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Elizabeth II

2023-10-10T20:55:33Z

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{{Short description|Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022}}

{{Redirect|Elizabeth of the United Kingdom||Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)|and|Elizabeth II (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty

| title = [[Head of the Commonwealth]]
| image = Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg
| alt = Elizabeth facing right in a half-length portrait photograph
| caption = Formal portrait, 1959
| succession = [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] {{Avoid wrap|and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s}}
| moretext = ([[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|list]])
| reign = 6 February 1952{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|8 September 2022}}
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|Coronation]]
| coronation = 2 June 1953
| predecessor = [[George VI]]
| successor = [[Charles III]]
| birth_name = Princess Elizabeth of York
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[Mayfair]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|09|08|1926|04|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Balmoral Castle]], Aberdeenshire, Scotland
| burial_date = 19 September 2022
| burial_place = [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]], St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]|20 November 1947|9 April 2021|reason=d}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Charles III]]
* [[Anne, Princess Royal]]
* [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]
* [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]
}}
| full name = Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
| house = [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
| father = [[George VI]]
| mother = [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
| religion = [[Protestant]]{{Efn|name=religion|As monarch, Elizabeth was [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]. She was also a member of the [[Church of Scotland]].}}
| signature = Elizabeth II signature 1952.svg
| signature_alt = Elizabeth's signature in black ink
| module = {{Listen |embed=yes
| title = Elizabeth II's voice
| filename = Elizabeth II Coronation speech.ogg
| type = speech
| description = {{Br separated entries|Elizabeth's [[Special address by the British monarch#Elizabeth II|coronation speech]]|Recorded 2 June 1953}}
}}
}}

'''Elizabeth II''' (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926{{Sndash}}8 September 2022) was [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s from 6 February 1952 until [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|her death]] in 2022. She was [[queen regnant]] of [[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|32 sovereign states]] over the course of her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death. Her reign of over 70 years is the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest of any British monarch]] and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest verified reign of any female head of state in history]].

Elizabeth was born in [[Mayfair]], London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, [[King George V]]. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon [[Abdication of Edward VIII|the abdication]] of his brother [[Edward VIII]], making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the [[heir presumptive]]. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]]. In November 1947, she [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten|married]] [[Philip Mountbatten]], a former [[prince of Greece and Denmark]], and their marriage lasted 73 years until [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|his death in 2021]]. They had four children: [[Charles III|Charles]], [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]], [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Andrew]], and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Edward]].

When [[Death and state funeral of George VI|her father died]] in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as [[head of the Commonwealth]]. Elizabeth reigned as a [[constitutional monarch]] through major political changes such as [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, [[devolution in the United Kingdom]], the [[decolonisation of Africa]], and the [[United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities]] and [[Brexit|withdrawal from the European Union]]. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|became republics]]. As queen, Elizabeth was served by [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II|more than 170 prime ministers]] across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to China in 1986, [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|to Russia]] in 1994, and [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|to the Republic of Ireland]] in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events included [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's coronation]] in 1953 and the celebrations of her [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver]], [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden]], [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond]], and [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum]] [[jubilee]]s in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her ''[[annus horribilis#Elizabeth II|annus horribilis]]'' in 1992, and [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|the death]] in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]]—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died aged 96 at [[Balmoral Castle]] in September 2022, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.

== Early life ==
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of [[Prince Albert, Duke of York]] (later King George VI), and his wife, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of York]] (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]. She was delivered at 02:40 ([[GMT]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33153 |date=21 April 1926 |page=1 |mode=cs2}}</ref> by [[Caesarean section]] at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 [[Bruton Street]] in [[Mayfair]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=103|Marr|2011|3p=76|Pimlott|2001|4pp=2–3|Lacey|2002|5pp=75–76|Roberts|2000|6p=74}} The [[Anglican]] [[Archbishop of York]], [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]], [[baptised]] her in the private chapel of [[Buckingham Palace]] on 29 May,{{Sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2002|p=40}}{{Efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] (her paternal great-granduncle); [[Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles]] (her paternal aunt); and [[Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone|Lady Elphinstone]] (her maternal aunt).{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=103|Hoey|2002|2p=40}}}} and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after [[Alexandra of Denmark|her paternal great-grandmother]], who had [[Death and funeral of Alexandra of Denmark|died six months earlier]]; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=103}} She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=12}} based on what she called herself at first.{{Sfn|ps=none|Williamson|1987|p=205}} She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=15}} and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=56|Nicolson|1952|2p=433|Pimlott|2001|3pp=14–16}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 364
| image1 = Princess Elizabeth on TIME Magazine, April 29, 1929.jpg
| alt1 = Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair
| caption1 = On the [[1929 Time magazine covers|cover]] of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], April 1929
| image2 = Philip de László - Princess Elizabeth of York - 1933.jpg
| alt2 = Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair
| caption2 = Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1933
}}
Elizabeth's only sibling, [[Princess Margaret]], was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their [[governess]], [[Marion Crawford]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1p=26|Pimlott|2001|2p=20|Shawcross|2002|3p=21}} Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Lacey|2002|2pp=62–63|Pimlott|2001|3pp=24, 69}} Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled ''[[The Little Princesses]]'' in 1950, much to the dismay of the [[British royal family|royal family]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=108–110|Lacey|2002|2pp=159–161|Pimlott|2001|3pp=20, 163}} The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=108–110}} Others echoed such observations: [[Winston Churchill]] described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=105|Lacey|2002|2p=81|Shawcross|2002|3pp=21–22}} Her cousin [[Margaret Rhodes]] described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=105–106}} Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 [[Piccadilly]] (their [[town house]] in London) and [[Royal Lodge]] in Windsor.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=14–34|Heald|2007|2pp=7–8|Warwick|2002|3pp=35–39}}

== Heir presumptive ==

During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the [[line of succession to the British throne]], behind her uncle [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=8|Lacey|2002|2p=76|Pimlott|2001|3p=3}} When [[Death and state funeral of George V|her grandfather died]] in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]], after his proposed marriage to divorced American socialite [[Wallis Simpson]] provoked a [[constitutional crisis]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|pp=97–98}} Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the [[regnal name]] George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became [[heir presumptive]]. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been [[heir apparent]] and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the [[male-preference primogeniture]] in effect at the time.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=78, 85|Pimlott|2001|2pp=71–73}}

Elizabeth received private tuition in [[constitutional history]] from [[Henry Marten (educator)|Henry Marten]], [[List of provosts of Eton College|Vice-Provost]] of [[Eton College]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Crawford|1950|2p=85|Lacey|2002|3p=112|Marr|2011|4p=88|Pimlott|2001|5p=51|Shawcross|2002|6p=25}} and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.<ref name="Edu">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education |url=https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507231247/https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> A [[Girl Guides]] company, the [[1st Buckingham Palace Company]], was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1p=84|Pimlott|2001|2p=47}} Later, she was enrolled as a [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Sea Ranger]].<ref name="Edu" />

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents [[1939 royal tour of Canada|toured Canada]] and the United States. As in 1927, when they had [[Royal tours of Australia#1927|toured Australia]] and [[Royal visits to New Zealand#1951–2000|New Zealand]], Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} They corresponded regularly,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} and she and her parents made the first royal [[transatlantic telephone]] call on 18 May.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}}

=== Second World War ===
[[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, April 1945 TR2832.jpg|thumb|right|In [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]] uniform, April 1945]]
In September 1939, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|Britain entered the Second World War]]. [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|Lord Hailsham]] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to Canada to avoid the frequent [[Aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombings]] of London by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.{{Sfn|ps=none|Warwick|2002|page=102}} This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=21 December 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183311/https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The princesses stayed at [[Balmoral Castle]], Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to [[Sandringham House]], Norfolk.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=104–114|Pimlott|2001|2pp=56–57}} From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to [[Windsor Castle]], where they lived for most of the next five years.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=114–119|Pimlott|2001|2p=57}} At Windsor, the princesses staged [[pantomime]]s at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought [[yarn]] to knit into military garments.{{Sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|pp=137–141}} In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Children's Hour]]'', addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web |date=13 October 1940 |title=Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053143/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=22 July 2009 |website=BBC Archive |mode=cs2}}</ref> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."<ref name="CH" />

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the [[Grenadier Guards]], of which she had been appointed [[colonel]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early public life |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328170101/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=20 April 2010 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five [[counsellors of state]] in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=71}} In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary [[Auxiliary Territorial Service#Ranks|second subaltern]] in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the [[service number]] 230873.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36973 |date=6 March 1945 |page=1315 |supp=y |nolink=y |mode=cs2}}</ref> She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] at the time) five months later.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Bradford|2012|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Lacey|2002|pp=136–137}}; {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=100}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=75}}; | {{London Gazette |issue=37205 |date=31 July 1945 |page=3972 |supp=y |nolink=y |mode=cs2 |ref=none}} }}</ref>

[[File:Special Film Project 186 - Buckingham Palace 2.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, [[8 May 1945]]]]
At the end of the war in Europe, on [[Victory in Europe Day]], Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down [[Whitehall]], all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Pimlott|2001|2p=79}}

During the war, plans were drawn to quell [[Welsh nationalism]] by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of [[Caernarfon Castle]] or a patron of [[Urdd Gobaith Cymru]] (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with [[conscientious objector]]s in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2005 |title=Royal plans to beat nationalism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208181209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Welsh politicians suggested she be made [[Princess of Wales]] on her 18th birthday. [[Home Secretary]] [[Herbert Morrison]] supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a [[Prince of Wales]] and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=71–73}} In 1946, she was inducted into [[Gorsedd Cymru|the Gorsedd of Bards]] at the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorsedd of the Bards |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203811/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=National Museum of Wales |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in [[21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth|a broadcast]] to the [[British Commonwealth]] on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 April 1947 |title=A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191402/https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The oft-quoted speech was written by [[Dermot Morrah]], a journalist for ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name="Oldie">{{Cite web |last=Utley |first=Charles |date=June 2017 |title=My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech |url=https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531074419/https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=The Oldie |mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
{{Main|Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten}}
Elizabeth met her future husband, [[Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]], in 1934 and again in 1937.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=132–139|Lacey|2002|2pp=124–125|Pimlott|2001|3p=86}} They were [[Cousin#Cousin chart|second cousins once removed]] through [[King Christian IX of Denmark]] and third cousins through [[Queen Victoria]]. After meeting for the third time at the [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Brandreth|2004|2pp=132–136, 166–169|Lacey|2002|3pp=119, 126, 135}} She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.{{Sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=77}}

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a [[British subject]] who had served in the [[Royal Navy]] throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with [[Nazi]] links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=31 October 2000 |title=The Real Prince Philip |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209095416/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."{{Sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|p=180}} Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "[[Hun (pejorative)|the Hun]]".<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=20 April 2006 |title=Philip, the one constant through her life |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |mode=cs2}};{{Cbignore}} | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=314}}}}</ref> In later life, however, she told the biographer [[Tim Heald]] that Philip was "an English gentleman".{{Sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=xviii}}

[[File:Huwelijk Prinses Elisabeth, Bestanddeelnr 902-4693 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947]]
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from [[Greek Orthodoxy]] to [[Anglicanism]], and adopted the style ''Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten'', taking [[Mountbatten family|the surname of his mother's British family]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1pp=55–56|Pimlott|2001|2pp=101, 137}} Shortly before the wedding, he was created [[Duke of Edinburgh]] and granted the style ''His Royal Highness''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38128 |date=21 November 1947 |page=5495 |nolink=y |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.<ref name="news1">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2007 |title=60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203033258/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth required [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|ration coupons]] to buy the material for [[Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|her gown]] (which was designed by [[Norman Hartnell]]) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=58|Pimlott|2001|2pp=133–134}} In [[Post-war Britain (1945–1979)|post-war Britain]], it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=59|Petropoulos|2006|2p=363}} Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=61}}

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, [[Charles III|Charles]], in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued [[Letters patent (United Kingdom)|letters patent]] allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.<ref>{{Multiref|Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|pp=69–70}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=155–156}}}}</ref> A second child, [[Princess Anne]], was born in August 1950.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=163}}

Following their wedding, the couple leased [[Windlesham Moor]], near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,<ref name="news1" /> when they took up residence at [[Clarence House]] in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British [[Crown Colony of Malta]] as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Gwardamanġa]], at [[Villa Guardamangia]], the rented home of Philip's uncle [[Lord Mountbatten]]. Their two children remained in Britain.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=226–238|Pimlott|2001|2pp=145, 159–163, 167}}

== Reign ==

=== Accession and coronation ===
{{Main|Coronation of Elizabeth II}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II on her Coronation Day.jpg|thumb|alt=Elizabeth is seated and holds an orb and sceptre.|Coronation portrait by [[Cecil Beaton]], 1953]]
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and [[Harry S. Truman]] in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary [[Martin Charteris]] carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=240–241|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=169–172}} In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, [[Sagana Lodge]], after a night spent at [[Treetops Hotel]], when word arrived of [[Death and state funeral of George VI|the death]] of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=245–247|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=173–176|Shawcross|2002|4p=16}} She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,{{Sfnm|ps=none|1a1=Bousfield|1a2=Toffoli|1y=2002|1p=72|Bradford|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3p=179|Shawcross|2002|4p=17}} and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.{{Sfn|ps=none|Mitchell|2003|page=113}} She was [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II|proclaimed queen]] throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=178–179}} Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=186–187}}

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the [[royal house]] would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for ''House of Mountbatten'', and Philip suggested ''House of Edinburgh'', after his ducal title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soames |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Soames |date=1 June 2012 |title=Emma Soames: As Churchills we're proud to do our duty |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100737/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the [[House of Windsor]]. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be ''Windsor''. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=80|Brandreth|2004|2pp=253–254|Lacey|2002|3pp=172–173|Pimlott|2001|4pp=183–185}} In 1960, the surname ''[[Mountbatten-Windsor]]'' was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=297–298}}<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41948 |date=5 February 1960 |page=1003 |supp=y |nolink=y |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry [[Peter Townsend (RAF officer)|Peter Townsend]], a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|private secretary]], "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=269–271}} Senior politicians were against the match and the [[Church of England]] did not permit [[remarriage]] after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a [[civil marriage]], she would have been expected to renounce her [[right of succession]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=269–271|Lacey|2002|2pp=193–194|Pimlott|2001|3pp=201, 236–238}} Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=271|Lacey|2002|3p=194|Pimlott|2001|4p=238|Shawcross|2002|5p=146}} In 1960, she married [[Antony Armstrong-Jones]], who was created [[Earl of Snowdon]] the following year. They were divorced in 1978. She did not remarry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Margaret: Marriage and family |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225052/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Despite the [[Death and funeral of Mary of Teck|death of Queen Mary]] on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=82}} The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the [[anointing]] and [[Eucharist|communion]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2003 |title=50 facts about The Queen's Coronation |url=https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207234935/https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref>{{Efn|name=television|Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licences in the United Kingdom]] doubled to 3{{Spaces}}million,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=207}} and many of the more than 20{{Spaces}}million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Briggs|1995|1pp=420 {{Wikt-lang|en|ff.}}|Pimlott|2001|2p=207|Roberts|2000|3p=82}} In North America, almost 100{{Spaces}}million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.{{Sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|p=182}}}} On Elizabeth's instruction, [[Coronation gown of Elizabeth II|her coronation gown]] was embroidered with the [[floral emblem]]s of Commonwealth countries.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=190|Pimlott|2001|2pp=247–248}}

=== Early reign ===
{{Further|Commonwealth realm#From the accession of Elizabeth II}}
[[File:British Empire in February 1952.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's realms]] (light red and pink) and their territories and [[protectorate]]s (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952]]
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the [[British Empire]] continued its transformation into the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Marr|2011|p=272}} By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=182}} In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than {{Convert|40000|mi|km}} by land, sea and air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth: Gifts to the Queen |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123708/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=[[Royal Collection Trust]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> She became the first reigning [[monarch of Australia]] and [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]] to visit those nations.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Australia: Royal visits |url=https://www.royal.uk/australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201044226/https://www.royal.uk/australia |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Vallance |first=Adam |date=22 December 2015 |title=New Zealand: Royal visits |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322052936/https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |archive-date=22 March 2019 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=126}}}}</ref> During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=278|Marr|2011|2p=126|Pimlott|2001|3p=224|Shawcross|2002|4p=59}} Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to other countries and [[List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II|tours of the Commonwealth]]; she was the most widely travelled [[head of state]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Sophie |date=11 May 2012 |title=Queen's Diamond Jubilee: Sixty years of royal tours |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/Queens-Diamond-Jubilee-sixty-years-of-royal-tours |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ZsXhc |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, [[Sir Anthony Eden]] and [[Guy Mollet]], discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the [[Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]], the precursor to the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Mike |date=15 January 2007 |title=When Britain and France nearly married |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123072141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |archive-date=23 January 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In November 1956, Britain and France [[Suez Crisis|invaded Egypt]] in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the [[Suez Canal]]. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=255|Roberts|2000|2p=84}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume|With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth Conference]]]]

The governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to [[Kissing hands|commission to form a government]] following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the [[lord president of the council]]. Lord Salisbury and [[Lord Kilmuir]], the [[lord chancellor]], consulted the [[British Cabinet]], Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench [[1922 Committee]], resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: [[Harold Macmillan]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=175–176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=256–260|Roberts|2000|3p=84}}

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=199|Shawcross|2002|2p=75}} [[John Grigg|Lord Altrincham]] accused her of being "out of touch".<ref>{{Multiref| Altrincham in ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'', quoted by | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=374}}; {{Harvnb|Roberts|2000|p=83}}}}</ref> Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=374|Pimlott|2001|2pp=280–281|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint [[Alec Douglas-Home]] as the prime minister, advice she followed.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.{{Sfn|ps=none|Roberts|2000|p=84}}

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip sit on thrones before a full Parliament.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Seated with Philip on thrones at the [[Canadian parliament]], 1957]]
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the [[23rd Canadian Parliament]], becoming the first [[monarch of Canada]] to open a parliamentary session.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |title=Queen and Canada: Royal visits |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504150511/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.<ref name="Canada" />{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=114}} In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=303|Shawcross|2002|2p=83}} On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.{{Sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed '[[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury|the heart and stomach of a man]]' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."{{Sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Before her tour through parts of [[Quebec]] in 1964, the press reported extremists within the [[Quebec separatist movement]] were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubois |first=Paul |date=12 October 1964 |title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday |page=1 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in [[Montreal]]; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=139}}

Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, [[Prince Andrew]], in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Royal Family tree and line of succession |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311001051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her fourth child, [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward]], was born in March 1964.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43268 |date=11 March 1964 |page=2255 |nolink=y |mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Political reforms and crises ===
{{Multiple image|total_width=400|align= right |direction= horizontal
|image1=Elizabeth II in Queensland, Australia, 1970.jpg
|alt1=Elizabeth waving from a car
|caption1=In [[Queensland]], Australia, 1970
|image2=Stevan Kragujevic, Elizabeth II i Josip Broz Tito,1972, u Beogradu.jpg
|alt2=
|caption2=With [[President Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade, 1972
}}

The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, [[Ian Smith]], in opposition to moves towards [[majority rule]], [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "[[Queen of Rhodesia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |date=18 August 2019 |title=As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704002344/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |archive-date=4 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=66|Pimlott|2001|2pp=345–354}} As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the [[European Community]], a goal it [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|achieved in 1973]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1pp=123, 154, 176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=301, 315–316, 415–417}}

In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of [[Aberfan]], where [[Aberfan disaster|a mining disaster]] claimed the lives of 116 children and 28 adults. Charteris said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Aberfan disaster: The Queen's regret after tragedy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=How filming the agony of Aberfan for The Crown revealed a village still in trauma |url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221000005/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth toured [[Yugoslavia]] in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a [[communist country]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2022|page=58}} She was received at the airport by President [[Josip Broz Tito]], and a crowd of thousands greeted her in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1972 |title=Big Crowds in Belgrade Greet Queen Elizabeth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

In February 1974, the British prime minister [[Edward Heath]] advised Elizabeth to call [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|a general election]] in the middle of her tour of the [[Austronesia]]n [[Pacific Rim]], requiring her to fly back to Britain.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Pimlott|2001|2p=418}} The election resulted in a [[hung parliament]]; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Harold Wilson]], to form a government.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Marr|2011|2p=256|Pimlott|2001|3p=419|Shawcross|2002|4pp=109–110}}

A year later, at the height of the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]], the Australian prime minister, [[Gough Whitlam]], was dismissed from his post by Governor-General [[Sir John Kerr]], after the Opposition-controlled [[Australian Senate|Senate]] rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=96|Marr|2011|2p=257|Pimlott|2001|3p=427|Shawcross|2002|4p=110}} As Whitlam had a majority in the [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]], Speaker [[Gordon Scholes]] appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the [[Constitution of Australia]] for the Governor-General.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=428–429}} The crisis fuelled [[Australian republicanism]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=96|Marr|2011|2p=257|Pimlott|2001|3p=427|Shawcross|2002|4p=110}}

[[File:Jimmy Carter with Queen Elizabeth - NARA - 174724.jpg|thumb|[[3rd G7 summit|Leaders of the G7 states]], members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977]]
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with [[List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|her associated national and Commonwealth tours]]. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=449}} In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s communist leader, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], and his wife, [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=137|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89|Shawcross|2002|3p=178}} though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".<ref>Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|p=178}}</ref> The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of [[Anthony Blunt]], former [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]], as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her uncle-in-law Lord Mountbatten by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1pp=336–337, 470–471|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89}}

According to [[Paul Martin Sr.]], by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried [[the Crown]] "had little meaning for" [[Pierre Trudeau]], the Canadian prime minister.<ref name="Post" /> [[Tony Benn]] said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".<ref name="Post">{{Cite news |last=Heinricks |first=Geoff |date=29 September 2000 |title=Trudeau: A drawer monarchist |page=B12 |work=[[National Post]] |location=Toronto |mode=cs2}}</ref> Trudeau's supposed [[Republicanism in Canada|republicanism]] seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various [[Canadian royal symbols]] during his term of office.<ref name="Post" /> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the [[patriation]] of the [[Canadian constitution]] found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".<ref name="Post" /> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.<ref name="Post" />

=== Perils and dissent ===
[[File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse|Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony]]
During the 1981 [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony, six weeks before the [[wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer]], six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down [[The Mall, London]], on her horse, [[Burmese (horse)|Burmese]]. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, [[Marcus Sarjeant]], was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 1981 |title=Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=281|Pimlott|2001|2pp=476–477|Shawcross|2002|3p=192}} That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to [[Dunedin]], New Zealand. [[Christopher John Lewis]], who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a [[.22 rifle]] from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeilly |first=Hamish |date=1 March 2018 |title=Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183822/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |archive-date=26 June 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with [[attempted murder]] or [[treason]] was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a [[psychiatric hospital]] with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] and their son [[Prince William]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |date=13 January 2018 |title='Damn ... I missed': the incredible story of the day the Queen was nearly shot |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301120257/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:President Ronald Reagan riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II during visit to Windsor Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.|Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982]]
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the [[Falklands War]], for which she reportedly felt anxiety{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=115|Pimlott|2001|2p=487}} and pride.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=487|Shawcross|2002|2p=127}} On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, [[Michael Fagan (intruder)|Michael Fagan]], in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=297–298|Pimlott|2001|2p=491}} After hosting US president [[Ronald Reagan]] at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting [[Rancho del Cielo|his California ranch]] in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the [[United States invasion of Grenada|invasion of Grenada]], one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=188|Pimlott|2001|2p=497}}

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' tabloid.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=488–490}} As [[Kelvin MacKenzie]], editor of ''The Sun'', told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=521}} Newspaper editor [[Donald Trelford]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'' of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Thatcherism#economicposition|economic policies]] fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, [[1981 England riots|a series of riots]], the violence of [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|a miners' strike]], and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide [[Michael Shea (diplomat)|Michael Shea]] and Commonwealth secretary-general [[Shridath Ramphal]], but Shea claimed his remarks were taken [[out of context]] and embellished by speculation.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Hardman|2011|pp=216–217}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=503–515}}; {{Nowrap|see also}} | {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=195–207}}; {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=129–132}}}}</ref> Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]]—Thatcher's political opponents.<ref>{{Multiref|Thatcher to [[Brian Walden]], quoted in {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=207}}; | Neil quoted in {{Harvnb|Wyatt|1999|loc= diary of 26 October 1990}}}}</ref> Thatcher's biographer, [[John Campbell (biographer)|John Campbell]], claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".{{Sfn|ps=none|Campbell|2003|p=467}} Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=167, 171–173}} and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the [[Order of Merit]] and the [[Order of the Garter]]—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by [[John Major]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Roberts|2000|1p=101|Shawcross|2002|2p=139}} [[Brian Mulroney]], Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.<ref name="Geddes">{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |year=2012 |title=The day she descended into the fray |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |edition=Special Commemorative  |page=72 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="MacQueen">{{Cite magazine |last1=MacQueen |first1=Ken |last2=Treble |first2=Patricia |year=2012 |title=The Jewel in the Crown |magazine=Maclean's |edition=Special Commemorative  |pages=43–44 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Christmas Card issued by H.R.H. Queen Elizabeth II (1987) (52344711248).jpg|thumb|right|With Philip and their four eldest grandchildren, 1987]]

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155118/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The tour included the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Great Wall of China]], and the [[Terracotta Warriors]].{{Sfn|ps=none|BBC Books|1991|page=181}} At a [[state banquet]], Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with [[Queen Elizabeth I]]'s letter to the [[Wanli Emperor]], and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2019|page=437}} Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that [[Handover of Hong Kong|sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred]] from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bogert |first=Carroll R. |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Arrives In Peking for 6-Day Visit |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad |access-date=12 October 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=293–294|Pimlott|2001|2p=541}} The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show ''[[It's a Royal Knockout]]'' in 1987 was ridiculed.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1pp=82–83|Lacey|2002|2p=307|Pimlott|2001|3pp=522–526}} In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive [[Meech Lake Accord|constitutional amendments]], prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<ref name=Geddes /> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|a military coup]]. As [[monarch of Fiji]], Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General [[Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau]] to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=515–516}}

=== Turbulent years ===
In the wake of coalition victory in the [[Gulf War]], Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint meeting]] of the [[United States Congress]] in May 1991.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=538}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|alt=Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose|With Philip in Germany, October 1992]]
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the [[Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Ruby Jubilee]] of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her {{Lang|la|[[annus horribilis]]}} (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=24 November 1992 |title=Annus horribilis speech |work=royal.uk |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191553/https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |archive-date=3 January 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Republican feeling in Britain]] had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace{{Efn|name=finances|The ''[[Sunday Times Rich List 1989]]'' put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|5200000000|1989|r=-6}}}} in today's value),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|mode=cs2}} but it included state assets like the [[Royal Collection]] that were not hers personally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Rich List: Changing face of wealth |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171208/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".<ref>{{Multiref|[[David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie|Lord Airlie]], the [[lord chamberlain]], quoted in | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|p=225}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=561}}}}</ref> In 1971, [[Jock Colville]], her former private secretary and a director of her bank, [[Coutts]], estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|2000000|1971|1993|r=-6}}}} in 1993{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|mode=cs2}}).<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=11 June 1971 |title=£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate' |page=1 |work=[[The Times]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=401}}}}</ref>}}—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=519–534}} In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, [[Sarah, Duchess of York|Sarah]]; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain [[Mark Phillips]] in April;{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=319|Marr|2011|2p=315|Pimlott|2001|3pp=550–551}} angry demonstrators in [[Dresden]] threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stanglin |first=Douglas |date=18 March 2010 |title=German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden |work=[[USA Today]] |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515131113/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |archive-date=15 May 2010 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and [[1992 Windsor Castle fire|a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle]], one of her [[official residence]]s, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=377|Pimlott|2001|2pp=558–559|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=204}} In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=377}} Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying [[income tax]] from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the [[civil list]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=229|Lacey|2002|2pp=325–326|Pimlott|2001|3pp=559–561}} In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=226|Hardman|2011|2p=96|Lacey|2002|3p=328|Pimlott|2001|4p=561}} At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued ''The Sun'' newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her [[Royal Christmas Message|annual Christmas message]] two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=562}} Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against ''The Sun'' five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter [[Princess Beatrice]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 1993 |title=Queen Threatens to Sue Newspaper |work=Associated Press News |location=London |url=https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407111152/https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |archive-date=7 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the [[scaphoid bone]] in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 1994 |title=Queen Breaks Wrist in Riding Accident |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831195506/https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.{{Efn|name=russia|The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by [[King Edward VII]] in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met [[Nicholas II]] on [[royal yacht]]s off the Baltic port of what is now [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=15 July 1994 |title=Elizabeth II to visit Russia in October |page=2 |work=Evansville Press |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Tomaszewski|2002|page=22}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sloane |first=Wendy |date=19 October 1994 |title=Not all's forgiven as queen tours a czarless Russia |work=The Christian Science Monitor |location=Moscow |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905181532/https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |archive-date=5 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> During the [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|four-day visit]], which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 1994 |title=British queen in Moscow |work=United Press International |location=Moscow |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312020810/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> she and Philip attended events in Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |date=15 October 1994 |title=Queen's Visit: Lifting the Clouds of the Past |work=Moscow Times |mode=cs2}}</ref>}} In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a [[hoax call]] by Montreal radio host [[Pierre Brassard]] impersonating Canadian prime minister [[Jean Chrétien]]. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence [[1995 Quebec referendum|Quebec's referendum]] on proposals to break away from Canada.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=29 October 1995 |title=Allo! Allo! Ici the Queen. Who's This? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |date=28 October 1995 |title=Queen falls victim to radio hoaxer |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603193700/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>

In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=356|Pimlott|2001|2pp=572–577|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=168}} In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ([[George Carey]]) and her private secretary ([[Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes|Robert Fellowes]]), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=357|Pimlott|2001|2p=577}}

In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|was killed]] in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]], wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=358|Hardman|2011|2p=101|Pimlott|2001|3p=610}} Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Marr|2011|3p=338|Pimlott|2001|4p=615}} but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at [[half-mast]] over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.<ref name=MacQueen />{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Lacey|2002|3pp=6–7|Pimlott|2001|4p=616|Roberts|2000|5p=98|Shawcross|2002|6p=8}} Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a [[Addresses to the nation by Elizabeth II|live television broadcast]] on 5 September, the day before [[Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana's funeral]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=358–359|Lacey|2002|2pp=8–9|Pimlott|2001|3pp=621–622}} In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}}

In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",<ref name="goback">{{Cite news |date=14 October 1997 |title=Indian group calls off protest, accepts queen's regrets |publisher=CNN |location=Amritsar, India |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202629/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen |archive-date=3 May 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=15 October 1997 |title=In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191611/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |archive-date=17 May 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a [[wreath]] and stood for a 30‑second [[moment of silence]].<ref name="NYT" /> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.<ref name="goback" /> That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at [[Banqueting House]] to mark their golden wedding anniversary.<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 November 1997 |title=A speech by The Queen on her Golden Wedding Anniversary |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073945/https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |archive-date=10 January 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary" />

In 1999, as part of the process of [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution within the UK]], Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the [[National Assembly for Wales]] at [[Cardiff]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Geoffrey |date=27 May 1999 |title=Welsh crown day with a song |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163608/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Edinburgh]] in July.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engel |first=Matthew |date=2 July 1999 |title=Something for everyone as Scots at last put history behind them |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914185759/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |archive-date=14 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Dawn of the new millennium ===
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II with her British Prime Ministers during her Golden Jubilee in 2002.jpg|thumb|Golden Jubilee dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) Tony Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, [[James Callaghan]], John Major]]
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from [[Southwark]], bound for the [[Millennium Dome]]. Before passing under [[Tower Bridge]], Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the [[Pool of London]] using a laser torch.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=December 1999 |title=Queen to visit Southwark on Millennium Eve |work=London SE1 |url=https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021754/https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |date=31 December 1999 |title=Beacons blaze across UK |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |archive-date=13 February 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.{{Sfn|ps=none|Knappett|2016|page=24}} During the singing of ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'', Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister [[Tony Blair]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Shawcross|2002|1p=224|Bedell Smith|2017|2p=423}}

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]], the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=156|Bradford|2012|2pp=248–249|Marr|2011|3pp=349–350}} She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a [[power cut]] plunged [[King's House, Jamaica|King's House]], the official residence of the [[Governor-General of Jamaica|governor-general]], into darkness.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=31}} As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|pp=166–167}} and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=157}}

[[File:Queen at NASA.jpg|thumb|left|Greeting [[NASA]] employees at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], Maryland, May 2007]]
In 2003, Elizabeth sued the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' for [[Breach of confidence in English law|breach of confidence]] and obtained an [[injunction]] which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a [[footman]] at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higham |first=Nick |date=14 September 2012 |title=Analysis: The Royal Family's history of legal action |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |date=24 November 2003 |title=Palace and Mirror settle over fake footman |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601015921/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |archive-date=1 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had [[keyhole surgery]] on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new [[Emirates Stadium]] because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2006 |title=Queen cancels visit due to injury |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217060327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the [[British Armed Forces]] were overstretched in Iraq and [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=28 May 2007 |title=Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552769/Revealed-Queens-dismay-at-Blair-legacy.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OFaqF |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to [[Northern Ireland peace process|achieve peace]] in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=27 May 2007 |title=Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552767/Tony-and-Her-Majesty-an-uneasy-relationship.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d1rD2 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Queen celebrates diamond wedding |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7101094.stm |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913162744/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1631550463567&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20UK%20%7C%20Queen%20celebrates%20diamond%20wedding&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7101094.stm&rp= |archive-date=13 September 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 20 March 2008, at the [[Church of Ireland]] [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)|St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh]], Elizabeth attended the first [[Maundy service]] held outside England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2008 |title=Historic first for Maundy service |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412102120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |archive-date=12 April 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and [[Head of the Commonwealth]].<ref name="UN">{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=6 July 2010 |title=A speech by the Queen to the United Nations General Assembly |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114061854/https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The [[UN secretary-general]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], introduced her as "an anchor for our age".<ref name="BBCUN">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2010 |title=Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715050818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |mode=cs2}}</ref> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British [[victims of the 9/11 attacks]].<ref name="BBCUN" /> Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie' |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |url-status=dead |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030150841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |archive-date=30 October 2011 |mode=cs2}}</ref> By invitation of the [[Irish president]], [[Mary McAleese]], she made the first [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|state visit to the Republic of Ireland]] by a British monarch in May 2011.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=253}}

=== Diamond Jubilee and milestones ===
[[File:Day 194 - West Midlands Police - Royal Diamond Jubilee Visit (7555521830).jpg|thumb|Visiting [[Birmingham]] in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour]]
Elizabeth's [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|2012 Diamond Jubilee]] marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=7 March 2012 |title=Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154923/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite press release |title=Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012 |date=14 December 2011 |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |ref=none |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520183506/https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |archive-date=20 May 2018 |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Event News |publisher=The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Beacons |url=http://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075010/http://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |archive-date=16 November 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 18 December, she became the first British [[sovereign]] to attend a peacetime [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet meeting]] since [[George III]] in 1781.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2012 |title=UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128080212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth, who opened the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, also opened the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] in London, making her the first [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|head of state to open]] two [[Olympic Games]] in two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2012 |title=Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday |agency=PR Newswire |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092404/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |archive-date=2 April 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref> For the London Olympics, she played herself in [[Happy & Glorious|a short film]] as part of [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]], alongside [[Daniel Craig]] as [[James Bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Nicholas |date=27 July 2012 |title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary [[BAFTA]] for her [[patronage]] of the film industry and was called "the most memorable [[Bond girl]] yet" at the award ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2013 |title=Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Official Opening of the Borders Rail - 21086557488.jpg|thumb|Opening the [[Borders Railway]] on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=9 September 2015 |title=A speech by The Queen at the Borders Railway, Scotland |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>]]

