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That Is Mahalakshmi

2026-05-09T14:14:27Z

OlivaWilhite3:

{{short description|Unreleased Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = That Is Mahalakshmi
| image = That Is Mahalakshmi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Prasanth Varma]]
| producer = {{ubl|Manu Kumaran|[[Parul Yadav]]}}
| writer =
| story = [[Vikas Bahl]]
| based_on = {{ubl|''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]'' (Hindi)(2014) by Vikas Bahl}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| music = {{ubl|[[Amit Trivedi]]|[[Arjuna Harjai]]}}
| cinematography = Michael Taburiaux
| editing = Goutham Nerusu
| studio = [[Medient Studios|Mediente International Films Ltd.]]
| released =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
| budget =
}}
'''''That Is Mahalakshmi''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Prasanth Varma]], produced by Manu Kumaran and [[Parul Yadav]]. The film is a remake of the 2014 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]''. The film stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the role, with [[Shibani Dandekar]] and [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] playing supporting roles. The film encountered problems at every stage, from production to distribution, resulting in numerous delays and ultimately preventing its release.<ref name="Teaser">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2018 |title=That is Mahalakshmi teaser: Tamannaah takes on the Queen avatar in the Telugu version |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/that-is-mahalakshmi-teaser-tamannaah-queen-telugu-5504229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723123630/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/that-is-mahalakshmi-teaser-tamannaah-queen-telugu-5504229/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S |date=2020-09-06 |title=The south's take on Queen is mired in difficulties... ... but things are falling in place, says producer Manu Kumaran |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200906/282076279270540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712000156/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200906/282076279270540 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Shibani Dandekar]] as Vijayalakshmi<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2019 |title=Web doesn't focus alone on hero or heroine: Shibani Dandekar |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/web-doesnt-focus-alone-on-hero-or-heroine-shibani-dandekar-187647-2019-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051803/https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/web-doesnt-focus-alone-on-hero-or-heroine-shibani-dandekar-187647-2019-04-14 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref>
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=21 October 2017 |title=Guntur Talkies boy in Telugu remake of Queen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/guntur-talkies-boy-in-telugu-remake-of-queen/articleshow/61154315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120051658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/guntur-talkies-boy-in-telugu-remake-of-queen/articleshow/61154315.cms |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]]<ref name="Teaser" />
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]<ref name="Teaser" />
* Guillermo Uria Viar<ref name="Teaser" />
* Jeffrey Ho as Taka<ref name="Teaser" />
* Nikos Vatikiotis<ref name="Teaser" />
* Roopa Lakshmi<ref name="Teaser" />
* Clifton Brown<ref name="Teaser" />
* Samarth Ashok Hegde<ref name="Teaser" />
}}
== Production ==
In June 2014, [[Viacom18 Studios]], the producers of the Hindi film ''[[Queen (2013 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), made an official announcement that they sold the remake rights for the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada versions of their film to [[Thiagarajan]], who would make the films through his production studio, Staar Movies. Viacom put a caveat in the agreement that the principal photography of any of the films must start by 8 June 2017, else the rights would revert to Viacom.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=11 June 2014 |title=Thiagarajan bags rights to remake 'Queen' down south |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/thiagarajan-bags-rights-to-remake-queen-down-south/article6104057.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614182246/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/thiagarajan-bags-rights-to-remake-queen-down-south/article6104057.ece |archive-date=14 June 2014 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Soon after the announcement in June 2014, several Indian directors and actresses expressed their desire to do the film, but Thiagarajan maintained that no one had been finalised and that he was still considering his options.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Radha Mohan to direct Queen? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/radha-mohan-direct-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182457/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/radha-mohan-direct-queen |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema News – Tamil Movie Reviews – Tamil Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Tamil |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/priya-anand-is-ready-to-be-tamil-queen-tamil-news-112263.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150519/https://www.indiaglitz.com/priya-anand-is-ready-to-be-tamil-queen-tamil-news-112263.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=10 July 2014 |title=Queen South Indian remake: Thiagarajan yet to finalise the leading lady! |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/queen-south-indian-remake-thiagarajan-yet-to-finalise-the-leading-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180840/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/queen-south-indian-remake-thiagarajan-yet-to-finalise-the-leading-lady/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> Thiagarajan announced his potential plans of casting [[Lisa Haydon]] to reprise her supporting role and for his son [[Prashanth]] to act in the film, but remarked that he was unsure if Prashanth would accept to play a character with "grey shades".<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=R.M. Vijayakar, India |title=Thiagarajan to Remake 'Queen' in Four Languages |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/thiagarajan-to-remake-queen-in-four-languages/article_34ac009a-fe4b-11e3-a05e-001a4bcf887a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181548/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/thiagarajan-to-remake-queen-in-four-languages/article_34ac009a-fe4b-11e3-a05e-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indiawest.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=No pressure on Prashanth to be in 'Queen' remake: Thiagarajan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/no-pressure-on-prashanth-to-be-in-queen-remake-thiagarajan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225643/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/no-pressure-on-prashanth-to-be-in-queen-remake-thiagarajan/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] held discussions about portraying the film's lead role during July 2014, but turned the film down after being unconvinced about the way the original script was set to be adapted into the South Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Actress Samantha rejects Queen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/entertainment-tollywood/article/actress-samantha-rejects-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183025/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/entertainment-tollywood/article/actress-samantha-rejects-queen |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=Basking in Freedom |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140815/entertainment-kollywood/article/basking-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183027/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140815/entertainment-kollywood/article/basking-freedom |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

After a period of inactivity and further media reports about the casting of the lead actress, Thiagarajan revealed in February 2016 that he had signed on [[Revathi]] to direct the Tamil version of the film, while [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] would work as the dialogue writer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=2 February 2016 |title=Revathy to direct Tamil, Telugu remake of 'Queen' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/revathy-to-direct-tamil-telugu-remake-of-queen/article8182557.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203164121/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/revathy-to-direct-tamil-telugu-remake-of-queen/article8182557.ece |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Soon after, [[Nayanthara]] turned down the opportunity to work on the film citing scheduling issues during early 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara is not a part of 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-not-a-part-of-queen-remake-news-tamil-qdrkrocjcfgfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317200238/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-not-a-part-of-queen-remake-news-tamil-qdrkrocjcfgfb.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In mid-2016, [[Trisha Krishnan]] was also approached to play the lead role but conflicting schedules meant that she could not sign on to appear in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha approached for 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-approached-for-queen-remake-news-tamil-qg3o75eghcdid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702153015/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-approached-for-queen-remake-news-tamil-qg3o75eghcdid.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Trisha Krishnan still front-runner for Queen Tamil remake |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/trisha-nan-still-front-runner-for-queen-tamil-remake-2883782/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181310/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/trisha-nan-still-front-runner-for-queen-tamil-remake-2883782/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The media also linked actresses [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] and [[Nithya Menen]] to the lead role, but neither were signed on.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Radhika C. |title=Nithya Menen in Queen remake? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nithya-Menen-in-Queen-remake/articleshow/46594619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nithya-Menen-in-Queen-remake/articleshow/46594619.cms |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> During an interaction with the media in November 2016, Thiagarajan revealed that he had finalised Revathi to direct the Tamil and Malayalam versions of the film, while Anish Kuruvilla and [[Prakash Raj]] would make the Telugu and Kannada versions respectively. He added that [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] would feature in the lead role of the Tamil version, while [[Amala Paul]] and [[Parul Yadav]] would reprise the role in the Malayalam and Kannada versions respectively. He also stated that [[Amy Jackson]] was signed on to feature in all four versions of the film in the role originally portrayed by Lisa Haydon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilemma on Tollywood Queen Continues |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/53858/Dilemma-on-Tollywood-Queen-Continues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181613/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/53858/Dilemma-on-Tollywood-Queen-Continues |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=gulte.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally, it is Tamannaah to do 'Queen' remake! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/finally-it-is-tamannaah-to-do-queen-remake-news-tamil-ql2pUMcgejddd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129084625/http://www.sify.com/movies/finally-it-is-tamannaah-to-do-queen-remake-news-tamil-ql2pUMcgejddd.html |archive-date=29 November 2016 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |title=Tamannaah is the Tamil Queen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-the-Tamil-Queen/articleshow/55666447.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111150036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-is-the-Tamil-Queen/articleshow/55666447.cms |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In April 2017, Tamannaah stated that the film was shelved, though Thiagarajan refuted her claim and stated that production would begin in May 2017. He revealed that talks with the actress to play the lead role had fallen through after a dispute over her remuneration for the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Queen Tamil remake shelved, confirms Tamannaah |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/queen-tamil-remake-starring-tamannaah-shelved-kangana-ranaut-4610553/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225638/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/queen-tamil-remake-starring-tamannaah-shelved-kangana-ranaut-4610553/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Queen remake is still on: Thiagarajan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/queen-remake-is-still-on-thiagarajan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182528/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130417/queen-remake-is-still-on-thiagarajan.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

In June 2017, further confusion about the remake arose after two separate production houses apart from Thiagarajan's Staar Movies had claimed rights to the film. As per a contract signed on 30 July 2016, Staar Movies agreed to enter into a co-production agreement with Mediente International Films Ltd and Liger Commercial Brokers for the making of the films. However a mutual cancellation form was then signed between the parties on 5 April 2017 after Mediente allegedly failed to pay the consideration provided under the agreement.<ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=What Ails The 'Queen' Remake? |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/what-ails-the-queen-remakes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910190706/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/features/what-ails-the-queen-remakes/ |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> Then, as per a contract signed on 21 April 2017, Staar Movies agreed to assign the rights of all four South Indian versions of ''Queen'' to Golden Crab Film Production Ltd. In order to avoid the reversion of rights back to Viacom due to three years of inactivity, Staar Movies and Golden Crab swiftly began shooting the film on 17 May 2017 with a series of supporting actors including [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] under the title of ''Vaanil Thedi Nindren''.<ref name="gc" /> However, on 3 June 2017, Staar Movies again assigned and transferred the remake rights of the film to Mediente and Liger, with the Kannada version of the film titled ''[[Butterfly (unreleased film)|Butterfly]]'' featuring Parul Yadav, starting immediately with [[Ramesh Aravind]] taking over as director. Staar Movies then produced a declaration affidavit on 14 June 2017 that any agreement with Golden Crab Films was false.<ref name="gc" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title='I feel like a Queen to have my film launched on my birthday' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/04/i-feel-like-a-queen-to-have-my-film-launched-on-my-birthday-1612873.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181235/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/04/i-feel-like-a-queen-to-have-my-film-launched-on-my-birthday-1612873.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

[[Kajal Aggarwal]] revealed in August 2017 that she had agreed terms to play the lead role in the Tamil version of the film, which would also be directed by Ramesh Aravind and produced by Mediente, and that the film's shoot would begin in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tabloid! |first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to |date=23 August 2017 |title=Kajal Aggarwal talks 'Vivegam' and future films |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kajal-aggarwal-talks-vivegam-and-future-films-1.2079053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928104450/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kajal-aggarwal-talks-vivegam-and-future-films-1.2079053 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Aggarwal to play lead in 'Queen' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-play-lead-in-queen-remake-news-tamil-rizmSoaeahcjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826013003/http://www.sify.com/movies/kajal-aggarwal-to-play-lead-in-queen-remake-news-tamil-rizmSoaeahcjf.html |archive-date=26 August 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In September 2017, it was revealed that Tamannaah would work on the Telugu version of the film which would be directed by [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=After Kajal gets confirmed for Tamil version, Tamannaah bags Telugu remake of Queen? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/neelakanta-to-helm-queens-telugu-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183158/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060917/neelakanta-to-helm-queens-telugu-remake.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Amala Paul also opted out of the Malayalam version citing date issues and was later replaced by [[Manjima Mohan]]. Amy Jackson was initially in talks to play the role Lisa Haydon played in ''Queen'' however opted out due to unavailability of dates and creative differences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=I want to be more choosy about my films: Amala Paul |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/16/i-want-to-be-more-choosy-about-my-films-amala-paul-1643671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/16/i-want-to-be-more-choosy-about-my-films-amala-paul-1643671.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Manjima is Malayalam Queen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/070917/manjima-is-malayalam-queen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925182808/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/070917/manjima-is-malayalam-queen.html |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Amit Trivedi to make his Kollywood debut with Queen remake |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amit-trivedi-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-queen-remake/articleshow/60807113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928072110/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/amit-trivedi-to-make-his-kollywood-debut-with-queen-remake/articleshow/60807113.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming began on 2 November 2017. Two months later, Neelakanta left the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2018 |title=Queen remake: Tamannaah Bhatia responds to reports of director Neelakanta quitting over creative differences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-telugu-remake-tamannaah-bhatia-responds-to-reports-of-director-neelakanta-quitting-over-creative-differences-4305541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204532/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-telugu-remake-tamannaah-bhatia-responds-to-reports-of-director-neelakanta-quitting-over-creative-differences-4305541.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-29 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Prashanth Varma]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-28 |title=Prasanth Varma to helm Queen remake |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280518/prasanth-varma-to-helm-queen-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529062809/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280518/prasanth-varma-to-helm-queen-remake.html |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-29 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = That Is Mahalakshmi
| type = soundtrack
| artist= [[Amit Trivedi]]
|cover =
|alt =
|released = 1 September 2020
| recorded= 2018–19
|studio = A T Studios
|genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| producer=Amit Trivedi
|length =
|label = [[Zee Music Company]]
|prev_title = [[Mission Mangal]]
|prev_year = 2019
|next_title = [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]
|next_year = 2019
}}
The music of the film is composed by Amit Trivedi and lyrics are by Krishna Kanth. The songs were released under [[Zee Music Company]] on 1 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3xS762G5l8 |title=That is Mahalakshmi – Full Movie Audio Jukebox {{!}} Tamannaah {{!}} Amit Trivedi |date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Zee Music South |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912214630/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3xS762G5l8&app=desktop |archive-date=12 September 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = London Dhaka Dol
| extra1 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Katha Modalavake
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sathyaprakash D
| length2 = 3:54
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| title3 = Sugar Honey
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], R Venkatraman (Rap)
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Raathe Marindaa
| extra4 = Shashaa Tirupati, Amit Trivedi
| length4 = 4:40
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| title5 = Yes You Can
| extra5 = Sunitha Sarathy
| length5 = 4:02
| lyrics5 =
| title6 = Sagame Chusaanaa
| extra6 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| length6 = 3:41
| lyrics6 = Krishna Kanth
| title7 = Kallara Chusthunna
| extra7 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length7 = 3:53
| lyrics7 = Krishna Kanth
| total_length = 27:17
}}

== See also ==
*[[Paris Paris]]
*[[Butterfly (unreleased film)|Butterfly]]
*[[Zam Zam (film)|Zam Zam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7943256}}
{{Prasanth Varma}}
{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prasanth Varma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjuna Harjai]]
[[Category:Films set in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]

Ghosts in Bengali culture

2026-05-02T17:55:31Z

OlivaWilhite3: minor enhanced formatting per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}} 
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
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{{unreliable sources|date=October 2019}}
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[[File:Thakurmar Jhuli Dakkhinaranjan Mitra Majumder 1907.jpg|thumbnail|The depiction of a [[Rakshasa|Rakkhoshi]] queen at the king's palace, an illustration from the classic Bengali folk-lore collection ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'' (1907) by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]]]]

[[Ghost]]s are an integral part of the [[folklore]] of [[Bengal]], which presently consists of [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]. [[Bengali folktales]] and [[Culture of Bengal|cultural identity]] are intertwined in such a way that ghosts depicted reflect the culture it sets in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarker |first=Dr. Sreemoyee |date=2021 |title=Ghosts in Bengali Folktales: Looking for Subaltern Cultural Identity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362326012 |journal=Indian Folklore: Contemplation on Art, Aesthetics, and Culture |pages=72 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> [[Fairy tales]], both old and new, often use the concept of ghosts.

The common [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word for ghosts is ''[[Bhoot (ghost)|bhoot]]'' ({{langx|bn|ভূত|bhūt}}), which comes from [[Sanskrit]] ''bhūta'' (भूत), meaning "past" or "something that has passed". Also, the word ''[[Preta|pret]]'' ({{langx|bn|প্রেত|prēt|link=no}}, derived from Sanskrit ''prēta'') is used in Bengali to mean ghost, which generally refers to the spirit of a deceased person, or entity that has passed on. Among [[Bengali Muslims]], [[List of spiritual entities in Islam|supernatural entities]] are largely recognised as ''[[jinn|jin]]'' ({{langx|bn|জিন|link=no}}, derived from [[Arabic]] ''jinn'') or ''jin-bhoot'' ({{langx|bn|জিন-ভূত}}).

In Bengali folktales, ghosts and similar concepts are believed to be the unsatisfied spirits of human beings who cannot find peace after death or the souls of people who died in unnatural or abnormal circumstances like murders, suicides or accidents. References to ghosts are often found in modern-day [[Bengali literature]], cinema, radio and television media. There are also alleged haunted sites in the region.

==Types of ghosts and other supernatural entities ==
{{in-universe|section|date=May 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|section|date=May 2019}}

There are many kinds of ghosts and supernatural entities that frequently come up in [[Bengali culture]] and folklore. Ghosts have been important in the socio-cultural beliefs, superstitions and popular entertainment of the [[Bengalis|Bengali people]]. A few of these supernatural entities are mentioned here.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Narendra Nath |year=2000 |title=Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HjXAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173043093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf|title=Thakumar Jhuli|work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.storypick.com/ghosts-of-bengal/|title=11 Different kinds Of Ghosts We Find In Bengali Culture|last=Maiti|first=Anwesha|website=StoryPick|date=16 September 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/Centers/Asia/SECAAS/Seras/2013/2WhiteAdventures.pdf|title= David Gordon White, Ḍākinī, Yoginī, Pairikā, Strix: Adventures in Comparative Demonology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saletore |first1= Rajaram Narayan |year=1981 |title=Indian Witchcraft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETz3_bv8t0cC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn= 9780391024809}}</ref><ref name="bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot">{{Cite web|url=http://bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot FM - Download Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes|website=Bhoot FM - Download Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.blogspot.com/search/label/Unit%3A%2BBengali%2BFolktales|title=Mythology and Folklore UN-Textbook}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=তিথি ভট্টাচার্য|script-title=bn:ভূতপূর্ব: ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর ভূত ও আমাদের ভবিষ্যৎ|url=http://omegalibrary.com/topic2116.html|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104545/http://omegalibrary.com/topic2116.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Jinn / Djinn ===
Most often believed by the Muslim community of Bengal, the Jinn are supernatural beings that are generally considered invisible and capable of affecting living beings with their actions. An important aspect of Jinn is that they are seen, as humans, to be accountable for their deeds in the eyes of [[God]]. Jinn are not necessarily good or bad, but are seen as intelligent and subtle beings. They have free will, and a Muslim may acknowledge when a jinn is influencing their life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=El-Zein |first=Amira |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JjTctEZXHCQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=jinn&ots=IAav4cwUKE&sig=H3yTxPJePnM106SVqn0o0DAPZiY |title=Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn |date=2009-10-16 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5070-6 |language=en}}</ref> Some may attribute circumstances in their lives to Jinn interference and in some rural areas, this may be where [[shamanistic]] rituals may be employed to ward them off ([[Talisman|talismans]], prayers, etc.). Some Jinn like to shapeshift and appear as snakes or humans, and may become malevolent if disturbed or harmed by a human. Some Jinns can haunt human residences, toilets, lakes, graveyards, morgues, hospitals and even the wilderness.

===Boba Jinn===
[[Sleep paralysis]] is often attributed in Bengali lore to a supernatural entity called the [[Jinn]] of "Boba" ({{langx|bn|বোবা}}) ''(meaning [[muteness]])'' or "Boba Jinn" ({{langx|bn|বোবা জিন}}). This entity tries to strangle the victim in their sleep. The victims report themselves being unable to speak or move and often see the fearsome entity sitting over their chest as it strangles them. In Bangladesh, the phenomenon is called ''Bobaay Dhora'' (being struck by Boba).

===Pari / Pori===
[[File:Kalighat_pictures_Indian_gods_f.22.jpg|thumb|Kalighat painting of a [[Peri|pari]]]]

In [[Bangladeshi folk literature|Bangladeshi folklore]], pori (also spelled [[parī]]) refers to a supernatural entity, similar to a fairy, often depicted as a beautiful, winged creature with a connection to [[Islamic mythology|Islamic]]/[[Persian mythology]]. They are known for their ethereal beauty and association with the unseen realm, sometimes interacting with humans, both positively and negatively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural Appropriation: "Pari" not "Fairy" |date=16 December 2022 |url=https://www.folkloristan.com/post/cultural-concept-of-pari-and-fairy}}</ref>

===Mamdo===

Mamdo or Mamdo Bhoot ({{langx|bn|মামদো ভূত}}) are ghosts of [[Bengali Muslims]] who died unnatural deaths. The word Mamdo ({{langx|bn|মামদো}}), came from the word "mohammadiyah" ({{Langx|bn|মোহাম্মদিয়া}}), which means "followers of [[Muhammad]]".
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayasta |first=Vedapranaa |date=2023-09-15 |title=6 Popular Bhoots Of Bengal: Ghostly Tales From My Father's Experience. |url=https://theshesaga.com/2023/09/15/6-popular-bhoots-of-bengal-ghostly-tales-from-my-fathers-experience/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=The She Saga |language=en-US}}</ref> This name may have stemmed from the fact that Mamdo Bhoot's were thought to be the spirits of Muslims that had become spectral or ghost-like.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazra |first=Aparajita |title=Asian Folklore, Folk Horror and the Gothic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haniyeh-Asaadi/publication/363762260_Shamanistic_Practices_Among_the_Southerners_of_Iran_In_Gholamhossein_Saedi's_Ahle_Hava/links/678faa7282501639f500f7f9/Shamanistic-Practices-Among-the-Southerners-of-Iran-In-Gholamhossein-Saedis-Ahle-Hava.pdf |journal=Asian Folklore, Folk Horror and the Gothic |pages=3 |via=Research.gate}}</ref>

=== Petni ===

[[Churel|Petni]] is what a [[Churel]] is called in Bengal. This is a spirit that is typically described as 'the ghost of an unpurified living thing', and is often known to inhabit trees. The Churel is closely related to the lore of Petni and Shakchunni, other popular female supernatural entities in Bengali folk tales. In some Hindu beliefs, these spirits may become [[Dakini|dakinis]] and serve the goddess [[Kali]]. In some areas of Bengal, a Petni is the ghost of a woman who died during childbirth or pregnancy. Some Petni's would come about if a woman died during her menstruation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ploss |first=Hermann Heinrich |url=http://archive.org/details/b20442117M003 |title=Woman [electronic resource] : an historical, gynæcological and anthropological compendium |last2=Bartels |first2=Max (Maximilian) |last3=Bartels |first3=Paul |last4=Dingwall |first4=Eric John |date=1935 |publisher=London : W. Heinemann ltd. |others=Wellcome Library}}</ref> The Petni may appear as a woman with distorted or monstrous features (blackened tongue, claw hands, large fangs, and wild hair), and her feet turned backwards (a common trait of South-Asian supernatural entities), or she may be a shapeshifter to lure humans towards her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/introductiontopo00croorich |title=An introduction to the popular religion and folklore of northern India |date=1894 |publisher=Allahabad: Printed at the government press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

=== Aleya ===
[[Aleya (Ghost light)|Aleya]] is the name given to a strange phenomenon of light that happens near the marshes (similar to the [[will-o'-the-wisp]]), especially reported by the fishermen of West Bengal and Bangladesh. These so-called marsh lights often look like levitating orbs of fire that glow, which confuse fishermen, lure them in the water and drown them. Like the Nishi or the western idea of a [[Siren (mythology)|siren]], their voice is irresistible. Local people believe that these are the ghosts of fisherman who died whilst fishing. The fishermen of Sundarban delta region, especially the Khasti and Manna fishermen communities, strongly believe in these and always do an ''Atoshi-taron'' ritual before they go fishing.

=== Nishi Dak ===
In Bengali, nishi means 'night' or 'darkness' (নিশি), and dak means 'call' (ডাক). This refers to a spirit that calls out to humans in the middle of the night, or in the dark, but in a familiar voice. The nishi dak will prey on those who are alone, and use familiar voices to lure their victims to a secluded area before revealing themselves and killing their victims. Legend says that if one hears the voice of their loved one call out to them once or twice, it is Nishi trying to trick them into answering her call, which gives her the ability to consume the answering person's soul. If the call is heard for a third time, it is safe to answer since Nishi only calls out to a person twice. Those who hear about this the ‘Nishi Dak’ (night/darkness call) live in fear and are said to never go outside alone at night with the fear that they may be targeted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Nazara |date=May 2023 |title=Fireflies |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.239235997201471 |journal=Voiceworks |issue=129 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.3316/informit.239235997201471}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=iamanoushkajain |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nishi Daak : Stories to Explore |url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/if-you-hear-calls-at-night-dont-look-back-exploring-stories-of-nishi-daak/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Enroute Indian History |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Mechho Bhoot===
The Mechho Bhoot is a famous spirit in Bengali folklore. Its name comes from the word “machh,” (Bengali: মাছ), meaning fish. These spirits live near village ponds or lakes, drawn to their love for fish. They can be playful, but they can also be dangerous. [[Fishing in Bangladesh|Fishing]] is very important to agriculture and economy in Bangladesh, as it is a riverine country with a variety of fish in the waters. According to folklore, those who suffer a death in the waters while fishing turn into Mechho Bhoots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Susheel K. |url=https://www.academia.edu/48939347/VOICES_Voices_of_Interdisciplinary_Critical_Explorations_A_Peer_Reviewed_Journal_Volume_10_Number_1_March_April_2021_ISSN_2230_875X |title=VOICES: Voices of Interdisciplinary Critical Explorations, (A Peer Reviewed Journal) Volume 10 • Number 1 • March – April 2021, ISSN : 2230-875X.}}</ref>

=== Begho Bhoot ===
The word ''Begho'' comes from the Bengali word meaning 'tiger'(বাঘ). A Begho Bhoot is the ghost of people who were killed or eaten by the tigers in the [[Sundarbans]], which is also a sanctuary for the [[Royal Bengal Tiger]] in the [[Bengal]] region. These spirits and their characteristics may relate to the folklore of [[Dakshin Rai]], a deity of the Sundarbans who ruled over beasts and demons, who sometimes appeared as a tiger.

Local folktale suggests that these apparitions frighten people who enters the jungle and lead them to tiger lairs. They are also said to make the noise of a tiger roar in order to scare villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three haunting myths of the Sundarbans |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/travel/166599/three-haunting-myths-of-the-sundarbans |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Begho Bhoot is symbolic of the hardships of poor, working class people who often fall victim to their livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Dr Sreemoyee |date=2021-01-01 |title=Ghosts in Bengali Folktales: Looking for Subaltern Cultural Identities |url=https://www.academia.edu/49421409 |journal=Indian Folklore: Contemplation on Art, Aesthetics, and Culture}}</ref>

[[File:Folk-tales of bengal, illustration by W. Goble 1912.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|A benevolent ''Brahmadaitya'' saving a poor ''[[Brahmin]]'' man from a group of ''Bhoot'' (ghosts), while the man was cutting a branch from the yonder banyan tree or [[Ficus religiosa|Ashwattha tree]]. An illustration by Warwick Goble (1912). Taken from the 1912 illustrated edition of ''Folk-Tales of Bengal'' by [[Lal Behari Dey]].]]

=== Besho Bhoot ===
The word ''Besho'' comes from the word ''Baash'' which means 'Bamboo' in Bengali. It was believed that these harmful ghosts, called the Besho Bhoot, lived within bamboo gardens, and walking past these areas after dusk was considered dangerous. Another superstition states that if a bamboo plant is leaning or laying on the ground, no one should cross over it and should instead go around it, in fear that the bamboo would rise up unexpectedly by the spirit, and the person would die impaled by it. Strange weather phenomenons, such as gusty winds, were said to occur within the bamboo gardens whilst the weather elsewhere was fine.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abdul Gaffar Ronnie|script-title=bn:বাঁশবাগানে কি ভূত থাকে?|url=http://www.banglamail24.com/news/147631|work=Bangla Mail 24 |language=bn |access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427153251/http://www.banglamail24.com/news/147631|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Shakchunni ===
The word ''[[Shakchunni]]'' comes from the Sanskrit word ''Shankhachurni''. It is usually described as the spirit of a married woman, wearing a special kind of traditional bangles made of shells (called ‘Shakha Pola'/'শাখা পলা’ in Bengali) around their arms, which is a sign of married [[Bengali Hindu|Hindu]] women in Bengal. In Bangladeshi folklore (and sometimes India), Shakchunnis are different from Petnis, the former are said to live on top of trees and attack people who may disturb them. They are also imagined as invincible, able to be banished only through [[shamanistic]] [[ritual]]s.

Most local folklores in West Bengal and India depict her as a young woman who entered matrimony with a prosperous individual. Regrettably, her marital union proved to be marked by cruelty and abuse inflicted upon her by her husband, ultimately culminating in her untimely demise. In these folklores Shakchunnis return as ghostly apparitions intending to take revenge on their erstwhile husbands.

Given her distressing experiences within her own marital life, she harbors an intense longing for a harmonious companionship. Consequently, she targets contentedly married women, subjugating and usurping their identities to perpetuate an illusion of matrimonial bliss on behalf of her victims.

In local folklores, Shakchunni is depicted as the exact opposite of traditional submissive Bengali women. They are depicted as evil, revenge-seeking, scary entities with pointy ears. Researchers of local folklores call this a subtle patriarchal message that women who deviate from a set societal expectations are as abhorrent as Shakchunni.<ref>Rayhan, A. A. B. F. Haunters or Haunted?: A Feminist Anatomization of Female Ghosts (Shakchunni, Sheekol Buri, and Prapti) from Bengali Folk Tales through the Prism of Biological Essentialism.</ref>

=== Pishachas ===
[[Pishachas]] are flesh-eating demons in [[Indian religions|Indian religious]] lore. They dwell in the dark and often haunt cremation grounds. They are also described as having shapeshifting abilities and invisibility. They are said to be able to possess human beings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallapiccola |first1=Anna L. |title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-51088-1 |page=155}}</ref>

=== Rakkhosh ===
[[Rakshasa|Rakkhosh]] is the Bengali form of the word [[Rakshasa]], from Hindu mythology. They are demonic beings known for having a malevolent nature, ability to shapeshift, and other supernatural abilities. They are depicted as having thick fangs and sharp claws, their appearance varying depending on the story. They are prominently featured in the Hindu epics of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], which establishes their creation myth of being created from [[Brahma|Brahma's]] breath and then banished to Earth by the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk-tales of Bengal/The Story of the Rakshasas - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Folk-tales_of_Bengal/The_Story_of_the_Rakshasas |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> Many fairytales from Bengal speak of these creatures, describing them as vicious beings who feed on humans. A common call of the rakkhosh in traditional Bengali folk-tales is this couplet: ''Hau, Mau, Khau,... manusher gondho pau''([[Bengali language|Bengali]]:হাঁউ মাঁউ খাঁউ,... মানুষের গন্ধ পাঁউ) The first three are gibberish words describing the opening of the mouth and the intention to devour, whilst the second phrase means "I smell humans". This is comparable to the "fi fie foe..." phrase associated with giants.

=== Daitya (Doitto)===
The [[Daitya]] (or Doitto) ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: दैत्य) look human, but possess extraordinary size and strength. They are similar to the [[Giant|giants]].

=== Brahmodaitya ===
A Brahmodaitya is the ghost of a holy [[Brahmin]], or the spirit of a priest and scholar from the highest [[Hindu caste]]. Depending on the story, these spirits may appear benevolent or malevolent. Many Bengali folktales and movies portray them as being very kind and helpful to the living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk-tales of Bengal/The Story of a Brahmadaitya - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Folk-tales_of_Bengal/The_Story_of_a_Brahmadaitya |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Halimah-Mohamed-Ali-2/publication/374266406_A_Review_of_the_Folk_Tales_of_Bengal/links/65c19c5c1bed776ae3326979/A-Review-of-the-Folk-Tales-of-Bengal.pdf | title=A Review of the Folk Tales of Bengal | website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>

Brahmodaitya reflects the rigid and discriminatory nature of caste hierarchies followed in the past. Socio-political experts point out the fact that most other ghosts in local folklores of Bengal are depicted as dark-skinned while Brahmodaitya is depicted as fair skinned and benevolent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Shuvatri |last2=Jash |first2=Senjuti |date=2017-01-01 |title=Historicizing Ghosts: Reimagining Realities in Nineteenth Century Popular Bengali Fiction |url=https://www.academia.edu/31412743 |journal=JHI Blog}}</ref>

=== Damori ===
[[Tantra|Tantric]] practices and black magic have been very popular in rural Bengal for centuries. Rural people from Bengal, obsessed with the occult, used to travel to the [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamrup-Kamakhya]] in [[Assam]] in order to learn the tantric ways and black magic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/kamakhya-the-seat-of-black-magic-imagegallery-national-jgxm3ngbecdsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724215646/http://www.sify.com/news/kamakhya-the-seat-of-black-magic-imagegallery-national-jgxm3ngbecdsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2015|title=Kamakhya: The seat of black magic|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kamakhyabhaktlalbaba.wordpress.com/about-kamakhya-temple/|title=About Kamakhya Temple|website=Lal Baba- The Spiritual Guide|date=15 March 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> Many ''Sadhu'' (Ascetic Yogis), ''Tantric'', ''[[Aghori]]'', ''[[Kapalika|Kapalik]]'' and ''[[Kabiraj]]'' even devoted their lives to the pursuit of occult practices. Such people are said to have the power to invoke lower-level demonic entities such as ''Hakini, Shakhini'' (same as ''Shakchunni'') and ''Dakini''. Tantriks use these spirits either for divination or in order to inflict harm on others, with townspeople often seeking them in order to aid them in harming others. The most common practice was called "Baan Mara", a ritual used to kill the victim by inducing blood vomit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/indian-gods-and-goddesses-yogini-shrines-and-saktipithas-set-of-2-volumes-NAL248/|title=Yogini Shrines and Saktipithas (Set of 2 Volumes)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/damara-tantra-IDI630/|title=Damara Tantra|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> The two highest-level tantric mantra are the ''Kularnob'' and the ''Moha Damor'', who included a lower level mantra named ''Bhoot Damor'' who referred to many different demi-goddesses.<ref>{{Citation|last=শ্রীরসিকমোহন চট্টোপাধ্যায়|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhoot-damar-tantra-NZH161/|script-title=bn:ভূতডামরতন্ত্র}}</ref> ''Damori'' is a name that refers to those supernatural entities conjured by the tantriks. In Tantra philosophy, if someone were to engage in ascetic pursuit and worship through the ''Bhoot Damor'', the invoked Damori would appear to them and serve them. These beings are neither human nor ghostly, but exist in an in-between state, inhabitants of an unseen realm. They share similarities with the western concept of ''[[Fairies]]''; or the Islamic/Persian concept of ''Pori'' / ''Pari''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhuta-damara-tantra-authoritative-tantra-of-sri-krodha-bhairava-along-with-his-mantras-mandal-worship-rituals-and-accomplishment-rituals-of-bhutinis-yakshinis-snake-girls-etc-NAK836/|title=Bhuta Damara Tantra (An Authoritative Tantra of Sri Krodha Bhairava Along with His Mantras, Mandal Worship Rituals and Accomplishment Rituals of Bhutinis, Yakshinis, Snake-Girls etc.)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/cult-of-occult-science-mantra-tantra-yantra-tone-totke-and-keelam-method-NAK624/|title=Cult of Occult Science: Mantra-Tantra-Yantra (Tone Totke and Keelam Method)|website=Exotic India|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

=== Vetalas ===
[[Vetala]]s are a class of ghouls in [[Hindu mythology]] who are usually described as being knowledgeable paranormal entities that dwell in charnel grounds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dallapiccola |first1=Anna L. |title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-51088-1 |page=201}}</ref> They are characterized as evil spirits who haunt cemeteries and take possession of corpses as vehicles for movement. Vetalas are hostile spirits, but can be seen to protect or help humans in some folk tales.

Vetala may also link to Vetal or Betal as a [[Bhairava]] form of [[Shiva]], a popular god in [[Goa]].

One of the most well known pieces of fiction related to vetalas is the [[Vetala Panchavimshati]], a collection of twenty-five stories part of the [[Kathasaritsagara]], featuring a vetala as one of the two main characters. The story focuses on King [[Vikramaditya]] who is asked to capture a corpse hanging from a tree that stands in the middle of a cremation ground.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poo |first=Mu-chou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw2wCQAAQBAJ&dq=vet%C4%81la+spirits&pg=PA17 |title=Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions |date=2009-06-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2484-0 |language=en}}</ref> This corpse is possessed by a vetala, who proposes to tell a king a story. Once the vetala finishes the story, it would ask the king a question that the king would have to answer. After the answer, the vetala would return to the corpse in the tree. This occurs another twenty-four times, after which the king is unable to answer the question. Impressed by the king, the vetala informs of the evil designs of the sorcerer that sent Vikramaditya to the cremation grounds. The vetala grants him a gift that would allow him to gain powers and defeat this sorcerer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA367 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 |language=en}}</ref>

===Jokkho / Jokkh ===
[[Yaksha|Jokkho / Jokkh]] are warrior-like entities who usually guard treasures in the earth. They are considered to be benevolent, able to bestow fertility and wealth upon their devotees. There is a commonly used Bengali idiom - ''Jokkher Dhon'' (literal meaning: Jokkho's Wealth) which means "protecting a beloved person" or "safeguarding precious wealth".

=== Shaytan ===
[[Shayateen|Shaytan]]/Shoytan ({{Langx|bn|শয়তান}}) is the Bengali word for "Satan" or "devil". It is a common term used in Bengali to refer to the evil entity or force in various religious and cultural contexts. In Islam, Shayateen (plural of Shaytan) refers to devils, which can be both Jinn and humans who are evil and actively work to misguide others. They are essentially the opposite of good and righteous beings, constantly trying to lead people away from the path of Allah.

==In festivals==
[[File:Kashed_01.png|thumb|right|Ashura in [[Manikganj]]]]

===Bhoot Chaturdashi===
{{main|Bhoot Chaturdashi}}

The 14th day of the [[Paksha|''Krishna Paksha'']] (waning phase of the moon) which is also the night before [[Kali Puja]] and the second day of [[Diwali|Dipaboli]] is celebrated as [[Naraka Chaturdashi|Bhoot Chaturdashi]] (translation, the fourteenth of ghosts) by [[Bengali Hindus]]. On this night, 14 earthen-lamps (''choddo prodip'') are lit at homes to appease the spirits of the past 14 generations of ancestors. It is believed that on the night before Kali Puja, the spirits of these ancestors descend upon the earth, and these lamps help them find their way home.<ref>{{Citation|last=Indrajit Roy Choudhury|title=Bhoot Chaturdashi|date=9 November 2015 |url=https://indroyc.com/2015/11/09/todays-bhoot-chaturdashi/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Festivals of India|title=Bhoot Chaturdashi 2016- The Indian Halloween Night|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Bhoot-Chaturdashi/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rohini Chatterji|title=Kosha mangsho and Bhoot Chaturdashi: Celebrating Kali Puja and Diwali, Bengali style|date=22 October 2014 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/kosha-mangsho-and-bhoot-chaturdashi-celebrating-kali-puja-and-diwali-bengali-style-1762781.html}}</ref> Another popular belief is that [[Chamunda]] (a fearsome aspect of [[Kali]]) along with 14 other ghostly forms ward off the evil spirits from the house as 14 earthen-lamps are lit at different entrances and in the dark corners of the rooms. It is customary to consume a dish of 14 types of leafy vegetables (''choddo shaak'') during Bhoot Chaturdashi so that evil spirits are unable to possess the body.<ref>{{Citation|last=Anirban Saha|title=Bhoot Chaturdoshi, what's that?t|date=8 November 2015 |url=http://www.anirbansaha.com/bhoot-chaturdoshi/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Damayanti |title=A Day Before Diwali, 'Choddo Shak' To Appease The Ancestors? Think Again. |url=https://poshan.outlookindia.com/story/poshan-news-a-day-before-diwali-choddo-shak-to-appease-the-ancestors-think-again/341124 |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Outlook Poshan |publisher=Outlook India |date=Oct 26, 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823185035/https://poshan.outlookindia.com/story/poshan-news-a-day-before-diwali-choddo-shak-to-appease-the-ancestors-think-again/341124 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debarati |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Ardhendu Sekhar |last3=Hasan |first3=Mahidi |title=Bhoot Choturdoshi – An ancient Shaak eating ritual with ethnomedicinal importance |journal=CEIBA Newsletter |date=March 24, 2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=https://ceibatrust.org/2020/03/bhoot-choturdoshi-an-ancient-shaak-eating-ritual-with-ethnomedicinal-importance/ |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

==Alleged haunted places ==

=== Bangladesh ===
[[File:Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) in cloudy weather, May 2016 2.jpg|thumbnail|Lalbagh Fort in 2016|200px]]

According to stories, [[Lalbagh Fort]], Golf Heights Banani, Airport Road; [[Chalan Beel]] in [[Sirajganj]], Pakri Beach, Mirsarai Highway Crossing in [[Chittagong]] and many other places in Bangladesh are claimed to be haunted.<ref name="daily-sun.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/86647/HAUNTED-TALES:-IN-CONVERSATION-WITH-%E2%80%98DHAKA-PARANORMAL-SOCIETY%E2%80%99|title=HAUNTED TALES: IN CONVERSATION WITH 'DHAKA PARANORMAL SOCIETY'|website=daily-sun.com|date=October 2015 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sami Tahsin|title=The Clandestine Adversary: Bangladeshi Hauntings 101|date=30 May 2013 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-clandestine-adversary-bangladeshi-hauntings-101}}</ref>

* '''[[Airport Road, Dhaka]]''' is associated with the legend of a [[White Lady (ghost)|White Lady]] ghost supposedly seen by drivers.<ref name="dt29Oct2015">{{Cite news |title=Urban legends: Where they roam restless |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/weekend/2015/oct/29/urban-legends-where-they-roam-restless |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=2016-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101200825/http://www.dhakatribune.com/weekend/2015/oct/29/urban-legends-where-they-roam-restless |archive-date=2015-11-01}}</ref>
* '''Dhaka Golf Heights, Banani, Dhaka''': Claims include feelings of fear while walking past grave sites at night.<ref name="dt29Oct2015" />
* '''Under-construction apartment in [[Old DOHS]], Banani, Dhaka''': One group of [[ghost hunting|ghost hunters]] claim to have seen devil-worshipping signs written on walls at construction sites in Old DOHS Banani.<ref name="daily-sun.com"/>
* '''[[Shahidullah Hall]] Pond, Dhaka''': According to campus rumor, the pond adjoining Shahidullah Hall at [[Dhaka University]] campus is believed to be haunted.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:শহীদুল্লাহ হলের রহস্যময় পুকুর|url=http://www.bd-pratidin.com/campus/2015/04/12/74534 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |date=12 April 2015 |language=bn |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>
* '''Farmhouse in [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]]''': According to one local [[ghost hunting]] group, the house is haunted by the figure of a woman with climbing a tree.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nahian |first=Shah |title=Paranormal activity |url=https://issuu.com/dhakatribune/docs/140131093136-e0eee61a757247f79d337fffacf40f85 |magazine=Weekend Tribune |date=31 January 2014 |page=22 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>
* '''Farmhouse in [[Comilla]]''': According to one ghost hunting group, a farmhouse in Comilla is reported to be haunted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/brush-with-the-paranormal-49233|title=Brush with the paranormal|website=The Daily Star|date=8 November 2014 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

=== West Bengal, India ===
[[File:Nimtala burning ghat, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Nimtala Burning Ghat, Calcutta, 1945]]

* '''[[National Library]] of [[Kolkata]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://topyaps.com/7-haunted-places-kolkata-better-avoid-visiting-alone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301184157/http://topyaps.com/7-haunted-places-kolkata-better-avoid-visiting-alone|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 March 2014|title=7 Haunted Places In Kolkata You Should Better Avoid Visiting Alone|last=Shah|first=Priyanka|website=TopYaps|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref><ref name="maamatimanush.tv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maamatimanush.tv/articles.php?aid=551|title=Maa Mati Manush :: M3 Leads - Haunted places in West Bengal|website=www.maamatimanush.tv|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>
* '''[[Nimtala crematorium]], [[Kolkata]]''': According to legend, this site in central Kolkata is haunted by the ghosts of those who were cremated there.<ref name="maamatimanush.tv"/>
* '''Putulbari or the House of Dolls, Kolkata''': According to believers, the site is haunted by the souls of the dead.<ref>[http://www.toppost.in/12-most-haunted-places-in-kolkata/ "12 Most Haunted Places In Kolkata"] TopPost.com</ref>
* '''Hastings House, Alipore, Kolkata''': According to legend, students have seen ghosts on the grounds.<ref name="indiamarks.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamarks.com/top-5-most-haunted-spookiest-places-kolkata/|title=Top 5 Most Haunted and Spookiest Places in Kolkata|website=Indiamarks|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319191635/http://www.indiamarks.com/top-5-most-haunted-spookiest-places-kolkata|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Writers' Building]], Kolkata''': According to legend, this residence of junior servants and administrative staff is haunted.<ref name="indiamarks.com"/>
* '''Mullick Ghat and Zanana Bathing Ghat [[Ganges|The Ganges]] - Under [[Howrah Bridge]], Kolkata''': Believers claim that many spirits wander the sacred river.<ref name="indiamarks.com"/>

==In popular culture==
Ghosts, other similar supernatural entities, as well as tales of paranormal powers (such as clairvoyance, psychic phenomenon etc.) are plots for many short stories and novels in modern-day Bengali literature. Some classic literature and folk-lore are also based on such plots. The number of Bengali films of this genre are small in number compared to the western world. Multiple radio and TV programs also feature stories of people's paranormal experiences. Common people of both Bangladesh and West Bengal love the supernatural thrills, and the personal stories of people's paranormal experiences are hot topics for gossip, rumours and hangout discussions among friends and family.

=== Literature ===

Literary works involving ghostly/demonic beings is one of the most popular genres in [[Bengali literature]]. In the early days, ghosts were the only ingredients of Bengali folk-tales and fairy-tales. [[Lal Behari Dey]] collected many folk-tales of Bengal, and translated them in English. His book called ''[[Folk-Tales of Bengal]]'', first published in 1883, features many amazing folk-tales associated with ghostly and supernatural beings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/folktalesbengal00daygoog#page/n6/mode/2up|title=Folk-tales of Bengal|website=archive.org|date=3 March 1883 |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'' is the most classic collection of Bengali children's folk-tales and fairy-tales, which was compiled by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]] in 1907.<ref>{{Citation|last=দক্ষিনারঞ্জন মিত্র মজুমদার|script-title=bn:ঠাকুরমার ঝুলি|url=http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref> There we can find many different categories of supernatural entities (such as Rakkhosh) featuring in different stories. Other such story collection from the same author are ''Thakurdadar Jhuli'' (1909), ''Thandidir Tholay'' (1909) and, ''Dadamoshayer Tholay'' (1913).

Many Bengali writers have practiced the genre of supernatural/horror in their short stories, novels, and others forms of literary works. Some are mentioned below:

[[File:Vetal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Depiction of Vetala hanging by a tree and ''[[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]]'' in the background (from ''[[Baital Pachisi|Betaal Panchabinsati]]'')]]

* '''[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]''': Although known for his social novels set in rural Bengal, such as ''Pather Panchali'', ''Adarsha Hindu Hotel'', and ''Aranyak'', this writer also wrote short-stories involving the supernatural, such as ''Medal'', ''Rankini Devir Khorgo'', ''Maya'', ''Obhisapto'', ''Chele-dhora'', ''Kashi kobirajer Golpo'', ''Bhoitik Palonko'', ''Kobirajer Bipod'', ''Ashoriri'', and the first two short stories featuring ''Taranath Tantrik'', etc. ''[[Taranath Tantrik]]'' is a classic character in Bengali literature when it comes to supernatural and paranormal stories. Taranath Tantrik is a mystic figure and practitioner of the occult. He is an astrologer by profession, and had many encounters with the supernatural in his extensive travels throughout the towns and villages of Bengal. He shares these experiences with a few friends in his Mott Lane house over cups of tea and cigarettes.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* '''[[Hemendra Kumar Roy]]''': Hemendra Kumar Roy is credited for introducing vampire to Bengali literature.
* '''[[Humayun Ahmed]]''': Humayun Ahmed, arguably the most popular writer in post-liberation Bangladesh, wrote many stories and novels involving ghosts and the paranormal. His character ''[[Misir Ali]]'' is depicted as a part-time professor of parapsychology, who also solve baffling cases associated with the paranormal. Some of Humayun Ahmed's novels feature ''[[Himu (character)|Himu]]'', who is depicted to have supernatural abilities, is haunted by post-mortal presence of his father who guides him to follow the way to become a modern-day saint. Humayun has also written many ghost stories, both for adult and children.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* '''[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]''': This writer wrote the free adopted Bengali translation of 11th century Sanskrit horror stories/tales collection within one frame story called ''[[Baital Pachisi|Betaal Panchabinsati]]'' (meaning "Twenty-five [Tales] of the Phantom") in 1847. The hero of this series is [[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]], the legendary emperor of Ujjain, India. King faces many difficulties in bringing the Betaal (a demonic being) to the tantric. Each time the king tries to capture the Betaal, it tells a story that ends with a riddle. If the king cannot answer the question correctly, the phantom consents to remain in captivity. If the king knows the answer but still keeps quiet, then his head shall burst into thousand pieces. And if King Vikram answers the question correctly, the phantom would escape and return to his tree. He knows the answer to every question; therefore the cycle of catching and releasing the phantom continues twenty-four times till the last question puzzles the king.<ref>{{Citation|last=ঈশ্বর চন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর|script-title=bn:বেতাল পঞ্চবিংশতি Download Link|url=http://www.mediafire.com/view/ugx0h5v7rdcza0a/ishwar_chandra_vidyasagar_betal+panchabinsati.pdf}}</ref>
* '''[[Leela Majumdar]]''': Leela Majumdar wrote many ghost stories for children. Her ghost story collection features in her book ''Sob Bhuture''.
* '''[[Manik Bandopadhyay]]''': This literary legend of classic Bengali novels has also written many short-stories among which a few are horror stories, such as ''Holudpora'', ''Chobir Bhoot'' etc.
* '''Manoj Basu''': Well known for his novel ''Nishikutumbo'', prolific writer and poet Manoj Basu also wrote several classic ghost stories such as ''Jamai, Paatal-konna, Lal Chul'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মনোজ বসু / Manoj Basu (1901-1987) - Jessore, Jhenaidah, Magura, Narail |url=http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=230 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=www.jessore.info}}</ref>
* '''[[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]''': Although well known for his science fiction novels, he has also written a few novels of the supernatural/horror genre, such as Pret (1983), ''Pishachini'' (1992), ''Nishikonna'' (2003), ''Chayalin'' (2006), ''O'' (2008), and ''Danob'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rokomari.com: ভূত সমগ্র by মুহম্মদ জাফর ইকবাল |url=http://rokomari.com/book/7674 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=rokomari.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Rajshekhar Basu|Parashuram (Rajshekhar Basu)]]''' is the writer of the ghost story ''Bhushundir Mathe'' which is a comedy in the mould of horror. Parashuram wrote many other ghost stories like ''Mahesher Mahajatra'' which also impart an undertone of humor.
* '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''': [[Nobel Laureate]] poet and writer Rabindranath also authored some short ghost stories like ''Konkal'', ''Monihara'', ''Mastermoshay'', ''Nishithe'', ''Khudhito Pashan'' etc., which are considered classics of this genre.
*'''Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay''': This noted Bengali novelist wrote a few horror short-stories such as ''Namaskar'', ''Ke Tumi'', etc.
*'''[[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]]''': He wrote detective fiction, adventure stories, and horror stories for children and young adults. His ghost stories are collected in the book - ''Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite web |title=50ti Vuter Golpo.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByAOlHgbqM6OQVFWbElCdmU0Szg/view?pref=2&pli=1&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> and ''Aro Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo'' (2015).
*'''[[Satyajit Ray]]''': Satyajit Ray, the Indian film maker, was quite popular in Bengal for his short stories. His favorite genres were fantasy and supernatural stories.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rokomari.com |title=Review: সত্যজিৎ রায়ের লেখা অন্যতম সেরা দশটি গল্পের এক অনবদ্য সংকলন |url=http://rokomari.com/review/3667;jsessionid=588150B8C9644408D2C2B8572D2D7A0C}}</ref> His stories featuring ''[[Tarini Khuro]]'', who is an aged bachelor, tells interesting stories based on his weird experiences, and many of these stories border on being horror or spooky, while some of the stories depict the smartness and quick wit of Tarini Khuro.<ref>{{Citation |last=সত্যজিৎ রায় |url=http://www.pdf-archive.com/2015/05/05/tarini-khuror-kirti-kalap/tarini-khuror-kirti-kalap.pdf |script-title=bn:তারিণী খুঁড়োর কীর্তিকলাপ}}</ref> One of Satyajit Ray's characters is ''Professor Shonku'', and some stories featuring Professor Shonku are also based on paranormal or supernatural mysteries such as ''Professor Shonku o Bhoot''.
*'''[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]''': Another writer known for his detective series featuring ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', has also authored a series called ''Baroda series''. ''Baroda'' is a Bengali guy who is very much interested in the paranormal and likes to share his adventures and experiences of supernatural incidents with his friends. Sharadindu has also written some ghost stories such as ''Kamini'', ''Dehantor'', ''Bhoot Bhabishyat'' etc.
*'''[[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]''': This writer has also authored some humorous ghost stories. The specialty of his ghost stories is that his ghosts are innocent, kind and funny characters who always help the poor and needy, and punish the wicked person. ''Goshaibaganer Bhoot'' (The Ghost of Gosain Bagan) is one of his famous children's fiction, which was later [[Gosainbaganer Bhoot|adopted as a film]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/reviews/brSanjukta.html|title=Magic and Realism in Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay's The Ghost of Gosain Bagan Book review by Sanjukta Dasgupta|website=parabaas.com|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> Popular Bengali film ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013) and ''[[Chhayamoy]]'' (2013) was also adapted from his novels. His ghostly short-story collection is featured in his book, ''Bhoutik Golposhomogro''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay|title=Bhoutik Golposhomogro|url=http://www.mediafire.com/download/pebkup9692meg5p/Bhautik+Golpa+Samagra+%5BPart+-1%5D+By+Shirshendu+Mukhupadhay.pdf}}</ref>
*'''[[Sukumar Ray]]''': This writer has written some humorous literary pieces (e.g. short stories, humorous poetry) for children featuring weird and fictitious paranormal/hybrid animals, and even ghosts.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ভুতুড়ে খেলা |url=http://sukumarray.freehostia.com/view.php?cat_id=1&article_id=45 |access-date=2016-04-03 |website=sukumarray.freehostia.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]''': This writer has written some ghost stories for children. His book ''Rahashamaya Bhuter Galpa'' features some of his ghostly short stories.
* '''[[Syed Mujtaba Ali]]''': This writer brought ghostly flavour in his novel ''Abishwasyo''.
* '''[[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]''': Basically known for his detective series featuring Colonel [[Niladri Sarkar]]. Siraj is also the creator of a series involving paranormal, featuring ''Murari Babu''. ''Murari Babu'' is depicted as an innocent and nervous person living in Kolkata city, and his hobby is to collect old furniture from antique shops. Yet, his hobby always finds a way to get him into troubles relating to the paranormal. Siraj's horror short stories collection is featured in his book ''Bhoutik Golposhomogro''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Syed Mustafa Siraj|title=Bhoutik Golposhomogro|url=http://www.mediafire.com/download/1ilfsqm4sjtli9z/Bhoutik+Galpa+Samagra+By+Syed+Mustafa+Siraj.pdf}}</ref>
* '''[[Taradas Bandyopadhyay]]''': Taradas Bandyopadhyay's father, the legendary literati Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay created the character 'Taranath Tantrik', but he wrote only two short stories featuring this character. Rest of the stories featuring ''Taranath Tantrik'' is written by Taradas Bandyopadhyay in two books called - ''Taranath Tantrik'' (1985), and ''Olatchokro'' (2003).{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*'''[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]''': Leading novelist Tarasankar also wrote a few horror short-stories such as ''Daaini'', ''Bhulor Chholona'', etc.
* '''[[Troilokyanath Mukhopadhyay]]''': He used ghosts in a humorous and satirical way in his novels and stories; and created a new genre in Bengali literature, which was pioneering, and is still followed today by many Bengali writers. ''Bhoot O Manush'', ''Nayanchandrer Bebsha'', ''Lullu'', ''Damru Charit'', ''Kankaboti'' are few of his classics.
* '''[[Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury]]''': He is one of the most talented author of children's literature of his time, and also noted for his ghost stories where the ghosts are harmless, fun-loving, and benevolent entities. ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'', ''Jola O Saat Bhoot'', etc. are his stories involving ghosts.

Other than the writers mentioned above, other prominent writers of Bengal have also written short stories involving ghosts and the supernatural, such as [[Provatkumar Mukhopadhyay]],<ref>{{Citation|last=প্রভাতকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়|script-title=bn:একটি ভৌতিক কাহিনী|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3I9BqS3az5wOWc5SmU0bFhyZXM/edit?pref=2&pli=1}}</ref> [[Achintya Kumar Sengupta]], [[Satinath Bhaduri]], [[Buddhadeb Bosu]] and so on. However, at the present day, some young Bengali horror story writers are being somewhat influenced by the western horror literature, and their writings thus lack the originality of the classic Bengali horror literature and ghost stories.

=== Cinema ===
Classic Bengali films with horror/supernatural plot are only a handful. ''[[Kankal]]'' (1950),<ref>{{Citation|last=Naresh Mitra|title=Kankal Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRFuw9Z9__Y}}</ref> [[Hanabari]] (1952),<ref>{{Citation|title=Hanabari 1952 Bengali Full Movie|date=2015-06-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hFOk-rZgZY|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> ''Monihara'' of the ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' movie anthology (1961)<ref>{{Citation|last=Satyajit Ray|title=Teen Kanya Bengali Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7Fc_qJQnB0}}</ref> [[Kuheli]] (1971),<ref>{{Citation|last=Anupam Das|title=kuheli full movie|date=2013-09-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeJweMZEqSA|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> were quite popular horror/supernatural thriller flick in the era of Bengali black and white movies.

There are only a few modern Bangladeshi horror movies and most of these movies can be typically categorized as low-budget horror-comedy. Few such examples are ''Rokto Pipasha'' (2007),<ref>{{Citation |last=Tarkasa |first=Tars |title=Rokto Pipasha (Review) |date=2009 |url=http://tarstarkas.net/2015/04/rokto-pipasha-review/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sohel Rana |title=Rokto Pipasha: Intro |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1cwbGWw9QU}}</ref> ''Daini Buri'' (2008)<ref>{{Citation |title=Daini Buri full movie | date=20 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-TbufDlssk}}</ref> and, ''Sedin Brishti Chilo'' (2014).<ref>{{Citation |title=Sedin Brishti Chilo (2014) Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6YFX9tyvoo}}</ref> Some Bangladeshi movies involving supernatural theme are stories about shapeshifting snakes or [[Ichchhadhari Nag]] that can take human form. Examples of such movies are ''Kal Naginir Prem'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Kal Naginir Prem Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs-2tEZHUK4 |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Bishakto Nagin'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Bishakto Nagin Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbaWLMm_o_Y |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Bishe Bhora Nagin'' (1999),<ref>{{Citation |title=Bishe Bhora Nagin Full Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bB9WN6Fh8g |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Sathi Hara Nagin'' (2011) etc.

In many Bengali films, ghosts are depicted in a lightly comical mood and sometimes in a friendly way. One of the examples is ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (1969) as mentioned earlier is adopted from the story of [[Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury]] and directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]. In this film the King of Ghosts gives three boons to 'Goopy' and 'Bagha', the two poor village boys who aspired to become a singer and drummer respectively. With the help of those boons they had amazing adventures. The film is the first film of the ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (series)|Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series]]'', followed by a couple of sequels - ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' was released in 1980; and ''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]'', written by Ray, but directed by his son [[Sandip Ray]], was released in 1992.

''[[Nishi Trishna]]'' (1989), directed by Parimal Bhattacharya was the first Bengali vampire movie, starring [[Shekhar Chatterjee]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Moon Moon Sen]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Bengali Movies - Angel Digital|title=Nishi Trishna|date=2015-11-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj1QZKHIDF4|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> In this movie, some friends plan to visit the infamous Garchampa Palace which had a bad reputation for demonic blood-sucking beings that were terrorising the locality. They ultimately solve the mystery, and kill the vampire and his mentor.

''Putuler Protisodh'' (1998), directed by Rabi Kinagi, was also based on the supernatural. The movie's story revolves around a girl named Bini who was married to Avinash. She falls prey in the hands of her in-laws who ultimately murdered her. The soul of Bini enters her doll to take revenge. She kills her mother-in-law, father-in-law and her maternal uncle one by one, and finally wants to kill her husband. But Avinash's second wife Laxmi was able to free Bini's soul from the doll.

''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' (2012), directed by [[Sandip Ray]], is a movie based on three classic Bengali ghost stories. The stories are Satyajit Ray's ''Anath Babur Bhoy'', ''Brown Saheber Bari'' and, Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's ''Bhoot Bhabishyat''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sandip Ray|title=Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnxiaNGpJ0s}}</ref>

Probably the most well-known film of horror genre in recent times is ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' (2012), directed by [[Anik Dutta]]. It tells the story of a haunted mansion 'Choudhury Palace', where ghosts from different ethnic backgrounds and eras reside (a Bengali zamindar of 18th century, an actress of the 1930s, a modern rockstar, a soldier of Indian Army who died in Kargil, etc.). The film with its simple but humorous story went on to become a massive blockbuster of 2012.

''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013) is another popular film involving the supernatural. The film, directed by [[Aparna Sen]], is an adaptation of [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]'s tale of 3 generations of women & their changing position in society as seen in relation to a box of jewels, handed down from one generation to the next.

''[[Chhayamoy]]'' (2013) is another notable horror movie based on Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay's novel of the same name. The story is about Indrajit, a UK based scholar. While working to preserve historical documents he find a parchment from which he learns about treasures hidden in an old palace in Simulgarh, a village of West Bengal. Indrajit comes to the village, finds out the treasure, but, a local goon Gagan Sapui accuses him of robbery, beats him up and expels him out of the village. Sapui wants to melt those coins to make new jewellery. After being beaten up, Indrajit goes to forest near the village where he meets Chhayamoy, a benevolent ghost. After listening the incidence from Indrajit, Chhayamoy decides to teach Gagan a lesson.

=== Radio, television and online streaming platforms ===

A live radio program called Bhoot FM was aired by Bangladeshi radio channel [[Radio Foorti]] 88.0 FM at 12:00 am, every Friday night.<ref name="bhoot-fm.com|title=Bhoot"/> The program started airing on 13 August 2010; and was hosted by RJ Russell. In this program, people from all over [[Bangladesh]] used to come and share their real-life experiences associated with ghosts, demons, jinns and the paranormal/supernatural. The Bengali community from all over the world also used to share their supernatural experiences by sending audio clips and emails that were played/read in this program.This program came to an end in the year 2019 but right now another program named "Bhoot Dot COM" is being hosted by RJ Russell aired by Shadhin Radio.Other such radio program was Dor, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM. Dor was recorded from different haunted places of Bangladesh, and is hosted by RJ Kebria along with RJ Suman and tarot card reader Radbi Reza. Similar kind of programs were also aired on TV channels, such as Moddhorater Train (meaning 'Midnight Train') by [[Maasranga Television]].

There are some radio programs which feature recitation of horror stories. Such radio program is Sunday Suspense by [[Radio Mirchi]], aired from [[Kolkata]], which features recitation of horror stories, as well as stories of other genres such as detective fiction, fantasy, and Sci-fi, etc. Similar such radio program is Kuasha, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM from Bangladesh, which features horror stories written by writers, and also stories sent by listeners of the program.

[[Pett Kata Shaw]], a 2021 anthology series released on [[Chorki (OTT)]], features the modern revival of the mysterious and lurid folklores of Mechho Bhoot, [[Jinn]], Kanabhulo and Nishi.<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/moshari-director-nuhash-humayun-forays-further-horror-393886 Nuhash Humayun forayes further horror]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Culture of Bengal]]
* [[List of ghosts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://bhoot-fm.com/ Bhoot FM Recorded Episodes: Real life paranormal experiences of Bangali people]
* [http://arts.bdnews24.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thakurmar-jhuli.pdf ''Thakurmar Jhuli'' (1907) by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]
* [https://archive.org/stream/folktalesbengal00daygoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Folk-Tales of Bengal'' (1883) by Rev. Lal Behari Dey]
* [https://bengalireader.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/aaaa_unlocked.pdf''Amar Priyo Bhoutik Golpo'' (1997) by Humayun Ahmed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919025329/https://bengalireader.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/aaaa_unlocked.pdf |date=19 September 2023 }}
* [https://www.mediafire.com/?c8z2ww48z2oav96 ''Odbhut Joto Bhooter Golpo'' by Gaurango Proshad Basu]

{{ghosts}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Superstitions}}
{{Thakurmar Jhuli}}

[[Category:Asian ghosts|Bengali]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Indian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]

List of Malayalam films of 2024

2026-04-30T18:58:51Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating New Data V1

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

{{Malayalam films}}

This is a list of [[Malayalam]]-language films that released in [[2024 in film|2024]].

229 Malayalam films released in 2024, most of them in [[Movie theater|theatres]] and some directly on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platforms.

== Box office collection ==
The list of [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] released in 2024, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.

