AC Lovett in ''Armies of India'', 1911)]]
The '''Indian Army Pioneer Corps''' or '''Pioneers''' is the operational logistics arm of the Indian Army. Though not a combat arm, the Pioneer Corps provide disciplined and well trained manpower where civilian labour is either not available or its employment is not desirable for reasons of security. Pioneer units are mostly committed in forward and operational areas. Although the Pioneer Corps were at one time the third largest troop in the Army and had a total of 26 Pioneer Companies even till 1999, today there are 21 Pioneer Units under various commands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/pioneer-corps-presented-presidential-colours/article3052457.ece|title=Pioneer Corps presented Presidential Colours|date=2006-11-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army.htm|title=India - Army|last=Pike|first=John|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625233132/http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 25, 2015|title=21 Different Branches Of Indian Army That Make It Such An Efficient Defence Force|last=Mishra|first=Rishabh|date=2015-06-24|work=TopYaps|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The Pioneer Corps Training Center (PCTC) is currently located in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/74-new-recruits-join-pioneer-corps/article7342364.ece|title=74 new recruits join Pioneer Corps|last=Correspindent|first=Special|date=2015-06-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/feb/09/ww-ii-veteran-bids-goodbye-at-95-890129.html|title=WW-II Veteran Bids Goodbye at 95|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30075913|title=badge, headdress, Indian, Indian Pioneer Corps {{!}} Imperial War Museums|website=www.iwm.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vidteq.com/Bangalore/Pioneer-Corps-Training-Centre/Story|title=Pioneer Corps Training Centre|access-date=2018-02-01|archive-date=2018-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193317/http://www.vidteq.com/Bangalore/Pioneer-Corps-Training-Centre/Story|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Functions and roles ==
* Provide logistic support to the fighting forces - with the service corps it brings up vital supplies and stores, with the ordnance corps it keeps up the flow of guns and ammunition
* Loading and unloading of stores, rations, equipment and ammunition over land, sea, and air
* Detect and are involved in laying and breaching of landmines and minefields
* Construction, activation and maintenance of roads, mule tracks, border fences, bridges, airstrips, railways, aerodromes and helipads
* Works in hospitals or acts as stretcher bearers with frontline troops
* Opening and maintenance of Jawahar Tunnel, [[Zojila Pass]], Sadhna & Tithwal Passes (J&K)
* Laying and breaching of mines and minefields
* Carrying back the body bags during ‘[[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]’ in the higher reaches of Kargil, Drass and Mushkoh.
* Bringing back the wounded from recaptured entrenchments
* Expatriating prisoners of war

== History ==
'''Pre-Independence of India'''

The origin of the Indian Pioneer Corps dates back to 1758 when the first Pioneer Companies was formed, the [[Madras Pioneers]], [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Pioneers]], [[Sikh Pioneers & Sikh Light Infantry Association UK|Sikh Pioneer]] and the [[106th Hazara Pioneers|Hazara Pioneers]]. After being disbanded for many years, the Pioneer Corps was re-raised during [[World War II|World War-II]] in the following to provide semi skilled labour to work with Engineer units or tasks such as demolition, construction of roads, tracks bridges, defences & water supply and to provide unskilled labour where required. By the wars end a total of approximately 300,000 such workers had been engaged of which 21,000 were Indians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paopctcblr.gov.in/readmore.html|title=Office of the PAO(ORs) PCTC Bangalore|website=www.paopctcblr.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-01}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:British Indian Army pioneers at the Ladder of Tyre during WWI.jpg|thumb|right|305x305px|British Indian Army Sikh Pioneers building a new road on the most difficult section of the [[Ladder of the Tyrians|Ladder of Tyre]] in September/October 1918 during the pursuit of the Ottoman Yildirim Army]]

Extensive use was made of pioneers in the British Indian Army because of the demands of campaigning in difficult terrain with little or no [[infrastructure]]. The twelve Indian Pioneer regiments in existence in 1914 were trained and equipped for road, rail and [[engineer]]ing work, as well as for conventional infantry service. While this dual function did not qualify them to be regarded as elite units, the frequency with which they saw active service made postings to pioneer regiments popular with British officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reubique.com/indpion.htm|title=Indian Pioneer Battalions by Ó Lieutenant Colonel Edward De Santis|date=1977}}</ref>