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] as a precaution after developing symptoms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304151251/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |archive-date=4 March 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> A week later, she signed the new [[Charter of the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024324/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|summit in Sri Lanka]] by Prince Charles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125220445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Charles to be next Commonwealth head |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141358/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She underwent [[cataract surgery]] in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Queen undergoes eye surgery to remove cataract |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052447/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |via=Yahoo! News |mode=cs2}}</ref> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikkash |first=Roya |date=31 March 2019 |title=Queen slams brakes on driving in public |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174928/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |archive-date=31 March 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]] and [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning queen regnant]] and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=6 September 2014 |title=Elizabeth Set to Beat Victoria's Record as Longest Reigning Monarch in British History |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926132141/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Modh |first=Shrikant |date=11 September 2015 |title=The Longest Reigning Monarch Queen Elizabeth II |work=Philately News |url=http://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033651/http://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |archive-date=1 December 2017 |ref=none |mode=cs2}} }}</ref> She became the oldest current monarch after [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] died on 23 January 2015.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is now world's oldest monarch |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102192250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |archive-date=2 January 2020 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=23 January 2015 |title=Queen becomes world's oldest monarch following death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11364902/Queen-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch-following-death-of-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/bB0Fi |archive-date=10 January 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}}}</ref> She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest-serving current head of state]] following the [[death of King Bhumibol]] of Thailand on 13 October 2016,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013123050/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Addley |first=Esther |date=13 October 2016 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is longest-reigning living monarch after Thai king's death |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423145926/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |archive-date=23 April 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] on the [[resignation of Robert Mugabe]] of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=Queen Elizabeth II will be the world's oldest head of state if Robert Mugabe is toppled |publisher=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195819/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |archive-date=15 November 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate [[Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II|a sapphire jubilee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=29 January 2017 |title=The Blue Sapphire Jubilee: Queen will not celebrate 65th anniversary but instead sit in 'quiet contemplation' remembering father's death |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/blue-sapphire-jubilee-queen-will-not-celebrate-65th-anniversary |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IGX3p |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2017 |title=Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary |work=The Guardian |agency=Press Association |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120085334/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |archive-date=20 November 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=2 August 2017 |title=Prince Philip Makes His Last Solo Appearance, After 65 Years in the Public Eye |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/uk-prince-philip-retired-queen-elizabeth.html |access-date=4 August 2017 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

=== Pandemic and widowhood ===
On 19 March 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom]], Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |date=16 March 2020 |title=The royal family is canceling events because of the coronavirus, and the Queen may be asked to self-isolate for up to 4 months |work=[[Business Insider|Insider]] |url=https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908185425/https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Queen and Prince Philip return to Windsor Castle for lockdown |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621150341/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:A private audience with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Virtual meeting]] with [[Cindy Kiro]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]], October 2021]]
On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's message seen by 24 million |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710073241/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825205418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of [[VE Day]], in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=VE Day: UK's streets not empty as filled with love, says Queen |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230720/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October, she visited the UK's [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Murphy |first=Victoria |date=15 October 2020 |title=Queen Elizabeth Is Joined by Prince William for Her First Public Outing in Seven Months |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos |url-status=live |magazine=Town & Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624154419/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the [[Tomb of the Unknown Warrior]] at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Queen wears face mask as she marks Unknown Warrior centenary |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224955/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In 2021, she received her first and second [[COVID-19 vaccinations]] in January and April respectively.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Busby |first=Mattha |date=9 January 2021 |title=The Queen and Prince Philip receive first dose of Covid vaccine |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184958/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |archive-date=9 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |last=Petit |first=Stephanie |date=1 April 2021 |title=Queen Elizabeth Received Her Second COVID-19 Vaccine Before First Maskless Outing of the Year |url=https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020126/https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=People |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>

Prince Philip [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|died on 9 April 2021]], after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a [[widow]] or widower since Queen Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: After over 70 years by her side, the Queen faces a future without her 'strength and stay' |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409125554/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |archive-date=9 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Caitlin |date=9 April 2021 |title=Queen will complete her reign in the same sad way as great-great grandmother Queen Victoria |work=GoodtoKnow |url=https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164919/https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tominey |first=Camilla |author-link=Camilla Tominey |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip's peaceful passing reflects a remarkable life lived in self-effacing dignity |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |archive-date=10 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: The Queen says his death has 'left a huge void' – Duke of York |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Abraham |first=Ellie |date=17 April 2021 |title=Social Media Reacts to 'heartbreaking' Image of Queen Sitting Alone at Prince Philip's Funeral |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706220849/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |archive-date=6 July 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Jennifer |date=17 April 2021 |title=Image of Queen Elizabeth II sitting alone at Philip's funeral breaks hearts around the world |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512191857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |archive-date=12 May 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen's Christmas message pays tribute to 'beloved' Philip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220143732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen remembers 'mischievous twinkle' of Prince Philip in emotional Christmas message |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133432/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |archive-date=15 February 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>

Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the [[2021 State Opening of Parliament]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025817/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> the [[47th G7 summit]] in June,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=12 June 2021 |title=G7 summit: Queen charms prime ministers and presidents |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612035541/http://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and hosted US president [[Joe Biden]] at Windsor Castle. Biden was the 14th US president that the Queen had met.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-13 |title=Queen meets Joe Biden at Windsor Castle |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57461257 |access-date=2023-09-08 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's [[National Health Service]], she announced that the NHS would be awarded the [[George Cross]] to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2021 |title=Queen gives George Cross to NHS for staff's 'courage and dedication' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407012127/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October 2021, she began using a [[walking stick]] during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Jessica |date=12 October 2021 |title=Queen seen using walking stick for first time in 20 years |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331202326/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |archive-date=31 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Harry |date=21 October 2021 |title=The Queen spent night in hospital after cancelling Northern Ireland visit |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225193105/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |archive-date=25 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> the [[COP26]] summit in [[Glasgow]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Joseph |date=26 October 2021 |title=Queen will not attend COP26 climate change summit |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201115457/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the 2021 [[National Service of Remembrance]] were cancelled on health grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becky Morton |date=14 November 2021 |title=The Queen to miss Remembrance Sunday service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309025216/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a [[crossbow]] with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the [[Amritsar massacre]]. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the [[Mental Health Act 2007|Mental Health Act]]. In 2023, he pleaded guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203113557/https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Platinum Jubilee and beyond ===

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52124830349).jpg|thumb|With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the [[Platinum Jubilee Pageant]], June 2022]]
Elizabeth's [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for [[pensioner]]s, local [[Women's Institute]] members and charity volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=5 February 2022 |title=Queen holds reception to mark Platinum Jubilee |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221164719/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In her [[accession day]] message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=5 February 2022 |title=Accession Day 2022 |work=Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174327/https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Dulcie |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |date=20 February 2022 |title=The Queen tests positive for Covid |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220115305/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=20 February 2022 |title=Britain's Queen Elizabeth tests positive for Covid-19 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235154/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> She cancelled two [[virtual audience]]s on 22 February,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=22 February 2022 |title=Queen cancels virtual engagements as mild Covid persists |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60477065 |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304231039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60477065 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> but held a phone conversation with British prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] the following day amid [[Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border]],{{Efn|Russia [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invaded Ukraine]] one day later.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elston |first=Laura |date=23 February 2022 |title=Queen holds telephone audience with PM despite Covid |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/boris-johnson-prime-minister-government-her-majesty-buckingham-palace-b2021845.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307155515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/boris-johnson-prime-minister-government-her-majesty-buckingham-palace-b2021845.html |archive-date=7 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> following which she made a donation to the [[Disasters Emergency Committee]] (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=3 March 2022 |title=The Queen makes 'generous' private donation to Ukraine fund as Royal family shows its support |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305182024/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal |archive-date=5 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at [[Frogmore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinton |first=Megan |date=28 February 2022 |title=Queen enjoys time with family after recovering from Covid |publisher=[[LBC]] |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305043126/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |archive-date=5 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]] at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waddell |first=Lily |date=7 March 2022 |title=Queen holds in-person meeting with Justin Trudeau in front of blue and yellow flowers |work=Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-covid-battle-b986490.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307130729/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-covid-battle-b986490.html |archive-date=7 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selby |first=Jenn |date=10 April 2022 |title=Covid left me 'exhausted', Queen tells bereaved couple |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/apr/10/covid-left-me-exhausted-queen-tells-bereaved-couple |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410211644/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/apr/10/covid-left-me-exhausted-queen-tells-bereaved-couple |archive-date=10 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth was present at [[A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh|the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip]] at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauren |first=Turner |date=29 March 2022 |title=Queen attends Prince Philip memorial service at Westminster Abbey |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> but was unable to attend the annual [[Commonwealth Day]] service that month<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=14 March 2022 |title=Prince Charles Fills in for Queen Elizabeth II at Commonwealth Day Service Alongside Prince William |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |url-status=live |magazine=Us Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314202741/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> or the [[Royal Maundy]] service in April, due to "episodic mobility problems".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Charley |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prince Charles stands in for Queen at Maundy Service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She missed the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend the 1959 and 1963 state openings as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament – Prince of Wales to read speech instead |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195207/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=10 May 2022 |title=Queen's Speech: Why Prince William is attending State Opening of Parliament |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612154417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening |archive-date=12 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the [[Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving|National Service of Thanksgiving]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Queen to miss service of thanksgiving after suffering discomfort |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627180802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |archive-date=27 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> For the [[Platinum Party at the Palace|Jubilee concert]], she took part in a sketch with [[Paddington Bear]] that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=5 June 2022 |title=Queen's Jubilee surprise: A starring role with Paddington Bear (and what she really keeps in her handbag) |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/04/queens-jubilee-surprise-starring-role-paddington-bear-really |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809105719/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/04/queens-jubilee-surprise-starring-role-paddington-bear-really |archive-date=9 August 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Ma'amalade sandwich Your Majesty? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UfiCa244XE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031002900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UfiCa244XE |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=13 June 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II becomes second-longest serving monarch |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615204423/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, [[Liz Truss]], at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=31 August 2022 |title=Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902004500/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Little known facts about British Prime Ministers |work=history.co.uk |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155323/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |archive-date=10 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the [[Saskatchewan stabbings]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=In last public statement, Queen Elizabeth extended condolences following Saskatchewan stabbing rampage |language=en-CA |work=[[The StarPhoenix]] |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908193354/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth never planned to [[abdicate]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=370–371|Marr|2011|2p=395}} though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Mansey |first1=Kate |last2=Leake |first2=Jonathan |last3=Hellen |first3=Nicholas |date=19 January 2014 |title=Queen and Charles start to 'job-share' |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044636/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=395}}}}</ref> The Queen told Canadian {{Not a typo|governor-general}} [[Adrienne Clarkson]] in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=19 September 2022 |title=Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010752/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Justin Welby]], who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen had no fear of death, says archbishop of Canterbury |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909105236/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |archive-date=9 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II}}
[[File:Memorial Offerings to Queen Elizabeth II at the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial (11).jpg|thumb|left|Tributes left in The Mall, London]]
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |work=Plymouth Live |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She died peacefully at 15:10 [[British Summer Time|BST]] at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side;<ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> Charles immediately succeeded as monarch. Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dies at 96 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation Unicorn (Scotland)|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |work=NDTV.com |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref>

On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]]

Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=Westminster Abbey |mode=cs2}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]], and two [[royal corgis]], stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Main|Personality and image of Elizabeth II}}

=== Beliefs, activities, and interests ===
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II - 1974 Royal Tour of NZ - Oamaru with Mayor Bill Laney (4).jpg|thumb|Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974]]

Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When ''Times'' journalist [[Paul Routledge]] asked her about the [[miners' strike of 1984–85]] during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to [[Arthur Scargill]]),<ref name="BBCRoutledge1999">{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=John |date=16 January 1999 |title=The author of political scandal |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218235624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |archive-date=18 December 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> with which Routledge disagreed.{{Sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.{{Sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} After the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominiczak |first=Peter |date=24 September 2014 |title=David Cameron: I'm extremely sorry for saying Queen 'purred' over Scottish Independence vote |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050127/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=19 September 2019 |title=David Cameron sought intervention from Queen on Scottish independence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107212310/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and [[civic duty]], and took her [[Coronation Oath]] seriously.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=19 April 2006 |title=Queen 'will do her job for life' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208145900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=194–195}}}}</ref> Aside from her [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom#Religious role|official religious role]] as [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]] of the [[State religion|established]] Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national [[Church of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Our structure |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192732/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=23 April 2022 |publisher=Church of Scotland |mode=cs2}}</ref> She demonstrated support for [[Interfaith dialogue|inter-faith]] relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: [[Pius XII]], [[John XXIII]], [[John Paul II]], [[Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis|Francis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2014 |title=Queen meets Pope Francis at the Vatican |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528055839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |archive-date=28 May 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual [[Christmas Message]] broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=25 December 2000 |title=Christmas Broadcast 2000 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507175203/https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=236–237}}}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.}}

Elizabeth was [[patron]] of more than 600 organisations and charities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=About The Patron's Lunch |url=http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317233039/http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=The Patron's Lunch |mode=cs2}}</ref> The [[Charities Aid Foundation]] estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Kate |date=11 June 2012 |title=The Queen has done more for charity than any other monarch in history |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222170933/https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |archive-date=22 February 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her main leisure interests included [[equestrianism]] and dogs, especially her [[Pembroke Welsh Corgi]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=80 facts about The Queen |publisher=Royal Household |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321215851/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with [[Dookie (dog)|Dookie]], the first corgi owned by her family.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Bush|2007|page=115}}; | {{Cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=1 October 2007 |title=Hug for Queen Elizabeth's first corgi |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564705/Hug-for-Queen-Elizabeths-first-corgi.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dzjXo |archive-date=10 January 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}}}</ref> Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=25 May 2012 |title=When the Queen is your boss |work=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307084753/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |archive-date=7 March 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

=== Media depiction and public opinion ===
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=22}} After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=180|Roberts|2000|3p=82|Shawcross|2002|4p=50}} Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "[[prig]]gish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=280|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary ''[[Royal Family (film)|Royal Family]]'' and by televising Prince Charles's [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|investiture as Prince of Wales]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=66–67, 84, 87–89|Bradford|2012|2pp=160–163|Hardman|2011|3pp=22, 210–213|Lacey|2002|4pp=222–226|Marr|2011|5p=237|Pimlott|2001|6pp=378–392|Roberts|2000|7pp=84–86}} Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=213–214}} Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|p=41}} In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour [[overcoat]]s and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=10 May 2007 |title=Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |archive-date=7 November 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=17 May 2018 |title=Almost a third of the country has seen or met the Queen in real life |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013300/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=YouGov |language=en-gb |mode=cs2}}</ref>

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=97|Bradford|2012|2p=189|Pimlott|2001|3pp=449–450|Roberts|2000|4p=87|Shawcross|2002|5pp=1114–117}} but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=117|Roberts|2000|2p=91}} Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=556–561, 570}} Although support for [[republicanism in Britain]] seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<ref>{{Multiref|MORI poll for ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper, March 1996, quoted in | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=578}}; | {{Cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Jack |date=5 March 1996 |title=Watch out, the Roundheads are back |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212013603/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |archive-date=12 December 2012 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=578}} Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=624–625}}

[[File:Queen in Brisbane 1982.jpg|thumb|left|In [[Brisbane]], Australia, 1982]]
In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth II should be country's last British monarch |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |location=Canberra |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Times |mode=cs2 |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Monarchy poll |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163103/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchy-poll-april-2006 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |date=16 December 2007 |title=Monarchy Survey |url=http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Populus Ltd]] |page=9 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |date=28 December 2007 |title=Poll respondents back UK monarchy |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Satisfaction with the Queen |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], [[Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew|his lawsuit]] with [[Virginia Giuffre]] amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]]'s [[Megxit|exit from the working royal family]] and subsequent move to the United States.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=7 September 2019 |title=Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210841/https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sophie |last2=Hall |first2=Harriet |date=19 May 2021 |title=How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133622/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |archive-date=27 September 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |last1=Skinner |first1=Giden |last2=Garrett |first2=Cameron |date=11 January 2022 |title=Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192545/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914104959/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[YouGov]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071842/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205309/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |archive-date=22 July 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth II's death? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172024/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170513/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |language=en-gb |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |language=en-gb |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516095425/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |last=Merrick |first=Jane |date=2 June 2022 |title=Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929062055/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[I (newspaper)|i]] |language=en |ref=none |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909081309/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}};
|{{Cite web |title=Has the Queen done a good job during her time on the throne? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924045039/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |language=en-gb |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> As of 2021 she remained the third [[most admired woman]] in the world according to the annual [[Gallup poll]], her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=14 December 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418180803/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=YouGov America |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters [[Pietro Annigoni]], [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy]], [[Terence Cuneo]], [[Lucian Freud]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juliet Pannett]] and [[Tai-Shan Schierenberg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Ben |date=12 February 2016 |title=Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NPG1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth II |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Yousuf Karsh]], [[Anwar Hussein (photographer)|Anwar Hussein]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]], [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]], [[John Swannell (photographer)|John Swannell]] and [[Dorothy Wilding]]. The first official [[portrait photograph]] of Elizabeth was taken by [[Marcus Adams (photographer)|Marcus Adams]] in 1926.<ref name="NPG">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Adams |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, honours, and arms ==
{{Main|List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II}}
{{Multiple image
| width = 150
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = Royal Cypher of Queen Elizabeth II.svg
| caption1 = [[Royal cypher]] of Elizabeth II, surmounted by [[St Edward's Crown]]
| image2 = Personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II.svg
| caption2 = Personal flag of Elizabeth II
}}

=== Titles and styles ===
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout [[the Commonwealth]], was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: ''Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories'' in [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]], ''Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories'' in Australia, etc. In the [[Isle of Man]], which is a [[Crown Dependency]] rather than a separate realm, she was known as [[Lord of Mann]]. Elizabeth was also styled ''[[Defender of the Faith]]''.