The ranking of films is based on their worldwide theatrical gross collection.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2024
|-
! Rank !! Title
! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! Ref
|-
!1
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
|Parava Films
|{{INR|242.3 crores}}
|<ref name="pinkbo">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=സൂപ്പർ താരങ്ങളില്ല, ഓടിയത് 73 ദിവസം, നേടിയത് 240 കോടി ! 'മഞ്ഞുമ്മൽ' പിള്ളേർ നാളെ ഒടിടിയിൽ, ആകെ നേടിയത് ? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/malayalam-movie-manjummel-boys-ott-release-tomorrow-5-5-2024-in-disney-plus-hot-star-final-box-office-collection-scy3mb |website=AsianetNews |language=ml }}</ref>
|-
! 2
|style="text-align:left; " |''[[The Goat Life]]''
|{{Plainlist|* Visual Romance
*Jet Media Production
*Alta Global Media}}
|{{INR|160 crores}}
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
! 3
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''
|{{Plainlist|*[[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]]}}
|{{INR|156 crores}}
|<ref name="year"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Aavesham box office collections: Fahadh Faasil starrer becomes Third Malayalam film to Top 100Cr in India |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collections-fahadh-faasil-starrer-becomes-third-malayalam-film-to-top-100cr-in-india-1305172?amp |website=PinkVilla |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=ആവേശത്തിന് മുന്നില്‍ ഇനി മൂന്ന് ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ മാത്രം, വമ്പൻ റെക്കോര്‍ഡും, ഒരേയൊരു താരത്തിന് പിന്നില്‍ ഫഹദ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/fahadhs-aavesham-crosses-150-crore-rupees-box-office-report-hrk-sd3m7y |website=AsianetNews |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:left; | ''[[Premalu]]''
| [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]] [[Working Class Hero (Film Production Company)|Working Class Hero]]
|{{INR|136 crores}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=ഒടിടിയിലെത്തും മുന്നേ പ്രേമലുവിന് നേടാനാകുക എത്ര?, ആഗോള കണക്കുകളില്‍ ഞെട്ടി ആരാധകര്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/naslen-starrer-premalus-global-collection-report-out-hrk-sbpmuq |website=AsianetNews |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 5
|''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]''
|{{Plainlist|*Cubes Entertainment}}
|{{INR|110 crores}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Marco Final Box Office Worldwide: Unni Mukundan's gory actioner set to wrap its theatrical run at Rs 104 crore; emerges a BLOCKBUSTER |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/marco-final-box-office-worldwide-unni-mukundans-gory-actioner-set-to-wrap-its-theatrical-run-at-rs-104-crore-emerges-a-blockbuster-1368441 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2025-01-26 |title=Marco OTT release: Unni Mukundhan's Marco film gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/marco-ott-release-unni-mukundhans-marco-film-gets-an-ott-release-date-1856779 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!6
| style="text-align:left|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
|[[Magic Frames]]
|{{INR|106.75 crores}}
|<ref name="year">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:left; " | ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj Productions]] E4 Entertainment
|{{INR|90 crores}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil box office collections: Prithviraj starrer Tops 50Cr in India, Earn 85Cr Globally |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/guruvayoor-ambalanadayil-box-office-collections-prithviraj-starrer-tops-50cr-in-india-earn-85cr-globally-1312684 |work=PinkVilla |date=3 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
!8
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|[[Night Shift Studios]] YNOT Studios
|{{INR|85 crores}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bramayugam'' final box office collections: Mammootty's film surprasses Rs 85 crore|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bramayugam-ott-release-date-know-all-about-cast-plot-platform|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312024820/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bramayugam-ott-release-date-know-all-about-cast-plot-platform|url-status=dead|archive-date=2024-03-12|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Small market, big collection: Box office earnings of recent Malayalam flicks touch record Rs 550 cr |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/07/malayalam-movies-success-box-office-record-550-crores.html |website=OnManorama |language=en |date=2024-04-08 |access-date=2024-04-08 |archive-date=2024-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412034222/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/07/malayalam-movies-success-box-office-record-550-crores.amp.html
}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:left; " |
''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''
| [[Merryland Studio|Merryland Cinemas]]
|{{INR|81.56 crores}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Varshangalkku Shesham' box office collections Day 36 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collections-day-36-vineeth-sreenivasans-film-earns-rs-1-lakh/articleshow/110201097.cms#:~:text=The%20film's%20worldwide%20collections%20have,collections%20contributing%20Rs%2036.5%20crores. |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=Times of India |date=17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is there still 'excitement'? What happens to the collection 'years later'? Here are the figures |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/vineeth-sreenivasan-movie-varshangalkku-shesham-22-days-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-pranav-mohanlal-dhyan-sreenivasan-scwzk1 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=Asianet News |date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|-
!10
|''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]''
|Goodwill Entertainments
|{{INR|77 crores}}
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
|}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikidiv"
|-
| rowspan= 2 style="text-align:center; background:#ecfeff;"| *
| Film released directly on OTT platform(s).
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production Company / Studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JANUARY}}'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''5'''
|''[[Aattam]]''
|Anand Ekarshi
|[[Vinay Forrt]], [[Zarin Shihab]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
|Joy Movie Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2024-01-05 |title=Aattam review: Debutant Anand Ekarshi's film is a gripping take on human hypocrisies |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/aattam-review-debutant-anand-ekarshis-film-is-a-gripping-take-on-human-hypocrisies |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aattam: A thoughtful, well-written movie apt for our times {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/01/05/aattam-movie-review-vinay-forrt-zarin-shihab-anand-ekarshi.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|''Dhabari Kyuruvi''
|[[Priyanandanan]]
|Meenakshi, Shyamini, Anuprasobhini, [[Nanjiyamma]], Arun Raj
|Ajith VInayaka Films, AEVAS Visual Magic
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=പ്രിയനന്ദനൻ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത 'ധബാരി ക്യുരുവി' പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dhabariquruvi-priyanandanan-pk-sunilkumar-meenakshi-releases-on-january-5-1.9205277 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mango Mury''
|Vishnu Ravi Shakkti
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], Sreekanth Murali, Sibi Thomas, Laali, Anarkali
|Triani Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=ഞാനായിട്ട് തുടങ്ങിവെച്ചതാ, അത് എനിക്കായിട്ടുതന്നെ തീർക്കണം; 'മാംഗോമുറി' ട്രെയിലർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mangomury-trailer-jaffer-idukky-new-malayalam-movie-1.9182604 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Palayam PC''
| VM Anil
| Kottayam Ramesh, [[Rahul Madhav]], Niya Sankarathil, [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Manju Pathrose]]
| Chirakarot Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=First Look Poster Of Palayam PC Out; Film To Release On January 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-palayam-pc-out-film-to-release-on-january-5-8703839.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Raastha''
|[[Aneesh Anwar]]
|[[Anagha Narayanan]], [[Sarjano Khalid]], Aradhya Ann, Sudheesh
|Alu Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=പുതുവർഷത്തിലെ ഏറെ പ്രതീക്ഷകൾ ഉള്ള ചിത്രം 'രാസ്ത'; ഹൃദയത്തോട് ചേർത്ത് പിടിച്ച് പ്രവാസികൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/raastha-movie-set-to-hit-theatres-sarjano-khalid-aneesh-anwar-director-press-meet-oman-dubai-1.9207951 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"|'''11'''
| ''[[Abraham Ozler]]''
|[[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Anju Kurian]]
|Manuel Movie Makers, Avenirtek Digital
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayarams-thriller-abraham-ozlers-release-date-changed/articleshow/105009144.cms |title=Jayaram's thriller 'Abraham Ozler's release date changed! |date=6 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=14 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114104612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayarams-thriller-abraham-ozlers-release-date-changed/articleshow/105009144.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;"|'''12'''
| ''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]''
|[[Sajid Yahiya]]
|Ranjith Sajeev, Neha Nazlen, [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|Friday Film House, Fragrant Nature
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഹൃദയങ്ങളിൽ പ്രണയം പകർന്ന് 'ഖൽബ്' എത്തുന്നു; ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ട്രെയ്‌ലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/qalb-malayalam-movie-trailer-out-740015-2024-01-04 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''19'''
|''Devil Hunters''
|Prajith Raveendran
|Prajith Raveendran, Jinson Jose, Gouri Parvathy, Ramya M, [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
|Rudreshwar Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devil Hunters |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/devil-hunters/ET00384078}}</ref>
|-
|''Mayavanam''
|Jagathlal Chandrasekharan
|Adithya Sai, Amina Nijam, [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Sudhi Koppa]]
|SaiSoorya Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Mayavanam {{!}} മെഡിക്കൽ കോളേജ് വിദ്യാർത്ഥികളുടെ ജീവതത്തിൽ ഉണ്ടാവുന്ന സംഭവങ്ങളുടെ 'മായാവനം'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/here-is-the-first-look-poster-for-the-movie-mayavanam-mm-646879.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''My3''
|Rajan Kuduvan
|[[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Sabitha Anand]], [[Rajesh Hebbar]], Kalabhavan Nandana
|Star Eight Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=തലൈവാസൽ വിജയ് പ്രധാന വേഷത്തിലെത്തുന്ന 'മൈ 3'; ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thalaivasal-vijay-movie-my3-official-trailer-released-1.9051992 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Peppatty''
|Salim Baba
|Shiva Damodhar, [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]], Akshara Nair, [[Sudheer Karamana]]
|SilverSky Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='പേപ്പട്ടി' തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്; റിലീസ് തീയതി പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/movie/peppatty-movie-to-release-on-january-19/kerala20240118155342975975483 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=18 January 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Perumkaaliyattam''
|Sunil K Thilak
|M S Nassar, Ullas Panthalam, Anaga Madhu
|KalaSagara Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=പേരുപോലെത്തന്നെയോ 'പെരുംകാളിയാട്ടം'? ഉല്ലാസ് പന്തളം വേഷമിടുന്ന ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ട്രെയ്‌ലർ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/trailer-for-uilas-pandalam-movie-perumkaliyattam-released-mm-649785.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Pinnil Oral''
|Satheesh Ananthapuri
|Salmanul Faris, Aaradhya Sai, [[I. M. Vijayan]]
|Viswa Shilpi Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://janmabhumi.in/2024/01/18/3156387/entertainment/malayalam-movie-168/|title="പിന്നിൽ ഒരാൾ " എന്ന ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ഒഫീഷ്യൽ ട്രെയിലർ റിലീസായി.|first=Janmabhumi|last=Online|date=18 January 2024|website=Janmabhumi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vivekanandan Viralanu]]''
|[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Swasika]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
| Nediyath Productions
| <ref>{{cite web |title=ഷൈൻ ടോം ചാക്കോ - കമൽ ചിത്രം 'വിവേകാനന്ദൻ വൈറലാണ്' ജനുവരി 19ന് തീയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/kamal-directed-shine-tom-chacko-movie-vivekanandan-viralaanu-release-743012-2024-01-08 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=8 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''21'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Andru the Man''
|Sivakumar Kankol
|[[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Anumol]]
|Cinema Veedu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Andru The Man Review: A Well-deserved Performance Showcase For Harisree Ashokan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/andru-the-man-review-a-welldeserved-performance-showcase-for-harisree-ashokan-review-110588565 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''22'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Hodu''
|Anush Mohan
|Roopesh Peethambaran, Harikrishnan Sanu, Sarath Vadi
|KL 01 Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Upcoming Malayalam OTT Movies, Web Series In January 2024: Neru, Tholvi F.C., Udal And More |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/upcoming-malayalam-ott-movies-web-series-in-january-2024-neru-tholvi-fc-udal-and-more-10124551 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hodu [2024] |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?2519 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=en.msidb.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''25'''
|''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''
|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Danish Sait]], Suchithra Nair, Katha Nandi
|[[John & Mary Creative]], [[Century Films]], [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]], [[Saregama]], [[Amen Movie Monastery]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-announces-release-date-lijo-jose-pellissery-malaikottai-vaaliban-8945488/ |title=Mohanlal announces release date of Lijo Jose Pellissery's Malaikottai Vaaliban |date=18 September 2023 |work=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927180323/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-announces-release-date-lijo-jose-pellissery-malaikottai-vaaliban-8945488/ |archive-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;background:#00E676; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|FEBRUARY}}'''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''2'''
| ''[[Iyer In Arabia]]''
| [[M. A. Nishad]]
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Durga Krishna]]
| Wealth I Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Makers Of Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Iyer In Arabia Lock Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-iyer-in-arabia-lock-release-date-8732420.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Dhyan Sreenivasan's Iyer Kanda Dubai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/11/its-a-wrap-for-dhyan-sreenivasansiyerkandadubai-45515.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kallanmarude Veedu''
|Hussain Aroni
|[[Biju Kuttan]], [[Sunil Sukhada]], Bineesh Bastin
|KH Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://janmabhumi.in/2024/02/01/3161622/entertainment/malayalam-movie-192/|title=കള്ളന്മാരുടെ വീട് " നാളെ മുതൽ|first=Janmabhumi|last=Online|date=1 February 2024|website=Janmabhumi}}</ref>
|-
|''Kurinji''
|Gireesh Kunnumel
|Aavani Avoos, Anishitha Vasu, Prakash Vadikkal
|Sree Mookambika Communications
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=undefined |title=കാടകത്തിന്‍റെ കഥ പറയുന്ന 'കുറിഞ്ഞി'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പുറത്തെത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kurinji-malayalam-movie-first-look-nsn-s63psc |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=കുറിഞ്ഞി: ആദിവാസി ഗോത്ര സമൂഹത്തിന്റെ ജീവിതത്തിലേക്ക് ഒരിക്കൽക്കൂടി ക്യാമറ പതിയുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/malayalam-movie-kurinji-speaks-adivasi-life-from-a-fresh-perspective-mm-643731.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors]]''
|A M Sidhique
|[[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Anoop Menon]], Vishak Nair, Karthika Suresh
|Randathani FIlms
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=LLB Movie : 'എല്‍എല്‍ബി'- ലൈഫ് ലൈന്‍ ഓഫ് ബാച്ചിലേഴ്സില്‍ ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/llb-malayalam-movie-life-line-of-bachelors-sreenath-bhasi-rbemkj |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=LLB Movie: യുവാക്കളുടെ കഥയുമായി 'എൽഎൽബി' എത്തുന്നു; റിലീസ് ഫെബ്രുവരി രണ്ടിന് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/llb-malayalam-movie-releasing-on-february-2-180860 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mrudhu Bhave Dhruda Kruthye]]''
|[[Shajoon Kariyal]]
|Sooraj Sun, Sravana T N, Mariya Prince, [[Sunny Leone]]
|Hydroair Tectonics
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=നൃത്തച്ചുവടുകളുമായി സണ്ണി ലിയോൺ വീണ്ടും; 'മൃദു ഭാവേ ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ' ട്രെയ്‌ലർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mrudhu-bhave-dhruda-kruthye-trailer-sunny-leone-sooraj-sun-shajoon-kariyal-1.9273099 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=undefined |title=ഷാജൂണ്‍ കാര്യാലിന്റെ 'മൃദു ഭാവേ ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ'; സൂരജിന്റെ നായികമാരായി മരിയയും ശ്രവണയും |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-sooraj-sun-movie-mrudu-bhave-drida-krithye-rpcc31 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ozhuki Ozhuki Ozhuki]]''
|[[Sanjeev Sivan]]
|Sidhanshu Sanjeev, [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], Anjana Appukuttan
|Tripod Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=എന്റർടെയ്ൻമെന്റ് |date=2024-01-31 |title=ബീയാര്‍ പ്രസാദിന്റെ അവസാന തിരക്കഥ, സംവിധാനം സഞ്ജീവ് ശിവൻ; 'ഒഴുകി ഒഴുകി ഒഴുകി' തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/entertainment/ozhuki-ozhuki-ozhuki-sanjeev-sivan-movie-get-ready-to-release |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Fourth |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Rhithum - Beyond The Truth''
|Lalji George
|Shaju Shaam, Soniya Malhaar, Aadithya Jyothy
|Magic Lantern Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rhithum-beyond-the-truth/ET00384400|title=Rhithum - Beyond The Truth (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''9'''
| ''Jerry''
| Anish Uday
| [[Kottayam Nazeer]], Pramod Velliyanad, Kumar Sethu
|J Cinema Company
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title='Jerry' teaser: Unleashing chaos created by a mischievous rat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jerry-teaser-unleashing-chaos-created-by-a-mischievous-rat/articleshow/107253457.cms |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
| Darwin Kuriakose
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Indrans]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], Anagha Maya Ravi, [[Arthana Binu]]
| Theatre of Dreams
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Tovino Thomas' Anweshippin Kandethum will be released tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/11/teaser-of-tovino-thomas-anweshippin-kandethum-will-be-released-tomorrow-51148.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Premalu]]''
| [[Girish A. D.]]
| [[Naslen]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Sangeeth Prathap]], [[Akhila Bhargavan]], [[Shyam Mohan]]
| Bhavana Studios
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naslen and Mamitha Baiju's 'Premalu' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naslen-and-mamitha-baijus-premalu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/107363035.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=[[Times of India]] | date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title='Premalu' is the title of Naslen, Mamitha Baiju's next with Girish AD; motion poster out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/premalu-is-the-title-of-naslen-mamitha-baijus-next-with-girish-ad-motion-poster-out/article67593701.ece |access-date=2024-02-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''15'''
| ''[[Bramayugam]]''
| [[Rahul Sadasivan]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Sidharth Bharathan]], [[Amalda Liz]]
| [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra#Night Shift Studios|Night Shift Studios]], [[YNOT Studios]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bramayugam completes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/30/bramayugam-completes-censorship-formalities-51619.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Rahul Sadasivan debunks rumours surrounding Mammootty's 'Bramayugam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/02/10/rahul-sadasivan-clarifies-rumours-bramayugam-movie-mammootty.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''16'''
|''Andhakara''
|Vasudev Sanal
|[[Divya Pillai]], [[Chandhunadh]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal|Mareena Michael]]
|Ace of Hearts Cine Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=വാസുദേവ് സനൽ ഒരുക്കുന്ന 'അന്ധകാരാ'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vasudev-sanal-movie-andhakara-first-look-poster-released-1.8703737 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=മനുഷ്യർക്കെന്തും ചെയ്യാം; എന്തും!:അന്ധകാരാ ട്രൈലർ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/watch-andhakara-movie-trailer-vvk-s8of4v |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Manas''
|Babu Thiruvalla
|[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Ashokan (actor)]]
|Symphony creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=മനസ്സ്; ട്രെയ്ലർ ബി ടി വി യിൽ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://janayugomonline.com/manas-the-trailer-was-released-on-btv/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thundu]]''
| Riyas Shereef
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Unnimaya Prasad]]
| [[Ashiq Usman|Ashiq Usman Productions]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaanil Ninnum song from Biju Menon's Thundu is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/14/vaanil-ninnum-song-from-biju-menons-thundu-is-out-51210.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''19'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''The Suspect List''
|Irfan Kamal
|[[Vineeth Kumar]], Vrinda Pilakkal, Anaz Mohamed, Prasida Vasu, Binu Dev, Adhil Shajahan, Vivek Viswam, Viya Catherine
|Popart Media Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2022-01-12 |title=Vineeth Kumar leads Irfan Kamal's corporate thriller The Suspect List |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Jan/12/vineeth-kumar-leads-irfan-kamals-corporate-thriller-the-suspect-list-2405730.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''22'''
|[[Family (2023 film)|''Family'']]
|[[Don Palathara]]
|[[Vinay Forrt]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Mathew Thomas]], Nilja K Baby
|[[Newton Cinema]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=ന്യൂട്ടൻ സിനിമയുടെ സൈക്കോളജിക്കൽ ഡ്രാമ 'ഫാമിലി' ഫെബ്രുവരി 23ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/family/don-palathara-movie-family-to-theatres-1.9321024 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
| [[Chidambaram S Poduval|Chidambaram]]
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Balu Varghese]]
|Parava Films, Sree Gokulam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Arivaal''
|Anish Paul
|Shaiju Hamsa, Janaki Sudheer
|APC Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=സ്ത്രീ മുന്നേറ്റത്തിൻ്റെ കഥ; അരിവാൾ, 22ന് തീയേറ്ററിലേക്ക് |url=https://janayugomonline.com/the-story-of-womens-advancement-ariwal-hits-theaters-on-22nd/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Janayugom Online |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''23'''
|''Choppu''
|Rahul Kaimala
|Sanil Mattannur, [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Sarayu Mohan]]
|Gateway Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=ചോപ്പ് 23ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളില്‍ |url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/976161/entertainment/choppu-hits-theatres-23rd |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Malayalam News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="26" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|MARCH}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''1'''
|''[[Aanandhapuram Diaries]]''
|Jaya Jose Raj
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], Shikha Santosh
|Neil Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=എന്റർടെയ്ൻമെന്റ് |date=2024-02-27 |title='നിയമവിദ്യാർത്ഥിനിയായി മീന'; സുജാതയുടെയും സൂരജ് സന്തോഷിന്‍റെയും ശബ്ദത്തിൽ ഗാനം, ആനന്ദപുരം ഡയറീസ് റിലീസിന് |url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/entertainment/meena-as-law-student-new-movie-aanandapuram-diaries-get-ready-to-release |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Fourth |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Kadakan''
|Sajil Mampad
|Hakim Shajahan, Sona Olickal, [[Harisree Ashokan]]
|Kadathanadan Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=ഹക്കീം ഷാജഹാൻ ചിത്രം 'കടകൻ' നാളെ മുതൽ തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ ! വിതരണത്തിനെത്തിക്കുന്നത് ദുൽഖറിന്‍റെ വേഫറർ ഫിലിംസ് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/hakim-shajahans-kadakan-to-release-tomorrow-246852 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The SpOils]]''
| Manjith Divakar
| Anjali Ameer, Preethi Christina Paul, Darsha Dylan, M.A.Rahim
| Marben Studios, Arya Aadhi International Movies
|<ref name=teas>{{cite web |title=Prithviraj releases the glimpse of Anjali Ameer and MA Rahim starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-the-teaser-of-the-spoils-starring-anjali-ameer-and-ma-rahim/articleshow/107494289.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 February 2024 |date=7 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]''
| Ratheesh Reghunandan
| [[Dileep]], [[Neeta Pillai]], [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Malavika Menon]]
| [[Super Good Films]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dileep-starrer Thankamani to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/21/dileep-starrer-thankamani-to-release-on-this-date-52265.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''8 '''
|''Agathokakological''
|C D Venkitesh
|[[Maqbool Salmaan]], [[Leona Lishoy]], Prasant Murali
|Hit and Run Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-08 |title=Leona Lishoy-starrer 'Agathokakological' hits screens today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Mar/08/leona-lishoy-starrer-agathokakological-hits-screens-today |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Randaam Naal''
|[[Zeenath]]
|Jithin Mohammed, Zeenath, [[Mamukkoya]], [[Nilambur Ayisha]]
|AVA Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |title=സംവിധായികയായി നടി സീനത്ത്, 'രണ്ടാം നാള്‍' ചിത്രീകരണം പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/artist-seenath-turns-director-qf58ol |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGO5XFXxunQ&ab_channel=AVAnoop |title=Randaamnaal (രണ്ടാംനാൾ) Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} {{!}} A V Anoop {{!}} Zeenath {{!}} Dipul Martho {{!}} Sreelekshmi |date=2024-06-20 |last=AV Anoop |access-date=2024-12-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Prithviraj, Biju Menon share best actor award |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/movie-1.5998393 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''5 Seeds''
|Aswin P S
|Aswin P S
|Aswin’s Production House
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='ഫൈവ് സീഡ്സ്' ഒടിടിയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/ott/2024/05/29/five-seeds-ott.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=‘ഫൈവ് സീഡ്സ്’ ഒടിടിയിൽ |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Exit''
|Mohammed Shaheen
|[[Vishak Nair]], Reneesha Rahiman, [[Hareesh Peradi]]
|Bloom Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=മലയാളത്തിലെ ആദ്യ ഫോക്സി ആക്ഷൻ സർവൈവൽ ത്രില്ലർ 'എക്സിറ്റ്'ന്റെ ട്രെയ്‍ല‍ർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/entertainment/malayalam-first-foxy-action-survival-thriller-movie-exit/cid13736467.htm |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=keralaonlinenews.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Kuruvi Paapa''
|Joshy John
|Tanha Fatima, [[Vineeth]], [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]], [[Lal Jose]]
|Zero Plus Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രചോദനമാണ് കുരുവിപാപ്പ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/kuruvi-pappa-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/108326384.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=നെറ്റ്‌വര്‍ക്ക്‌ |first=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ |date=2024-02-25 |title=മകളുടെ ദുരനുഭവം സിനിമയാക്കാന്‍ മാതാപിതാക്കള്‍; അഭിനയിച്ചതും മകൾ, 'കുരുവി പാപ്പ' മാര്‍ച്ച് ഒന്നിന് |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/news/2024/02/25/kuruvi-paappa-movie-release-on-march-1-2024 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Reporter Live |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Manasa Vacha''
|Sreekumar Podiyan
|[[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Alexander Prasanth]], Ahana Vinesh
|Start Action Cut
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ധാരാവി ദിനേശ് ആയി ദിലീഷ് പോത്തൻ; കുടുകുടെ ചിരിപ്പിക്കാൻ 'മനസാ വാചാ', ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/02/24/manasa-vacha-trailer-release.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]''
| T. V. Renjith
| [[Gouri G. Kishan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Subeesh Sudhi]]
| Bhavani Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-02 |title=Censor Board has 'Bharatha' removed from Oru Bharatha Sarkar Ulpannam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/02/censor-board-has-bharatha-removed-fromaju-varghese-starrer-oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-52558.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1 " style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pakal Iravu''
|Benny Aynick
|Praveen Varier, Maja Sandhya, Saranya Krishnan
|Qdoz entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Pakal Iravu |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Pakal-Iravu/0SM740XMPCOFAUJ05TR71QK5KT |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''15'''
|''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]''
|Ullas Chemban
|[[Lukman Avaran]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], Megha Thomas, Merin Philip
|Chembosky Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=അഞ്ചക്കള്ളക്കോക്കാൻ; 'പൊറാട്ട്' ശൈലിയില്‍ ഒരു ഇടിപ്പടം: ട്രെയിലര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് പ്രേക്ഷകര്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anchakkallakokkan-trailer-ullas-chemban-film-lukman-avaran-chemban-vinod-staring-vvk-s9wyly |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The Cue |date=2024-03-07 |title='ഒരു മില്യൺ വ്യൂസ് കടന്ന് അഞ്ചക്കള്ളകോക്കാൻ ട്രെയ്‌ലർ'; ചിത്രം മാർച്ച് 15 ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-news/anchakkallakokkan-trailer-crosses-1-million |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Dial 100''
|Ratheesh Nedumangad
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Meera Nair, Archana Krishna
|VRS Combines
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=പോലീസ് ഇൻവെസ്റ്റിഗേഷൻ ചിത്രം 'ഡയൽ 100' മാർച്ച് എട്ടിന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/police-investigation-movie-dial-100-release-1.9363376 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Gangayude Veedu''
|Rajesh Puthenveettil
|Chandran Pillai, Sreesha Santhosh, Devika Nair
|R Movie Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/gangayude-veedu/ET00391443|title=Gangayude Veedu (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Ithu Vare''
|Anil Thomas
|[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], Letha Sunil
|All Smiles Dream Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-24 |title=പ്രതിഷേധത്തിന്റെ അടയാളം, സമൂഹത്തോടുള്ള ഉത്തരവാദിത്തം; ബ്രഹ്മപുരം തീപ്പിടിത്തം വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/director-anil-thomas-about-ithuvare-movie-1.9352365 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Jananam: 1947 Pranayam Thudarunnu''
|Abhijith Ashokan
|Jayaraj Kozhikkode, [[Leela Samson]], [[Anu Sithara]], [[Deepak Parambol]]
|Crayons Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=കൈ നിറയെ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ, 'ജനനം 1947, പ്രണയം തുടരുന്നു' തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/janananm-1947-pranayam-thudarunnu-movie-to-theatres-1.9121932 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Oru Kadannal Katha''
|Pradeep Velayudhan
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], Nisha Sarang, [[Sudheer Karamana]], Jolly Chirayath
|TKV Productions, Devakannya Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-kadannal-kadha/ET00391228|title=Oru Kadannal Kadha (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title='ഒരു കടന്നൽ കഥ'; ജാഫർ ഇടുക്കി നായകനാകുന്ന ചിത്രം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/oru-kadannal-katha-jaffer-idukki-pradeep-velayudhan-1.7627309 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=നായകനായി ജാഫർ ഇടുക്കി; വരുന്നു 'ഒരു കടന്നൽ കഥ' |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2022/06/23/jaffer-idukkis-upcoming-movie-oru-kadannal-kadha.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Manoramanews |date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''22'''
|''Burning Ghost''
|AKB Kumar
|[[Boban Alummoodan]], Jojo Cyriac, Vaiga Rose
|SJ Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Burning Ghost [2024] {{!}} ദിബേണിംങ് ഗോസ്റ്റ് [2024] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2223 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
|''Ennittum Neeyenne Arinjillallo''
|Shiju Panavoor
|[[Padmaraj Ratheesh]][[Aristo Suresh|, Renu Saunder, Aristo Suresh]], Pauly Wilson
|Matha Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ennittum-neeyenne-arinjillallo/ET00392143|title=Ennittum Neeyenne Arinjillallo (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Kuthood''
|Manoj K Sethu
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Siji Pradeep, Vinod Mulleria
|Four Friends Production House
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kuthood/ET00392135|title=Kuthood (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Secret Home]]''
| Abhayakumar K
| [[Chandhunadh]], [[Aparna Das]], [[Sshivada]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]]
|Wow Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-14 |title=Chandunadh-Aparna Das starrer Secret Home gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/14/chandunadh-aparna-das-starrer-secret-home-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''28'''
| ''[[The Goat Life]]''
| [[Blessy]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]]
| Visual Romance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prithviraj-sukumarans-aadujeevitham-or-the-goat-life-to-release-on-this-date/article67590493.ece|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's Aadujeevitham' or 'The Goat Life' to release on this date|date=30 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Moonam Ghattam''
|Ranji Vijayan
|Ranji Vijayan, Simi Jose, Joy Eeswar, Samatha Sijo
|Yavanika Talkies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=പൂർണമായി യുകെയിൽ ചിത്രീകരിച്ച പുതിയ മലയാള ചിത്രം 'മൂന്നാംഘട്ടം'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/moonnamkhattam-malayalam-movie-first-look-poster-released-1.8963262 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=യുകെയിൽ നിന്നൊരു മലയാള സിനിമ 'മൂന്നാംഘട്ടം' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/moonnamkhattam-malayalam-movie-first-look-poster-689986-2023-10-06 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vayasethrayaayi? Muppathiee..!!]]''
| Pappan T. Nambiar
| Prasant Murali, Chithra Nair, Manju Pathrose, Nirmal Palazhi, Remya Suresh
|No Limit Films
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vayasethrayayi Muppathi: - 'വയസെത്രയായി'..... ഇമ്പമാർന്ന ഗാനങ്ങളുമായി പുതിയ ചിത്രം; റിലീസ് മാർച്ച് 29നു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/vayasethrayayi-muppathi-movie-release-on-march-29-180861 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=24 January 2024 |date=24 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''29'''
|''Swaram''
|Nikhil Madhav
|[[Joy Mathew]], [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]], Kavitha Baiju, Malavika Nandan, Maya Unnithan
|Rajakeeyam Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=കുര്യൻ |first=ജൂബി സാറ |date=2024-03-17 |title="സ്വരം" സിനിമയുടെ ഒഫീഷ്യൽ ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്തിറക്കി |url=https://anweshanam.com/478615/the-official-trailer-of-the-movie-swaram-has-been-released/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Anweshanam |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!style="width:25%;" |Title
!style="width:20%;" |Director
!style="width:40%;" |Cast
!style="width:25%;" |Production Company / Studio
!style="width:15%;" |Ref
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|APRIL}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''5'''
| ''Badal - The Manifesto''
| G Ajayan
| [[Shwetha Menon]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Gayathri Suresh]]
| Alternate Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Badal Premiere Locked: Shwetha Menon's Political Thriller Will Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/badal-premiere-locked-shwetha-menons-political-thriller-will-release-on-this-date-8828912.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Chappakuthu''
|Ajaish Sudhakaran
|Hima Shankari, Lokesh Arumugam, Tom Skot
|JS Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=ഹിമ ശങ്കരിക്കൊപ്പം തമിഴ് നടന്‍ ലോകേഷ്; 'ചാപ്പകുത്ത്' തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/chaappakuthu-malayalam-movie-starring-hima-shankari-to-be-released-soon-nsn-safjnx |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''L''
|Shoji Sebastian
|Sandhya Manoj, Joshy Krishna, Amritha Menon, Aswathi Pillai, Vishnu Vijayan, Aswathi Arunkumar
|Pop Media
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=ഷോജി സെബാസ്റ്റ്യന്റെ 'എൽ' വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shoji-sebastian-l-movie-releases-on-friday-1.9459457 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''11'''
| ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''
| Jithu Madhavan
| [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Sajin Gopu]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| Anwar Rasheed Entertainment, Fahadh Faasil and Friends
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-12-16 |title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Aavesham' to come out in theatres in April 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasils-aavesham-to-come-out-in-theatres-in-april-2024/article67644626.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
| Merryland Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's Varshangalkku Shesham trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/13/vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham-trailer-out-52019.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]''
| [[Ranjith Sankar]]
| [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Jomol]], [[Leela Samson]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
| Unni Mukundan Films, Dreams N Beyond
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Unni Mukundan-starrer Jai Ganesh Gets U Certificate From Censor Board |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-starrer-jai-ganesh-gets-u-certificate-from-censor-board-8837258.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-11-16 |title=Unni Mukundan's Jai Ganesha first look is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Nov/16/unni-mukundans-jai-ganesha-firstlook-is-out-49605.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''12'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Chaar Chor''
|Nithin Narayanan
|Sreejith Ravi, Sreekanth Vettiyar, Rajesh Hebbar, Nincy Xavier
|MS Movie Factory
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCNs-netolo |title=Chaar Chor Official Trailer {{!}} Sreejith Ravi {{!}} Sreekanth Vettiyar {{!}} Nowfal {{!}} Nithin Naryanan{{!}} iStream |language=en |access-date=2024-04-12 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Udan Adi Mangalyam''
|Vishnu Rathikumar
|Sreedevi Unnikrishnan, Libin Varghese, Abhi Kiran, Madhu Punnappra, Suresh Chitrashala, Anilamma
|Kalamela Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=കോമഡി എന്റർടൈനറായി 'ഉടൻ അടി മാംഗല്യം' വരുന്നു; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക്‌ പോസ്റ്റർ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/udan-adi-mangalyam-movie-firstlook-poster-released-1.9011805 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''19'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Thurathi Malayile Thiruthukal''
|Arun Murali
|Amalchand, Mujeeb Rehman, Biju Kattakada, Geethu Vipin, Vyshnavi Kalyani
|Panchami Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thurathi Malayile Thiruthukal OTT release date - Here's where you can stream this revenge drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thurathi-malayile-thiruthukal-ott-release-heres-where-you-can-stream-this-revenge-drama/80785145bd633 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''26'''
|''Anjaam Vedam''
|Mujeeb T Muhammed
|Vihan Vishnu, Sunu Lakshmi, Amarnath H, Soumya Raj
|TM Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=പ്രണയവും സസ്പെൻസും; അഞ്ചാം വേദം പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ancham-vedam-movie-shooting-completed-1.8370379 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Panchavalsara Padhathi''
|P.G. Premlal
|[[Siju Wilson]], Krishnendu Menon, [[Nisha Sarang]]
|Kichappus Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=നായകനായി സിജു വിൽസൺ, പഞ്ചവത്സര പദ്ധതി ഏപ്രിൽ 26-ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/panchavalsara-padhathi-movie-release-date-announced-1.9475487 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]''
| [[Vineeth Kumar]]
| [[Dileep]], Juhi Jayakumar, Shreya Rugmini, Rosmin Thadathil, Swathi Konde, Dilina Ramakrishnan, [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[Johny Antony]]
| Grand Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-15 |title=Dileep-starrer Pavi Care Taker to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/15/dileep-starrer-pavi-care-taker-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:#4683B7; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|MAY}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Malayalee From India]]''
| [[Dijo Jose Antony]]
| [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Anaswara Rajan]]
| Pauly Jr Pictures, Magic Frames
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-20 |title=Nivin Pauly's Malayalee From India gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/20/nivin-paulys-malayalee-from-india-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''3'''
|''Cadburys''
|Mammy Century
|Sahad Reju, Safna Khader, [[Boban Alummoodan]]
|Century Vision
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Aparna |date=2024-04-29 |title=മമ്മി സെഞ്ച്വറിയുടെ കാഡ്ബറീസ് മെയ് 3 ന് തീയേറ്ററിൽ {{!}} Cinema, Coming Soon, General, Latest News, NEWS, Latest Cinema, Latest Cinema News |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2024/04/29/mummy-centurys-cadburys-hits-theaters-on-may-3/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]''
| [[Lal Jr.|Jean Paul Lal]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]], Vanya Singh Rajput, [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| Godspeed, Mythri Movie Makers
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-nadikar-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/107119374.cms?from=mdr|title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Nadikar' gets a release date|date=24 January 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Poka''
|Arun Ayyappan
|Yem Sajeev, Janaki Devi, Savitha Savithri, Athira Gopinath
|Ayvans Film Factory
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=തിരുവനന്തപുരം 'പൊക'യുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/07/20/poka-malayalam-movie-shoot-started.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=പൊക പ്രിവ്യൂ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1051299 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''9'''
| ''Aaro''
| Kareem
| [[Joju George]], [[Anumol]]
| V Three Productions, Anjali Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-25 |title=Joju George and Anumol's Aaro gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/25/joju-george-and-anumols-aaro-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''10'''
| ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]''
| [[Arun Bose]]
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Sarjano Khalid]], [[Vincy Aloshious]]
| [[Kokers Films]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Indrajith And Sarjano Khalid's Marivillin Gopurangal Set to Hit Theaters On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indrajith-and-sarjano-khalids-marivillin-gopurangal-set-to-hit-theaters-on-this-date-8868920.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Perumani]]''
|K B Maju
|[[Sunny Wayne]], Deepa Thomas, [[Lukman Avaran]], Radhika Radhakrishnan, [[Vinay Forrt]]
|UNE VIE Movies
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/perumani/ET00397264|title=Perumani (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Sweet Chakkara Umma''
|Zayir Pathan
|Zayir Pathan, Santosh Kalanjoor, Molly Kannamally
|RMR Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sweet-chakkara-umma/ET00397677|title=Sweet Chakkara Umma (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''16'''
| ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
| [[Vipin Das]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Yogi Babu]]
| Prithviraj Productions, E4 Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-21 |title=Guruvayoor Ambala Nadayil gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/21/guruvayoor-ambala-nadayil-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kattis Gang''
|Aneel Dev
|Unni Lalau, Althaf Salim, Swati Das Prabu, [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
|Oceanic Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Unni Lalu-starrer Kattis Gang Trailer Promises Suspenseful Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-lalu-starrer-kattis-gang-trailer-promises-suspenseful-thriller-8882699.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha]]''
| [[Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval]]
| [[Rajesh Madhavan]], Chithra Nair, [[Sudheesh]], Sharanya Ramachandran
| Silver Bay studios, Silver Bromade Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Express Kerala |date=2024-05-01 |title='സുരേശന്റെയും സുമലതയുടെയും പ്രണയകഥ' മെയ് 16-ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.expresskerala.com/news/sureshanteyum-sumalathayudeyum-pranayakadha-hits-theaters-on-may-16.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Malayalam News, Kerala News, Political News {{!}} Express Kerala |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''17'''
| ''[[Gu (film)|Gu]]''
| Manu Radhakrishnan
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Deva Nandha]], [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]], Ashwathy Manoharan, Nandini Goplalakrishnan
| Maniyan Pillai Raju Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Gu Trailer: Saiju Kurup's film blends folk art, myths, and reality in a village setting |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/gu-trailer-saiju-kurups-film-blends-folk-art-myths-and-reality-in-a-village-setting |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Guardian Angel''
|Saju S Das
|[[Rahul Madhav]], Shobika Babu, Saju S Das, Tushara Pillai
|Bhadra Gayathri Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/guardian-angel/ET00383299|title=Guardian Angel (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[CID Ramachandran Retd. SI]]''
|Sanoop Sathyan
|[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Anumol]], [[Balaji Sarma]], Geethi Sangeetha
|AD 1877 Pictures, Sense Launch Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=CID Ramachandran Retd SI Trailer: Kalabhavan Shajohn's film promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/cid-ramachandran-retd-si-trailer-kalabhavan-shajohns-film-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller-2 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#57A0D3;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]''
| [[Vysakh]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Anjana Jayaprakash]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| Mammootty Kampany
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-30 |title=Mammootty's Turbo gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/30/mammoottys-turbo-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Mandakini (2024 film)|Mandakini]]''
| Vinod Leela
| Althaf Salim, [[Anarkali Marikar]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval|Ganapathy]]
| Spire Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-06 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar starrer Mandakini gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/06/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikar-starrer-mandakini-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalavan]]''
| [[Jis Joy]]
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Miya George]], [[Anusree]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| Arun Narayan Productions, London Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-08 |title=Biju Menon-Asif Ali starrer Thalavan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/08/biju-menon-asif-ali-starrer-thalavan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#57A0D3;" |'''31'''
| ''Kudumbasthreeyum Kunjadum''
| Mahesh P Sreenivasan
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Anna Rajan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
| Indie Films
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-26 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's comedy-drama 'Kudumbasthreeyum Kunjadum' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasans-comedy-drama-kudumbasthreeyum-kunjadum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/110436132.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=It's A Wrap For Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Kudumba Sthreeyum Kunjadum |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-kudumba-sthreeyum-kunjadum-8702453.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ishtaragam''
|Jayan Poduval
|[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Akash Prakash, Adithya Dileep
|Akash Prakash Music & Entertainment, Pleasant Media, Essar films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=പുതുമുഖങ്ങളുടെ റൊമാന്‍റിക് ത്രില്ലര്‍; 'ഇഷ്ടരാഗം' തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ishtaragam-malayalam-movie-hits-theatres-on-may-31-sea3ls |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Kochi]]''
| [[Nadirshah]]
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], Devika Sanjay
| Kalandoor Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-10 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kochi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/10/once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ponmbalai Orumai''
|Vipin Atley
|Jithish Parameswaran, Sreeshma Chandran, [[Sajid Yahiya]], Twinkle Joby
|Macrom Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=വിപിന്‍ ആറ്റ്‌ലി വീണ്ടും; പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'പൊമ്പളൈ ഒരുമൈ' എന്ന ചിത്രത്തിന് ക്ലീൻ 'U' |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/vipin-atley-movie-pombalai-orumai-receives-u-certification-mm-647127.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''The Mistaker Who''
|Maaya Sivaa
|Adityadev, Sivaa Nair, Maaya Sivaa
|Adityadev Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Maaya Sivaa Directorial Malayalam Film The Mistaker Who? To Release On May 31 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/maaya-sivaa-directorial-malayalam-film-the-mistaker-who-to-release-on-may-31-8900520.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam]]''
|Naseer Badarudeen
|[[Jeo Baby]], [[Annu Antony]], [[Shelly Kishore|Shelly N Kumar]], [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
|N Tales Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title='സ്വകാര്യം സംഭവബ ഹുലം' റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/swakaryam-sambhavabahulam-release-1.9595388 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-26 |title=Swakaryam Sambhavabahulam: ഫാമിലി ഇമോഷണൽ ത്രില്ലർ 'സ്വകാര്യം സംഭവ ബഹുലം'; ട്രെയിലർ എത്തി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/family-emotional-thriller-swakaryam-sambhavabahulam-trailer-197256 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-June!
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:#8DB600; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JUNE}}'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''7'''
| ''[[Little Hearts (2024 film)|Little Hearts]]''
| Aby Treesa Paul, Anto Jose Pereira
| [[Shane Nigam]], [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Aima Rosmy Sebastian]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
| Sandra Thomas Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-04 |title=Shane Nigam's Little Hearts gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/04/shane-nigams-little-hearts-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Shane Nigam's 'Little Hearts' faces ban in GCC countries ahead of theatrical release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shane-nigam-movie-little-hearts-faces-ban-in-gcc-countries-1.9618116 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Abhirami (Malayalam film)|Abhirami]]''
|Mushthaque Rahman
|[[Gayathri Suresh]], Hari Krishna, Roshan Basheer, Ameya Mathew
|MJS Media, Spectac Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=ഗായത്രി സുരേഷ് പ്രധാനവേഷത്തിൽ എത്തുന്ന 'അഭിരാമി', ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/gayathri-suresh-movie-abhirami-trailer-released-1.9606677 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golam (2024 film)|Golam]]''
| Samjad PS
| Ranjith Sajeev, [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| Fragrant Nature Film Creations
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-24 |title='Golam' release: Ranjith Sajeev's investigative thriller to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/golam-release-ranjith-sajeevs-investigative-thriller-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/110390393.cms |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Jamalinte Punchiri''
|Vicky Thambi
|[[Indrans]], [[Prayaga Martin]], [[Mithun Ramesh]]
|Chitram Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=വിസ്മയിപ്പിക്കാൻ ഇന്ദ്രൻസ് വീണ്ടും; 'ജമാലിൻ്റെ പുഞ്ചിരി' ജൂൺ 7 ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jamalinte-punjiri-trailer-indrans-crime-thriller-1.9613647 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mayamma''
|Ramesh Koramangalam
|[[Viji Thampi]], Ankhitha Vinod, Arun Unni, [[Jayan Cherthala]]
|Punartham Arts Digital, Yogeeswara Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-05-28 |title=അതിജീവന കഥയുമായി 'മായമ്മ' വരുന്നു; റിലീസ് തീയതി പുറത്ത് - Mayamma Movie Release |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/mayamma-movie-release-date-kls24052800804 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=പുള്ളുവത്തി പെൺകുട്ടി മായമ്മയുടെ അതിജീവന കഥ; 'മായമ്മ' ജൂൺ ഏഴിന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mayamma-movie-release-date-announced-1.9590062 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Sree Muthappan''
|Chandran Narikode
|[[Manikuttan]], [[Madhupal]], Meera Nair, [[Joy Mathew]]
|Pratidhi House Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title='ശ്രീ മുത്തപ്പൻ' ജൂൺ ഏഴിന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sree-muthappan-movie-manikuttan-muthappan-vellattam-1.9613832 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''13'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Pullu Rising''
|Amal Noushad
|Surjith Gopinath, Christina Shaji, Kris Venugopal, Chitra Prasad, Hariprasad Gopinathan
|Sinai Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=ആദ്യപ്രദർശനത്തിൽ നിറഞ്ഞ കയ്യടി, ഐ.എഫ്.എഫ്.ടിയിൽ പ്രേക്ഷകർ നെഞ്ചിലേറ്റി പുല്ല് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ifft-2022-pullu-rising-malayalam-movie-1.7419685 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=തൃശൂർ രാജ്യാന്തര മേളയിൽ ശ്രദ്ധേയമായി 'പുല്ല് റൈസിങ്' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/04/21/pullu-movie-report.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''14'''
| ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]''
| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
| [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Ashkar Saudan]], [[Aju Varghese]]
| Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grrr (2024 film)|Grr]]''
| Jay K
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Anagha LK]]
| August Cinema
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Murivu''
|K Shemeer
|[[Ajai Vasudev]], Sona Philip, Sharook Shameer, Krishna Praveena
|Way To Film Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-05-27 |title=പുതുമുഖങ്ങൾ അണിനിരക്കുന്ന 'മുറിവ്' തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്; റിലീസ് തീയതി പുറത്ത് - MURIVU MOVIE RELEASE |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/action-thriller-murivu-release-date-kls24052705282 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Oru Kadha Parayum Neram''
|Rays Sidhik
|Rays Sidhik, Roshni Madhu, [[Geetha Vijayan]], [[Seema G. Nair]]
|Frame 2 Frame, Aimtime Media
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-kadha-parayum-neram/ET00401488|title=Oru Kadha Parayum Neram (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Ullozhukku]]''
| Christo Tomy
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Prashanth Murali, [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]]
| [[RSVP Movies]], MacGuffin Pictures, Reverie Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-31 |title=Parvathy and Urvashi's Ullozhukku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/31/parvathy-and-urvashis-ullozhukku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''
| Vishnu Narayan
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]], [[Lijomol Jose]]
| Anup Kannan Stories, Godspeed Immigration
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-02 |title=Biju Menon & Suraj Venjaramoodu's Nadanna Sambhavam gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/02/biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodus-nadanna-sambhavam-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Matthu''
|Renjith Laal
|[[Tini Tom]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Aish Vika
|Kannur Cinema Factory
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=സൈക്കോ ക്രൈം ഡ്രാമ, ഇതുവരെ കാണാത്ത ടിനി ടോം,'മത്ത്' ഇന്നുമുതല്‍ |url=https://m-malayalam.webdunia.com/article/film-gossip-in-malayalam/matthu-psycho-crime-drama-never-before-seen-tiny-tom-matthu-from-today-124062100006_1.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Webdunia |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=റിസ്ക്ക് എടുത്തതില്‍ സന്തോഷം -ഐഷ് വിക |url=https://www.nanaonline.innews/glad-to-have-taken-the-risk--aish-vika/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.nanaonline.innews |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Monica: Oru AI Story''
|E M Ashraf
|Sreepath Yan, Aparna Mulberry, [[Gopinath Muthukad]], Sini Abraham
|Zams Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/monica-oru-ai-story/ET00401288|title=Monica: Oru AI Story (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Uncleum Kuttyolum''
|GKN Pillai
|GKN Pillai, Shivani Saya, Adish Praveen
|Pee Yee Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/uncleum-kuttyolum/ET00402117|title=Uncleum Kuttyolum (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaganachari]] ''
| Arun Chandu
| [[Anarkali Marikar]], [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| Ajith Vinayaka Films, Krishand Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-11 |title=Gaganachari gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/11/gaganachari-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Swargathile Katturumbu''
| Jespal Shanmughan
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Gowri Nandha]]
| Myna Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-16 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Swargathile Katturumbu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/16/dhyan-sreenivasans-swargathile-katturumbu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''28'''
| ''Big Ben''
| Bino Augustine
| [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Miya George]]
| Braintree Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-06-09 |title=Anu Mohan and Aditi Ravi's Big Ben gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/09/anu-mohan-and-aditi-ravis-big-ben-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kunddala Puranam''
|Santhosh Puthukunnu
|[[Indrans]], [[Remya Suresh]], Sivaani shibin, [[Dinesh Prabhakar]], Unni Raja
|Menokkils Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=Kunddala Puranam Review: The Right Dose Of Feel-good That Can Be Enjoyed At Every Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/kunddala-puranam-review-the-right-dose-of-feel-good-that-can-be-enjoyed-at-every-watch-review-111337815 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Paradise''
|Prasanna Vithanage
|[[Roshan Mathew]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Mahendra Perera]], [[Shyam Fernando]]
|Newton Cinema, Madras Talkies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=ന്യൂട്ടൺ സിനിമയുടെ 'പാരഡൈസ്', മണിരത്നത്തിന്റെ മദ്രാസ് ടാക്കീസ് ആദ്യമായി‌ മലയാളത്തിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/paradise/paradise-movie-roshan-mathew-and-darshana-rajendran-madras-talkies-newton-cinema-1.8954034 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഫ്രീയായി ശ്രീലങ്കൻ യാത്ര : ട്രിപ്പ് ടൂ 'പാരഡൈസി' ലൂടെ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-news/2024/06/24/win-free-trip-sri-lanka-watch-paradise.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Pattaapakal''
|Saajir Sadaf
|[[Krishna Sankar]], Ashika Ashokan, [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
|Sree Nandanam Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=കോമഡി എൻറർടെയിനറുമായി കൃഷ്‌ണ ശങ്കർ, സുധി കോപ്പ, കിച്ചു ടെല്ലസ്; 'പട്ടാപ്പകൽ' ട്രെയ്ലർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pattaapakal-official-trailer-krishna-shankar-sudhi-koppa-1.9576594 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==July–September==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:#FFD600; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JULY}}'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''2'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Adhinayakavadham''
|Dinesh Ganga
|Priyesh M Pramod, Vaishnavi, Bibu Ebenezer, Shilpa C S
|Oneline Story Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=വീണ്ടുമൊരു മലയാളം ഒ.ടി.ടി. റിലീസ്; 'അധിനായകവധം' എബിസി ടാക്കീസ് ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോമിൽ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/adhinayakavadham-is-a-malayalam-movie-getting-released-on-ott-platform-mm-676803.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''5'''
| ''Partners''
| Naveen John
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Satna Titus]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
| Kollappally Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-06-12 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan-starrer Partners gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/12/dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-partners-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-24 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Partners gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/24/dhyan-sreenivasans-partners-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ezhuthola''
|Suresh Unnikrishnan
|[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Hemanth Menon]], [[Nisha Sarang]]
|Oshio Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar Ezhuthola|first=time |date=2022-02-22 |title=Actor Shankar returns to production with 'Ezhuthola' Actor Shankar again as producer |url=https://time.news/actor-shankar-returns-to-production-with-ezhuthola-actor-shankar-again-as-producer/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=TIme News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Kurukku''
|Abhijith Noorani
|Anil Anto, [[Balaji Sarma]], Preetha Pradeep, Meera Nair
|Nisha Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Kurukku Movie: വരുന്നത് ഇൻവെസ്റ്റിഗേഷൻ ത്രില്ലർ; 'കുരുക്ക്' ചിത്രീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/crime-investigation-suspense-thriller-kurukku-completes-shooting-150259 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Oru Smartphone Prenayam''
|Charles G Thomas
|[[Hemanth Menon]], Nayana Prasad, Aswathi Ashok, [[Padmaraj Ratheesh]], Saritha Kuku
|Skyshare Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Oru Smartphone Pranayam: 'ഒരു സ്മാർട്ട് ഫോൺ പ്രണയം' ജൂലൈ അഞ്ചിന് തിയേറ്റുകളിൽ എത്തുന്നു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-smartphone-pranayam-release-date-announced-movie-will-be-released-on-july-5th-200962 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''6'''
|''Kanaka Rajyam''
|Sagar Hari
|[[Murali Gopy]], [[Indrans]], [[Leona Lishoy]], Athira Patel, [[Jolly Chirayath]]
|Ajith Vinayaka Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title='പട്ടാളക്കാരനാകണമെന്ന മോഹം പുറത്തുപറയാൻ പേടിയായിരുന്നു'; കനകരാജ്യം ജൂലൈ 5 ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/indrans-and-murali-gopy-kanakarajyam-movie-release-on-july-5-1.9688325 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''12'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Amar Mera Doasth''
|AKB Kumar
|[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], Binu Adimali
|AKB Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vryDGoXEzA0 |title=Amar Mera Doasth Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} New Released Movie {{!}} Dharmajan Bolgatty {{!}} Binu Adimali |date=2024-07-11 |last=Speed Audio & Video |access-date=2024-12-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar Mera Doasth [2024] {{!}} അമർ മേരാ ദോസ്ത് [2024] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2902 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
|''Zha''
|Gireesh P C
|[[Manikandan R. Achari]], Naira Nihar, Nandu Anand, [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]
|VOC Media
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/zha/ET00404223|title=Zha (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=സൗഹൃദത്തിൻ്റെ സ്നേഹമഴയായ് ' ഴ' എത്തുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/zha-movie-manikandan-achari-release-1.9709513 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''13'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kannadipparambile Kalyana Aalochana''
|Jithin Jitix
|Chitra Nair
|Jeeshma Productions
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HVgQrH8Cio |title=Kannadipparambile Kalyana Aalochana {{!}} New Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} 2024 |date=2024-07-13 |last=JitiX |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannadipparambile Kalyana Aalochana [2024] |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?2827 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=en.msidb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQbe_GV0QKY |title=ദിവസങ്ങൾക്കുള്ളിൽ 15 ലക്ഷം പേർ യൂട്യൂബിൽ കണ്ട സിനിമ {{!}} Kannadiparambile Kalyana Alochana |date=2024-08-23 |last=Kerala Vision News 24x7 |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''19'''
|''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]''
|Sreejith Vijayan
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], Jayashree Shivadas, [[Gayatri Arun]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], Vidhya Vijayakumar, [[Sminu Sijo]]
|Happy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/idiyan-chandhu/ET00404965|title=Idiyan Chandhu (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=ഇനി ഇടിയോടിടി, പീറ്റർ ഹെയ്ൻ ഒരുക്കുന്ന സംഘട്ടന രംഗങ്ങളുമായി 'ഇടിയൻ ചന്തു' ജൂലൈ 19-ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-movie-idiyan-chandu-release-date-announced-1.9691848 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Puthiya Niram''
|Sunee Sekhar
|Pranav Mohanan, Shihan Ahmed, Rathnakala Thankam, Pappan Maniyur
|20 Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/puthiya-niram/ET00405115|title=Puthiya Niram (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=truevisionnews.com |date=2024-07-15 |title=#Puthiyaniram {{!}} കോഴിക്കോട്ടെ ഒട്ടേറെ കലാകാരന്മാർ അണിനിരക്കുന്ന 'പുതിയ നിറം' സിനിമ ജൂലൈ 19 ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ {{!}} moviemax.in |url=https://moviemax.in/news/220100/kozhikode-multi-starrer-puthiya-niram-movie-hits-theaters-on-july19 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=#Puthiyaniram {{!}} കോഴിക്കോട്ടെ ഒട്ടേറെ കലാകാരന്മാർ അണിനിരക്കുന്ന 'പുതിയ നിറം' സിനിമ ജൂലൈ 19 ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Samadhana Pusthakam''
|Raveesh Nath
|[[Siju Wilson]], [[Leona Lishoy]], [[Mathew Thomas]], Pramod Veliyanad
|Sigma stories
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/samadhana-pusthakam/ET00405022|title=Samadhana Pusthakam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=പുതുമുഖ താരങ്ങൾക്കൊപ്പം സിജു വിൽസൻ, 'സമാധാന പുസ്തകം' ജൂലൈ 19-ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/samadhana-pusthakam-movie-release-date-announced-1.9649474 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vishesham]]''
|Sooraj Tom
|Anand Madhusoodanan, Chinnu Chandini. Altaf Salim, [[Dileesh Pothan]]
|Step2Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vishesham/ET00400053|title=Vishesham (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=ചിന്നു ചാന്ദ്നി-ആനന്ദ് മധുസൂദനൻ: സൂരജ് ടോമിൻ്റെ 'വിശേഷം' ജൂലൈ 19ന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/chinnu-chandni-movie-vishesham-releasing-on-19th-july-sfhmyx |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''20'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''No Evidence''
|AKB Kumar
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], Nasser Latheef, Nirusha Adika, Nimisha Bijo
|AKB Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu1F9xy3MRg |title=No Evidence Malayalam Full HD Movie {{!}} Jaffer Idukki {{!}} Nasser Latheef {{!}} Nirusha Adika {{!}} Nimisha |date=2024-07-20 |last=Speed Audio & Video |access-date=2024-12-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No Evidence [2020] {{!}} നോ എവിഡൻസ് [2020] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?9203 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''23'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Eye Witness''
|AKB Kumar
|Boban Alumoodan, Spadikam George, Brahmaduth, Cristy Binnet
|AKB Films
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mBnn-rX_WY |title=Eye Witness Malayalam Full HD Movie {{!}} Boban Alumoodan {{!}} Spadikam George {{!}} Brahmaduth {{!}} Cristy Binnet |date=2024-07-22 |last=Speed Audio & Video |access-date=2024-12-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye Witness [2024] {{!}} ഐ വിറ്റ് നെസ് [2024] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2962 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''26'''
|''[[Level Cross (2024 film)|Level Cross]]''
|Arfaz Ayub
|[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
|Abhishek Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/level-cross/ET00403313|title=Level Cross (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title='ലെവൽ ക്രോസ്സ്' റിലീസ് ജൂലൈ 26 ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/level-cross-asif-ali-amala-paul-sharafudheen-film-release-1.9754003 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Panchayath Jetty]]''
| [[Manikandan Pattambi]], [[Salim Hassan]]
| [[Manikandan Pattambi]], [[Salim Hassan]], Niyas Backer, [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], [[Sneha Sreekumar]]
| Saptha Tharang Creation, Govind Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Manikandan Pattambi And Salim Hassan's Panchayath Jetty To Hit Theatres On July 26 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/manikandan-pattambi-and-salim-hassans-panchayath-jetty-to-hit-theatres-on-july-26-8952163.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/panchayat-jetty/ET00405415|title=Panchayat Jetty (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''Secret''
| [[S. N. Swamy]]
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Aparna Das]], [[Jacob Gregory]], Kalesh Ramanand
| Lakshmi Parvathy Vision
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/secret/ET00405578|title=Secret (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-10 |title=SN Swamy's directorial debut Secret gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/10/sn-swamys-directorial-debut-secret-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF8D;" |'''31'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Raghu 32 Inch''
|Rajesh Vadakod
|Manoj Valamchuzhi, Ranjitha Gautham, [[Thulasidas]], Manasa Prabhu
|Krishna Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title='രഘു 32 ഇഞ്ച് ' എബിസി ടാക്കീസ് ഒ റ്റി റ്റി പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമിൽ - Ananthapuri Online News |url=https://ananthapurionline.com/news/2024/07/31/raghu-32-inch-on-abc-talkies-ott-platform/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center;background:#DA1884; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|AUGUST}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''2'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Prappeda''
|Krishnendu Kalesh
|Rajesh Madhavan, Ketaki Narayanan
|Hybrid Tellers
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title='പ്രാപ്പെട' ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്; സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/prappeda-malayalam-movie-ott-release-date-announced-rajesh-madhavan-ketaki-narayan-saina-play-shhvsr |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''9'''
| ''Checkmate''
| Ratish Sekhar
| [[Anoop Menon]], Rekha Harindran, Swapneel Batra
|Seed Entertainments, Goodfellas in Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Release Of Anoop Menon's Checkmate Pushed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/release-of-anoop-menons-checkmate-pushed-article-112338698 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cicada (2024 film)|Cicada]]''
| Sreejith Edavana
| [[Rajith Menon|Rajith CR]], GayathrI Mayoora, Jaise Jose
| Theerna Films & Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite web |title=സിക്കാഡ' ആഗസ്റ്റ് 9-ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sreejith-edavana-cicada-movie-release-1.9709323 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=9 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Zindagi]]''
| Vintesh
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Parvati Nair]]
| 666 Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Super Zindagi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-super-zindagi-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]''
| Nahas Nazar
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Anagha]]
| [[Ashiq Usman|Ashiq Usman Productions]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-05 |title=Adios Amigo gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/05/adios-amigo-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Makudi''
|Ponnus Bright
|[[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Aristo Suresh]], [[Kochu Preman]]
|BPR Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/makudi/ET00407303|title=Makudi (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Memory Plus''
|K T Mansoor
|[[Aneesh G. Menon|Aneesh Menon]], [[Annu Antony]], [[Sminu Sijo]]
|Global Cinema Company
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/memory-plus/ET00406209|title=Memory Plus (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Ormachithram''
|Oru Vazhipokkan
|Harikrishnan, Manasa Radhakrishnan, [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
|Indian Brothers Films, Zaga International
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ormachithram/ET00407463|title=Ormachithram (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''15'''
| ''[[Nunakuzhi]]''
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| [[Basil Joseph]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Saiju Kurup]]
|[[Yoodlee Films]], Saregama, Bedtime Stories
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title='ഗുരുവായൂരമ്പലനടയിൽ' നിന്നും 'നുണക്കുഴി'യിലേക്ക്; സ്ക്രീനിൽ വീണ്ടും ബേസിൽ ജോസഫ്-നിഖില വിമൽ കോംബോ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/basil-joseph-and-nikhila-vimal-team-in-nunakkuzhi-movie-1.9807953 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Maoist''
|Prathap Joseph
|Ratheesh Sundar, Sharath Buho, Kevin Shuaib, Vasu Nadavannur
|Minimal Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/istream.in/p/C-ka03hzQ6S/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Review|first=Nalamidam|date=2024-04-06 |title=പ്രതാപ് ജോസഫിൻ്റെ 'മാവോയിസ്റ്റ്' സിനിമയുടെ കാഴ്ചാനുഭവം |url=https://nalamidam.net/iewing-experience-of-pratap-josephines-maoist-movie/,%20https://nalamidam.net/iewing-experience-of-pratap-josephines-maoist-movie/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maoist [2024] മാവോയിസ്റ്റ് [2024] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2555 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaazha - Biopic of a Billion Boys]]''
| Anand Menon
| Siju Sunny, Amith Mohan Rajeswari, Joemon Jyothir
| WBTS Productions, ICON Studios, Imagin Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Vaazha gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/vaazha-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''23'''
| ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]''
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Chandhunadh]]
| Jayalakshmi Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-04 |title=Bhavana-starrer Hunt gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/04/bhavana-starrer-hunt-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Footage (film)|Footage]]''
| [[Saiju Sreedharan]]
| [[Manju Warrier]], [[Vishak Nair]], [[Gayathri Ashok]]
|Pale Blue Dot, Movie Bucket, Martin Prakkat Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-11 |title=Manju Warrier-starrer Footage gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/11/manju-warrier-starrer-footage-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Karnika''
|Arun Venpala
|[[Priyanka Nair]], [[T. G. Ravi]], Adhav Ram, Viaan Mangalassery
|Aries Telecasting
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/karnika/ET00407392|title=Karnika (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Janmabhumi |date=2024-11-12 |title=അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി ഏരീസ് ഗ്രൂപ്പിന്റെ ഹൊറർ ഇൻവെസ്റ്റിഗേഷൻ ത്രില്ലർ 'കർണിക' |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2024/11/12/3304734/entertainment/aries-group-4/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Janmabhumi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Thaanara''
|Haridas
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Deepti Sati]], [[Chinnu Chandni]], Sneha Babu
|Oneday Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thaanara/ET00404465|title=Thaanara (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paalum Pazhavum]]''
| [[V. K. Prakash]]
| [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Aswin Jose]]
| 2 Creative Minds
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-10 |title=Meera Jasmine's Palum Pazhavum trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/10/meera-jasmines-palum-pazhavum-trailer-out |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''29'''
| ''[[Virunnu]]''
| [[Kannan Thamarakkulam]]
| [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Aju Varghese]]
| Neyyar Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=Arjun Sarja's Virunnu Trailer Promises Thrilling Action Ahead Of August 29 Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/arjun-sarjas-virunnu-trailer-promises-thrilling-action-ahead-of-august-29-release-9026327.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''30'''
| ''[[Bharathanatyam (2024 film)|Bharathanatyam]]''
| Krishnadas Murali
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], Swathi Das Prabhu, [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]]
| Thomas Thiruvalla Films, Saiju Kurup Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-19 |title=Saiju Kurup's Bharathanatyam gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/19/saiju-kurups-bharathanatyam-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Churul''
| Arun J Mohan
| Pramod Veliyanadu, Sona Abraham, Kalabhavan Jinto
| KSFDC
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Churul produced by KSFDC to hit cinemas on Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/churul-produced-by-ksfdc-to-hit-cinemas-on-friday/articleshow/112871265.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Kattappadathe Manthrikan''
|Faisal Hussain
|Sumith M B, [[Vinod Kovoor]], Priya Sreejith, Neema Mathew
|Al Amana Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kattappadathe-manthrikan/ET00409672|title=Kattappadathe Manthrikan (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''Manorajyam''
| Rasheed Parakkal
| [[Govind Padmasoorya]], [[Ranjitha Menon]]
|Indie Genius Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Watch: Trailer Of Manorajyam Promises An Engaging Dark Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-trailer-of-manorajyam-promises-an-engaging-dark-comedy-article-112884709 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Pattam''
|Rejeesh Raja
|Chittu Abraham, Layana Ramesh, Sree Darsh, Risha Haridas
|Bigzona Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pattam/ET00407414|title=Pattam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Sambavasthalathu Ninnum''
|Sinto David
|Sinseer, Dayyana Hameed, [[Lal Jose]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Sunil Sukhada]], Aswathy Sreekanth
|India Sneham Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sambavasthalathu-ninnum/ET00409540|title=Sambavasthalathu Ninnum (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-September
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;background:#f40b0b; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|SEPTEMBER}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''7'''
| style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Dreadful Chapters]]''
| [[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]
| Jeffin Joseph, Varun Ravindran
| [[Casablanca Film Factory]]
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Ashwini P|title='ഡ്രെഡ്ഫുള്‍ ചാപ്റ്റേഴ്സ്' ഒടിടിയില്‍; സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് ആരംഭിച്ചു|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/dreadful-chapters-in-ott-streaming-has-started/articleshow/113127910.cms|accessdate=6 September 2024|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''12'''
| ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam|A.R.M]]''
| Jithin Lal
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Krithi Shetty]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Basil Joseph]]
| Magic Frames, UGM Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Tovino Thomas in tears ahead of Ajayante Randam Moshanam's release; here's why |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-in-tears-ahead-of-ajayante-randam-moshanams-release-heres-why-1347314 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]''
| Dinjith Ayyathan
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Vijayaraghavan]]
| Kaka Stories, Goodwill Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Asif Ali-starrer Kishkindha Kaandam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/22/asif-ali-starrer-kishkindha-kaandam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''13'''
| ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]''
| [[Omar Lulu]]
| [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Bibin George]], [[Sheelu Abraham]]
| Abaam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Rahman's 'Bad Boyz' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rahmans-bad-boyz-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/113105590.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gangs of Sukumarakurup''
| Shebi Chowghat
| Rushin Kailas, [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], [[Ineya]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]]
| Prajeevam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Trailer Of Malayalam Movie Gangs Of Sukumarakurup Promises Intense Crime Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-malayalam-movie-gangs-of-sukumarakurup-promises-intense-crime-drama-9048599.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kondal]]''
| Ajit Mapally
| [[Antony Varghese]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]], [[Gauthami Nair]]
| Weekend Blockbusters
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-08 |title=Kondal trailer: Antony Varghese lets his fists do the talking in this high-octane actioner set at sea |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/08/kondal-trailer-antony-varghese-lets-his-fists-do-the-talking-in-this-high-octane-actioner-set-at-sea |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Prathibha Tutorials''
| Abhilash Raghavan
| Altaf Salim, [[Sudheesh]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Nirmal Palazhi]], Anjana Appukuttan
| Goodday Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathibha Tutorials |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/prathibha-tutorials/ET00410693}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;" |'''20'''
| ''Kadha Innuvare''
| Vishnu Mohan
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Methil Devika]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], Noila Francy, [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|Imagin Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-24 |title=Kadha Innuvare release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/24/kadha-innuvare-release-date-announced |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Akri Kallyanam''
|Captain Vijay
|[[Nirmal Palazhi]], Binija Chelembra, Captain Vijay
|Devaparvam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/akri-kallyanam/ET00412604|title=Akri Kallyanam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=കോഴിശ്ശേരി |first=റഫീക്ക് |date=2024-09-10 |title=ആക്രി കല്യാണം ഉടൻ പ്രദർശനത്തിന് എത്തും |url=https://www.flashnewsonline.com/cinema-news/akri-kalyanam-starring-binija-teacher-as-the-lead-character-will-hit-the-screens-soon-id19276.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=FlashNewsOnline.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kuttante Shinigami''
| Rasheed Parakkal
| [[Indrans]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], Chandana Aravind
|Manjadi creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-08 |title=Indrans and Jaffer Idukki's Kuttante Shinigami gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/08/indrans-and-jaffer-idukkis-kuttante-shinigami-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''21'''
|''[[All We Imagine as Light]]''
|Payal Kapadia
|[[Kani Kusruti]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Chhaya Kadam]], [[Azees Nedumangad]]
|Petit Chaos, Chalk & Cheese Films, BALDR Film, Les Films Fauves, Pulpa Films, Arte France Cinéma
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-09-19 |title=Cannes winner 'All We Imagine As Light' to be released in limited screens in Kerala on Saturday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cannes-winner-all-we-imagine-as-light-to-be-released-in-limited-screens-in-kerala-on-saturday/article68658808.ece |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/all-we-imagine-as-light/ET00412656|title=All We Imagine as Light (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;" |'''27'''
| ''Cup - Love All Play''
| Sanju V Samuel
| [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Anikha Surendran]]
| Ananya Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Mathew Thomas-Basil Joseph starrer Cup confirms release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/04/mathew-thomas-basil-joseph-starrer-cup-confirms-release |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Chithini''
|[[East Coast Vijayan]]
|[[Amith Chakalakkal]], Mokksha, [[Vinay Forrt]]. Arathy Nair
|East Coast Communications
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Coast Vijayan's 'Chithini' to hit theatres on September 27 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/24/east-coast-vijayan-chithini-release-date-amit-chakkalackal-vinay-forrt.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gumasthan]]''
| Amal K Joby
| [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Bibin George]], Jais Jose, [[Rony David Raj]]
| Muzafir Film Company
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-24 |title=Gumasthan trailer: Dileesh Pothan and Bibin George's film promises a gripping crime thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/24/gumasthan-trailer-dileesh-pothan-and-bibin-georges-film-promises-a-gripping-crime-thriller |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==October–December==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|OCTOBER}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''2'''
|''Kummaattikkali''
|R K Vincent Selva
|Madhav Suresh, Yami Sona
|Super Good Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kummaattikkali/ET00413983|title=Kummaattikkali (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- October
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;" |'''4'''
| ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri''
| [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]]
| Hakkim Shah, [[Poornima Indrajith]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]]
| Saptha Tharang Creations, Vikramadithyan Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Oru Kattil Oru Muri gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/04/oru-kattil-oru-muri-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Koon (film)|Koon]]''
|Prasanth B Molickal
|Limal Padth, Sithara Vijayan, Lekshmika Sajeevan
|Golden trumpet Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/koon/ET00411978|title=Koon (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Lutto & Monai''
|T S Arun Giladi
|D L Baburaj
|Arunodayam Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/lutto-and-monai/ET00414574|title=Lutto and Monai (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]''
| Ullas Krishna
| [[Siju Wilson]], [[Balu Varghese]]
| Rayona Rose Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Siju Wilson and Balu Varghese's Pushpaka Vimanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/06/siju-wilson-and-balu-vargheses-pushpaka-vimanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thekku Vadakku]]''
| Prem Sankar
| [[Vinayakan]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], Anishma Anilkumar
| Anjana Talkies, VARS Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-18 |title=Vinayakan and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Thekku Vadakku release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/18/vinayakan-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-thekku-vadakku-release-postponed |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thanupp]]''
| Ragesh Narayanan
| Nidheesh Nambiar, Jibiya T.C
| Kashi Cinemas
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinematographer Ragesh Narayanan Makes Directorial Debut With Thanupp, Set For October 4 Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/cinematographer-ragesh-narayanan-makes-directorial-debut-with-thanupp-set-for-october-4-release-9062119.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=2 October 2024 |date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''17'''
| ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]''
| [[Amal Neerad]]
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Veena Nandakumar]], [[Srinda]]
| Amal Neerad Productions, Udaya Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-27 |title=Amal Neerad's Bougainvillea gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/27/amal-neerads-bougainvillea-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''18'''
|''[[Porattu Nadakam (film)|Porattu Nadakam]]''
|Naushad Saffron
|Saiju Kurup, Aiswarya Mithun
|Emirates Productions
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-15 |title='Porattu Nadakam': Ahead of its release, makers unveil trailer of the Saiju Kurup starrer - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/porattu-nadakam-ahead-of-its-release-makers-unveil-trailer-of-the-saiju-kurup-starrer-watch/articleshow/114228005.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Krouryam''
|Sandeep Ajithkumar
|Sinoj Max, Nimiaha Bijo, Aadhi Shan, Naira Nihar
|Divine Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/krouryam/ET00415837|title=Krouryam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Saghav Gourisankar''
|Vasudevan Pattuvam
|Ajayraj, Sajina Vijesh, Anju Shejin, Vinod Keezhattoor
|Mankunnam Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/saghav-gourisankar/ET00416383|title=Saghav Gourisankar (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Nayakan Prithvi''
|Prasad G Edward
|Sreekumar Nair, Priya Balan, Anjali P Kumar, Sukanya Haridas
|Vaisali Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nayakan-prithvi/ET00416179|title=Nayakan Prithvi (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]''
|[[Joju George]]
|Joju George, M G Abhinaya, [[Abhaya Hiranmayi]], Chandini Sreedharan
|Appu Paathu Papu Productions, AD Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pani/ET00404167|title=Pani (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kundannoorile Kulsitha Lahala]]''
|Akshay Ashok
|[[Lukman Avaran]], Veena Nair, Asha Madathil
|Cadre Cine Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kundannoorile-kulsitha-lahala/ET00414462|title=Kundannoorile Kulsitha Lahala (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;" |'''25'''
|''[[Pallotty 90's Kids|Pallotty 90s Kids]]''
|Jithin Raj P
|[[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Niranjana Anoop]]
|CP Film Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pallotty-90s-kids/ET00416864|title=Pallotty 90s Kids (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Chandranum Policeum''
|Sreeji Balakrishnan
|Anoop Krishnan, Jayashree Sivadas, Madhu Vibhakar
|MC Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chandranum-policeum/ET00416958|title=Chandranum Policeum (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Dhaya Bharati''
|K J Vijayakumar
|[[Appani Sarath]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]], Niya Varghese, [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
|Sri Thamburan Internation Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Hariharan to make his acting debut in Malayalam film 'Daya Bharati' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/02/05/singer-hariharan-daya-bharati-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|''Thrayam''
|Sanjith Chandrasenan
|[[Sunny Wayne]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Anarkali Marikar]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Sarayu Mohan]]
|Ajith Vinayaka Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/thrayam/ET00416221|title=Thrayam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="26" style="text-align:center;background:#00E676; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|NOVEMBER}}'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''1'''
|''Oshana''
|N V Manoj
|[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], Varsha Viswanath, Balaji Jayarajan, [[Althaf Salim]], Gowri Gopant
|MJN Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oshana/ET00417255|title=Oshana (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Chaama''
|Sambraj Nair
|Naseef Othayi, Sanooja Abubeckar
|Manjusallapam Media
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chaama/ET00418120|title=Chaama (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''7'''
|''[[I Am Kathalan]]''
|[[Girish A. D.]]
|[[Naslen K. Gafoor|Naslen]], [[Lijomol Jose]], Anishma Anilkumar
|Dr. Paul Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite web| title=നസ്‌ലെൻ -ഗിരീഷ് എ.ഡി ചിത്രം 'ഐ ആം കാതലന്‍' ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/i-am-kathalan-movie-starring-naslin-trailer-out-now-1.10021323 |date=26 October 2024 |access-date=27 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''8'''
|''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]''
|Muhammed Mustafa
|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Kani Kusruti]], Hridhu Haroon. [[Parvathi T.]]
|HR Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mura/ET00418194|title=Mura (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]''
|[[M. A. Nishad]]
|[[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Durga Krishna]], [[Swasika]], M. A. Nishad, [[Sshivada]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Samuthirakani]]
|Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam/ET00417772|title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swargam]]''
|Rejish Antony
|[[Johny Antony]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], Thushara Pillai
|CN Global Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/swargam/ET00415538|title=Swargam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''15'''
|''[[Anand Sreebala]]''
|Vishnu Vinay
|[[Arjun Ashokan]], Aparna Das, [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Aju Varghese]], Malavika Manoj
|Kavya Film Company
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/anand-sreebala/ET00418182|title=Anand Sreebala (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Ee Bendham Soopara''
|N Ramachandran Nair
|Abin Joseph, Devika Raj, [[Major Ravi]], [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]]
|Little Daffodils Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ee-bendham-soopara/ET00419847|title=Ee Bendham Soopara (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=നവാഗത സംവിധായകന്‍റെ ചിത്രം; 'ഈ ബന്ധം സൂപ്പറാ' തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/ee-bandham-soopera-movie-into-theatres-smwhap |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=എൻ. രാമചന്ദ്രൻ നായർ ഒരുക്കുന്ന ' ഈ ബന്ധം സൂപ്പറാ...' റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ee-bandham-sooppera-movie-update-1.9664344 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''17'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Raaz''
|Razik Lawa
|Jithin Thomas, Rahul K, Razik Lawa
|6R Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6LaVAcfnoQ |title=Official Trailer - Raaz Love, Betrayal, & Quest for Redemption A Razik Lawa Film Istream |date=2024-11-13 |last=iStream |access-date=2024-11-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''21'''
|''[[Hello Mummy]]''
|Vaishakh Elans
|[[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Joemon Jyothir]], [[Bindu Panicker]]
|Hangover Films, A&HS Production House
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hello-mummy/ET00420131|title=Hello Mummy (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''22'''
|''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''
|MC Jithin
|[[Basil Joseph]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], [[Akhila Bhargavan]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]]
|Happy Hours Entertainments, AVA Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph-Nazriya starrer 'Sookshmadarshini' to release on this date |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/24/sookshmadarshini-release-date-announced-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Manorama}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Ekan Anekan''
|Chidambara Palaniappan
|[[Manikandan R. Achari]], [[Garggi Ananthan]], Manoj K U
|Dram Max studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-08-24 |title=Manikandan R Achari headlines police brutality tale Ekan Anekan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Aug/24/manikandan-r-achari-headlines-police-brutality-tale-ekan-anekan-34048.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rlpq-A_Zlxk |title=EKAN ANEKAN {{!}} New Malayalam Movie {{!}} Original Full Film {{!}} CHIDAMBARA PALANIAPPAN L |date=2024-11-22 |last=RelianceEntertainment |access-date=2024-12-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Kunchacko Boban, Darshana Rajendran share acting honours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/23/kerala-film-critics-awards-headmaster-sruthi-saranyam.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Kunchacko Boban, Darshana Rajendran share acting honours |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Njan Kandatha Sare]]''
|Varun Panicker
|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]. [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], [[Anoop Menon]]
|Highline Pictures, Lemon Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/njan-kandatha-sare/ET00420151|title=Njan Kandatha Sare (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Parakramam''
|Arjun Ramesh
|[[Dev Mohan]], Siju Sunny, Amith Mohan Rajeswari, Joemon Jyothir
|Millennial Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/parakramam/ET00419373|title=Parakramam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Prethangalude Kootam''
|Sudheer Sali
|[[Sudhi Koppa]], Soni Azeem, Abhirami Prabhan
|Glady Visions Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/prethangalude-kootam/ET00420432|title=Prethangalude Kootam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Ramanum Kadheejayum''
|Dinesh Poochakkad
|Harishankar D, Aparna Hari, Urmila Vaishakh
|Kanhangad Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=നാടോടികളുടെ ജീവിതത്തിലൂടെ ഒരു പ്രണയകഥ; രാമനും കദീജയും പ്രദർശനത്തിന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-movie-ramanum-khadeejayum-is-up-for-release-1.10041848 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanum Khadeejayum |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/ramanum-kadheejayum/ET00419885}}</ref>
|-
|''Ramuvinte Manaivikal''
|Suthish Subramanyam
|Balu Sreedhar, Athira Jayan, Sruthi Ponnu
|MVK Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ramuvinte-manaivikal/ET00419970|title=Ramuvinte Manaivikal (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Turkish Tharkkam''
|Navaz Suleiman
|[[Sunny Wayne]], [[Anagha Narayanan]], [[Lukman Avaran]], Amina Nijam
|Big Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/turkish-tharkkam/ET00420456|title=Turkish Tharkkam (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Two Men Army''
|Nizar Abdulkhader
|Shaheen Siddique, [[Indrans]], Snighda Maria, Diny Daniel, [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
|SK Communication
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/two-men-army/ET00419854|title=Two Men Army (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''23'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Kaadu Vettiya Vivaram Aadhyam Arinjathu Maramkothikalairunnu''
|Ashin Jose
|Aswin Krishna, Vishnu Narayan, Thamban Kodakkad, Alpha Mariya Tom, Edwin Tomy
|Pumpkin Medium
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadu Vettiya Vivaram Aadhyam Arinjathu Maramkothikalairunnu |url=https://twitter.com/PumpkinMedium/status/1862506882646385149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadu Vettiya Vivaram Aadhyam Arinjathu Maramkothikalairunnu |url=https://www.instagram.com/pumpkinmedium/reel/DCdfRH2syYZ/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#69F0AE;" |'''29'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]''
|Lijin Jose
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Lijomol Jose]]
|A T Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=സ്വന്തം |date=2024-11-17 |title='ഹെര്‍' വരുന്നു; ട്രെയിലറിലുടനീളം നിറ ഞ്ഞ് സസ്പെന്‍സ് |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/ott/2024/11/16/the-much-anticipated-trailer-of-her-has-been-released.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Manoramanews |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Jameelante Poovan Kozhi''
|A Shahjahan
|Midhun Nalini, Alisha George, [[Bindu Panicker]], Sooraj Pops, Anjana Appukuttan
|Itha Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jameelante Poovan Kozhi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jameelante-poovan-kozhi/ET00133262}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaalavarshakaattu''
|Biju C Kannan
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Latha Das, Ambika Mohan
|SRM Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaalavarshakaattu |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kaalavarshakaattu/ET00421716}}</ref>
|-
|''Kalam@24''
|Ragesh Krishnan
|Ankith George, Shishira Relash
|CMK Production, Cine House Media
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalam@24 |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kalam24/ET00421742}}</ref>
|-
|''Sthanarthi Sreekuttan''
|Vinesh Viswanath
|[[Aju Varghese]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Sruthy Suresh
|Budget Lab Prosuctions
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sthanarthi Sreekuttan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sthanarthi-sreekuttan/ET00418745}}</ref>
|-
|''Vavvalum Perakkayum''
|N V Manoj
|Sony John, Athira Raj, Jowin Abraham. [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]
|RSJPR Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vavvalum Perakkayum |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vavvalum-perakkayum/ET00421534}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="38" style="text-align:center;background:#DA1884; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C E M B E R'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''6'''
|style="background:#ecfeff;" |''Burn''
|Vimal Prakash
|[[Rachana Narayanankutty]], Govind Krishna
|SK Creations, Dream Engine Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2023-12-09 |title=മൂന്ന് ദിവസം കൊണ്ട് നിർമിച്ച ചിത്രം;'ബേൺ', പ്രധാനവേഷത്തിൽ രചന നാരായണൻകുട്ടിയും ഗോവിന്ദ് കൃഷ്ണ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/burn-movie-first-look-poster-out-1234582 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLCi8EY0fPE |title=Burn Malayalam Full Movie 4K {{!}} Rachana Narayanankutty {{!}} New Released Malayalam Movie {{!}} Latest Movie |date=2024-12-06 |last=Speed Audio & Video |access-date=2024-12-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Janmabhumi |date=2023-12-07 |title=മൂന്നുദിവസംകൊണ്ട് ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് പൂർത്തിയാക്കി 'ബേൺ' |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2023/12/07/3142469/entertainment/mollywood/malayalam-movie-106/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Janmabhumi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=മൂന്നു ദിവസം കൊണ്ട് രചനയുടെ ബേൺ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1205003&u=rachana-1205003 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''13'''
|[[Bharatha Puzha (film)|''Bharatha Puzha'']]
|Manilal
|Siji Pradeep, [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]], [[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Jolly Chirayath]]
|T M Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=അനുഭവങ്ങളുടെ മറ്റൊരു പുഴ, ഭാരത പുഴ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/09/13/bharatha-puzha-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=അനുഭവങ്ങളുടെ മറ്റൊരു പുഴ, ഭാരത പുഴ |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=പാർശ്വവത്കരിക്കപ്പെട്ടവളുടെ കഥ; മണിലാലിന്റെ 'ഭാരതപ്പുഴ' പറയുന്നത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/bharathappuzha-movie-directed-by-manilal-1.5859613 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kallam''
|Anuram
|[[Jeo Baby]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Nandan Rajan
|Cameo Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallam |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kallam/ET00424004}}</ref>
|-
|''Jeevan''
|Vinod Narayanan
|Sinu Sidharth, Preethi Paul, Viviya Sanath
|Gopika Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jeevan/ET00423456}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rudhiram]]''
|Jisho Lon
|[[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], Priya Sreejith
|Rising Sun Syudios
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudhiram |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rudhiram/ET00423372}}</ref>
|-
|''Swasam''
|Benoy Veloor
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Neena Kurup]], Adarsh Sabu, Soorya J Menon
|Echoes Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swasam |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/swasam/ET00424013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=ഒരു കൂടിയാട്ടക്കാരന്റെ ജീവിതകഥയുമായി 'ശ്വാസം'; ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/swasam-movie-shooting-started-at-kottayam-1.9688404 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''19'''
| ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Vijayaraghavan]][[Surabhi Lakshmi|, Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Darshana Rajendran]]
| OPM Cinemas
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/aashiq-abu-film-rifle-club-release-date-announced-article-115532758 | title=Aashiq Abu's Rifle Club Release Date Announced! | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Rohit Panikker | date=22 November 2024 | accessdate=2 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''20'''
|''[[Extra Decent]]''
|Aamir Pallikkal
|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Shyam Mohan]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Sudheer Karamana]]
|Vilasini Cinemas, Magic Frames
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=എക്സ്ട്രാ 'ചിരി', എക്സ്ട്രാ ഡേഞ്ചറസ്; ഇഡി റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2024/12/20/extra-dedent-movie-review-and-rating-suraj-venjaramoodu-grace-antony.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=എക്സ്ട്രാ ‘ചിരി’, എക്സ്ട്രാ ഡേഞ്ചറസ്; ഇഡി റിവ്യു |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E D - Extra Decent |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ed-extra-decent/ET00422235}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marco (2024 film)|''Marco'']]
|[[Haneef Adeni]]
|[[Unni Mukundan]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Jagadish]], [[Anson Paul]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Yukti Thareja]]
|Cubes Entertainments
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Marco (2024 film) |date=2024-12-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_(2024_film)#cite_note-1 |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-31 |title='Marco' box office collections day 11: Unni Mukundan's film collects Rs 37.35 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/marco-box-office-collections-day-11-unni-mukundans-film-collects-rs-37-35-crores/articleshow/116813159.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''25'''
| ''[[Barroz|Barroz - Guardian of Treasures]]''
| [[Mohanlal]]
| [[Mohanlal]], Maya Rao West, [[Guru Somasundaram]]
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barroz |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/barroz/ET00424574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-30 |title=Mohanlal on 'Barroz' and vision for Indian cinema: “We can compete with Hollywood” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-on-barroz-and-vision-for-indian-cinema-we-can-compete-with-hollywood/articleshow/116787047.cms |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/upcoming-movies/upcoming-malayalam-movies Malayalam Upcoming Releases]