The Pioneer Corps were disbanded in 1933 and their personnel mostly transferred into the Corps of Sappers and Miners, whose role they had come to parallel. It was concluded that the Pioneer battalions had become less technically effective than the Sappers and Miners, but too well trained in specialist functions to warrant being used as ordinary infantry. In addition, their major role of frontier road building had now been allocated to civilian workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalpioneercorps.co.uk/rpc/history_main1.htm|title=Royal Pioneer Corps & Royal Pioneer Association|last=Brown|first=Norman Brown & Paul|website=www.royalpioneercorps.co.uk|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

'''Post-Independence of India'''

The re-organization commenced in 1940 at [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]] (now in Pakistan). Thereafter it became the Auxiliary Pioneers Corps in 1941 and subsequently the Indian Auxiliary Pioneer Corps with effect from 13 October 1942. 25 November 1941 is celebrated as the Raising day of the Pioneer Corp. An Indian Pioneer Corps was re-established in 1943 and now have 16 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=iwJGTS0dOEgEp/wbulg5IQ==&ParentID=HjuqT5dxnJrWXcJZ4DbVSA==|title=Pioneer Corps Ethos|website=Indian Army Official Website}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=cocos60b6KdNHlxtd2I2cw==&ParentID=BWKVjAQdZcJtbjuY0qz92Q==&flag=Ow64LhREgrASHkA/nCyaSw==|title=Pioneer Corps History|website=Indian Army}}</ref>

=== [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] ===
In 1999 during Operation Vijay, two Pioneer Companies worked non-stop along with [[Border Roads Organisation]] to ensure that the lines of communication on the Srinagar-Leh, the Jammu-Poonch-Rajouri and Jammu-Srinagar areas remained open at all times.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Army]]
* [[106th Hazara Pioneers]]
* [[Madras Pioneers]]
* [[Pioneer (military)]]
* [[Indian Army Service Corps]]

== References ==
<references/>
{{Indian Army arms and services}}

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1758]]

Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya

2025-08-09T15:51:53Z

Olphindro Malang: adjusted citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Annette Akroyd.jpg|thumb|Annette Akroyd with the students of Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya, 1875]]
'''Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya''' (School for Hindu Women) was an all-female [[boarding school]] located at 22 Beniapukur Lane, Entally, [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name="Bagal">Bagal, Jogesh Chandra, ''History of the Bethune School and College (1849-1949)'' in ''Bethune College and School Centenary Volume'', edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag, 1949, p. 33</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Karlekar|first=Malavika|title=Frozen Frames|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050508/spectrum/main1.htm|work=Spectrum|publisher=The Tribune, 8 May 2005|accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> Founded by British translator [[Annette Beveridge]], the school was one of the first in India to provide girl students with a [[curriculum]] equivalent to that offered for boys.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070204/asp/opinion/story_7340747.asp| title = Lessons in a Sari – Did women's education in India change the way they dressed?| accessdate = 2007-04-18| last = Karlekar | first = Malavika | publisher = The Telegraph, 4 February 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205103822/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070204/asp/opinion/story_7340747.asp| archive-date = 5 February 2007}}</ref> Sources record different dates for the establishment of the school. While Indian historian [[Jogesh Chandra Bagal|Jogesh C. Bagal]] records the date of establishment as 18 November 1873,<ref name="Bagal" /> American historian [[David Kopf]] mentions it as 18 September 1873.<ref name="Kopf">Kopf, David, ''The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind'', 1979, pp. 34–39, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-03125-8}}</ref>

[[Dwarkanath Ganguly]] was the headmaster.<ref name = "Kopf"/> Ananda Mohan Bose and [[Durga Mohan Das]] bore the expenses of the institution.<ref>Sastri, Sivanath, ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'', 1911-12/1993, p. 164, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.</ref> Others involved in the school were [[Sivanath Sastri]] and [[Monomohun Ghose]].<ref name = "Telegraph"/> Mrs. J. B. Phear was an honorary teacher.<ref name = "Bagal"/><ref name = "Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Amin|first=Sonia|year=2012|chapter=Beveridge, Annette Susannah Akroyd|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Beveridge,_Annette_Susannah_Akroyd|editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|edition=Second|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> She went to the extent of teaching her students how to eat at a table with cutlery.<ref name = "Telegraph"/>