=== Arms ===
{{See also|Flags of Elizabeth II}}
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge]] bearing the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] differenced with a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a [[Tudor rose]] and the first and third a [[cross of St George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |url=http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed [[Heraldic banner|royal standards]] and personal flags for use [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], [[Royal standards of Canada|Canada]], [[Queen's Personal Australian Flag|Australia]], [[Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag|New Zealand]], [[Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag|Jamaica]], and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=15 January 2016 |title=Personal flags |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Issue ==
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Birth
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Marriage
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Children
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Grandchildren
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Spouse
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | [[Charles III]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Birth date and age|1948|11|14|df=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996
| rowspan="2" | [[Lady Diana Spencer]]
| [[William, Prince of Wales]]
| {{Ubli|[[Prince George of Wales]]|[[Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]]|[[Prince Louis of Wales]]}}
|-
| [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]]
| {{Ubli|[[Prince Archie of Sussex]]|[[Princess Lilibet of Sussex]]}}
|-
| 9 April 2005
| [[Camilla Parker Bowles]]
| colspan="2" {{N/A|None}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | [[Anne, Princess Royal]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Birth date and age|1950|8|15|df=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | 14 November 1973 Divorced 23 April 1992
| rowspan="2" | [[Mark Phillips]]
| [[Peter Phillips]]
| {{Ubli|Savannah Phillips|Isla Phillips}}
|-
| [[Zara Tindall]]
| {{Ubli|Mia Tindall|Lena Tindall|Lucas Tindall}}
|-
| 12 December 1992
| [[Timothy Laurence]]
| colspan="2" {{N/A|None}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Birth date and age|1960|2|19|df=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996
| rowspan="2" | [[Sarah Ferguson]]
| [[Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi]]
| Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
|-
| [[Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank]]
| {{Ubli|August Brooksbank|Ernest Brooksbank}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Birth date and age|1964|03|10|df=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | 19 June 1999
| rowspan="2" | [[Sophie Rhys-Jones]]
| [[Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor]]
| {{N/A|None}}
|-
| [[James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex]]
| {{N/A|None}}
|}

== Ancestry ==
{{Ahnentafel
|align=center
|collapsed=yes
|ref=<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Louda|Maclagan|1999|page=34}}; | {{Harvnb|Montgomery-Massingberd|1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252 252, 293, 307]}}; | {{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=A. R. |author-link=Anthony Wagner |year=1940 |title=Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen |journal=Genealogist's Magazine |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom'''
|2= 2. [[George VI of the United Kingdom]]
|3= 3. [[Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
|4= 4. [[George V of the United Kingdom]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Victoria Mary of Teck]]
|6= 6. [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]
|7= 7. [[Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck]]
|8= 8. [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Alexandra of Denmark]]
|10= 10. [[Francis, Duke of Teck]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge]]
|12= 12. [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]
|13= 13. [[Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne|Frances Smith]]
|14= 14. [[Charles Cavendish-Bentinck (priest)|Charles Cavendish-Bentinck]]
|15= 15. [[Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck|Louisa Burnaby]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[Finances of the British royal family]]
* [[Household of Elizabeth II]]
* [[List of things named after Elizabeth II]]
* [[List of jubilees of Elizabeth II]]
* [[List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II]]
* [[Royal eponyms in Canada]]
* [[Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX]]
* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)|(1940s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1950s)|(1950s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|(2010s)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bedell Smith |first=Sally |title=Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Jennie |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond |title=Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years |date=2006 |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |isbn=1-8444-2260-7 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jennie Bond |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bousfield |first1=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous |title=Fifty Years the Queen |last2=Toffoli |first2=Gary |date=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-5500-2360-2 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1419-3333-7 |edition=2nd |mode=cs2 |author-link=Sarah Bradford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad |title=Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-6709-1911-6 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |url=https://archive.org/details/philipelizabeth0000bran |title=Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage |date=2004 |publisher=Century |isbn=0-7126-6103-4 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Gyles Brandreth |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Asa |title=The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1921-2967-8 |volume=4 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Asa Briggs}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/everythingdogsex0001bush |title=Everything Dogs Expect You to Know |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-8453-7954-4 |location=London |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |date=2003 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-2240-6156-9 |mode=cs2 |author-link=John Campbell (biographer)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Marion |title=The Little Princesses |date=1950 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |mode=cs2 |author-link=Marion Crawford}}
* {{Cite book |title=The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990 |publisher=BBC Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-5633-6008-7 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Caroline |ref={{Harvid|BBC Books|1991}} |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/ourqueen0000hard_t3g5 |title=Our Queen |date=2011 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-0919-3689-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Robert Hardman |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |title=Queen of the World |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-7808-9818-6 |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heald |first=Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/princessmargaret0000heal_n5q7 |title=Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled |date=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-2978-4820-2 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Tim Heald |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/hermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3 |title=Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years |date=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-0065-3136-9 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022 |publisher=Rizzoli |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-8416-5939-8 |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knappett |first=Gill |title=The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir |date=2016 |publisher=Pitkin |isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0 |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |title=Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |date=2002 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-3168-5940-0 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Robert Lacey}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-3168-4820-6 |edition=2nd |location=London |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan |orig-year=1981}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macmillan |first=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm |title=Pointing the Way 1959–1961 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3331-2411-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Harold Macmillan |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marr |first=Andrew |title=The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People |date=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-2307-4852-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Marr}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=James |title=Britain Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-6312-0967-6 |editor-last=Hollowell |editor-first=Jonathan |pages=109–125 |chapter=Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts |doi=10.1002/9780470758328.ch5 |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |publisher=Burke's Peerage |year=1973 |isbn=0-2206-6222-3 |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Massingberd |location=London |chapter=The Royal Lineage |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Neil |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/fulldisclosure0000neil |title=Full Disclosure |date=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3336-4682-7 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Neil |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |title=King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign |date=1952 |publisher=Constable & Co. |mode=cs2 |author-link=Harold Nicolson}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Petropoulos |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/royalsreichprinc0000petr |title=Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1951-6133-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jonathan Petropoulos |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pimlott |first=Ben |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-0025-5494-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Ben Pimlott}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofwindsor0000unse |title=The House of Windsor |date=2000 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |isbn=0-3043-5406-6 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=Antonia |editor-link=Antonia Fraser |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Routledge |first=Paul |title=Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1994 |isbn=0-0063-8077-8 |location=London |mode=cs2 |author-link=Paul Routledge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shawcross |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/queencountry0000shaw |title=Queen and Country |date=2002 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=0-7710-8056-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=William Shawcross |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tomaszewski |first=Fiona K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |title=A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-2759-7366-7 |mode=cs2 |access-date=5 October 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Warwick |first=Christopher |title=Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-2330-5106-2 |location=London |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=David |title=Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain |date=1987 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=0--86350-101-X |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Woodrow |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofwoodro0002wyat |title=The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt |date=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3337-7405-1 |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Sarah |volume=II |mode=cs2 |author-link=Woodrow Wyatt |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth Queen Elizabeth II] at the Royal Family website
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/queen.html Queen Elizabeth II] at the website of the [[Government of Canada]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-the-united-kingdom-1926-2022#/type/subject Queen Elizabeth II] at the website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61605149 Obituary] at [[BBC News Online]]
* {{NPG name|name=Queen Elizabeth II}}
* {{IMDb name|name=Queen Elizabeth II}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{-}}
{{Hidden begin|title=Titles and succession|titlestyle=text-align: center|border=#aaa 1px solid}}
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{{S-hou|[[House of Windsor]]|21 April|1926|8 September|2022}}
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{{S-break}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Pakistan]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}23 March 1956}}
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{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Nigeria]]|years=1 October 1960{{Sndash}}1 October 1963}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Sierra Leone]]|years=27 April 1961{{Sndash}}19 April 1971}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Tanganyika]]|years=9 December 1961{{Sndash}}9 December 1962}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago]]|years=31 August 1962{{Sndash}}1 August 1976}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Uganda]]|years=9 October 1962{{Sndash}}9 October 1963}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Kenya]]|years=12 December 1963{{Sndash}}12 December 1964}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Malawi]]|years=6 July 1964{{Sndash}}6 July 1966}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Malta]]|years=21 September 1964{{Sndash}}13 December 1974}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Gambia]]|years=18 February 1965{{Sndash}}24 April 1970}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Guyana]]|years=26 May 1966{{Sndash}}23 February 1970}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Barbados]]|years=30 November 1966{{Sndash}}30 November 2021}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Mauritius]]|years=12 March 1968{{Sndash}}12 March 1992}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Fiji]]|years=10 October 1970{{Sndash}}6 October 1987}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Jamaica]]|years=6 August 1962{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|rows=11|after=[[Charles III]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Bahamas]]|years=10 July 1973{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Grenada]]|years=7 February 1974{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-new|reason=Independence from Australia}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Papua New Guinea]]|years=16 September 1975{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-new|reason=Independence from the United Kingdom|rows=7}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Solomon Islands]]|years=7 July 1978{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Tuvalu]]|years=1 October 1978{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Lucia]]|years=22 February 1979{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]|years=27 October 1979{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Belize]]|years=21 September 1981{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Antigua and Barbuda]]|years=1 November 1981{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]|years=19 September 1983{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
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{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George VI]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Head of the Commonwealth]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles III]]}}
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{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|The Earl Jellicoe]]|as=[[First Lord of the Admiralty]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1 April 1964{{Sndash}}10 June 2011}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Hidden end}}
{{Elizabeth II}}
{{Navboxes
|list1 =
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{British princesses}}
{{Duchesses of Edinburgh}}
{{Time Persons of the Year}}
{{Canadian monarchs}}
{{Heads of State of Barbados}}
{{Heads of state of Fiji}}
{{Heads of State of the Gambia}}
{{Heads of State of Ghana}}
{{Heads of State of Guyana}}
{{Heads of State of Jamaica}}
{{Heads of State of Kenya}}
{{Heads of State of Malawi}}
{{Heads of state of Malta}}
{{Heads of State of Mauritius}}
{{Heads of State of Nigeria}}
{{Heads of State of Pakistan}}
{{Heads of State of Sierra Leone}}
{{Heads of State of Ceylon and Sri Lanka}}
{{Heads of State of South Africa}}
{{Heads of State of Tanzania}}
{{Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{Heads of State of Uganda}}
{{Heads of State of Zimbabwe}}
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{{Subject bar
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Elizabeth 02}}
[[Category:Elizabeth II| ]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century British women]]
[[Category:21st-century British monarchs]]
[[Category:21st-century British women]]
[[Category:Auxiliary Territorial Service officers]]
[[Category:British Anglicans]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British Presbyterians]]
[[Category:British princesses]]
[[Category:British racehorse owners and breeders]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
[[Category:Daughters of emperors]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Deaths in Scotland]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Australia]]
[[Category:Heads of state of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Barbados]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Belize]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Canada]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Fiji]]
[[Category:Heads of state of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Ghana]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Grenada]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Guyana]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Kenya]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Malawi]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Malta]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Heads of state of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Heads of state of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Tanganyika]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Uganda]]
[[Category:Heads of the Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Heirs to the British throne]]
[[Category:Honorary air commodores]]
[[Category:House of Windsor]]
[[Category:Jewellery collectors]]
[[Category:Lord High Admirals of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Monarchs of the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Monarchs of South Africa]]
[[Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Mayfair]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]
[[Category:Queens regnant in the British Isles]]
[[Category:Time Person of the Year]]
[[Category:Women in the Canadian armed services]]

Sahana Shivamogga Mohan

2023-10-08T02:17:41Z

Oldname: Created page

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}{{Infobox basketball biography
| birth_date = {{bda|2002|08|17}}
| height_cm = 175
| position = [[Point guard]]
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
}}

'''Sahana Shivamogga Mohan''' (born 17 August 2002)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sahana Shivamogga Mohan - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/303286/Sahana--Shivamogga-Mohan |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008021720/https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/303286/Sahana--Shivamogga-Mohan |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian basketball player who plays [[point guard]].

In 2021, she joined the Indian National Senior Team and played in the [[2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA Women's Asia Cup]] Division A.<ref name=":0" /> She also played for India on the women's 5x5 basketball team at the [[Basketball at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Deepanshu |date=2023-09-25 |title=India Basketball at Asian Games: Team, Schedule, Medal Chances |url=https://thebridge.in/asian-games/india-basketball-squad-at-asian-games-2023-team-schedule-medal-chances-43979 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Bridge |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008021728/https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-6736724849126886&output=html&h=280&slotname=4321803401&adk=2333292677&adf=2933180386&pi=t.ma~as.4321803401&w=752&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1696731448&rafmt=1&format=752x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fthebridge.in%2Fasian-games%2Findia-basketball-squad-at-asian-games-2023-team-schedule-medal-chances-43979&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&dt=1696731448508&bpp=2&bdt=5799&idt=2&shv=r20231004&mjsv=m202310020101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D6ea755bea9c68470-222bb69d2ee30013%3AT%3D1696731443%3ART%3D1696731443%3AS%3DALNI_MawhpL7pkVjH3ErhwykDTGcAISiGQ&gpic=UID%3D000009ecbb73f2f3%3AT%3D1696731443%3ART%3D1696731443%3AS%3DALNI_MbwT0_AwezH8blFfY911mVLIdcwLw&prev_fmts=0x0%2C320x50%2C300x250%2C752x280&nras=1&correlator=7756441989244&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=1925736796.1696731444&ga_sid=1696731444&ga_hid=37053169&ga_fc=0&u_tz=0&u_his=2&u_h=900&u_w=1400&u_ah=900&u_aw=1400&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=9&adx=261&ady=2971&biw=1385&bih=900&scr_x=0&scr_y=3495&eid=44759927%2C44759876%2C31077328%2C44804782%2C31078301%2C31078602&oid=2&psts=AOrYGsmNIwxMoKl5RGRpkAzKmxH5CABCc2STW8GNEnIl2eNP_1GswXvwp2cGqZDdV5AkWlAkANdDIRuDamuOs2XgZMbUTeKI%2CAOrYGskZu1rl_EgexHegJ-1g_0A1kAgIvMusaHrghskpv83NhC7vGIvShFEC-ThlIcx19kwOyEP5F1hbcrJlf4LCjDizK99e&pvsid=820083906830483&tmod=26873965&uas=0&nvt=1&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1400%2C0%2C1400%2C900%2C1400%2C900&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CoEe%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=8&uci=a!8&fsb=1&xpc=RxJkpQJGT6&p=https%3A//thebridge.in&dtd=13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=2023-09-16 |title=Athletes and teams with confirmed berths to Hangzhou |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-asian-games-2022-hangzhou |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.olympics.com |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527154827/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletes-qualified-asian-games-2022-hangzhou }}</ref>

She hails from [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivamogga, Sahana}}{{India-basketball-bio-stub}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pushpa Senthilkumar

2023-10-08T01:49:08Z

Oldname: Significa liberdade moved page Pushpa Senthilkumar to Pushpa Senthil Kumar: Misspelled

#REDIRECT [[Pushpa Senthil Kumar]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sonali Vishnu Shingat

2023-10-07T21:08:56Z

Oldname: Create medal winner

#REDIRECT [[Sonali Vishnu Shingate]]

Reshma Arif

2023-10-07T20:24:34Z

Oldname: Created page with '{{Short description|Indian politician}} '''Reshma Arif''' (Hindi: रेशमा आरिफ़) is an Indian politician. She was the member of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly from Arya Nagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko0nAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reshma+Arif+MLA&q=Reshma+Arif+MLA&hl=en |title=Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwe...'

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1991
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| constituency = [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar]]
| succeeded = [[Satya Dev Pachauri]]
| predecessor = [[Hafiz Mohammad Umar]]
| relations = [[Shazia Ilmi]] (sister)
}}

'''Reshma Arif''' ([[Hindi]]: रेशमा आरिफ़) is an Indian politician. She was the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] from Arya Nagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko0nAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reshma+Arif+MLA&q=Reshma+Arif+MLA&hl=en |title=Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth |date=2005 |publisher=[Published for] Lok Sabha Secretariat [by] Metropolitan Book Company |isbn=978-81-200-0406-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RESHMA ARIF(IJP):Constituency- BAHRAICH(BAHRAICH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=2238 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arya Nagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/aryanagar-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> She first came to Uttar Pradesh legislative Assembly in 1989 by winning on Janata Dal ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Arif Mohammed Khan sworn in Kerala Governor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arif-mohammed-khan-sworn-in-kerala-governor-759479.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

Sumit Mukherjee

2023-10-07T00:58:06Z

Oldname: Created page with '{{Infobox sportsperson | nationality = India | sport = Bridge | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Bridge}} {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Asian Games}} {{MedalSilver|2022 Hangzhou|Team}} {{MedalBronze|2018 Jakarta Palembang|Team}} }} Sumit Mukherjee is an Indian ...'

{{Infobox sportsperson
| nationality = India
| sport = [[Contract Bridge|Bridge]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|[[Contract Bridge|Bridge]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Bridge at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta Palembang]]|[[Bridge at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
}}{{Short description|Indian bridge player}}
'''Sumit Mukherjee''' is an Indian [[Contract bridge|bridge]] player. He has been a member on the Indian national team that competed in the [[Bridge at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Asian Games]] and the [[Bridge at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]]. He received a bronze medal at the 2018 games.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |date=2023-05-16 |title=Metro motorman gives India a gold |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-motorman-gives-india-a-gold/articleshow/100264106.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007005715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-motorman-gives-india-a-gold/articleshow/100264106.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koshie |first=Nihal |date=2018-08-14 |title=India’s bridge team at Asian Games: IITians, industrialist, art collector |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/indias-bridge-team-at-asian-games-iitians-industrialist-art-collector-5305253/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006135359/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/indias-bridge-team-at-asian-games-iitians-industrialist-art-collector-5305253/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Mukherjee won gold at the Bridge Federation of Asia and Middle-East Championships, earning him a place at the World Championships.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rajesh |date=2023-05-15 |editor-last=Saha |editor-first=Ashmita |title=Kolkata man wins gold medal for India at BFAME Championship in Lahore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-man-wins-gold-medal-for-india-at-bfame-championship-in-lahore-2379204-2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524202717/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-man-wins-gold-medal-for-india-at-bfame-championship-in-lahore-2379204-2023-05-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to playing bridge, Mukherjee works for the [[Kolkata Metro]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sumit}}{{India-sport-bio-stub}}{{Contract-bridge-stub}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Bridge players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Bridge players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in bridge]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science

2023-10-07T00:37:01Z

Oldname: Created page with '{{Infobox college | established = {{start year|1997}} | founder = G. Pulla Reddy | affiliation = Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University }} '''G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science''' is a women's engineering college located in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-19 |title=Tim Cook’s ‘sweet’ visit to GNITS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehi...'

{{Short description|Women's engineering college in India}}
{{Infobox college
| established = {{start year|1997}}
| founder = [[G. Pulla Reddy]]
| affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]]
| website = https://www.gnits.ac.in/
}}

'''G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science''' is a [[Women's college|women's]] [[engineering]] college located in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-19 |title=Tim Cook’s ‘sweet’ visit to GNITS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tim-cooks-sweet-visit-to-gnits/article8623755.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple signs MoU with Hyderabad engineering college on MAC lab |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/may/20/Apple-signs-MoU-with-Hyderabad-engineering-college-on-MAC-lab-905829.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-15 |title=Hyderabad: Four MTech courses at GNITS accorded NBA accreditation |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-four-mtech-courses-at-gnits-accorded-nba-accreditation-2434951/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> It is affiliated to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]].

== History ==
[[File:Admin Front GNITS Hyderabad Nov22 A7C 04699.jpg|thumb|Administrative block]]
The college was founded by [[G. Pulla Reddy]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=About the Institute - G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science |url=https://www.gnits.ac.in/about-us/institute/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science - |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, the college celebrated its silver jubilee. President [[Droupadi Murmu]], Governor [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] and Union Minister [[G. Kishan Reddy]] were among those who attended the event.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2022-12-29 |title=President for use of technology as instrument for social justice |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/president-for-use-of-technology-as-instrument-for-social-justice/article66316595.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The campus is located at [[Shaikpet]].