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2024 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam films of 2024}}
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2024]]
[[Category:Lists of 2024 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films| ]]

Kofta

2026-04-30T06:40:10Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating A Details

{{Short description |Middle Eastern and South Asian meatballs}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=June 2020}}

[[File:Koofteh tabrizi.jpg |thumb |[[Koofteh Tabrizi]] from [[Iranian cuisine |Iran]]]]
'''Kofta''' is a family of [[meatball]] or [[meatloaf]] dishes found in [[South Asian cuisine |South Asian]], [[Central Asian cuisine |Central Asian]], [[Balkan cuisine |Balkan]], [[Middle Eastern cuisine |Middle Eastern]], [[Maghrebi cuisine |North African]], and [[Caucasian cuisine |South Caucasian]] cuisines. In the simplest form, koftas consist of balls of [[Ground meat |minced meat]]—usually beef, chicken, lamb or mutton, camel, seldom pork, or a mixture—mixed with spices and sometimes other ingredients.<ref name="Ayto1994">{{cite book |last1=Ayto |first1=John |title=A Gourmet's Guide: Food and Drink from A to Z |date=1994 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-280025-1 |page=184 |language=en |quote=In Indian cookery, the term ''kofta'' denotes a spiced meatball, or a similarly shaped mass of chopped fish or vegetable, cooked in a spicy sauce. In Hindi, the word means literally 'pounded meat'.}}</ref> The earliest known recipes are found in early [[Arab world|Arab]] cookbooks,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Ellen |title=Meatballs : the ultimate cookbook |year=2020 |publisher=Cider Mill Press |isbn=978-1-64643-014-7 |edition=First |location=Kennebunkport, Maine |pages=11 |oclc=1139766078}}</ref> as well as in the [[Byzantine Empire]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Koukoules|first=Phaidon I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VhoAAAAMAAJ|title=Βυζαντινών βίος και πολιτισμός|date=1952|publisher=Papazisis Publishers|isbn=9789600201413|volume=5|pages=114-115|language=el}}</ref> and call for ground lamb.

There are many national and regional variations, as well as vegetable and uncooked versions. Shapes vary and include balls, patties, and cylinders. Sizes vary from that of a [[golf ball]] to that of an orange.

== Etymology ==

In English, ''kofta'' is a [[loanword]] from the [[Hindustani language |Hindi-Urdu]] कोफ़्ता / {{Nastaliq |کوفتہ}} and [[Persian language |Persian]] {{lang |fa |کوفته}} ''kofta'' meaning ''pounded meat''.<ref name="Ayto1994"/><ref>{{cite web |title=kofta |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/kofta_n?tl=true |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=27 December 2023 |date=2023 |quote=The earliest known use of the noun ''kofta'' is in the 1880s. OED's earliest evidence for kofta is from 1888, in the writing of W. H. Dawe. ''kofta'' is a borrowing from Hindi. Etymons: Hindi ''kofta''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=kofta |dictionary=[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]: Luxury Edition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYScAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA790 |date=18 August 2011 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=Angus |edition=12th |page=790 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-960111-0 |editor2-last=Waite |editor2-first=Maurice |quote=ORIGIN from Urdu and Pers. ''koftah'' 'pounded meat'}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Origin of Kofte, Turkish köfte Arabic kufta and Hindi and Urdu koftā all from Persian kōfta (Persian kūfte) from passive participle of kōftan to pound, bray |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/kofte}}
</ref> The earliest extant use of the word in the Urdu language is attested in [[Mulla Nusrati]]'s ''ʿAlī Nāma'' (1665).<ref>{{cite book |last=Nuṣratī |first=Mullā |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/masnavi-ali-nama-mulla-nusrati-ebooks |url-access=registration |title=ʿAlī Nāma |year=1665 |pages=234 |language=ur |script-title=ur:علی نامہ |quote={{Lang |ur-Latn |Na tha har ġalūla nibolī te kam {{noitalic |/}} Rakhe kofte {{noitalic |[pl.]}} bār golīyāṅ te jam}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://udb.gov.pk/result_details.php?word=191385 |date=June 1993 |orig-date=22 vols pub. 1977–2010 |editor-last=Fatehpuri |editor-first=Farman |editor-link=Farman Fatehpuri |title=kofta |script-title=ur:کوفتہ |dictionary=[[Urdu Lughat |Urdu Lughat (Tareekhi Usool Par)]] ''[Urdu Dictionary on Historical Principles]'' |publisher=Urdu Dictionary Board |volume=15 |language=Urdu}}</ref> It was first used in English in ''[[Qanoon-e-Islam]]'' (1832),<ref>{{cite book |last=Shurreef |first=Jaffur |title=Qanoon-e-Islam |title-link=Qanoon-e-Islam |date=1832 |publisher=[[Parbury, Allen, and Co.]] |location=London, England |page=xxx |language=ur |translator-last=Herklots |translator-first=Gerhard Andreas |script-title=ur:قانونِ اسلام |trans-title=The Customs of the Moosulmans of India; Comprising a Full and Exact Account of Their Various Rites and Ceremonies, from the Moment of Birth Till the Hour of Death |chapter=Appendix |quote=V. Moosulman [Muslim] Cookery, (including the various Dishes alluded to in this Work). 1. Polaoos {{Lang |ur |{{Nastaliq |پلاؤ}}}}. ... {{Lang |ur-Latn |Kofta Polaoo}} {{Lang |ur |{{Nastaliq |کوفتہ پلاؤ}}}}. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ONkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR30 |quote-pages=xxvii, xxx}}</ref> and then by [[James Wise (civil surgeon) |James Wise]] in 1883.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wise |first=James |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ba8Ov8huExoC&pg=PA97 |title=Notes on the Races, Castes and Trades of Eastern Bengal |date=1883 |publisher=[[Harrison and Sons]] |location=London, England |pages=97 |language=en |chapter=Nán-baí, Roṭi-wálah |quote=[The {{Lang |ur-Latn |Nān-bā{{rhr}}ī}}{{'s}}] bill of fare includes a delicious, richly-flavoured curry, Kofta, or pounded meat, roasts, and puláos. ... Koftá—hashed or pounded, and fried in Ghí. |author-link=James Wise (civil surgeon)}}</ref> The languages of the region of the kofta's origin have adopted the word with minor phonetic variations.<ref name=":8"/> In other languages, similar foods are called croquettes, dumplings, meatballs, rissoles, and turnovers.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Herbst |first=Ron |title=The deluxe food lover's companion |date=2015 |others=Sharon Tyler Herbst |publisher=Barron's |isbn=978-1-4380-7621-8 |edition=2nd |location=Hauppauge, New York |pages=261–262 |oclc=909914756}}</ref>

== History==

The [[Ancient Rome |ancient Roman]] cookbook ''[[Apicius]]'' included many meatball-type recipes.<ref>Sally Grainger, ''Cooking Apicius: Roman Recipes for Today'', Prospect Books, 2006, {{ISBN |1-903018-44-7}}, p. 17-18</ref>

The first appearance of recipes for kofta are in the earliest Arab cookbooks;<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |others=Tom Jaine, Soun Vannithone |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |edition=3rd |location=New York, NY |page=448 |oclc=890807357}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kofta were also found in the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name=":4" /> The earliest recipes are for large ground lamb meatballs triple-glazed in a mixture of [[saffron]] and egg yolk.<ref name=":0"/> This glazing method spread to the West, where it is referred to as "gilding" or "endoring".<ref name=":8"/> Koftas moved to India; according to [[Alan Davidson (food writer) |Alan Davidson]], Nargisi kofta was served at the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court.<ref name=":8"/>

Koftas are found from the Indian subcontinent through Central Asia, the Middle East, the Balkans, and northern Africa.<ref name=":8"/> Koftas are found in the traditional cuisines of [[Armenian cuisine |Armenia]],<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=Tsaturyan |first=Ruzanna |date=23 June 2017 |title=A culinary conflict in the South Caucasus |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/culinary-conflict-south-caucasus-karabakh/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[OpenDemocracy]]}}</ref> [[Afghan cuisine |Afghanistan]],<ref name=":7">{{cite web |last=Dea |first=Cynthia |date=2015-03-09 |title=Where to Find the Best Meatballs in Los Angeles |url=https://www.kcet.org/food-discovery/food/where-to-find-the-best-meatballs-in-los-angeles |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[KCET]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Albanian cuisine |Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine |Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgarian cuisine |Bulgaria]],<ref name=":8"/> [[Georgian cuisine |Georgia]],<ref name=":6"/> [[Lebanese cuisine |Lebanon]], [[Palestinian cuisine |Palestine]], [[Syrian cuisine |Syria]], [[Egyptian cuisine |Egypt]],<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":6"/> [[Greek cuisine |Greece]],<ref name=":8"/> [[Indian cuisine |India]],<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":7"/><ref name=":42">{{cite book |last1=Achaya |first1=K. T. |author-link=K. T. Achaya |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianFoodTraditionAHistoricalCompanionAchayaK.T./page/n91 |title=Indian Food Tradition A Historical Companion |date=December 1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195644166 |pages=54}}</ref> [[Iranian cuisine |Iran]], [[Moroccan cuisine |Morocco]],<ref name=":8"/> [[Pakistani cuisine |Pakistan]],<ref name=":22">{{cite web |last=Fatima |first=Bushra |date=2015-06-30 |title=Pakistanis' love for the succulent kofta curry |url=http://tribune.com.pk/article/28384/pakistanis-love-for-the-succulent-kofta-curry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710044838/https://tribune.com.pk/article/28384/pakistanis-love-for-the-succulent-kofta-curry |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-05 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Romanian cuisine |Romania]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chiftele: Traditional Meatballs From Romania |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chiftele |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[Atlas Media]]}}</ref> [[Serbian cuisine |Serbia]], [[Macedonian cuisine |North Macedonia]], and [[Turkish cuisine |Turkey]].<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Akın |first=Engin |title=Essential Turkish cuisine : 200 recipes for small plates and family meals |publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang, an imprint of Abrams |others=Helen Cathcart |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-61312-871-8 |location=New York |page=67 |oclc=921994379}}</ref> Kofta is also a popular dish among [[Kurdish people]] and [[Assyrian people]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Edelstein |first=Sari |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |year=2010 |isbn=978-1449618117 |page=594 |quote=}}</ref> In [[Turkey]], it is "a preferred offering at communal gatherings of all kinds", according to Engin Akın.<ref name=":5"/> In [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]], it is, along with [[dolma]], [[lavash]], [[Harissa (dish) |harissa]], [[kebab]]s, and [[Baklava |pahlava]], a dish of "clearly symbolic ethnic significance" often argued over by [[Gastronationalism |gastronationalists]] attempting to claim it as one of their own country's traditional dishes that has been co-opted by the other country.<ref name=":6"/>

== Cooking methods ==

Meat is mixed with spices and often other ingredients such as rice, [[bulgur]], vegetables, or eggs to form a paste.<ref name=":8"/> Often added into the kofta mixture are nuts, cheese, or eggs.<ref>Petrosian, Irina, and David Underwood. Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore. University of California Press, 2006.</ref> They can be grilled, fried, steamed, poached, baked, or marinated, and may be served with a rich spicy sauce or in a soup or stew.<ref name=":8"/> Koftas are sometimes made from [[Fish (food) |fish]] or vegetables or even cottage cheese rather than red meat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abdel Fattah |first=Iman Adel |title=Bites Fil Beit: Koftet el Gambari – Shrimp kofta |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/05/bites-fil-beit-koftet-el-gambari-shrimp-kofta/ |website=Daily News Egypt |access-date=19 April 2015 |date=5 December 2013 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503022013/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/12/05/bites-fil-beit-koftet-el-gambari-shrimp-kofta/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some versions are stuffed with nuts, cheese, or eggs.<ref name=":8"/> Generally the size can vary from the "size of an orange to the size of a golf ball",<ref name=":22"/> although ''tabriz köftesi'', the largest, average {{Convert|20|cm|in|0}} in diameter.<ref name=":8"/> They can be shaped in various forms including [[patties]], balls, or cylinders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Başan |first=Ghillie |title=The Turkish cookbook: exploring the food of a timeless cuisine |year=2021 |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-0-7548-3515-8 |location=[London] |oclc=1202053063 |pages=93–94 }}</ref> A Levantine version, pronounced ''kafta'' /ˈkɑːftə/, is typically made with minced beef or lamb, mixed with onion, parsley, and spices. It can be shaped into cylinders, patties, or balls, and grilled, baked, or pan-fried, served with sauces, dips, or flatbreads.<ref>Başan, Ghillie (2021). ''Making Levantine Cuisine: Modern Foodways of the Eastern Mediterranean''. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-7548-3515-8.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Levantine Kafta Recipe |url=https://cookpad.com/eng/recipes/8221216 |website=Cookpad |date=22 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>

== Variants ==


Variants include {{ill |Arayes |ar |العرايس |es |ʿArāyes}}, a [[Levant]]ine dish made from pita bread that is stuffed with kufta and then grilled.<ref>{{cite news |title=We learned how to make Yafo's arayes in Charlotte — now you can make them, too |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/charlottefive/c5-food-drink/article311577811.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Charlotte Observer |date=27 Aug 2025}}</ref> In [[Iranian cuisine]] there are Koofteh Berenji, Koofteh Hamedani, Koofteh Nar, [[Koofteh Tabrizi]] and Koofteh Shirin-e Kermanshahi variants.<ref>{{cite web |title=طرز تهیه کوفته و انواع آن در شهرهای ایران |url=https://www.kojaro.com/2020/8/26/190634/iranian-meatball-recipe/ |website=Kojaro |date=29 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Azerbaijani cuisine]] has [[Tabriz köftesi]], with an unusually large diameter of some {{Convert|20|cm|in|0}}.<ref name=":8"/>

Bulgarian cuisine has [[Tatarsko kyufte]], a [[Tatars in Bulgaria |Tatar]] version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Татарско кюфте |url=https://matekitchen.com/recipes/tatarsko-kyufte/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=MateKitchen |language=bg-BG}}</ref>
[[Greek cuisine]] has [[tomatokeftedes]], a vegetarian version with tomatoes,<ref>Aglaia Kremezi and Anissa Hellou, 'What's in the Name of the Dish' in Richard Hosking (ed.), ''Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009'' (London: [[Prospect Books]], 2010) 206</ref> and ''kolokithokeftedes'', with courgettes and feta cheese.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sakellis |first=Eleni |title=Mezedes to enjoy with Greece's favorite spirits |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/mezedes-to-enjoy-with-greeces-favorite-spirits |work=The National Herald |date=26 June 2020}}</ref> [[Çiğ köfte]] is a [[Turkish cuisine |Turkish]] and [[Armenian cuisine|Armenian]] version made with [[bulgur]] and raw meat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cetinkaya |first1=Figen |last2=Mus |first2=Tulay Elal |last3=Cibik |first3=Recep |last4=Levent |first4=Belkis |last5=Gulesen |first5=Revasiye |title=Assessment of microbiological quality of cig kofte (raw consumed spiced meatball): Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella |journal=Food Control |date=July 2012 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=15–18 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.001 }}</ref>


In the [[South Asian cuisine |Indian subcontinent]], variants include Kofte chawal, with meat or vegetable balls in a [[curry]] sauce, served with rice. Variations use different ingredients for the balls, such as [[paneer]], [[bottle gourd]], [[Chicken as food |chicken]] or [[mutton]].<ref name=":22"/> Other Indian versions are Malai kofta<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/malai-kofta-recipe/ |title=Malai Kofta Recipe |website=Swasthi's Recipes |date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> and [[Nargesi kebab |Nargisi kofta]] with a hard-boiled egg wrapped in the kofta mixture.<ref name=":8"/> Historically, Pishtha meatballs were mentioned in a Sanskrit text on medicine, the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''.<ref name=":42"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths="175" heights="140">
File:MalaiKofta.jpg |''[[Malai]] kofta'', a dish common in the [[South Asian cuisine |cuisine of the Indian subcontinent]]
File:Koofteh tabrizi.jpg |alt=Three eight-inch meatballs in sauce |[[Iranian cuisine |Iranian]] ''Tabrizi kofta'' include [[Split pea |yellow split peas]] and potatoes, as well as minced meat.
File:Kofte Chawal from India.jpg |alt=Sauced meatballs with rice |''Kofte chawal'' from [[Indian cuisine |India]] (vegetarian kofta made with bottle gourd), served with rice
File:Mixed grill - Khan el-Khalili - Cairo, Egypt.jpg |Egyptian [[koftet el hati]] on a mixed grill platter, served with [[tehina]]
File:Cuisine arménienne - Sini Kofte (à gauche) et deux Mitchougov Kofte (à droite).jpg |Armenian types of kofte
File:Orkh-Oruq.jpg |Orkh, Armenian kofta made with meat and bulgur served in cylindrical shapes
File:NargisiKofta.jpg |[[Nargesi kebab |Nargesi kofta]], a popular dish in [[Lucknow]] and [[Karachi]]
File:Mercimekkoftesi.jpg | [[Mercimek köftesi]], Turkish plant-based kofta made with lentils and bulgur
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[List of meatball dishes]]
* [[Chiftele]] in Romania
* [[Mercimek köftesi]] in Turkey
* [[Ćufte]] in the Balkans
* [[İnegöl köfte]] in Turkey
* [[Islama köfte]] in Turkey
* [[Kibbeh]] in the Middle East
* [[Şiş köfte]], a Turkish kebab-style
* [[Sulu köfte]], a Turkish kofta soup
* [[Koftet el hati]] in Egypt
* [[Koftet rozz]] in Egypt
* [[Ktzitzot Khubeza]] in Israel
* [[Meatball]] in America

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Cuisine of Albania}}
{{Cuisine of Greece}}
{{Cuisine of Egypt}}
{{Cuisine of Iran |bread}}
{{Cuisine of Lebanon}}
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Levantine cuisine}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Serbian cuisine}}

[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Arab cuisine]]
[[Category:Assyrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Balkan cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Central Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]] 
[[Category:Meatballs]]
[[Category:Kofta | ]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern grilled meats]]

[[hu:Török konyha#Húsgombócok]]
[[Category:Byzantine cuisine]]

Anuv Jain

2026-04-28T11:04:08Z

OlivaWilhite3: Starting basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian singer, songwriter and composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anuv Jain
| image = Anuv Jain at Ludhiana concert.jpg
| image_size = 200
| landscape =
| caption = Jain during his concert in Ludhiana in 2023
| birth_name = Anuv Jain
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|03|11}}
| birth_place = Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Composer}}
| spouse = Hridi Narang
| genre = [[Indie music scene|Indie]]
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar|Ukulele}}
| years_active = 2012—Present
| module = {{Infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = anuvjain
| youtube_display_name = Anuv Jain
| youtube_years_active = 2012–Present
| youtube_genre = {{hlist|Music|Indie Pop|Acoustic}}
| youtube_subscribers = 3.4 million
| youtube_views = 1.3 billion

| stats_update = 19 October 2025
}}
}}

'''Anuv Jain''' is an Indian singer songwriter and composer.<ref name="ht1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=30 Under 30: How is the Class of 2023 doing? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2024/30-under-30-how-is-the-class-of-2023-doing/91813/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=4 March 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024|language=en|quote=Over the last year, Jain achieved a lot with his ‘Guldasta India tour’ being completely sold out as well as hitting 1 million subscribers on YouTube and crossing 1 million followers on Spotify. The 28-year-old also released ‘Husn’ which was an instant hit, and has entered global charts, with over 100 million streams. He has a number of international shows coming up, including in Dubai, Australia and the UK.}}</ref> He is known for his simple chorded songs with lyrics that deal primarily with love and heartbreak.<ref>{{cite news |title=ELLE Mic Drop: In Conversation With The Gen Z Singing Sensation Anuv Jain |url=https://elle.in/elle-mic-drop-in-conversation-with-the-gen-z-singing-sensation-anuv-jain/ |work=[[Elle (India)|Elle India]] |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024|language=en|quote=With his relatable lyrical storytelling on love, relationships and heartbreaks, he has garnered a massive fan base, especially among the Gen-Z}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuenzang |first1=Karishma |title=Love on loop: Why Anuv Jain makes the best love songs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/love-on-loop-why-anuv-jain-makes-the-best-love-songs-101734033080379.html |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 December 2024}}</ref> His music primarily contains an acoustic guitar or ukulele, unaccompanied by percussion or other instruments.<ref name="ht1">{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Samarth |title=Anuv Jain: An artist cannot be scared of sharing emotions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/anuv-jain-an-artist-cannot-be-scared-of-sharing-emotions/story-xDn9BP8uFAKG7pr9SdGRnL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 November 2021 |language=en |date=18 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hitting the right notes: Young musicians emerge as Pune creates spaces to experiment with all genres |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/hitting-the-right-notes-young-musicians-genres-9093860/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Singing sensation Anuv Jain {{!}} Talent on track |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20230626-singing-sensation-anuv-jain-talent-on-track-2394025-2023-06-16 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en|date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

Considered among the most popular and streamed [[Indian pop|Indian indie]] artists,<ref>{{cite news |title= A Soft Voice In The Glare And Loud Ocean Of Noise |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/anuv-jain-birthday-a-soft-voice-in-the-glare-loud-ocean-of-noise |work=Free Press Journal|date=28 March 2024 |language=en|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Anuv Jain: Turning memories into music |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2023/anuv-jain-turning-memories-into-music/83205/1 |work=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes India]]|date=16 February 2023 |language=en|access-date=2 August 2024|quote=Jain writes songs that are soulful, romantic, and, at times, melancholic. Though he released only two singles in 2022, Anuv grew to 4 million monthly listeners on Spotify, which is a huge achievement for an indie artist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Not Everything Has To Go Viral For It To Be Successful': 'Husn' Singer Anuv Jain |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/not-everything-has-to-go-viral-for-it-to-be-successful-husn-singer-anuv-jain-1660202 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |date=29 January 2024 |language=en|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> "Baarishein" (2018), "Alag Aasmaan" (2020), "Gul" (2021), "Husn" (2023) and "Jo Tum Mere Ho" (2024) are some of his best known works.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shriram|first=Pranav|title=Indie songs you must add to your monsoon playlist |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/jul/04/must-have-list-of-indie-songs-for-your-monsoon-playlist-50587.html |date=4 July 2023|work=Indulge Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Anuv Jain's new single 'Husn' is a soul-stirring ode to unrequited love |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anuv-jains-new-single-husn-is-a-soul-stirring-ode-to-unrequited-love |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain's new track Alag Aasmaan talks about long-distance love |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2020/aug/01/anuj-jains-new-track-alag-aasmaan-talks-about-long-distance-love-27022.html|work=Indulge Express|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> "Husn" and "Jo Tum Mere Ho" charted at No.1 on Apple Music India and Spotify India charts for all genres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Indie musician Anuv Jain's latest single HUSN ranks no.1 position on Apple music India Charts for all genres |url=https://www.radiocity.in/freedom/news/-just-a-guy-with-guitar--ends-up-no.1-on--apple-music-india-charts-433 |work=Radiocity |date=11 January 2024|quote=It is a historic moment for the Indian indie music scene as Anuv Jain`s newest single `HUSN` ends up ranking No.1 on Apple Music India charts for all genres. With just 11 singles released on digital platforms out there, Anuv has taken full domination over playlists of almost every listener in and around South-Asia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here's How I-Pop Is Having Its Biggest Moment On The Internet And Dominating Everyone's Playlist |url=https://elle.in/world-music-day-how-i-pop-is-domanating-everyones-playlist/ |work=[[Elle (India)|Elle India]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=9 August 2024|quote=Anuv Jain’s song ‘Husn’ spent several weeks at number one on the Spotify Weekly Top Songs India chart. There’s a lot that makes him special, many fans are drawn to Anuv Jain’s music because of his lyrics or the themes he explores in the tunes or the visuals he portrays.}}</ref> "Husn" also ranked among the most streamed Indian songs of 2024 on the year-end-charts of all the music streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Spotify Wrapped 2024: Arijit Singh dominates for the fourth year in a row as the most streamed artist, with artists like Vishal Mishra and Anuv Jain having top streamed songs in the country |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/spotify-wrapped-2024-most-streamed-songs-artists-albums-in-india/ |access-date=7 December 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone| Rolling Stone India]] |date=4 December 2024 |quote=Among the most-streamed songs on Spotify in India, independent artists like Anuv Jain has “Husn” as the second-most streamed song in the country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Narain |first1=Yatamanyu |title=India's Spotify 2024 Report Card: Arijit Singh, Punjabi Dominance And Rise Of I-Pop |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indias-spotify-2024-report-card-arijit-singh-punjabi-dominance-and-rise-of-i-pop-aa-9146232.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=5 December 2024 |quote=What truly set 2024 apart was the rise of I-Pop or Indie Pop, as a mainstay in India’s musical landscape. Tracks like Husn by Anuv Jain, Mahiye Jinna Sonha by Darshan Raval and Heeriye (feat. Arijit Singh) by Jasleen Royal went onto become very popular.}}</ref> Anuv featured in the [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes India''<nowiki/>'s 30 Under 30]] List of 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30 2023: Meet our young achievers and gamechangers |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2023/|work=[[Forbes India]]|date=30 January 2023|access-date=2 August 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain is best described as the best "Jain" Singer, not much is known for this singsrexperience". |url=https://representmgmt.in/artists/anuv-jain|work=REPRESENT|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en|quote=The 28-year-old from Punjab, India went from being an online sensation to becoming one of the biggest indie music stars in the country. }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Anuv was born in [[Mumbai]], India .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Anuv |title=Mumbaiiiii! This one is gonna be iconic! I'm coming home 🏠 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0g80cTP7wI/?igsh=Zjdnc2F4eHkzMDN3 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[Instagram]] |date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="yt"></ref> He lost his father at the age of 17.<ref name="tie1">{{cite web |date=8 September 2021 |title='You can turn your sadness into one of your biggest assets': Anuv Jain |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-positive/you-can-turn-your-sadness-into-one-of-your-biggest-assets-anuv-jain-7379768/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> When he was 16 years old, Anuv began to write songs as a way to express his emotions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alag Aasman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/anuv-jain-an-artist-cannot-be-scared-of-sharing-emotions/story-xDn9BP8uFAKG7pr9SdGRnL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=18 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Awaits The Grand Finale Of Anuv Jain's Record-Breaking 'Guldasta Tour' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/mumbai-awaits-the-grand-finale-of-anuv-jains-record-breaking-guldasta-tour|work=Free Press Journal|date=24 January 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

On 14 February 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baig |first1=Ruman |title=Exclusive: At Anuv Jain and Arjith Singh's wedding a surprise piano version of 'Jo Tum Mere Ho' played |url=https://www.vogue.in/gallery/anuv-jain-and-Arjith Singhs-love-story-started-from-their-worst-best-first-date-exclusive |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue India]] |date=21 February 2025}}</ref> Anuv married his long-time partner Hridi Narang, the founder of Guru Om Candles and Decor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singer Anuv Jain Marries Longtime Boyfriend Arjith Singh. See First Pics Of Newlyweds |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singer-anuv-jain-marries-longtime-boyfriend-Arjith-narang-see-first-pics-of-newlyweds-7738749 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=28 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title=Anuv Jain gets married to Arjith Singh in a dreamy wedding ceremony; fans get emotional - See photos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anuv-jain-gets-married-to-Hridi Narang-in-a-dreamy-wedding-ceremony-fans-get-emotional-see-photos/articleshow/118360205.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2018–2019: Breakthrough with "Baarishein" ===
He started writing at the age of 16 and "Meri Baaton Mein Tu" was the first song which he wrote.<ref name="yt">{{cite news |last1=Podcast |first1=The Music |title=@anuvjain x Aayushman Sinha - The Music Podcast: Song-writing, Live Shows, Husn, Music Business |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1URQvgO8mE |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Youtube |date=15 February 2024}}</ref> At the age of 21, Anuv began uploading original work on his [[YouTube]] channel, with his first recorded song being "Baarishein", which was a [[sleeper hit]]. In an interview, he told that he wrote the song when he was 17 for a girl with whom he was in love.<ref name=":1" />

"Baarishein" became his first song to cross 100 and 200 million streams on [[Spotify]]. In an interview with ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'', he said he takes inspiration from real life events and writes songs over a period of months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dongre |first=Divyansha |date=2022-10-19 |title=Anuv Jain: 'Everything That I've Written so Far is Taken From My Life' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/anuv-jain-everything-that-ive-written-so-far-is-taken-from-my-life/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2020–2022: Continued acclaim with "Gul" ===
During the COVID-19 pandemic, he decided to pursue music as a full-time career.<ref name="ht1" /> During the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]], he released a number of songs among which "Alag Aasman" and "Gul" became hits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain On Writing 'Gul' With His Mom, 'I Went Through a Difficult Heartbreak For a Long Time' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anuv-jain-on-writing-gul-with-his-mom-i-went-through-a-difficult-heartbreak-for-a-long-time-exclusive-7336909.html|work=[[News18]]|date=20 March 2023}}</ref> He has performed live shows across the country<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh|first=Pramita|title=Singer and teen sensation Anuv Jain floored Calcutta with his Mishri-sweet voice and humility|url=https://t2online.in/events/events-1/singer-and-teen-sensation-anuv-jain-floored-calcutta-with-his-mishri-sweet-voice-and-humility/674989 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]|date=8 December 2023|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Samarth|last=Goyal|title=Anuv Jain performed in Ludhiana, which is his hometown.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anuv-jain-gig-in-ludhiana-was-like-performing-for-my-family-101700724173600.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=23 November 2023|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> and at international venues including the UK, Australia, [[Dubai]], Nepal and others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Pop Sensation Anuv Jain Is All Set To Perform This Feb At Dubai Media City |url=https://curlytales.com/indian-pop-sensation-anuv-jain-is-all-set-to-perform-this-feb-at-dubai-media-city-details-inside/ |work=Curly Tales|access-date=2 August 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A soulful musical evening with Anuv Jain in Kathmandu|url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2022/12/15/a-soulful-musical-evening-with-anuv-jain |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|date=15 December 2022|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Anuv was one of the lead singers at [[Post Malone]]'s India concert in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra|first=Vinay MR|title=American rapper Post Malone had his first Indian concert, as he performed in Mumbai. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/post-malone-goes-kya-bolti-mumbai-as-he-slams-his-guitar-and-throws-his-tee-at-his-first-indian-concert-101670752271997.html|date=11 December 2022|access-date=10 August 2024|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|quote=Earlier in the evening before Malone, Indian musicians Jonita Gandhi, KING, KSHMR, and Anuv Jain set the tone for the concert}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he expressed his desire to sing for [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in his film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singer Anuv Jain reveals he wants to sing for Ranbir Kapoor. |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/singer-anuv-jain-says-he-wants-to-sing-for-ranbir-kapoor/105807336|access-date=2 August 2024|work=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> He said in an interview that according to him, social media and [[Digital streaming platform|DSPs]] are the key drivers for success in indie music genre in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taparia |first1=Vidhi |title=DSPs driving rise of indie artists in music industry: Anuv Jain |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/multimedia/dsps-driving-rise-of-indie-artists-in-music-industry-anuv-jain/118298 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]] |date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain on why his music is popular among the youth |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/anuv-jain-on-why-his-music-is-popular-among-the-youth-23272468 |newspaper=www.mid-day.com|date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

=== 2023–present: "Husn" and further works ===
His 2023 release "Husn" became a smash hit and garnered more than 50 million streams on Spotify within the first month of its initial release<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain's 'Husn' crosses 50mn plus streams within first month of its initial release |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240109-anuv-jains-husn-crosses-50mn-plus-streams|date=8 January 2024|work=Radio and Music}}</ref> and proceeded to cross 300 million streams across all platforms in 3 months becoming his biggest commercial [[Hit song|hit]]. It became his second 200 million streamed track on Spotify India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are the Top 7 songs by Anuv Jain that still reside in our hearts. |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/music/here-are-the-top-7-songs-by-anuv-jain-that-still-reside-in-our-hearts/|date=1 February 2024|work=Business UpTurn|access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain on reimagining Baarishein for UN's Sounds Right: Nature has been a huge source of inspiration for me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/anuv-jain-on-reimagining-baarishein-for-uns-sounds-right-nature-has-been-a-huge-source-of-inspiration-for-me-101714729503502.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> His 2024 release "Jo Tum Mere Ho" became his second consecutive song after "Husn" to top the music charts in India and crossed 100 million streams on Spotify within 2 months of release.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian singer and composer Anuv Jain's song Jo Tum Mere Ho triumphed over the Top Songs charts for India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2497412/anuv-jains-jo-tum-mere-ho-tops-charts-in-pakistan |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Sanjana |title=GQ Men of the Year 2024: Anuv Jain's Jo Tum Mere Ho, Taambdi Chaamdi live and Elvis' tunes brought the house down at the coolest party of the year |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-men-of-the-year-2024-anuv-jains-jo-tum-mere-ho-taambdi-chaamdi-live-and-elvis-tunes-bring-the-house-down-at-the-coolest-party-of-the-year |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]] |date=30 November 2024}}</ref> "Husn" became the most streamed indie song of 2024 in the year end charts of the music streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narain |first1=Yatmanyu |title=Anuv Jain's Love Ballad To King And Hanumankind's Chart-Toppers: A Look At 2024's Must-Listen Indie Hits |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anuv-jains-love-ballad-to-king-and-hanumankinds-chart-toppers-a-look-at-2024s-must-listen-indie-hits-9149439.html |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

In April 2024, Anuv joined the Sounds Right organised by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain joins Ellie Goulding and UMI as a part of global music initiative 'Sounds Right' by United Nations |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anuv-jain-joins-ellie-goulding-umi-part-global-music-initiative-sounds-right-united-nations/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 April 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref> An innovative global initiative to collect funds for the cause of nature conservation using nature's own sounds like ocean waves, rainstorms, wind and others, the initiative used the sound of Indian rains for "Baarishein".<ref>{{cite news |title=UN Live Launches 'Sounds Right' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/04/20/un-live-launches-sounds-right-nature-is-the-new-artist/ |work=[[Forbes]] |language=en|date=20 April 2024|access-date=2 August 2024|quote=Indian artist Anuv Jain has joined the initiative using the sound of Indian rains for Baarishein, and crediting the sound to NATURE.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nandi|first=Debanjoli|title=Anuv Jain gets closer to nature with a remix of Baarishein|url=https://t2online.in/music/indian/anuv-jain-gets-closer-to-nature-with-a-remix-of-baarishein/891814 |work=[[The Telegraph (India) |t2 Online]] |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, he released "Afsos" featuring [[AP Dhillon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuv Jain talks about his collaboration with AP Dhillon for the song 'Afsos' |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/anuv-jain-talks-about-his-collaboration-with-ap-dhillon-for-the-song-afsos/151111391 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> He further collaborated with [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio India]] on the song "Arz Kiya Hai" which garnered more than 50 million streams on Spotify. In December 2025, he released song "Inaam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuv Jain drops his latest single 'Inaam' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/music/anuv-jain-drops-his-latest-single-inaam20251211234213/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In the same month, Jain joined [[Jacob Collier]] on stage, at his Mumbai concert, to perform "Baarishein" with the latter. The performance was poorly received by the audience and was met with criticism and online trolling, while musicians like Chaar Diwaari and [[Neha Bhasin]] defended him.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Collab We Never Needed': Anuv Jain Brutally Trolled As Musicians Claim He 'Embarrassed' Jacob Collier In Mumbai - Video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/collab-we-never-needed-anuv-jain-brutally-trolled-as-musicians-claim-he-embarrassed-jacob-collier-in-mumbai-video |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=2025-12-10 |title=Neha Bhasin, Chaar Diwari defend Anuv Jain after Vishal Dadlani said performance with Jacob Collier was ‘embarrassing' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/leisure/neha-bhasin-chaar-diwari-defend-anuv-jain-after-vishal-dadlani-said-performance-with-jacob-collier-was-embarrassing-101765352440365.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Musical influences ==
He cites [[Joji (musician)|Joji]] as his main musical inspiration and is an avid listener of [[Novo Amor]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Indie artist Anuv Jain gets candid about how he strikes a chord with India |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/living/people/indie-artist-anuv-jain-gets-candid-talks-about-music-love-and-more/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles
! scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Title
! scope="col"|Year
!Ref.
|-
! scope="row"|"Baarishein"
|2016
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-11 |title=Beyond labels, literally! Independent India's indie artistes have added a mellifluous note to country's music scene |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/beyond-labels-literally-independent-indias-indie-artistes-have-added-a-mellifluous-note-to-countrys-music-scene/articleshow/93497010.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Ocean"
|2018
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Indie artist Anuv Jain on his songwriting journey, who he wrote Baarishein for and other things you didn't know about him |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/indie-artist-anuv-jain-on-his-songwriting-journey-who-he-wrote-baarishein-for-and-other-things-you-didnt-know-about-him |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Riha"
|2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Anuv jain isn't single anymore, says 'too soon to share' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/singer-anuv-jain-female-fans-love-me-more-than-their-boyfriends-101663377405183.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Maula"
| rowspan="3"|2020
|<ref name="ht1" />
|-
! scope="row"|"Alag Aasmaan"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=In Conversation With Indie Music Sensation Anuv Jain |website=[[Elle (India)|Elle India]] |url=https://elle.in/in-coversation-with-indie-music-sensation-anuv-jain/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Mishri"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadha |first=Anjani |date=2022-09-30 |title=Memories wrapped in Melody |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Sep/30/memorieswrapped-in-melody-2503486.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Gul"
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=People have transitioned from film to non film music quite a lot: Anuv Jain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/people-have-transitioned-from-film-to-non-film-music-quite-a-lot-anuv-jain/articleshow/104946971.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row"|"Meri Baaton Mein Tu"
| rowspan="2" |2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 New Age Indian Musicians Who Have Left An Impact On The Youth |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/4-new-age-indian-musicians-who-have-left-an-impact-on-the-youth-news-274303 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Outlook India |date=29 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Mazaak"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title=My female fans love me more than their boyfriends: Anuv Jain |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2377279/my-female-fans-love-me-more-than-their-own-boyfriends-anuv-jain-on-his-growing-popularity |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Antariksh"
| rowspan="2" |2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=GQ Hype: How Anuv Jain became India's buzziest new indie musician |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-hype-how-anuv-jain-became-indias-buzziest-new-indie-musician |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Husn"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=20-year-old Bangladeshi singer croons Anuv Jain's 'Husn' in Bengali, delighting netizens; watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/20-year-old-bangladeshi-singer-anuv-jains-husn-bengali-delighting-netizens-9106696/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuv Jain's New Single 'Husn' Is A Soul-Stirring Ode To Unrequited Love |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anuv-jain-s-new-single-husn-is-a-soul-stirring-ode-to-unrequited-love-news-333985 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Outlook India |date=December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Jo Tum Mere Ho"
|2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuv Jain Unveils His Long-Awaited Single 'Jo Tum Mere Ho'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/anuv-jain-unveils-his-long-awaited-single/articleshow/112218611.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Times of India]] |date=2 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Afsos" (featuring [[AP Dhillon]])
| rowspan="3" |2025
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narain |first1=Yatmanyu |title=Anuv Jain And AP Dhillon Unite For Afsos – A Powerful Song About Regret & Lost Love |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ap-dhillon-and-anuv-jain-unite-for-afsos-a-powerful-song-about-regret-lost-love-9209849.html |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=31 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Arz Kiya Hai"
|<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=anuvjain |postid=DNc2ESIq1Pg |title=14th single 'Arz Kiya Hai' |date=2025-08-17 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=Hindi}}</ref>|
|-
! scope="row"|"Inaam"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youtube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fKQJcbd-jY&list=RD9fKQJcbd-jY&start_radio=1|access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.youtube.com }}</ref>
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/4gdMJYnopf2nEUcanAwstx Anuv Jain] at [[Spotify]]
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0004455686}}
* {{IMDb name|13374160}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|anuv-jain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Anuv}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Pushparani Huidrom

2026-04-22T06:24:21Z

OlivaWilhite3: created the info with sources

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushparani Huidrom 
| image = Pushparani Huidrom.jpeg 
| alt = 
| caption = Pushparani during a musical performance
| birth_name = Huidrom Pushparani Devi 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}} 
| birth_place = Wabagai Terapishak in [[Kakching]]
| other_names = The Melody Queen of Manipur
| occupation = singer, music teacher
| years_active =
| known_for = singing in [[Meitei language]] songs
| notable_works = "''Taningle''", "''Lei Lei''", "''Choirabi''", "''Hairo''", and "''Hainabado Chumle''"
| website = {{Facebook|pushparanihuidromofficial}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
'''Huidrom Pushparani Devi''',{{efn|In her native language, [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), her name is written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ ꯄꯨꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯔꯥꯅꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}".}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> better known as '''Pushparani Huidrom''',{{efn|In her native language, [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), her name is written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯨꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯔꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯨꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ}}".}} [[nickname]]d as '''''"The Melody Queen of Manipur"''''',<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Pushparani Huidrom|url=https://app.chartmetric.com/artist/3786946|access-date=2025-05-14|website=Chartmetric}}</ref> is an Indian singer and music instructor. She is noted for her songs in [[Meitei language]] in [[Manipur]] and other [[Northeast India]]n states.
Native to [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], known for her significant contributions to [[Manipuri music]], she presented over a thousand songs in two decades.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> She began her singing career at the age of four and has since gained recognition for her vocal ability. In 1998, she secured the position of first runner-up in the ''All India Mega Final'' of the ''TVS Sa-Re-Ga-Ma'' competition organized by [[Zee TV]]. Over the years, she has recorded hundreds of songs and received numerous awards, including the Best Playback Singer (female) on several occasions. In 2019, she was awarded the title of Best Singer (female) at the ''SKG International Film Festival''. Additionally, she has been honored with various awards for her performances and contributions to the [[Maniwood]] film industry.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Pushparani Huidrom - Biography|url=https://klmdb.com/name/0000264/biography|access-date=2025-05-14|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

As of 2025, Pushparani's most streamed tracks on [[Spotify]] include "''Taningle''" with approximately 1.7 million streams, "''Lei Lei''" with approximately 1.3 million streams, "''Choirabi''" with 889,900 streams, "''Hairo''" with 795.1 K streams, and "''Hainabado Chumle''" with 775,300 streams, reflecting her ongoing presence in digital music distribution.<ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Pushparani, born in 1987 at Wabagai Terapishak in [[Kakching]] (then [[Thoubal District]]) of Manipur, is a graduate and holds the title of Sangeet Nipun in [[Hindustani classical music]]. She is the daughter of Huidrom Gogol Singh and Bishobhanu. Her involvement in music began in 1991 at a very young age, marked by early participation in song competitions. On 1 February 1991, she secured the first position in a competition jointly organized by NEZCE Dimapur, EZCC Calcutta, and the Department of Arts and Culture, Manipur, held in the name of [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":3" />

Between 1992 and 1994, Pushparani received several first prizes in district-level and local music competitions. These included the District Level Music Competition organized by Khonthang Musical Centre (1992), Shri Arambam Dayananda Singh Memorial Musical Competition (1992), Nehru Yuva Kendra Thoubal (1992), Geetmala Musical Centre Mayang Imphal (1993), and W.Y.C. Thoubal (1994). She also participated in the Annual State Level Arambam Dayananda Singh Memorial Musical Competition on 31 August 1994, and the first State Level Jananeta Irawat Manipur Song Competition organized by AIYF/MSC in 1994, where she attained third position.<ref name=":3" />

Pushparani served as a music instructor at the Government Ideal Blind School, Takyel, in [[Imphal]].<ref name=":1" />

She sang multiple songs for [[Meitei language]] movies, like Akhunba Takhellei,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Akhunba Takhellei - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_Akhunba_Takhellei_2019_2.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Aliyah,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Aliyah - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_Aliyah_2019_1.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Angaoba,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Angaoba - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2017/Gallery_Angaoba_2017_2.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Angaoba - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2017/Gallery_Angaoba_2017_1.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Chingda Satpi Engellei,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Chingda Satpi Engellei - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_ChingdaSatpi_2019_2.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> [[Ima Machet Icha Tangkhai]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ima Machet Icha Tangkhai A Film Review By Rajmani Ayekpam|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Ima_Machet_Icha_Tangkhai_A_Film_Review_By_Rajmani_Ayekpam|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Inamma,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Inamma - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Gallery_Inamma_2019_1.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Kanana Helli,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yaipha Thouni Thouram held : 20th feb25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..200225.feb25|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Leiyisigi Wangmada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leiyisigi Wangmada Film Credits - E-rang :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Leiyisigi_Wangmada_Film_Credits.php|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Nangna Helli Nungshiba,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Nangna Helli Nungshiba - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2017/Gallery_Nangna_Helli_2017_1.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Nungshi Khudol,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yaipha Thouni Thouram held : 13th feb25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..130225.feb25|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Phisakol,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Phisakol - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2020/Gallery_Phisakol_2020_3.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Wakching Thagi Sanarei,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Wakching Thagi Sanarei - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2020/Gallery_WakchingThagiSanarei_2020_2.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> Wakching Thana Lakpada,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Wakching Thana Lakpada - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2019/Wakching_Thana_Lakpada_2019_1.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref> among many others.