After the marriage of Annette Akroyd, the school was closed in March 1876. It was revived on 1 June 1876 as [[Banga Mahila Vidyalaya]] (Bengali Women's College).<ref name = "Bagal"/>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Kolkata]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1873]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Madrasa Sirajul Uloom

2025-07-18T05:53:20Z

Olphindro Malang: created first info basic info

{{Short description|Madarsa in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Madrasa Sirajul Uloom {{Nastaliq|مدرسہ سراج العلوم ہلالی سراءے سنبھل}}
|image = Madrasa Sirajul Uloom Hilali Sarai Sambhal.jpg
|caption = Mosque at Madrasa Sirajul Uloom Premises
|established =
|type = [[Islamic Institute]]
|affiliation = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
|principal = Mohammad Miyan Qasmi
|location = Sambhal, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|faculty =
|students =
|campus = Urban
|website =[http://madrasasirajululoom.com Madrasa Sirajul Uloom Official website]
}}
'''Madrasa Sirajul Uloom''' {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مدرسہ سراج العلوم}}}}, [[Sambhal]] is an old [[Madrasa]] (theological Institute) established in [[Sambhal]] city of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=9041300604|title=MADARSA SIRAJUL ULUM, SAMBHAL CITY|website=www.schoolsworld.in}}</ref> It was established by Maulana Khaleel Ahmad Israili back in 1902 AD<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://madrasasirajululoom.com/english/taruf.html |title=Madrasa Islamia Arabia Sirajul Uloom, Hilali Sarai Sambhal |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222064905/http://madrasasirajululoom.com/english/taruf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the commemoration of Maulana Siraj Israili, his middle name ''Siraj'' serves as the eponym for ''Sirajul Uloom''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/1803421|title = Traditions of Israelite Descent Among Certain Muslim Groups in South Asia|journal = Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies|year = 2009|volume = 28|pages = 1–14|last1 = Aafreedi|first1 = Navras Jaat|doi = 10.1353/sho.0.0461|s2cid = 145057433}}</ref> Among its alumni, [[Manzoor Nomani]], Burhanuddin Sambhali and [[Maulana Asad Israili]] are famous for their contribution in the field of theology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madrasasirajululoom.com/banyan.html|title=Madrasa Islamia Arabia Sirajul Uloom, Hilali Sarai Sambhal|access-date=18 September 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918210421/https://madrasasirajululoom.com/banyan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Freedom fighter Maulana Ismail Sambhali also studied [[Dars-i Nizami]] in Madrasa Sirajul Uloom <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/Family-Kids/13982-maulana-mohammad-ismail-sambhali-scholar-freedom-fighter-and-politician/|title = Maulana Mohammad Ismail Sambhali: Scholar, Freedom Fighter and Politician}}</ref>

==Faculties==
There are six Islamic educational faculties at Madrasa Sirajul Uloom:

*Shoba e Dars e Nizami (Dept. of Islamic law studies)
*Shoba e Arbi jadeed (Dept. of Modern Arabic language)
*Shoba e Niswan (Separate section for Girls)
*Shoba e Hifz o Tajweed (Dept. of Qur'an recitation studies)
*Foqaniya (Upper Primary section)
*Tahtaniya(Primary Section)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrasasirajululoom.com/english/shobajaat-madarsa.html|title=Madrasa Islamia Arabia Sirajul Uloom, Hilali Sarai Sambhal|website=www.madrasasirajululoom.com|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222030019/http://madrasasirajululoom.com/english/shobajaat-madarsa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government Degree College Sambhal]]
*[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
*[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.madrasasirajululoom.com/ madrasa Sirajul uloom official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213030/https://www.madrasasirajululoom.com/ |date=18 September 2021 }}
* [http://www.cdeamu.ac.in/ Centre for Distance Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202064057/https://cdeamu.ac.in/ |date=2 December 2020 }}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Madrasas in India|Sirajul Uloom]]
[[Category:Education in Sambhal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1902]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

Masilamaniswara Temple, Thiruvaduthurai

2025-05-25T01:52:47Z

Olphindro Malang: created initial location with sources.