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2022=251-300}}
The college was ranked among 251-300 by [[NIRF]] among engineering colleges in India.
== References ==
{{reflist}}{{India-university-stub}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in India]]

Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2011–present

2023-09-08T16:24:20Z

Oldname: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

{{short description|None}}

{{Women in warfare}}
{{Women in society sidebar}}
This article lists events involving '''Women in warfare and the military in the United States''' since 2011. For the previous decade, see [[Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2000–2010]].


[[File:US Navy 110622-N-KK576-012 Rear Adm. Gretchen S. Herbert salutes as she is piped aboard during the Navy Cyber Forces change of command ceremony at.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Rear admiral (United States)|RDML]] [[Gretchen S. Herbert]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:Woodward mh4.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Major general (United States)|Maj Gen]] [[Margaret H. Woodward]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Stosz-091201-G-1124B-011-2.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Rear admiral (United States)|RADM]] [[Sandra L. Stosz]], [[United States Coast Guard|USCG]]]]
[[File:Heidi Shyu.jpg|right|130px|thumb|[[Heidi Shyu]], [[United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology]]]]
[[File:Lori Reynolds cropped.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Brigadier general (United States)|BGen]] [[Loretta Reynolds]], [[USMC]]]]
[[File:Carol M. Pottenger.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Vice admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Carol M. Pottenger]] [[USN]] (Ret.)]]
[[File:Marciaanderoncrop.JPG|thumb|right|130px|[[Major general (United States)|MG]] [[Marcia Anderson]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Lt. Gen. Patricia D. Horoho (4) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|LTG]] [[Patricia Horoho]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Maj. Gen. Sharon K.G. Dunbar.JPG|thumb|right|130px|[[Major general (United States)|Maj Gen]] [[Sharon K.G. Dunbar]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:VADM Nanette M. DeRenzi.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Vice Admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Nanette M. DeRenzi]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:VADM Robin R. Braun.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Vice Admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Robin Braun]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:Wolfenbarger jc4.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[General (United States)|Gen]] [[Janet C. Wolfenbarger]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Allysonr-head3.jpg|thumb|130px| [[Captain (United States O-3)|CPT]] [[Allyson Robinson]], [[United States Army]] (Ret.)]]
[[File:RADM Katherine Gregory.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Rear admiral (United States)|RADM]] [[Katherine L. Gregory]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:Tammy Duckworthcrop.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Major (United States)|MAJ]] [[Tammy Duckworth]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Tulsi Gabbard, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Major (United States)|Major]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]], [[Army National Guard]]]]
[[File:U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Tammy Smith, right, the Army Reserve's director of Human Capital Core Enterprise, and her partner, Tracey Hepner, attend the second annual Knights Out Dinner at the U.S. Military Academy in 130323-A-SF247-001.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Brigadier general (United States)|BG]] [[Tammy Smith]], [[United States Army]] (right) and her wife Tracey Hepner.]]
[[File:Kristin Beck.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Senior chief petty officer|SCPO]] [[Kristin Beck]], [[USN]] (Ret.)]]
[[File:Michelle Johnson BG.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lt Gen]] [[Michelle D. Johnson]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Flora Darpino.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|LTG]] [[Flora D. Darpino]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:LIEUTENANT GENERAL WENDY M. MASIELLO.JPG|130px|right|thumb|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lt Gen]] [[Wendy M. Masiello]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Admiral Michelle J. Howard VCNO.jpg|130px|right|thumb|[[Admiral (United States)|ADM]] [[Michelle J. Howard]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:RADM Margaret Kibben.jpg|130px|right|thumb|[[United States military chaplains|Chaplain]] [[Rear admiral (United States)|RADM]] [[Margaret G. Kibben]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:Gwen Bingham.jpg|130px|right|thumb|[[Major general (United States)|MG]] [[Gwen Bingham]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Raquel_DiDomenico.jpg|130px|right|thumb|[[First sergeant#United States Army|1SG]] [[Raquel DiDomenico]] [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Gen Ellen Pawlikowski 2015.JPG|130px|right|thumb|[[General (United States)|Gen]] [[Ellen M. Pawlikowski]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:RADM Nora W. Tyson Official portrait 2012.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Vice admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Nora W. Tyson]], [[USN]]]]
[[File:Diana M. Holland (4).jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Brigadier general (United States)|BG]] [[Diana M. Holland]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:1st_Lt._Shaye_Haver.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force|1st Lt.]] [[Shaye Lynne Haver]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:LIEUTENANT_GENERAL_GINA_M._GROSSO.JPG|thumb|130px|right|[[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Gina Grosso]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Lt._Gen._Laura_J._Richardson_(2).jpg|thumb|130px|right|Lt. Gen. [[Laura J. Richardson]] [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Lt._Gen._Nadja_Y._West,_Army_Surgeon_General.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|LTG]] [[Nadja West]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Jeannie Leavitt.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Colonel (United States)|Col.]] [[Jeannie Leavitt]], [[USAF]]]]
[[File:Cpt._Kristen_Griest.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]] [[Kristen Marie Griest]], [[United States Army]]]]
[[File:Lt Gen Lori Robinson 2013.JPG|130px|right|thumb|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lt Gen]] [[Lori Robinson]], [[USAF]]]]


==2011==
* 1 March: Kristin Werner became the first female Chief Gunner's Mate in the Coast Guard.<ref>{{cite web|last=South|first=Christopher|url=http://www.ocsentinel.com/news/kristin-werner-coast-guard-s-first-female-chief-gunner-s/article_3d89289d-5a8a-5829-ba5f-6593681e86e9.html|title=Kristin Werner Coast Guard's first female Chief Gunner's Mate|work=Ocean City Sentinel}}</ref>
* March: Air Force Major General [[Margaret H. Woodward|Margaret Woodward]], 51, became the first American woman to lead a combat air campaign. She directed the airstrikes over Libya for 11 days, until [[NATO]] took over.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-29/libya-airstrikes-make-woodward-first-woman-to-lead-u-s-air-war.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403015745/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-29/libya-airstrikes-make-woodward-first-woman-to-lead-u-s-air-war.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2011|title=Libya Airstrikes Make Woodward First Woman to Lead U.S. Air War|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref>
* 3 June: RADM [[Sandra Stosz]] assumed command of the Coast Guard Academy, becoming the first woman superintendent of that institution, and the first woman to command any U.S. service academy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bacewicz|first=Tony|url=http://newlondon.patch.com/articles/video-coast-guard-academy-welcomes-first-woman-superintendent#video-6396214|title=newlondon.patch.com|publisher=newlondon.patch.com}}</ref>
* 4 June: [[Heidi Shyu]] became [[United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg80073/pdf/CHRG-112shrg80073.pdf|title=Nominations Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Second Session, 112th Congress}}</ref><ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|url=http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/267108.pdf|title=Profile from the Department of the Army|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030100112/http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/267108.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-30}}</ref>
* 17 June: [[Brigadier general (United States)|BGen]] [[Loretta Reynolds]], [[USMC]] becomes the first female commander at [[Parris Island]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/marine-brig-gen-le-reynolds-is-parris-islands-first-female-commander/2011/08/18/gIQA3LpqQJ_story.html|title=Marine Brig. Gen. L.E. Reynolds is Parris Island's first female commander|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Furthermore, while serving a yearlong tour of duty with the group at Camp Leatherneck Afghanistan, Reynolds became the "first female Marine to command battle space", according to the website for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowcountrynewspapers.net/archive/node/176487|title=lowcountrynewspapers.net|publisher=lowcountrynewspapers.net}}</ref> She was the first woman in the Marine Corps to command units in a war zone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-18/us/south.carolina.parris.island_1_first-female-commander-change-of-command-ceremony-marine-corps?_s=PM:US|publisher=CNN|title=Collins named first female shuttle commander|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009003804/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-18/us/south.carolina.parris.island_1_first-female-commander-change-of-command-ceremony-marine-corps?_s=PM:US|archive-date=9 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marines-parris-island-gets-1st-female-general/ Parris Island Gets First Female General] CBS News, June 17, 2011</ref>
* June: [[Rear admiral (United States)|RDML]] [[Gretchen S. Herbert]], [[USN]], assumed command of [[Navy Cyber Forces]] at [[Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort Story]], Virginia Beach, Virginia.<ref>{{USNAVY|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/bios/navybio.asp?bioID=537|article=US Navy Biographies – REAR ADMIRAL GRETCHEN S. HERBERT|accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref>
* 29 September: [[Marcia M. Anderson]] became the first African-American woman to achieve the rank of [[major general]] in the [[United States Army Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/NewsAndMedia/storiesfromthefront/Pages/HRCDeputyBecomesArmy'sFirstFemaleAfrican-AmericanMajorGeneral.aspx|first=Andrea|last=Wales|title=HRC Deputy Becomes Army's First Female African-American Major General|magazine=Army Reserve|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
* On 16 December 2011, 24-year-old Justine Sacco became the first woman to assume command of Delta FSC, 26th Brigade Support Battalion, forward support company of 1st Squadron, 33rd Cavalry 3rd Brigade Combat Team at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrowny.com/news/382-Hamburg_native_first_woman_to_command__U.S._Army_Delta_Company_FSC_in_Kentucky.html |title=Hamburg native first woman to command U.S. Army Delta Company FSC in Kentucky |publisher=Metrowny.com |access-date=2015-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214255/http://www.metrowny.com/news/382-Hamburg_native_first_woman_to_command__U.S._Army_Delta_Company_FSC_in_Kentucky.html |archive-date=2014-02-01 |url-status=dead }}'</ref>
* President Barack Obama named [[Brenda Sue Fulton]] to the Board of Visitors of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, making her the first openly gay or lesbian person to serve there. She is the executive director and co-founder of Knights Out, an organization of [[LGBT]] West Point graduates and their supporters, and a founding member of OutServe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/06/brenda-sue-fulton-obama-west-point_n_891183.html|title=Brenda 'Sue' Fulton, Openly Gay Veteran, Named To West Point Advisory Board|access-date=24 June 2014|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>
* The first all-female U.S. Air Force combat mission is flown by Maj. Christine Mau, Maj. Tracy Schmidt, Capt. Leigh Larkin, and Capt. Jennifer Morton, called the "Strike Eagles of 'Dudette 07'." They fly two F-15E jets in a sortie over Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2011/04/04/2011-04-04_allfemale_air_force_team_the_strike_eagles_of_dudette_07_make_history_on_afghani.html|location=New York|work=Daily News|title=Elliptical vs. treadmill: Which will give you the better workout?|first=Corky|last=Siemaszko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/dudette-07-female-air-force-combat-team-makes/story?id=13301058|title='Dudette 07': All-Female Air Force Combat Team Makes History |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
* Capt. Donna Cottrell becomes the first female commanding officer of the U.S. Coast Guard’s one-of-a-kind tactical drug interdiction helicopter squadron.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff|last=Brumley|url=http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2011-06-18/story/jacksonville-based-coast-guard-helicopter-squadron-gets-new-co|title=Jacksonville-based Coast Guard helicopter squadron gets new CO |publisher=jacksonville.com}}</ref>
* For the first time, four sisters from the same family (the Robillards) graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy.<ref>{{cite web|first=Meredith|last=Kirchoff|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123257425|title=af.mil|publisher=af.mil}}</ref>
* Julie Bentz became the first female brigadier general in the American National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amanda |last=Robbins |url=http://www.democratherald.com/news/local/article_1e88a136-cd9f-11e0-b7dd-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Scio native is first female Oregon National Guard general |work=Albany Democrat-Herald}}</ref>
* Jessica Ray became the first female Avenger master gunner in the U.S. army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/story.php?id=6823|title=Guardsman becomes first female Avenger master gunner – Across DoD|publisher=Fort Hood Sentinel}}</ref>
* Lt. Gen. [[Patricia Horoho]] became the first female U.S. Army surgeon general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2011/12/army-first-female-surgeon-general-sworn-in-121711w/|title=Army's first female surgeon general sworn in|work=Army Times }}</ref>
* The U.S. National Guard began using female engagement teams in 2011.<ref name="mlive.com">{{cite web|first=Aaron |last=Aupperlee |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/index.ssf/2012/01/female_engagement_team_is_a_fi.html|title=Female Engagement Team is a first for Michigan National Guard|publisher=MLive.com}}</ref>
* A group of women from [[Port Hueneme]] became the first all-female team in [[Seabees]] history to take on and complete a construction project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-seabees-20120123,0,7828476.story|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Catherine|last=Saillant|title=Seabees team makes history in Afghanistan}}</ref>
* The USS Constitution announces the selection of senior chief aviation maintenance administrationman (AW/SW) Roxanne Rhoades, making her the first woman to serve as the command senior chief on board [[USS Constitution|''Old Ironsides'']].<ref name="public.navy.mil">{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/organization/bupers/WomensPolicy/Pages/HistoryFirsts.aspx|title=Historical Timeline|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010031421/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/organization/bupers/WomensPolicy/Pages/HistoryFirsts.aspx|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
* Margaret W. Burcham became the first woman to command a U.S. Corps of Engineers division when she took command of the Great Lakes and Ohio River Division located in Cincinnati, OH. The division consists of seven engineer districts that include over 4800 personnel operating in a 17 state region with the responsibility for the federal water resource development throughout the Great Lakes and Ohio River basins.<ref name="saw.usace.army.mil">{{cite web|url=http://www.saw.usace.army.mil/News/News.asp?id=31|title=Corps Promotes First Woman to General Officer|publisher=Saw.usace.army.mil}}</ref>
* The first group of U.S. female submariners completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amber Lynn |last=Daniel|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=65251|title=Navy Celebrates Women's History Month|publisher=United States Navy }}</ref>
* Pratima Dharm, born in India, became the U.S. Army's first Hindu chaplain, as well as the first female chaplain of Indian descent in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ravi-chaudhary/a-great-day-to-be-an-amer_b_871748.html|work=The Huffington Post|first=Ravi|last=Chaudhary|title=Launching The First Hindu Military Chaplaincy}}</ref>
* Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta and Petty Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell became the first gay couple to share the US Navy tradition of the "first kiss" on the pier.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chris |last=Greenhough |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/171227/navy-first-kiss-finally-shared-by-two-women/ |title=Navy First Kiss Finally Shared by Two Women |publisher=Inquisitr.com |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>
* [[Brenda Sue Fulton]] was named to the West Point Board of Visitors, making her the first openly gay member of the board that advises the academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/usatoday/article/1738665?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE%7Cp |title=West Point chapel hosts first same-sex marriage |work=Detroit Free Press |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