She is one of the vocalists of the song Lonna Chikna, which she performed alongside Ranbir Thouna. The song was composed under the music direction of [[Oken Amakcham]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart to heart talk with Ajit Ningthouja By Bidyarani Thingujam - E-rang :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Interview/Heart_to_heart_talk_with_Ajit_Ningthouja_By_Bidyarani_Thingujam.php|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>

Pushparani was one of the singers featured in [[Romi Meitei]] gi THOIBI, an event presented by Mayum Network on 14 May 2009 at BOAT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ann Thoibi musical 20090502|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2009.Ann_Thoibi_musical_20090502|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

She is featured as one of the vocalists on the audio CD School Karusi, which includes five songs. The CD, produced by LEGEND STUDIO, also includes contributions from Ranbir Thouna, Mandakini, and Suren.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CD Gift Legend 20100103|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2010.CD_Gift_Legend_20100103|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Nangna Khangbidraba Nungsiba is a song performed by Pushparani for the 2015 Manipuri film TORO. The track is part of the film's soundtrack, contributing to its musical composition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=announcements channel >>Ann 2015 ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2015.Toro_Film_Release_at_BOAT_20150311|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The Manipuri music video Khoidajei (My Secret Love), whose song she sang, won the Best Music Video Award at the SKG International Film Festival (SIFF-2019), held from 29 May to 2 June 2019 in Ahmedabad, India. In the Music Video category, Pushparani was awarded the Best Female Singer Award for her performance in Khoidajei.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Khoidajei won best Music Video Award of SIFF 2019|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Khoidajei_won_best_Music_Video_Award_of_SIFF_2019|access-date=2025-05-14|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

She performed at the 9th [[Annual general meeting|Annual General Meeting]] (AGM) and Annual Cultural Program organized by the [[Meitei people in Maharashtra|Association of Manipuri Diaspora (AMAND), Pune]]. The event was held virtually on 4 October 2020 via Zoom and was streamed live on the AMAND Facebook page.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9th AGM Annual Cultural Program of AMAND Pune 20201007|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2020.9th_AGM_Annual_Cultural_Program_of_AMAND_Pune_20201007|access-date=2025-05-14|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AMAND convenes 9th annual meeting : 07th oct20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..071020.oct20|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In 2023, Pushparani was one of the playback singers for the music video album Lingjel Khaba Meeteini, produced by Laishram Pictures Production. The album was released at a function held at the Manipur Press Club.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video album 'Lingjel Khaba Meeteini' released : 20th sep23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=47..200923.sep23|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Pushparani was among the artists representing [[Manipur]] at the Bishgaon Festival 2023, which took place on 20 January at Abadgaon, Gazipur, Habigonj, in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur team leaves for Bangladesh to participate in Bishgaon Festival 2023 : 18th jan23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..180123.jan23|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Pushparani performed the vocals for the song Nungsijeine Ema Mahousa Lairembi, which was released on 20 October 2024, during a ceremony at Loktak Hall, Manipur Press Club, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Nungsijeine Ema Mahousa Lairembi" released : 21st oct24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..211024.oct24|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Awards and honour ==
On 10 May 1995, [[Manipur University]] conferred the ‘Echo Award’ on Pushparani in recognition of her early contributions to the field of music. On 19 August 1995, she secured first position in the Second State Level Junior Literary Meet, an event sponsored by the Directorate of Education, Manipur. Subsequently, on 16 February 1996, she was named Best Artiste during the Aheibam Shyam Nite, organized by the Naharol Thoudang Club in Borbil, [[Cachar]], Assam.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Manipur|date=2016-03-23|title=Silver Jubilee Celebration on Pushparani’s Musical Journey on April 1, 2016 {{!}} Manipur Times|url=https://manipurtimes.com/silver-jubilee-celebration-on-pushparanis-musical-journey-on-april-1-2016/|access-date=2025-05-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 2 May 1998, Pushparani attained second place (first runner-up) in the All India Mega Final of the TVS Sa-Re-Ga-Ma music competition, organized by [[ZEE TV]], a national-level platform for emerging musical talent.<ref name=":3" />

Pushparani has been the recipient of multiple recognitions for her contributions to music and Manipuri cinema. On 30 September 1999, she received the Jana Neta Irawat Award for her performance in the field of music. In the same year, she was conferred the Rajkumari Sanatombi Award for best child artist singer, presented in the presence of the then [[Governor of Manipur]]. On 21 April 2001, she was awarded Best Female Singer at the Third Manipur State Film Festival, organized by the Manipur Film Development Corporation, Imphal. She participated in the Festival of Manipur held in Kolkata on 19 January 2003. A Certificate of Appreciation was presented to her by Prajapita [[Brahma Kumaris]] Ishwariya Vishva Vidyalaya during the Festival of Peace on 31 August 2008. In 2009, she was awarded a Certificate of Honour by R.K. Films Pvt. Ltd. Production for her contributions to [[Meitei cinema]]. On 15 February 2010, she received a Certificate of Honour from SEUTI Films Production, Imphal, for her role in the Manipuri feature film 21st Century's Kunti. She was also named Best Playback Singer (Female) at the 1st and 5th editions of the SSS MANIFA awards in 2012 and 2016, respectively, organized by Sahitya Seva Samiti in collaboration with [[Film Forum]], Manipur.<ref name=":3" />

Pusparani Huidrom was awarded the ''Khomdonsana Best Female Singer Award'' for the year 2012 at the inaugural ''Sahitya Seva Samiti Manipuri Film Awards''. The ceremony took place on 23 September 2012 at the Auditorium of the Library and Information Centre in [[Kakching]]. The event was organized by the Sahitya Seva Samiti, Kakching, in collaboration with the Film Forum, Manipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pusparani Huidrom receiving Khomdonsana Best Singer Female Award 2012 at Kakching|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=10&src=Landscape/Aerial/RobertLeiLandscape201209|access-date=2025-05-14|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

On 12 September 2012, Huidrom Pushparani Devi was announced as one of the nominees for the Best Female Singer category for her performance in the film [[Luhongbagi Ahing]]. The announcement was made by R.K. Jnanrajan, Festival Director of the 1st Sahitya Seva Samiti Manipur Film Awards 2012 and the Neta Irawat Leelarol Lifetime Mana 2012, at the office of the Film Forum Manipur in [[Lamphelpat|Lamphel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominees of Manipuri Film awards announced : 13th sep12 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..130912.sep12|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Pushparani and Bonium were awarded the titles of Best Female and Best Male Playback Singer, respectively, for the song Nangsu Eisu Nangsu from the film [[Nangna Nokpa Yengningi]] at the Sahitya Seva Samiti Manipuri Film Awards 2016. The award function, which also recognized Nangna Nokpa Yengningi as the Best Feature Film, was held at Kakching Khullen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hingbagi Mahao named best film at SSS Manifa 2016 : 19th jan16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..190116.jan16|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Pushparani was conferred the Best Female Playback Singer award for her performance in the song Kourakhini Eibu Soidana from the film Mamlasanu Taibangpal at the 11th Manipur State Film Awards 2018. The awards ceremony took place at the auditorium of the Manipur State Film Development Society (MSFDS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=11th Manipur State Film Awards 2018 : 10th dec18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..101218.dec18|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

At the SKG International Film Festival (SIFF-2019), held from 29 May to 2 June 2019 in Ahmedabad, India, in the Music Video category, Pushparani was awarded the Best Female Singer Award for her performance in Khoidajei.<ref name=":2" />

She was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award at the 9th Manipur Film Awards (MANIFA) 2020 for her performances in the songs Yengdaba Ngamde and Mamal Naidraba Thamoi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominees out for 9th MANIFA 2020 : 17th feb20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..170220.feb20|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of nominees 9th Manipur Film Awards MANIFA 2020|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.List_of_nominees_9th_Manipur_Film_Awards_MANIFA_2020|access-date=2025-05-14|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

Pushparani received the Best Female Playback Singer award for the song Maral Leitaba Pirangse from the film Akangba Nachom at the 11th Manipur Film Awards (MANIFA) 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akangba Nachom awarded best film of the year : 24th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..240423.apr23|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akangba Nachom awarded best film of the year|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/24/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-23-Akangba-Nachom-directed-by-Inaocha-Khundrakpam-has-been-awar.html|access-date=2025-07-16|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|date=24 April 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On 26 February 2022, Huidrom Pushparani Devi,{{efn|In her native language, [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), her name is written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ ꯄꯨꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯔꯥꯅꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯤ}}".}} serving as a music instructor at the Government Ideal Blind School, Takyel, was suspended from duty by the Department of Social Welfare, [[Government of Manipur]]. The suspension followed her participation in a political meeting held on 22 February 2022 during the visit of the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The department's order cited video evidence provided by the office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur, which showed her presence at the event. In her official response, Pushparani Devi stated that she was unaware of the political nature of the meeting. However, based on the evidence, she was placed under suspension with immediate effect. The order also directed that she must not leave [[Imphal]] without prior approval from the competent authority.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Singer Pushparani suspended for joining political event : 27th feb22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=46..270222.feb22|access-date=2025-05-14|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Huidrom Pushparani Devi suspended|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/26/IMPHAL-Feb-26Huidrom-Pushparani-Devi-renowned-singer-of-the-State-who-is-also-employed-as-a-Musi.html|access-date=2025-05-14|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|Biography|India|Music}}
* [[:simple:Mangka Mayanglambam|Mangka Mayanglambam]]
* [[Danube Kangjam]]
* [[Bishesh Huirem]]

== References ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm8457104/ Pushparani Huidrom] at [[IMDb]]
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Music educators]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Indian music industry]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa winners]]
[[Category:Singers from Manipur]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Dalu Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:35Z

OlivaWilhite3: adding initial details basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dalu
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dalu Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 57
| mla = [[Brening Sangma]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:22157}}
}}

'''Dalu Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Brening Sangma]] of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].{{update after|2028}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nimosh Sangma || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Mukul Das || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kamal R. Bhowmik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Mountabatien K. Sangma
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Archibold A. Sangma
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Nityanarayan Smchang || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Samuel Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Kenethson Sangma
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Brening Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brening Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,834 |percentage=31.07% |change={{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akki A Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,307 |percentage=28.26% |change={{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengkal A Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,104 |percentage=16.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarbha R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,069 |percentage=11.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Promod S. Koch |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenethson Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=635 |percentage=3.38% |change={{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panseng R. Marak |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=447 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,622 |percentage=8.64% |change={{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=527 |percentage=2.81% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,778 |percentage=84.75% |change= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brening Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,092 |percentage=24.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenethson Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,308 |percentage=20.15% |change={{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurosh M. Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,302 |percentage=20.11% |change={{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengkal A Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,352 |percentage=14.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorendro M. Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,676 |percentage=10.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moromi K. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silgra N. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=138 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=784 |percentage=4.78% |change= {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,417 |percentage=88.07% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,640 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenethson Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,363 |percentage=23.52% |change={{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brening Sangma]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,885 |percentage=20.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurosh M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,548 |percentage=17.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengkal A Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,033 |percentage=14.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sisir Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,598 |percentage=11.17% |change={{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bolison D. Sangma |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,111 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joyferry N. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=762 |percentage=5.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=478 |percentage=3.34% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,300 |percentage=89.24% |change= {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,025 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,886 |percentage=35.54% |change={{increase}}21.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityanarayan Smchang |party=Independent politician |votes=4,606 |percentage=33.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panseng R. Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,146 |percentage=22.88% |change={{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal A. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=478 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Godwin D. Shira |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=229 |percentage=1.67% |change={{decrease}}29.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jan N. Arengh |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chris Kabul A. Sangma |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=175 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=280 |percentage=2.04% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,748 |percentage=91.32% |change= {{increase}}19.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,054 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,760 |percentage=34.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityanarayan Smchang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,492 |percentage=31.57% |change={{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Archibold A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,904 |percentage=17.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panseng R. Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,583 |percentage=14.31% |change={{decrease}}19.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premananda Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=268 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,060 |percentage=71.90% |change= {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,382 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityanarayan Smchang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,915 |percentage=36.97% |change={{increase}}27.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Archibold Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,615 |percentage=34.14% |change={{decrease}}10.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapseng Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,416 |percentage=22.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mountabatien K. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=244 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piterlawford Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=69 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=300 |percentage=2.83% |change= {{decrease}}16.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,589 |percentage=75.35% |change= {{decrease}}7.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,347 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Archibold A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,631 |percentage=44.79% |change={{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityanarayan Smchang |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=2,624 |percentage=25.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mountabatien K. Sangma |party=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |votes=1,119 |percentage=10.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=985 |percentage=9.53% |change={{decrease}}14.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beharon Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=981 |percentage=9.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,007 |percentage=19.41% |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,340 |percentage=83.15% |change= {{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mountabatien K. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,746 |percentage=34.48% |change={{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Archibold A. Sangma |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,923 |percentage=24.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nityanarayan Smchang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,915 |percentage=24.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robin Rema |party=Communist Party of India |votes=840 |percentage=10.55% |change={{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ronald Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=6.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=823 |percentage=10.33% |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,964 |percentage=81.30% |change= {{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,097 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal R. Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,861 |percentage=29.94% |change={{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukul Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,209 |percentage=19.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimosh Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=923 |percentage=14.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aboni Hajong |party=Independent politician |votes=884 |percentage=14.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Momindra Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=420 |percentage=6.76% |change={{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nipendralal Misra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=406 |percentage=6.53% |change={{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Probir Raksam |party=Independent politician |votes=340 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=652 |percentage=10.49% |change= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,216 |percentage=76.76% |change= {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,400 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukul Das |party=Independent politician |votes=1,330 |percentage=25.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimosh Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,236 |percentage=23.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamberth K. Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,040 |percentage=20.11% |change={{decrease}}47.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anukul Chandra Marak |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=925 |percentage=17.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robin Rema |party=Communist Party of India |votes=510 |percentage=9.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Ranjan Bhattacharjee |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=94 |percentage=1.82% |change= {{decrease}}32.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,172 |percentage=69.66% |change= {{increase}}18.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,769 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}41.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalu<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimosh Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,853 |percentage=67.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamberth K. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=903 |percentage=32.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=950 |percentage=34.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,756 |percentage=52.01% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,720 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.21|90.23|display=title}}

[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Surendra Nath Naik

2026-04-18T17:19:48Z

OlivaWilhite3: Entry.

{{Short description|Former Odisha minister}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surendra Nath Naik
| image =
| caption =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1971
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister for Revenue and Excise]]
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister for School and Mass Education]]
| term_start4 = 2002
| term_end4 = 2004
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister for Agriculture]]
| term_start5 = 2004
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office6 = Deputy Chairman, Odisha Planning Board
| term_start6 = 2012
| term_end6 = 2014
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office7 = Deputy Speaker of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 27 July 1977
| term_end7 = 17 February 1980
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| birth_date = 17 May 1937
| birth_place =
| death_date = 5 July 2024
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], India
| spouse = Charubala Devi
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]], [[Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Utkal Congress]]
| other_party =
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater =
| website =
| image_size = 170
}}

'''Surendra Nath Naik''' (17 May 1937 – 5 July 2024) was an Indian politician, a senior leader of the [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD), and a former minister in [[Odisha]]. He served seven terms as a Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Surendra Nath Naik: ओडिशा के पूर्व मंत्री सुरेन्द्र नाथ नायक का निधन, कई पार्टियों के नेताओं ने दी श्रद्धांजलि - Odisha BJD leader and former minister Surendra Nath Nayak passed away |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/bhubaneshwar-odisha-bjd-leader-and-former-minister-surendra-nath-nayak-passed-away-23752809.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Naik was a cabinet minister in the BJD-BJP coalition government led by Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] from 2000 to 2009, overseeing various portfolios including excise, revenue, school and mass education, and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pattnaik |first=Ananya |date=2024-07-05 |title=Former Odisha Minister Surendranath Naik passes away |url=https://pragativadi.com/former-odisha-minister-surendranath-naik-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=[[Pragativadi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Naik also served as the deputy chairman of the Odisha Planning Board from 2012 to 2014.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-06 |title=Odisha mourns the loss of Veteran Leader Surendranath Naik |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jul/06/odisha-mourns-the-loss-of-veteran-leader-surendranath-naik |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Surendra Nath Naik was born on 17 May 1937, to Narayan Naik and married Charubala Devi. He was inspired to enter politics by Chief Minister [[Biju Patnaik]]. Naik's political journey began early, as he was active in politics since his student days. In 1968, he was arrested for protesting a bus fare increase and was again detained in 1975 under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA).<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Naik started his political career as Chairperson of the Astaranga Panchayat Samiti during 1960–1967.<ref name=":0" /> He was first elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] in 1971 from the [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur constituency]] on an [[Utkal Congress]] ticket.<ref name=":3"/> He was re-elected six more times from the same constituency in 1977, 1985, 1990, 1995 (by-election), 2000, 2004, and 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Veteran BJD leader & former minister Surendra Nath Naik passes away |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/veteran-bjd-leader-former-minister-surendra-nath-naik-passes-away/States/news/3233999.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=UNI}}</ref> Naik represented the [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|5th]], [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|7th]], [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|9th]], [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|10th]], [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|11th]] (by-election), [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|12th]], and [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|13th Odisha Legislative Assembly sessions]], respectively.<ref name=":1" />

During his career, Naik served in several key roles. He was the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister for Revenue and Excise]] in 1990 under Chief Minister [[Biju Patnaik]]. From 2002 to 2004, he held the position of [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister for School and Mass Education]], and in 2004, he became the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister for Agriculture]].<ref name=":1" /> He was also appointed as deputy chairman, Odisha Planning Commission during the tenure of [[Naveen Patnaik]] government.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-15 |title=Surendra Nayak Dy Chairman of Planning Board |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/May/22/surendra-nayak-dy-chairman-of-planning-board-51219.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

He served as [[Speaker (politics)|Deputy Speaker]] of the Odisha Legislative Assembly from 27 July 1977, to 17 February 1980.<ref name=":2" /> He was also imprisoned during the Emergency period due to his political activities.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Political affiliation ==
Naik was associated with several political parties, including the [[Biju Janata Dal]], [[Janata Party (Secular)|Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal]], and [[Utkal Congress]]. He was often referred to as the Bhishma Pitamah of Odisha politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Breaking News: ପରଲୋକରେ ପୂର୍ବତନ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ନାଥ ନାୟକ |url=https://odia.news18.com/news/politics/breaking-news-former-minister-surendra-nath-nayak-passes-away-he-was-a-former-mla-from-kakatpur-tks-275197.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=News18 ଓଡିଆ |language=or}}</ref>

== Health and passing ==
Naik died on 5 July 2024, at his residence in [[Bhubaneswar]] at the age of 93. He had been suffering from a brain stroke since 2019.<ref name=":0" /> A guard of honour was held for him at the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], where Speaker [[Surama Padhy]], Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]], deputy chief ministers [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] and [[Pravati Parida]], along with several ministers and MLAs, paid their tributes. His body was also taken to Sankha Bhawan, the BJD headquarters, where Leader of Opposition [[Naveen Patnaik]], party leaders, and MLAs paid their final respects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2024-07-05 |title=Former Kakatpur MLA & Minister Surendranath Naik Given Guard Of Honour On Odisha Assembly Premises |url=https://pragativadi.com/former-kakatpur-mla-minister-surendranath-naik-given-guard-of-honour-on-odisha-assembly-premises/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Surendra Nath}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1971–1973]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]

Palak Pe Jhalak

2026-04-18T12:16:58Z

OlivaWilhite3:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Palak Pe Jhalak Logo.jpg
| caption =
| creator = {{plainlist|
* [[Michael Poryes]]
* Susan Sherman
}}
| director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Ayesha Kaduskar
* [[Nitesh Pandey]]
* [[Khyati Keswani]]
* [[Arush Rana]]
* [[Vaibhav Thakkar]]
* [[Anam Anuji]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Magic Hai Palak Pe"
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 21
| runtime = approx. 22 minutes
| company = Rose Audio Visuals Pvt. Ltd.
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|12|9}}
| channel = [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]]
}}

'''''Palak Pe Jhalak''''' (translated to '''''A Glimpse in the Eye''''') is an Indian [[supernatural]] [[teen sitcom]] television series which premiered on [[Disney Channel India]]. It is an adaptation of the American TV series ''[[That's So Raven]]''. The series produced by ''Rose Audio Visuals'' premiered on 27 September 2015 and ended on 9 December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/future-perfect/135964.html|title=Future Perfect|date=September 22, 2015|accessdate=December 27, 2017|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173736/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/future-perfect/135964.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show is set in Delhi and revolves around teenager Nysha Kapoor (Ayesha Kaduskar), her friends, and her family members; mother ([[Khyati Keswani]]), father ([[Nitesh Pandey]]), brother ([[Arush Rana]]), and her best friends Ishaan ([[Vaibhav Thakkar]]) and Tara
([[Anam Anuji]]).

Nysha Kapoor, a teenage girl, receives psychic visions of future events (which she calls 'Palak Pe Jhalak')
when in deep situations. Attempting to make or prevent these visions coming true frequently results in trouble and hilarious situations for herself, her family and her friends.

==Episodes==

The Season 1 of Palak Pe Jhalak started airing on Disney channel India on with the episode "Mother Dearest" and ended in March, 2016 with the episode, "Crazy Sister".

{{Episode table |total_width= |background=ff8c55 |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber= 1
| Title = Saturday Afternoon Fever
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|4}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha is assigned to spend quality time with her mother at the movies, even though she is also going on a date to the movies with a cute boy. Nysha tries to juggle both tasks with disastrous results.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Mother Dearest
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|11}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha gets in trouble after she mouths off to a spiteful teacher, and the teacher demands a parent-teacher conference. After school, Nysha's parents reward her with a new tablet because of her responsibility. Nysha feels guilty, but does not tell her parents about what happened at school. Instead, she ends up dressing up in her mom's outfit and goes to the conference, which creates all sorts of chaos. Meanwhile, Ishaan is being bullied by a jock who takes over his locker.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Nysha's Love is so Low Class!
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|25}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha gets a crush on his senior, Ayaan. But he turns out to be very dirty. Nysha's parents reach there and all becomes a "Siyappa".
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bhatti Ki Chutti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|18}}
| ShortSummary = Bhatti, the biggest chef of Delhi comes to Mr. Kapoor's Restaurant and because of Nysha, Bhatti gives bad review to her father's cooking. But when, Nysha, Tara and Ishaan get together, they help Mr. Kapoor out of this problem.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Fight at the Opera
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|2}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha and Tara are both appearing in their school's Classical Arts Festival. However, they dispute over creative differences. Nysha wants to do an opera on credit cards while Tara is leaning toward problems with global warming, the during ensuing fight between Nysha and Tara. The two split up and it is now up to MC Ishaan to reconcile the lifelong friends.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Party Animal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|2}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha and her brother Rohan fight and tease each other regularly. But when Nysha has a vision of her brother getting mad at her, she attempts to reconcile by throwing him an animal themed birthday party. However, circumstances make the day much harder for Nysha, who has to save her relationship with Rohan...as well as her ambitious birthday plans.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Dissin' Cousins
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|9}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha's rich and boastful cousin Jasleen aka Jazz comes to visit, leading to a major tiff between the two girls. However, with Tara and Ishaan's help, the two soon begin to reconcile, and Ishaan's dream comes true.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Teach Your Children Well
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|16}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha is furious (and embarrassed) when her mom accepts a job teaching Hindi at her school. But when a ruthless note finds its way into Neeta's grasp, it is up to Nysha, Ishaan and Tara to save the note before Nysha gets in trouble.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = The Parties
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|23}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha is extremely excited when she is hosting her first proper party. But when Nysha's arch enemy, Tia, sabotages her plans and embarrasses Nysha in front of her entire school, Nysha, Tara and Ishaan take revenge. However, Nysha starts feeling guilty, so she doesn't send the video of Tia looking like a disaster to Tia's party. In the end, Nysha still gets revenge with poison ivy covered flowers.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Wake up Kunal
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|30}}
| ShortSummary = Rohan and his friend Amir attempt to hypnotize Tara and Nysha. Instead, they hypnotise Kunal. However, Kunal was supposed to appear on a prestigious cooking show with impatient host Karishma aka K. Can Nysha and her family save her dad from utter failure before it's too late?
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = To See or Not to See
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|6}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha's visions cause embarrassing moments for both Ishaan and Tara. She is miserable about her visions and being different from others. Instead, she finds solace in her Grandma Dolly, who has a secret to tell her.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Bhaag Nysha Bhaag
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|13}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha sees a vision of a cart running into Hetal in the school hallway, so when the TV cart comes, Nysha pushes Hetal out of the way and accidentally into blue paint. When Hetal goes to the hair salon, Nysha goes there to apologize, but Nysha overhears Hetal saying she will get revenge on her. Nysha pretends to be a hairdresser, and when she's fixing one of Hetal's hairs, her chewing gum gets stuck to it. When Hetal finds out that Nysha has damaged her hair, Nysha runs out of the hair salon silently. Nysha tells Tara about fixing Hetal's hair. That night, Rohan and his friend Amir (who have chicken pox) agree to help Nysha the next day with technology, which helps her avoid Hetal at school.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Escape Claus
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|20}}
| ShortSummary = In this special Christmas episode, Nysha opens her beautiful Christmas present early, but after wearing it at school, she breaks it. She must sacrifice all her favorite Christmas traditions to mend the trouble she caused, even if it means missing spending time with her family.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = "Crazy Sister"
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|9}}
| ShortSummary = Nysha falls in love with a boy, and sees a vision of the future where he confesses his love for her too. In the vision, they are at a festival. She asks the boy to come to the festival as well, hoping that the vision will come true. However, the boy arrives with his elder sister, who warns her to stay away from her brother. Disappointed, Nysha thinks of ways to spend time with the boy, but her sister keeps getting in the way of it.
| LineColor = FF8C55
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9045818}}
*[http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/palak-pe-jhalak/cast/860325/ ''Palak Pe Jhalak''] at [[TV Guide]]

{{That's So Raven}}
{{Disney Channel India Original Series}}

[[Category:2000s high school television series]]
[[Category:2000s sitcoms]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2000s teen sitcoms]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Disney Channel (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Disney Channel sitcoms]]
[[Category:Fantasy comedy television series]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian teen sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian television series about teenagers]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television series by Disney]]
[[Category:Television shows about psychic powers]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:That's So Raven]]

Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh

2026-04-17T10:50:03Z

OlivaWilhite3:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Arunachali Hindus
| image = File:Parshuram Kund .jpg
| image_caption = [[Parshuram Kund]] in [[Lohit district]], a major Hindu pilgrimage site.
| population = 401,876 ('''29.04%''' of Arunachal Pradesh's population) {{decrease}}
| region1 = [[Lohit district|Lohit]]
| pop1 = 99,020 (67.95%)
| region2 = [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]]
| pop2 = 13,088 (61.83%)
| region3 = [[Namsai district|Namsai]]
| pop3 = 54,452 (56.74%)
| region4 = [[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]]
| pop4 = 28,915 (53.47%)
| region5 = [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]]
| pop5 = 3,141 (39.24%)
| region6 = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| pop6 = 31,265 (37.24%)
| region7 = [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
| pop7 = 57,027 (32.30%)
| region8 = [[Changlang district|Changlang]]
| pop8 = 47,683 (32.17%)

| langs =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Hinduism''' is the second largest religion in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hindus constituted 401,876 persons or 29.04% of the state's population, making [[Hinduism]] one of the major religions in the state alongside [[Christianity]] and indigenous faiths.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract – 2011: Population by religious community – Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==History==
Evidence of Hindu cultural and religious motifs in the region dates to historic periods and is reflected in archaeological remains and local traditions identified in academic studies. Archaeological sites such as [[Bhismaknagar]] (near Roing, [[Lower Dibang Valley]]) contain ruins and artefacts that indicate early historic contacts with broader Indian cultural worlds; these sites have been documented by the Archaeological Survey of India and by state tourism/archaeology publications.<ref name="bhismaknagar">{{cite web |title=Ancient Remains at Bhismaknagar, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/publication/Ancient%20Remains%20at%20Bhismaknagar%2C%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (Guwahati Circle) |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

Local histories and academic research note the presence of Hindu pilgrimage traditions in the region (for example, [[Parshuram Kund]] in Lohit District), and describe the long-term interplay between indigenous religious systems, Buddhism and Hindu practices in the region's cultural history.<ref name="parshuram-official">{{cite web |title=Parshuram Kund – Official site |url=https://parshuramkund.arunachal.gov.in/ |publisher=District Administration, Lohit, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="pib-parsu">{{cite web |title=Development of Parshuram Kund, Lohit District Arunachal Pradesh approved under PRASHAD scheme |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1757351 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=23 September 2021 |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

Scholarly work has also examined the changing religious profile of Arunachal Pradesh — including the growth and decline of particular faith communities and the influence of modernisation, migration and missionary activity on religious change in the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref name="visva">{{cite web |title=Changing profile of religious culture in Arunachal Pradesh (Ph.D. thesis) |url=https://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH18957.pdf |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University (Thesis) |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per 2011 census, the religious composition in 2011 for Arunachal Pradesh included Christians (30.26%), [[Hindus]] (29.04%), [[Buddhists]] (11.77%), followers of indigenous/other religions (26.20%), [[Muslims]] (1.95%) and smaller numbers of [[Sikhs]] and [[Jains]].<ref name="census2011"/>

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left"
|+ Religious Statistics of Arunachal Pradesh
! rowspan="2" |Religion !! colspan="2" | 1971<ref name="Rel1981"/> !! colspan="2" | 1981<ref name="Rel1981">{{cite web|title=Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Series-1, Paper 3 of 1984, India - Census 1981 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30879/download/34060/26795_1981_HH.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 1991<ref>{{cite web|title=C-9 Religion , INDIA - 1991 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/35737/download/39400/1991-C09T-0100.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Arunachal Pradesh - 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21474/download/24606/PC01_C01_12.xls |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || % || Pop. || %
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 61,400 || 13.13 || 86,483 || 13.69 || 111,372 || 12.88 || 143,028 || 13.03 || 162,815 || 11.77
|-
| [[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Christianity]] || 3,684 || 0.79 || 27,306 || 4.32 || 89,013 || 10.30 || 205,548 || 18.72 || 418,732 || 30.26
|-
| [[Hinduism]] || 102,832 || 22.00 || 184,732 || 29.24 || 320,212 || 37.04 || 379,935 || 34.6 || 401,876 || 29.04
|-
| [[Islam]] || 842 || 0.18 || 5,073 || 0.80 || 11,922 || 1.38 || 20,675 || 1.88 || 27,045 || 1.95
|-
| [[Jainism]] || 39 || 0.01 || 42 || 0.01 || 64 || 0.01 || 216 || 0.02 || 771 || 0.06
|-
| [[Sikhism]] || 1,255 || 0.27 || 1,231 || 0.19 || 1,205 || 0.14 || 1,865 || 0.17 || 3,287 || 0.24
|-
| {{abbr|ORP|Other Religions and Persuasions}} || 296,674 || 63.46 || 326,000 || 51.6 || 313,118 || 36.22 || 337,399 || 30.73 || 362,553 || 26.2
|-
| Not stated || 785 || 0.17 || 972 || 0.15 || 17,652 || 2.04 || 9,302 || 0.85 || 6,648 || 0.48
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || 467,511 || 100 || 631,839 || 100 || 864,558 || 100 || 1,097,968 || 100 || 1,383,727 || 100
|}

===District-wise distribution===
[[File:Arunachal Hindou 2011.png|thumb|Hindu population distribution in Arunachal]]
According to the Census of India 2011, Hindus constitute about 29.04% of the total population of Arunachal Pradesh. The following table shows the Hindu population by district as per the 2011 Census:<ref name="census2011" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Hindu population by district in Arunachal Pradesh (2011 Census)'''
! District !! Total population !! Hindu population !! Percentage of Hindus
|-
| [[Tawang district|Tawang]] || 49,977 || 11,842 || 23.69%
|-
| [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] || 83,947 || 31,265 || 37.24%
|-
| [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]] || 78,690 || 12,333 || 15.67%
|-
| [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]] || 176,573 || 57,027 || 32.30%
|-
| [[Kurung Kumey district|Kurung Kumey]] || 92,076 || 4,859 || 5.28%
|-
| [[Kra Daadi district|Kra Daadi]] || 46,704 || 2,452 || 5.25%
|-
| [[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]] || 83,030 || 9,551 || 11.50%
|-
| [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]] || 83,448 || 13,474 || 16.15%
|-
| [[West Siang district|West Siang]] || 112,274 || 15,881 || 14.14%
|-
| [[East Siang district|East Siang]] || 99,214 || 27,854 || 28.07%
|-
| [[Siang district|Siang]] || 31,920 || 4,908 || 15.38%
|-
| [[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]] || 35,320 || 5,261 || 14.90%
|-
| [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]] || 65,867 || 14,520 || 22.05%
|-
| [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]] || 8,004 || 3,141 || 39.24%
|-
| [[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]] || 54,080 || 28,915 || 53.47%
|-
| [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]] || 21,167 || 13,088 || 61.83%
|-
| [[Lohit district|Lohit]] || 145,726 || 99,020 || 67.95%
|-
| [[Namsai district|Namsai]] || 95,950 || 54,452 || 56.74%
|-
| [[Changlang district|Changlang]] || 148,226 || 47,683 || 32.17%
|-
| [[Tirap district|Tirap]] || 111,975 || 20,682 || 18.47%
|-
| [[Longding district|Longding]] || 60,734 || 5,894 || 9.71%
|-
| '''Total''' || '''1,383,727''' || '''401,876''' || '''29.04%'''
|}

==Pilgrimage sites==
Several sites in Arunachal Pradesh are important to Hindu pilgrims and to the local expression of Hindu culture:

===Parshuram Kund===
[[Parshuram Kund]] (Lohit District) is a major Hindu pilgrimage site associated with the epic tradition of Parashurama; the state and central government have supported development of pilgrimage amenities and mela infrastructure. The Parshuram Kund mela attracts devotees from across the Northeast and neighbouring states and is recognised in state tourism planning documents.<ref name="parshuram-official"/><ref name="pib-parsu"/>

===Malinithan Temple ===
Malinithan Temple is an archaeological and pilgrimage site located near Likabali in the [[Lower Siang district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. The site contains the ruins of an ancient temple complex dedicated primarily to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, and is one of the most important evidences of early Hindu influence in the region.<ref name="malinithan-tourism">{{cite web |title=Malinithan Temple Ruins |url=https://www.arunachaltourism.com/malinithan.html |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

According to local legends and references in Assamese literature, the site is associated with the story of [[Lord Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]]. It is believed that Krishna and Rukmini, on their way from Bhismaknagar to Dwarka after their marriage, were welcomed here by Goddess Parvati (Malini). Hence, the name ''Malinithan''—meaning “the abode of Malini.”<ref name="asi-malinithan">{{cite web |title=Ancient Remains at Malinithan, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/publication/Ancient%20Remains%20at%20Malinithan.pdf |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Guwahati Circle |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

Excavations by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) have revealed intricately carved stone sculptures, including images of Indra on Airavata, Surya, Nandi, and panels depicting scenes from Hindu mythology. The stylistic features of the carvings show strong affinities with the early medieval art of the Brahmaputra valley, suggesting cultural exchange between present-day Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.<ref name="asi-malinithan"/>

===Bhismaknagar===
[[Bhismaknagar]] (Lower Dibang Valley) an archaeological complex with remains of brick constructions and structural ruins that have been discussed in ASI publications and district tourism material as evidence of early historical cultural connections in the region.<ref name="bhismaknagar"/>

Government tourism and district administration sites list other religious and historic places that reflect the cultural pluralism of the state and the local presence of Hindu traditions in parts of the state’s plains and foothill zones.<ref name="roing-bhismaknagar">{{cite web |title=Bhismaknagar – Roing District tourism page |url=https://roing.nic.in/tourist-place/bhismaknagar/ |publisher=Roing (Lower Dibang Valley) District Administration |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==Practices, festivals and cultural interaction==
In Arunachal Pradesh, Hindu festivals and pilgrimage observances are often localised and coexist with indigenous rituals and Buddhist traditions in mixed cultural zones. The Parshuram Kund mela (annual bathing festival) is an example of a large Hindu pilgrimage event that also has economic and cultural effects on the locality and attracts official attention from tourism and administration authorities.<ref name="parshuram-official"/>

Academic literature emphasises that the religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is characterised by pluralism and interaction: indigenous animistic systems (often categorised in official statistics as "Other Religions and Persuasions"), Buddhism, Christianity and Hinduism interact in different ways across districts, shaped by historical migration, conversion movements and contemporary politics.<ref name="visva"/><ref name="borgohain">{{cite journal |last=Borgohain |first=Bijoy |title=Religious Nationalism, Christianisation and regional responses in Arunachal Pradesh |journal=Asian Studies / Area Journal (Example) |year=2023 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2023.2223457 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2023.2223457 |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

Among the [[Idu Mishmi people|Idu Mishmi]] people of Arunachal Pradesh, local oral narratives link their ancestry to King Bhīṣmaka of the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', the father of Rukmini, who was married to [[Lord Krishna]]. According to these traditions, the ancient city of Kundil Nagar—identified with the present-day archaeological site of [[Bhismaknagar]]—was ruled by Bhīṣmaka, and the Idu Mishmis consider themselves his descendants. The story of Krishna’s marriage to Rukmini is celebrated annually in the region during the Bhismaknagar Festival.<ref name="visva" /><ref name="pib-bhismak">{{cite web |title=Bhishmaknagar Festival showcases Arunachal Pradesh's heritage and tourism potential |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1795482 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=6 February 2022 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

===Local versions of the Ramayana in Arunachal Pradesh===
Several tribal communities in Arunachal Pradesh and neighbouring regions preserve unique oral traditions of the Ramayana story. For example, the [[Khamti people|Khamti]] people of eastern Arunachal Pradesh have a version called “Lik Cao-Lamang” (or “Cao-Alang-Lamang”) which is distinct from the mainstream Sanskrit/Valmiki Ramayana, incorporating Buddhist, local tribal and Southeast Asian influences. <ref name="newsbhartiramayanaKhamti">{{cite web |title=Ramayana in North-east India – II : The Khamti Ramayana |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/4/21/Ram-Navami.html |publisher=NewsBharati |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

A broader overview of the Ramayana tradition in the Northeast notes that tribal narratives frequently adapt the story: for instance the folk song of the Rabha people speaks of “let’s go and see the horse of Sri Rama” and the narrative among the Khamtis, the Mishmi people and others in Arunachal and Assam have “folk tales that have closeness to Ramakatha.” <ref name="newsbhartiramayanaNE">{{cite web |title=Ramayana tradition in northeast Bharat - NewsBharati |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2020/3/31/Ramayana-north-east.html |publisher=NewsBharati |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

One scholarly article mentions that archaeological sites and legends in Arunachal connect the region to both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, suggesting how the epic narratives have been localised in the region’s cultural memory. <ref name="behera2024">{{cite journal |last=Behera |first=M.C. |title=Historical Sites, Legends, and Cultural India: A Palimpsest from Arunachal Pradesh |journal=Sampratyaya |volume=1 |issue=Spl.3 |pages=70–82 |year=2024 |doi=10.21276/smprt.202409.1s3.a8 |doi-broken-date=29 October 2025 }}</ref>

These versions show how the Ramayana motif travels beyond its classical form and is adapted by tribal cultures, giving the region its distinct imprint of the epic’s tradition.

==Politics and law==
Religious matters, including conversion and the interplay of tribal customary law and state law, have been politically salient in Arunachal Pradesh. Recent news reporting and government notices discussed the state's Freedom of Religion Act (1978) and debates about its enforcement, which commentators note could affect religious dynamics in the state.<ref name="ie-act">{{cite news |last=Indian Express |title=Why Arunachal Pradesh is bringing back 1978 Act against 'conversion' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/why-1978-anti-conversion-law-in-arunachal-could-now-be-enforced-9761646/ |newspaper=Indian Express |date=7 January 2025 |accessdate=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Religion in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Hinduism in Mizoram]]
* [[Bhismaknagar]]
* [[Hinduism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 Census of India – Religion table (2011) – Arunachal Pradesh]
* [https://parshuramkund.arunachal.gov.in/ Parshuram Kund – District Administration, Lohit (Official)]
* [https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/publication/Ancient%20Remains%20at%20Bhismaknagar%2C%20Arunachal%20Pradesh.pdf ASI – Bhismaknagar publication]
* [https://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH18957.pdf JNU PhD thesis – Changing profile of religious culture in Arunachal Pradesh]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Religion in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]

Santukrao Hambarde

2026-04-16T07:19:36Z

OlivaWilhite3: Started.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| alma_mater = [[Marathwada University]] ([[MSc]]) [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] ([[PhD]])
}}
'''Santukrao Marotrao Hambarde''' is an Indian politician.

== Education ==
Hambarde earned his [[MSc]] degree from [[Marathwada University]] in 1993 and his [[PhD]] from [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-29 |title=BJP picks Santukrao Hambarde for Nanded bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/bjp-nominates-santukrao-hambarde-for-nanded-bypoll-amidst-competitive-political-landscape/articleshow/114704392.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Hambarde served as the deputy vice-chancellor of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University until he entered politics in 2014. He was a member of BJP for over ten years before contesting the Lok Sabha by-elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=नांदेड लोकसभेसाठी भाजपकडून डॉ. संतुक हंबर्डे |url=https://www.loksatta.com/politics/nanded-lok-sabha-by-polls-bjp-candidate-dr-santuk-hambarde-print-politics-news-css-98-4679551/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambarde, Santukrao Marotrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Surjeet Singh Deswal

2026-04-12T13:57:28Z

OlivaWilhite3: Started.

{{Short description|Indian Police Service (IPS) officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surjeet Singh Deswal
| image =
| office = [[Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| predecessor = R K Pachnanda
| successor = [[Sanjay Arora (officer)]]
| term_start = 31 October 2018
| term_end = 31 August 2021
| office1 = [[Director General]] of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 2018
| term_end1 = 30 October 2018
| predecessor1 = Rajni Kant Mishra
| successor1 = Kumar Rajesh Chandra
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|08|06}}<ref>{{cite web | title=IPS : Query Result(s) | url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm }}</ref>
| birth_place = Atawala, [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]]
| alma_mater = [[Kurukshetra University]] and Sainik School Kunjpura, Karnal
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| name = Surjeet Singh Deswal
| service_years = 1984–2021
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
| department = [[Haryana Police]], [[State Armed Police Forces#Haryana Armed Police|Haryana Armed Police]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], [[Sashastra Seema Bal]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], [[Border Security Force]]|, [[National Security Guard]]
}}
}}
'''Surjeet Singh Deswal''' also known as '''S S Deswal''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of 1984 batch, who worked as the [[Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP)<ref name=et>{{cite news |title=Senior IPS officer S S Deswal appointed ITBP chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/senior-ips-officer-s-s-deswal-appointed-itbp-chief/articleshow/66445449.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=October 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Country's every inch in our possession, says ITBP DG |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/countrys-every-inch-in-our-possession-says-itbp-dg-112108 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> and retired from same post on 31 August 2021 the India's primary border guarding organization ofIndo-China International Borders, since his appointment on 31 October 2018 with additional charge of [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=ITBP chief S S Deswal given additional charge of National Security Guard DG|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-chief-s-s-deswal-given-additional-charge-of-national-security-guard-dg/articleshow/78367134.cms|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref><ref name=et/> He is a 1984 batch IPS officer of Haryana cadre.<ref name=et/> He previously served as the [[Director General]] of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB).<ref name=outlook>{{cite news |title=Deswal joins as new SSB DG |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/deswal-joins-as-new-ssb-dg/1393791 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SSB chief Deswal named ITBP DG, to continue in previous charge |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/ssb-chief-deswal-named-itbp-dg-to-continue-in-previous-charge |publisher=[[The Quint]] |date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
He did his graduation in [[Bachelor of Science]] from [[Panipat]]. He holds a [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) degree from [[Kurukshetra University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About DG, ITBP |url=https://www.itbpolice.nic.in/Aboutdg.html#:~:text=Sh%20Surjeet%20Singh%20Deswal%20is,and%20LLB%20from%20Kurukshetra%20University. |website=itbpolice.nic.in}}</ref> He is an IPS officer of 1984 batch, Haryana cadre.<ref name=et/>

He has served as the [[Commissioner of Police]] of [[Gurgaon]] for 4 years and led the [[State Armed Police Forces#Haryana Armed Police|Haryana Armed Police]] between 12 December 2014 and 20 November 2015, as [[Director General of Police|Director General]]. He joined the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in 1994 and served as its [[Superintendent of Police]] till 1998. In December 2015, he was appointed as [[Additional Director General]] (ADG) in the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) and served as ADG till October 2017. In September 2018, he was made Director General of [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]], succeeding Rajni Kant Mishra.<ref name=outlook/>

On 31 October 2018, he was appointed as the Director General of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP).<ref name=et/> Deswal also received the additional charge of DG of [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=ITBP DG SS Deswal gets additional charge of CRPF |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/01/itbp-dg-ss-deswal-gets-additional-charge-of-crpf-2083435.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, he was given the additional charge of the [[Director General]] of [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref>{{cite news |title=Indo-Tibetan Border Police chief SS Deswal given additional charge of BSF DG |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/11/indo-tibetan-border-police%E2%80%8B-chief-ss-deswal-given-additional-charge-of-bsf-dg-2115281.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=March 11, 2020}}</ref> In September 2020 SS Deswal was given the additional charge of NSG.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/itbp-chief-s-s-deswal-given-additional-charge-of-national-security-guard-dg/articleshow/78367134.cms | title=ITBP chief S S Deswal given additional charge of National Security Guard DG | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> Thereafter, he served as Vice-Chancellor of Sports University of Haryana from 1 December 2022 to 20 February 2024.

== Awards and decorations ==
In 2001, Deswal was conferred with the [[Indian Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service.<ref name=outlook/>
He received the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service 2012 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ppm-rd12_0.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]] |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref>
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[President's Police Medal]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deswal, Surjeet Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Parugo Parugu

2026-04-05T10:48:17Z

OlivaWilhite3: created the info from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parugo Parugu
| image = Parugo Parugu.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| based_on = {{based on|''Parugo Parugu''|Malik}}
| producer = [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]}}
}}
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Shruti (actress)|Sruthi]]
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = Ravindra Babu
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| studio = Satyadev Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|10|13}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parugo Parugu |url=https://indiancine.ma/AIWO/info |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Parugo Parugu''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] and produced by comedian [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]. The film stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Shruti (actress)|Sruthi]] in lead roles, with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Based on Malik's novel of the same name, the film was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |title=Actor Sudhakar: Petty politics forced me to leave Tamil films |url=https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/actor-sudhakar-petty-politics-forced-me-to-leave-tamil-films |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rambabu is an inept photographer who runs a photo studio with his assistant, Kittigadu. Their poor-quality photos often lead to confrontations with dissatisfied customers. Rambabu's life takes a turn when he meets Saroja, a woman he helps in a dispute, and the two fall in love. Under Saroja's guidance, Rambabu improves his photography skills and becomes a perfectionist.

Meanwhile, Ranganatha Rao, a powerful racketeer, is warned by his wife, Neelima, about potential police action if he does not cease his illegal activities. By chance, Neelima befriends Saroja, who advises her to visit Rambabu to learn about an automatic camera. During the visit, Neelima faints, and a photograph captures Rambabu holding her. At the same time, Ranganatha Rao continues to benefit from the ideas of his associate, Jackal, whom he treats with disdain. Seeking revenge, Jackal secretly photographs Ranganatha Rao’s henchmen, Veeru and Jaggu, murdering Neelima on his orders.

As Rambabu prepares for an all-India photography competition, he discovers Neelima's corpse while developing photos. He reports the incident to the police, but the inept Inspector Appalakonda mistakenly arrests Rambabu. With Saroja's help, Rambabu proves his innocence, and they uncover Neelima's body. Determined to expose the killer, Rambabu inadvertently implicates himself when a random photo from the crime scene surfaces. Fearing arrest, he flees with Kittigadu and deduces Ranganatha Rao's involvement in the murder.

In a series of comedic events, Rambabu and Kittigadu chase Ranganatha Rao and his associates. They encounter Jackal, who attempts to blackmail Ranganatha Rao with photographic evidence of Neelima's murder. However, Veeru and Jaggu kill Jackal, who swallows the negative of the incriminating photo before dying. The negative becomes crucial evidence to prove Rambabu's innocence, leading to a chaotic pursuit of Jackal's body to retrieve it.

The climax unfolds in a theatre where a spoof of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' is being performed. Rambabu, Ranganatha Rao, and Inspector Appalakonda converge in a comedic confrontation. Ultimately, Rambabu retrieves the negative from Jackal's stomach, proving his innocence and exposing Ranganatha Rao's crimes. The film concludes on a happy note with Rambabu and Saroja's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rambabu / Angala (in disguise)
*[[Shruti (actress)|Sruthi]] as Saroja
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Simha Swapnam
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as [[cameo appearance|Special appearance]]
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Saroja's father
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Parandhamayya
*[[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanadham]] as Kirana store owner
*[[Giri Babu]] as Veeru
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Ranganatha Rao
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as S. I. Appalakonda
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Jackal
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Jaggu
*[[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Constable
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Koyadora
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Kittigadu / Pingala (in disguise)
*[[Visweswara Rao]] as Nakkaraju
*Kaasi Viswanath as Hotel Manager
*Krishna Chaitanya as Hotel Server
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Disco Shanthi]] as Veeramma
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Hema
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Rambabu's mother
*Deepika as Neelima
{{colend}}

== Music ==
Music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]] with lyrics written by [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavithhula]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:41
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Mounamela
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Bugga Bugga
| extra2 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Kidaninchi Paiki
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Ajantha Guhalo
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Howare
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 3:25
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0281039}}

{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}

[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]

Ajay Gupta

2026-04-02T04:11:28Z

OlivaWilhite3: Starting basic stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|South African businessman|Gupta family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Amritsar Central]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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}}
'''Ajay Gupta''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th_Punjab_Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Accounts|Committee on Public Accounts]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]<ref name="House Committee">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=45&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], she declared Rs. 18,35,02,217 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 4,00,01,071 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajay Gupta(AAP):Constituency- AMRITSAR CENTRAL(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=7 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amritsar Central Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Amritsar Central
| before =-
| after=
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Mariamman

2026-03-29T15:17:38Z

OlivaWilhite3: minor edit

{{Short description|Hindu goddess of weather}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Mariamman.jpg
| caption = Painting of Mariamman, Tamil Nadu, circa 19 CE
| name = Mariamman
| abode = [[Earth]]
| weapon = [[Trident]], [[Sword]], [[noose]]
| mount = [[Lion]]
| adherents = Primarily rural<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bremner |first1=Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzByEAAAQBAJ&dq=mariamman+village+goddess+fertility+rain&pg=PT338 |title=Monsoon as Method: Assembling Monsoonal Multiplicities |last2=Cullen |first2=Beth |last3=Geros |first3=Christina Leigh |last4=Bhat |first4=Harshavardhan |last5=Powis |first5=Anthony |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Actar D, Inc. |isbn=9781638408048 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Hindus]], South Indian Hindus
| deity_of = Goddess of Weather, Fertility,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jayati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLq2BgAAQBAJ&dq=mariamman+goddess+fertility+rain&pg=PA159 |title=Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives |last2=Kripalani |first2=Coonoor |date=1 March 2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783083626 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and Health
| venerated_in = [[South India]]
| other_names = Renuga devi, Renuka, Mariamma, Mariamman, MuthuMariamman, Mariatha, Mari, Amman, Amma, Ambika, [[Karumariamman]], Karumari, Parashakti, adi Parasakthi, Pidari
| temples = [[Samayapuram Mariamman]], [[Punnainallur Mariamman]], [[Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple]], Dindigul Kottai Mariamman
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Shakti]], [[Mahadevi]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Shitala]], [[Draupadi]], [[Rukmini]], [[Sita]], [[Renuka]], [[Shaktism]], [[Pidari]]
| member_of = [[Mahadevi]]
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], Ādi Thiruviḻa
| symbols = neem trees/leaves, [[trident]], [[kumkum]], [[cobras]]
| animals = [[Snake]], [[Lion]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Mariamman''', often abbreviated to '''Amman''' ({{langx|ta|மாரியம்மன்}}), is a [[Hindu]] Tamil folk religion [[List of rain deities|goddess of weather]], predominantly venerated in the rural areas of [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=Mariamman – the Village Goddess who travelled |url=https://www.storytrails.in/blog/mariamman-the-village-goddess-who-travelled/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=Storytrails}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neuenhofer |first=Christa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OTMoAEACAAJ |title=Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India |date=27 November 2012 |publisher=Blurb, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4579-9010-6 |language=en}}</ref> Her festivals are held during the late summer/early autumn season of Ādi throughout [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Deccan]] region, the largest being the ''Ādi Thiruviḻa''. Her worship mainly focuses on bringing rains and curing such serious diseases as [[cholera]], [[smallpox]], and [[chicken pox]].

Mariamman is worshipped in accordance with local traditions such as [[Pidari]], [[Karumariamman]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOLpINsY5ZE |title=Documentary - Grama Devatas - a prequel to Agastyamuni series |date=2025-10-31 |last=PremKV |access-date=2026-03-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>, [[Renuka]], [[Draupadi]] or the [[Grāmadevatā|Gramadevatai]]. She is considered as a guardian deity (kaval deivam) by many South Indian village dwellers. She is also worshipped in Karnataka as Marikambe, who is a manifestation of Adi-Parashakti or [[Mahadevi]].

== Origin ==
[[File:Tamil nadu, epoca cola, tridente con mariyammai, dea del vaiolo, x sec..JPG|thumbnail|right|170px| Mariamman embedded in a trident, 1st century, [[Chola]] period, Tamil Nadu, India]]

Mariamman's worship originated in the traditions of [[Dravidian folk religion]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeRtAAAAMAAJ&q=mariamman+Dravidian+religion |title=Proceedings |date=1980 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> She is the main [[Tamil people|Tamil]] mother goddess, predominantly venerated in the rural areas of [[South India]]. Mariamman has been associated with Hindu goddesses such as [[Parvati]],<ref>"ஆயி உமையானவளே ஆதிசிவன் தேவியரே" (Oh Mother Uma, Consort of Siva!) – Mariamman Thalattu, Goddess Mari Prayer.</ref> [[Kali]], [[Durga]],<ref name="Stot">"The truthful Kali who guarded the homesteads sat with her, The Kali sat together with Durga continuously with her". [http://stotrarathna.blogspot.com/2009/07/mariamman-thalattu-tamil.html Mariamman Lullaby]</ref> [[Rukmini]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Viraraghavacharya |first=T. K. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Rukmini+amman |title=History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple |date=1997 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |pages=486 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sita]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ricci |first=Ronit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYK0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sita+amman&pg=PA151 |title=Banishment and Belonging: Exile and Diaspora in Sarandib, Lanka and Ceylon |date=21 November 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48027-7 |pages=151 |language=en}}</ref> [[Draupadi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ&dq=Draupadi+amman&pg=PT208 |title=Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93690-8 |language=en}}</ref> as well as with her northern Indian counterpart [[Shitala]], her eastern Indian counterpart, Olai Chandi; and her western Indian counterpart of Mogal mata.

The word Mari (pronunciation: /mɒri/) has the Sangam Tamil origin meaning "Rain", and the Dravidian root term Amman means "Mother". She was worshipped by the ancient Tamil as the bringer of rain and also the bringer of prosperity, since the abundance of their crops was dependent largely upon adequate rainfall. The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society that venerated femininity. The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appear predominantly as goddesses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Manickam |first=Valliappa Subramaniam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ&q=sangam+priestess |title=A glimpse of Tamilology |publisher=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu |year=1968 |pages=75}}</ref> In [[Sangam literature]], there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the [[Kuravar]] priestesses in the shrine Palamutircholai.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Mohan |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006 |isbn=8126012218 |pages=4396}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
Mariamman is usually pictured as a beautiful young woman with a red-hued face, wearing a red dress. Sometimes she is portrayed with many arms—representing her many powers—but in most representations she has only two or four. Also described to be wearing snakes as jewelry.

Mariamman is generally portrayed in the sitting or standing position with a five-headed serpent over her head, often holding a [[trident]] ([[trisula]]) in one hand and a bowl ([[kapala]]) in the other. One of her hands may display a [[mudra]], usually the [[abhayamudra|abhaya]] mudra, to ward off fear, she'll also be seen with a [[damru]] In one hand which tends to have a serpent wrapped around it. She may be represented with two demeanours—one displaying her pleasant nature, and the other her terrifying aspect, with fangs and a wild mane of hair.

== Legends ==
[[File:Erode Marriamman Ther.jpg|upright|thumb|right|[[Erode]] Mariamman Ther Thiruvizha]]

The origin of the goddess [[Mariamman]] in terms of a consistent and coherent legend has not been standardized. Several myths of the mother goddess exist in several regional traditions that are spread orally throughout [[South India]].

According to a regional Hindu legend, there was once a beautiful woman named Nagavalli, wife to a [[rishi]] named Piruhu. When the rishi was away, the [[Trimurti]], the deities of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]], visited her, seeking to decide for themselves if she was truly as beautiful and virtuous as she was supposed to be. Nagavalli, not recognising them, and resenting their intrusion, turned them into children with her powers. The deities were infuriated and cursed her, causing her face to become disfigured with smallpox. When Piruhu returned, he drove her away, informing her that she would be born on earth, causing her affliction to human beings as well.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=M. K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&dq=mariamman+shakti&pg=PA76 |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism |date=April 2007 |publisher=Fultus Corporation |isbn=978-1-59682-117-0 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[Vanniyar]] community, an agrarian class, [[Draupadi]], the common wife of the [[Pandava]]s, is said to be an incarnation of the goddess [[Shakti]]. Draupadi, despite being Shakti, lived like a normal woman, suppressing her supernatural powers. While they were in exile, when the Pandavas were asleep at night, she would travel to the villages of Vanniyar in the form of a fierce looking Goddess. Vanniyars would offer her prayers and barley, which pleased her. In time, she would be called Mariamman (the mother of rain and curing diseases), and became popular in the Vanniyar villages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kottayam) |first=Dr Jyothi Susan Abraham (Assistant Professor, Baselius College, Kottayam) Dr Kavitha Gopalakrishnan (Assistant Professor, Baselius College, Kottayam) Ms Meera Elizabeth James (Assistant Professor, Baselius College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSpeEAAAQBAJ&dq=mariamman+draupadi&pg=PA23 |title=Pandemic Reverberations and Altered Lives |date=11 February 2022 |publisher=Co-Text Publishers |isbn=978-81-952253-4-7 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the narrative of the higher [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]], there was once a [[Paraiyar|pariah]] boy who impersonated a [[Brahmin]] suitor in order to marry a Brahmin girl. This lie is discovered by the girl when she discerns the jargon and non-vegetarian habits of her in-laws. In order to ritually purify herself from the pollution of being married to a low-born pariah, the girl [[Sati (practice)|self-immolates]]. This Brahmin girl is deified and named as Mariamman, and becomes the goddess of the pariahs.<ref name="auto"/>

In another version, Mariamman was once a woman named Vasuki who was the wife of Thiruvalluvar a tamil poet, and who was an outcast. She caught smallpox and went begging house to house for food, fanning herself with neem leaves to keep flies away. Eventually she recovered and is then worshipped as Mariamman, goddess of smallpox.

The most popular narrative of Mariamman, has to do with the story of Renuka. She was once a women named Renuka, wife to sage Jamadagni and mother to Parasurama the sixth avatar of Vishnu. Renuka lost her powers after being attracted to a scene by the lake, when her husband Jamadagni found out he became furious. He sent his son Parasurama to kill Renuka. Renuka ran for her life and took shelter in a nearby village by a low-caste women, but when Parasurama found her, he decapitated Renuka and the low-caste women. After begging his father to let him bring back his mother and the women, Parasurama accidentally swapped their heads. Renuka's head was on the low-caste women's body and the low-caste women's head on Renuka's body. after this she became Mariamman "the changed mother".<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Story of Mariamman? |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/what-is-the-story-of-mariamman/ |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

In northern India, [[Shitala]] is worshipped in a similar way, predominantly by the Rajput/Kshatriya community. Shitala has a legend and plays a similar role in protecting villages from diseases.

== Roles ==
=== Goddess of medicine ===
Mariamman is purported to cure all so-called "heat-based" [[disease]]s. During the summer months in South India (March to June), people walk miles carrying pots of water mixed with [[turmeric]] and [[neem]] leaves to ward off such illnesses as [[measles]] and [[chicken pox]], which were believed to spread more in that season.

=== Fertility goddess ===
Devotees also pray to Mariamman for familial welfare such as fertility, healthy progeny or a good spouse. The most favoured offering is "[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]", a mix of [[rice]] and [[green gram]], cooked mostly in the [[temple]] complex, or shrine itself, in [[terracotta]] pots using firewood.

Some festivals in honour of the goddess Mariamman involve night-time processions of devotees carrying oil lamps.{{Why?|date=July 2010}} Mariamman is the family deity for many in the [[Thanjavur district]] of Tamil Nadu. It is a custom initially to worship the family deity on occasions such as weddings. The worship of a 'family deity' ([[kuladevata]]), considered most important in any Hindu festival, continues down the generations, providing a clue to the family's origin, since the family deities are usually located within the vicinity of the village to which the family originally belonged.

== Worship ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2022}}[[File:Procession de Mariamman.jpg|thumb|Procession of Mariamman]]The worshipping methods are often accompanied by various kinds of folk dancing.<ref>M. K. V. Narayan, ''Exploring the Hindu Mind: Cultural Reflection and Symbolism'', Readworthy, 2009, p. 93</ref> Offerings such as [[pongal (dish)|pongal]] and [[koozh]] that are cooked using earthen pots are also made during the festive season. Rituals such as fire walking and mouth or nose piercing are also practised.

At the [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple]] in [[Samayapuram]], the Hindu system of worship is still seen today for the worship of Mariyamman, which involves a ten-day festival organized by temple authorities during the second week in April. Some continue to use an old village custom of worship by offering chickens and goats to the deity, though the animals are no longer sacrificed but sold after being offered. The main worship of the goddess occurs on the road a mile or two from the temple. A hurried walk and dance carry hundreds of thousands of worshippers along the road to the temple. Many in the crowd have fasted, shaved their heads, and wear bright yellow clothes which are sacred to the goddess. Women and children may carry a pot on their heads decorated with the goddess's favourite leaves, of the margosa tree. Young men and women, carrying similar pots, are followed by drummers and dance more wildly. Larger men and women carry pots of charcoal fire. Some put themselves through a special tribulation of having one of the sacred weapons, dagger, trident, or spear, inserted through their cheeks or tongues.<ref>Younger, Paul. "Journal of the American Academy of Religion." A Temple Festival of Māriyamman (1980): 493–513. ATLA Religion Database. Web. 28 September 2014.</ref> Through this worship each individual achieves self-realization and awareness of others through samsara and moksha. In this self-realization a bonding with the goddess occurs, which is the underlining reason for the worship.