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Masilamaniswara Temple
| image = Thiruvavaduthurai4.JPG
| alt = Image of the temple and the temple tank
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|29|N|78|41|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Thiruvaduthurai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Masilamaniswarar (Shiva)
Oppilamulaiyar/ Athulyakujambigai (Parvathi)
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Gomukthi, Padma, Kaivalya
|temple_tree = Padar Arasa Maram
| tower =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Masilamaniswara Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to Hindu god [[Shiva]], located in the village of [[Thiruvaduthurai]], located 22 km from the South Indian town, [[Kumbakonam]] and 14 km from [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. The temple is referred to in the verses of ''[[Tevaram]]'', the 7th century Tamil Saiva canon by [[Sambandar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]]. The temple is associated with the legend of Saivite saint [[Tirumular]] (6th century CE).

The temple is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]] during 9th century A.D and with significant additions from later [[Chola]] kings and by the subsequent ruling empires. It houses five-tiered gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Masilamaniswarar and Oppilamulai Nayagi Amman being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and three yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]], whose headquarters is located inside the temple.

==Legend==
[[File:Thiruvavaduthurai3.JPG|Shrine of Thirvaduthurai Adheenam|200px|thumb|left]]
Legend associates the temple with the saivite saint [[Tirumular]] (6th century CE). Tirumular saw a herd of cows lamenting the death of their herdsmen named Moolan. Being a ''[[siddha]]'', he entered into the body of Moolan, came back alive to serve as the herdsman.<ref name=SC>{{Citation |last=Schottenhammer |first=Angela |title=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400|year=1997|publisher=Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP –Einheitsaufnahme|location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-11773-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC&q=avur+temple&pg=PA300|pages=299–300}}</ref> It is believed that he was coming from North to South India to meet sage [[Agastya]]. When he went back to the place where he left his original body, he did not find it. Considering it as a divine play, he continued to remain in the body of Moolan for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Siddhar Poems From Tamil: An Introduction|last=A.|first=Rajaram Brammarajan|journal=Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|jstor=23343022|year=2000|volume=44|issue=195|pages=157–176}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Parvathi]] was cursed to become a cow and she worshipped Shiva to attain her original form.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=38}}</ref> The legend is closely associated with this temple, but is also associated with other temples like [[Thenupuriswarar Temple]] at [[Patteswaram]], [[Aavoor Pasupatheeswaram]] and Tirukogarnam near [[Pudukkottai]].<ref name=SC/>

==History==
The temple is counted as one of the earliest temples built during the regime of [[Parantaka I]]. An inscription in the temple indicates record of grants to pipers, land endowments, flower gardens, carriers of [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] during his third regnal year. Another inscription from his 38th regnal year recorded as 143 of 1925 indicates gift of 500 ''kalanjus'' of gold for the construction of the ''kudapadai'' upwards. Historians believe that the temple was built by Tirukaralippichan and was completed during the regime of Parantaka. There are other inscriptions that indicate donation of gold and silver vessels to the temple. The inscriptions from [[Rajaraja I]] recorded as 104 and 107 of 1925 indicate similar gift of metal images to the temple. This is counted as the first mention of portrait installation indicated in an inscription, with the other ones being in [[Uma Maheswarar Temple, Konerirajapuram|Konerirajapuram]] and [[Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple|Thiruvisanallur]] temples. The temple has been maintained and administered by the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]], whose headquarters is located inside the temple.<ref name=early>{{cite book|title=Early Chola temples Parantaka I to Rajaraja I (AD. 907–985)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf|pages=220–21}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is located 12 km away from Mayiladuthurai and 24 km away from Kumbakonam. The temple has a five tiered ''[[gopuram|Rajagopuram]]'' with elevated stone walls separating the second, third and fourth precinct. The images of the presiding deity, Masilamaniswarar, in the form of [[Shiva lingam]] occupies the main sanctum facing east. The shrine of the consort of Masilamaniswarar, Oppilamulaiyar faces west. The third ''[[prakaram]]'' has a separate shrine for the saivite saint [[Tirumular]]. The temple has three water bodies located at various places inside the temple. The [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] is located in the premises outside the fourth precinct.<ref name=Masi>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=28|year=2012|title=Masilamaniswarar Temple, Thiruvaduthurai|work=Thevaaram.org|access-date=2012-06-26 }}</ref>