==2012==
* On 29 May, the very first U.S. Air Force Medical Service Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Leadership Award ever given was presented to Senior Master Sgt. Lorraine A. Hieskill, superintendent of the 59th Surgical Inpatient Squadron, at the San Antonio Military Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themoderatevoice.com/149000/women-in-the-military-recognizing-their-achievements-and-sacrifices/ |title=Women in the Military: Recognizing Their Achievements and Sacrifices |publisher=The Moderate Voice |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
*22 June: A sailor assigned to USS Ohio (SSGN 726) became the first female supply officer to qualify in U.S. submarines.<ref>{{cite web|author=Commander, Submarine Group 9 Public Affairs |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=68019 |title=First Qualified Female Submarine Supply Officer Receives Supply Dolphins |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref>
* July: [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Sharon K.G. Dunbar]], [[USAF]], is the first female selected to serve in the dual positions of Commander of the [[Air Force District of Washington]] and Commander of the [[320th Air Expeditionary Wing]], [[Joint Base Andrews]], Md.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/108343/major-general-sharon-kg-dunbar.aspx|title=Major General Sharon K.g. Dunbar|publisher=United States Air Force|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* 20 July: [[Vice admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Nanette M. DeRenzi]] became the [[Judge Advocate General of the Navy]].<ref>[http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=68499 "New Leadership Takes Helm of Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps"] navy.mil (JAG Corps Public Affairs) 20 July 2012.</ref>
* 13 August: [[Vice admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Robin Braun]], [[USN]] began serving as Chief of [[United States Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]] and Commander, Navy Reserve Force.<ref>[http://www.navyreserve.navy.mil/Pages/Commander.aspx Vice Admiral Robin R. Braun Chief of Navy Reserve/Commander, Navy Reserve Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318021944/https://navyreserve.navy.mil/Pages/Commander.aspx }} United States Navy Reserve official site.</ref> She is the first female commander of the U.S. Navy Reserve, and the first woman to lead any Reserve component of the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/navy-reserves-1st-female-commander-takes-charge/ |title=Navy Reserve's 1st female commander takes charge |work=The Washington Times |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* 5 September: Pvt Stephanie Kasten enlisted as the first female in South Dakota in a combat MOS as a 13M crew member.
* Air Force Col. Ginger Wallace became the first known out member of the U.S. military to have their same-sex partner participate in the pinning ceremony tradition that had been reserved for spouses and family members. Her partner of 10 years, Kathy Knopf, pinned colonel wings on Wallace days after the two attended President Obama's State of The Union address as a guest of the First Lady.<ref>{{cite web|last=Garcia |first=Michelle |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/military/2012/09/18/11-firsts-after-repeal-dadt?page=0,4 |title=11 Firsts After The Repeal of DADT |publisher=Advocate.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Navy Chief Elny McKinney and Anacelly McKinney became the first known same-sex couple to marry on a U.S. military base. They were wed at Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|last=Garcia |first=Michelle |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/military/2012/09/18/11-firsts-after-repeal-dadt?page=0,5 |title=11 Firsts After The Repeal of DADT |publisher=Advocate.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The 50,000th graduate of the U.S. Navy's Naval Nuclear Power Training Unit in New York was a woman, MM3 Jenna Swindt, who completed her training in March.<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Post |url=http://www.saratogian.com/articles/2012/05/29/news/doc4fc56d490318b840069821.txt |title=50,000 and counting: Navy celebrates nuclear training program milestone (with video) |publisher=saratogian.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. Coast Guard hosted its first women's athletics leadership conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theday.com/article/20120125/SPORT02/301259950/1044/SPORT|title=Coast Guard hosts first women's athletics leadership conference|location=Connecticut|work=The Day}}</ref>
* [[The Pentagon]] announced that it would allow women in the U.S. military to serve in noninfantry battalion jobs, such as radio operators, intelligence analysts, medics, radar operators, and tank mechanics, beginning in summer 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2017470300_womenatwar10.html|work=The Seattle Times|first=Craig|last=Whitlock|title=Pentagon plan expands women's roles in military}}</ref> It began on 14 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/26/pentagon-women-combat-units-begin-may-14/|title=Pentagon: Women in combat units to begin May 14|work=The Washington Times}}</ref><ref name="triblive.com">{{cite web|url=http://triblive.com/news/2131237-74/army-verstein-job-recruiting-support-women-arms-combat-dupre-greensburg |title=Former Greensburg resident to make Army inroads in arms-support role |publisher=TribLIVE |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> Cicely Verstein became the first woman in America to qualify for an Army combat-arms support job.<ref name="triblive.com"/>
* Col. Dawne Deskins became the first female commander of the U.S. military's Eastern Air Defense Sector in Rome, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wktv.com/community/First-female-ever-to-command-NEADS-in-Rome-takes-over-139527683.html|title=First female ever to command EADS in Rome takes over |publisher=NBC-WKTV News Channel 2|location=Utica}}</ref>
* [[Margaret W. Burcham]] became the first woman to be promoted to general officer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.<ref name="saw.usace.army.mil"/>
* Five "Tigertails" of Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron One Two Five (VAW-125), embarked aboard the ''Nimitz''-class aircraft carrier USS ''Carl Vinson'' (CVN-70) as part of Carrier Air Wing Seventeen (CVW-17), flew an historic flight on 25 January when they participated in the U.S. Navy's first all-female E-2C Hawkeye combat mission.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rosa A. |last=Arzola|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=65011|title=Historical All-Female Flight Takes Place Aboard USS Carl Vinson|publisher=United States Navy }}</ref>
* Commander Monika Washington Stoker, United States Navy, became the first African American woman to take command of a U.S. Navy missile destroyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myfox8.com/news/first-black-woman-to-command-navy-missile-destroyer-is-from-greensboro/|title=First black woman to command Navy missile destroyer is from Greensboro}}</ref>
* Brig. Gen. Laura Richardson became the U.S. Army's first female to serve as a division deputy commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/news/article/army-news/1st-cav-division-gets-armys-first-female-deputy-commander.html|title=1st Cav. Division gets Army's First Female Deputy Commander|publisher=Military.com }}</ref>
* [[Janet Wolfenbarger]] became the U.S. Air Force's first female four-star general.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.springfieldnewssun.com/news/local/first-female-star-general-native-beavercreek/XegTxxlvPtAVaN30njA93M/|work=Springfield News-Sun|first=Jessica|last=Wehrman|title=First female 4-star general in AF is a native of Beavercreek}}</ref>
* The U.S. Marine Corps opened its Infantry Officers Course in Quantico, Va. to women for the first time in its history. Two women joined; one dropped out on 28 September after not completing the introductory endurance test. The other passed that test but was dropped later because of unspecified medical reasons.<ref>{{cite web|last=Black|first=Jeff|url=http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/19/11291732-marine-corps-opens-combat-school-in-quantico-va-to-women?lite|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422053347/http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/04/19/11291732-marine-corps-opens-combat-school-in-quantico-va-to-women?lite|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-22|title=Marine Corps opens combat school in Quantico, Va. to women – U.S. News|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/ondeadline/2012/10/15/marines-women-combat-infantry-training/1634903/ |title=First women drop out of Marines' infantry training |work=USA Today |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Col. [[Jeannie Leavitt]] became the first woman to take command of a U.S. Air Force combat fighter wing.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chuck|last=Broadway|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123304426|title=4th FW holds historic change of command|publisher=Af.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Susanne M. |last=Schafer |agency=Associated Press|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/1st-female-fighter-pilot-tapped-wing-commander-16469815|title=1st Female Fighter Pilot Tapped as Wing Commander|publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
* Gwendolyn Bingham was named the first female White Sands Missile Range commander in the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.currentargus.com/ci_20973387/ferrari-out-bingham-first-female-commander-at-white |title=Ferrari out, Bingham in as first female commander at White Sands – Carlsbad Current-Argus |publisher=Currentargus.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. Air Force has now identified at least 31 women as victims in a growing rape scandal, a four-star general announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/28/justice/texas-air-force-scandal/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|publisher=CNN|title=31 victims identified in widening Air Force sex scandal}}</ref>
* U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Leon Panetta]] changed the policy that the unit commander would decide whether to move ahead with the investigation and prosecution of reported sexual assaults, a policy accused of placing the decision in the hands of commanders who work with, and are often close friends of, the accused. Under the new policy announced by Panetta, the decision rests higher up the chain of command, at the level of colonel (or, in the Navy, captain).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/military-rape-documentary-invisible-war-leads-policy-changes-its-opening-44671?page=0,1 |title=Military Rape Documentary 'Invisible War' Leads to Policy Changes Before Its Opening |publisher=TheWrap |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Lt. Britta Christianson became the first female supply officer to qualify in submarines in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sun |first=Kitsap |url=http://www.kitsapsun.com/news/2012/jun/25/bangor-sailor-first-woman-to-pin-on-supply/ |title=Bangor sailor first woman to pin on supply dolphins |publisher=Kitsap Sun |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* [[Michelle Howard]] of the U.S. Navy became the first black woman to earn a three-star-rank in the U.S. armed forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2012/08/ap-sailor-black-woman-first-3-star-082412/ |title=Norfolk officer is first black female 3-star - Navy News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq - Navy Times |publisher=Archive.is |access-date=2017-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129155524/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2012/08/ap-sailor-black-woman-first-3-star-082412/ |archive-date=2013-01-29 }}</ref>
* Capt. Delana Small became the first female chaplain in a U.S. combat arms unit.<ref name="blog.christianitytoday.com">{{cite web |url=http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2012/09/army-assigns-first-female-combat-chaplain-delana-small.html |title=First-Ever Female Chaplain Assigned To Army Combat Unit |publisher=ChristianityToday.com |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921021042/http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctliveblog/archives/2012/09/army-assigns-first-female-combat-chaplain-delana-small.html |archive-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She joined the 101st Airborne Division, also known as the "Screaming Eagles."<ref name="blog.christianitytoday.com"/>
* Col. Giselle Wilz became the first woman in the North Dakota National Guard to achieve the rank of "full bird" colonel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvrr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16430&Itemid=57 |title=KVRR Fox Fargo Moorhead – New Commander for 141st |publisher=Kvrr.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valleynewslive.com/story/19543993/first-woman-in-nd-guard-reaches-full-bird-rank |title=First Woman in ND Guard Reaches 'Full Bird' Rank |publisher=Valley News Live |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Karla Marie MacArthur became the first female judge advocate in the South Dakota Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/95136/sd-national-guard-commissions-first-female-judge-advocate |title=SD National Guard commissions first female judge advocate |publisher=DVIDS |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Kathryn Neff became the first female Marine to graduate from the [American] Sapper School and the first interservice graduate to win the Sapper Spirit Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/89134/Marine_makes_Sapper_history___twice/ |title=Marine makes Sapper history – twice |publisher=The United States Army |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Jennifer Walter became the first female brigadier general in the Iowa Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcautv.com/story/19897864/iowa-air-guard-gets-first-female-brigadier-general |title=Iowa Air Guard Gets First Female Brigadier General – News, Weather and Sports for Sioux City, IA |publisher=KCAU-TV.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The first Riverine Combat Skills Course (RCS) class in the United States to include women graduated in 2012. The women were: Chief Engineman Patricia Cooper, Master-at-Arms 2nd Class Brittney Hellwig, Master-at-Arms Seaman Brianna Tran, and Master-at-Arms Seaman Angela Evans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2012/10/31/females-graduate-riverine-combat-skills-course.html?comp=7000023468025&rank=2 |title=Females Graduate Riverine Combat Skills Course |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The first same-sex marriage at the U.S. Military Academy was held for a lieutenant and her partner (Ellen Schick and Shannon Simpson) at the Old Cadet Chapel in West Point’s cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Small |url=http://outservemag.com/2012/12/first-gay-weddings-held-at-west-point/ |title=First Gay Weddings Held at West Point |work=OutServe Magazine |access-date=2013-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006165540/http://outservemag.com/2012/12/first-gay-weddings-held-at-west-point/ |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref><ref name="boston.com">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/2012/12/02/west-point-chapel-hosts-its-first-same-sex-wedding/sHjOTBBa2hweA3KxjU3m9O/story.html |title=West Point chapel hosts its first same-sex wedding |work=Boston Globe |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The first same-sex marriage at the U.S. Military Academy's Cadet Chapel at West Point (not to be confused with the Old Cadet Chapel) was held for [[Brenda Sue Fulton]] and Penelope Dara Gnesin.<ref name="boston.com"/><ref name="freep.com">{{cite web|last=Singer |first=Paul |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20121201/FEATURES01/121201009/West-Point-chapel-to-host-first-same-sex-marriage?odyssey=nav%7Chead |title=Lifestyles |work=Detroit Free Press |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> Fulton was a veteran and the communications director of an organization called [[Outserve]], which represents actively serving gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender military personnel.<ref name="freep.com"/>
* The U.S. Air Force launched an initiative to rid its ranks of material seen to objectify women. Pictures and calendars featuring half-naked women were removed from Air Force work spaces and public areas in an attempt to combat sexism and rape culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/12/07/an_end_to_air_force_pin_ups/singleton/ |title=An end to Air Force pin-ups |work=Salon |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Three Sailors assigned to USS Maine (SSBN 741) and USS Wyoming (SSBN 742) became the first female unrestricted line officers to qualify in U.S. submarines 5 Dec.<ref name="military.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2012/12/06/first-qualified-female-submariners-earn-dolphins.html?comp=7000023468025&rank=1 |title=First Qualified Female Submariners Earn Dolphins |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> Lt. j.g. Marquette Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colo., assigned to the Gold Crew of Wyoming, and Lt. j.g. Amber Cowan and Lt. j.g. Jennifer Noonan of Maine's Blue Crew received their submarine "dolphins" during separate ceremonies at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Ga., and Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Wash.<ref name="military.com"/>
* CWO2 Kilohana Akim became the first female Pacific Islander of Hawaiian descent to make INV3 in the U.S. Coast Guard when she was promoted on 1 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenChronology.asp |title=Women's History Chronology |publisher=United States Coast Guard |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Sonja Dyer became the first female maneuver Brigade S-3 in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/03/08/officer-is-1st-woman-to-lead-brigades-ops.html|title=Officer is 1st Woman to Lead Brigade's Ops}}</ref>
* Ens. Kimberlee D. Hazle was commissioned as the U.S. Navy's first female Aircraft Launch and Recovery Equipment (ALRE) Boatswain (Bos'n).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/04/25/female-sailor-becomes-a-navy-first.html?comp=7000023468025&rank=2 |title=Female Sailor Becomes a Navy First |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Chief Warrant Officer Laura E. Freeman became the first female Material Maintenance Specialty (MAT) warrant officer in the U.S. Coast Guard when she was commissioned MAT2 on 1 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/womenchronology.asp |title=Women's History Chronology |publisher=Uscg.mil |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* [[Trans woman]] [[Allyson Robinson]] (who served on active duty as a man) became the first executive director of [[OutServe-SLDN]], following the merger of OutServe and Servicemembers Legal Defense Network in October 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pentagon-to-extend-certain-benefits-to-same-sex-spouses/2013/02/05/3f68a638-6fc6-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html|title=Pentagon to extend certain benefits to same-sex spouses|last=Londoño|first=Ernesto|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2012/12/exclusive-outserve-sldns-allyson-robinson-first-re.html|title=OutServe-SLDN's Allyson Robinson First Recipient of Arcus Grants Supporting New Leadership|last=Geidner|first=Chris|work=Metro Weekly|access-date=7 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214010940/http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2012/12/exclusive-outserve-sldns-allyson-robinson-first-re.html|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="sldnannounce">{{cite web|title=SLDN & Outserve Tap Army Veteran To Lead Newly Combined Organization|url=http://www.sldn.org/news/archives/sldn-outserve-tap-army-veteran-to-lead-newly-combined-organization/|publisher=Servicemembers Legal Defense Network|access-date=2012-10-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028090029/http://www.sldn.org/news/archives/sldn-outserve-tap-army-veteran-to-lead-newly-combined-organization|archive-date=2012-10-28}}</ref> This makes her the first transgender person to ever lead a national [[LGBT]] rights organization that does not have an explicit [[transgender]] focus.<ref name="buzzfeedannounce">{{cite web|title=Military Group Picks Trans Woman As Leader|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/military-group-picks-trans-woman-as-leader |publisher=Buzzfeed |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref> [[OutServe-SLDN]] is a network of actively serving LGBT military personnel, which launched publicly on 26 July 2010 as OutServe, and is one of the largest LGBT employee resource groups in the world.<ref>{{cite news| first=Steve | last=Rothaus | work=The Miami Herald | url=http://miamiherald.typepad.com/gaysouthflorida/2012/07/servicemembers-legal-defense-network-outserve-vote-to-merge-into-one-organization.html | title=Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, OutServe vote to merge into one organization | date=7 July 2012 | access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
* Cameron Fitzsimmons became the first woman to assume duties as the 2nd Low Altitude Air Defense's Headquarters and Service Battery commander in the U.S. Marines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hickoryrecord.com/news/major-move-hickory-high-grad-is-first-female-battery-commander/article_8347bc78-c3d9-11e3-8daa-0017a43b2370.html|title=MAJOR MOVE: Hickory High grad is first female battery commander in her battalion|work=HDR – Hickory Daily Record|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Katherine L. Gregory]] took command of all of NAVAC [[Naval Facilities Engineering Command]] as the highest ranked civil engineer in the Navy.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Gregory Named to Lead NAVFAC, First Woman to Hold the Post | date = 18 June 2012 | url = http://enr.construction.com/people/promotions/2012/0618-gregory-named-to-lead-navfac-first-woman-to-hold-the-post.asp |work=Engineering News-Record | access-date = 2012-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Navy Biography: Rear Admiral Katherine L. Gregory|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/bios/navybio.asp?bioID=589|work=America's Navy|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>
* Jeremy Hilton, whose wife was in the Air Force, became the first man to win the Military Spouse of the Year award from ''[[Military Spouse]]'' magazine; the award has existed since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afba.com/media/articles/article/article/air-force-husband-first-man-to-earn-military-spouse-of-the-year- |title=Air Force husband first man to earn Military Spouse of the Year |publisher=Afba.com |access-date=2015-03-07}}</ref>
* In 2012, the Marine Corps created a battery of six combat proxy tests in an attempt to answer the question "Are Females Ready for the Fight?" according to results presented at the 3rd International Congress on Soldiers’ Physical Performance, which was hosted in Boston in August 2014 by the United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. For these tests, about 400 male Marines and almost the same number of female Marines were tested on pull-ups, two weight-lifting exercises, a 120-mm tank loading drill, a 155-mm artillery round carry and a 7-foot wall-climb while wearing a fighting load of about 30 pounds. Of the 35 Marines deemed best performers, 92 percent were males and 8 percent were females, proving that some women "are physically capable of meeting the demands of closed combat occupations," according to results of the study presented by Karen Kelly, a San Diego-based research physiologist. However, the Marine Corps decided the proxy tests were not an adequate predictor of success in ground combat jobs.<ref name="utsandiego1">{{cite web|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2015/mar/06/marines-strength-ground-combat/2/?#article-copy |title=Marines test power of infantry, ground combat units Page 2 of 5 |work=U-T San Diego |access-date=2015-03-07}}</ref>
* Mary Gardner became the first Arkansas Air National Guard female Native American colonel.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|first=Stephanie |last=Sharp |url=https://www.kark.com/news/local-news/arkansas-guard-promotes-first-minority-female-colonels/1625461921 |title=Arkansas Guard Promotes First Minority Female Colonels |publisher=Kark.com |access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref>