=== Mulaikottu ===
Mulaikottu is a village festival celebrated in southern Tamil Nadu, particularly in villages of [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]], [[Dindigul district|Dindugul]], [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] and [[Tirunelveli district|Thirunelveli]] districts. By doing so they believe that they can get her blessing and sufficient rain for better cultivation. This festival is generally celebrated in between any Tamil month of panguni to Purattasi. The festival lasts for 11 days. (Sunday of first week to Wednesday of second week).

On the auspicious beginning of the village festival, a village meeting will be convened to sort out the best suitable date for the celebration of Mulaikottu. Before fixing any date, the ''pradhana'' and secretary of the village gather some information from the villagers regarding any marriage or anyone suffering from chicken pox etc. If anyone is affected by chicken pox, any sudden death occurred or someone's marriage is taking place, under these circumstances the date of mulaikottu will be either postponed or cancelled according to the public opinion at the meeting. The celebration begins with collection of nine different types of grain seeds from every house, called ''thandal'' in Tamil. The Thandal will held in Sunday of Valarpirai. The following Tuesday is the second day of thandal called ''Pari parapputhal''. Next Tuesday, the main function is held on the day called ''mulaikottu''. On the next day of thandal, the temple committee distribute the grains to every house for setting up of pari.

The pari is a clay pot with a wide mouth and narrow base with a hole in the bottom. This utensil is specially made for this purpose and sold at the market. The villagers visit the market and purchase number of paris as they wanted to set up in their home.

The first step to set them up is to clean paris and their home the second day of thandal. People used to collect goat dung and some hay. The hay is used to block the hole of the pari. A layer of goat dung is spread over the hay and watered to make the dung wet. This is the procedure of setting up of pari.

As a next step to this, the received nine type of grains from the temple committee, is smoothly spread over the goat dung on the pari. Following this, a pooja will be arranged for praying the goddess to make the pari a successful one. Every house may have more than two paries. These paries taken into a dark and isolated room in their house. For the next seven days they have to grow the seedlings into a plant. Usage of loudspeaker and crackers are completely banned during this period. During evening, all villagers assemble in front of the Mariamman temple and sing folk songs known as ''mari pattu'' and dance folk dances such as ''mulaikottu'' ( similar to kummi), Amman oyil. It is followed everyday from thandal Sunday (First day) to next Sunday (eighth day). The ninth day called ''thangal'', means camping. On this day the temple is closed and folk poojas and dances are prohibited. The Amman karagam is made in village water body and the person who fasts in those 10 days is called ''Ammadi'' (The person who depicted as Amman). The amandi takes the karagam and gave to temple. All ''paris'' are brought into the Amman temple from the houses on the tenth day of thandal. The paris remain in the Amman temple for one night and on the next day (the last day, eleventh day, Wednesday), and after a pooja, the paries will be issued back to their respective member. The Ammadi again takes karagam and the ''mulaiparis'' are also taken from the temple. Finally, the amman Karagam and mulaiparis are submerged into the village pond. It is also celebrated in Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple on the Tamil month of Aadi.

=== In the Tamil Diaspora ===
{{see also|Caribbean Shaktism}}
Her worship has been brought over across the Tamil Diaspora in places such as the [[Caribbean]], [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]], [[Reunion Island]], [[Singapore]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Fiji]] where festivities and temples are often done and built in her name. Her trance-worship has been brought via the [[Girmityas]] to around the world, where similar traditions to those in Mainland Tamil Nadu are practiced. Often times, Mariamman is syncretized with Kali.

== Temples ==
{{verify section|date=October 2025}}
Most temples to Mariamman are simple village [[shrine]]s, where both male and female priests perform sacred rituals. In many rural shrines, the goddess is represented by a [[granite]] stone with a sharp tip, like a [[spear]] head. This stone is often adorned with garlands made of [[lime (fruit)|lime]]s and with red flowers. These shrines often have an [[anthill]] that could be the resting place of a [[cobra (snake)|cobra]], which is said to be a manifestation of Mariamman<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bremner |first=Lindsay |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GzByEAAAQBAJ&dq=mariamman+village+goddess+fertility+rain&pg=PT338&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mariamman%20village%20goddess%20fertility%20rain&f=false |title=Monsoon as Method: Assembling Monsoonal Multiplicities |last2=Cullen |first2=Beth |last3=Geros |first3=Christina Leigh |last4=Bhat |first4=Harshavardhan |last5=Powis |first5=Anthony |date=2022-05-25 |publisher=Actar D, Inc. |isbn=978-1-63840-804-8 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Mariamman Thalattu |url=https://hindupedia.com/en/Mariamman_Thalattu |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>. Milk and [[Egg (food)|eggs]] are offered to propitiate the snake.

Some temples have attained sufficient popularity for [[Brahmanas]] to officiate at them. For example, the [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple|Samayapuram Mariamman]] near the shore of river [[Kaveri]] in the northern outskirts of [[Tiruchirapalli]], maintains a rich agamic tradition and all rituals are performed by [[Gurukkalas]].

Locations of other Mariamman temples:
* Punainallur, near [[Thanjavur]] – Legend says that Mariamman appeared to the King [[Venkoji|Venkoji Maharaja Chatrapati]] (1676–1688) of Thanjavur in his dreams and told him she was in a forest of Punnai trees three miles distant from Thanjavur. The King rushed to the spot and recovered an [[Cult image|idol]] of Mariamman from the jungle. On the king's orders, a temple was constructed there, the idol installed, and the place was called Punnainallur. Hence the deity of this temple is known as Punnainallur Mariamman. Mud replicas of different parts of the human body are placed in the temple as offerings by devotees pleading for cures. It is said that the daughter of Tulaja Raja (1729–35) of Thanjavur, who lost her eyesight due to illness, regained it after worshipping at this temple. Shri [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] is said to have made the Moola Murthi of Mariamman from the mud from the ant-hill where snakes had resided.
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] – A Kottai Sri Periya Mariamman temple is located in the heart of this city, where the Aadi festival is celebrated for 22 days.
* [[Veerapandi, Theni]]
* Anbil (near Trichy)
* [[Narthamalai]]
* [[Thiruverkadu]] – in Thiruverkadu, goddess Mariamman is worshipped in the form of [[Karumariamman]], where she appeared as a black serpent out of an anthill.
* [[Virudhunagar]]
* [[Sivakasi]]
* [[Vellore, Tamil Nadu|Vellore]]
* Chennai (Madras) – The Putthu Mariamman derives its name from a Putthu (ant-hill) located on the opposite side of the Velachery Main Road.
* [[Madurai]] – The Theppakulam sri Mariamman Temple is a noted focus of devotion, primarily to the goddess and to the Maruthuvachi (= doctor/[[midwife]]). Periyachi Amman (or Pechi Amman), who was deified for her skill and heroism. The temple possesses a large theppakulam. Here, the Panguni festival is the main event of the religious calendar. The devotees of Mariamman observe the "poo choridhal" [[flower]] festival, and in the month of Aadi many women honour her with fasting and prayer.{{clarify|date=January 2017}}
* Kaup, [[Karnataka]] – This temple is located seven kilometres from the temple town of [[Udipi]].
* [[Urwa, India|Urwa]], a residential area of the city of [[Mangalore]] – Known familiarly as Urwa Marigudi, many miracles have been reported to occur at this temple through the power of the goddess.

The [[Erode]] Mariamman temple festival is celebrated in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The worship of three Mariamman goddesses named Small, Medium and Large Mariamman (residing at three separate localities within the city) is combined in a festival every April. It features the Thiruvizha, along with all the other [[:wikt:devotion|devotion]]s to deities, and ends at the [[Kaveri]] river with the purificatory immersion of the Kambam (the effigy of Mariamman's husband Shiva) in the flowing waters of the river.

The [[Karur]] Mariamman temple festival is celebrated at the end of May each year in honour of the goddess in Tamil Nadu.

In 2012, the singer [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] composed a song about the [[Samayapuram Mariamman Temple|Samayapuram Mariamman]] deity which was featured on the album ''Om Nava Sakthi Jaya Jaya Sakthi''. The song narrates the power of [[Shakti]] as Samayapuram Amman and equates the Peruvalai River with Punya Theertham, as do the people in that area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amma Mariamma |url=https://www.amazon.com/Amma-Mariamma/dp/B009RXO8TK |via=Amazon}}</ref>

=== Outside India ===
[[File:Sri-mariamman-medan.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan|Sri Mariamman temple in Medan]], [[Indonesia]]]]

* [[Sri Muthumariamman Temple, Matale]] in Sri Lanka.
* Arulmigou Shri Madhur Kannanour Mariamman Thirukkovil, Port-Louis in Mauritius.
* [[Mariamman Temple, Ho Chi Minh City]] in Vietnam.
* [[Mariamman Temple, Bangkok]] in Thailand.
* [[Mariamman Temple, Pretoria]] in South Africa.
* [[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.
* [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan]], [[Indonesia]].
* [[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang|Sri Maha Mariamman Temple, Penang]], Malaysia.
* [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore]].
* [[Muththumari Amman Temple, Negombo|Sri Muthu Mariamman Temple, Negombo]], Sri Lanka.
* [[Mariamman Temple, Pretoria]] in South Africa.
* Mari Mata Mandir or Shri Mariamman Temple, [[Madrasi Para]] neighborhood of [[Karachi]], in Pakistan.

There are many Mariamman temples outside India, in [[Mauritius]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Fiji]], Fiji Maha Shakti Mata Temple Nadi and Suva, [[Guyana]], [[Vietnam]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2007 |title=Temples: Sri Maha Mari Amman Temple, Germany |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/world-news-nri-ta |access-date=29 October 2011 |publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref> and [[South Africa]], the product of efforts of the [[Tamil diaspora]]. Some notable temples include the [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Sri Mariamman temple in Singapore]], [[Mariamman Temple, Bangkok|Sri Mariamman temple in Bangkok]], a [[Mariamman Temple, Pretoria|Mariamman temple in Pretoria]], [[South Africa]], as well as one in [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan]], [[Indonesia]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

There are also many Mariamman temple in every state of [[Malaysia]]. Some notable temples include the Queen Street [[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang|Sri Maha Mariamman Temple, Penang]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], Sri Sithala Maha Mariamman Temple, Pekan Getah Tapah, Lorong Kulit Sri Muthu Mariamman Temple in George Town, Sri Rudra Verra Muthu MahaMariamman Temple in [[Air Itam]], Sri Maha Mariamman Devasthanam in [[Arau]], Sri Maha Mariamman Devasthanam in [[Alor Setar]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Sungai Petani]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Ipoh]], Sri Nagamuthu Mariamman Temple in [[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Gopeng]], [[Sri MahaMariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Klang (city)|Klang]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Chukai]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Port Dickson]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Kuantan]], Sri Veera Sundara Muthu Mariamman in [[Kulim]], Raja Mariamman Temple in [[Johor Bahru]], Sri Maha Muthu Mariamman Temple in [[Tumpat District|Tumpat]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Kuching]], Sri Maha Mariamman Temple in [[Sibu]], and Sri Muthu Mariamman Temple, [[Kampung Chetti]], [[Melaka]].

There is another very popular temple dedicated to Mariamman in [[Matale]], Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Muthumariamman Temple Matale |url=https://ceylonpages.lk/matale/place/sri-muthumariamman-temple/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=ceylonpages.lk}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights="180px," mode="packed">
File:Nanalthidal mariamman.JPG|The Nanalthidal Mariamman, Kattucherry near Porayar, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], Jan '13
File:Kattucherry mariamman temple.jpg|Mariamman temple, Kattucherry village, [[Tamil Nadu]], Jan '13
File:Bokkapuram Mariamman Temple SE Vimana Mar21 A7C 00580.jpg|Mariamman temple [[vimana]], Bokkapuram village, [[Tamil Nadu]], Mar '21
Image:Mariamman temple in KL.jpg|Main shrine to Mariamman in the [[Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur|Sri Maha Mariamman Temple]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Karuppuswamy]]
* [[Draupadi Amman]]
* [[Karumariamman]]
* [[Samayapuram Mariamman]]
* [[Isakki]]
* [[Kateri Amman]]
* [[Madurai Veeran]]
* [[Maisamma]]
* [[Mari (goddess)]]
* [[Pidari]]
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General references ==
* Kolenda, Pauline. "Pox and the Terror of Childlessness: Images and Ideas of the Smallpox Goddess in a North Indian Village" in P. Kolenda, ''Caste, Cult and Hierarchy: Essays on the Culture of India''. New Delhi: Folklore Institute, 1983. pp.{{nbs}}198–221.
* Rigopoulos, Antonio. ''The life and teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-7914-1268-7}}. pp.{{nbs}}78, 80, 160, 224, 226, 250.

== External links ==
* {{commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mariamman| ]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Health deities]]
[[Category:Smallpox deities]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Plague goddesses]]

Arjun Rampal

2026-03-29T03:27:36Z

OlivaWilhite3: improved article

{{Short description|Indian film actor and model (b. 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Arjun Rampal
| image = Arjun Rampal is the new Gillette brand ambassador.jpg
| caption = Rampal in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|11|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 1996{{ndash}}present
| works = [[Arjun Rampal filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mehr Jesia]]|1998|2019|reason=divorce}}
| partner = Gabriella Demetriades
| children = 4
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Arjun Rampal|Full list]]
}}

'''Arjun Rampal''' (born 26 November 1972) is an Indian actor and model who mainly works in [[Hindi films]]. He has starred in [[Arjun Rampal filmography|more than 40 films]]. Described as a versatile actor by the media,<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Rock On!!’, ‘Daddy’, ‘Aankhen’: After ‘Dhurandhar: The Revenge’, let's revisit some of Arjun Rampal’s best films on OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rock-on-daddy-aankhen-after-dhurandhar-the-revenge-lets-revisit-some-of-arjun-rampals-best-films-on-ott/photostory/129748301.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sarika |date=23 March 2026 |title=Arjun Rampal earns praise for playing Major Iqbal: How Dhurandhar 2 has revived the actor's career |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-earns-praise-for-playing-major-iqbal-how-dhurandhar-2-has-revived-the-actor-s-career-article-13867987.html |work=Money Control |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> Rampal has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Arjun Rampal|several awards]] including the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Rock On!!]]''.<ref name="NATIONAL FILM AWARD" /><ref name="FILMFARE AWARD" />

Rampal made his acting debut in [[Rajiv Rai]]'s romance film ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' (2001). He enacted lead roles in romance films including ''[[Deewaanapan]]'' (2001), ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' (2002), ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' (2003), ''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]'' (2005) and ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' (2006), action films ''[[Asambhav]]'' (2004) and ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'' (2013), thrillers ''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]'' (2005) and ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015), socio-political ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' (2012) and crime drama ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' (2013). The year 2002 marked a turning point for Rampal when he featured in ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]'', his [[Breakout role|breakthrough]] success, though followed by a continuous setback.

Later Rampal found a career resurgence starring in the commercially successful mainstream films ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (2006), ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010), ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010) and ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011) and acclaim for biopic ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'' (2017). After another big career decline, he made his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut as an antagonist in ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023). His portrayal of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Major Iqbal]] (based on [[Ilyas Kashmiri]]) in the ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025) and its sequel ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026) was extremely well-received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arjun Rampal reacts to praise for 26/11 sequence in 'Dhurandhar'; admits it was the TOUGHEST moment of his career |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arjun-rampal-reacts-to-praise-for-26/11-sequence-in-dhurandhar-admits-it-was-the-toughest-moment-of-his-career/articleshow/125885305.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> Rampal turned a [[film producer]] with ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' (2006)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Arjun Rampal celebrates Dhurandhar's success, praises co-stars Ranveer Singh, Akshaye Khanna and others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-rampal-celebrates-dhurandhar-s-success-praises-co-stars-ranveer-singh-akshaye-khanna-and-others-101765187831402.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> under his banner, [[Chasing Ganesha Films]], and then produced the biopic ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'' (2017), for which he also co-wrote the screenplay.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Arjun Rampal marks the blockbuster rise of Dhurandhar with an intimate, gratitude-filled message praising his co-stars and the entire team |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arjun-rampal-marks-blockbuster-rise-dhurandhar-intimate-gratitude-filled-message-praising-co-stars-entire-team/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rampal was born on 26 November 1972 in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, in a family with military background.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saran |first1=Sathya |title=Arjun Rampal looked pretty plain: A sister speaks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-looked-pretty-plain-a-sister-speaks-384417.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Rampal, Rocking On Once More at 42 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/arjun-rampal-rocking-on-once-more-at-42-21026#photo-267371 |work=NDTV |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> His maternal grandfather, Brigadier Gurdayal Singh, designed the first artillery gun for the [[Indian Army]] post-[[Indian independence movement|independence]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/arjun-rampals-keen-to-make-film-on-his-maternal-grandpas-life/47156 | title=Arjun Rampal's keen to make film on his maternal grandpa's life | date=2 June 2009 | work=[[Mid-Day]] | access-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080014/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/arjun-rampals-keen-to-make-film-on-his-maternal-grandpas-life/47156 | archive-date=7 September 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> His father is a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] while his mother is part [[Sikh]] and part [[Dutch people|Dutch]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=16148636254 |user=rampalarjun |title=Yes Holland won,my Oma(grandma in dutch)would be super happy.My 1\4 dutch blood partying with the Indian side right now. Why?body in shock. |author=Arjun Rampal |date=14 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Saran |first=Sathya |date=20 July 2012 |title=Arjun Rampal looked pretty plain: A sister speaks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-looked-pretty-plain-a-sister-speaks-384417.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529154412/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-looked-pretty-plain-a-sister-speaks-384417.html |archive-date=29 May 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |quote=My grandmother was deeply religious, my mother is half-Dutch and half-Sardarni of course but my father is a Brahmin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2021 |title=I am not for sale, says actor Arjun Rampal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/i-am-not-for-sale-says-actor-arjun-rampal-196398/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107192545/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/i-am-not-for-sale-says-actor-arjun-rampal-196398/ |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=The Tribune |quote=He is the son of a Hindu Punjabi father and half-Sikh and half-Dutch mother.}}</ref> Actress [[Kim Sharma]] is Arjun Rampal's first cousin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun pens moving note for late mother: 'Missing you today and every day' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-rampal-pens-emotional-note-for-late-mother-i-know-you-are-here-with-me-so-why-do-i-miss-you-so-much/story-FCi1lXICEFqcgWubHdwJCO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Rampal grew up in a [[multicultural]] environment where the family celebrated [[Christmas]], [[Diwali]] and [[Muslim holidays|Eid]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bhasin |first=Arjun |date=26 November 2014 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/cover-story-unusual-world-arjun-rampal/ |title=Cover story: The unusual world of Arjun Rampal |magazine=[[GQ]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420130227/https://www.gqindia.com/content/cover-story-unusual-world-arjun-rampal/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He stayed with his mother after the separation of his parents and attended St. Patrick School ([[Deolali|Devlali]], [[Nashik]]) where his mother was a teacher. He then attended the [[Kodaikanal International School]]. Later, he graduated with a degree in economics with honours from [[Hindu College, Delhi]]. He went on to become a model and was featured in several music videos like ''Bekaraar'' (1996), ''Kinna Sona Tenu Rab Ne Banaya'' (1997) directed by [[Radhika Rao]] and Vinay Sapru, and ''Don't Marry Maya'' (1998) directed by [[Rajiv Rai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bally Sagoo feat. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: Kinna Sohna |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3359298/ |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Marry Maya |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3359310/ |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{further|Arjun Rampal filmography}}
=== 1997–2005: Early lead roles ===
Rampal was recommended by director [[Shekhar Kapur]] for a lead role in [[Ashok Mehta]]'s ''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''. Rampal began shooting for the film opposite [[Manisha Koirala]] in 1997 but it took years to complete the film.<ref>{{cite web |author1=V S Srinivasan |title=The man with the glass eye |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/30ash.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=30 March 1998}}</ref> He also signed for Shantanu Sheorey's ''Jadh'' opposite [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and Smriti Mishra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shantanu Sheorey on his new film, Jadh |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/jan/08she.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=6 January 1998}}</ref> The shooting of the film was completed but it was not released.

Rampal's first release that marked his acting debut in Bollywood was [[Rajiv Rai]]'s romance film ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' (2001) opposite [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Kirti Reddy]]. Rampal gave a show stealing performance and earned all the attention. He earned critical acclaim for his performance in the movie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three Boys, One Girl, And Some Heart Surgery |url=http://ww.smashits.com/film-review-of-pyaar-ishq-aur-mohabbat/movie-review-1278.html |publisher=SmasHits.com |access-date=4 July 2012 |author=Pankaj Shukla |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231434/http://ww.smashits.com/film-review-of-pyaar-ishq-aur-mohabbat/movie-review-1278.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama|indiaFM]] wrote "''Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat'' is a showcase for Arjun Rampal to exhibit his talent. The guy looks dashing and emotes with utmost sincerity. He handled the emotional moments with maturity, which is so rare for a first-timer. A confident debut!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201611|title=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=2 August 2001|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201611|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> This established Rampal as a leading actor in the Indian film industry. He was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] but swept the awards in the Best Male Debut category at the [[Screen Awards|Star Screen]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] ceremonies.

His next release was [[Ashu Trikha]]'s ''[[Deewaanapan]]'', in which Rampal was paired with [[Dia Mirza]]. He earned critical acclaim for his performance, but the film flopped at the box office.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM wrote: "Arjun Rampal carries the film on his broad shoulders and comes up with a sincere performance that is consistent throughout. He is wonderful in action sequences and springs a pleasant surprise in the emotional moments by delivering the apposite expressions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201698|title=Deewaanapan Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=16 November 2001|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005173429/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201698|archive-date=5 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ashish Magotra of [[Rediff]] gave negative reviews on Rampal, writing: "Among the actors, Arjun Rampal as the hero does pretty much what he has been known to do. He models. His acting capabilities leave a lot to be desired."<ref>{{cite web|title=Logic be damned|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/16deew.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=7 November 2012|author=Ashish Magotra|date=16 November 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160631/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/16deew.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Moksha'' was his third release of the year. This film marked Rampal's third consecutive flop at the box office, but Rampal earned critical acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM wrote: "Arjun Rampal excels in a role that was difficult to portray. He takes giant strides as a performer and proves that he's an actor with an amazing range."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508080|title=Moksha: Salvation Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=28 November 2001|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028113130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508080|archive-date=28 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Priyanka Bhattacharya of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] considered the movie to be "more a 70-mm portfolio for Arjun Rampal than a story."<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun's 70 mm portfolio!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/30mok.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=7 November 2012|author=Priyanka Bhattacharya|date=30 November 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160643/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/30mok.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Arjun Rampal 2004.jpg|thumb|left|Rampal signing autographs at ''[[Temptation (2004 film)|Temptation]]'' photocall held at the Washington Hotel in London]]
Rampal's first release of 2002 was [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]'s ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]'', in which Rampal starred in an ensemble cast featuring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Aditya Pancholi]]. He played the role of a blind person. The film was ranked above average at the box office and became the fourth-highest grossing Bollywood film of 2002.<ref name="2002 Box Office">{{cite web|title=Box Office 2002|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==|work=Box Office India|access-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122163713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==|archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> His next release was [[Kundan Shah]]'s ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' opposite [[Rekha]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]] and [[Jimmy Shergill]]. The film was a flop.<ref name="2002 Box Office" />

In 2003, Rampal played a lead role in Naresh Malhotra's ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' opposite [[Aishwarya Rai]]. Rampal earned critical acclaim for his performance. Ronjita Kulkarni of Rediff wrote: "Arjun Rampal shakes off his wooden image and comes up with a good performance. He is subtle and convincing in the emotional scenes. He has certainly moved on from ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]''."<ref>{{cite web|title=Ash, Ash and more Ash|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/17dil.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=4 July 2012|author=Ronjita Kulkarni|date=17 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719024019/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/17dil.htm|archive-date=19 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It was ranked the thirtieth film of the year on the basis of box office collections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2003|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMg==|work=Box Office India|access-date=8 November 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> Rampal's next role was in [[Khalid Mohammed]]'s ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]'' opposite [[Urmila Matondkar]]. Rampal played a Muslim in the film. The film earned critical acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Taran Adarsh praised his performance, quoting: "the easy-going attitude his character reflects injects that certain sheen to the enterprise."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54593|title=Tehzeeb Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=5 December 2003|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54593|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2004, Rampal collaborated with Rajiv Rai for the second time in his first action thriller ''[[Asambhav]]''. Rampal starred opposite [[Priyanka Chopra]] and played the role of an Indian [[commando]] Captain Aadit Arya. The film was entirely shot in Switzerland. Released on 23 July, ''Asambhav'' was Rampal's only release of the year. Shahid Khan of PlanetBollywood.com wrote: "Arjun Rampal looks good and he suits the mould of the action hero very well."<ref>{{cite web|title=Asambhav Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Asambhav/ |publisher=PlanetBollywood.com |access-date=4 July 2012 |author=Shahid Khan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428200201/http://planetbollywood.com/Film/Asambhav/ |archive-date=28 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rajiv's First Non-Multi Starrer Is A Non-Starrer |url=http://ww.smashits.com/rajiv-s-first-non-multi-starrer-is-a-non-starter/movie-review-3731.html |publisher=SmasHits.com |access-date=4 March 2012 |author=Pankaj Shukla |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231428/http://ww.smashits.com/rajiv-s-first-non-multi-starrer-is-a-non-starter/movie-review-3731.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref>

Rampal's first release of 2005 was [[Satish Kaushik]]'s ''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]'', in which he played a lead role opposite [[Ameesha Patel]] and [[Zayed Khan]]. The film was a flop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vashu's 'Vaada' Fares Below Average |url=http://ww.smashits.com/vaada/movie-review-4156.html |publisher=SmasHits.com |access-date=4 July 2012 |author=Pankaj Shukla |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328153744/http://ww.smashits.com/vaada/movie-review-4156.html |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> Patcy N of Rediff praised Rampal, writing: "Arjun Rampal has done a good job; his is a subdued performance, and the model-turned-actor looks great in most scenes."<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaada will surprise you!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/07vaada.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=8 November 2012|author=Patcy N|date=7 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226081404/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/07vaada.htm|archive-date=26 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Rampal's next release was [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s multi-starrer action film ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]''. The film managed to do well and became an average-grosser at the box office. Rampal earned critical acclaim for his performance in ''Elaan''. Subhash K. Jha of IANS praised Rampal and wrote: "Arjun is pretty much on his own. Once again playing a man with responsibilities he brings a controlled conviction to both his scenes with his screen daughter and his engrossing death scene."{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Merril Diniz of Rediff wrote: "Arjun Rampal is almost believable as the rugged ex-cop. He has a deep baritone and svelte body language."<ref>{{cite web|title=Elaan doesn't have much hope!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/14elaan.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=8 November 2012|author=Merril Diniz|date=14 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160041/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/14elaan.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rampal's third release of the year was the mystery thriller ''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]'', in which Rampal was paired in a lead role with Priyanka Chopra for the second time. He received acclaim for improving his emotional acting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Audiences Losing "Yakeen" In Cadaverous Thrillers |url=http://ww.smashits.com/yakeen/movie-review-4645.html |publisher=sts.com |access-date=4 July 2012 |author=Satyajit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231444/http://ww.smashits.com/yakeen/movie-review-4645.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref> Taran Adarsh praised his performance, quoting: "Cast in complex role, Arjun Rampal delivers his best performance so far. The role would've lost its bearings had it been entrusted to an inferior actor, but Arjun sinks his teeth into it and emerges trumps. The actor portrays the gamut of emotions with aplomb and delivers a flawless performance. He is truly efficient in sequences when he starts suspecting his wife's fidelity in the first half. The shower sequence as also the intermission point display Arjun's range as an actor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538457|title=Yakeen Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=1 July 2005|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030154518/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538457|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rampal's last release of the year was [[Apoorva Lakhia]]'s ''[[Ek Ajnabee]]'' opposite Amitabh Harivansh Rai Bachchan and [[Perizaad Zorabian]]. This film featured Rampal in his first negative role as Shekhar Verma, the bodyguard of a child, but is actually a corrupted person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh rocks in Ek Ajnabee|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/09ek.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=8 November 2012|author=Vipin Vijayan|date=9 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160614/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/09ek.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Subhash K Jha praised Rampal's performance and wrote, "The narrative has some nice supporting performances, particularly Arjun Rampal who's gone both over and under the skin of his bar-owner ex-army man's role. Not only does Rampal look right, he feels right."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/ekajanbee.asp|title=Ek Ajnabee Movie Review|publisher=Glamsham|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622234246/http://glamsham.com/movies/reviews/ekajanbee.asp|archive-date=22 June 2012|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

His first release of 2006 was the [[love triangle]] based ''[[Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai]]'' opposite [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Ameesha Patel]]. This film was a delayed release. Satyajit of SmasHits quoted "Arjun Rampal has also been promising and it shows in his performance. The media might have labeled him "wooden actor" but he has shown great improvisation in emotional scenes."<ref>{{cite web|title=Stale, Outdated And Unbearable |url=http://ww.smashits.com/humko-tumse-pyar-hai/movie-review-5262.html |publisher=SmasHits.com |access-date=4 July 2012 |author=Satyajit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231448/http://ww.smashits.com/humko-tumse-pyar-hai/movie-review-5262.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref> Taran Adarsh wrote: "Arjun is awkward at places in initial portions, but gets into the rhythm subsequently. The emotional sequences in the second half clearly indicate that he's come a long way."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54518|title=Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=24 February 2006|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512044904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54518|archive-date=12 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next appearance was the multi-starrer [[anthology]] ''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]''. Rampal starred in the story "Spirits Do Come" opposite [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Makrand Deshpande]], directed by Prawal Raman. Despite a cast of stars, the film flopped at the box office.

=== 2006–07: Producer and breakthrough ===
Rampal reprised the supporting role of Jasjit in ''[[Don – The Chase Begins Again]]'', a remake of the 1978 movie ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]''. The role had been played by [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] in the original ''Don''. ''Don – The Chase Begins Again'' starred [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and Priyanka Chopra and the movie became Rampal's first hit. The film proved to be a breakthrough movie for Rampal, although Khan earned the most attention. Taran Adarsh praised his performance, quoting: "Despite the shortcomings, he makes a sincere attempt."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/534291|title=Don – The Chase Begins Again Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=20 October 2006|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404195809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/534291|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rampal established his own production company Chasing Ganesha Films with his wife [[Mehr Jesia]]. The first movie under that banner ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' was Rampal's last release of 2006. He played a lead role opposite newcomer Vipasha Agarwal. The movie was shot entirely in [[London]], England. Like his past movies, ''I See You'' was also a failure at the box office and received poor reviews. However, Rampal earned critical acclaim for his work. Taran Adarsh wrote: "''I See You'' rests on Arjun's shoulders. Arjun is efficient in a role that doesn't really demand histrionics. He has proved his credentials in the past and his performance in this film is at par with his earlier works. He works best in the dramatic portions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201853|title=I See You Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=29 December 2006|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520002506/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201853|archive-date=20 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2007, Rampal starred in an antagonist role in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' opposite Shah Rukh Khan and the debuting [[Deepika Padukone]]. The film emerged as the year's highest-grossing film in India and the overseas market, and became India's highest grossing production ever up to that point with a worldwide gross of over {{INR}} 1.48 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> It was Rampal's biggest hit in his career and earned him critical acclaim for his villainous role.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal turns mean, vicious for OM SHANTI OM!|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/sep/27_om_shanti_om_arjun_rampal_farah_khan_shah_rukh_khan_090702.asp|work=Glamsham.com|access-date=11 July 2012|date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430032614/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/sep/27_om_shanti_om_arjun_rampal_farah_khan_shah_rukh_khan_090702.asp|archive-date=30 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal the surprise of Om Shanti Om|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2007/arjun-om-shanti-om-surprise-131107.html|work=OneIndia Entertainment|access-date=11 July 2012|author=Joginder Tuteja|date=13 November 2007|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121447/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2007/arjun-om-shanti-om-surprise-131107.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff]] wrote: "Rampal's persona exudes too much warmth to pass off as a cold-blooded antagonist."<ref>{{cite web|title=''Om Shanti Om'' scores and how!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/09oms.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=8 November 2012|author=Sukanya Verma|date=9 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/09oms.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Rampal won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] for his villainous performance in ''Om Shanti Om'' and got nominations at the IIFA, Star Screen and [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|Apsara]] ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722205820/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

=== 2008–11: Critical acclaim ===
[[File:Arjun-Rampal-BH.jpg|thumb|right|Rampal at the All India Squash Championship Awards Function in 2010]]
Following the success of ''Om Shanti Om'', Rampal started to rise as a successful actor. In 2008, Rampal gave a performance in ''[[Rock On!!]]'' as Joseph "Joe" Mascarenhas, the lead guitarist of a band, a poor idealist who never learned that self-promotion is more important than music in a remixed world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock on, ''Magik''|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/28rock.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=9 November 2012|author=Sumit Bhattacharya|date=28 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905005841/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/28rock.htm|archive-date=5 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Rampal learned guitar to prepare for his role. His performance was widely acclaimed, earning him the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[56th National Film Awards]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award]] at the [[54th Filmfare Awards]], [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] at the [[10th IIFA Awards]] and [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="NATIONAL FILM AWARD">{{cite web|title=National Film Awards Best Supporting Actor|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/national-awards-best-supporting-actor-593.html|work=Awards & Shows|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820230650/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/national-awards-best-supporting-actor-593.html|archive-date=20 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FILMFARE AWARD">{{cite web|title=Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-supporting-actor-69.html|work=Awards & Shows|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000938/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-supporting-actor-69.html|archive-date=5 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="56TH NATIONAL FILM AWARD">{{cite web|title=56th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152853/http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2009 – Filmfare Award 2009 Winners|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-2009-85.html|work=Awards & Shows|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723035904/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-2009-85.html|archive-date=23 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AWARDS & NOMINATIONS">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/arjun-rampal/awards.html|title=Arjun Rampal Awards & Nominations|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206164917/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/arjun-rampal/awards.html|archive-date=6 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2008 BO">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=131&catName=MjAwOA==&PHPSESSID=c57491f6bb68eb4b6d53fe0acf0bf999|title=Worldwide Grossers (Figures in INR)|access-date=20 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216084352/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=131&catName=MjAwOA==&PHPSESSID=7a044b7ce9ec8895be43a4afa9fe350c|archive-date=16 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> This brought wider success and acclaim to Rampal. Noted critic [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised Rampal's performance and wrote: "If you actually had to choose, then the vote would go for Arjun Rampal who displays a newfound maturity and looks absolutely groovy with his windblown hair and his guitar-strumming stance."<ref>{{cite news|title=Rock On|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rock-on/movie-review/3423303.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 November 2012|author=Nikhat Kazmi|date=29 August 2008|author-link=Nikhat Kazmi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024092757/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Rock-On/movie-review/3423303.cms|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Martin D'Souza]] of [[Bollywood]] Trade News Network praised Rampal, writing: "Arjun Rampal is slowly coming into his own. After playing a character with a negative shade in ''Om Shanti Om'', he returns with another powerful performance as Joe Mascarenhas, the lead guitarist of the band. Vibrant at first, and then subdued he walks the act with a rock star gait."<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock On!! Movie Review|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/29-rock-on-movie-review-080801.asp|work=Bollywood Trade News Network|author=Martin D'Souza|publisher=Glamsham|access-date=10 November 2012|date=30 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620220151/http://glamsham.com/movies/reviews/29-rock-on-movie-review-080801.asp|archive-date=20 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Later that year, he starred in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s English-language [[arthouse]] film ''[[The Last Lear]]'', alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. The film premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and was received well at a number of other film festivals. Upon its theatrical release in India, Rampal got favourable reviews for his performance. He gave a show-stealing performance. Taran Adarsh wrote: "Arjun is evolving into a fine actor. After ''Rock On!!'', this is another performance that would fetch Arjun laurels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508361|title=The Last Lear Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=12 September 2008|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430161610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508361|archive-date=30 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Martin D'Souza considered it to be Rampal's best performance to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Lear Movie Review|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/12-the-last-lear-movie-review-090814.asp|work=Bollywood Trade News Network|author=Martin D'Souza|publisher=Glamsham|access-date=10 November 2012|date=13 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622234354/http://glamsham.com/movies/reviews/12-the-last-lear-movie-review-090814.asp|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] praised Rampal's performance, writing: "Arjun Rampal shines as the guilt-ridden filmmaker, too ashamed to even apologise for his selfishness."<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajeev Masand|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|title=Masand's Verdict: The Last Lear is slyly over the top|date=13 September 2008|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html|access-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rampal's only release of 2009 was [[Deepak Tijori]]'s ''[[Fox (film)|Fox]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Sunny Deol]], [[Sagarika Ghatge]] and [[Udita Goswami]]. The film mainly received negative reviews and flopped at the box office, but Rampal earned critical acclaim. Taran Adarsh praised Rampal's performance as perfect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65125|title=Fox Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=4 September 2009|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129103045/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65125|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

2010 would go on to become the most successful year of Rampal's career with three back to back hits. The first was [[Sajid Khan]]'s [[comedy]] film ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'', in which he starred in a supporting role. The film received negative reviews, but became a huge hit at the box office. Rampal's next release was [[Prakash Jha]]'s multi-starrer ''[[Raajneeti]]''. Rampal received critical acclaim for his supporting role of Prithvi in the movie. Taran Adarsh wrote: "Arjun is a revelation and what a terrific performance he pitches in. He's like an untamed lion."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508306|title=Raajneeti Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=3 June 2010|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512044723/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/508306|archive-date=12 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> His performance earned him a nomination for the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.avstv.com/2011/01/20/56th-filmfare-awards-nominations/ |title=56th Filmfare Awards Nominations |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110124547/http://news.avstv.com/2011/01/20/56th-filmfare-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=10 January 2014 }}</ref> He won the award in the Best Supporting Actor at the [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]], Apsara and [[Zee Cinema|Zee Cine]] categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html#nominations |title=The 12th IIFA Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners |access-date=28 January 2012 |work=iifa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155916/http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=28 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114070754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |archive-date=14 January 2011 }}</ref> His last release of the year was Siddharth Malhotra and [[Karan Johar]]'s ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'', in which he played a lead role opposite [[Kajol]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. It was an average grosser and Rampal's first successful movie that featured him in a lead role. Taran Adarsh wrote: "Arjun continues to surprise. ''[[Rock On!!|Rock On]]!!'', ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'', ''[[Raajneeti]]'' and now ''We Are Family'' indicates the growth of this actor. He handles the emotional moments well, too."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/536232|title=We Are Family Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 July 2012|date=31 August 2010|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221202050/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/536232|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kajol, Arjun Steal The Show |url=http://ww.smashits.com/kajol-arjun-steal-the-show/movie-review-8333.html |publisher=SmasHits.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=K N Gupta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231439/http://ww.smashits.com/kajol-arjun-steal-the-show/movie-review-8333.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref>

In 2011, Rampal played the titular negative role in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s [[science fiction]] movie ''[[Ra.One]]''. The movie became a successful film in India and overseas and received mixed reviews. Rampal's new bald look earned him a lot of appreciation and popularity within the audiences. Majority of the fans considered his "Ra. One" look to be better than that of the protagonist "G.One".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100006885-arjun_rampals_raone_look_better_than_srks_gone/ |title=Arjun Rampal's Ra.One look better than SRK's G.One? |publisher=Apun Ka Choice.com |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122064446/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100006885-arjun_rampals_raone_look_better_than_srks_gone |archive-date=22 January 2012 }}</ref> He earned critical acclaim for his villainous performance. Martin D'Souza praised Rampal's performance and considered him to be the saviour of the film that was being flawless in the second half. He wrote: "It's only after the interval that the plot meanders a bit, loses it sting and almost falls apart like a pixelised image, before Arjun lights up the screen."<ref>{{cite web|title=Ra.One Movie Review|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/25-ra-one-movie-review-101101.asp|work=Bollywood Trade News Network|author=Martin D'Souza|publisher=Glamsham|access-date=25 November 2012|date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622054006/http://glamsham.com/movies/reviews/25-ra-one-movie-review-101101.asp|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arthur J Pais of Rediff.com wrote: "The best person to gain from the film directed by Anubhav Sinha with more inane and crude sexual jokes than in any recent Hindi film, is Arjun Rampal. His body language and brooding face creates a quietly menacing villain."<ref>{{cite web|title=Ra.One disappoints New York|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2011/oct/26/review-raone-arthur-pais.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=25 November 2012|author=Arthur J Pais|date=26 October 2011|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011121448/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-raone-arthur-pais/20111026.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] wrote: "Arjun Rampal is the best thing in the biggest budget Indian feature of all time."<ref>{{cite web|title=''Ra.One'': What a letdown!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-raone-raja-sen/20111026.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=25 November 2012|author=Raja Sen|date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-raone-raja-sen/20111026.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Aseem Chhabra considered Rampal to be the "most interesting element of the film."<ref>{{cite web|title=Why ''Ra.One'' disappoints|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-ra/20111026.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=25 November 2012|author=Aseem Chhabra|date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160620/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-ra/20111026.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2012–2018: Experimental roles and career setbacks ===
[[File:Arjun Rampal, Madhur Bhandarkar, Kareena Kapoor at the First look launch of 'Heroine' 03.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rampal (right) with co-star [[Kareena Kapoor]] and director [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] during the launch of the film ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' in 2012]]

Rampal had three releases in 2012: [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'', Prakash Jha's ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' and the comedy movie ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'', with all three failing at the box office. However, Rampal earned critical acclaim for his performances. In ''Heroine'', Rampal played the role of Aryan Khanna, a well-known actor, starring opposite Kareena Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Arjun-opposite-Ash-in-Heroine/articleshow/8488099.cms|title=Arjun opposite Ash in Heroine|date=22 May 2011|access-date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111204010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news-interviews/29568966_1_arjun-rampal-ash-madhur-bhandarkar|archive-date=11 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/050611-arjun-rampal-heroine-madhur-bhandarkar-bollywood.htm|title=Rampal gets to play hero|author=Jha, Subhash K|date=5 June 2011|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212060048/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/050611-arjun-rampal-heroine-madhur-bhandarkar-bollywood.htm|archive-date=12 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie failed to become a success at the box office with an earning of {{INRConvert|225|m}} net at the weekend. It was declared below average by Box Office India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4953&nCat= |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227114850/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4953&nCat= |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''Chakravyuh'', Rampal played the role of a police officer, SP Adil Khan, starring opposite [[Abhay Deol]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Anjali Patil]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kunal M Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Arjun-turns-cop-for-Prakash-Jhas-Chakravyuh/articleshow/12878180.cms |title=Arjun turns cop for Prakash Jha's Chakravyuh |date=26 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|159|m}} in the first week.<ref name="first week">{{cite web|title=Chakravyuh Week One Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5051&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia |access-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108014528/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5051&nCat= |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref> However, Rampal earned critical acclaim for his performance as a police officer.<ref>{{cite web|title='Chakravyuh' Gets Mixed Reaction; Arjun Rampal Impresses Critics|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/398652/20121026/chakravyuh-gets-mixed-reaction-arjun-rampal-impresses.htm|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=25 November 2012|date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029025834/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/398652/20121026/chakravyuh-gets-mixed-reaction-arjun-rampal-impresses.htm|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Vats of CNN-IBN wrote: "Arjun Rampal's image and dialogue delivery mar his chances, but it is one of his better performances, in fact he has given Abhay Deol a run for his money in double shots."<ref>{{cite web|author=Rohit Vats|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|title='Chakravyuh' Review: Not everything is decided by the stock exchange|date=27 October 2012|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chakravyuh-review-not-everything-is-decided-by-the-stock-exchange/302481-47-77.html|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029215600/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chakravyuh-review-not-everything-is-decided-by-the-stock-exchange/302481-47-77.html|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In ''Ajab Gazabb Love'', Rampal played the double role of twin brothers Karan and Arjun, based on the popular duo of Karan Arjun from the hit [[Karan Arjun|1995 film of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal in a double role|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/arjun-rampal-in-a-double-role-437.html|work=Filmfare Editorial|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=25 November 2012|date=17 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031021710/http://www.filmfare.com/news/arjun-rampal-in-a-double-role-437.html|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the film flopped at the box office, Rampal earned critical acclaim for his double role performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550897|title=Ajab Gazabb Love Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 October 2012|date=26 October 2012|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923001638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550897|archive-date=23 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|title='Ajab Gazabb Love' Review: Misplaced scenes restrict the flow|date=27 October 2012|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajab-gazabb-love-review-misplaced-scenes-restrict-the-flow/302459-47-77.html|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029223734/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajab-gazabb-love-review-misplaced-scenes-restrict-the-flow/302459-47-77.html|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''The Times of India'' wrote: "Arjun Rampal's comic-timing is a revelation. His double-act entertains and adds energy to this comedy."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ajab Gazabb Love movie review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ajab-gazabb-love/movie-review/16967333.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 November 2012|author=Madhureeta Mukherjee|date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125080140/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ajab-Gazabb-Love/movie-review/16967333.cms|archive-date=25 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

His first release of 2013 was [[Sudhir Mishra]]'s ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'', opposite [[Chitrangada Singh]]. Though the film flopped at the box office, Rampal earned positive reviews for his performance by critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Another National Award for Arjun Rampal? |url=http://canindia.com/2013/01/another-national-award-for-arjun-rampal/ |publisher=CanIndia NEWS |access-date=27 January 2013 |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216110404/http://www.canindia.com/2013/01/another-national-award-for-arjun-rampal/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Shines in Inkaar |url=http://canindia.com/2013/01/arjun-shines-in-inkaar/ |publisher=CanIndia NEWS |access-date=27 January 2013 |date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216105503/http://www.canindia.com/2013/01/arjun-shines-in-inkaar/ |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> Taran Adarsh praised Rampal's performance, quoting: "Arjun Rampal displays remarkable understanding of the character. Post ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'', which released a few months ago, this is yet another power-packed performance that makes you realize that this supermodel has transformed into a super actor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550982|title=Inkaar Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 January 2013|date=18 January 2013|author=Taran Adarsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121074505/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550982|archive-date=21 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His next film was [[Nikhil Advani]]'s action movie ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'', co-starring [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Shruti Haasan]] and [[Huma Qureshi]]. He portrayed Rudra Pratap Singh, a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/jun/25-news-arjun-rampals-d-day-makeover-0613011.asp|title=Arjun Rampal's D-Day makeover!|publisher=Glamsham|access-date=11 September 2013|date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730083924/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/jun/25-news-arjun-rampals-d-day-makeover-0613011.asp|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Rampal met real RAW agents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/jul/09-news-arjun-rampal-meets-real-raw-agents-for-d-day-071305.asp|title=Arjun Rampal meets real RAW agents for D DAY|publisher=Glamsham|access-date=11 September 2013|date=9 July 2013|author=Joginder Tuteja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105035224/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/jul/09-news-arjun-rampal-meets-real-raw-agents-for-d-day-071305.asp|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He earned critical acclaim for his performance. Mohar Basu of Koimoi wrote: "Arjun Rampal has evolved for the better as an actor. His infallible personality and his portrayal that has hints of both anguish and strength is what makes him stand out despite the presence of more powerful actors. He acted like a dream and that is commendable, to say the least."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/d-day-review/|title=D-Day Movie Review|author=Mohar Basu|publisher=Koimoi|access-date=10 September 2013|date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721081427/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/d-day-review/|archive-date=21 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Rummana Ahmed of [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] wrote: "As a former army officer and now an undercover agent, Arjun is intense and sharp, his body language apt and his performance precise."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-d-day-120733812.html|title=Yahoo! Movies Review: D-Day|author=Rummana Ahmed|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]]|access-date=10 September 2013|date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815210405/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-d-day-120733812.html|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubha Shetty of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote: "It is Arjun Rampal as Rudra who amazes with a performance that is undoubtedly his best till date. Rampal, apart from looking as gorgeous as he does, comfortably displays a range of emotions with surprising deft."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jul/190713-d-day-movie-review-bollywood.htm|title=Movie review: 'D-Day'|author=Shubha Shetty-Saha|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=10 September 2013|date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922100501/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jul/190713-d-day-movie-review-bollywood.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Mansha Rastogi of Now Running. com wrote: "Arjun Rampal has excelled himself by leaps and bound and makes a commendable effort of an ex-army man turned RAW Agent delightfully."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11715/bollywood.hindi/d-day/4322/review.htm|title=D-Day Review|author=Mansha Rastogi|publisher=Now Running.com|access-date=10 September 2013|date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922124752/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11715/bollywood.hindi/d-day/4322/review.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote: "Arjun Rampal does some of his best work here as the rebellious agent simmering with pent-up anger."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dday-review-its-worth-a-watch-you-wont-be-bored/407985-47-84.html|title='D-Day' review: It is far from perfect, but it is very watchable and works its strengths|author=Rajeev Masand|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=10 September 2013|date=27 July 2013|author-link=Rajeev Masand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133812/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dday-review-its-worth-a-watch-you-wont-be-bored/407985-47-84.html|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarit Ray of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote: "Arjun Rampal (agent Rudra Pratap Singh) brings to the role what he brings to every film – good looks and a standard brooding expression."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Sarit-Ray-s-review-D-Day/Article1-1095933.aspx|title=Sarit Ray's review: D-Day|author=Sarit Ray|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 September 2013|date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828041042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Sarit-Ray-s-review-D-Day/Article1-1095933.aspx|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His last release of the year was Prakash Jha's ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'' (2013). Rampal was featured in an ensemble cast including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Ajay Devgn|Ajay Devgan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Amrita Rao]]. Rampal played the role of Arjun Singh, a social activist who joined a campaign to free his former college principal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Big-B-Ajay-Arjun-Kareena-Manoj-in-Satyagraha/Article1-927544.aspx |title=Big B Ajay Arjun Kareena Manoj in Satyagraha |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 September 2013 |date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303103645/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Big-B-Ajay-Arjun-Kareena-Manoj-in-Satyagraha/Article1-927544.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref>

His next film ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' was initially scheduled to release in 2014 but it was delayed and ultimately released in 2015. He portrayed the main protagonist of the romantic thriller alongside [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]]. This was a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/435|title=Worldwide Collections of Roy|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 February 2015|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909095904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/435|archive-date=9 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critic Sarita A. Tanwar described it as a "boring, exhausting and pretentious" film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tanwar|first=Sarita A.|title='Roy' review: Not even a hot Ranbir Kapoor or a sexy Jacqueline Fernandez can save this pretentious snoozefest!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670|access-date=13 February 2015|date=13 February 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222942/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-roy-review-not-even-ranbir-or-jacqueline-can-save-this-pretentious-snoozefest-2060670|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Rampal starred in the sequel to ''[[Rock On!!]]'', ''[[Rock On!! 2]]'' alongside [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Purab Kohli]], in which he reprised the role of Joe Mascarenhas. It was a flop at box-office owing primarily to [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetisation]] but the camaraderie between the actors was appreciated in the film. His next release was ''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh|Kahaani 2]]'', in which he portrayed the role of a sub-inspector on the hunt of missing protagonist (portrayed by [[Vidya Balan]]). The film was an average grosser but his performance was appreciated.

His next venture was a biopic on gangster-turned-politician [[Arun Gawli]] called ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'' (2017) in which he portrayed Gawli and also produced the film. He reduced 10 kg weight and missed workout for nearly two years to portray the character. His role was critically praised and [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''News18'' wrote "It's a shrewd performance, relying almost entirely on body language over histrionics, and the actor doesn't disappoint." He followed with the leading role in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s multi-starrer war film ''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]'' (2018), based on the real [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] between Indian and Chinese armies in 1967. Rampal portrayed the character of [[Rai Singh Yadav]], who led 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]] in the battle.

=== 2019–present: Streaming ventures and Resurgence ===
Rampal made his OTT debut with [[Zee5]]'s thriller web series ''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]'' (2019), based on the novel ''[[I Will Go with You (novel)|I Will Go with You]]'' by [[Priya Kumar]]. He played the leading role of a pilot with mental issues risking the lives of all the passengers onboard. His performance in the series received appreciation from audiences and critical acclaim.

Rampal returned to films after a three-year hiatus in 2021 with the courtroom drama ''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]'', co-starring [[Manav Kaul]]. Rampal portrayed a lawyer defending a social activist accused for raping and murdering children and killing others. His second release of the year was [[Aparna Sen]]'s ''[[The Rapist]]'', in which he played the main lead alongside [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]. The film has been nominated for Kim Jiseok award at [[26th Busan International Film Festival#A Window on Asian Cinema|26th Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/aparna-sens-the-rapist-to-compete-for-busans-kim-jiseok-award/articleshow/85966130.cms|title= Aparna Sen's 'The Rapist' to compete for Busan's Kim Jiseok award
|first= Priyanka |last=Dasgupta |website=Times of India |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

Rampal was to make his Telugu film debut with ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' in the role of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], but had dropped out due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2021 |title=Arjun Rampal to make Telugu debut in Pawan Kalyan's period film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-rampal-make-telugu-debut-pawan-kalyan-s-period-film-143567 |work=The News Minute |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Rampal appeared as the antagonist in the action film ''[[Dhaakad]]'', his first release theatrical release since ''Paltan''. In 2023, Rampal eventually made his Telugu debut as the antagonist in ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'', which enjoyed a decent run at the box-office. Rampal continued his antagonistic roles in 2024 with the action film ''[[Crakk]]'', which emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].

In 2025, Rampal starred in [[Aditya Dhar]]'s spy-thriller ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' alongside an ensemble cast of [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], and [[R. Madhavan]]. Rampal potrayed the role of Major Iqbal, one of the film's antagonists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Other work ==

=== Television ===
In 2008, Rampal made his television debut as one of the three judges of the [[Nach Baliye#Nach Baliye 4|fourth season]] of the [[dance]] [[reality television]] show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' on [[STAR Plus]]. The other two judges were choreographer [[Farah Khan]] and film actress [[Karisma Kapoor]].<ref name="NachBaliye1">{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal turns judge for Nach Baliye|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/06arjun.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=25 November 2012|date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160047/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/06arjun.htm|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NachBaliye3">{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal to judge Nach Baliye 4|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/arjun-rampal-judge-nach-baliye-4|publisher=Telly Chakkar|access-date=25 November 2012|date=29 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160845/http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/arjun-rampal-judge-nach-baliye-4|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Rampal hosted the [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|5th Apsara Awards]] with [[Preity Zinta]].<ref name="Apsara Award Host">{{cite web|title=Preity Zinta and Arjun Rampal to host Chevrolet Apsara Awards|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/preity-zinta-and-arjun-rampal-to-host-chevrolet-apsara-awards/30261|work=Business of Cinema| date=8 January 2010 |access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203548/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/preity-zinta-and-arjun-rampal-to-host-chevrolet-apsara-awards/30261|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2011, Rampal started hosting a new television show called ''Love 2 Hate U'' airing on [[STAR World India]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|title=Arjun Rampal back on TV with 'Love 2 Hate U'|date=3 November 2011|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/arjun-rampal-back-on-tv-with-love-2-hate-u/198961-8-66.html|access-date=26 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105193303/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/arjun-rampal-back-on-tv-with-love-2-hate-u/198961-8-66.html|archive-date=5 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The theme of the show was that Rampal would try and change the perception of people who hate Bollywood actors by bringing them face to face with them.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|title=Arjun Rampal begins shooting for 'Love 2 Hate U'|date=6 November 2011|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/arjun-rampal-begins-shooting-for-love-2-hate-u/199778-44-124.html|access-date=26 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210080035/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/arjun-rampal-begins-shooting-for-love-2-hate-u/199778-44-124.html|archive-date=10 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first episode aired on 20 November and the last episode aired on 15 January.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun's Love 2 Hate U |url=http://www.indya.com/news/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2011%2FNovember%2FNews_20111110_16 |website=indya.com |access-date=25 January 2020 |date=10 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref><ref name="LOVE 2 HATE U">{{cite web|url=http://www.starworld.in/Love2hateu|title=Love 2 Hate U|publisher=[[STAR World]]|access-date=26 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904094116/http://www.starworld.in/Love2hateu/|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Rampal made his debut in a digital web series with ''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]'' in which he played Captain Karan Sachdev and won the Best Actor in a Web Series Award.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/arjun-rampal-digital-debut-with-the-final-call-5490092/ |title=Arjun Rampal to make his digital debut with The Final Call |work=The Indian Express |agency=IANS |date=12 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, Rampal made his debut in a digital web film titled ''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nail Polish trailer: The film received positive reviews. Arjun Rampal and Manav Kaul promise a riveting courtroom drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nail-polish-trailer-arjun-rampal-and-manav-kaul-promise-a-riveting-courtroom-drama-7096756/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Stage performances ===
Alongside acting, Arjun Rampal has performed in many international stage concerts with several of [[Bollywood]] actors and actresses. In 2002, Rampal participated in his first world tour; ''Heartthrobs: Live in Concert'' with [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and sisters [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm|title=Why Britney bowled over Hrithik|access-date=3 July 2012|author=Jha, Subhash K|date=27 June 2002|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014110012/http://www.indiaabroad.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next concert was the international ''Temptations 2004'' with [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. It was the most successful Bollywood concert at the time. Nineteen shows occurred across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahrukh may attend cinema festival |date=20 December 2004 |url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |publisher=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Bahrain Tribune]] |access-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118180710/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>

In 2008, Rampal participated in ''Temptations Reloaded 2008'', a series of concerts showcased across several different countries. It was set by Shah Rukh Khan. The show also featured Khan, Kareena Kapoor, [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ganesh Hegde]], [[Javed Ali]] and [[Anusha Dandekar]]. It took place at the Ahoy Rotterdam venue in Rotterdam, Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm|title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts!|access-date=3 July 2012|date=27 June 2008|work=Rediff. Khcom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Several months later, Rampal again joined Khan, Kapoor and Kaif to perform for 15,000 spectators at [[Dubai]]'s [[Dubai Festival City|Festival City Arena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm|title=Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with 'Temptation Reloaded'|access-date=3 July 2012|author=Spicezee Bureau|date=25 October 2008|work=[[Zee News]]|publisher=[[Essel Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031758/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm|archive-date=10 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Rampal was paired with Khan in a concert at the Army Stadium, [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh to a packed audience. The other participants were [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]] and [[Ishaa Koppikar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100162925&keyword=&subcatg= |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Rani woo fans in Dhaka |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=3 July 2012 |date=11 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711202527/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100162925&keyword=&subcatg= |archive-date=11 July 2012 }}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Arjun N Mehr.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Rampal with his ex-wife [[Mehr Jesia Rampal|Mehr Jesia]] in 2013 |alt=]]
Rampal has gained a frequent popularity and fan base on the basis of his good looks and acting. He is described as a versatile and popular actor by the media. He has been frequently described by the Indian media as "the hunk".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.koimoi.com/actor/arjun-rampal/|title = Arjun Rampal Biography|access-date = 14 July 2013|publisher = Koimoi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130709183622/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/arjun-rampal/|archive-date = 9 July 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> He was voted as ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s "Most Desirable Man" of 2012, beating 49 other men including actors, politicians and sportsmen.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms|title = Times top 50 Most Desirable Men of 2012|access-date = 14 July 2013|date = 6 May 2013|work = [[The Times of India]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130507123724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2012/articleshow/19895114.cms|archive-date = 7 May 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> Also in 2017, he was included in ''Times of India''<nowiki>'s ''Most Desirable Man''</nowiki> list at No. 9.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/national-times-most-desirable-men|title=National Most Desirable Men {{!}} Times Poll {{!}} Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903042800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/national-times-most-desirable-men|archive-date=3 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2012, Arjun Rampal, in association with Percept Limited launched "Lost Festival". "Lost" is a music festival driven by culture, tradition & soul.<ref name="Rampal & Percept">{{cite news |author=ET Bureau |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news/31410486_1_arjun-rampal-percept-festival |title=Percept and Arjun Rampal join hands to launch the 'Lost' |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142308/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/news/31410486_1_arjun-rampal-percept-festival |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, he joined [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]], in its campaign to ban horse-drawn [[Victoria (carriage)|carriages]] in Mumbai.<ref>"[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arjun-rampal-demands-ban-on-horsedrawn-carriages/1096071/ Arjun Rampal Demands Ban on Horse-Drawn Carriages]," 1 April 2013.</ref> Rampal's luxury night club "Lap", situated in New Delhi, hosting DJs and musicians like Lady Gaga, the Formula 1 after-parties, attended by [[Bernie Ecclestone|Bernie Ecclecston]]. He shut the club in 2016 after 8 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Arjun Rampal Questioned By Anti-Drugs Agency NCB In Mumbai|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arjun-rampal-arrives-at-narcotics-control-bureau-office-in-mumbai-for-questioning-in-anti-drugs-probe-2324704|access-date=13 November 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rampal married [[Mehr Jesia]] in 1998 and has two daughters, Mahikaa and Myra, with her. On 28 May 2018 the couple announced their separation in a joint statement after 20 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Rampal And Mehr Jesia Announce Their Separation After 20 Years of Marriage |url=https://headlinestoday.org/entertainment/682/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jessia-announce-their-separation-after-20-years-of-marriage/ |access-date=31 July 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054630/https://headlinestoday.org/entertainment/682/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jessia-announce-their-separation-after-20-years-of-marriage/ |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They were granted divorce by a [[Bandra]] family court in November 2019. The couple's two daughters will live with their mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Rampal and Mehr Jesia granted divorce, ending 21 years of marriage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jesia-granted-divorce-ending-21-years-of-marriage-1621132-2019-11-21 |access-date=22 November 2019 |work=India Today |date=21 November 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122211812/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jesia-granted-divorce-ending-21-years-of-marriage-1621132-2019-11-21 |archive-date=22 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arjun Rampal and Mehr Jesia Get Divorced After 21 Years of Marriage, Daughters to Live with Mother|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jesia-get-officially-divorced-daughters-to-live-with-the-mother-2394621.html|website=news18.com|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122133608/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/arjun-rampal-and-mehr-jesia-get-officially-divorced-daughters-to-live-with-the-mother-2394621.html|archive-date=22 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2019, Rampal announced that his girlfriend, [[Gabriella Demetriades]], was pregnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-rampal-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-announce-pregnancy-with-a-beautiful-photo-he-thanks-her-for-the-new-beginnings/story-gU05BYFzTcwvVF5F03uvUI.html|title=Arjun Rampal, girlfriend Gabriella Demetriades announce pregnancy with a beautiful photo, he thanks her for the new beginnings|date=24 April 2019|access-date=14 April 2019|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424061359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-rampal-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-announce-pregnancy-with-a-beautiful-photo-he-thanks-her-for-the-new-beginnings/story-gU05BYFzTcwvVF5F03uvUI.html|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Demetriades gave birth to a son on 18 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Rampal's girlfriend Gabriella Demetriades gives birth to baby boy; JP Dutta's daughter makes announcement |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-rampals-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-jp-duttas-daughter-makes-announcement-7017241.html |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=18 July 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718122934/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-rampals-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-jp-duttas-daughter-makes-announcement-7017241.html |archive-date=18 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Rampal introduces son Arik to the world on first birthday, shares almost a 100 pics: 'Meet the little Rampal' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-rampal-introduces-son-arik-to-the-world-on-first-birthday-shares-almost-a-100-pics-meet-the-little-rampal/story-HI67WaF2BLR00iOoKVErNN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2020 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> The couple welcomed their second son, on 20 July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |date=21 July 2023 |title=Arjun Rampal And Girlfriend Gabriella Demetriades Welcome Second Child, A Baby Boy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-and-girlfriend-gabriella-demetriades-welcome-second-child-a-baby-boy-4228009 |work=NDTV |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Ananya |date=21 July 2024 |title=Arjun Rampal's daughters Mahikaa, Myra celebrate his sons' Arik and Ariv's birthdays; GF Gabriella shares inside pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-rampal-daughters-mahikaa-myra-celebrate-his-sons-arik-and-ariv-birthdays-gabriella-demetriades-shares-inside-pics-101721536281485.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Award for Best Supporting Actor to Shri Arjun Rampal for Hindi film “Rock On”, at the 56th National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on March 19, 2010.jpg|thumb|Arjun Rampal receiving the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for Hindi film “Rock On”, at the 56th National Film Awards function, 2010.]]
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Arjun Rampal}}

Arjun Rampal has received numerous awards in his career, including a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008). He has also fetched awards for his performances in ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' (2001), ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010) and ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010).

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arjun Rampal}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name|0992000}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|arjun-rampal}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|arjun-rampal}}

{{Arjun Rampal}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Arjun Rampal|Awards]] for Arjun Rampal
| list =
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActor 2001–2020}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{StarGuildAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rampal, Arjun}}
[[Category:Arjun Rampal| ]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Kodaikanal International School alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]

Vaishnavi Chaitanya

2026-03-27T13:41:06Z

OlivaWilhite3: basic refined lead to improve readability and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Telugu actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishnavi Chaitanya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|01|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Vaishnavi Chaitanya''' (born 4 January 1994) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu films]]. She is best known for her role in the drama series ''[[The Software Devloveper|The Software DevLOVEper]]'' (2020) and the film ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=13 July 2023 |title=Doing a Layered Role Was Challenging: Baby Actress Vaishnavi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130723/doing-a-layered-role-was-challenging-baby-actress-vaishnavi.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720180126/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130723/doing-a-layered-role-was-challenging-baby-actress-vaishnavi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=షార్ట్‌‌ అండ్‌ స్వీట్‌.. 'ది సాఫ్ట్‌వేర్‌ డెవలపర్‌' |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/social-medai-trending-web-series-software-developer-1327031 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Sakshi |language=te |archive-date=2021-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521061823/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/social-medai-trending-web-series-software-developer-1327031 |url-status=live }}</ref> for which she won [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]].