==Religious significance==
The temple is revered in the verses of ''Tevaram'', the 7th century Saivite canonical work by the three saint poets, namely, [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]] and [[Sundarar]]. The temple is reverred by Sambandar in the third ''[[Tirumurai]]'' in one verse, [[Appar]] in five and [[Sundarar]] in two verses.<ref name=Sam>{{Cite book
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf
|title=Sambandar Tevarm −3
|work=projectmadurai.org
|last=Tirugnanasambandar
|year=2002
|access-date=19 August 2012|pages=8–10
}}</ref><ref name=Masi/>

::::"இடரினும் தளரினும் எனதுறுநோய்
:::: தொடரினும் உனகழல் தொழுதெழுவேன்
:::: கடல்தனில் அமுதொடு கலந்தநஞ்சை
:::: மிடறினில் அடக்கிய வேதியனே

:::: இதுவோஎமை ஆளுமா றீவதொன்றெமக் கில்லையேல்
:::: அதுவோவுன தின்னருள் ஆவடுதுறை அரனே."
<ref name=Sam/>
translating to
::::"when I am undergoing sufferings.
:::: when I am depressed in spirits.
:::: when my big karmams follow me I shall wake up from sleep worshipping your feet.
:::: Civaṉ who gave out the Vētams and who controlled the poison which was mixed with the nectar in the ocean of milk and made it stay in the neck!
:::: Civaṉ in Āvaṭutuṟai!
:::: if there is nothing to give to us.
:::: is this way you admit us as your protege?
:::: is your sweet grace like that?".<ref name=Moondram>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=3&Song_idField=3004&padhi=126+&button=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95|year=2012|title=Moondram Thirumurai, Thiruvaduthurai|work=Thevaaram.org|access-date=2012-06-26 }}</ref>

Sambandar is believed to obtained gold coins from the presiding deity for performing Yagna by his father. Sundarar was relieved off his curse after praying the presiding deity. [[Thirumoolar]], a [[Sidhha]] saint, is believed to have sung 3,000 in praise of the presiding deity in the temple. Thirumaligai Devar, another Siddha, is believed to have performed many wonders in the temple. The Samathi of both the Siddhas are in the precinct of the temple. The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|pages=36–7|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==Worship practices==
[[File:Thiruvavaduthurai5.JPG|Nandi, the bull of Shiva|200px|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Masilamaniswarar and Kodiyidai Nayagi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.
Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (September – October), Thiruvadhirai during the month of ''{{lang|te-Latn|Margazhi}}'' (December – January) and Annabhishekam during the Tamil month of ''{{lang|te-Latn|Masi}}'' are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Gokumukteeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=315|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> Saiva Sithantham philosophy is promulgated in the temples owned by Atheenam. ''Tevaram'' is recited during all the six daily rituals.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=102|issue=1|title=Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints|page=82|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/601112|year=1982|last=Peterson|first=Indira V.|access-date=10 July 2021|publisher=American Oriental Society|doi=10.2307/601112 |jstor=601112 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thiruvaduthurai Temple}}

{{Tiruvicaippa and Thirupallandu Talangal}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

2nd Madras State Assembly

2024-12-06T11:41:05Z

Olphindro Malang: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Second legislative assembly of Madras state''' (1 April 1957 – 18 March 1962) was constituted in April 1957 after the [[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election|assembly election]] which held in March 1957.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |title=The State Legislature - Origin a |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The general election were held in 1957 for 167 territorial constituencies, of which 129 were single-member constituencies and 38 were double-member constituencies. Thirty-seven seats were reserved for the Scheduled Caste and one seat was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. After the election the assembly was constituted which consisted of 205 elected Members.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_02assly/ch_1_3.pdf |title=A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1957-1962) |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220051918/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_02assly/ch_1_3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/> In that election, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] under the leadership of [[K. Kamaraj]] won with a majority.