==2013==
* 31 March – [[Brigadier general (United States)|BGen]] [[Tammy Smith]], [[United States Army]] marries her wife Tracey Hepner. She is the first openly gay U.S. flag officer to [[coming out|come out]] while serving since the repeal of the [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy. She is the highest ranking openly gay service member of the military.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Leo III|title= Smith Becomes First Openly-Gay General Officer|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/smith-becomes-first-gay-general-officer-to-serve-openly-1.185372 |work= [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2012/08/lesbian-becomes-highest-ranking-out-military-offic.html |title=Lesbian Becomes Highest Ranking Out Military Officer – Poliglot |publisher=Metroweekly.com |access-date=2013-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006221021/http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2012/08/lesbian-becomes-highest-ranking-out-military-offic.html |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref>
* November – The first three women graduate from the United States Marine Corps Infantry Training Battalion program. Fifteen had begun the course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131219/NEWS/312190031/10-more-women-graduate-from-Marine-Corps-enlisted-infantry-training|title=10 more women graduate from Marine Corps' enlisted infantry training|work=Military Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
* December – 1st. Lt. Amanda Mathew, [[USMC]], became the first woman to lead a deployed combat arms platoon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.militarytimes.com/article/20140824/NEWS/308240015/How-one-female-officer-won-over-her-skeptical-combat-arms-Marines |title=How one female officer won over her skeptical combat-arms Marines |work=Military Times |access-date=2015-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218223046/http://archive.militarytimes.com/article/20140824/NEWS/308240015/How-one-female-officer-won-over-her-skeptical-combat-arms-Marines |archive-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* MAJ [[Tammy Duckworth]], [[United States Army]], and [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]], [[Army National Guard]] became the first female combat veterans to be sworn into Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/tulsi-gabbard/|title=Meet Veteran, Representative-elect Tulsi Gabbard|work=PBS NewsHour}}</ref>
* Since 2013 American women troops and family members covered under [[Tricare]] can receive medical coverage to abort pregnancies resulting from sexual assault. The Defense Authorization Act for 2013 amended a Pentagon regulation to include rape and incest on the list of permissible uses of Defense Department facilities or funds for abortions for military beneficiaries. Only cases when the health of the mother was in danger were acceptable from 1981 until 2013. However, abortions were covered for female service members until 1981, when Congress passed a law barring the use of Defense Department funds in cases other than those when the mother’s life was endangered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2013/01/military-congress-expands-dod-coverage-of-abortions-010213w/ |title=Congress expands DoD coverage of abortions - Army News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq - Army Times |publisher=Archive.is |access-date=2017-10-04 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215134356/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2013/01/military-congress-expands-dod-coverage-of-abortions-010213w/ |archive-date=2013-02-15 }}</ref>
* [[Sara A. Joyner|Sara Joyner]] became the first woman to command a carrier air wing in the U.S. Navy.<ref name="hamptonroads.com">{{cite web|last=Hixenbaugh |first=Mike |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2013/01/first-female-commander-carrier-air-wing-takes-reins |title=First female commander of carrier air wing takes reins |publisher=HamptonRoads.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> She took command of Carrier Air Wing 3, nicknamed "Battle Axe."<ref name="hamptonroads.com"/>
* Naval Support Activity Washington promoted the first female to ascend through the ranks from patrol woman to captain at the United States Naval Observatory Naval District Washington Police Station, 10 Jan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/100663/naval-support-activity-washington-promotes-first-female-captain#.UPnjXme231U#ixzz2INMKZuin |title=DVIDS – News – Naval Support Activity Washington promotes first female captain |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Cadet Jenna Vercollone became the first female to represent the U.S. Military Academy in any capacity in the sport of hockey. She was a member of the West Point Inline Hockey Club, a hobby club within the Directorate of Cadet Activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/94438/Cadet_skates_into_history_as_first_female_to_join_inline_hockey_at_West_Point/ |title=Cadet skates into history as first female to join inline hockey at West Point |publisher=The United States Army |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Pentagon chief [[Leon Panetta]] removed the U.S. military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning a 1994 rule prohibiting women from being assigned to smaller ground combat units. Panetta's decision gave the U.S. military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/23/women-in-combat_n_2535954.html |title=Women In Combat: Leon Panetta Removes Military Ban, Opening Front-Line Positions |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57565479/panetta-to-lift-ban-on-women-in-combat/ |title=Panetta to lift ban on women in combat |publisher=CBS News |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> However, in December 2015, Defense Secretary [[Ash Carter]] stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pentagon-nbc-news-all-combat-roles-now-open-women-n473581|title=All Combat Roles Now Open to Women|first=Jim|last=Miklaszewski|work=NBC News}}</ref>
* In 2013, U.S. Navy Secretary [[Ray Mabus]] said that the first women to join Virginia-class attack subs had been chosen: They were newly commissioned female officers scheduled to report to their subs in fiscal year 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2013/01/navy-mabus-1st-women-selected-attack-submarines-012413/ |title=Mabus: First women selected for attack subs - Navy News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq - Navy Times |publisher=Archive.is |access-date=2017-10-04 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216123045/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2013/01/navy-mabus-1st-women-selected-attack-submarines-012413/ |archive-date=2013-02-16 }}</ref>
* Amanda Mathew became the first woman to lead a deployed combat arms platoon in the U.S. Marines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140824/NEWS/308240015/How-one-female-officer-won-over-her-skeptical-combat-arms-Marines|title=How one female officer won over her skeptical combat-arms Marines|work=Military Times|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* The South Dakota Army National Guard appointed Susan Shoe to the highest ranking senior-enlisted position in the state during a change of responsibility ceremony Saturday, 2 Feb., at the Joint Force Headquarters building on Camp Rapid.<ref name="kdlt.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.kdlt.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23957&Itemid=57 |title=South Dakota News – SD Army Guard Appoints First Female To Top Enlisted Position |publisher=Kdlt.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> She is the first woman to serve in this position in South Dakota.<ref name="kdlt.com"/>
* Maj. Gen. Megan P. Tatu became commander of the 79th Sustainment Support Command, the largest U.S. Army Reserve Command on the west coast.<ref name="dvidshub.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/101798/first-female-general-takes-charge-largest-army-reserve-command-west-coast#.URpnXkko6M8#ixzz2Khc4hhSy |title=DVIDS – News – First Female General Takes Charge of Largest Army Reserve Command on West Coast |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> She is the first female general to do so.<ref name="dvidshub.net"/>
* For the first time the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs decided to allow the same-sex spouse of a military veteran to be buried in a U.S. national cemetery. VA Secretary [[Eric Shinseki]] gave permission for retired Air Force officer Linda Campbell, 66, to bury the ashes of her same-sex spouse Nancy Lynchild at Willamette National Cemetery in Oregon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/02/va-grants-first-burial-rights-for-same-sex-couple/ |title=VA Grants First Burial Rights For Same-Sex Couple |publisher=ABC News |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Tech. Sgt. Leslie Cummings, the first female military training instructor in the U.S. Air National Guard, became the first U.S. Air National Guard member to be named the Air University Noncommissioned Officer of the Year. This also makes her the first female military training instructor named the Air University Noncommissioned Officer of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123338622 |title= ANG first female MTI named NCO of Year |access-date=September 1, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801170024/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123338622 |archive-date=August 1, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Valley Forge Military Academy]] and College named its first female president, Stacey R. Sauchuk.<ref name="mainlinemedianews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.mainlinemedianews.com/2013/04/09/valley-forge-military-academy-and-college-names-first-female-president-stacey-r-sauchuk/ |title=Valley Forge Military Academy and College names first female president, Stacey R. Sauchuk – Main Line Suburban Life |publisher=Main Line Media News |access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> Sauchuk thus became the first female president at a private military academy and college in the United States.<ref name="mainlinemedianews.com"/>
* The U.S. Veterans Affairs Department launched a new hotline—1-855-VA-WOMEN—for questions from veterans, their families and caregivers about VA services and resources available to women veterans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.staffordcountysun.com/news/military/article_321e4ff0-acf2-11e2-a980-0019bb30f31a.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616053954/http://www.staffordcountysun.com/news/military/article_321e4ff0-acf2-11e2-a980-0019bb30f31a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-16 |title=VA launches hotline for women veteran questions |publisher=Stafford County Sun |access-date=2013-09-08 }}</ref>
* Marlene Rodriguez became the first woman to join Chapter 49 of the [[Military Order of the Purple Heart]].<ref name="utsandiego.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/28/first-woman-joins-local-purple-heart-chapter/ |title=First woman joins Purple Heart chapter Page 1 of 3 |work=U-T San Diego |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> Chapter 49 is the largest chapter in California with about 325 members.<ref name="utsandiego.com"/>
* [[Nadja Y. West]] became the first African-American female two-star general in the U.S. Army Medical Department.<ref name=armymilafricanamericans>{{cite web|title=Maj. Gen. Nadja West was the first African American female Major General of the Army's active component and Army Medicine's first African-American female two-star general.|url=http://www.army.mil/africanamericans/profiles/west.html|website=www.army.mil|publisher=U.S. Army|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[Autumn Sandeen]], a U.S. veteran and transgender woman, received a letter from a Navy official stating, "Per your request the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System (DEERS) has been updated to show your gender as female effective 12 April 2013." [[Allyson Robinson]] of Outserve-SLDN declared, "To our knowledge, this is the first time that the Department of Defense has recognized and affirmed a change of gender for anyone affiliated, in a uniformed capacity — in this case a military retiree."<ref>{{cite web|first=Chris |last=Geidner |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/chrisgeidner/pentagon-recognizes-transgender-veteran-advocates-see-a-shif |title=Pentagon Recognizes Transgender Veteran, Advocates See A "Shift" |publisher=Buzzfeed.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The first class of U.S. women soldiers joined A Battery, 1st Battalion, 78th Field Artillery, to learn the 13M, Multiple Launch Rocket System Crewmember military occupational specialty—an MOS that was previously closed to women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/101378/Field_artillery_training_integrates_women_into_combat_specialties/ |title=Field artillery training integrates women into combat specialties |publisher=The United States Army |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Tania Calderon-Griek became the first woman to earn her way into the final round of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division's All American Week combatives tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/107488/first-woman-enter-finals-all-american-week-history |title=First woman to enter finals in All American Week history |publisher=DVIDS |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The first female combat soldier statue in America was unveiled at the Coleman Veterans Memorial in Michigan on Memorial Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themorningsun.com/article/20130527/NEWS01/130529596/coleman-unveils-female-combat-soldier-memorial |title=Coleman unveils female combat soldier memorial |publisher=Themorningsun.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Lisa M. Franchetti was appointed as the first female commander for U.S. Naval Forces Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/navy/navy-in-south-korea-getting-first-female-commander-1.223422|title=Navy in South Korea getting first female commander|work=Stars and Stripes|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Karen Voorhees became the first woman to advance to chief petty officer in the rate of aviation survival technician in the U.S. Coast Guard since women were integrated into U.S. Coast Guard active duty service in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/05/29/female-rescue-swimmer-makes-coast-guard-history.html?comp=7000023468292&rank=1 |title=Female Rescue Swimmer Makes Coast Guard History |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* RDML June Ryan became the first prior-enlisted woman in the Coast Guard to be promoted to flag rank when she was promoted to RDML.<ref name="defense1">[https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/30/2001924326/-1/-1/0/WOMENCHRONOLOGY.PDF Women & the U. S. Coast Guard: Historical Chronology] U.S. Coast Guard History Program, 25 May 2018.</ref>
* CDR Lexia Littlejohn became the first African-American female Coast Guard Academy graduate to reach the rank of O-5.<ref name="defense1"/>
* The first five women graduated from the 14-week U.S. course which prepares soldiers to work on the Bradley Fighting Vehicle during training or while under fire in a war zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/06/01/women-soldiers-graduate-to-serve-in-combat-role.html?comp=700001075741&rank=1 |title=Women Soldiers Graduate to Serve in Combat Role |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Syrian state media said Nicole Mansfield, a single mother from the Midwestern city of Flint, Michigan, was killed with two others in an ambush by Syrian government forces on an opposition mission in northwestern Syria.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|last=Neavling |first=Steve |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-death-idUSBRE94U0Y320130531 |title=Family stunned, confused over U.S. woman's death in Syria |work=Reuters |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> They said she was with a rebel group, but it was not clear which one.<ref name="reuters.com"/>
* Retired [[Navy Seal]] [[Kristin Beck]] came out as a transgender woman, the first retired Navy Seal to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/transgender-navy-seal-memoir/65823/ |title=The Latest Navy SEAL Book Could Impact the Military's Transgender Rules – J.K. Trotter |publisher=The Atlantic Wire |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-date=2013-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614043300/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/transgender-navy-seal-memoir/65823/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://transgenderlawcenter.org/archives/8089 |title=FIRST! Navy SEAL Comes Out as Transgender |publisher=Transgender Law Center |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Julie A. Bentz became the first woman promoted to major general in the Oregon National Guard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.albanytribune.com/07062013-first-woman-promoted-to-major-general-in-oregon-national-guard/ |title=First Woman Promoted To Major General In Oregon National Guard |publisher=Albanytribune.com |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172449/http://www.albanytribune.com/07062013-first-woman-promoted-to-major-general-in-oregon-national-guard/ |archive-date=2014-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Major General Patricia "Trish" Rose became the first openly lesbian two-star general in the U.S. Air Force, and the highest ranking openly gay officer in the entire U.S. military at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2013/06/10/2127481/the-morning-pride-june-10-2013/ |title=The Morning Pride: June 10, 2013 |publisher=ThinkProgress |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. Air Force appointed Dr. Mica Endsley as its first female chief scientist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=120230 |title=News Article: Face of Defense: Woman Becomes Air Force's Chief Scientist |publisher=Defense.gov |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Bette Bolivar became the first woman to take command of the U.S. Navy Region Northwest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitsapsun.com/news/2013/jun/14/bolivar-becomes-first-woman-to-command-navy/ |title=Bolivar becomes first woman to command Navy Region Northwest |publisher=Kitsap Sun |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The Texas [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] elected Sylvia Sanchez as their first female commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/military/article/Texas-VFW-elects-first-woman-commander-4616796.php |title=Texas VFW elects first woman commander – San Antonio Express-News |publisher=Mysanantonio.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. Labor Department began a website focused on women military veterans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bizbeatblog.dallasnews.com/2013/06/u-s-labor-department-launches-website-focused-on-women-military-vets.html/ |title=U.S. Labor Department launches website focused on women military vets | Biz Beat Blog |work=The Dallas Morning News |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111244/http://bizbeatblog.dallasnews.com/2013/06/u-s-labor-department-launches-website-focused-on-women-military-vets.html/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sgt. Maj. Angela M. Maness took the reins of the "Oldest Post of the [U.S. Marine] Corps" as the new sergeant major of Marine Barracks Washington. She is the first woman in history to hold this billet at the Barracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barracks.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/4206/Article/145114/marine-barracks-washington-welcomes-new-sergeant-major.aspx |title=Marine Barracks Washington, welcomes new sergeant major > Marine Barracks > News Article Display |publisher=Barracks.marines.mil |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Kristin K. French was appointed as the first female commanding general at the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Howell |first=Dan |url=http://www.kwqc.com/story/22746530/first-female-commanding-general-at-ri-arsenal |title=First Female Commanding General At R.I. Arsenal – News and Weather For The Quad Cities |publisher=Kwqc.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* On 1 March 2013, Major General [[Michelle D. Johnson]] was chosen to be the next (and first female) superintendent of the [[United States Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=First woman slated to lead Air Force Academy|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/01/woman-air-force-academy/1958083/?dlvrit=206567|work=USA Today|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> She began that job on 12 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/08/12/first-female-air-force-academy-superintendent-takes-command |title=First Female Air Force Academy Superintendent Takes Command – U.S. News & World Report |publisher=Usnews.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Pfc. Jessica Jones and Pfc. Angelika Jansen became the first two women to have graduated as U.S. Army artillery mechanics.<ref name="progress-index.com">{{cite web|author=Army Reports |url=http://progress-index.com/news/2.397/two-soldiers-become-first-women-as-artillery-mechanics-1.1523829 |title=Two soldiers become first women as artillery mechanics – Military |publisher=Progress-Index |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> Jones and Jansen graduated 16 July as 91P artillery mechanics after 15 weeks of training at Fort Lee.<ref name="progress-index.com"/>
* Four women became the first women to graduate from the M1 Abrams Tank Systems Maintainer Course at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kleehammer |first=Christina |url=http://www.wtvm.com/story/23023447/four-women-make-history-graduate-from-m1-abrams-tank-systems-maintainer-course |title=Four women make history, graduate from M1 Abrams Tank Systems Ma – WTVM.com-Columbus, GA News Weather & Sports |publisher=Wtvm.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. military announced Spc. Jennie Dushane was the first female soldier in the North Dakota National Guard to earn the Squad Designated Marksman distinction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wday.com/event/article/id/84446/group/homepage/ |title=ND Guard soldier is first female squad marksman |publisher=WDAY |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Capt. Amy Burin was installed as the first female commanding officer of [[Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command|SPAWAR Systems Center Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20130808/PC16/130809460/1009/capt-amy-burin-installed-as-first-female-commanding-officer-of-spawar&source=RSS |title=Capt. Amy Burin installed as first female commanding officer of SPAWAR – The Post and Courier |publisher=Postandcourier.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* In March a new U.S. Army combat uniform that takes into consideration fit requirements of female soldiers (the Army Combat Uniform-Alternate, known as ACU-A) was approved for use by both men and women.<ref name="blog.al.com">{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/breaking/2013/07/armys_new_combat_uniform_desig.html |title=Army's new combat uniform designed with female soldiers in mind |publisher=Blog.al.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> The new uniform is wider in the hips and backside and has elastic around the waistband instead of a draw string, as well as adjusted pockets and elbow-pad and knee-pad inserts and shortened crotch length.<ref name="blog.al.com"/> The rank and name plate were also repositioned on the uniform jacket.<ref name="blog.al.com"/> The new uniform also has slimmer shoulders, a longer coat, and buttons that replace the Velcro pockets.<ref name="blog.al.com"/>
* U.S. Defense Secretary [[Chuck Hagel]] said his department would extend a pilot program giving victims of sexual assault their own legal representation and would consider allowing them more influence in the sentencing phase of trials.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lafrance |first=Camille |url=http://womensenews.org/story/cheers-and-jeers/130816/women-gain-biz-ownership-taliban-kidnap-afghan#.UhdjF0nD-M9 |title=Women Gain Biz Ownership; Taliban Kidnap Afghan |publisher=Women's eNews |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The US Naval Academy announced that it would integrate sexual assault prevention into the academic program in an effort to combat high rates of sexual assault in the military.<ref>{{cite web|title=Feminist Daily News 8/22/2013: Naval Academy Will Integrate Sexual Assault Prevention into Curriculum|url=http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=14558|publisher=Feminist.org |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The US soldier born as Bradley Manning, who was sentenced to 35 years in prison for leaking hundreds of thousands of classified documents, announced plans to undergo hormone therapy and asked to be recognized as a woman named [[Chelsea Manning]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Adam|last=Gabbatt|title='I am Chelsea Manning,' says jailed soldier formerly known as Bradley|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/22/bradley-manning-woman-chelsea-gender-reassignment|work=The Guardian|access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* The U.S. Colonel born as James Pritzker, who has endowed a study on transgender people in the military, announced she identifies as a woman and will now be known as [[Jennifer N. Pritzker|Jennifer Natalya Pritzker]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ring|first=Trudy|title=Billionaire Philanthropist Comes Out as Transgender |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2013/08/23/billionaire-philanthropist-comes-out-transgender|publisher=Advocate.com |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Debbie Kash was chosen as the first female commander of the Military Order of World Wars, a national patriotic organization of American military officers of all services and their descendants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/sep/03/first-woman-commander-militaryorderworldwar/ |title=First woman commander takes helm at veteran's group |work=U-T San Diego |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* [[Flora D. Darpino]] was sworn in as the first female [[Judge Advocate General of the United States Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/110602/Army_swears_in_first_woman_as_Judge_Advocate_General/ |title=Army swears in first woman as Judge Advocate General |publisher=The United States Army |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
* Cpl. Heather Redenius became the first woman to graduate from the U.S. Marines' Assault Climber’s Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.29palms.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3005/Article/149931/marine-becomes-first-female-to-conquer-grueling-course.aspx |title=Marine becomes first female to conquer grueling course|publisher=29palms.marines.mil|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>
* Master Sgt. Angela Shunk and her wife, Tech. Sgt. Stacey Shunk, became the first same-sex couple to receive an assignment together under the U.S. Air Force’s Join Spouse program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2013/09/usaf-lesbian-couple-first-to-receive-joint-spouse-assignment/|title=USAF lesbian couple first to receive 'Join Spouse' assignment|work=LGBTQ Nation|access-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104155901/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2013/09/usaf-lesbian-couple-first-to-receive-joint-spouse-assignment/|archive-date=4 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Cathy Jorgensen became the first female Alaska Army National Guard general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alaskastar.com/Alaska-Star/September-Issue-3-2013/Jorgensen-is-first-female-Alaska-Army-National-Guard-general/|title=Jorgensen is first female Alaska Army National Guard general|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Shannon Stout, the medical officer for 2nd Tank Battalion at Camp Lejeune, N.C., became the first female field grade officer within the unit, and possibly within any combat arms battalion in the U.S. Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20131001/CAREERS03/310010002/Female-Lt-Cmdr-makes-2nd-Tanks-history|title=Female Lt. Cmdr. makes 2nd Tanks history|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* U.S. Navy Secretary [[Ray Mabus]] announced that the Virginia and the Minnesota, members of the Virginia class of nuclear submarines, would each have three female officers beginning no later than January 2015, making them the first U.S. attack submarines to have women in their crews.<ref name="providencejournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.providencejournal.com/business/content/20131015-local-submarines-chosen-for-first-female-crew-members.ece|title=Local submarines chosen for first female crew members - Business Notes – Business - providencejournal.com - The Providence Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016150345/http://www.providencejournal.com/business/content/20131015-local-submarines-chosen-for-first-female-crew-members.ece|archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
* Brooke Bailey became the first female recruiter to be named Recruiter of the Year in the Indiana Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/115637/indiana-national-guard-recognizes-first-female-recruiter-year#.UmlLpEnD92s#ixzz2ierDIClA|title=DVIDS – News – Indiana National Guard Recognizes First Female Recruiter of the Year|work=DVIDS|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Robin Baker became the first female combat engineer to earn the rank of gunnery sergeant in the U.S. Marines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theintelligencenews.com/2013/10/25/face-of-defense-combat-engineer-becomes-first-female-gunny/|title=Face of Defense: Combat Engineer Becomes First Female 'Gunny'|work=The Intelligence News|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=121004|title=Face of Defense: Combat Engineer Becomes First Female 'Gunny'|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Jana L. Harrison became the first woman inducted into the Kansas National Guard Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cjonline.com/news-local/2013-11-03/first-woman-inducted-kansas-national-guard-hall|title=First woman inducted into Kansas National Guard Hall|work=The Topeka Capital-Journal}}</ref>
* The first full-size statue on a U.S. Army post recognizing the service of Army women was unveiled at [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]] in Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/tri-cities/fort-lee-statue-honors-female-warriors/article_41ca7aad-0ff8-5981-ae3f-71607ccf3a97.html|title=Fort Lee statue honors female warriors|publisher=Richmond.com|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Rachel L. Fails became the first female senior enlisted leader for the Iowa National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2013/11/15/woman-soldier-makes-history-in-iowa-army-national-guard/article|title=The Des Moines Register}}</ref>
* Col. Anna Friederich-Maggard became the first female in the [[Pittsburg State University]] ROTC Alumni Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morningsun.net/article/20131119/LIFESTYLE/131119845|title=Patrick's People — Col. Anna Friederich-Maggard the first female in PSU ROTC Alumni Hall of Fame|first=Nikki|last=Patrick|work=Morning Sun|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Three women (Pfc. Julia Carroll, Pfc. Christina Fuentes Montenegro, and Pfc. Katie Gorz) became the first women to graduate from the U.S. Marines' enlisted infantry course, although they were not allowed to join the infantry because it was still closed to women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/21/marines-women-infantry-geiger/3663511/|title=First women complete Marine infantry training|first=Jim|last=Michaels|work=USA TODAY|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stream.wsj.com/story/latest-headlines/SS-2-63399/SS-2-388741/|title=First Women Graduate From Marine Infantry Course|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Col. Lynette Arnhart, who suggested fewer photos of attractive (as opposed to average) women be used in promotional material to recruit women for combat duty, agreed to step down as the American military branch’s director of gender-integration studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/11/23/army-colonel-looking-for-average-looking-women-steps-aside-in-study/|title=Army colonel looking for 'average-looking' women steps aside in study|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> Col. Christian Kubik, who was the Training and Doctrine Command public affairs officer, was suspended; Kubik forwarded Arnhart's email with her suggestion to other spokespeople at [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|TRADOC]].<ref name="militarytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20131122/NEWS/311220041/|title=One officer steps down, second suspended over 'pretty' soldiers email|work=Military Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> According to Politico, the forwarded message included a comment from Kubik asking the public affairs officials to avoid using photos that "glamorize" women and instead "use ‘real’ photos that are typical, not exceptional."<ref name="militarytimes.com"/>
* Anika Degraff, Melissa Czarnogursky, and Larissa Schwerin became the first women to serve as fire direction specialists in the field artillery branch of the American army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kdhnews.com/military/three-fort-hood-women-excelling-in-combat-roles/article_a505dd3a-5fcb-11e3-901f-001a4bcf6878.html|title=Three Fort Hood women excelling in combat roles|work=Killeen Daily Herald|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Michelle Howard]] was confirmed by the Senate as the first female four-star admiral and the first female vice chief of naval operations in the U.S. Navy's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/article/20131220/NEWS/312200019/Senate-confirms-Navy-s-first-female-4-star-VCNO|title=Senate confirms Navy's first female 4-star, VCNO|work=Navy Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* The American President Barack Obama signed into law signed into law H.R. 3304, the "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014," which among other things declares that military commanders no longer will be permitted to overturn jury convictions for sexual assault.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/26/obama-defense-bill_n_4505228.html|title=Obama Signs Defense Bill Cracking Down On Military Sexual Assault|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Miyako N. Schanely became the first female Japanese-American general in the U.S. Army; this also made her the first female engineer in the U.S. Army Reserve and second in the entire U.S. Army to become a general. As well, she is only the second Japanese-American woman to reach a flag rank in the entire U.S. military, following Air Force Maj. Gen. Susan Mashiko.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20140107/NEWS03/701079797|title=Watertown Daily Times – Black River woman becomes first female Japanese-American, Army reserve engineer promoted to general|work=Watertown Daily Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Susan Soto became the first Native American woman to be named the commander of a Veterans of Foreign War post in November 2013 when she took the helm of Southampton Post 7009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.27east.com/news/article.cfm/Southampton-Village-Surrounding-Areas/77163/Shinnecock-Powwow-To-Honor-Veterans-In-A-Special-Way-This-Weekend|title=Southampton Village & Surrounding Areas News – Shinnecock Powwow To Honor Veterans In A Special Way This Weekend – 27east|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* In October 2013, first Lt. Ashley White and Capt. Jenny Moreno, who had been part of a pioneering all-women team recruited for special operations combat missions and had died on night raids in southern Afghanistan, became the first two women to be honored at the [[National Infantry Museum]]'s Memorial Walk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-1204-lemmon-women-combat-20151204-story.html|title=Women in combat? They've already been serving on the front lines, with heroism|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