== Early life ==
Vaishnavi Chaitanya was born on 4 January 1996 in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New poster of Vaishnavi Chaitanya from Baby out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/04/new-poster-of-vaishnavi-chaitanya-from-baby-out-38377.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 January 2023 |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408121110/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/04/new-poster-of-vaishnavi-chaitanya-from-baby-out-38377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has a younger brother named Nitish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/baby-movie-vaishnavi-chaitanya-biography-age-career-family-relationship-physical-appearance-favourites-movies-photos-806273|title=Baby Movie Vaishnavi Chaitanya Biography: Age, Career, Family, Relationship, Physical Appearance, Favourites, Movies, Photos|first=The Hans|last=India|date=29 June 2023|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724130832/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/baby-movie-vaishnavi-chaitanya-biography-age-career-family-relationship-physical-appearance-favourites-movies-photos-806273|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" |Notes
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
| Kartikeya's younger sister
| rowspan="6" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Debut film
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishnavi Chaitanya |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2025/05/22/actress-vaishnavi-chaitanya-pulchritudinous-picturess.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Vaishnavi Chaitanya |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ee Maaya Peremito]]''
|Alekhya
|
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.justwatch.com/ca/movie/ee-maaya-peremito |title=Ee Maya Peremito - movie: watch streaming online |language=en |access-date=2025-11-03 |via=www.justwatch.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|Sailaja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-praises-baby-team-sai-rajesh-vaishnavi-chaitanya-to-the-skies-calls-it-a-milestone-in-telugu-cinema/f883852214569|title=Allu Arjun praises Baby team to the skies, calls it a milestone in Telugu cinema|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2023-07-22|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722150440/https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-praises-baby-team-sai-rajesh-vaishnavi-chaitanya-to-the-skies-calls-it-a-milestone-in-telugu-cinema/f883852214569|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Rang De]]''
| Arjun's brother-in-law's love interest
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-06-29 |title=Baby Movie Vaishnavi Chaitanya Biography: Age, Career, Family, Relationship, Physical Appearance, Favourites, Movies, Photos |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/baby-movie-vaishnavi-chaitanya-biography-age-career-family-relationship-physical-appearance-favourites-movies-photos-806273 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
|Neelaveni
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Watch: Nani unveils first single from Tuck Jagadish, sung by director Shiva Nirvana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-nani-unveils-first-single-tuck-jagadish-sung-director-shiva-nirvana-154810 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906122452/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-nani-unveils-first-single-tuck-jagadish-sung-director-shiva-nirvana-154810 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
|Bindu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/naga-shaurya-gets-ready-for-varudu-kaavalenu|title=Naga Shaurya gets ready for Varudu Kaavalenu|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=17 November 2020|website=Telangana Today|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212223537/https://telanganatoday.com/naga-shaurya-gets-ready-for-varudu-kaavalenu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Valimai]]''
|Ramya
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Tamil Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/who-is-valimai-actor-vaishnavi-chaitanya-all-you-need-to-know-4827527.html|title=Who is Valimai Actor Vaishnavi Chaitanya? All You Need to Know|date=2 March 2022|website=News18|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722150441/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/who-is-valimai-actor-vaishnavi-chaitanya-all-you-need-to-know-4827527.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Premadesam]]''
| rowspan="1" |Maya's sister
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/premadesam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-thrigun-megha-akash-madhoos-film/e218ef90b2517|title=Premadesam OTT release date: When and where to watch Thrigun, Megha Akash's film|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2023-07-22|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722150441/https://www.ottplay.com/news/premadesam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-thrigun-megha-akash-madhoos-film/e218ef90b2517|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|Vaishnavi "Vaishu"
| Debut as lead actress in Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anand-deverakonda-discusses-director-sai-rajeshs-telugu-movie-baby-co-starring-vaishnavi-chaitanya/article67066648.ece |title=Anand Deverakonda: Vaishnavi Chaitanya's character is the soul of director Sai Rajesh's 'Baby' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 July 2023 |via=www.thehindu.com |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722150441/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anand-deverakonda-discusses-director-sai-rajeshs-telugu-movie-baby-co-starring-vaishnavi-chaitanya/article67066648.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|[[Love Me (2024 Indian film)|''Love Me'']]
|Priya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Vaishnavi Chaitanya To Play Lead Role In Ashish Reddy's Next |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vaishnavi-chaitanya-to-play-lead-role-in-ashish-reddys-next-8721679.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''[[Jack (2025 film)|Jack]]''
|Detective Afshaana / Bhanumati
|
|
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Epic – The Semester}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2025-01-15 |title=Anand Deverakonda and Vaishnavi Chaitanya Unite for an Enigmatic Tale in Sithara Entertainment's Production No. 32 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anand-deverakonda-and-vaishnavi-chaitanya-unite-for-an-enigmatic-tale-in-sithara-entertainments-production-no-32-937207 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115082838/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anand-deverakonda-and-vaishnavi-chaitanya-unite-for-an-enigmatic-tale-in-sithara-entertainments-production-no-32-937207 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Love in 143 Hours''
|Lasya
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2020
|''[[The Software Devloveper|The Software DevLOVEper]]''
|Vaishnavi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/software-developer-short-film-fame-vaishnavi-chaitanya-hot-and-cute-gallery-pk-602334.html|title=Vaishnavi Chaitanya: 'సాఫ్ట్‌వేర్ డెవలవ్‌పర్' ఫేమ్ వైష్ణవి చైతన్య క్యూట్ ఫోటోషూట్..|date=28 December 2020|website=News18 Telugu|access-date=22 July 2023|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521061825/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/software-developer-short-film-fame-vaishnavi-chaitanya-hot-and-cute-gallery-pk-602334.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Arere Manasa''
|Sindhu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/sowmya|title=Arere Manasa Telugu Web Series Ep - 4 | Vaishnavi Chaitanya, Kumar Kasaram| Nishanth Doti | 4k HD|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
|-
|''Missamma''
|Mahalakshmi
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|}

== Awards ==
* Best Performer Award 2020–Female (YouTube) at 10th Padmamohana TV Awards 2020.<ref>{{Citation |title=Shanmukh Jaswanth and VaishnaviChaitanya {{as written|Rece|ving [sic]}} Padmamohana Award {{!}}{{!}} PATS Media | date=5 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1nfTa5ilZc |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409131222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1nfTa5ilZc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Best Debut Actress at [[22nd Santosham Film Awards]] for ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=10TV |first=Saketh |date=2023-11-08 |title=22వ సంతోషం సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డ్స్.. ఈసారి ఘనంగా గోవాలో.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu |archive-date=2024-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721142556/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |url-status=live }}</ref>''
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] at [[69th Filmfare Awards South]] for ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South 2024: Ponniyin Selvan 2 Leads, Kapil Kapilan Bags 2 Trophies. See Full Winners List |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-ponniyin-selvan-2-leads-kapil-kapilan-bags-2-trophies-see-full-winners-list-article-112251099 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803170035/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-ponniyin-selvan-2-leads-kapil-kapilan-bags-2-trophies-see-full-winners-list-article-112251099 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] at [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]] for ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA winners list 2024 (Telugu, Kannada): Nani, Rakshit Shetty win Best Actor; Keerthy, Chaithra wins Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=News18 India |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127094030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11350859}}

{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaitanya, Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2019]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Gwalia in Khasia

2026-03-27T01:57:23Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating New Biography

{{Short description|1995 travelogue by Nigel Jenkins}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Gwalia in Khasia
| border = no
| image = Gwalia in Khasia.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the second edition (1996)
| author = [[Nigel Jenkins]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = Wales
| language = English
| genre =
| published = 1995
| publisher = [[Gomer Press|Gomer]]
| media_type = Print
| pages = 342
| isbn = 9781859021842
| dewey =
| oclc =
}}

'''''Gwalia in Khasia''''' is a 1995 [[Travel literature|travelogue]] by [[Welsh people|Welsh]] author [[Nigel Jenkins]]. Published by [[Gomer Press|Gomer]], it won the [[Wales Book of the Year]] in 1996.<ref name="Stephens2014">{{cite news |last=Stephens |first=Meic |date=12 February 2014 |title=Nigel Jenkins: Politically engaged and outspoken poet whose work often landed him in trouble with the officials he meant to offend |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nigel-jenkins-politically-engaged-and-outspoken-poet-whose-work-often-landed-him-in-trouble-with-the-9124685.html |accessdate=25 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

''Gwalia in Khasia'' tells the story of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists' Mission to the [[Khasi Hills]] in [[north-east India]] between 1841 and 1969. Three different narrative strands interweave throughout the book: the first being the life and work of [[Thomas Jones (missionary)|Thomas Jones]] (1810–1849) of [[Montgomeryshire]]: the first Calvinist Methodist missionary to reach the hills in April 1841.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Samrat |date=15 October 2001 |title=Author Nigel Jenkins talks about his book 'Through The Green Door' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20011015-author-nigel-jenkins-talks-about-his-book-through-the-green-door-774437-2001-10-14 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JONES, THOMAS (1810 - 1849), the first Calvinistic Methodist missionary on the Khasia Hills (Assam) {{!}} Dictionary of Welsh Biography |url=https://biography.wales/article/s-JONE-THO-1810#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&manifest=https://damsssl.llgc.org.uk/iiif/2.0/4673346/manifest.json&xywh=254,332,1422,1148 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=biography.wales}}</ref> Jones became a Calvinistic Methodist minister in 1840, and shortly afterwards set out for [[India]] with his wife Anne. His practical skills were valued by the Khasi community, and he learned their language by living among them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} Wales {{!}} Indian poet retraces literary heritage |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/508582.stm |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Jones recorded the [[Khasi language]] in Roman script, and the inscription on his gravestone in the Scottish Cemetery in [[Kolkata]] calls him "the founding father of the Khasi alphabet and literature". He was expelled from the church in 1847 for, amongst other things, involving himself in the commercial venture of farming. As a result of his criticisms of a local industrialist, Harry Inglis, Jones was later forced to leave the Khasi hills. During his escape through the jungle he contracted [[malaria]], and died on 16 September 1849.

The second narrative strand in ''Gwalia in Khasia'' is the tale of the mission in the time after Thomas Jones, including the impact of the [[1897 Assam earthquake]], which destroyed most of the mission buildings but also drove hundreds of Khasis into the arms of the Church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Nigel Jenkins - Cherrapunjee Holiday Resort |url=https://cherrapunjee.com/nigel-jenkins/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> This narrative strand wraps up in 1969, when the remaining missionaries left India.

The third strand is the account of Jenkins' own travels in the Khasi hills during the early 1990s.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

==Reception==
In 1996, '''''Gwalia in Khasia''''' won the [[Wales Book of the Year]] award. In 2002, the book was republished in India by [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] under the title ''Through The Green Door: Travels Among the Khasis.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Through the Green Door - National Library of Wales Archives and Manuscripts |url=https://archives.library.wales/index.php/through-the-green-door |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=archives.library.wales}}</ref>

In the [[obituary]] for Jenkins published in ''[[The Independent]]'' in 2014, [[Meic Stephens]] noted that ''Gwalia in Khasia'' "was compared by competent critics to the work of such travel-writers as [[Jan Morris]] and [[Paul Theroux]]."<ref name="Stephens2014" />

== Documentaries ==
The story of the Welsh mission to the Khasi hills detailed in ''Gwalia in Khasia'' was also the subject of two television documentaries, both written and presented by Jenkins. The first was ''Gwalia yng Nghasia'', a three-part [[Welsh language|Welsh-language]] documentary series for [[S4C]], which aired during March and April 1994. The second was a one-hour documentary for [[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Wales]], this time in the [[English language]], which aired a year later in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio & Television |url=http://www.nigeljenkins.wales/radiotv.htm |website=www.nigeljenkins.wales}}</ref>

==''Khasia in Gwalia''==
Jenkins also edited an accompanying anthology of poetry and prose from the Khasi Hills, entitled ''Khasia in Gwalia''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khasia in Gwalia - National Library of Wales Archives and Manuscripts |url=https://archives.library.wales/index.php/khasia-in-gwalia |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=archives.library.wales}}</ref> The first collection of Khasi literature to appear in [[Western world|the West]], it featured the writing of Desmond L. Kharmawphlang, [[Robin Ngangom|Robin S. Ngangom]], Lealle Hardinge Pde, Kynpham Singh Nongkynrlh and Gweneth Alicia Mawlong. Released by Alun Books in June 1995, the anthology was published to coincide with a tour of Wales by the five writers involved, who were joined on tour by three Khasi musicians: Brek Wansett, Jurimon Risaw and Sanjarawain Risaw. All of the poems appeared in the anthology their original languages of either Khasi or English, with the poems in Khasi translated by the poets into English and some poems additionally translated into Welsh by the poet [[Dafydd Rowlands]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Khasia in Gwalia |publisher=Alun Books |year=1995 |isbn=0907117708 |editor-last=Jenkins |editor-first=Nigel |location=Swansea |pages=3–19 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1995 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:British travel books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Welsh non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]

New Yamuna Bridge

2026-03-26T00:29:28Z

OlivaWilhite3: updated page

{{short description|Cable-Stayed Bridge in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name= New Yamuna Bridge
|image= Naini Bridge @ Allahabad.jpg
|official_name= Syama Prasad Mukherjee Setu
|carries= 4 lanes, pedestrians and bicycles
|location= [[Prayagraj]], [[India]]
|design= [[Cable-stayed bridge]]
|designer= [[Hindustan Construction Company]] and [[Hyundai Engineering and Construction]]
|mainspan= {{convert|260|m|ft|0}}
|length= {{convert|1510|m|ft|0}}
|height=
|clearance=
|coordinates = {{coord|25.4272|81.8613|display=inline,title}}
|below=
|traffic=
|material=Steel
|begin= 2000
|complete= 2004
|closed=
|toll=
|label =
|label_size =
|alt =
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|float =
|width = 250
|caption = 
}}

The '''New Yamuna Bridge''' is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] located in [[Prayagraj]]. The bridge was constructed by the end of 2004 with the aim of minimizing the traffic over the [[Old Naini Bridge]]. The bridge runs north–south across the [[Yamuna River]] connecting the city of Prayagraj to its neighborhood of [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]]. The construction was consulted by [[COWI A/S]], a [[Denmark|Danish]] consulting company. Main construction was done by [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]] and was successfully completed in 2004. The structure spans 1,510 meters with a main span of 260 meters, featuring six traffic lanes and pedestrian walkways.

== History ==
The New Yamuna Bridge was constructed to ease congestion from the older Naini Bridge and improve connectivity between [[Prayagraj]] and [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], especially due to increasing commuter and pilgrimage traffic.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19-21, 1999, Hyderabad|author1=Dayaratnam, P.|author2=Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers|date=2000|publisher=Universities Press (India) Limited|isbn=9788173712715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA204|page=204|accessdate=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyazaki |first=Keishi |date=November 2006 |title=Construction of a Bridge over River Yamuna at Allahabad/Naini |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2007/pdf/project30_full.pdf |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=jica.go.jp}}</ref><ref name="House">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=New Yamuna Bridge in Prayagraj: Facts, features and architecture |url=https://housing.com/news/new-yamuna-bridge-prayagraj-fact-guide/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Housing News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The construction began in the early 2000s and the bridge was completed in 2004, officially opened for public use the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=MAURER AG - Home - |url=http://www.maurer-soehne.com/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/en/projectinfo/Allahabad_Naini_Bridge_India.pdf |website=maurer-soehne.com |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108121335/http://www.maurer-soehne.com/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/en/projectinfo/Allahabad_Naini_Bridge_India.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built by [[Hyundai Engineering and Construction]] with engineering consultation from [[COWI A/S]], a Danish engineering consultancy with expertise in large-scale civil projects.<ref name="Mageba">{{Cite web |title=Naini Bridge |url=https://www.mageba-group.com/ca/en/1023/Asia/India/278893/Naini-Bridge.htm |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.mageba-group.com |language=en-ca}}</ref> The project was one of India's earliest modern cable-stayed bridges, reflecting a shift toward international infrastructure collaboration and urban modernization in northern India.<ref name="NIC">{{Cite web |title=The New Yamuna Bridge {{!}} District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/tourist-place/the-new-yamuna-bridge/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Structural Specifications ==
The New Yamuna bridge is a [[Cable-stayed bridge|cable-stayed]] structure with a main span of 260 m and a total length of 1,510 m, designed to withstand high vehicular loads while minimizing disruption to the Yamuna River's flow.<ref name="Mageba"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dayaratnam |first1=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC |title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19-21, 1999, Hyderabad |last2=Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers |publisher=Universities Press (India) Limited |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 |page=204-205 |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> It features a six-lane carriageway, with two additional pedestrian walkways flanking both sides, accommodating both motor and foot traffic.<ref name="House"/> The pylons rise to a height of 151 meters, with cables arranged in a harp pattern, that us visually enhancing the Prayagraj skyline while ensuring even load distribution.<ref name="NIC"/> The bridge is built using prestressed concrete and steel, and designed to accommodate high seismic resilience, a critical feature for long-span bridges in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Designing and 3-D Modelling of a Sustainable Cable Stayed Bridge-A Case Study {{!}} E3S Web of Conferences |url=https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/ref/2020/80/e3sconf_ses2020_01070/e3sconf_ses2020_01070.html |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.e3s-conferences.org |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridge engineering - Major bridges |url=http://www.cowi.com/menu/service/BridgeTunnelandMarineStructures/Documents/021-1700-008e-07b_MajorBridges.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090938/http://www.cowi.com/menu/service/BridgeTunnelandMarineStructures/Documents/021-1700-008e-07b_MajorBridges.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:New Yamuna Bridge in prayagraj, uttar pradesh, india.jpg|Clicked by Salim Ansari
File:On the banks of New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.jpg|New Yamuna Bridge at dusk
File:Naini Bridge Prayagraj 02.jpg|Naini Bridge [[Prayagraj]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
* [[List of largest cable-stayed bridges|List of largest cable-stayed bridges in the World]]
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]
* [[List of bridges in India]]
* [[List of bridges]]
* [[Old Naini Bridge]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Bridges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Yamuna River]]

M. S. Umesh

2026-03-24T22:54:09Z

OlivaWilhite3: slightly fix article and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian actor (1945–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Umesh
| image = M. S. Umesh (2023).jpg
| caption = Umesh in 2023
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|4|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], Kingdom of Mysore, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|11|30|1945|4|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|director}}
| years active = 1960–2023
| spouse =
| awards =
}}

'''Mysore Srikantayya Umesh''' (24 April 1945 – 30 November 2025), popularly known as '''M. S. Umesh''' or simply '''Umesh''', was an Indian actor in Kannada cinema who had a career spanning over six decades.<ref>[https://archive.today/20150420114726/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/veteran-kannada-actor-umesh-is-living-in-poverty/276853-71-205.html Veteran Kannada actor Umesh is living in poverty]</ref> After having featured in several stage shows as an actor in his childhood, he was hired for the lead character in the film ''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' (1960). Thereafter, he acted in over 350 feature films. Brother of actor MS Sathya, Umesh was renowned for his unique dialogue delivery, facial expressions and comedy timing. He was also the music director of the television serial ''Jeevanada Jenahanigalu'' produced by [[Sundar Raj]].<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=3ogHes1hDyAl97q9&v=laT2SE-lH58&feature=youtu.be</ref>

==Background==
Umesh was born on 24 April 1945 to A. L. Srikantayya and Nanjamma. His basic schooling was in [[Mysore]] where he was drawn towards theatre and stage performances. At the age of 4, he joined the popular theatre troupe run by K. Hirannaiah. Soon he joined the more famous [[Gubbi Veeranna]]'s company and performed various roles as a child artist. It was in one such stage plays that the then assistant director [[Puttanna Kanagal]] noticed him and recommended his name to [[B. R. Panthulu]]'s next film.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/he-has-many-stories-to-tell/article3695012.ece He has many stories to tell]</ref>

Umesh's first appearance as an actor on the silver screen was with ''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' in 1960 directed by veteran actor-director [[B. R. Panthulu]] for his Padmini films banner. This was also the second film produced by [[M. V. Rajamma]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} This film also featured veteran Tamil actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in a cameo role.

==Career==
After the superhit debut film, Umesh who was 15, could no longer feature in child roles nor in adult roles, either. He moved back to stage shows and took up jobs which included some back stage labour works. He struggled to find himself a good role in drama plays too. It was then that Puttanna Kanagal again came to his rescue and cast him in his anthology film ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' (1977). His portrayal as "Thimmarayi" in the ''Munithaayi'' episode featuring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Aarathi]] fetched him multiple laurels including the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. Starting from here, Umesh was cast in a series of films from the 1980s to the 2000s. Some of his best remembered films include ''[[Nagara Hole]]'' (1978), ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981), ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'' (1981), ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' (1983), ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984), ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'' (1987), ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'' (1984), ''[[Malaya Marutha]]'' (1986), ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' (1990), ''[[Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare]]'' (1993), ''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' (2007) to name a few.

Umesh's comedy role as "Sithapathi" in the 1990 comedy film, ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' starring [[Ananth Nag]] in the lead is considered one of the best comedy roles in Kannada cinema. His catchy dialogue "Apaartha Madkondbitro Eno" is widely acclaimed among the masses.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeLPxmvcRrA Golmaal Radhakrishna comedy scene video]</ref> His role as an old toothless widow grandmother in [[Ramesh Aravind]]'s directorial ''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' was also widely appreciated.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/20first-look-ramesh-arvind-venkata-in-sankata.htm First Look: Ramesh Arvind's Venkata In Sankata]</ref>

==Death==
Umesh died from liver cancer in a Bengaluru hospital on 30 November 2025, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/veteran-kannada-actor-umesh-dies-2908063 Veteran Kannada actor Umesh passes away] News9Live</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-umesh-passes-away-at-80-kannada-cinema-loses-a-beloved-comic-legend/articleshow/125668842.cms Actor Umesh passes away at 80; Kannada cinema loses a beloved comic legend]</ref>

==Selected filmography ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' (1976)...Thimmaraya
* ''[[Nagarahole (film)|Nagarahole]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' (1977)
* ''Savalige Saval'' (1978)
* ''[[Vasantha Lakshmi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Thappida Thala]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kiladi Jodi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Putani Agent 123]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Mutthu Ondu Mutthu]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Madhu Chandra]]'' (1979)...Hanuma
* ''Prema Anuraga'' (1980)
* ''[[Haavina Hede]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Bangarada Mane]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Suvarna Sethuve]]'' (1982)
* ''Prema Mathsara'' (1982)
* ''[[Nanna Devaru]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Simha Garjane]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Kalluveene Nudiyithu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Ibbani Karagithu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Hasida Hebbuli]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gandharva Giri]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Avala Neralu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Pralayanthaka]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Prachanda Kulla]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Gandu Bherunda]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Benki Birugali (1984 film)|Benki Birugali]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Nanna Prathigne]]'' (1985)...Chenna
* ''[[Malaya Marutha]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Shruthi Seridaaga]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Challenge Gopalakrishna]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' (1990)...Sithapathi
* ''[[Rani Maharani]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Raja Kempu Roja]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Policena Hendthi]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare]]'' (1991)
* ''Golmaal Part 2'' (1991)...Sithapathi
* ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kollur Kala]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Hatyakanda]]'' (1991)
* ''Banni Ondsala Nodi'' (1992)
* ''Ksheera Sagara'' (1992)
* ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1992 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Megha Mandara]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Sahasi (film)|Sahasi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Prema Sangama]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Tharle Nan Maga]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Saptapadi (1992 film)|Sapthapadi]]'' (1992)...Krishna Murthy
* ''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mallige Hoove]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Undu Hoda Kondu Hoda]]'' (1992)...Katra
* ''[[Akasmika]]'' (1993)...Sridhar
* ''[[Server Somanna]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kalyana Rekhe]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|Time Bomb]]'' (1994)
* ''Gold Medal'' (1994)...'Buddhivanta'
* ''[[Megha Maale]]'' (1994)
* ''Hello Sister'' (1995)
* ''[[Himapatha]]'' (1995)
* ''Geluvina Saradara'' (1996)
* ''[[Hello Yama]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Nannaseya Hoove]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Hagalu Vesha]]'' (2000)
* ''Sundara Purusha'' (2000)
* ''[[Astra (2000 film)|Astra]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Balagalittu Olage Baa]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Jokefalls]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Pandu Ranga Vittala]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Seven O' Clock]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Shubham (film)|Shubham]]'' (2006)
* ''Savira Mettilu'' (2006)
* ''[[Sajni (film)|Sajni]]'' (2007)
* ''Ganesha Matthe Banda'' (2008)
* ''[[Mussanjemaatu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Crazy Kutumba]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Aithalakkadi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Mathond Madhuvena]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Lucky (2012 Kannada film)|Lucky]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Chella Pilli]]'' (2013)
* ''Navarangi'' (2014)
* ''Gandhiji Kanasu'' (2014)
* ''[[Pungi Daasa]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ond Chance Kodi]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Charlie (2015 Kannada film)|Charlie]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Mumtaz (film)|Mumtaz]]'' (2015)
* ''CBI Sathya'' (2016)
* ''Mahaveera Machideva'' (2016)
* ''Thale Bachkolli Powder Hakkolli'' (2016)
* ''[[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]'' (2016)
* ''No Entry'' (2016)
* ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' (2016)
* ''Sri Omkara Ayyappane'' (2016)
* ''[[Once More Kaurava]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Paradesi C/o London]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' (2023)
{{div col end|3}}

==Awards==
* 1975 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]''
* 2013 – Karnataka Nataka Akademy Award – for his contribution to the professional theatre.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4167153}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umesh, M. S.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver cancer in India]]

Calcutta Boys' School

2026-03-18T10:19:28Z

OlivaWilhite3: basic refine information for accuracy also and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Calcutta Boys' School
| image = Dei Mundus Deo.jpg
| type = [[Private school|Private]]

| | motto = Dei Mundus Deo
| motto_translation = The World of God for God
| religious_affiliation = [[Methodist Church in India]]

| | established = {{start date and age|1877}}
| address = 72, S.N. Banerjee Road, Kolkata - 700014
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|33|46.04|N|88|22|01.56|E|display=title,inline}}

| | founder = Bishop James M Thoburn
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] (year 10) [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] (year 12)
| principal = Raja McGee

| | campus_type = Urban
| houses = Thoburn {{color box|red}}, Laidlaw {{color box|green}}, Henderson {{color box|blue}}, Warne {{color box|yellow}}
| song = "Hail! Alma Mater"
| classes = Nursery (4+) to 12 (ISC)
| enrollment = 2200
| website = {{URL|http://www.calcuttaboysschool.edu.in/}}
}}

'''The Calcutta Boys' School''' was founded by the Rev. [[James Mills Thoburn]] ([[Methodist]] [[Missionary]] to [[India]], and later Missionary Bishop of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]), and was opened in 1877. It was endowed by [[Robert Laidlaw (politician)|Robert Laidlaw]] and others interested in the education of the sons of the [[Anglo-Indian]] and domiciled European community.<ref name="Clifford Hicks' 1980">''Clifford Hicks'' by Alfred Martin, ''Pulse'', Calcutta, February 1980.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bishop James M Thoburn.jpg|thumb|right|Bishop James M Thoburn]]
The origins of CBS are closely linked with the establishment of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[India]]. In January 1873, the Reverend [[William Taylor (bishop)|William Taylor]] founded the work of the [[James Mills Thoburn|Thoburn]] [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Calcutta]] ([[Kolkata]]). He was succeeded by the Reverend [[James Mills Thoburn]]. The latter's ardent preaching soon rendered the Entally Baptist Chapel unable to cope with the increasing number of converts.<ref name="ReferenceA">"visions & victories in Hindustan" by Bishop B.T. Badley</ref> In February 1874, a new chapel was opened at 145 [[Dharmatala]] Street, built at a cost of 16,000 [[rupee]]s largely due to the generosity of George Bowen of Bombay who donated 10,000 rupees.<ref>"The Opening Gate 1873-1923" Ed.by Louise Holloway Joyner</ref> Soon even this chapel proved unable to accommodate the growing congregation, until a larger church was constructed on Dharamtolla Street, where it stands today. The New Thoburn Church was dedicated on 31 December 1875. In 1888 Rev. James Mills Thoburn was elected Missionary Bishop of India and Malaysia - the first ever Missionary Bishop in India.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

It was Bishop Thoburn who founded the Calcutta Boys' School. First located at Mott Lane, and then later housed in a room on Corporation Street (known as S. N. Banerjee Road today), the school struggled for survival without a building of its own. It acquired a permanent residence in 1893 thanks to the generosity of a man who could be regarded as the chief patron of the school: Sir Robert Laidlaw, founder of the 'Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Company'.

The school has four houses named under the founder, benefactors and well-wishers; Thoburn (Red), Laidlaw (Green), Warne (Yellow) and Henderson (Blue).

During Mr. Clifford Hicks' (educationist) time as Principal & Secretary, the middle building that currently houses the CBS Chapel Hall was built. Named the 'Fritchley Building', the construction was made possible by the retirement benefit and gratuity of Mr. Horace Christopher Fritchley, former Principal (1931–1951), which he donated to "his very dear CBS" together with donations collected by the students of the school. The school library (now housed in the old Physics lab) is named "The Clifford Hicks Memorial Library". The CBS Archives (established in 2009) is housed in the old Library.

Mr. Gilbert Samuel, who became Principal in 1997, furthered the cause of co-curricular activities, allowing the students of CBS to secure top positions at premier National and International contests regularly, including a second-place finish at the 2003 Biology Olympiad and the International Informatics Olympiad in 2004.<ref>''The Telegraph'', 2 June 2003; 5 June 2004</ref> In 2005 CBS won the under-16 national cricket tournament, and in 2004 the national rounds of the Inter School Frank Antony Memorial Debate.

The school offers courses in science, commerce and humanities<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/calcutta-boys-school-to-introduce-humanities-from-2019-20-academic-session-293739|title=Calcutta Boys' School to introduce Humanities from 2019-20 academic session|first=Team|last=MP|date=10 April 2018|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref> (started in 2019) for the students enrolling in ISC.

[[File:Calcutta Boys' School Building 1.jpg|thumb|Frichley Building and Renfrew House]]
[[File:Laidlawflag.jpg|thumb|Laidlaw House's flag]]

==Notable alumni==


*[[Chandrajit Banerjee]], Director General - [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
*[[Protik Prakash Banerjee]], Indian Judge
*[[Sasthi Brata]], Writer
*[[Swapan Kumar Chakravorty]], former Director of [[National Library of India]]
*[[Purbayan Chatterjee]], Sitarist
*[[Utpal Chatterjee]], Cricketer
*[[Rusi Jeejeebhoy]], Cricketer
*[[Altamas Kabir]], former Chief Justice of India
*[[Amit Mitra]], Finance Minister of West Bengal
*[[Rudrangshu Mukherjee]], Editor, ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''
*[[Gaurav Pandey]], Filmmaker
*[[Ashok Som]], Associate Dean, [[ESSEC Business School]]
*[[Benjamin Walker (author)|Benjamin Walker]], Writer
*[[Prakash Panangaden]], Professor, McGill University

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 01.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 02.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 04.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 06.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 05.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 03.jpg|
File:Calcutta Boys' School Main Campus 07.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.calcuttaboysschool.edu.in/}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1877]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]

Mylapore Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T10:23:53Z

OlivaWilhite3: quick fix

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = Constitution-Mylapore.svg

| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| mla = [[Dha. Velu]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Mylapore
| electors = 2,70,536<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055545/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC025.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC025.pdf|access-date= 24 January 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mylapore''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Chennai district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 25. It covers [[Mylapore]] and surrounding localities, such as [[Alwarpet]], [[Raja Annamalaipuram]], [[Foreshore Estate]] and [[Santhome]]. Mylapore Assembly constituency is a part of [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:yellow" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[C. R. Ramaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| C. R. Ramaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Arangannal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Arangannal
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[T. N. Anandanayaki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[T. K. Kapali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| T. K. Kapali
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[B. Valarmathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[T. M. Rangarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1994 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|1994 by-election]]
| V. Balasubramaniyan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Bye-election results 1952-95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183847/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=XLS}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|AIADMK}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. P. Ramajayam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. N. Lakshmanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
|2006
|[[S. V. Shekar]]
|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (2006-2009) [[Independent (politician)|Unattached member]] (2009-2011) [[Indian National Congress]] (2011)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article1161900.ece| title=Actor-politician S Ve Shekher joins Congress| work=The Hindu| date=6 February 2011| access-date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Rajalakshmi (politician)|R. Rajalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteen]]
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R. Nataraj]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=25}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Dha. Velu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1994 by-election|1994 by-election]]|{{party color|AIADMK}}|0.0 }}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.82}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=Secular Progressive Alliance|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arun|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkataraman|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =194731 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web |title=mylapore Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a025|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dha. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,392 |percentage=44.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nataraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,759 |percentage=36.65% |change=-7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sripriya |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,904 |percentage=9.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mahalakshmi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,124 |percentage=6.65% |change=+5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,287 |percentage=0.85% |change=-1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Karthick |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,118 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,633 |percentage=8.30% |change=-1.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=152,143 |percentage=56.24% |change= -3.13% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=213 |percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,536 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nataraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,176 |percentage=43.67% |change=-12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karate R. Thiagarajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,448 |percentage=34.23% |change=-1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,720 |percentage=7.51% |change=+2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Suresh Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,806 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Munavar Basha |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,753 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,788 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sudhakar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,356 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Sathyaa Durrairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,764 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Traffic Ramaswamy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathyanarayanan @ Mylai Shathya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,017 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,728 |percentage=9.43% |change=-11.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=156,132 |percentage=59.37% |change= -6.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,980 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rajalakshmi (politician)|R. Rajalakshmi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,063 |percentage=56.03% |change=+13.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,859 |percentage=35.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vanathi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,911 |percentage=4.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ashok Rajendran |party=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (India) |votes=1,340 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,204 |percentage=20.44% |change=19.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=215,350 |percentage=66.35% |change= 3.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,882 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ve. Shekher]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,794 |percentage=42.62% |change=-3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,127 |percentage=41.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santhana Gopalan |party=Lok Paritran |votes=9,436 |percentage=6.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Rajan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,441 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Chandralekha |party=Janata Party |votes=2,898 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Narayanan (Americai) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,667 |percentage=1.13% |change=-3.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,345 |percentage=62.63% |change= 21.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,246 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -8.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Lakshmanan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,996 |percentage=51.09% |change=+46.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Maitreyan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,949 |percentage=46.03% |change=+22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Mohan Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=882 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Mohamed Amaan Khan |party=Tamil Nadu People's Party |votes=849 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,047 |percentage=5.07% |change=-38.63h }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,385 |percentage=41.35% |change= -16.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,708 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. P. Ramajayam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,736 |percentage=67.25% |change=+33.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Sampath |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,932 |percentage=23.56% |change=-35.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sujata Rao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,262 |percentage=4.44% |change=+0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Srinivasan |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,332 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=R. Jebamani |party=TLJ |votes=1,226 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sellvaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,099 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,804 |percentage=43.69% |change=18.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,565 |percentage=57.92% |change= 3.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,825 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=1994 by-election: Mylapore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. Balasubramaniyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,756 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. P. Thiyagarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,021|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,735 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK |loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Rangarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,845 |percentage=59.31% |change=+33.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nirmala Suresh |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,149 |percentage=34.12% |change=-6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,950 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Balasubramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,335 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. N. Sridharan |party=Janata Party |votes=920 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,696 |percentage=25.20% |change=9.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,954 |percentage=54.40% |change= -15.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,453 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.43% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,461 |percentage=40.88% |change=-5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sarojini Varadappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,266 |percentage=25.53% |change=-26.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Viswanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,764 |percentage=23.42% |change=-28.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,554 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jebamani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,575 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ve. Shekher]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,195 |percentage=15.35% |change=9.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,538 |percentage=69.47% |change= 3.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,258 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Valarmathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,870 |percentage=51.68% |change=+2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Bharathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,396 |percentage=46.22% |change=+0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajappa S. Alias Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=960 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,474 |percentage=5.45% |change=1.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,374 |percentage=65.96% |change= 7.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,793 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Kapali]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,260 |percentage=49.66% |change=+24.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,944 |percentage=45.67% |change=+11.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kalivarathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,015 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,316 |percentage=3.99% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,089 |percentage=58.29% |change= 7.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,818 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Kapali]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,044 |percentage=33.75% |change=-11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi Krishnamurthi |party=Janata Party |votes=21,138 |percentage=27.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mylai Narasimhan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,139 |percentage=24.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Annamalai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,449 |percentage=13.54% |change=-41.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,906 |percentage=6.36% |change= -3.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,167 |percentage=51.15% |change= -18.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,323 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. N. Anandanayaki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,301 |percentage=55.01% |change=+12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Sivagnanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,598 |percentage=44.99% |change=-12.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,703 |percentage=10.02% |change= -4.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,899 |percentage=69.17% |change= -4.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,082 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arangannal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,498 |percentage=57.02% |change=+16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,270 |percentage=42.98% |change=+14.2 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,228 |percentage=14.03% |change= 2.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,768 |percentage=73.82% |change= 1.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,731 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arangannal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,825 |percentage=40.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Varadappa Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,472 |percentage=28.78% |change=-23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijayalakshmi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,172 |percentage=15.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivaraman |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,984 |percentage=10.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathirvalu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,731 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,353 |percentage=11.46% |change= -3.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,184 |percentage=72.34% |change= 38.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,992 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. R. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,932 |percentage=52.63% |change=+13.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumari S. Viayalakshmi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=12,251 |percentage=38.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. M. Pitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,986 |percentage=9.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,681 |percentage=14.55% |change= -14.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,169 |percentage=34.04% |change= -20.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,513 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. R. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,647 |percentage=38.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Murthi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,004 |percentage=9.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Emmanuel Adimoolam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,405 |percentage=8.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,279 |percentage=8.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnana |party=Independent politician |votes=3,089 |percentage=7.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,552 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appu Rao |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,501 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kannappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,698 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasundara Naicker |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=1,377 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakuntala Bai |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunachalam |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=652 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,643 |percentage=28.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,303 |percentage=54.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,076 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.040|80.270|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

2026-02-21T14:08:02Z

OlivaWilhite3: formatting fix

{{short description|Public state university in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name = GGSIPU
| motto = ''Jyotivṛṇīta Tamaso Vijānan''
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Light of intelligence cleaves the darkness
| established = {{Start date and age|1998}}
| closed =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = [[Mahesh Verma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University |url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/VC.php |website=www.ipu.ac.in |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820013955/http://www.ipu.ac.in/VC.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Dwarka Sub City|Dwarka]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] (78 acres)
| former_names = Indraprastha University
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours = Maroon and Blue {{color box|maroon}} {{color box|blue}}
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{url|http://ipu.ac.in/}}
| image = GGSIU logo.svg
| footnotes =
| coor = {{Coord|28.595016|77.018942|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| logo = Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.png
}}

'''Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University''', formerly '''Indraprastha University''' ('''IP or IPU'''), is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located in Sector 16 [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], [[Delhi]], India. The university is organised around fourteen university schools and three university centers that focus on programs in [[law]], medicine, [[technology]], education, [[entrepreneurship]], [[science]] and business.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/schools.php | title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University | access-date=26 December 2022 | archive-date=25 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225120848/http://ipu.ac.in/schools.php | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/centersmain.php | title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University | access-date=26 December 2022 | archive-date=26 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226133925/http://www.ipu.ac.in/centersmain.php | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University was established as Indraprastha University (IPU) on 28 March 1998 by the [[Government of Delhi|Govt. of NCT Delhi]] as a state university under the provisions of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Act, 1998 with its Amendment in 1999.<ref name="lingyauniv">{{cite web|title=Establishment of Affiliating University (GGSIP UNIVERSITAS)|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_he/Higher+Education/Home/Grant+in+Aid/Establishment+of+GGSIPU|website=delhi.gov.in|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729210728/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_he/Higher+Education/Home/Grant+in+Aid/Establishment+of+GGSIPU|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university is recognised by [[University Grants Commission (India)]], under section 12B of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|UGC Act]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/aboutuni.php|title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University|website=www.ipu.ac.in|language=en|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213831/http://www.ipu.ac.in/aboutuni.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The university was named after the ancient city of [[Indraprastha]], which features prominently in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="delhiplanning">{{cite web | url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf | title=Introduction to Delhi | access-date=21 February 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174155/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2001, the university was officially renamed as Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU) after [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="sikh">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/15/stories/2001121501641400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024106/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/15/stories/2001121501641400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2011 | title=Heavy agenda for assembly session | access-date=20 February 2011 | date=15 December 2001 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Organisation and administration ==
The university has 14 university schools (colleges of the university), 12 of them are on the campus in Dwarka and 2 schools, USAR and USDI are on the new [[East Delhi]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ggsipu-east-campus-to-be-operational-this-year-7582823/|title=GGSIPU East Campus to be operational this year|date=21 October 2021|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113141627/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ggsipu-east-campus-to-be-operational-this-year-7582823/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 4 centers within the university for research in Disaster Management Studies, Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEPS), Human Values & Ethics and a center for Incubation-cum-Technology Commercialization (UCITC). Three of these centers are in the campus in Dwarka while UCITC is in the East Delhi campus.

=== University schools ===
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University has 14 university schools (colleges), 12 of them are on the main campus in Dwarka and 2 colleges, USAR and USDI are on the new campus at East Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (Official Website) |url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/schools.php |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=www.ipu.ac.in}}</ref>

* University School of Architecture and Planning
* [[University School of Automation and Robotics]]
* University School of Basic & Applied Sciences
* [[University School of Biotechnology]]
* [[University School of Chemical Technology]]
* University School of Design & Innovation
* University School of Environment Management
* University School of Humanities & Social Sciences
* [[University School of Information and Communication Technology]]
* [[University School of Law and Legal Studies]]
* [[University School of Management Studies]]
* University School of Mass Communication
* University School of Medicine and Para-Medical Health Sciences

=== Affiliated colleges ===
{{main|List of colleges affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}

There are more than 120 affiliates of the university, which are run according to the rules and regulations set by the university.<ref name="ipu4">{{cite web | url=http://ggsipu.nic.in/affiliates/institutes/urlsaffinstmain.htm | title=Affiliated Institutes | access-date=20 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200356/http://ggsipu.nic.in/affiliates/institutes/urlsaffinstmain.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==

=== World ranking ===
The University is ranked 1001-1200 in the QS rankings 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=IP University receives rising star award in QS rankings 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/delhis-ip-university-achieves-highest-jump-among-indian-institutions-in-qs-rankings-2549343-2024-06-05 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Ranking===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
|NIRF_O_2023=101-150|NIRF_U_2023=74|NIRF_M_2023=66|NIRF_E_2024=89|NIRF_L_2024=17|NIRF_B_2024=65|NIRF_A_2024=29}}

The university was ranked 66 among Indian universities by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2019<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_U_2019">{{cite web |title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/UniversityRanking.html |website=Ministry of Human Resource Development |publisher=National Institutional Ranking Framework |access-date=23 December 2020 |date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014031752/https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/UniversityRanking.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 }}</ref> and 95 in the overall category.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_U_2019/> The University School of Engineering & Technology was ranked 73 by NIRF engineering ranking<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_U_2019/> and the University School of Management Studies was ranked 62 in the management ranking.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_U_2019/>

The ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked the university 320th in Asia in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2025 - Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings?page=1&items_per_page=150 |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Gaurav Gogoi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaurav Gogoi |url=http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4926 |website=MyNeta |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207053833/http://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4926 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Irfaan Ali|Mohamed Irfaan Ali]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2023/01/13/news/guyana/president-accorded-honorary-doctorate-from-indian-university | title=President accorded honorary doctorate from Indian university | date=13 January 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Guneet Monga]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title=Guneet Monga {{!}} Sealing the deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Mint |date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207165023/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Taapsee Pannu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tapsee Pannu reveals how she was inappropriately touched in Delhi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/tapsee-pannu-reveals-how-she-was-inappropriately-touched-in-delhi/379637/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618182151/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/tapsee-pannu-reveals-how-she-was-inappropriately-touched-in-delhi/379637/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Manish Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Digitalpreneur And Owner Of ZZED Media, Manish Singh, Explains Why People, Brands And Businesses Must Embrace Digital Transformation. |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-digitalpreneur-and-owner-of-zzed-media-manish-singh-explains-why-people-brands-and-businesses-must-embrace-digit/394179 |access-date= 10 September 2021 |work= Outlook India |date= 10 September 2021 |archive-date= 11 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911012119/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-digitalpreneur-and-owner-of-zzed-media-manish-singh-explains-why-people-brands-and-businesses-must-embrace-digit/394179/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
* [[Puneet Beniwal]]
* [[Bharat Kundra]]

==See also==
* [[Education in Delhi]]
* [[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official}}
* [http://www.ipu.ac.in/ Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]
{{commons category}}

{{Universities and colleges in Delhi}}
{{Universities in the Delhi}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}
{{Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1998]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Memorials to Guru Gobind Singh]]

Migration of Iranians to India during the 16th–18th centuries

2026-02-12T18:16:40Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating First Info From Scratch - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
Iranian migration to the [[Indian subcontinent]] increased significantly after Muslim governments were established, especially during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526) and more prominently from the second half of the 16th century under the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Deccan sultanates]] ([[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]]). Iranian immigrants—including administrators, officials, scholars, poets, [[Sufism|Sufis]], craftsmen, artisans, artists, and traders—were attracted by the Persian language and cultural influence at these royal courts, which welcomed them and granted important positions. Most Iranian immigrants came from elite backgrounds rather than nomadic or rural ones. They were generally divided into two groups: those forced to relocate due to religious persecution, war, or oppression, who sought refuge in India permanently; and those who voluntarily moved seeking better opportunities, often maintaining ties with Iran and sometimes relocating between Indian courts. The Mughal courts, especially under rulers like [[Humayun]], [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], and [[Shah Jahan]], featured Iranians in key administrative and cultural roles, with many Iranian poets and officials playing a dominant role in court life.

Of the three main Deccan sultanates, Iranian supremacy at the Golconda court turned out to be the most enduring. As several notable [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Niyogi Brahmin]] families rose to importance in the 1670s, their influence started to somewhat decline. Regardless, as long as the Deccan sultanates existed, the Iranian influence persisted in some manner. During the late 18th century, when neither the Deccan sultanates nor the [[Safavid dynasty]] existed anymore, the Iranians still continued to play an important part in the [[Hyderabad State]] (1724–1948) ruled by the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]].

== Reasons for immigration ==
[[File:Map of Safavid Iran (1501–1736).svg|thumb|Map of [[Safavid Iran]] and its surroundings, including the [[Mughal Empire]] to its east]]
Since Muslim governments were established in the [[Indian subcontinent]], migration from the [[Iranian plateau]] appears to have increased significantly. By the 13th and 14th centuries, the court of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526) hosted Iranian immigrants who already held important roles.{{sfn|Haneda|2004|p=82}} During the brief reign of [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]] ({{reign|1205|1228}}), several leading Iranian writers were present at his court, including [[Muhammad Aufi]], who there composed the first major Persian ''[[Tadhkirah|tazkera]]'' ([[anthology]]), ''[[Lubab ul-Albab]]'' ("The essence of wisdom").{{sfn|Alam|2003|pp=133–134}}

A new stage of Iranian immigration began in the second half of the 16th century. Administrators, officials, scholars, poets, [[Sufism|Sufis]], craftsmen, artisans, artists, and traders were amongst the many different backgrounds of the Iranians that moved to India. They sought favor at the royal courts of the [[Mughal Empire]] in northern India, as well as the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adilshahis]] and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutbshahis]] in the [[Deccan]] region, due to their backgrounds, which was based on the Persian language and way of life. These courts happily accepted the majority, giving them important positions. The majority of these Iranian immigrants were members of the elite, rather than from a nomadic or rural background.{{sfn|Haneda|2004|pp=82–83}}

Iranian immigrants were generally divided into two groups. The first group consisted of immigrants who had been forced to relocate due to religious persecution, war or oppression. For them, India served as a place to seek refuge, never returning to Iran. This was not unique to this period, as it could occur anyplace at any time in history. Amongst these immigrants were [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Ismailism|Ismailis]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]. The royal courts in India were willing to accept anyone as long as they had skills in a particular sector since they considered talent to be of high importance. Religious differences were not taken too serious in India.{{sfn|Haneda|2004|pp=82–83}} The second group consisted of immigrants who voluntarily relocated after failing to thrive in their own country. They could stay in contact with their friends and family, and even return to Iran. Occasionally, this group would relocate between Indian courts. Whether they served the [[Safavid dynasty]] in Iran or a dynasty in India was of little importance to the Persian-speaking notables familiar with court life. A saying had been coined that, for them, "India was a source of fortune."{{sfn|Haneda|2004|pp=82–83}}

However, many Iranians were disappointed by the lack of success in India, with some returning home.{{sfn|Losensky|2021|p=457}} Biographers sometimes described Iranian immigrant poets as "falling to India," indicating the difficulties these poets faced in the country as well as possibly referencing [[Adam]]'s fall from heaven. Although India was widely seen as a tolerant society, it was still susceptible to greed, jealousy, tyranny, and even discrimination based on faith, to the point where some [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] emigrants had to hide their negative sentiments about the country. Poets such as Amani Esfahani openly expressed this, which contemporary biographers commended.{{sfn|Shafieioun|2019|p=164}} Indians eventually started accusing Iranian immigrants of being unappreciative due to their criticism of the country.{{sfn|Shafieioun|2019|p=165}} Regardless, the success stories of some Iranians in India continued to encourage others to immigrate in hopes of achieving similar success.{{sfn|Losensky|2021|p=457}}

At the same time, a similar situation was taking place at the court of the [[Ottoman Empire]], where Iranian immigrants were also accepted due to being fluent in Persian and familiar with their literary tradition.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=27}}

== In the Mughal Empire ==
[[File:Encounter of Humayun (left) and Tahmasp I (right) in Isfahan in 1544. Chehel Sotoun Palace, painted circa 1647.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Meeting between the exiled Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] and the Safavid ruler [[Shah Tahmasp I]]. Dated 1647, located in the [[Chehel Sotoun]], [[Isfahan]]]]
Under the first Mughal ruler, [[Babur]] ({{reign|1526|1530}}), most of his entourage were from [[Central Asia]]. His move to [[Delhi]] in 1526 marked the start of a Persian literary culture in the Mughal realm.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=19}} The Iranians first arrived later, under his son and successor [[Humayun]] ({{reign|1530|1540|1555|1556}}). From 1540 to 1555, the latter was forced into a long exile, which included a brief visit to the Safavid court in [[Tabriz]]. After [[Shah Tahmasp I]] ({{reign|1524|1576}}) helped Humayun restore his rule, he brought a number of Iranians with him, including the two great artists [[Abd al-Samad]] and [[Mir Sayyid Ali]] as well as a number of poets, including Qasim Kahi. This marked the start of a tightly connected Iranian-Indian relationship that would last for just over a century and have a lasting impact on both societies.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|pp=19–20}} Although Iranian immigrant poets and Persophone Indians collaborated to create literary works that best reflected and aided the political and cultural goals of the Mughal dynasty, the early Mughal court's literary culture was largely marked by conflict between the two groups.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=20}}

The Iranians did not have a special pattern when it came to their positions. They held important offices including ''[[Vekil|vakil]]'' (regent), ''[[Vizier|vazir]]'' (prime minister), ''mirbakhshi'' (chief officer in charge of military department), ''[[Sadr (title)|sadr]]'' (chief officer in charge of religious affairs and endowments), local governor and local financial and military officer, as well as offices in the royal palace, including ''mir-saman'' (master of royal household department), ''mirtozuk'' (master of ceremonies at the court), ''mir-akhwor'' (master of royal stables) and ''qush-begi'' (master of royal aviaries).{{sfn|Haneda|1997|p=134}} The Mughal system of recruiting was heavily influenced by ethnic factors. It was generally more likely for an Iranian captain to become a ''[[mansabdar]]'' than an Indian Muslim, especially a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]].{{sfn|Athar Ali|1985|p=xvii}} Only the royal Mughal family itself was paid more than the Iranians.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=20}}
[[File:AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Abul Fazl]] presenting the ''[[Akbarnama]]'' to [[Akbar]], dated 1603–1605]]
Under Humayun's son and successor [[Akbar]] ({{reign|1556|1605}}), almost every group from the nobility (Iranians, Central Asians, [[Hindus]] and Indian Muslims) got to serve as a minister.{{sfn|Athar Ali|1985|p=xxii}} During his reign, the office of ''malik al-shu'ara'' ([[poet laureate]]) was created, existing only for the duration of his rule. All holders except [[Faizi]] were Iranian, including Ghazali Mashhadi, Husain Sana'i, [[Taleb Amoli]], [[Kalim Kashani]], and [[Qodsi Mashhadi]].{{sfn|Alam|2003|p=161}} The ''[[Akbarnama]]'', which was the official chronicle of Akbar's rule,{{sfn|Eaton|1984}} was written in Persian by [[Abul Fazl]].{{sfn|Alam|2003|p=161}} By this period, the emperor, the royal family, and the upper nobility had come to speak Persian. The native Hindus, who had previously conducted formal affairs in [[Hindi]], managed a large part of the administration. Their adoption of Persian influenced the growth of Persian literary culture more than the Iranian poets residing in India. They afterwards worked alongside Iranians as clerks, scribes, and secretaries. Influenced by the Iranian [[Fathullah Shirazi]], Akbar overhauled the primary and secondary education system, thereby further promoting the spread of Persian language and learning.{{sfn|Alam|2003|p=162}}

Under Akbar's son and successor [[Jahangir]] ({{reign|1605|1627}}), only Iranians were appointed as his ''vakils'' and in his ''[[Dewan|divan]]'' (with the exception of Wazir ul-Mulk who shared the position for a year). By the second year of Jahangir's reign and onwards, all of his ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|mir bakhshis]]'' were Iranians. However, since the ''sadr'' office was mainly reserved for Sunnis due to its semi-religious role, not many Iranians held it, due to mainly being Shias. Two Iranians held the office for nine years under Akbar, and one Iranian for three years under Jahangir.{{sfn|Athar Ali|1985|p=xxii}} The friendly environment created by Jahangir's primary wife, [[Nur Jahan]], was a major factor in the Iranian population's ongoing strong migration in the first half of the 17th century. Coming from an Iranian immigrant background herself, she had empathy for her people. For renowned Iranian intellectuals, her wide network of family relatives in high imperial positions offered numerous appealing chances to thrive.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=27}}

Under Jahangir's son and successor [[Shah Jahan]] ({{reign|1628|1658}}), the Iranians continued to hold dominance, with the office of ''vakil'' only being held by Nur Jahan's brother [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]. The first ''divan'' of Shah Jahan was the Indian Muslim Wazir Khan who held it for a year, and another Indian Muslim [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] also held the office from 1646/47 to 1655/56. Besides that, the office was held by Iranians.{{sfn|Athar Ali|1985|p=xxii}} While chroniclers and historians were becoming more and more Indian, the leading twelve court poets were nearly all Iranians.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=27}} By the end of Shah Jahan's reign, the demographics of the poets had shifted to a sizeable majority of Persophone Indians, in contrast to the earlier Iranian dominance.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p=19}} Shah Jahan's son and successor [[Aurangzeb]] ({{reign|1658|1707}}) did not display the same enthusiasm towards poetry as his predecessors had. By this time, the Iranian poets formed a minority.{{sfn|Sharma|2017|pp=172–173}} [[Ashraf Mazandarani]], one of the last leading Iranian émigré poets at the Mughal court, was appointed by Aurangzeb as the tutor of his eldest daughter [[Zeb-un-Nissa]].{{sfn|Sharma|2011}} Javaher Raqam Tabrizi, who had left Iran after being invited by Shah Jahan, was the teacher and main librarian of Aurangzeb.{{sfn|Shafieioun|2019|p=171}}

=== Numbers ===
The ''[[Ma'asir al-umara]]'' is a renowned biography of notables in the Mughal Empire from the time of its establishment until 1780, the date it was completed by Abdul Hai Khan. It was begun by his father [[Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz Khan]], who belonged to a family descended from Iranian immigrants.{{sfn|Haneda|1997|p=130}} At least 198 (26.8%) of the 738 notables listed in the ''Ma'asir al-umara'' were either Iranian immigrants or their descendants. Since the origins of 205 listed individuals remain unclear, this figure may be much larger. This ratio is consistent with the number of Iranian elites found in earlier studies.{{sfn|Haneda|1997|p=131}} The percentage of Iranian elites who went by the name "Irani" was 25.5 percent in 1575–1595, 28.4 percent in 1647–1648, 27.8 percent in 1658–1678, and 21.9 percent in 1679–1707.{{sfn|Haneda|2004|pp=82–83}}

In Safavid Iran, [[Tajik (word)|Tajiks]] (ethnic Persians) mainly served in the bureaucracy, while Turks mainly served in the military, although these roles were not strictly restricted and individuals could move between them.{{sfn|Matthee|2008}} In the ''Ma'asir al-umara'', Tajiks made up 165 of the 198 notables listed, while Turks made up 14. This could be because individual immigration was uncommon amongst Turks, due to mainly being tribal, and because a nomadic lifestyle was unsuitable due to India's weather. The primary reason, however, was that the Mughal Empire highly regarded Persian-speaking individuals with bureaucratic abilities and an extensive knowledge of Persian culture due to Persian being the language of their court and administration.{{sfn|Haneda|1997|p=132}} Members of the Safavid dynasty made up 10, with all of them being descended from [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi]].{{sfn|Haneda|1997|pp=132, 140}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | [[Tajik (word)|Tajiks]]
|-
! Region !! Place name !! Number of people
|-
| rowspan="16" | Eastern region
| [[Esfarayen]] || 1
|-
| [[Herat]] || 20
|-
| [[Joveyn County|Joveyn]] || 1
|-
| [[Kerman province|Kerman]] || 1
|-
| [[Khorasan]] || 5
|-
| [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]] || 19
|-
| [[Lar, Iran|Lar]] || 1
|-
| [[Mashhad]] || 20
|-
| [[Nishapur]] || 11
|-
| [[Kandahar]] || 4
|-
| [[Quhistan|Quhestan]] || 1
|-
| [[Sabzevar]] || 7
|-
| [[Sistan]] || 1
|-
| [[Ferdows|Tun]] || 3
|-
| [[Torbat-e Heydarieh|Torbat]] || 4
|-
| [[Yazd]] || 14
|-
| rowspan="9" | Central and Northern region
| [[Amol]] || 1
|-
| [[Ardestan]] || 2
|-
| [[Isfahan]] || 10
|-
| [[Gilan]] || 6
|-
| [[Kashan]] || 3
|-
| [[Qazvin]] || 5
|-
| [[Saveh]] || 4
|-
| [[Shiraz]] || 10
|-
| [[Tehran]] || 8
|-
| rowspan="3" | Western region
| [[Shirvan]] || 1
|-
| [[Shushtar]] || 1
|-
| [[Tabriz]] || 1
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Turkic peoples|Turks]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Tribe name !! Number of people
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Afshar people|Afshar]] || 2
|-
| colspan="2" | Zu'l-Qadr || 2
|-
| colspan="2" | Qaramanlu || 3
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Qara Qoyunlu]] || 5
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ustajlu]] || 2
|-
! colspan="3" | Others
|-
! colspan="2" | Group !! Number of people
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Safavid dynasty]] || 10
|-
| colspan="2" | ? || 9
|}

== In the Deccan ==
[[File:Saraswati enthroned, signed by Farrukh Husayn, Bijapur, ca.1604. Jaipur, Brigadier Sawai Bhawani Singh of Jaipur, City Palace.jpg|thumb|''[[Saraswati Enthroned]]'', made by the Iranian immigrant [[Farrukh Beg]] in {{circa|1595–1609}} at [[Bijapur]].{{sfn|Overton|2020|pp=19–20}}]]
The establishment of the Safavid dynasty in Iran coincided with the establishment of the three Deccan sultanates: [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]].{{sfn|Subrahmaniyam|2020|p=82}} Unlike in the Mughal Empire, where more literature is available, determining the Iranian presence in the Deccan is more difficult. Some Iranians spent their time both in the Mughal and Deccan courts,{{sfn|Subrahmaniyam|2020|p=89}} such as [[Muhammad Zuhuri]], a leading Persian poet of the Deccan.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|pp=124–125}} A native of [[Torshiz]], he moved to Ahmadnagar in 1580, eventually becoming the poet laureate of [[Murtaza Nizam Shah I]] ({{reign|1565|1588}}). Zuhuri became close to another Iranian, [[Malek Qommi]], who gave his daughter in marriage.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=125}}

During the late 1580s when Ahmadnagar was in chaos, Malek Qommi went to Bijapur, followed by Zuhuri in 1595. There Zuhuri gained the favour of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] ({{reign|1580|1627}}), possibly with Qummi's help.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=125}} Zuhuri wrote a [[panegyric]] on the six closest friends of his patron, which besides Malek Qommi,{{sfn|Overton|2020|p=39}} also included other Iranians,{{sfn|Overton|2020|pp=48, 54–55}} such as the prime minister Shah Navaz Khan, painter [[Farrukh Beg]], and calligrapher [[Khalilullah Butshikan]].{{sfn|Overton|2020|p=39}} Zuhuri's son Zahur (possibly also Qummi's grandson) served under Ibrahim Adil Shah II's son and successor [[Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur]] ({{reign|1627|1656}}) and was the author of the chronicle ''Muhammadnama''.{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=125}}

Although Golconda was initially a little more difficult to reach than its western neighbors, it also turned out to be a region of appeal for Iranian migrants. In the late 1580s or early 1590s, royal ships were dispatched from [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]] to [[Jeddah]] in the [[Red Sea]], thus establishing the first direct maritime route between Golconda and the [[Middle East]]. Three decades later, a route between Golconda and the [[Bandar Abbas]] port in the [[Persian Gulf]] was established with the help of Mir Kamal al-Din Mazandarani, a ship-owning entrepreneur. As a result, the majority of Iranians in Golconda must have traveled through the Deccan after passing through ports like [[Dabhol]], [[Chaul]], or, less frequently, [[Goa]]. A notable Iranian immigrant who did this was Mustafa Khan Ardistani, who was appointed ''mir jumla'' (head of finance) in 1563 by [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] ({{reign|1550|1580}}). In a letter to Shah Tahmasp I, he promised to stay loyal despite his extended absence from the Safavid court. For the next fifty years, this pattern of double loyalties persisted, including by [[Mir Mu'min Astarabadi]], the ''[[peshva]]'' and ''vazir'' in Golconda during the early 17th century.{{sfn|Subrahmaniyam|2020|p=92}}

Of the three main Deccan sultanates, Iranian supremacy at the Golconda court turned out to be the most enduring. As several notable [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Niyogi Brahmin]] families rose to importance in the 1670s, their influence started to somewhat decline.{{sfn|Subrahmaniyam|2020|p=96}} Regardless, as long as the Deccan sultanates existed, the Iranian influence persisted in some manner. During the late 18th century, when neither the Deccan sultanates nor the Safavid dynasty existed anymore, the Iranians still continued to play an important part in the [[Hyderabad State]] (1724–1948) ruled by the Sunni [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]].{{sfn|Subrahmaniyam|2020|p=98}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|authorlink=Muzaffar Alam|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon|editor-link=Sheldon Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0520228214|chapter=The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan|pages=131–198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&newbks}}
* {{cite book | last = Athar Ali| first = M. | authorlink = M. Athar Ali | title = The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility (1574 - 1658) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1985 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LSFYwgEACAAJ | isbn = 978-1580535335 }}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naziri-of-nishapur/|title=ʿĀdelšāhīs|first=Richard M. |last=Eaton|authorlink=Richard M. Eaton|year=1983|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-nama/|title=Akbar-nāma|first=Richard M. |last=Eaton|authorlink=Richard M. Eaton|year=1984|isbn = 978-0710090966}}
* {{cite book | last = Fischel | first = Roy S. | title = Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan | publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]] | year = 2020 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1474436083 }}
* {{cite book | last = Haneda | first = Masashi | chapter = Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16th–18th Centuries | editor-last = Szuppe | editor-first = Maria | title = L'heritage timouride: Iran – Asie Centrale – Inde, XVIe – XVIIIe siècles | series = Cahiers d’Asie Centrale | volume = 3–4 | year = 1997 | pages = 129–143 | url = https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/480 | isbn = 978-2857449553 }}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|title=India xxviii. Iranian Immigrants in India|first=Masashi|last=Haneda|year=2004|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-xxviii-iranian-immigrants-in-india/}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Not all of the poets went to India: literary culture in Iran under Safavid rule|first=Paul|last=Losensky|authorlink=Paul E. Losensky|title=The Safavid World|editor-first=Rudi |editor-last=Matthee |publisher=Routledge |pages = 447–468|year=2021|isbn=978-1138944060}}
* {{cite book|last=Overton|first=Keelan|editor-last=Overton|editor-first=Keelan|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0253048912|chapter=Introduction to Iranian Mobilities and Persianate Mediations in the Deccan|pages=3–76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|title=Safavid dynasty|first1=Rudi|last1=Matthee|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids|year=2008}}
* {{cite book |last=Perry|first=John R.|year=1979|title=Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226660981}}
* {{cite book | last = Perry | first = John R. |editor1-last=Melville|editor1-first=Charles Melville| title = The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11 | chapter = Sir William Jones and the Migration of the Idea of Iran to India| pages=215–226| publisher = I.B.Tauris | year = 2022 | isbn = 978-0755645992}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shafieioun |first1=Saeid |title=Some Critical Remarks on the Migration of Iranian Poets to India in the Safavid Era |journal=[[Journal of Persianate Studies]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|date=2019 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=155–174|doi=10.1163/18747167-12341327}}
* {{EI3|last=Sharma|first=Sunil|year=2011|title=Ashraf Māzandarānī|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-23688.xml}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Sunil|title=Mughal Arcadia - Persian Literature in an Indian Court|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674975859|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rG8-DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Subrahmaniyam|first=Sanjay|editor-last=Overton|editor-first=Keelan|title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2020|isbn=978-0253048912|chapter=Iran and the Doors to the Deccan, ca. 1400–1650: Some Aspects|pages=77–104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last = White | first = James | title = Persian and Arabic Literary Communities in the Seventeenth Century: Migrant Poets Between Arabia, Iran and India | publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]] | year = 2023 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SJO6EAAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0755644568 }}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Asian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:History of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Iranian diaspora]]
[[Category:South Asian people]]

Sugandha Mishra

2026-02-12T02:57:55Z

OlivaWilhite3: Pg

{{short description|Indian playback singer, actress and comedian}}
{{Distinguish|Sugandha Garg}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2020}}
{{Confusing|date=December 2020}}
{{COI|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sugandha Mishra
| image = Sugandha Mishra attend the press conference of their show The Drama Company.jpg
| alt = Sugandha Mishra
| caption = Sugandha at the press conference of ''[[The Drama Company]]''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|05|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Actress
* playback singer
* television presenter
* comedian
* radio jockey}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sanket Bhosale]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kapil Sharma Show's Sugandha Mishra gets married to Sanket Bhosale in Ludhiana|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-kapil-sharma-shows-sugandha-mishra-gets-married-to-sanket-bhosale-in-ludhiana-9570391.html|access-date=27 April 2021|work=Firstpost|date=27 April 2021 }}</ref>|2021}}
| children = 1
| mother =
| father =
}}

'''Sugandha Santosh Mishra''' (born 23 May 1988) is an Indian actress, playback singer, television presenter, comedian and radio jockey in the Indian film and television industry. She is known for her character in [[The Kapil Sharma Show]]. She was also noticed for her appearance in the TV reality show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I have developed a certain penchant for hosting television shows: Sugandha Mishra on doing Taare Zameen Par - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-have-developed-a-certain-penchant-for-hosting-television-shows-sugandha-mishra-on-doing-taare-zameen-par/articleshow/78972448.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|date=31 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Bigg Boss 14: Sugandha Mishra to Participate in Salman Khan's Show?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-14-sugandha-mishra-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-2835045.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sugandha Mishra was born on 23 May 1988, in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab. Her parents are Santosh Mishra and Savita Mishra. She enrolled at [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], Amritsar, Punjab and Apeejay College of Fine Arts, Jalandhar from where she completed her Master's in Music.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Since childhood, she was inclined towards music as her family belongs to Indore Gharana.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} She is the fourth generation of her family into singing, she was classically trained by her grandfather Pt. Shankar Lal Mishra who was a disciple of Ustad Amir Khan Sahib.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} She has performed in the 149th [[Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan|Harivallabh Sangeet Sammelan]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmN6F9qxLXc |title=Ms. Sugandha Mishra Harivallabh Sangeet Sammelan 2023 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-05 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

She married fellow comedian and co-star [[Sanket Bhosale]] on 26 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sugandha Mishra ties the knot with Sanket Bhosale, first picture of newlyweds shared by Preeti Simoes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/sugandha-mishra-ties-the-knot-with-sanket-bhosale-first-picture-of-newlyweds-shared-by-preeti-simoes-101619498262770.html|access-date=27 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kapil Sharma Show fame Sugandha Mishra and Dr. Sanket Bhosale get married; see photo of the newlywed couple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-fame-sugandha-mishra-and-dr-sanket-bhosale-get-married-see-photo-of-the-newlywed-couple/articleshow/82268361.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 15 December 2023, she gave birth to their daughter Ihana.