In 1960, as a result of the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959, one member from the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly(member of Tiruttani Constituency) was allotted to Madras Legislative Assembly and consequently the strength of the Madras Assembly increased to 206, exclusive of the nominated Anglo-Indian Member. By the Two Member Constituencies (Abolition) Act, 1961, the 38 double-member constituencies have been abolished and an equal number of single-member constituencies have been reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as before. Hence the number of territorial constituencies has increased to 206.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position
! Leader
|-
|Governor
|A.J. John [[P. V. Rajamannar]] Bishuram Medhi
|-
|Chief Minister
|[[K. Kamaraj]]
|-
|Speaker
|U.Krishna Rau
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|B. Bhaktavatsalu Naidu
|-
|Leader of the House
|[[Chidambaram Subramaniam|C. Subramaniam]]
|-
|Leader of Opposition
|V.K.Ramasamy Mudaliar ([[Indian National Democratic Congress|INDC]])
|}

== Council of Ministers ==
The Council of Ministers during Second legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_02assly/table5.pdf |title=TABLE No. V: Allocation of Business among Ministers |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232651/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_02assly/table5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:180px;"|Minister
! Portfolios
|-
|K. Kamaraj
|Chief Minister, Public, Planning and Development (including Local development Works, Women's Welfare, Community Projects and Rural Welfare), National Extension Scheme
|-
|[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
|Home
|-
|[[C. Subramaniam]]
|Finance
|-
|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|Industries
|-
|[[M. A. Manickavelu Naicker]]
|Revenue
|-
|[[P. Kakkan]]
| Works
|-
|[[V. Ramaiah]]
|Electricity
|-
|[[Lourdhammal Simon]]
|Local Administration
|}

== See also ==
*[[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

Devuni Kadapa

2024-08-28T17:44:39Z

Olphindro Malang: Creating Basic Pg Added Tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devuni Kadapa
| other_name = (Patha Kadapa) Old Kadapa City
| nickname = Threshold to Tirupati Venkateswara Temple
| settlement_type = Historical site
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Entrance to Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Temple in Devuni Kadapa
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|14|29|29|N|78|50|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities and towns in India by population|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Kadapa Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08562
| registration_plate = AP04
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Devuni Kadapa''' is a part of [[Kadapa|Kadapa City]] and a historical site. It is also known as ''Patha Kadapa,'' meaning ''Old Kadapa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mana-raayalaseema.blogspot.com/2009/10/devuni-kadapa.html|title=Raayalaseema|work=mana-raayalaseema.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref name="appr.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysrkadzp.appr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/di5XrVERUf8s/content/devuni-kadapa-sri-lakshmi-venkateswara-temple|title=Y.S.R.-District Panchayat|work=appr.gov.in|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123074952/http://www.ysrkadzp.appr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/di5XrVERUf8s/content/devuni-kadapa-sri-lakshmi-venkateswara-temple|archivedate=2015-01-23}}</ref> It is famous for its temple of Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Swami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manadevunikadapa.blogspot.com/2013/02/devuni-kadapa-history.html|title=DEVUNI KADAPA HISTORY|author=Sagabala Phanindra|work=manadevunikadapa.blogspot.com|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831071941/http://manadevunikadapa.blogspot.com/2013/02/devuni-kadapa-history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Toponymy==
The name "Devuni Kadapa" is derived from the word ''gadapa'', which means "threshold" or "door sill". The pilgrims who wanted to visit the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], located in [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], had to first visit the Lakshmi Venkateswara Swami Temple in Devuni Kadapa, hence gaining its name.

==History==
Kadapa is named after the word ''Gadapa'' which is originated from the words "Devuni Gadapa" means "Threshold of the entrance for The Lord Venkateswara Swamy". The Idol of the Lord Venkateswara has been established by [[Kripacharya]], hence the ancient name of Devuni kadapa is also mentioned in [[puranas]] as "Kripavathi Kshetram". Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Temple stands as an example of [[Vijayanagara architecture]]. It is said that [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] visited this place and all the [[Sankaracharya]]s of the Advaita Mutt and the great poet [[Kshetrayya]] also visited this place. This temple was undertaken by the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]].<ref name="appr.gov.in"/>

== Architecture ==
The temple exhibits classic [[Dravidian architecture]], characterized by a towering gopuram (gateway tower) and intricately carved pillars. The main sanctum houses the idol of Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Swamy, flanked by idols of Goddess Lakshmi and other deities. The temple complex includes several mandapams (pillared halls), a dhwaja stambham (flagpole), and a large temple tank (pushkarini).

==Transport==
It has the nearest railway station of Kadapa. The nearest airport is the [[Kadapa Airport]] which is located in the outskirts of the city and is about 9.5 km from Devuni Kadapa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.distancebetweencities.co.in/cuddapah_andhra-pradesh_and_devuni-kadapa-temple_kadapa_andhra-pradesh/|title=Distance between Cuddapah, Andhra Pradesh and Devuni Kadapa Temple, Devuni Kadapa, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|work=distancebetweencities.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kadapa]]

Seher Latif

2024-06-21T13:53:23Z

Olphindro Malang: started post

{{Short description|Indian casting director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

'''Seher Latif''' (died 7 June 2021) or '''Seher Aly Latif''' was an Indian [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Casting Director|casting director]], who worked on a number of domestic and international film projects based in India. Her credits as a casting director including award-winning films such as ''[[The Lunchbox]], Shakuntala Devi'', and the Indian casting for ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'', ''[[Eat Pray Love]],'' and ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]],'' as well as television shows such as ''[[Sense8]],'' and ''[[McMafia]].'' She also produced the Indian romantic television series, ''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]'', starring [[Swara Bhasker]]. In 2016, ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle Magazine]]'' listed her as one of the 'most powerful young Indian women in Bollywood'.

== Career ==
Latif worked primarily as a casting director, often collaborating with international film and television projects to cast Indian actors for scenes filmed in India. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described her as " one of the most sought-after casting directors for international projects set in India or with a significant India component."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=2021-06-07|title=‘The Lunchbox’ Casting Director Seher Aly Latif Dies in Mumbai|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/asia/the-lunchbox-casting-director-seher-latif-dead-1234990283/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> She worked on a number of well-received international projects that were filmed partly in India, including [[Kathryn Bigelow]]'s ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'', [[John Madden (director)|John Madden]]'s''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', [[Ryan Murphy (writer)|Ryan Murphy]]'s ''[[Eat Pray Love]]'', and ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]].''<ref name=":0" /> In addition to her work in film, she also did casting for a number of television series that were filmed in or relating to India, including ''[[Sense8]]'', ''[[McMafia]],'' and ''[[The Good Karma Hospital]].''<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2021|title=The Lunchbox casting director Seher Aly Latif dies of cardiac arrest in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/the-lunchbox-casting-director-seher-aly-latif-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-mumbai-1812146-2021-06-08|access-date=2021-11-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-08|title=The Lunchbox casting director Seher Aly Latif dies, Nimrat Kaur, Richa Chadha mourn her loss|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-lunchbox-casting-director-seher-aly-latif-dies-nimrat-kaur-richa-chadha-mourn-her-loss-101623131791200.html|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In 2013, along with Mark Bennett and Richard Hicks, she was nominated for an award for Big Budget/Feature Casting for her work on ''Zero Dark Thirty'', by the [[Casting Society of America]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2013-08-19|title=Casting Society Unveils Artios Nominees|url=https://deadline.com/2013/08/artios-award-2013-nominees-list-566946/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