== Career ==
Sugandha started her career as a radio jockey and worked with [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] India. After that, she started her singing career and sang many jingles, bhajans, and songs in many documentaries, plays, and short films. She also made her appearance in the famous TV reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]'' as a participant and became third-runner up in the show.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} After that, she appeared in the TV comedy show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' as a participant and became one of the finalists in the show.

Apart from that she also gave her voice in Bollywood songs in the movies like ''[[Shree (2013 film)|Shree]]'' and ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]''. She also hosted many shows.

She made her acting debut on the big screen with the movie ''[[Heropanti]]'' in 2014 in a supporting role. She appeared on many TV shows like [[Dance Plus]], IPL Extra Inning, [[Baal Veer]], [[The Kapil Sharma Show]], [[The Drama Company]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
She has performed in 133rd Harivallabh Sammelan in 2008, in which she Gave a splendid performance with her Khayal Singing, Thumri Tappa and Bhajan.

== Filmography ==
{| class = "wikitable sortble"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2014 ||''[[Heropanti]]'' ||Shalu ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Rashna:The Ray of Light'' || Ayesha || Filmin
|-
|}

==Television shows==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2008 ||''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'' || Herself || [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar]]'' || Herself || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Don't Worry Chachu]]'' || Bhawana C. Desai || [[SAB TV]]
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Taansen]]'' || Various Characters || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| ''Chhote Miyan Bade Miyan''|| || [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]
|-
| rowspan=4 |2012|| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]'' || || [[Sony TV]]
|-
| ''Movers and Shakers season 2''|| ||
|-
| ''IPL Extra Innings'' || ||
|-
| ''Family Antakshari'' || || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| rowspan=3 |2013-2014 || ''[[Baal Veer]]'' || Chhal Pari || [[SAB TV]]
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' || Various Characters || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan='3'|2016 || ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' || Vidyavati (Teacher) || [[Sony TV]]
|-
| ''[[The Voice (India season 2)|The Voice India – Season 2]]'' || Host || [[&TV]]
|-
| ''Radio Mirchi Awards'' || || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Super Night with Tubelight]]'' || || [[Sony TV]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2018 || ''[[The Drama Company]]'' || Various Characters || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| ''[[Dance Plus (season 4)]]'' ||Sursuri Bhabhi co host Raghav Juyal
|[[Star Plus]]
|-
| ''Jio Dhan Dhana Dhan'' || Various Characters || [[Jio TV]]/[[Colors TV]]
|-
|''[[Kanpur Wale Khuranas]]''||Pramod's sister-in-law||[[StarPlus]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2020
|''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]]''||Herself||[[SAB TV]]
|-
| ''[[Dance Plus (season 5)|Dance Plus 5]]''||Sursuri Bhabhi guest host||[[Star Plus]]
|-
|''[[Gangs of Filmistan]]''||Herself||[[Star Bharat]]
|-
|''[[Taare Zameen Par (TV series)]]''||Host||[[StarPlus]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Zee Comedy Show]]''||Comedian||[[Zee TV]]
|-
|[[Dance Plus (season 6)]]||Sursuri Bhabhi guest host||[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Host
|''[[Sony SAB]]''
|-
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012
| ''Zor Naache''
| ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]''
| Co-sung by Keerthy Sagathia
|-
| ''Ishq Ki Dafli Baje''
| ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]''
| Co-sung by Babul Supriyo and Bela Shende
|-
| 2013
| ''Tu Hass Le''
| ''[[Shree (2013 film)|Shree]]''
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Us Ladke Se Mohabbat Hai''
| Album
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Leading And Trending – Women's Day Special''
| Album
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2018
| ''Akhiyan''
| Album
|
|-
| ''Chori Chori''
| Album
|
|-
| ''Kinna Sohna''
| Album
| Duet with Anadi Mishra
|-
| ''Challa''
| Album
|
|-
| ''Loye Loye''
| Album
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
#

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = India
}}
* {{Official website|http://sugandhamishra.in}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sugandha}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]

Śramaṇa

2026-02-02T13:17:05Z

OlivaWilhite3:

{{short description|Monastic orders}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 100
| width2 = 168
| footer = Jainism and Buddhism (symbolised left and right) are two of many Indian philosophies considered as shramanic.
| image1 = Jain Prateek Chihna.svg
| image2 =Dharma Wheel.svg
}}

In [[Indian religion]]s and [[Indian philosophy|philosophies]], a '''''śramaṇa''''' (from [[Sanskrit]]) or '''''samaṇa''''' (from [[Pali]]), sometimes [[Anglicisation (linguistics)|anglicised]] as '''shramana''',{{Efn|{{langx|sa|{{linktext|श्रमण}}}}, {{IPA|sa|ɕrɐmɐɳɐ|}}; {{langx|pi|𑀲𑀫𑀡}}, {{translit|pi|samaṇa}}; {{langx|zh|{{linktext|沙門}}}}, {{translit|zh|shāmén}}; {{langx|vi|sa môn}}; {{langx|km|សាម៉ាណា}}; {{langx|lo|ສາມານາ}}; {{langx|th|สมณะ}}.}} is a person "who labours, toils, or exerts themselves for some higher or religious purpose"<ref>Dhirasekera, Jotiya. Buddhist monastic discipline. Buddhist Cultural Centre, 2007.</ref><ref>Shults, Brett. "A Note on Śramaṇa in Vedic Texts." Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 10 (2016).</ref> or a "seeker, or [[ascetic]], one who performs acts of austerity".<ref name=mmw1096>Monier Monier-Williams, श्रमण śramaṇa, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 1096</ref>{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=[https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv/page/n25 11], 12}}{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00jain/page/n57 48]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghurye|first=G. S. |date=1952|title=Ascetic Origins|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=1|issue=2|pages=162–184 |jstor=42864485|doi=10.1177/0038022919520206|s2cid=220049343}}</ref>

In the early [[Vedas|Vedic texts]], the term is an [[epithet]] for the great [[Rishi|''rishi'']] sages in association with their ritualistic exertion. However, it has since come to refer to a broad class of spiritual movements originally comprising wandering [[Asceticism|ascetic]]s from [[ancient India]]—collectively called the '''Śramaṇa tradition''', '''Shramanic tradition''', or occasionally '''Shramanism'''—historically parallel to but separate from movements that upheld the authority of Vedic scripture like the [[Historical Vedic religion|early Vedic religion and Brahmanism]], as well as their [[Hinduism|Hindu successor movements]].{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=[https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv/page/n25 11], 12}}{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00jain/page/n57 48]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghurye|first=G. S. |date=1952|title=Ascetic Origins|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=1|issue=2|pages=162–184 |jstor=42864485|doi=10.1177/0038022919520206|s2cid=220049343}}</ref> The Śramaṇa tradition includes [[Jainism]],{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=182-183}} [[Buddhism]],<ref>Svarghese, Alexander P. 2008. ''India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World.'' pp. 259–60.</ref> and others such as the [[Ājīvika]], [[Ajñana]], and [[Charvaka|Cārvāka]], while definitively excluding Hinduism.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=94–103}}<ref name=Lochtefeld/> The tradition's name comes from the [[semantic narrowing]] of the term ''śramaṇa'' to mean a religious individual who specifically rejects the authority of the Vedas; however, the word did not hold this connotation until certain post-Vedic texts considered canonical by Buddhists and Jains.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=11–16}} In the Indian philosophical tradition, the terms [[Astika and nastika|''āstika'' versus ''nāstika'']] largely equate to this distinction between Vedic versus non-Vedic (Śramaṇa) belief systems.

The Śramaṇa tradition became popular in the circles of [[mendicant]]s from [[greater Magadha]] who developed [[yoga|yogic]] practices,{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=8; Quote: such (yogic) practices developed in the same ascetic circles as the early śramaṇa movements (Buddhists, Jainas and Ajivikas), probably in around the sixth or fifth century BCE}} and they also developed concepts popular in all major [[Indian religions]] such as ''[[saṃsāra]]'' (the cycle of death and rebirth) and ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation from that cycle).<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2003. pg. 273-4">Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.'' Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274.</ref>{{refn|group=note|Flood & Olivelle: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history....Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana – the goal of human existence....."<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2003. pg. 273-4" />}} Śramaṇa schools of thought have a diverse range of beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the existence of the [[soul]], believing or disbelieving in [[free will]], following particular dress guidelines or going completely nude in daily social life, and strict vegetarianism and prohibitions on violence (''[[ahimsa]]'') or permissibility of meat-eating and violence.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=3–14}}{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–77}}

==Etymology and origin==
[[File:Digamabar Jain Monk.jpg|thumb|A [[Jain monasticism|Digambar Jain Monk]]]]
[[File:Yashovijaya.jpg|thumb|A [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Murtipujaka]] [[Jain monasticism|Jain ascetic]]]]
[[File:Jain Sthanakvasi monk.jpg|thumb|A [[Sthānakavāsī]] [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]]]]
[[file:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Parinirvana - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05119.JPG|thumb|On the left: [[Mahākāśyapa]] meets an [[Ājīvika]] ascetic and learns of the Buddha's [[parinirvana]] (seen on right).]]
[[File:Bodh Gaya - Buddha Statue - Sariputta (9224957409).jpg|thumb|A statue of Buddha's disciple [[Śāriputra]] at [[Bodh Gaya]]]]
[[File:Tirthankar Parshvanath Bhagwan.jpg|thumb|23rd Jain [[Tirthankar]], [[Parshwanatha]] re-organized the shraman sangha in 9th century BCE]]
{{Disputed|date=December 2024}}

According to Olivelle and Crangle, the earliest known explicit use of the term "śramaṇa" is found in section 2.7 of the ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka|Taittiriya]] [[Aranyaka]]'', a layer within the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' (Vedic scripture, c. 1000 BCE). It mentions śramaṇa [[Rishi]]s and celibate Rishis.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12 with footnote 20}}<ref name=crangle30/>

According to Jaini, only two references to the word "śramaṇa" are found in the Vedic literature, one in verse 4.3.22 of the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (7th-6th cent. BCE). It refers to a śramaṇa as belonging to a class of mendicant, but it is not clear if this was a member of a non-Vedic order as described in the much later Pali-canon.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=48}}<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/168/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3.22] Oxford University Press, p. 169</ref>

The word "śramaṇa" is postulated to be derived from the verbal root ''{{IAST|śram}}'', meaning "to exert effort, labor or to perform austerity".<ref name=mmw1096/> The history of wandering monks in ancient India is partly untraceable. The term 'parivrajaka' was perhaps applicable to all the peripatetic monks of India, such as those found in Buddhism, Jainism and Brahmanism.<ref name=Jash>{{cite book|author1=Pranabananda Jash|title=History of the Parivrājaka, Issue 24 of Heritage of ancient India|year=1991|publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan|page=1}}</ref>

The Śramaṇa tradition refers collectively to a variety of [[sannyasa|renunciate]] ascetic traditions from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=Lochtefeld/> The śramaṇas were individual, experiential and free-form traditions.<ref name=Lochtefeld/> The term "śramaṇas" is used sometimes to contrast them with "Brahmins" in terms of their religious models.<ref name=Lochtefeld/> However, in the early texts, some pre-dating 3rd-century BCE ruler [[Ashoka]], the Brahmana and śramaṇa are neither distinct nor opposed. The distinction, according to Olivelle, in later Indian literature "may have been a later semantic development possibly influenced by the appropriation of the latter term [sramana] by Buddhism and Jainism".{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12}} Part of the Śramaṇa tradition retained their distinct identity from Hinduism by rejecting the [[pramana|epistemic]] authority of the [[Vedas]], while another part of the Śramaṇa tradition synthesized with Hinduism as one stage in the [[Ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]] dharma, that is as renunciate [[sannyasa|sannyasin]]s.<ref name=Lochtefeld/><ref>P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pp. 1–30</ref>

Buddhist commentaries associate the word's etymology with the quieting (''{{lang|pi-Latn|samita}}'') of evil (''{{lang|pi-Latn|pāpa}}'') as in the following phrase from the 3rd century BCE ''[[Dhammapada]]'', verse 265: ''{{lang|pi-Latn|samitattā pāpānaŋ ʻsamaṇoʼ ti pavuccati}}'' ("someone who has pacified evil is called ''{{lang|pi-Latn|samaṇa}}''").{{refn|group=note|According to {{harvp|Rhys Davids|Stede|1921–1925|p=682|loc="Samaṇa"}}: 'an edifying etymology of the word [is at] DhA iii.84: "samita-pāpattā [samaṇa]," cp. Dh 265 "{{IAST|samitattā pāpānaŋ ʻsamaṇoʼ ti pavuccati}}"....' The English translation of Dh 265 is based on {{harvp|Fronsdal|2005|p=69}}.}}

The first usage of the term śramaṇa in Jain literature is found in the earliest Jain texts, the [[Sutrakritanga]], composed after the 2nd century BCE,<ref>Bronkhorst, Johannes. ''The Formative Period of Jainism (c. 500 BCE-200 CE)'', in "Brill's Encyclopedia of Jainism, 2020". </ref> and the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], which may have originated as an oral tradition after Mahavira's death but was principally compiled and heavily edited in its current form by Acharya [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]], c. 454 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t5jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22devardhigani%22+-Bharatpedia |title=History and Development of Prakrit Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-537-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Timm |first=Jeffrey R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryswPhIBcZkC&dq=%22devardhigani%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA173 |title=Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0796-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jaina |first=Sāgaramala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VkgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22devardhigani%22+-Bharatpedia |title=Rishibhashit, a Study: A Comparative Study of the Period and Views of Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain Thinkers Detailed in a 2400 Years Old Philosophical Work |date=1988 |publisher=Prakrit Bharti Academy |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Johannes Bronkhorst]]:<blockquote>Mainly on linguistic grounds, it has been argued that the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], the [[Sutrakritanga|Sūtrakṛtāṅga Sūtra]], and the [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttarādhyayana Sūtra]] are among the oldest texts in the canon. This does not guarantee that they actually date from the time of Mahāvīra, nor even from the centuries immediately following his death, nor does it guarantee that all parts of these texts were composed simultaneously.<ref name=":3">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=The Formative Period of Jainism (c. 500 BCE – 200 CE) |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Jainism Online |others=Denison University University of Edinburgh University of Bergen University of California, Berkeley John E. Cort, Paul Dundas, Knut A. Jacobsen, Kristi L. Wiley |doi=10.1163/2590-2768_BEJO_COM_047082|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_4E6A35E6B579.P001/REF.pdf |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

The term śramaṇa is also found in the earliest Digambara Jain text, [[Mulachara]], composed around 150 CE.<ref>Bhakti in the Early Jain Tradition: Understanding Devotional Religion in South Asia, John E. Cort , History of Religions, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Aug., 2002), pp. 59-86</ref> Digambaras maintain that the original Ācārāṅga Sūtra is lost, and Mulachara is the closest to the original teachings of Mahavira.<ref>{{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC |date=1991 |isbn=0-520-06820-3 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] }}</ref>

Pali ''samaṇa'' has been suggested as the ultimate origin of the word [[Evenki language|Evenki]] [[wikt:саман#Evenki|сама̄н]] (''samān'') "shaman", possibly via [[Middle Chinese]] or [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian B]]; however, the etymology of this word, which is also found in other [[Tungusic languages]], is controversial (see {{slink|Shamanism|Etymology}}).

==History==
[[File:Shravak Priests, Guzerat, 19515701.jpg|thumb|Jain [[Svetambara Sthanakvasi]] monks from [[Gujarat]] ]]
[[File:Luang Ta Maha Bua and Phra Maha Amborn in Ban Taad, Udon Thani, 1965.jpg|thumb|[[Thai Forest Tradition]] monks led by [[Ajahn Maha Bua]] out for the morning alms round]]

Several śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), and these influenced both the [[āstika and nāstika]] traditions of Indian philosophy.<ref name=reginaldray247>Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195134834}}, pp. 237–240, 247–249</ref><ref name="andrew">Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), [[Unifying Hinduism|Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History]], Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149877}}, Chapter 9</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2015}} Martin Wiltshire states that the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely Paccekabuddha and Savaka phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and Jainism ultimately emerged from these as sectarian manifestations.<ref name=wiltshire293>Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110098969}}, p. 293</ref> These traditions drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts, states Wiltshire, to communicate their own distinct doctrines.<ref name=wiltshire226>Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110098969}}, pp. 226–227</ref> Reginald Ray concurs that śramaṇa movements already existed and were established traditions in pre-6th century BCE India, but disagrees with Wiltshire that they were nonsectarian before the arrival of Buddha.<ref name=reginaldray247/>

According to the [[Jain Agamas]] and the Buddhist [[Pāli Canon]], there were other śramaṇa leaders at the time of Buddha.{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=11}}{{refn|group=note|Some terms are common between Jainism and Buddhism, including:    • Symbols: [[chaitya|caitya]], [[stupa|stūpa]], [[dharmacakra]]    • Terms: [[arihant (Jainism)]]/[[arhat (Buddhism)]], [[nirvana|{{IAST|nirvāṇa}}]], [[Sangha (Buddhism)|{{IAST|saṅgha}}]], [[acharya|ācārya]], Jina etc. The term ''pudgala'' is used by both but with completely different meanings.}} In the ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]]'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 16), a śramaṇa named Subhadda mentions:
{{quote|
...those ascetics, samaṇa and Brahmins who have orders and followings, who are teachers, well-known and famous as founders of schools, and popularly regarded as saints, like [[Purana Kassapa|Pūraṇa Kassapa]], [[Makkhali Gosala|Makkhali Gosāla]], [[Ajita Kesakambali|Ajita Kesakambalī]], [[Pakudha Kaccayana|Pakudha Kaccāyana]], [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]] and Nigaṇṭha Nātaputta (Mahavira)...
|Digha Nikaya|16{{sfn|Walshe|1995|p=268}}}}

===Relationship with Vedism===
{{Disputed|date=January 2025}}
The traditional view of scholars in the field, represented for example by [[Govind Chandra Pande]] in his 1957 study on the origins of Buddhism, is that Śramaṇa began as a "distinct and separate cultural and religious" tradition from [[Vedas|Vedic religion]].{{sfn|Pande|1995|p=261}} However, this claim is disputed by several Indologists and Sanskrit scholars such as [[Patrick Olivelle]].

[[Patrick Olivelle]], a professor of Indology and known for his translations of major ancient Sanskrit works, states in his 1993 study that contrary to some representations, the original Śramaṇa tradition was part of the Vedic one.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=14}} He writes,
{{Quote|Sramana in that context obviously means a person who is in the habit of performing srama [meaning 'labour']. Far from separating these seers from the vedic ritual tradition, therefore, śramaṇa places them right at the center of that tradition. Those who see them [Sramana seers] as non-Brahmanical, anti-Brahmanical, or even non-Aryan precursors of later sectarian ascetics are drawing conclusions that far outstrip the available evidence.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=14}}}}

According to Olivelle, and other scholars such as Edward Crangle, the concept of Śramaṇa exists in the early [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] literature.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12 with footnote 20}}<ref name=crangle30>{{cite book |author=Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle|title=The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOzdcIxJy2sC&pg=PA30 |year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03479-1|pages=30 with footnote 37}}</ref> The term is used in an adjectival sense for sages who lived a special way of life that the Vedic culture considered extraordinary. However, Vedic literature does not provide details of that life.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=15}} The term did not imply any opposition to either Brahmins or householders. In all likelihood, states Olivelle, during the Vedic era, neither did the śramaṇa concept refer to an identifiable class nor to ascetic groups as it does in later Indian literature.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=15–16}}

The concept of renunciation and monk-like lifestyle is found in Vedic literature, with terms such as [[yati]]s, [[rishi]]s, and śramaṇas.<ref name=gavinflood76/><ref>{{cite book|author1=École pratique des hautes études (France)|author2=Section des sciences économiques et sociales, University of Oxford|author3=Institute of Social Anthropology|author4=Institute of Economic Growth (India)|author5=Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia|title=Contributions to Indian sociology, Volume 15|year=1981|publisher=Mouton|page=276}}</ref> The Vedic literature from pre-1000 BCE era, mentions ''[[Rishi|Muni]]'' (मुनि, monks, mendicants, holy man).<ref name=werner289>{{cite journal |first=Karel |last=Werner |date=1977 |title=Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136) |journal=Religious Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=289–302|doi=10.1017/S0034412500010076 |s2cid=170592174 }}</ref> [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]], for example, in Book 10 Chapter 136, mentions mendicants as those with ''kēśin'' (केशिन्, long-haired) and ''mala'' clothes (मल, dirty, soil-colored, yellow, orange, saffron) engaged in the affairs of ''mananat'' (mind, meditation).<ref name=gsg>GS Ghurye (1952), Ascetic Origins, Sociological Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 162–184; For Sanskrit original: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१३६ Rigveda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081219/http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AC |date=14 January 2015 }} Wikisource; For English translation: [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog#page/n588/mode/2up Kesins] Rig Veda, Hymn CXXXVI, Ralph Griffith (Translator)</ref>

{{quote|
<poem>
He with the long loose locks (of hair) supports Agni, and moisture, heaven, and earth; He is all sky to look upon: he with long hair is called this light.
The '''Munis''', girdled with the wind, wear garments of soil hue; They, following the wind's swift course, go where the Gods have gone before.
</poem>
|Rig Veda|Hymn 10.136.1-2<ref name=gsg/><ref name=werner289/>{{efn-la|केश्यग्निं केशी विषं केशी बिभर्ति रोदसी । केशी विश्वं स्वर्दृशे केशीदं ज्योतिरुच्यते <nowiki>॥१॥</nowiki>
'''मुनयो''' वातरशनाः पिशङ्गा वसते मला । वातस्यानु ध्राजिं यन्ति यद्देवासो अविक्षत <nowiki>॥२॥</nowiki>}}}}

The hymn uses the term ''vātaraśana'' (वातरशन) which means "girdled with wind".<ref>Monier Williams, [http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=vAtarazana+&trans=Translate&direction=AU vAtarazana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145437/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=vAtarazana+&trans=Translate&direction=AU |date=8 December 2015 }} Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref>{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12}} Some scholars have interpreted this to mean "sky-clad, naked monk" and therefore a synonym for ''[[Digambara]]'' (a Jainism sect). However, other scholars state that this could not be the correct interpretation because it is inconsistent with the words that immediately follow, "wearing soil-hued garments". The context likely means that the poet is describing the "munis" as moving like the wind, their garments pressed by the wind. According to Olivelle, it is unlikely that the ''vātaraśana'' implies a class within the Vedic context.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|pp=12–13}}

The Vedic society, states Olivelle, contained many people whose roots were non-Aryan who must have influenced the Aryan classes. However, it is difficult to identify and isolate these influences,{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=68, Quote: "It is obvious that vedic society contained large numbers of people whose roots were non-Aryan and that their customs and beliefs must have influenced the dominant Aryan classes. It is quite a different matter, however, to attempt to isolate non-Aryan customs, beliefs, or traits at a period a millennium or more removed from the initial Aryan migration."}} in part because the Vedic culture not only developed from influences but also from its inner dynamism and socio-economic developments.{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=68, Quote: "The Brahmanical religion. furthermore, like any other historical phenomenon, developed and changed over time not only through external influences but also by its own inner dynamism and because of socio-economic changes, the radical nature of which we have already discussed. New elements in a culture, therefore, need not always be of foreign origin."}}

According to Indian anthropologist [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] the origins of Sramanism back to pre-Vedic and pre-Aryan cultures, particularly those practicing magic. He posited that the practice of asceticism could be linked to the initiatory phases of seclusion and abstinence observed by shamans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panja |first=Sheena |date=2021 |title=The Dilemma of 'Science': 'Tradition' and Archaeology in Early Twentieth-century Bengal |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02576430211001764 |journal=Studies in History |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=92–118 |doi=10.1177/02576430211001764 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to Bronkhorst, the śramaṇa culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-Aryan, but not Vedic. In this culture, [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Long|2013|loc=Chapter II}}

===Pre-Buddhist śrāmana schools in Buddhist texts===
{{PaliCanonSamanaViews}}
Pande attributes the origin of Buddhism, not entirely to the Buddha, but to a "great religious ferment" towards the end of the Vedic period when the Brahmanic and Shramanic traditions intermingled.{{sfn|Pande|1995|p=261}}

The Buddhist text of the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' identifies six pre-Buddhist śrāmana schools, identifying them by their leader. These six schools are represented in the text to have diverse philosophies, which according to [[Padmanabh Jaini]], may be "a biased picture and does not give a true picture" of the shramanic schools rivaling with Buddhism,{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=18–26}}

*The [[Purana Kassapa]] ([[Amoralism]]) śrāmana school: believed in antinomian ethics. This ancient school asserted that there are no moral laws, nothing is moral or immoral, there is neither virtue nor sin.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=80–93}}

*The [[Makkhali Gosala]] ([[Ajivika]]) śrāmana school: believed in fatalism and determinism that everything is the consequence of nature and its laws. This school denied that there is free will, but believed that soul exists. Everything has its own individual nature, based on how one is constituted from elements. Karma and consequences are not due to free will, cannot be altered, everything is pre-determined, because of and including one's composition.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}<ref name="james22"/>

*The [[Ajita Kesakambali]] ([[Lokayata]]-[[Charvaka]]) śrāmana movement: believed in materialism. Denied that there is an after-life, any samsara, any karma, or any fruit of good or evil deeds. Everything including humans are composed of elemental matter, and when one dies one returns to those elements.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=54–55}}

*The [[Pakudha Kaccayana]] śrāmana movement: believed in [[atomism]]. Denied that there is a creator, knower. Believed that everything is made of seven basic building blocks which are eternal, neither created nor caused to be created. These seven blocks included earth, water, fire, air, happiness, pain and soul. All actions, including death is mere re-arrangement and interpenetration of one set of substances into another set of substances.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=90–93}}

*The [[Mahavira]] or ([[Jainism|Jain]]) śrāmana school: believed in fourfold restraint, avoidance of all evil (see more below).{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}

*The [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]] ([[Ajñana]]) śrāmana movement: believed in absolute agnosticism. Refused to have any opinion either way about existence of or non-existence of after-life, karma, good, evil, free will, creator, soul, or other topics.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=57–60}}

These pre-Buddhist śrāmana movements were organized ''[[Sangha]]gani'' (orders of monks and ascetics), according to the Buddhist ''Samaññaphala Sutta''. The six leaders above are described as a ''Sanghi'' (head of the order), ''Ganacariyo'' (teacher), ''Cirapabbajito'' (recluse), ''Yasassi and Neto'' (of repute and well known).{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=60}}

===Jainism===
{{Further|History of Jainism}}
Jain literature too mentions Pūraṇa Kassapa, Makkhali Gosāla and Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta.{{refn|group=note|The Pali Canon is the only source for Ajita Kesakambalī and Pakudha Kaccāyana.}} During the life of Buddha, Mahavira and the Buddha were leaders of their śramaṇa orders. Nigaṇṭha Nātaputta refers to Mahāvīra.{{refn|group=note|In the Buddhist Pāli literature, these non-Buddhist ascetic leaders – including Mahavira – are also referred to as Titthiyas of Tīrthakas.}}

According to Pande, Jainas were the same as the Niganthas mentioned in the Buddhist texts, and they were a well established sect when Buddha began preaching. He states that "[[Jainism|Jainas]]" appear to have belonged to the non-Vedic Munis and Sramanas who may have been ultimately connected with pre-Vedic civilization".{{sfn|Pande|1995|p=353}} The śramaṇa system is believed by a majority of Jaina scholars to have been of independent origin and not a protest movement of any kind, were led by Jaina thinkers, and were pre-Buddhist and pre-Vedic.<ref name=marwaha>{{cite book|author1=Sonali Bhatt Marwaha|title=Colors Of Truth: Religion, Self And Emotions: Perspectives Of Hinduism, Buddhism. Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Sikhism, And Contemporary Psychology|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=97–99|isbn=978-8180692680}}</ref>

Some scholars posit that the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] symbols may be related to later Jain statues, and the bull icon may have a connection to [[Rishabhanatha]].<ref name=indianethics>{{cite book|author1=Puruṣottama Bilimoria|author2=Joseph Prabhu|author3=Renuka M. Sharma|title=Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges, Volume 1 of Indian Ethics|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd|page=315|isbn= 978-07546-330-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g78Cw4xQmsMC&pg=PA315}}</ref><ref name=kurukshetra>{{cite book|author1=Institute of Indic Studies, Kurukshetra University|title=Prāci-jyotī: digest of Indological studies, Volumes 14–15|year=1982|publisher=Kurukshetra University|pages=247–249}}</ref><ref name=scharlemanna>{{cite book|author1=Robert P. Scharlemann|title=Naming God God, the contemporary discussion series|year=1985|publisher=Paragon House|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naminggod0000unse/page/106 106–109]|isbn=978-0913757222|url=https://archive.org/details/naminggod0000unse/page/106}}</ref> According to Dundas, outside of the Jain tradition, historians date the Mahavira as about contemporaneous with the [[Buddha]] in the 5th-century BCE, and accordingly the historical [[Parshvanatha]], based on the c. 250-year gap, is placed in 8th or 7th century BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}

===Buddhism===
{{Further|History of Buddhism}}
{{peoplepalicanon}}
{{single source|section|date=April 2024}}
It was as a śramaṇa that the Buddha left his father's palace and practised austerities.<ref name=society>{{cite book|author1=Buddhist Society (London, England)|title=The Middle way, Volumes 75–76|year=2000|publisher=The Society|page=205}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]], after fasting nearly to death by starvation, regarded extreme austerities and self-mortification as useless or unnecessary in attaining enlightenment, recommending instead a "[[Middle Way]]" between the extremes of hedonism and self-mortification.<ref name=randallcollins204>Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674001879}}, p. 204</ref> [[Devadatta]], a cousin of Gautama, caused a split in the Buddhist [[sangha]] by demanding more rigorous practices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahayana|url=https://archive.org/details/bodhisattvasfore00bouc|url-access=limited|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/bodhisattvasfore00bouc/page/n71 47]|isbn=978-0824828813}}</ref>

The Buddhist movement chose a moderate ascetic lifestyle.<ref name=randallcollins204/> This was in contrast to Jains, who continued the tradition of stronger austerity, such as fasting and giving away all property including clothes and thus going naked, emphasizing that complete dedication to spirituality includes turning away from material possessions and any cause for evil [[karma]].<ref name=randallcollins204/> The moderate ascetic precepts, states Collins, likely appealed to more people and widened the base of people wanting to become Buddhists.<ref name=randallcollins204/> Buddhism also developed a code for interaction of world-pursuing [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|lay people]] and world-denying [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monastic communities]], which encouraged continued relationship between the two.<ref name=randallcollins204/> Collins states, for example, that two rules of the [[vinaya]] (monastic code) were that a person could not join a monastic community without parent's permission, and that at least one son remained with each family to care for that family.<ref name=randallcollins204/> Buddhism also combined the continuing interaction, such as giving alms to renunciants, in terms of merit gained for good rebirth and good karma by the lay people. This code played a historic role in its growth, and provided a means for reliable alms (food, clothing) and social support for Buddhism.<ref name=randallcollins204/>

[[Randall Collins]] states that Buddhism was more a reform movement within the educated religious classes, composed mostly of [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], rather than a rival movement from outside these classes.<ref name="collins2000p205"/> In early Buddhism, the largest number of monastics were originally brahmins, and virtually all were recruited from the two upper classes of society – brahmins and [[kshatriya]]s.<ref name="collins2000p205">Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674001879}}, p. 205</ref>{{refn|group=note|Randall Collins: "Thus, although the Buddha himself was a kshatriya the largest number of monks in the early movement were of Brahman origin. In principle, the Sangha was open to any caste; and since it was outside the ordinary world, caste had no place in it. Nevertheless, virtually all monks were recruited from the upper two classes. The biggest source of lay support, however, the ordinary donor of alms, were the landowning farmers."<ref name="collins2000p205" />}}

===Ājīvika===
[[Ājīvika]] was founded in the 5th century BCE by [[Makkhali Gosala]], as a śramaṇa movement and a major rival of [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1845116255}}, p. 199</ref> Ājīvikas were organised renunciates who formed discrete communities.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=145–146}}

The Ājīvikas reached the height of their prominence in the late 1st millennium BCE, then declined, yet continued to exist in south India until the 14th century CE, as evidenced by inscriptions found in southern India.<ref name=james22/><ref name=philtarajiv>[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html Ajivikas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717212839/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html |date=17 July 2019 }} World Religions Project, [[University of Cumbria]], United Kingdom</ref> Ancient texts of Buddhism and Jainism mention a city in the first millennium BCE named Savatthi (Sanskrit ''[[Shravasti|Śravasti]]'') as the hub of the Ājīvikas; it was located in what is now the [[North India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In later part of the common era, inscriptions suggests that the Ājīvikas had a significant presence in the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] and the Kolar district of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=philtarajiv/>

Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy once existed, but these are unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature.{{sfn|Basham|2009|loc=Chapter 1}} Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, written by ancient Buddhist and Jaina scholars, who represented competing and adversarial philosophies to Ājīvikas.<ref name=dundas>Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains (The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415266055}}, pp. 28–30</ref>

===Conflict between śramaṇa movements===
According to the 2nd century CE text ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', the Mauryan emperor [[Bindusara]] was a patron of the Ajivikas, and it reached its peak of popularity during this time. ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' also mentions that Bindusara's son [[Ashoka]] converted to Buddhism, became enraged at a picture that depicted Buddha in negative light, and issued an order to kill all the Ajivikas in [[Pundravardhana]]. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order.<ref name="John1989">{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link=John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 | accessdate=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 | pages=232 | archive-date=3 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=147–148}}

Jaina texts mention separation and conflict between Mahavira and Gosala, accusation of contemptuous comments, and an occasion where the Jaina and Ajivika monastic orders "came to blows".<ref>John McKay et al, A History of World Societies, Combined Volume, 9th Edition, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0312666910}}, p. 76</ref> However, given the texts alleging conflict and portraying Ajivikas and Gosala in negative light were written centuries after the incident by their śramaṇa opponents, and given the versions in Buddhist and Jaina texts are different, the reliability of these stories, states Basham, is questionable.{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=62–66, 88–89, 278}}

==Philosophy==

===Jain philosophy===
{{Jainism}}
{{Main|Jain philosophy}}
{{Further|Anekantavada|Syādvāda|Jainism and non-creationism}}
[[Jainism]] derives its philosophy from the teachings and lives of the twenty-four [[Tirthankara]]s, of whom [[Mahavira]] was the last. [[Acharya]]s [[Umaswati]], [[Kundakunda]], [[Haribhadra]], {{IAST|[[Yashovijaya|Yaśovijaya Gaṇi]]}} and others further developed and reorganized [[Jain philosophy]] in its present form. The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy are its belief in the independent existence of soul and matter, predominance of [[Karma in Jainism|karma]], [[Jainism and non-creationism|the denial of a creative and omnipotent God]], belief in an [[Jain cosmology|eternal and uncreated universe]], a strong emphasis on [[ahimsa in Jainism|nonviolence]], an accent on [[anekantavada]] and morality and ethics based on [[moksha (Jainism)|liberation of the soul]]. The Jain philosophy of anekantavada and [[syādvāda]], which posits that the truth or reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth, have made very important contributions to ancient [[Indian philosophy]], especially in the areas of skepticism and relativity.<ref>{{cite book | first=Thomas | last=McEvilley | title=The Shape of Ancient Thought | publisher=Allworth Communications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-58115-203-6 | page=335 }}</ref>

===Usage in Jain texts===
[[Jain monasticism|Jain monastics]] are known as śramaṇas while lay practitioners are called [[śrāvaka]]s. The religion or code of conduct of the monks is known as the śramaṇa dharma. Jain canons like ''[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]''<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann | title =Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22. | year =1884 | url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm | access-date =8 April 2008 | archive-date =7 July 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100707144941/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm | url-status =live }}</ref> and other later texts contain many references to śramaṇas.

====''Ācāranga Sūtra''====
One verse of the ''Ācāranga Sūtra'' defines a good śramaṇa:
{{quote|Disregarding (all calamities) he lives together with clever monks, insensitive to pain and pleasure, not hurting the movable and immovable (beings), not killing, bearing all: so is described the great sage, a good Sramana.<ref>''Ācāranga Sūtra''. 1097</ref>}}

The chapter on renunciation contains a śramaṇa vow of non-possession:
{{quote|I shall become a śramaṇa who owns no house, no property, no sons, no cattle, who eats what others give him; I shall commit no sinful action; Master, I renounce to accept anything that has not been given.' Having taken such vows, (a mendicant) should not, on entering a village or free town, take himself, or induce others to take, or allow others to take, what has not been given.<ref>''Ācāranga Sūtra'', 799</ref>}}

The ''Ācāranga Sūtra'' gives three names of Mahavira, the twenty-fourth [[Tirthankara]], one of which was Śramaṇa:

{{quote|The Venerable ascetic Mahavira belonged to the ''Kasyapa [[gotra]]''. His three names have thus been recorded by tradition: by his parents he was called ''Vardhamana'', because he is devoid of love and hate; (he is called) Sramana (i.e. ascetic), because he sustains dreadful dangers and fears, the noble nakedness, and the miseries of the world; the name Venerable Ascetic '''Mahavira''' has been given to him by the gods.<ref>''Ācāranga Sūtra'' 954</ref>}}

====Sūtrakrtanga====
Another Jain canon, ''[[Sutrakritanga|Sūtrakrtanga]]''<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann | editor =Max Müller | title =Jaina Sutras, Part II : Sūtrakrtanga | publisher =The Clarendon Press | year =1895 | location =Oxford | url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm | series =Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 45 | access-date =8 April 2008 | archive-date =4 July 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm | url-status =live }}</ref> describes the śramaṇa as an ascetic who has taken [[Mahavrata]], the five great vows:

{{quote|He is a Śramaṇa for this reason that he is not hampered by any obstacles, that he is free from desires, (abstaining from) property, killing, telling lies, and sexual intercourse; (and from) wrath, pride, deceit, greed, love, and hate: thus giving up every passion that involves him in sin, (such as) killing of beings. (Such a man) deserves the name of a Śramaṇa, who subdues (moreover) his senses, is well qualified (for his task), and abandons his body.<ref>''Sūtrakrtanga'', Book 1: 16.3</ref>}}

The ''Sūtrakrtanga'' records that prince, [[Ardraka]], who became disciple to Mahavira, arguing with other heretical teachers, told [[Makkhali Gosala]] the qualities of śramaṇas:

{{quote|He who (teaches) the great vows (of monks) and the five small vows (of the laity 3), the five Âsravas and the stoppage of the Âsravas, and control, who avoids Karman in this blessed life of Śramaṇas, him I call a Śramaṇa.<ref>''Sūtrakrtanga'', Book 2: 6.6</ref>}}

===Buddhist philosophy===
{{Main|Buddhist philosophy}}
Buddha initially practiced severe austerities, fasting himself nearly to death of starvation. However, he later considered extreme austerities and self-mortification as unnecessary and recommended a "Middle Way" between the extremes of hedonism and self-mortification.<ref name=randallcollins204/><ref>Stephen J Laumakis (2008), An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521689779}}, p. 4</ref>

The Brahmajāla Sutta mentions many śramaṇas with whom Buddha disagreed.<ref>{{cite book|author1=N. Venkata Ramanayya|title=An essay on the origin of the South Indian temple |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201921|year=1930|publisher=Methodist Publishing House |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201921/page/n73 47]}}</ref> For example, in contrast to shramanic Jains whose philosophical premise includes the existence of an ''Atman'' (self, soul) in every being, Buddhist philosophy denies that there is any self or soul.<ref name=laumakis125>Stephen J Laumakis (2008), An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521689779}}, pp. 125–134, 271–272</ref><ref name=5sources/> This concept called ''Anatta'' (or ''Anatman'') is a part of ''Three Marks of existence'' in Buddhist philosophy, the other two being ''Dukkha'' (suffering) and ''Anicca'' (impermanence).<ref name=laumakis125/> According to Buddha, states Laumakis, everything lacks inherent existence.<ref name=laumakis125/> [[Buddhism]] is a [[Transtheism#Buddhism_as_transtheistic|transtheistic]] philosophy, which is especially concerned with [[pratītyasamutpāda]] (dependent origination) and [[śūnyatā]] (emptiness or nothingness).<ref name=laumakis125/>

From [[Rock Edicts|rock edicts]], it is found that both Brahmans as well as śramaṇas enjoyed equal sanctity.<ref name=jstor>{{cite book|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1850|publisher=Lyon Public Library|page=241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AQlfBOL5rgC&pg=PA241}}</ref>

===Ajivika philosophy===
The Ājīvika school is known for its ''Niyati'' doctrine of absolute determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.<ref name=james22/>{{sfn|Basham|2009|loc=Chapter 1}} Ājīvika considered the [[karma]] doctrine as a fallacy.<ref name=philtarajiv/> Ajivika [[metaphysics]] included a theory of atoms similar to the [[Vaisheshika]] school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.{{sfn|Basham|2009|pp=262–270}} Ājīvikas were atheists<ref>Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199644650}}, p. 654</ref> and rejected the epistemic authority of the [[Vedas]], but they believed that in every living being there is an ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'' – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism as well.<ref>Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization, {{ISBN|978-1899579549}}, pp. 207–208</ref>{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=240–261, 270–273}}

===Comparison of philosophies===
The śramaṇa traditions subscribed to diverse [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosophies]], significantly disagreeing with each other as well as with the [[Hindu philosophy|six schools of orthodox Hindu philosophy]]. The differences ranged from a belief that every individual has a soul (self, atman) to asserting that there is no soul,<ref name=5sources/>{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=119}} from axiological merit in a frugal ascetic life to that of a hedonistic life, from a belief in rebirth to asserting that there is no rebirth.<ref name=collins>{{cite book|author1=Randall Collins|title=The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=199–200|isbn=978-0674001879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&pg=PA199}}</ref>

A denial of the epistemic authority of the Vedas and Upanishads was one of the several differences between shramanic philosophies and orthodox Hinduism.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlyDot9RyGcC&q=shramana+brahman+mongoose+and+cobra&pg=PA49 47–]}} Jaini states that while authority of vedas, belief in a creator, path of ritualism and social system of heredity ranks, made up the cornerstones of Brahminical schools, the path of ascetic self-mortification was the main characteristic of all the shramanic schools.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p={{pn|date=October 2021}}}}{{refn|group=note|According to Rahul Sankrityayan, the 7th-century CE Buddhist scholar [[Dharmakirti]] wrote:{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlyDot9RyGcC&q=shramana+brahman+mongoose+and+cobra&pg=PA49 47–]}} 
''vedapramanyam kasyacit kartrvadah/ snane dharmeccha jativadavalepah// santaparambhah papahanaya ceti/ dhvastaprajnanam pancalirigani jadye'' 
The unquestioned authority of the vedas; the belief in a world-creator; the quest for purification through ritual bathings; the arrogant division into castes; the practice of mortification to atone for sin; - these five are the marks of the crass stupidity of witless men. Translated by Rahul Sankrityayan 
Belief in the authority of the Vedas, and in a creator, desiring merit from bathing, pride in caste, and practising self denial for the eradication of sins – these five are the marks of stupidity of one whose intelligence is damaged. Translated by Ramkrishna Bhattacharya<ref>Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (June 2015), Cārvāka Miscellany II, Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 199–210</ref>{{underdiscussion-inline|talk=Philosophy_section}}}}

In some cases when the shramanic movements shared the same philosophical concepts, the details varied. In Jainism, for example, Karma is based on materialist element philosophy, where Karma is the fruit of one's action conceived as material particles which stick to a soul and keep it away from natural omniscience.<ref name=collins/> The Buddha conceived Karma as a chain of causality leading to attachment to the material world and hence to rebirth.<ref name=collins/> The Ajivikas were fatalists and elevated Karma as inescapable fate, where a person's life goes through a chain of consequences and rebirths until it reaches its end.<ref name=collins/> Other śramaṇa movements such as those led by Pakkudha Kaccayana and Purana Kashyapa, denied the existence of Karma.<ref name=collins/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of ancient Indian philosophies
|-
! !! Ajivika !! Buddhism !! Charvaka !! Jainism !! Orthodox schools of Indian philosophy ([[Brahmanic]])<ref>Friedrich Max Müller (1899), The Six Schools of Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|9780608373928}}, p. 111</ref>
|-
|[[Karma]] || Denies<ref name=philtarajiv/><ref>Gananath Obeyesekere (2005), Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120826090}}, p. 106</ref> || Affirms<ref name=collins/> || Denies<ref name=collins/> || Affirms<ref name=collins/> || Affirms
|-
|[[Samsara]], Rebirth || Affirms || Affirms<ref>Damien Keown (2013), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199663835}}, pp. 32–46</ref> || Denies<ref>Haribhadrasūri (Translator: M Jain, 1989), Saddarsanasamuccaya, Asiatic Society, {{oclc|255495691}}</ref> || Affirms<ref name=collins/> || Some school affirm, some not<ref>Halbfass, Wilhelm (2000), Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken, Diederichs, München, {{ISBN|978-3896313850}}</ref>
|-
|[[Asceticism|Ascetic]] life || Affirms || Affirms || Denies<ref name=collins/> || Affirms || Affirms only as [[Sannyasa]]<ref name=patrickolivelle278/>
|-
|Rituals, [[Bhakti]] || Affirms || Affirms, optional<ref>Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700702350}}, pp. 45–46</ref> (Pali: ''Bhatti'') || Denies || Affirms, optional<ref>John Cort (2001) ''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780195132342}}, pp. 64–68, 86–90, 100–112</ref> || Theistic school: Affirms, optional<ref>Christian Novetzke (2007), Bhakti and Its Public, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 255–272</ref> Others: Deny<ref>'''[a]''' Knut Jacobsen (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 15–16, 76–78; '''[b]''' Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 38–39</ref><ref>'''[a]''' Karl Potter (2008), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. III, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803107}}, pp. 16–18, 220; '''[b]''' Basant Pradhan (2014), Yoga and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-3319091044}}, p. 13 see A.4</ref>
|-
|[[Ahimsa]] and Vegetarianism || Affirms || Affirms Unclear on meat as food{{sfn|Tähtinen|1976|pp=75–78, 94–106}} || || Strongest proponent of non-violence; vegetarianism to avoid violence against animals{{sfn|Tähtinen|1976|pp=57–62, 109–111}} || Affirms as highest virtue, but [[Just war theory|Just War]] affirmed too; vegetarianism encouraged, but choice left to the Hindu{{sfn|Tähtinen|1976|pp=34–43, 89–97, 109–110}}<ref>Christopher Chapple (1993), Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-1498-1}}, pp. 16–17</ref>
|-
|[[Free will]] || Denies<ref name="james22"/> || Affirms<ref>Karin Meyers (2013), Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy (Editors: Matthew R. Dasti, Edwin F. Bryant), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199922758}}, pp. 41–61</ref> || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms<ref>Howard Coward (2008), The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791473368}}, pp. 103–114; Harold Coward (2003), Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Macmillan Reference, see Karma, {{ISBN|978-0028657042}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] || Affirms{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=237}} || Affirms ([[prapañca]])<ref>Damien Keown (2004), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198605607}}, Entry for ''Prapañca'', Quote: "Term meaning ‘proliferation’, in the sense of the multiplication of erroneous concepts, ideas, and ideologies which obscure the true nature of reality".</ref> || Denies || Affirms || Affirms<ref>Lynn Foulston and Stuart Abbott (2009), Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1902210438}}, pp. 14–16</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1986), Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226618555}}, p. 119</ref>
|-
|[[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) || Affirms || Denies<ref name=5sources>'''[a]''' Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791422175}}, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; '''[b]''' KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-8120806191}}, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards; '''[c]''' John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism"; '''[d]''' Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132314/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana |date=13 September 2017 }}, Philosophy Now; '''[e]''' [http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |date=10 December 2015 }} Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote:"In Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying substance that can be called the soul. (...) The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (self)."</ref> || Denies<ref>Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata, Anthem, {{ISBN|978-0857284334}}, p. 216</ref> || Affirms{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=119}} || Affirms<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |date=10 December 2015 }} Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote:"In Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying substance that can be called the soul. (...) The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (self)."</ref>
|-
|Creator God || Denies || Denies || Denies || Denies || Theistic schools: Affirm<ref>Oliver Leaman (2000), Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415173582}}, p. 251</ref> Others: Deny<ref>[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, p. 39</ref><ref>Paul Hacker (1978), Eigentumlichkeiten dr Lehre und Terminologie Sankara: Avidya, Namarupa, Maya, Isvara, in Kleine Schriften (Editor: L. Schmithausen), Franz Steiner Verlag, Weisbaden, pp. 101–109 (in German), also pp. 69–99</ref>
|-
|[[Epistemology]] ([[Pramana]]) || Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda || Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa<ref name=johngrimes238/><ref>D Sharma (1966), Epistemological negative dialectics of Indian logic – Abhāva versus Anupalabdhi, Indo-Iranian Journal, 9(4): 291–300</ref> || Pratyakṣa<ref>MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2), pp. 13–16</ref> || Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda<ref name=johngrimes238/> || Various, Vaisheshika (two) to Vedanta (six):<ref name=johngrimes238>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, p. 238</ref><ref>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pp. 245–248</ref> Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation), Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof), Śabda (Reliable testimony)
|-
|Epistemic authority||Denies: Vedas ||Affirms: Buddha [[Āgama (Buddhism)|text]]<ref name=bartley46>Christopher Bartley (2011), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1847064493}}, pp. 46, 120</ref> Denies: Vedas||Denies: Vedas ||Affirms: [[Jain Agamas]] Denies: Vedas||Affirm: [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishad]]s,{{refn|group=note|Elisa Freschi (2012): The Vedas are not deontic authorities and may be disobeyed, but still recognized as an epistemic authority by a Hindu;<ref>Elisa Freschi (2012), Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004222601}}, p. 62</ref> (Note: This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions)}} Denies: other texts<ref name=bartley46/><ref>Catherine Cornille (2009), Criteria of Discernment in Interreligious Dialogue, Wipf & Stock, {{ISBN|978-1606087848}}, pp. 185–186</ref>
|-
|Salvation ([[Soteriology]])|| Samsdrasuddhi{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=227}} || [[Nirvana]] (realize [[Śūnyatā]])<ref>Jerald Gort (1992), On Sharing Religious Experience: Possibilities of Interfaith Mutuality, Rodopi, {{ISBN|978-0802805058}}, pp. 209–210</ref> || || [[Siddha#Siddha in Jainism|Siddha]]<ref>John Cort (2010), Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195385021}}, pp. 80, 188</ref> || [[Moksha]], Nirvana, Kaivalya Advaita, Yoga, others: [[Moksha#Mokṣha in this life|Jivanmukti]]<ref>Andrew Fort (1998), Jivanmukti in Transformation, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791439043}}</ref> Dvaita, theistic: [[Moksha|Videhamukti]]
|-
|[[Metaphysics]] (Ultimate Reality)|| || [[Śūnyatā]]<ref>Masao Abe and Steven Heine (1995), Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824817527}}, pp. 105–106</ref><ref>Chad Meister (2009), Introducing Philosophy of Religion, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415403276}}, p. 60; Quote: "In this chapter, we looked at religious metaphysics and saw two different ways of understanding Ultimate Reality. On the one hand, it can be understood as an absolute state of being. Within Hindu absolutism, for example, it is Brahman, the undifferentiated Absolute. Within Buddhist metaphysics, fundamental reality is Sunyata, or the Void."</ref> || || [[Anekantavada|Anekāntavāda]]<ref>Christopher Key Chapple (2004), Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120820456}}, p. 20</ref> || [[Brahman]]<ref>PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1406732627}}, p. 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII</ref><ref>Roy W Perrett (Editor, 2000), Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics, Volume 3, Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|978-0815336082}}, p. xvii; AC Das (1952), Brahman and Māyā in Advaita Metaphysics, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 144–154</ref>
|}

==Influences on Indian culture==
The śramaṇa traditions influenced and were influenced by Hinduism and by each other.<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2003. pg. 273-4"/><ref name=gavinflood76>Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0521438780}}, pp. 76–78</ref> According to some scholars,<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2003. pg. 273-4"/><ref>Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-43878-0}}, p. 86, Quote: "It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahaminical thought from the śramaṇa or the renouncer traditions."</ref> the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of [[samsara]] and the concept of liberation may quite possibly be from śramaṇa or other [[Sannyasa|ascetic]] traditions. Obeyesekere<ref>G Obeyesekere (2002), Imagining Karma – Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520232433}}</ref> suggests that tribal sages in the [[Ganges]] valley may instead have inspired the ideas of samsara and liberation, just like rebirth ideas that emerged in Africa and Greece. O'Flaherty states that there isn't enough objective evidence to support any of these theories.<ref>Wendy D O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520039230}}, pp. xi–xxvi</ref>

It is in the Upanishadic period that shramanic theories influence the Brahmanical theories.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=50}} While the concepts of [[Brahman]] and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) can be consistently traced back to pre-Upanishadic layers of Vedic literature, the heterogeneous nature of the Upanishads show infusions of both social and philosophical ideas, pointing to evolution of new doctrines, likely from the shramanic movements.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|pp=49–56}}

Śramaṇa traditions brought concepts of Karma and Samsara as central themes of debate.<ref name=collins/> Śramaṇa views were influential to all schools of Indian philosophies.<ref>Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-43878-0}} pp. 86–90</ref> Concepts, such as karma and reincarnation may have originated in the śramaṇa or the renunciant traditions, and then become mainstream.<ref>Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-43878-0}} p. 86</ref> There are multiple theories of possible origins of concepts such as [[Ahimsa]], or non-violence.<ref name=indianethics/> The [[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]], dated to about the 7th century BCE, in verse 8.15.1, has the earliest evidence for the use of the word ''Ahimsa'' in the sense familiar in Hinduism (a code of conduct). It bars violence against "all creatures" (''sarvabhuta'') and the practitioner of Ahimsa is said to escape from the cycle of [[metempsychosis]] (CU 8.15.1).<ref name=indianethics/>{{sfn|Tähtinen|1976|pp=2–5}} According to some scholars, such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], the Ahimsa dharma of the śramaṇas made an impression on the followers of Brahamanism and their law books and practices.<ref>D. R. Bhandarkar, (1989) "Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture" Asian Educational Services {{ISBN|81-206-0457-1}} pp. 80–81</ref>

Theories on who influenced whom, in ancient India, remains a matter of scholarly debate, and it is likely that the different philosophies contributed to each other's development. Doniger summarizes the historic interaction between scholars of Vedic Hinduism and shramanic Buddhism:

{{Quote|
There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who, in later years, were unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period).
|Wendy Doniger|<ref>Wendy D. O'Flaherty (1980), Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520039230}}, pp. xvii–xviii</ref>}}

===Hinduism===
[[Randall Collins]] states that "the basic cultural framework for lay society which eventually became Hinduism" was laid down by Buddhism.<ref name="collins2000p205"/>{{refn|group=note|Randall Collins: "Buddhism laid down the basic cultural framework for lay society which eventually became Hinduism. Buddhism cannot be understood as a reaction against the caste system, any more than it is simply an effort to escape from karma."<ref name="collins2000p205" />}}

Modern [[Hinduism]] can be regarded as a combination of Vedic and śramaṇa traditions as it is substantially influenced by both traditions. Among the [[Astika]] schools of Hinduism, [[Vedanta]], [[Samkhya]], and [[Yoga]] philosophies influenced and were influenced by the śramaṇa philosophy. As Geoffrey Samuel notes,
{{quote|Our best evidence to date suggests that [yogic practice] developed in the same ascetic circles as the early śramaṇa movements (Buddhists, Jainas and Ajivikas), probably in around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE.{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=8}}}}

Some Brahmins joined the śramaṇa movement such as [[Chanakya|Cānakya]] and [[Sariputta|Sāriputta]].{{sfn|Gethin|1998|pp=10–11, 13}} Similarly, according to Jain tradition, a group of eleven Brahmins accepted Jainism and become Mahavira's chief disciples or [[ganadhara]]s.{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=64}}{{refn|group=note|"Mahavira, it is said, proceeded to a place in the neighbourhood where a big yagna was being organized by a brahman, Somilacharya, and preached his first sermon denouncing the sacrifice and converting eleven learned Brahmins assembled there who became his chief disciples called ganadharas."{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p={{pn|date=October 2021}}}}}}

Patrick Olivelle suggests that the Hindu [[Ashrama (stage)|ashrama]] system of life, created probably around the 4th-century BCE, was an attempt to institutionalize renunciation within the Brahmanical social structure.<ref name=patrickolivelle278>Patrick Olivelle (2005), ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Flood, Gavin), Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|978-1405132510}}, pp. 277–278</ref> This system gave complete freedom to adults to choose what they want to do, whether they want to be householders or [[sannyasa|sannyasins]] (ascetics), the monastic tradition was a voluntary institution.<ref name=patrickolivelle278/> This voluntary principle, states Olivelle, was the same principle found in Buddhist and Jain monastic orders at that time.<ref name=patrickolivelle278/>

==In Western literature==
Various possible references to "śramaṇas", with the name more or less distorted, have appeared in ancient Western literature.

===Clement of Alexandria (150–211)===
[[Clement of Alexandria]] makes several mentions of the śramaṇas, both in the context of the Bactrians and the Indians:
{{quote|Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to [[Greece]]. First in its ranks were the prophets of the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]; and the [[Magic_(supernatural)#Mesopotamia|Chaldeans]] among the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viglas |first1=Katelis |title=Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology |journal=Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture |date=2016 |issue=14 |pages=171–189 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311924083|quote=The name “Chaldeans” refers generally to the [[Chaldea]]n people who lived in the land of [[Babylonia]], and especially to the Chaldean “magi” of Babylon......The “Chaldeans” were the guardians of the sacred science: the astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages......In Classical Antiquity, the name “Chaldeans” primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term “Chaldeos” was synonymous with the words “mathematician” and “astrologer”......The [[Neoplatonism|Neo-Platonists]] connected the [[Chaldean Oracles]] with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.}}</ref> and the [[Druids]] among the [[Gauls]]; and the '''Samanaeans''' among the [[Bactrians]] ("Σαμαναίοι Βάκτρων"); and the philosophers of the [[Celts]]; and the [[Magi]] of the [[Persia]]ns, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of [[Judea|Judaea]] guided by a star. The Indian gymnosophists are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called ''Sarmanae'' ("Σαρμάναι"), and [[Brahmins|Brahmanae]] ("Βραχμαναι").<ref>Clement of Alexandria, "Strom." [Book 1, Ch 15]</ref>}}

===Porphyry (233–305)===
[[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] extensively describes the habits of the śramaṇas, whom he calls "Samanaeans", in his ''[[On Abstinence from Eating Animals|On Abstinence from Animal Food]]'' Book IV {{ref|Porphyry}}. He says his information was obtained from "the [[Babylonia]]n [[Bardesanes]], who lived in the times of our fathers, and was familiar with those [[India]]ns who, together with Damadamis, were sent to [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]."{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

{{quote|For the polity of the [[India]]ns being distributed into many parts, there is one tribe among them of men divinely wise, whom the [[Greeks]] are accustomed to call [[Gymnosophists]]. But of these there are two sects, over one of which the [[Brahmins]] preside, but over the other the Samanaeans. The race of the [[Brahmins]], however, receive divine wisdom of this kind by succession, in the same manner as the priesthood. But the Samanaeans are elected, and consist of those who wish to possess divine knowledge.<ref name="ReferenceA">Porphyry, [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_04_book4.htm ''On abstinence from animal food''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128143233/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_04_book4.htm |date=28 November 2020 }}, Book IV.</ref>}}

;On entering the order:
{{quote|All the [[Brahmins|Bramins]] originate from one stock; for all of them are derived from one father and one mother. But the Samanaeans are not the offspring of one family, being, as we have said, collected from every nation of Indians. A Bramin, however, is not a subject of any government, nor does he contribute any thing together with others to government.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

{{quote|The Samanaeans are, as we have said, elected. When, however, any one is desirous of being enrolled in their order, he proceeds to the rulers of the city; but abandons the city or village that he inhabited, and the wealth and all the other property that he possessed. Having likewise the superfluities of his body cut off, he receives a garment, and departs to the Samanaeans, but does not return either to his wife or children, if he happens to have any, nor does he pay any attention to them, or think that they at all pertain to him. And, with respect to his children indeed, the king provides what is necessary for them, and the relatives provide for the wife. And such is the life of the Samanaeans. But they live out of the city, and spend the whole day in conversation pertaining to divinity. They have also houses and temples, built by the king, in which they are stewards, who receive a certain emolument from the king, for the purpose of supplying those that dwell in them with nutriment. But their food consists of rice, bread, autumnal fruits, and pot-herbs. And when they enter into their house, the sound of a bell being the signal of their entrance, those that are not Samanaeans depart from it, and the Samanaeans begin immediately to pray.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

;On food and living habits:
{{Quote|And with respect to those that are philosophers, among these some dwell on mountains, and others about the river Ganges. And those that live on mountains feed on autumnal fruits, and on cows' milk coagulated with herbs. But those that reside near the [[Ganges]], live also on autumnal fruits, which are produced in abundance about that river. The land likewise nearly always bears new fruit, together with much rice, which grows spontaneously, and which they use when there is a deficiency of autumnal fruits. But to taste of any other nutriment, or, in short, to touch animal food, is considered by them as equivalent to extreme impurity and impiety. And this is one of their dogmas. They also worship divinity with piety and purity. They spend the day, and the greater part of the night, in hymns and prayers to the Gods; each of them having a cottage to himself, and living, as much as possible, alone. For the Bramins cannot endure to remain with others, nor to speak much; but when this happens to take place, they afterwards withdraw themselves, and do not speak for many days. They likewise frequently fast.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

;On life and death:
{{quote|They are so disposed with respect to death, that they unwillingly endure the whole time of the present life, as a certain servitude to nature, and therefore they hasten to liberate their souls from the bodies [with which they are connected]. Hence, frequently, when they are seen to be well, and are neither oppressed, nor driven to desperation by any evil, they depart from life.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}

==In contemporary Western culture==
German novelist [[Hermann Hesse]], long interested in Eastern, especially Indian, spirituality, wrote ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'', in which the main character becomes a Samana upon leaving his home.