In India, Latif was the casting director for ''[[The Lunchbox]],'' which won several domestic and international awards. More recently, she worked as a producer for ''Shakuntala Devi,'' a biographical film about the Indian mathematician [[Shakuntala Devi]], starring [[Vidya Balan]], as well as on ''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]'', an Indian romantic television series for [[Netflix]] that starred [[Swara Bhasker]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-08|title=Casting director-producer Seher Aly Latif passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maska-bhaag-beanie-bhaag-producer-seher-aly-latif-passes-away-7348121/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> ''Bhaag Beanie Bhaag'' was a production of Mutant Studios, a production studio set up by Latif and Shivani Saran in 2016. They also produced a sports drama, ''GOLD'', starring [[Akshay Kumar]], in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> Other recent work included casting on a biopic of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, titled ''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|The Man Who Knew Infinity]]'' and starring [[Dev Patel]], a period film, ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]'', directed by [[Gurinder Chadha]], and a horor-drama, ''[[Durgamati]],'' starring [[Bhumi Pednekar]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Producer Seher Aly Latif, known for 'The Lunchbox' & 'Durgamati', passes away due to cardiac arrest|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/producer-seher-aly-latif-known-for-the-lunchbox-durgamati-passes-away-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/83332377.cms|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle Magazine]]'' listed her as one of the 'most powerful young Indian women in Bollywood'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the most powerful young women in Bollywood|url=https://elle.in/article/women-in-bollywood/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Elle India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Latif's filmography included credits for casting and production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seher Latif|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3293454/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=IMDb}} {{unreliable?|date=June 2022}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Project
!Role
!Year
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Television'''
|-
|''[[Outsourced (TV series)|Outsourced]]''
|Additional casting
|2006
|-
|''Bollywood Hero''
|Casting (India - 3 episodes)
|2009
|-
|''The Good Karma Hospital''
|Casting (6 episodes)
|2017
|-
|''[[Sense8]]''
|Casting (20 episodes)
|2015-2017
|-
|''McMafia''
|Casting (5 episodes)
|2018
|-
|''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]''
|Casting director (6 episodes)
|2020
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Film'''
|-
|''[[Eat Pray Love]]''
|Casting (India)
|2010
|-
|''[[Save Your Legs!]]''
|Casting (India)
|2012
|-
|''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]''
|Casting (India)
|2012
|-
|''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''
|Original casting
|2013
|-
|''The Unseen Sequence''
|Casting director
|2013
|-
|''The Lunchbox''
|Casting director
|2013
|-
|''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred Foot Journey]]''
|Casting (India)
|2014
|-
|''[[Million Dollar Arm]]''
|Casting director
|2014
|-
|''Tigers''
|Casting director
|2014
|-
|''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]''
|Casting (India)
|2015
|-
|''[[Furious 7]]''
|Casting (India)
|2015
|-
|''[[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|The Man Who Knew Infinity]]''
|Casting director
|2015
|-
|''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]''
|Casting director
|2017
|-
|''[[Bioscopewala]]''
|Casting director
|2017
|-
|''Noblemen''
|Casting director
|2018
|-
|''[[Line of Descent]]''
|Casting director
|2019
|-
|''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''
|Casting director
|2020
|-
|''[[Durgamati|Durgamati: The Myth]]''
|Casting director
|2020
|-
|''[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|Shakuntala Devi]]''
|Casting director
|2020
|}

=== Production ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Project
!Role
!Year
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Television'''
|-
|''Messy''
|Co-Producer
|2020
|-
|''Untitled''
|Executive Producer (9 episodes)
|2020
|-
|''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]''
|Executive Producer (6 episodes)
|2020
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Film'''
|-
|''Taala Aur Chabi''
|Producer
|2010
|-
|''Masterchef''
|Producer
|2014
|-
|''GOLD''
|Executive Producer
|2018
|-
|''[[Noblemen (film)|Noblemen]]''
|Executive Producer
|2018
|-
|''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''
|Producer
|2020
|-
|[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|''Shakuntala Devi'']]
|Producer
|2020
|}

== Personal life ==
Her alma mater was [[Mater Dei School, New Delhi]]. Latif died at the age of 39 in [[Mumbai]] on 7 June 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The film ''[[Monkey Man (film)|Monkey Man]]'', which she cast, is dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Sikandar Kher: Seher Latif looked out for me |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/A-surprise-birthday-bash-for-Jimmy-Shergill-on-his-film-sets-23195499 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latif, Seher}}
[[Category:Indian casting directors]]
[[Category:Women casting directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]

1951 Asian Games medal table

2022-04-30T00:21:32Z

Olphindro Malang: created redirect page

#Redirect[[1951 Asian Games#Medal table]]

JEE Advanced

2022-03-29T12:24:04Z

Olphindro Malang: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced]]

Palmore

2021-01-29T05:16:50Z

Olphindro Malang: correct section per sources and added references for consistency

'''Palmore''' is a family name. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Erdman B. Palmore]] (born 1930), American [[gerontologist]]
* [[John S. Palmore]] (1917–2017), American judge
* [[Roderick A. Palmore]], American lawyer and businessperson
* [[Tara N. Palmore]], American [[physician-scientist]] and epidemiologist
* [[Walter Palmore]] (born 1996), American football player

== See also ==

* [[Clarke–Palmore House]]

{{surname}}
{{Authority control}}