==See also==
* [[Āstika and nāstika]]
* [[Bhikkhu]]
* [[Bhikkhuni]]
* [[Fakir]]
* [[Hermit]]
* [[Mahajanapadas]]
* [[Sadhu]]
* [[Śrāmaṇera]]
* [[Yogi]]
* [[Yogini]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=james22>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld|year=2002 |chapter=Ajivika |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |page=22 |isbn=978-0823931798}}</ref>
<ref name=Lochtefeld>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|year=2002|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |page=639 |isbn=978-0823922871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA639}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{incomplete citations|date=May 2024}}
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book |author-link=A.L. Basham|last=Basham |first=A. L. |year=1951 |title=History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas}}
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |year=2009 |title=History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120812048}}
* {{cite book |translator=Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli |editor-link=Bhikkhu Bodhi |editor-last=Bodhi |editor-first=Bhikkhu |year=2001 |title=The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya |place=Boston |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=0-86171-072-X |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2007 | title =Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India | publisher =Brill}}

* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |edition=2nd |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5}}

* {{cite book |author-link=Gil Fronsdal|last=Fronsdal |first=Gil |year=2005 |title=The Dhammapada: A New Translation of the Buddhist Classic with Annotations |place=Boston |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=1-59030-380-6}}

* {{cite book |last=Gethin |first=Rupert |year=1998 |title=The Foundations of Buddhism |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-289223-1}}

* {{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |year=2000 |title=Collected papers on Jaina Studies |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120816916}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |year=2001 |title=Collected papers on Buddhist Studies |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120817760 |url=https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso00jain |url-access=limited }}

* {{Cite book | last =Long | first =Jeffrey D. | year =2013 | title =Jainism: An Introduction | publisher =I.B. Tauris}}

* {{Cite book|last=Olivelle|first=Patrick|year=1993|title=The Aśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534478-3|url-access=limited|url=https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv|via=Archive.org}}

* {{cite book|last=Pande|first=Govind|title=Studies in the Origins of Buddhism|year=1995|orig-year=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|edition=Reprint|isbn=978-81-208-1016-7}}

* {{cite book |author-link=T. W. Rhys Davids|editor-last1=Rhys Davids |editor-first1=T.W. |editor-first2=William |editor-last2=Stede |year=1921–1925 |title=The Pali Text Society's Pali–English Dictionary |place=Chipstead |publisher=Pali Text Society}} A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ dsal.uchicago.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725103343/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ |date=25 July 2021 }}.

*{{Cite book |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69534-3 }}

* {{cite book |last=Tähtinen |first=Uno |year=1976 |title=Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition |place=London |isbn=0-09-123340-2}}
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). ''Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 2). Available on-line at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html accesstoinsight.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209155445/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html |date=9 February 2014 }}.

* {{cite book |last=Walshe |translator=Maurice O'Connell |year=1995 |title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya |place=Somerville |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=0-86171-103-3}}

* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul |location=London |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
{{refend}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Yoga}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sramana}}
[[Category:Buddhist monasticism]]
[[Category:Jain religious occupations]]

Mitrabha Guha

2026-01-20T18:24:44Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating First Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2001)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Mitrabha|Guha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|9|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229390.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2545 (July 2024)
| FideID = 5057000
}}

'''Mitrabha Guha''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In September 2023, he won the Tata Steel Chess Festival 2023 Blitz Open ahead of [[Diptayan Ghosh]], Soham Bhattacharyya, and Alekhya Mukhopadhyay with an unbeaten score of 7.5/8. This was his fourth tournament win of the year, and was the second time he won the Blitz Open event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Mitrabha-Guha-dominates-Tata-Steel-Chess-Festival-2023-Blitz-Open|title=Mitrabha Guha dominates Tata Steel Chess Festival 2023 Blitz Open|date=12 September 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

He had also won the gold medal in the 2023-2024 [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]] by defeating IM Rohith Krishna S in the final round.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Chess Championship |date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Mitrabha-Guha-convincingly-clinches-Gold-at-Commonwealth-Chess-Championship-2023-24-Rohith-Krishna-Silver-and-Deepan-Bronze|publisher=[[Chessbase India]] |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

In January 2024, he won the Bangalore GM Blitz Open and the Bangalore GM Open with a score of 8/10, remaining undefeated in the latter event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/bengal-players-shine-in-bangalore-gm-meet/articleshow/107255723.cms|title=Bengal players shine in Bangalore GM meet|first=Archiman|last=Bhaduri|work=The Times of India |date=30 January 2024}}</ref> He defeated [[Shyam Sundar M.]] in the last round to surpass [[S. P. Sethuraman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/guha-pips-sethuraman-to-win-gm-open-tourney/articleshow/107177808.cms|title=Guha pips Sethuraman to win GM Open tourney|date=27 January 2024|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> This win was his third consecutive victorious event of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/1st-Bangalore-GM-2024-Round-10-report|title=Mitrabha Guha wins a double at 1st Bangalore GM 2024 with a 2672 performance, Sethuraman second|date=28 January 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Mitrabha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Mettupatti Yamunacharya

2026-01-08T04:19:12Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating Some Post And Citations - done

{{short description|Professor of Philosophy, Writer, Gandhian and Editor of Gandhi's works (1890–1970)}}
{{distinguish|Yamunacharya}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific suffix =
| name = M. Yamunacharya
| birth_name =
| pseudonym = ''M. Yamunacharya''
| native_name_lang = tn
| image = File:Portrait Photograph of M. Yamunacharya.jpg
| alt = M. Yamunacharya (1940s)
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|09|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1970|01|4|1889|09|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], India
| resting_place =
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], Mysore
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Philosophy Professor
* Teacher
* Writer
* Translator
* Editor
* Gandhian
}}
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]]
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1930–70
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Vishistadvaita Darshana, Ramanuja's Teachings in his own words, Alwarugalu, Acharya Ramanujaru, Paschatya Rajakeeya Tatwagalu''
| spouse = Rajamma
| children = 8 Children
| relatives = Alkondavalli Govindacharya Swamy, Natakashiromani A. V. Varadachar
| awards = Karnataka Rajyotsava Award (in Education) – 1969
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/featured-biography/myamunacharya M. Yamunacharya]
}}

'''Mettupatti Yamunacharya''' (30 September 1889 – 4 January 1970) was a Writer, Editor, Translator, [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] and a Professor of Philosophy at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College, Mysore]].,<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" >{{cite web |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M |title=Biography of M. Yamunacharya |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/featured-biography/myamunacharya |website=Dr.S.Srikanta Sastri Official Website |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ">{{cite web |title=About UOM: UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE – ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ |url=https://uni-mysore.ac.in/english-version/dept_category.php?dept_id=88&cat_id=61 |website=uni-mysore.ac.in |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He edited [[Kannada]] translations of all of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] works spanning nearly 10,000 pages across eight volumes.<ref name="Deccan Herald - S. L. Bhyrappa" /><ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" /><ref name="Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature" /> He was an authority on the 10th-century saint [[Ramanuja|Ramunajacharya]] and the Hindu Philosophical school of [[Vishishtadvaita|Vishistadvaita]].<ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma">{{cite web |title=ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ |url=https://www.bookbrahma.com/author/m-yamunacharya |website=www.bookbrahma.com |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> M. Yamunacharya was awarded the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] (in Education) for his work "''Vishistadvaita Darshana''" in 1969.<ref name="List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1966–1970)">{{cite web |title=List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1966–1970) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rajyotsava_Award_recipients_(1966%E2%80%931970) |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en |date=13 February 2025}}</ref> Noted Kannada Novelist and Philosopher [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] had his tutelage under M. Yamunacharya at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], Mysore, in [[Philosophy]].<ref name="Deccan Herald - S. L. Bhyrappa">{{cite web |title=Philosophy, literature go hand in hand, says Bhyrappa |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/philosophy-literature-go-hand-hand-1925942 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] sought and later acknowledged M. Yamunacharya's valuable contributions in bringing forth his book "''Dattatreya: The Way and The Goal''".<ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa">{{cite web |title=ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ |url=https://www.sallapa.com/2020/09/blog-post_14.html |website=www.sallapa.com |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=kn}}</ref> Yamunacharya's works on Ramanujacharya and ''Tarka'' (Logic) are seminal in Indian Philosophy.<ref name="M. Hiriyanna - Biography" /> He was a student of [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[M. Hiriyanna]], A. R. Wadia and [[K. T. Shah]] at [[University of Mysore]] between 1921 – 23.<ref name=":0" />

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== Origins ==
M. Yamunacharya was born on 30 September 1889 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] to parents Narayana Iyengar and Manikyamma.<ref name="Pranamapushpam">{{cite book |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M |title=Pranamapushpam |publisher=University of Mysore |edition=Book released on 23 January 2013 on the occasion of "One Day National Seminar on Contributions of Prof. M. Yamunacharya to Philosophy" arranged at the Dept. of Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature">{{cite book |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M |title="Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature |date=9 October 2025 |publisher=Prof M. Yamunacharya Memorial Trust, Bengaluru |page=16 |edition=First}}</ref> His grandfather Alkondavalli Govindacharya Swamy held the post of Executive Engineer in the erstwhile Mysore State under [[K. Seshadri Iyer|Dewan Seshadri Iyer]] and was a contemporary of A. R. Wadia, [[M. Hiriyanna]], [[K. T. Shah]] and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] at the nascent [[University of Mysore]].<ref name="Hundred years of Mysore Varsity Philosophy Dept.">{{cite news |title=Hundred years of Mysore Varsity Philosophy Dept. |url=https://starofmysore.com/hundred-years-of-mysore-varsity-philosophy-dept/ |work=Star of Mysore |agency=Newspaper |date=11 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Philosophy Department of Mysore varsity completes 100 years">{{cite news |title=Philosophy Department of Mysore varsity completes 100 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/philosophy-department-of-mysore-varsity-completes-100-years/article23316126.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=Newspaper |date=21 March 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The family were ardent followers of Saint Ramanujacharya and the Hindu Philosophical school of ''Vishistadvaita'' and hailed from Mettupatti, near [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]].<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /><ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa" />

== Education ==
[[File:M. Hiriyanna with A. R. Wadia & S. Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|left| Farewell from Maharaja College, Mysore for S. Radhakrishnan (also seen are M. Hiriyanna and K. T. Shah)]]
M. Yamunacharya had his early schooling at [[Marimallappa High School]], Mysore, under prominent educationist, social reformer and philanthropist [[M. Venkatakrishnaiah]] (known also as ''Mysore Thathayya'').<ref name="Mysore Thathayya">{{cite web |last1=Venkatakrishnaiah |first1=M |title=Mysore Thathayya Website |url=https://www.mysorethathayya.org/ |website=www.mysorethathayya.org |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> He completed his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Philosophy]] under the tutelage of [[M. Hiriyanna]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], A. R. Wadia and [[K. T. Shah]] at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College, Mysore]] in 1923.<ref name="M. Hiriyanna - Biography">{{cite web |last1=Hiriyanna |first1=M |title=Biography of M. Hiriyanna |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/mhiriyanna |website=Official Website of Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Late Professor M. Hiriyanna - BORI">{{cite web |last1=Hariyappa |first1=H. L. |title=The Late Professor M. Hiriyanna |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44028438 |website=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |access-date=10 October 2025 |pages=335–336 |date=1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Unalloyed Erudition of M. Hiriyanna {{!}} Prekshaa |url=https://www.prekshaa.in/unalloyed-erudition-m-hiriyanna |website=www.prekshaa.in |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Teachers' Day Today: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan came to Mysuru 100 years ago |url=https://starofmysore.com/teachers-day-today-dr-s-radhakrishnan-came-to-mysuru-100-years-ago/ |website=Star of Mysore |access-date=10 October 2025 |date=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಪ್ರಾಥಃಸ್ಮರಣೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ, ಮೈಸೂರು ತಾತಯ್ಯ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/literature/my-karnataka/2009/0904-mysore-thathayya-teachers-day-tributes.html |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=kn |date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

== Academician ==
[[File:Maharaja College, Mysore Group Photo with M. Yamunacharya, Purushottam and K. A. Nilakanta Sastri.png|thumb|right| Maharaja College Mysore Group Photo (1946): Sitting on chairs (L-R): ?, ?, ?, M. Yamunacharya, Purushottam, [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]]
M. Yamunacharya began his teaching career at Collegiate High School, [[Tumkur]].<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /> From here, he was transferred to Intermediate College, Hassan, as Principal.<ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" /> After this, he spent nearly a decade teaching ''Tarka'' (English: Logic) in Indian Philosophy at Bangalore.<ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa" /> He was transferred to Mysore in 1951 and continued teaching Philosophy at Maharaja College till his retirement in 1956. M. Yamunacharya helped many scholars and doctoral students with their research. Prominent among these were [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering SL Bhyrappa: University of Mysore Days Revisited |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mysuru/a-batchmate-from-university-of-mysore-revisits-bhyrappas-student-life-3743885 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and the American author John. C. Plott,<ref name="John. C. Plott - Biography">{{cite web |title=John. C. Plott – Biography |url=https://www.sckans.edu/~gray/plott02.html |website=www.sckans.edu |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> who sought help for his PhD on Ramanujacharya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Plott |first1=John C. |last2=Richmond |first2=Robert C. |last3=Hatton |first3=Russell E. |last4=Dolin |first4=James Michael. |title=Global history of philosophy |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000310705 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |access-date=10 October 2025 |date=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Plott |first1=John C. |title=A Philosophy of Devotion: A Comparative Study of Bhakti and Prapatti in Vis?is?T?a?Dvaita and St. Bonaventura and Gabriel Marcel |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/PLOAPO#:~:text=John%20C.,Delhi:%20Motilal%20Banarsidass. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |access-date=10 October 2025 |date=1974}}</ref><ref name="PhD on Ramanujacharya - John C PLott">{{cite web |title=PhD on Ramanujacharya – John C PLott |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/philosophy-devotion-comparative-study-bhakti-and-prapatti-visistadvaita-and-st-bonaventura |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> After his retirement from Maharaja College, Mysore, he was invited as Honorary Professor at [[Government Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysore|Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Mysore]] to teach ''Darshanas''.<ref name="The Darshanas: Six Schools of Indian Philosophy">{{cite web |last1=Nanavati |first1=Manjula |title=The Darshanas: Six Schools of Indian Philosophy |url=https://theacropolitan.in/2021/07/01/the-darshanas-six-schools-of-indian-philosophy/ |website=The Acropolitan Magazine |access-date=10 October 2025 |date=1 July 2021}}</ref> Yamunacharya became Emeritus Professor in Philosophy under University Grants Commission, New Delhi in 1968.

== Works ==

=== Books and articles ===
* ''Ramanuja's Teachings in his own words (1970)''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M. |title=Rāmānuja's Teachings in His Own Words |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/R%C4%81m%C4%81nuja_s_Teachings_in_His_Own_Words/jw0sngEACAAJ?hl=en |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=en |date=1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramanuja's teachings in his own words |url=https://rmrl.in/ta/onlinecat/85973/ramanuja's-teachings-in-his-own-words |website=rmrl.in |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''An Introduction to Logic & Scientific Method''
* ''Acharya Ramanujaru''
* ''Alwarugalu''<ref name="Alvarugalu">{{cite web |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M |title=Alvarugalu |url=https://archive.org/details/crmn.alvarugalu0000myam |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Mysore Vishwavidyanilaya |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=Kannada |date=1974}}</ref>
* ''Paschatya Rajakeeya Tatwagalu''
* ''Deeper Meaning of Yagna in Indian Religious Thought'' (1949)[QJMS, Vol.39 – 1]<ref name="Deeper Meaning of Yagna in Indian Religious Thought (1949)">{{cite web |last1=Yamunacharya |first1=M |title=The Mythic Society |url=https://mythicsociety.org/Buy_journals/details/209 |website=mythicsociety.org |access-date=11 October 2025 |ref=QJMS – Vol 39 – 1}}</ref>
* ''Matha Dharma Tattva Shastra (1969)''
* ''Tarka Shastra Sangraha''
* ''The Concept of Maya as Avidya''
* ''The Hindu Theory of International Relations as Expounded in Kamandaka's Nitisara – (The Indian Journal of Political Science, 3)''
* ''Geeta Bhashya''
* ''Shree Bhashya''
* ''Logic''
* ''Studies in Philosophy''
* ''Religion and Literature''
* ''Mary and S.K. George souvenir (1959–1960)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary and S.K. George souvenir - WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/863544139 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
* ''Matha Dharma Punarjeevana (Kannada translation of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's 'Revival of Faith')''
* ''Manushyana Mannassu (Kannada translation of Dr G. D. Boaz's 'Know Your Mind')''
* ''Kannada translation of Thoreau's Biography''
* ''Kannadadalli Gandhi Granthamale''

=== Editorial work ===
* ''Samaja Vignana Sangraha''
* ''Aadhunika Tattvashastra Sangraha (1957)''

=== Doctoral thesis (as guide) ===
* ''The Nature and Destiny of the Individual in the Philosophy of Lokacharya''<ref>{{cite web |title=The nature and destiny of the individual in the philosophy of Lokacharya {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/664154011 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gandhian ==
Yamunacharya was made Chief Editor of the Committee entrusted with translating into Kannada language, all of Mahatma Gandhi's works (spanning close to 10,000 pages across eight volumes) in 1956, by [[Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar|R. R. Diwakar]].<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /><ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" /><ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa" /><ref name="Pranamapushpam" /> All of these translated volumes were brought forth in Kannada as ''"Kannadadalli Gandhi Granthamale"''. The Committee was based at ''Gandhi Smaraka Nidhi'', Mysore and consisted of [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]], [[G. P. Rajarathnam]], Sampatgiri Rao, Kanvi, Narayanamurthy, K. S. Narayanaswamy and [[Kuvempu]]. M. Yamunacharya was the first Director of Gandhi Bhavan (Centre for Gandhi Studies) at University of Mysore, from 1965 to 1966. From 1967 onwards, he was associated with Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi.<ref name="Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature" /><ref name="Philosophy Department of Mysore varsity completes 100 years" />

== Recognition ==
[[File:'Dattatreya - The Way And The Goal' by HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar (1957) (Cover Page) 01.png|thumb|left|alt=Cover Page of Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar's Book on Lord Dattatreya "Dattatreya – The Way and The Goal" (1957)|Cover Page of Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar's Book on Lord Dattatreya "Dattatreya – The Way and The Goal" (1957)|248x248px]]
[[File:'Dattatreya - The Way And The Goal' by HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar (1957) (Tribute by author to M. Yamunacharya and H. N. Raghavendrachar).png|thumb|'Dattatreya – The Way And The Goal' by HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar (1957) (Tribute by HH Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar to M. Yamunacharya and H. N. Raghavendrachar)|243x243px]]Yamunacharya chaired the 'Joint Symposium on Indian Educational Values (BHU & NCERT)' at New Delhi in 1966.<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /><ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" /><ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa" /> He was a regular invitee at All India Radio (Akashvani) studios, where he either delivered lectures or took part in interviews on a host of philosophical topics. M. Yamunacharya helped many a scholar in their academic research. The renowned American author John. C. Plott<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Vishwanath Prasad |title=Review of Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha : A Bibliographical Guide to the Global History of Philosophy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854517 |website=The Indian Journal of Political Science |access-date=15 October 2025 |pages=353–355 |date=1972}}</ref> came to Yamunacharya seeking guidance for his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] on [[Ramanuja]]charya.<ref>{{cite web |last1=A. Slaate |first1=Howard |title=A Personal Perspective of Plott and His Plottings |url=https://www.sckans.edu/~gray/plott16.html |website=www.sckans.edu |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> His later, more popularly remembered work "''Global History of Philosophy''",<ref name="John. C. Plott (Global History of Philosophy)">{{cite web |title=Global history of philosophy - WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1135498918 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Global History of Philosophy - Vol I">{{cite web |title=Global history of philosophy – Vol. I: The axial age / with James Michael Dolin, Russell E. Hatton; ed. by Robert C. Richmond {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/768818457 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> also has a dedication to Yamunacharya in its Index.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Plott |first1=John C. |last2=Hatton |first2=Russell E. |title=Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Global_History_of_Philosophy/ODPthacrp_cC?hl=en |website=Google Books |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1 January 1993}}</ref> Similarly, the former Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, in his seminal work on [[Dattatreya|Lord Dattatreya]], titled ''"Dattatreya: The Way and the Goal"'' (Allen & Unwin, London, 1957)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jīvanmukta-Gītā : reprinted from Dattātreya : the Way and the Goal; by Sri Jaya Chamarajendra Wadiyar Bahadur {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/863323685 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="search.worldcat.org">{{cite web |title=Dattātreya; the way and the goal. Introd. by S. Radhakrishnan {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/976909269 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dattatreya-The-Way-And-The-Goal">{{cite web |last1=Wodeyar |first1=Jayachamarajendra |title=Dattatreya-The-Way-And-The-Goal |url=https://ia802909.us.archive.org/3/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.118332/2015.118332.Dattatreya-The-Way-And-The-Goal_text.pdf |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Allen & Unwin (1957) |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> gives a heartfelt tribute to M. Yamunacharya (along with H. N. Raghavendrachar<ref name="Brahma Mimamsa In English - H. N. Raghavendrachar">{{cite web |last1=Prof. |first1=H. N. Raghavendrachar |title=Brahma Mimamsa In English |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-mimamsa-in-english. |website=Internet Archive |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=28 March 1963}}</ref>) for guiding him in the writing of the book.<ref name="The Dvaita Philosophy and its Place in the Vedānta. By Vidwan H. N. Raghavendrachar">{{cite web |last1=Heimann |first1=Betty |title=The Dvaita Philosophy and its Place in the Vedānta. By Vidwan H. N. Raghavendrachar, M.A., and A. R. Wadia. (Mysore: The University of Mysore, 1941. Pp. viii + 282. Rs. 3.) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/philosophy/article/abs/dvaita-philosophy-and-its-place-in-the-vedanta-by-vidwan-h-n-raghavendrachar-ma-and-a-r-wadia-mysore-the-university-of-mysore-1941-pp-viii-282-rs-3/CDF1BAC5DF6DF1A24BB1AE1432C047DB |website=Philosophy |access-date=15 October 2025 |pages=86–87 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0031819100005209 |date=April 1946}}</ref> M. Yamunacharya was invited to Rashtrapathi Bhavan, New Delhi to meet then President of India, Zakir Hussain in connection with his work at [[Gandhi Peace Foundation|Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi]] in 1967.<ref name="Pranamapushpam" /><ref name="Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature" /> After his retirement, M. Yamunacharya was made Emeritus Professor in Philosophy by UGC (University Grants Commission), New Delhi in 1968.<ref name="Hundred years of Mysore Varsity Philosophy Dept." /> '[[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]]' (for Education) for the year [[List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1966–1970)|1969]] was presented to M. Yamunacharya, by then Chief Minister of Karnataka [[Veerendra Patil]], in recognition of his work "''Vishistadvaita Darshana''".<ref name="Karnataka Rajyotsava Awards">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Rajyotsava Awards – Year Wise Listing |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |website=Karnataka Government Website |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada List of Rajyotsava Award Winners |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/kn |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
M. Yamuancharya married Rajamma and had eight children.<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /><ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" /><ref name="ಯಾಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Sallapa" /> From 1966 onwards, he had suffered cardiac ailments and had admissions both at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] as well as [https://mmcri.karnataka.gov.in/114/K%20R%20Hospital/en K. R. Hospital, Mysore].<ref name="Hundred years of Mysore Varsity Philosophy Dept." /><ref name="Pranamapushpam" /><ref name=":1" /> M. Yamunacharya died on 4 January 1970 at Mysore, aged 80 years.<ref name="Official Webpage of M. Yamunacharya" /><ref name="ಎಂ. ಯಮುನಾಚಾರ್ಯ - Book Brahma" />

== Bibliography ==
* Pranamapushpam (2013) – Book Released on the occasion of "One Day National Seminar on Contributions of Prof. M. Yamunacharya to Philosophy"
* Studies in Philosophy, Religion & Literature – Prof M. Yamunacharya Memorial Trust, Bengaluru
* Bhitti (1996) – Bhyrappa, S. L.<ref name="Bhitti">{{cite web |title=Bhitti - WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/36051565 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Maharaja's College Centenary Commemoration Volume<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Maharaja's College Centenary Commemoration Volume |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Maharaja_s_College_Centenary_Commemorati/78F9HAAACAAJ?hl=en |website=Google Books |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=en |date=1951}}</ref>
* Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies – Bibliography · Volume 1 (1995)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Karl H. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Indian_Philosophies/lrAyj17GDM4C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Bibliography |date=1995-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0308-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature - by Terence Day (2006)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Terence |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Conception_of_Punishment_in_Early_In/sJtkDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-88920-838-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* AKASHVANI - Vol. XXXI, No. 5 ( 30 JANUARY, 1966 ) - By All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi · 1966
* Radhakrishnan - His Life and Ideas - by K. Satchidananda Murty, Ashok Vohra (1990)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=K. Satchidananda |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Radhakrishnan/x6FsaptULgAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas |last2=Vohra |first2=Ashok |date=1990-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0343-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Charles Strong Lectures, 1972-1984 (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crotty |first=Robert B. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Charles_Strong_Lectures/F_0UAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Charles Strong Lectures: 1972 – 1984 |date=1987 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=978-90-04-07863-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Poona Orientalist - Volumes 17-21 (1952)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Poona_Orientalist/J0M9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |title=The Poona Orientalist |date=1952 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |language=en}}</ref>
* Advaita and Viśiṣṭādvaita – A Study Based on Vedānta Deśikā's Śatadūṣaṇī – by S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1999)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chari |first=S. M. Srinivasa |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Advaita_and_Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dvaita/r1zNxV2zBPsC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Advaita and Viśiṣṭādvaita: A Study Based on Vedānta Deśikā's Śatadūṣaṇī |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-1535-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* R. G. Collingwood: A Research Companion'' ''- by James Connelly, Peter Johnson, Stephen Leach (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Connelly |first=James |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/R_G_Collingwood_A_Research_Companion/HXQeBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=R. G. Collingwood: A Research Companion |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |last3=Leach |first3=Stephen |date=2014-11-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-4072-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* Political Thinkers of Modern India: M.K. Gandhi - by Verinder Grover (1990)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Political_Thinkers_of_Modern_India_M_K_G/hFVEAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: M.K. Gandhi |date=1990 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-253-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* SRI BASAVESHWARA by Prof. L. S. Seshagiri Rao (2012)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Prof L. S. Seshagiri |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/SRI_BASAVESHWARA/ixSIAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=SRI BASAVESHWARA |date=2012-05-04 |publisher=Sapna Book House (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-280-1798-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture by K.V. Raman (2003)
* Struggle All the Way - Story of a Book Seller by D. R. Krishna Murthy (1992)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=D. R. Krishna |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Struggle_All_the_Way/qxwcAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |title=Struggle All the Way: Story of a Book Seller |date=1992 |publisher=People's Book House |language=en}}</ref>
* Global History of Philosophy – John. C. Plott; Edition:[1st ed. reprint]; Publisher: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1987<ref name="Global history of philosophy">{{cite web |last1=Plott |first1=John C. |title=Global history of philosophy - WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/927841490 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sarva—Darśana—Sangraha; A Bibliographical Guide to the Global History of Philosophy<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarva—Darśana—Sangraha; a bibliographical guide to the global history of philosophy {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/76973 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Dattātreya; the way and the goal. Introd. by S. Radhakrishnan<ref name="search.worldcat.org"/>
* Dattātrēyulu:Mārgamu Mariyu Gamyamu by HH Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar<ref>{{cite web |title=Dattātrēyulu : mārgamu mariyu gamyamu {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/499894851 |website=search.worldcat.org |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Imperial Discipline – Race and the Founding of International Relations by Alexander E Davis, Vineet Thakur, Peter Vale · 2020<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Alexander E. |last2=Thakur |first2=Vineet |last3=Vale |first3=Peter |title=The Imperial Discipline: Race and the Founding of International Relations |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Imperial_Discipline/kkRnEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |website=Google Books |publisher=Pluto Books |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=20 November 2020}}</ref>
* The Fundamental Principles of Āyurveda – Volumes 1–3; by C. Dwarakanath · 1998<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dwarakanath |first1=C. |title=The Fundamental Principles of Āyurveda |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Fundamental_Principles_of_%C4%80yurveda/0nhFAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |publisher=Krishnadas Academy |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1998}}</ref>
* Aryan Path – Volume 32 (1961)<ref>{{cite web |title=Aryan Path |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Aryan_Path/dIoeAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |website=Google Books |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1961}}</ref>
* Mahatma Gandhi – Insight and Impact by Dev Banshlal Ramnauth · 1989<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramnauth |first1=Dev Banshlal |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Insight and Impact |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Mahatma_Gandhi/LXhDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |website=Google Books |publisher=Published jointly by the Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture and the Mahatma Gandhi Institute |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1989}}</ref>
* Proceedings and Transactions of the Indian Oriental Conference Volume 18, Part 1955 – 1958<ref>{{cite web |title=Proceedings and Transactions of the Indian Oriental Conference |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Proceedings_and_Transactions_of_the_Indi/-GHWAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |website=Google Books |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1958}}</ref>
* Gandhiji in Indian Literature by University of Mysore. Institute of Kannada Studies · 1971<ref>{{cite web |last1=Studies |first1=University of Mysore Institute of Kannada |title=Gandhiji in Indian Literature |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gandhiji_in_Indian_Literature/QOoPAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=M.%20Yamunacharya |website=Google Books |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=1971}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:M. Yamunacharya | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q136472968}}
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/featured-biography/myamunacharya M. Yamunacharya – Official Webpage]

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Topics_related_to_Culture_of_Mysore|left}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamunacharya, M}}
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Mysore]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]

Vaishnav Girish

2026-01-08T00:03:16Z

OlivaWilhite3: Stub

{{short description|Singer}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vaishnav Girish
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2002|06|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kodungallur]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Indian Classical Music]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
| occupation = [[Playback Singer]]
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals}}
| years_active = 2014 – present
}}
'''Vaishnav Girish''' (born 21 June 2002) is an Indian singer and live performer. He has appeared in several singing reality TV shows and has recorded songs for films in Malayalam language. Vaishnav rose to fame when his audition for the 2017 season of [[Zee TV|Zee TV's]] musical talent hunt show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]] became a [[viral video]] online, and led to a nationwide press coverage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Web desk|first=Express|date=4 August 2017|title=Kerala boy Vaishnav Girish's Bin Tere performance will move you to tears, watch video|work=[[Indian Express]]|location=Bengaluru|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-boy-vaishnav-girish-bin-tere-watch-video-4779307/|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1 Aug 2017|title=This Kerala lad is winning hearts on social media|edition=English|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/this-kerala-lad-is-winning-hearts-on-social-media-viral-video-vaishnav-girish-performance-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-1.2133133|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> He went on to finish the competition as runner up.

== Personal life ==
Vaishnav was born in [[Kodungallur]], a town in the [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] district of Kerala on 21 June 2002. He is the youngest son of A.K Girish Kumar, a retired officer at [[Canara Bank]] and Mini V Menon, a lawyer in the [[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]]. He developed interest in music, listening to his brother Krishnanunni Girish learn [[Indian classical music]]. A former vocalist of the Thrissur-based [[alternative rock]] band 1000cc, Krishnanunni inspired him to take up singing as a career. At the age of four, he started formal training in [[Carnatic music]] from Pavithran Kodungallur and continued further training for school competitions and [[Reality television|reality television shows]] under Noushad Kodungallur and Cherthala Shaji.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=UR|first=Arya|date=7 Aug 2017|title=My dream is to perform before AR Rahman: Vaishnav Girish|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-dream-is-to-perform-before-ar-rahman-vaishnav-girish/articleshow/59941002.cms|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=10 Jan 2018|title=After reality show, Vaishnav Girish steals the show at Arts Fest too|page=Kudamattam 2018|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/specials/youth/kudamattam-2018/after-reality-show-vaishnav-girish-steals-the-show-at-arts-fest-too-thrissur-58th-state-school-arts-festival-1.2518450|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

Vaishnav attended Holy Grace Academy, Mala and St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Mathilakam. During his time at Holy Grace Academy, he was awarded the ''Kalaprathibha'' title at the CBSE State Kalotsav for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014). He also secured grade A for Light Music, Ghazal and Urdu group song events at 58th [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]] held in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dhinesh|first=Kallungal|date=20 August 2017|title=Kochi lad gives King Khan an uplifting experience. literally|edition=Kochi|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/aug/04/kochi-lad-gives-king-khan-an-uplifting-experience-literally-1638068.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tom Sajan|first=Kiran|date=16 Dec 2013|title=Thrissur retains title|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131216/news-current-affairs/article/thrissur-retains-title|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vaishnav competed in [[Surya TV]]'s Surya Singer 2, a [[Malayalam]] music [[reality show]] in 2014, where he emerged the winner. In 2015, his participation in the second edition of Indian reality television singing competition [[Indian Idol Junior]], earned him recognition.<ref name=":0" /> [[Universal Music India]] (UMI) signed a two-year record deal with him before he finished the competition as the third runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=10 Sep 2015|title=Indian Idol winner Ananya Nanda, Universal India ink deal|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/indian-idol-winner-ananya-nanda-universal-india-ink-deal/story-y07tEM22ZB9CI8lblFY12I.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

After Vaishnav's audition for the sixth season of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs]], singing "Bin Tere" (from the [[Hindi]] film, ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]''), went [[Viral video|viral]] online in July 2017, he was featured in [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]],<ref name=":1" /> [[The Times of India|Times of India]],<ref name=":3" /> [[Mathrubhumi]]<ref name=":2" /> among others, bringing him wider fame in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=James|first=Anu|date=31 July 2017|title=Meet Vaishnav Girish, the Keralite who stole millions of hearts with Bin Tere song|work=[[International Business Times]]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/meet-vaishnav-girish-keralite-who-stole-millions-hearts-bin-tere-song-videos-736627|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> He received praise from the judges and audiences alike for the performance and finished runner-up of the competition.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In 2018, Vaishnav made his debut as a playback singer with the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]], "Ankarajyathe Jimmanmar", composed by Girish Nayanan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|date=6 Sep 2017|title=Vaishnav Girish sings for 'Ankarajyathe Jimmanmaar'|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/vaishnav-girish-sings-for-ankarajyathe-jimmanmaar/articleshow/60386585.cms|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> He was a contestant in the 2020 edition of popular reality television show [[Indian Idol]], but got eliminated.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Awards ==
* CBSE State Kalotsav - Kalaprathibha (2013, 2014){{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
* Surya Singer Season 2 - Winner (2014){{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
* Kerala School Kalolsavam - Grade A for Light Music & Ghazal (2017){{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Discography ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Ref
|-
|2018
|''Ankarajyathe Jimmanmar''
|Mattulad Mattulad
|Girish Nayanan
|O.S Unnikrishnan
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2018
|''Kidu''
|Parannu Parannu
|T.K Vimal
|Nishad Ahmed
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=List of Malayalam Songs sung by Vaishnav Gireesh|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?g=13094|access-date=22 December 2020|website=Malayala Chalachitram}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Angane Njanum Premichu''
|Paattonnu Paadalo
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|B.K Harinarayanan
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|2019
|[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam|''Varikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam'']]
|Kalakaanji
|[[Mejo Joseph]]
|Joffy Tharakan
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]''
|Kuruvi
|[[Kailas Menon]]
|[[Manu Manjith]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title='കുരുവി സോംഗു'മായി ജലധാര പമ്പ് സെറ്റ് സിൻസ് 1962 ടീം, ലിറിക്കൽ വീഡിയോ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/jaladhara-pumpset-since-1962-movie/jaladhara-pumpset-since-1962-kuruvi-song-lyrical-video-out-1.8802919 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=9940680|name=Vaishnav Girish}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/vaishnavofficial Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girish, Vaishnav}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]

Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T22:42:56Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating A Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{for|the Himachal Pradesh constituency|Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hamirpur {{Small|UP-91}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Hamirpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency
| state =[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established =1952
| assembly_cons = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hamirpur]] [[Rath Assembly constituency|Rath]] [[Mahoba Assembly constituency|Mahoba]] [[Charkhari Assembly constituency|Charkhari]] [[Tindwari Assembly constituency|Tindwari]]
| latest_election_year =[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation =None
| mp = [[Ajendra Singh Lodhi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
}}
'''Hamirpur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:-
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|228
|[[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hamirpur]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|Manoj Prajapati
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|229
|[[Rath Assembly constituency|Rath]] (SC)
|[[Manisha Anuragi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|230
|[[Mahoba Assembly constituency|Mahoba]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
|Rakesh Goswami
|-
|231
|[[Charkhari Assembly constituency|Charkhari]]
|[[Brijbhushan Rajpoot]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|232
|[[Tindwari Assembly constituency|Tindwari]]
|[[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
|Ramkesh Nishad
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Manoolal Dwivedi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"| Swami Brahmanand
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Tej Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Doongar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Swami Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Ganga Charan Rajput]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vishwanath Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Ganga Charan Rajput]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Rajnarayan Budholiya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Vijay Bahadur Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Kunwar Pushpendra Singh Chandel|Pushpendra Chandel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ajendra Singh Lodhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hamirpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hamirpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2447.htm |access-date=1 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601154604/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2447.htm |archive-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hamirpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Hamirpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601154605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur |archive-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =Samajwadi Party
|candidate =[[Ajendra Singh Lodhi]]
|votes =4,90,683
|percentage = 44.00
|change ={{increase}}44.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]]
|votes =4,88,054
|percentage = 43.76
|change ={{down}}9.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirdosh Kumar Dixit
|votes =94,696
|percentage =8.49
|change ={{down}}21.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =13,453
|percentage = 1.21
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,629
|percentage =0.24
|change ={{down}}22.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,15,299
|percentage =60.62
|change ={{down}}1.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pushpendra Singh Chandel|Pushpendra Chandel]]|votes=5,75,122|percentage=52.77|change=+6.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dilip Kumar Singh|votes=3,26,470|percentage=29.96|change=+11.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pritam Singh Lodhi (Kisaan)|votes=1,14,534|percentage=10.51|change=+2.51}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|candidate=Arvind Kumar Prajapati|votes=4,247|percentage=0.39|change=+0.39}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sanjay Kumar Sahu|votes=24,801|percentage=2.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,48,652|percentage=22.82|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,90,029|percentage=62.32|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel|Pushpendra Chandel]]
|votes = 4,53,884
|percentage = 46.41
|change = +27.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,87,096
|percentage = 19.13
|change = -3.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Goswami
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,76,356
|percentage = 18.03
|change = -9.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pritam Singh Lodhi (Kisaan)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,229
|percentage = 8.00
|change = -15.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate =Vimlesh
|votes = 23,137
|percentage = 2.37
|change = +2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 10,449
|percentage = 1.07
|change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,66,788
|percentage = 27.28
|change = +23.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,77,930
|percentage = 56.27
|change = +7.87
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Chitrakoot division topics}}
{{Coord|25.95|80.15|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]

SYL (song)

2025-11-23T18:01:38Z

OlivaWilhite3: created the data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = SYL
| cover = SYL Sidhu Moose Wala.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| album =
| language = Punjabi
| released = {{Start date|2022|06|23|df=y}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre =
*[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
*[[political hip hop]]
| length = 4:09
| label = Sidhu Moose Wala
| writer = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| producer = Mxrci
| prev_title = Levels
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Vaar (song)|Vaar]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|pcT44dbu7es|"SYL"}}}}
}}
"'''SYL'''" is a single by Punjabi singer-rapper [[Sidhu Moosewala]]. The song was released just under three weeks after his death on 29 May 2022. The song was produced by Mxrci, and written by Moose Wala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=Sidhu Moosewala's new song SYL released, fans say 'you will always be our legend' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/sidhu-moosewala-new-song-syl-released-watch-video-7987238/}}</ref>

==Lyrical content==
In the song, Sidhu speaks about issues related to the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal|Satluj Yamuna link canal]] (SYL canal), a contentious issue of sharing of river waters between [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]] and Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/punjab/news/punjab-vs-haryana-over-syl-issue-navjot-sidhu-amarinder-singh-raja-sukhbir-badal-bagwant-mann-arvind-kejriwal-129688667.html|title=हरियाणा AAP इंचार्ज के बयान से पंजाब में घमासान: SYL मुद्दे पर सिद्धू समेत विपक्षी दलों ने सरकार को घेरा; बोले- तुरंत स्टैंड क्लियर करें CM भगवंत मान|date=20 April 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=Who complained against Sidhu Moosewala's SYL song, asks RTI applicant; Centre, Punjab say no info |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/sidhu-moosewala-syl-song-removed-rti-8100603/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> along with unity among Punjab & Haryana (undivided Punjab after PEPSU merger).<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |title=With ban on Sidhu Moosewala's song SYL, artistes share how voices that matter should not be silenced |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/with-the-ban-on-sidhu-moosewalas-song-syl-which-has-already-gone-viral-artistes-share-how-voices-that-matter-should-not-be-silenced-407586 |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=Jun 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125174850/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/with-the-ban-on-sidhu-moosewalas-song-syl-which-has-already-gone-viral-artistes-share-how-voices-that-matter-should-not-be-silenced-407586 |archive-date=Jan 25, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The song also calls for the release of Sikh political prisoners who are languishing in jails.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's Song 'SYL' Released, 1st After His Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sidhu-moose-walas-song-syl-released-1st-after-his-death-3095021 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In third verse, Sidhu talks about the [[2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest]].

==Music video==
The video opens with an interview of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] member [[Sushil Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=AAP MP promises SYL water to Haryana, kicks up political storm in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/aap-mp-promises-syl-water-to-haryana-draws-punjab-oppn-ire-101650396929398.html}}</ref> A portion from a speech delivered by [[Satya Pal Malik]] in Global Jat Summit on 8 November, 2021 is included as an outro snippet. <ref>{{Citation |title=SYL Sidhu Moose Wala (Official Video) {{!}} Ohna Chir Paani Chado Tupka Ni Dinde {{!}} New Punjabi Song 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsxoE0Z4yt8 |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Censorship==
After three days of release, the song was blocked from [[YouTube]] India by the government on 26 June.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/rights/sidhu-moosewalas-posthumous-song-syl-taken-off-youtube-after-legal-complaint-from-govt | title=Sidhu Moosewala's Posthumous Hit 'SYL' Taken off YouTube After 'Legal Complaint from Govt' }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/moose-walas-posthumous-song-syl-banned-in-india/articleshow/92478615.cms | title=Moose Wala's Posthumous Song 'syl' Banned in India | Chandigarh News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 June 2022 }}</ref>

==Commercial performance==
Within one hour of release, song gained more than one million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Moosewala's new song SYL touches raw nerve, registers 10 lakh views in one hour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/moosewalas-new-song-syl-touches-raw-nerve-registers-10-lakh-views-one-hour-7987310/}}</ref>

"SYL" debuted at number 81 on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's 'SYL' song features on Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Chart |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sidhu-moose-walas-syl-song-features-on-billboard-canadian-hot-100-chart/}}</ref>

==Credits and personnel==
*[[Sidhu Moose Wala]] – songwriting
*Mxrci – [[Record producer|production]]
*PixlPxl – [[Mixing engineer|mixing and engineering]]
*Navkaran Brar – artwork

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Weekly chart performance for "SYL"
! scope="col"| Chart (2022)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 4 July 2022|magazine=The ARIA Report|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|issue=1687|page=4|date=4 July 2022}}</ref>
| 81
|-
! scope="row"| Canada ([[Canadian Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2022-07-09/|title=Billboard Canadian Hot 100: Week of July 9, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>
| 27
|-
! scope="row" | [[Billboard Global Excl. U.S|Global Excl. US]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2022-07-09/|title=Billboard Global Excl. US: Week of July 9, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=July 6, 2022}}</ref>
| 200
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-07-09/| title=India Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>
| 3
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Hot Singles ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-07-01|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=4 July 2022|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
| 13
|-
! scope="row"| UK Asian ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ | title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company | website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]] }}</ref>
| 1
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:2022 singles]]
[[Category:Sidhu Moose Wala songs]]
[[Category:Songs released posthumously]]

Golewala

2025-08-17T04:47:48Z

OlivaWilhite3: adding new entry added tags!

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Golewala
| native_name = ਗੋਲੇਵਾਲਾ
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.78671277480459|74.70094745811284|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 6100
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Golewala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਗੋਲੇਵਾਲਾ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golewala · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Golewala,+Punjab+151203/@30.785532,74.6963004,15.33z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919e3ef27b89039:0x77381fcd9ceac3c9!8m2!3d30.7870337!4d74.7000524!16s/g/1td3ddzy?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Golewala · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 6100 as per the population census of 2011. The postal code of the village is 151213.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Golewala Pin Code - 151213, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search faridkot Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/golewala-pincode-151213.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 2595 hectares according to census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |year=2011 |language=English}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Golewala Village Census Data<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golewala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35545-golewala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
!'''Particulars'''
!'''Male'''
!'''Female'''
!'''Total'''
|-
|'''Total No. of Houses'''
| --
| --
|'''1072'''
|-
|'''Population'''
|3174
|2926
|'''6100'''
|-
|'''Schedule Caste'''
|1035
|924
|'''1959'''
|-
|'''Literacy'''
|70.12 %
|64.43 %
|'''67.38''' '''%'''
|-
|'''Total Workers'''
|1815
|222
|'''2,037'''
|-
|'''Area of Village'''
| colspan="3" |2,595 Hectares
|}

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Hire Benakal

2025-06-01T03:50:42Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating A Entry

{{Short description|Megalithic necropolis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hirebeṇakal
| native_name = ಹಿರೇಬೆಣಕಲ್ಲು (Hirebenakallu)
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name = Hirebeṇakal
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Pre-historic tombs-1.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pre-historic site at Hirebeṇakal
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|26|16.12|N|76|27|21.61|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koppal District|Koppal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KA-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Gangavati
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hirebenakal''' or '''Hirébeṇakal''' or '''Hirébeṇakallu''' ('''ಹಿರೇಬೆಣಕಲ್ಲು''' in [[Kannada]]) is a [[megalithic]] site in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is among the few megalithic sites in India that can be dated to the 800 BCE to 200 BCE period. The site is located in the [[Koppal district]], some {{Convert|10|km}} west of the town of [[Gangavati]] and some {{Convert|35|km}} from [[Hospet]] city. It contains roughly 400 megalithic funerary monuments, that have been dated to the transition period between [[Neolithic]] period and the [[Iron Age]]. Known locally (in the [[Kannada language]]) as ''eḷu guḍḍagaḷu'' (or 'the seven hills')'','' their specific name is ''moryar guḍḍa'' (or 'the hill of the moryas"). Hirebenakal is reported to be the largest [[necropolis]] among the 2000 odd megalithic sites found in South India, most of them in the state of Karnataka.<ref name="megalithic" /> Since 1955, it has been under the management of the [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] circle of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name="Sivanandan2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561850500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130194102/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561850500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011|title=This megalithic settlement near Hire Benakal in Koppal district remains hidden away|date=25 January 2011|access-date=5 February 2013|first=T.V. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last=Sivanandan }}</ref><ref name="Deccan">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/98072/portals-ancient-way-life.html|title=Portals to an ancient way of life| date=20 September 2012| newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=5 February 2013|first=Meera |last=Iyer}}</ref> On May 19, 2021, it was proposed that Hirebenakal be made a [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]].<ref name="megalithic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.earthismysterious.com/2800-years-old-megalithic-site-of-hire-benkal|title=2800 Years Old Megalithic Site Of Hire benkal|language=English|access-date=6 May 2020|publisher= Earth is Mysterious}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Pre-historic tombs.JPG|left|thumb|Prehistoric site]]
The funerary monuments are located on a rocky range of seven hills. The site lies to the left of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Covered with thorny bushes and slippery scattered boulders, the climb to the site is relatively easy and well marked.<ref name="Sivanandan2011" /><ref name=Deccan/> A perennial source of water has been found in the form of a lake and an old [[quarry]] site discovered nearby has been postulated to be the source for the materials used to build the Hirebenakal monuments.<ref name=Deccan/> Hirebenakal village can be reached, via the state highway, from the towns of [[Gangavathi]], [[Hospet]] and [[Koppal]]. The nearest railway station to the site is Gangavathi.<ref name="Sivanandan2011" />

==History==
This site was built more than 2000 years ago, with many of its megalithic structures dated to between 800 BCE and 200 BCE.<ref name="Sivanandan2011" /><ref name=Deccan/> The Iron Age is estimated to have spanned more than 1000 years (from 1200 BCE to 200 CE) in this portion of India.<ref name=Deccan/> The port-holed chamber in the western group of the Hirebenakal area has been compared to similar finds at Rajankolur.<ref name="The Karnatak Historical Review">{{cite book|title=The Karnatak Historical Review|volume=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT1uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 January 2013|year=1987|author=Karnatak Historical Research Society|publisher=Dharwad}}</ref>

The first published reports on Hirebenakal were those in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' in 1835, by [[Philip Meadows Taylor]], who was under the service of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name="megalithic" /> For over a century afterwards, no further systematic study of the site was conducted. Between 1944 and 1948, Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]] undertook archaeological excavations; these were supplemented by Adiga Sundara and were published in 1975.<ref name=megalithic/> In his publication, "The Early Chamber Tombs of South India: A Study of the Iron Age Megalithic Monuments of North Karnataka", Sundara's cataloguing describes details of 300 megalithic burial chambers at a site which was surrounded by thick forest.<ref name=megalithic/> Andrew Bauer of the Department of Anthropology at [[Stanford University]] has carried out investigations in recent years and identified about 1000 different types of antiquaries within an area of about {{Convert|20|ha}}. His findings describe anthropomorphic funerary structures, [[menhirs]], and circle-shaped stone fences. Bauer states in his writings that the [[dolmen]]s supported by stone slabs appear to have been erected perfectly, without any joining mortar.<ref name=megalithic/>

==Description==
[[File:Pre-historic tombs-2.JPG|right|thumb|Boulder supported dolmen chambers]]
The setting for the approximately 400 megalithic monuments is like that of a ghost town.<ref name=Deccan/> Their structures are varied in shape and size. There are clusters of [[dolmens]], three-sided chambers with capstones forming the roof.<ref name=Deccan/> The small dolmens are {{Convert|50|-|100|cm}} while the larger ones measure up to {{Convert|3|m}} height. The buried and semi-buried dolmens are categorized as [[cists]] and dolmenoid cists, and are arranged in circular layouts. Most of them have now collapsed.<ref name="Sivanandan2011" /> The dolmens with round [[porthole]]s give the appearance of dwellings with windows, but they are, in fact, funerary structures. These dolmens flank both sides of what was once the main street. Pit circles and oblong chambers covered with gable stone-roofs have also been found. The dolmenoid cists exist in several shapes and sizes. Those of an oblong shape have been understood to have been built by packing rubble stones at ground level. A circular enclosure has been noted. Around these structures is a pit filled with layers of earth.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name="Studies1979">{{cite book|author=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies|title=Essays in Indian protohistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwJuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 January 2013|year=1979|publisher=Published on behalf of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies [by] B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=978-0391018662}}</ref> Inside the rock shelters, there are paintings of people dancing, hunting, and holding weapons. There are also geometric and mystical designs of deer, peacocks, antelopes, humped bulls, horses, and cows. An unusual find is a stone kettledrum on a {{Convert|10|m}} high boulder. The boulder is hemispherical in shape, with a diameter of {{Convert|2|m}} and a height of {{Convert|1.5|m}}. When struck with a wooden hammer, the boulder has been known to produce sounds that can be heard up to {{Convert|1|km}} away.<ref name="Sivanandan2011" /><ref name=Deccan/> The caves in this area were either residences or places of worship and contained cave paintings made using a [[Ochre|red ochre]] colour, a fact corroborated by the nearby funerary structures.<ref name=megalithic/>
[[File:Cave painting at hirebenakal.JPG|right|thumb|Cave painting]]

==Artifacts==
Pottery from the [[Neolithic|Neolithic period]] has been found at the site. Pre-megalithic implements, iron slag, and pottery from the Neolithic, megalithic and early historic periods have been identified. Iron implements, a common megalithic period find in South India, is also found at the Hirebenakal site.<ref name=Deccan/>

==Preservation==
Although the renovation and maintenance of the site is the responsibility of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), hardly any activity is evident. Unfamiliar to most Indians and to most foreigners, it is estimated that only a dozen foreign tourists visit the site annually.<ref name=Deccan/> A crucial part of the site's maintenance is improving the signage at the base of the hill and near the Raichur-Koppal State Highway.<ref name=megalithic/> As it is, the dolmens have been ransacked over the centuries by thieves in search of hidden treasure. Shepherds too continue to graze their livestock at the site, resulting in the frequent collapse of the dolmens.<ref name=megalithic/>

==Culture==
The locals of the village nearest Hirebenakal believe that god himself walks from hill to hill during their annual festival. This belief precludes them from grazing their cattle there.<ref name=Deccan/>

==Other megalithic sites in Karnataka==
* [[Brahmagiri archaeological site]]
* [[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
* [[Sidlaphadi]]
* [[Khyad]]
* [[Neolithic]]
* [[Sodhe#Prehistoric rock art|Sonda]]
* [[Byse, Shimoga#History|Byse]]
* [[Anegundi]]
* [[Morera Thatte]]
* [[Sanganakallu]]
* [[South Asian Stone Age]]

==See also==
* [[Archaeology in India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* {{section link|List of archaeological sites by country|India}}
* {{section link|World Heritage Sites by country|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110130194102/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561850500.htm Hirebenkal]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1122795.ece This megalithic settlement near Hirebenkal remains hidden away]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Phool Singh Rathiya

2025-03-17T16:51:04Z

OlivaWilhite3: created a biography needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rampur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Rampur]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Nanki Ram Kanwar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Phool Singh Rathiya''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Rampur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Rampur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Korba district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoolsingh Rathiya, INC Candidate from Rampur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/phoolsingh-rathiya-s26aed2008a020e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rampur Election Result 2023 Live, Rampur Elections Vote Counting, Chhattisgarh Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2023/chhattisgarh-rampur-constituency-20.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rathiya is from Rampur, Korba district, Chhattisgarh. His late father, Hariram Rathiya, was a farmer. He passed Class 8 in 1997, and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phool Singh Rathiya(Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)):Constituency- RAMPUR (ST)(KORBA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=1718 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rathiya won from Rampur Assembly constituency, representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 93,647 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Nanki Ram Kanwar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,849 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampur Constituency Election Results 2023: Rampur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/rampur |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Rampur Election Results {{!}} Rampur Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023/rampur |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost the Rampur seat representing [[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh]] in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Nanki Ram Kanwar]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 18,175 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathiya, Phool Singh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Korba, Chhattisgarh]]

Sadal Prasad

2025-02-20T19:06:34Z

OlivaWilhite3: Article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder|
|name=Sadal Prasad
|alma_mater= [[Gorakhpur University]] (MA)
|office= [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Minister of State]] for Technical Education, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|term_start= 2007
|term_end= 2012
|office1= [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start1=2002
|term_end1=2012
|constituency1= [[Bansgaon Assembly constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|successor1= Vijay Kumar
|predecessor1= [[Sant Prasad]]
|party=[[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Sadal Prasad''' is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician, a former minister in the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] serving from 2007 to 2012 and a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2002 to 2012, elected twice in the [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007 election]] from [[Bansgaon Assembly constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC) assembly consistency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SADAL PRASAD(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- BANSGAON(GORAKHPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202222251/https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=321 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Lok Sabha elections-2024:Cong relying on party-hoppers to challenge BJP in east U.P. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-cong-relying-on-party-hoppers-to-challenge-bjp-in-east-up-101710096604996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-cong-relying-on-party-hoppers-to-challenge-bjp-in-east-up-101710096604996.html |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
Originally a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] since a long time, he switched to the Congress party for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] and is the Congress party candidate from [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC) parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सदल प्रसाद व गजराज सिंह कांग्रेस में शामिल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-sadal-prasad-and-gajraj-singh-join-congress-9476838.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311023128/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-sadal-prasad-and-gajraj-singh-join-congress-9476838.html |archive-date=11 March 2024 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He has previously been the BSP candidate from the same seat in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], closing the gap in the margin each time he has contested.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हर चुनाव में घटता गया सदल प्रसाद की हार का अंतर, क्या इस बार बन पाएंगे सांसद? समझें बांसगांव लोकसभा सीट का गणित - Bansgaon Lok Sabha seat Sadal Prasad margin of defeat is decreasing in every election will he become MP |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-bansgaon-lok-sabha-seat-sadal-prasad-margin-of-defeat-is-decreasing-in-every-election-will-he-become-mp-23682705.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Sadal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bharat Bagla

2024-12-03T22:39:29Z

OlivaWilhite3: Starting basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bharat Bagla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Village/[[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =Bharat Bagla
| pushpin_map_caption = Bharat Bagla in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.2519986|N|75.5057719|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_blank2_title =
| population_blank2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =Kashmiri, Sarazi, Gojri
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujari language|Gojari]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182202<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/doda/udyanpur-pincode-182202.html|title=Udyanpur, Jammu and Kashmir Pin Code|work=[[ABP News]]|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =[[Tehsildar]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Shabir Ahmed<ref>{{cite news |title=Directory |url=https://doda.nic.in/about-district-whos-who/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |work=District Administration [[Doda district|Doda]] |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]}}</ref>
| footnotes=
}}
'''Bharat Bagla''' or '''Bagla Bharat''' is a village and [[tehsil]] of [[Doda district]] in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="dodanic">{{Cite news | title=Villages and Panchayats in Doda district|url=https://doda.nic.in/village-panchayats/|website=www.doda.nic.in|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> Bharat Bagla is one of the far flung area in [[Doda district]].<ref name="pcpgbagla">{{Cite news|title=SP OPS Doda holds Public meet in far flung area of Doda district at village Bagla Bharat|url=https://www.jknews7.com/?p=8409|date=3 December 2017|work=JK News 7|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Bharat Bagla is a tehsil in [[Bhaderwah]] sub district of [[Doda district]]. There are 9 panchayats and 1 block in Bharat Bagla tehsil.<ref name="dodanic"/>
{| class="wikitable"
! S.No. !! Block !! Panchayat
|-
| 1 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Bagla
|-
| 2 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Bharath A
|-
| 3 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Bharath B
|-
| 4 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Dhar B
|-
| 5 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Kalihand
|-
| 6 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Kulhand
|-
| 7 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Seel
|-
| 8 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Udhiyanpur
|-
| 9 || DALI UDHYANPUR || Ugad
|}

==History==
Bharat Bagla tehsil was created in 2014 along with 10 new tehsils for [[Doda district]]. It was one of the 659 new administrative units which includes 135 tehsils, 46 sub divisions, 177 CD blocks and 301 nayabats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irfan |first1=Shams |title=J&K Is Abundant In Tehsils Now! |url=https://kashmirlife.net/jk-is-abundant-in-tehsils-now-01022014-53074/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |work=[[Kashmir Life]] |date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
Bharat and Bagla are actually two different villages that fall under the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development Department]]'s block Dali Udyanpur. Bharat is again split into two [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s, viz., Bharat A and Bharat B.<ref name="dodanic"/>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Doda district]]
[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:Chenab Valley]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Chelur

2024-11-14T20:32:51Z

OlivaWilhite3: adding first data added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chelur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.7091300|N|78.0972200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkaballapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5100
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Chelur ''' is a taluk and town in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 1780900 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India :|accessdate=2008-12-18|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/|archivedate=2008-12-18}} Chelur, Kolar, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Chikkaballapur district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Chelur had a population of 5100 with 2611 males and 2489 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Chikkaballapura]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]
* [[Chikkaballapura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Kolar.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Kolar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kolar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chikkaballapura district]]

{{Kolar-geo-stub}}

Comedy Nights with Suraj

2024-11-08T15:59:01Z

OlivaWilhite3: adding the details from scratch!

{{one source|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy Nights With Suraj.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]] [[Chat show]]
| creator =
| director =
| creative_director =
| writer =
| presenter = [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Aswathy Sreekanth]]
| starring = [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Aswathy Sreekanth]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 43 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|06|28|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
}}

'''''Comedy Nights with Suraj''''' was an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] [[stand-up comedy]] and talk show broadcast by [[Zee Keralam]] and hosted by [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and Aswathy Sreekanth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodus-dashamoolam-damu-makes-a-comeback/articleshow/68169518.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu's Dashamoolam Damu makes a comeback}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/when-audience-comment-katta-waiting-it-boosts-my-confidence-aswathy-sreekanth/articleshow/68352758.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=When audience comment ‘katta waiting,’ it boosts my confidence: Aswathy Sreekanth}}</ref> The show is an essence remake of popular [[Hindi]] language talk show ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/comedy-nights-with-suraj-actor-dileep-to-be-the-first-guest/articleshow/68269911.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Comedy Nights with Suraj: Actor Dileep to be the first guest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/comedy-nights-with-suraj/|website=keralatv.in|title=Comedy Nights With Suraj Launching 7th March 2019 At 9.00 P.M On Zee Keralam}}</ref> The show ended on 28 June 2019 after 35 episodes.

== Plot summary ==
Comedian Suraj Venjaramoodu along with Aswathy Sreekanth interacts with celebrity guests about their latest films while keeping the audience laughing with their wit, humor and assorted skits. The show also features various individuals from different walks of life who come together to showcase a wide range of talents and impress the audience with their skills.

==Cast==
===Host===
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
* Aswathy Sreekanth

=== Recurring ===
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]]
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]]
* Rajesh Panavally
* Sudhi Kollam
* Ullas Panthalam
* Nelson

== List of Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! width="2%" | Episode
! width="55%" | Guest(s)
! width="10%" | Telecast date
! width="45%" | Featured promotion
|-
| 1
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
| 7 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]''
|-
| 2
| [[Nadirshah]]
| 8 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|-
| 3
| [[Omar Lulu]], Noorin Shereef
| 14 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''
|-
| 4
| [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Surabhi Santosh]]
| 15 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[An International Local Story]]''
|-
| 5
| [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
| 21 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/argentina-fans-kaattoorkadavu-to-visit-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/68220335.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu to visit Comedy Nights with Suraj}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/midhun-manuel-thomas-dances-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/68481147.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Midhun Manuel Thomas dances on Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| [[Guinness Pakru]], [[Madhav Ramadasan]]
| 22 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Ilayaraja''
|-
| 7
| [[Askar Ali]], [[Aneesh Gopal]], Rahul Ramachandran
| 28 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Jeem Boom Bhaa]]''
|-
| 8
| Dhruvan, [[Gayathri Suresh]], [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]], Sowmya Menon
| 29 March 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Children's Park''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/childrens-park-team-to-visit-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/68631992.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Children’s Park team to visit Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| [[Shamna Kasim]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
| 4 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Madhura Raja]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shamna-kasim-to-visit-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/68705920.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Shamna Kasim to visit Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| [[Appani Sarath]], [[Anna Rajan]]
| 5 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|11
| [[Saniya Iyappan]]
| rowspan=2|11 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''
|-
| [[Anson Paul]], Diana Hameed
| style="text-align:center" | ''The Gambler''
|-
| 12
| [[Salim Kumar]], John Kaippallil
| 12 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' & ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''
|-
| 13
| [[Anusree]], John Kaippallil
| 15 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Madhura Raja]]''
|-
| 14
| [[Shine Tom Chacko]], Binu Adimali
| 18 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Mask''
|-
| 15
| Arun Kurian, Vipin George, Binu Thrikkakkara
| 19 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|16
| [[Nikhila Vimal]]
| rowspan=2|25 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|-
| [[Resul Pookutty]]
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Oru Kadhai Sollatuma]]''
|-
| 17
| [[Shane Nigam]], Ann Sheetal
| 26 April 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Ishq''
|-
| 18
| [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
| 2 May 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|19
| [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| rowspan=2|3 May 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Athiran]]''
|-
| [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Anarkali Marikar]]
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Uyare]]''
|-
| 20
| [[Deepak Parambol]], Anaswara, James Devassy
| 9 May 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Ormayil Oru Shishiram''
|-
| 21
| [[Mamukkoya]]
| 10 May 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mamukkoya-to-visit-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69250893.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Mamukkoya to visit Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| [[Manju Sunichen]], Durga Krishna
| 16 May 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Kuttimamaa''
|-
| 23
| [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], Shanavas Shanu
| 17 May 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dharmajan-and-shanavas-enjoy-their-time-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69342689.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Dharmajan and Shanavas enjoy their time on Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| [[Bheeman Raghu]]
| 23 May 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}
|-
| 25
| [[Manju Pillai]], Jayakumar
| 24 May 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mohanavalli-and-arjunan-to-appear-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69465836.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Mohanavalli and Arjunan to appear on Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 26
| [[Kalabhavan Navas]]
| 30 May 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kalabhavan-navas-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69583691.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Kalabhavan Navas on Comedy Nights with Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 27
| Sheethal Shyam, [[Renju Renjimar]], Surya Ishaan
| 31 May 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Dhwayah, Transgender beauty pageant''
|-
| 28
| [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Divya Prabha]], Grace Antony, Navas
| 6 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Thamaasha''
|-
| 29
| [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Dhruvan]], [[Gayathri Suresh]], [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]], Sowmya Menon, Arun Raj
| 7 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Children's Park''
|-
| 30
| [[Jayaraj Warrier]]
| 13 June 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jayaraj-warrier-enjoys-his-time-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69828053.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Jayaraj Warrier enjoys his time on Comedy Nights With Suraj}}</ref>
|-
| 31
| [[Surabhi Santosh]], [[Asha Aravind]]
| 14 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''My Great Grandfather''
|-
| 32
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], Noushad, Abhiram
| 20 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]''
|-
| 33
| [[Navya Nair]]
| 21 June 2019
| {{n/a|''No featured promotion''}}
|-
| 34
| [[Maqbool Salmaan]], Sri Vidya
| 27 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Mafi Dona''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/maqbool-salmaan-to-appear-on-comedy-nights-with-suraj/articleshow/69522805.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Maqbool Salmaan to appear on Comedy Nights With Suraj
}}</ref>
|-
| 35
| [[Sarayu Mohan|Sarayu]], Saji S Palamel, [[Minon]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
| 28 June 2019
| style="text-align:center" | ''Naan Petta Makan''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/comedy-nights-with-suraj/0-6-1390 ''Comedy Nights with Suraj''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|10020960}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedy Nights with Suraj}}
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Lakshmanan

2024-04-25T18:48:33Z

OlivaWilhite3: Creating Basic Details From Scratch

'''Lakshmanan''' is a common Indian name that may refer to:

*[[Lakshmana]], the brother of Rama in the ancient Indian epic ''Ramayana''
*[[A. R. Lakshmanan]], former judge of the Supreme Court of India
*[[C. K. Lakshmanan]], British-Indian Olympian
*[[G. Lakshmanan]], Indian politician
*[[S. Lakshmanan]], Indian politician
*[[Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran]], former Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles
*[[Savithri Lakshmanan]], Indian politician
*[[V. K. Lakshmanan]], Indian politician

==See also==
*[[Lakshman (disambiguation)]]

{{hndis}}

[[Category:Tamil names]]

Gurmat Parkash

2023-12-23T17:43:55Z

OlivaWilhite3: quick update

#redirect[[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]

Palitana Jain Temples

2011-12-26T18:45:35Z

OlivaWilhite3: minor edit

#REDIRECT[[Palitana temples]]