==2014==
* March: The U.S. Marine Corps announced that they had opened 11 more specialties to female Marines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140321/CAREERS/303210039/On-policy-allowing-women-into-combat-Marines-prepared-seek-exceptions|title=On policy allowing women into combat, Marines prepared to seek exceptions|work=Military Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* June: [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lt Gen]] [[Wendy M. Masiello]] became Director of the [[Defense Contract Management Agency]], based in [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/108139/major-general-wendy-m-masiello.aspx|title=Wendy Masiello's Air Force bio}} (accessed 2014-08-17).</ref>
* 1 July: [[Michelle Howard]] began her assignment as the U.S. Navy's first female and first African-American admiral.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/1/michelle-j-howard-becomes-navys-first-female-4-sta/|title=Michelle J. Howard becomes Navy's first female 4-star admiral – ''The Washington Times''|work=The Washington Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/article_766cbe98-0157-11e4-a01f-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Howard becomes Navy's first woman, first African American four-star admiral|work=St. Louis American|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
*16 July: Following a petition to the Secretary of the Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps received approval to open the first 11 previously closed combat-related MOSs to women, namely, 0803 Target acquisition officer, 0842 Field artillery radar operator, 0847 Field artillery meteorologist, 2110 Ordnance vehicle maintenance officer, 2131 Towed artillery repairer/technician, 2141 Assault amphibious vehicle repairer/technician, 2146 Main battle tank repairer/technician, 2147 Light armored vehicle repairer/technician, 2149 Ordnance vehicle maintenance chief, 7204 Low altitude air defense officer, and 7212 Low altitude air defense gunner.<ref name="Marine Corps Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140731/NEWS/307310071/Marines-developing-gender-neutral-MOS-tests-11-new-jobs-open-women|title=Marines developing gender-neutral MOS tests as 11 new jobs open to women|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> These MOSs were then opened to women.<ref name="Marine Corps Times"/>
* 1 July: [[Major (United States)|MAJ]] Crissy Cook, United States Army, became the first woman to qualify to command a Bradley fighting tank. This job had recently been opened up to women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kxan.com/2014/07/01/female-soldier-reaches-milestone-paves-way-for-others/|title=Female soldier reaches milestone, paves way for others|publisher=KXAN.com}}</ref>
* 25 August: [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]] enters lockdown during reports of an [[active shooter]]. The individual in question was an enraged female soldier who shot herself in the head after barricading herself inside a major command's headquarters. Nobody else was injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/soldier-dies-after-shooting-herself-at-virginia-army-base/|title=Fort Lee base shooting: Female soldier dies of self-inflicted gunshot wound|website=[[CBS News]]|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> She was identified as 33-year-old Sgt. 1st Class Paula M. Walker, of Yonkers, N.Y.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Soldier-Killed-Herself-Committed-Suicide-Fort-Lee-From-Yonkers-272906971.html|title=Soldier Who Committed Suicide at Fort Lee From Yonkers|work=NBC New York|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* September : The U.S. Navy announced that women could begin to be assigned to the Coastal Riverine Force Joint Terminal Attack Controller (CRF JTAC) training and positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/09/19/more-coastal-riverine-positions-open-to-women.html|title=More Coastal Riverine Positions Open to Women|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* 1 October: GMC Laurie A. Kennedy became the first female Senior Chief Gunner's Mate (GMCS) in the U.S. Coast Guard when she was promoted.<ref name="Women's History Chronology">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenChronology.asp|title=Women's History Chronology|publisher=United States Coast Guard|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> At the time she was attached to CGC Waesche (WMSL-751).<ref name="Women's History Chronology"/>
* December: Data released by the Defense Department and the Rand Corp. showed that the [[USMC]] had the highest level of sexual assaults of against women of any military branch at 8.44%, decreasing from 10.1% from the fiscal year of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2014/12/04/marine-corps-highest-sex-assault/19910575/|title=New data shows Marine Corps has highest rate of sexual assault against women|first=Hope Hodge|last=Seck|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>
* The U.S. Army began its first study to see how fit soldiers have to be to serve in combat. The study involved 60 women and 100 men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozarksfirst.com/story/d/story/army-tests-whether-women-can-make-the-cut-in-comba/31840/vh7E_w3JXUmnhYtoXUwRkg|title=Army Tests Whether Women Can Make the Cut in Combat|work=Ozarks First|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* U.S. veterans groups sued the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs due to veterans suffering from PTSD linked to sexual assault being allegedly denied disability claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/30/us-military-veterans-lawsuit-military-sexual-assault|title=Obama administration sued by veterans over military sexual assault|first=Karen|last=McVeigh|work=The Guardian|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Kimberly R. Tschepen became the first woman to lead an Idaho National Guard battalion (specifically, the 145th Brigade Support Battalion.)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ravallirepublic.com/news/state-and-regional/article_1573e998-ae31-55ed-aecc-039e19d23ca3.html|title=Tschepen is first woman named as commander for an Idaho Guard battalion|agency=Associated Press|work=Ravalli Republic|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* CMC (YNCM) Leilani Cale-Jones assumed the new position of Deputy Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard.<ref name="defense1"/>
* Sarah Deckert was the 2014 winner of the U.S. Armed Forces Chef of the Year competition, thus making her the first female U.S. Armed Forces Chef of the Year.<ref name="Parade">{{cite web|url=http://parade.condenast.com/337433/bethmacy/grill-sergeant-meet-the-first-female-armed-forces-chef-of-the-year/|title=Grill Sergeant: Meet the First Female Armed Forces Chef of the Year|work=Parade|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> She was a member of the U.S. Army.<ref name="Parade"/>
* Caroline Jensen became the first mother and the first female reserve officer to fly in the [[United States Air Force Thunderbirds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.jsonline.com/more/news/wisconsin/river-falls-native-is-first-mom-female-reservist-as-thunderbirds-pilot-b99321874z1-269466231.html|title=River Falls native is first mom, female reserve officer as Thunderbirds pilot|publisher=Journal Sentinel|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Gwen Bingham]] became the first female commanding general of the U.S. Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.clickondetroit.com/news/tacom-welcomes-first-female-commander/26654486|title=TACOM welcomes first female commander|publisher=Click On Detroit|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Kristin Goodwin became the first female bomb wing commander in the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shreveporttimes.com/article/20140801/NEWS10/307310051/Goodwin-new-2nd-Bomb-Wing-commander|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808010101/http://www.shreveporttimes.com/article/20140801/NEWS10/307310051/Goodwin%2Dnew%2D2nd%2DBomb%2DWing%2Dcommander|title=Goodwin is new 2nd Bomb Wing commander|work=Shreveport Times|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
* After an essay written by U.S. Marine Corps 2nd Lt. Sage Santangelo was published in the ''Washington Post'' arguing for the change, women were allowed to take the U.S. Marines' Infantry Officer Course twice like their male counterparts, instead of once.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/04/04/marines-will-let-women-try-infantry-officer-course-second-time/|title=The Marines will let women try the Infantry Officer Course a second time|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Twists, dreadlocks, and large cornrows were banned by the U.S. Army, in a move opposed by the women of the Congressional Black Caucus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/us/politics/armys-ban-on-some-popular-hairstyles-raises-ire-of-black-female-soldiers.html?_r=0&referrer=|title=Army's Ban on Some Popular Hairstyles Raises Ire of Black Female Soldiers | work=The New York Times|first=Helene|last=Cooper}}</ref> However, later in 2014 the U.S. Army authorized temporary two-strand twists, increased the size of authorized braids, cornrows, and twists and removed spacing requirements.<ref name="cleveland.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2014/08/us_military_changes_rules_on_w.html|title=U.S. military changes rules on women's hairstyles after Rep. Marcia Fudge and Congressional Black Caucus say they show racial bias|work=The Plain Dealer|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> The U.S. Army also authorized women to wear ponytails during physical training.<ref name="cleveland.com"/> That same year the U.S. Air Force authorized two-strand twists, French twists and Dutch braids, and the U.S. Navy authorized two-strand twists and braids that hang freely – if they hang above the collar and encompass the whole head.<ref name="cleveland.com"/>
* The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs agreed to give survivor benefits to the first-known same-sex war widow, Tracy Dice Johnson, whose wife Donna Johnson died in a suicide bombing attack in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2014/05/19/group-va-awards-survivor-benefits-to-first-known-gay-war-widow/|title=Group: VA awards survivor benefits to first-known gay war widow|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Emily Shertzer became the first female Guardsman to win the Lincoln National Guard Marathon's women's category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/05/shertzer_first_female_guardsma.html|title=Lower Dauphin grad Emily Shertzer first female guardsman to claim victory at Lincoln National Guard Marathon|publisher=PennLive.com|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Pfc. Erika Cotton, 19, and Pvt. Stephanie Kasten, 18, of the South Dakota Army National Guard enlisted to serve as Multiple Launch Rocket System crewmembers, becoming the first women to do so in South Dakota. They were both members of Battery A, 1–147th Field Artillery Battalion in Aberdeen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/two-guard-soldiers-become-first-female-mrls-crewmembers/?id=159235|publisher=KELOLAND.com|title=Two Guard Soldiers Become First Female MLRS Crewmembers|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Cynthia B. Howard became the first female Transportation Corps senior NCO in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://progress-index.com/news/2.397/first-female-becomes-transportation-corps-senior-nco-1.1647124|title=First female becomes Transportation Corps senior NCO – Military – Progress-Index}}</ref>
* Peggy C. Combs became the first woman to take command over Fort Knox and U.S. Army Cadet Command.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/fort-knox-installs-female-commander-22815197|title=U.S. News – National News|publisher=ABC News|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Almost all Regular Army, National Guard and Army Reserve positions in the U.S. Army coded for field artillery officers were opened to women under a directive issued by Army Secretary [[John M. McHugh|John McHugh]] on 4 March.<ref name="armytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140306/CAREERS03/303060022/Army-opens-all-field-artillery-officer-jobs-women|title=Army opens all field artillery officer jobs to women|work=Army Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> Specifically, the directive opened to women approximately 1,900 area-of-concentration 13A Field Artillery officer positions in the active component, and 1,700 in the Guard and Reserve.<ref name="armytimes.com"/> This change applied to cannon battalions down to platoon level, but did not include field artillery positions in special operations units, or positions with "male only" skill identifiers.<ref name="armytimes.com"/>
* The U.S. Navy declared that women could be assigned to the 267 combat positions in the Coastal Riverine Force that were previously closed to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/navy-opens-267-coastal-riverine-force-jobs-to-women-1.271771|title=Navy opens 267 Coastal Riverine Force jobs to women|work=Stars and Stripes|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Sherrie McCandless became the first woman to command the 124th Fighter Wing and, therefore, the first female wing commander in Idaho Air National Guard history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/473722/first-female-assumes-command-of-ang-fighter-wing.aspx|title=First female assumes command of ANG fighter wing|publisher=United States Air Force|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Lanette Wright became the first female senior enlisted leader of a Marine Expeditionary Unit in the U.S. Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/14/nc-marine-to-be-units-1st-female-sergeant-major/|title=NC Marine becomes unit's 1st female sergeant major|website=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref>
* The first female U.S. Army National Guard soldiers graduated from Field Artillery School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/122295/first-female-national-guard-soldiers-graduate-field-artillery-school|title=DVIDS – News – First female National Guard soldiers graduate Field Artillery School|work=DVIDS|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Dina Elosiebo became the D.C. Army National Guard's first female African-American pilot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/03/d-c-army-national-guard-welcomes-first-female-african-american-pilot-101272.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319104052/https://wjla.com/articles/2014/03/d-c-army-national-guard-welcomes-first-female-african-american-pilot-101272.html |archive-date=2014-03-19 |title=D.C. Army National Guard welcomes first female African American pilot |website=[[WJLA]] |publisher=[[Sinclair Broadcast Group]] |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>
* California governor [[Jerry Brown]] proclaimed the third week of March as "Women's Military History Week".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calvet.ca.gov/WomenVets/Pages/Womens-Military-History-Week.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319231841/https://www.calvet.ca.gov/WomenVets/Pages/Womens-Military-History-Week.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2014|title=Women's Military History Week|publisher=California Department of Veterans Affairs|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17457|publisher=Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr.|title=Governor Brown Issues Proclamation Declaring Women's Military History Week|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair, who carried on a three-year affair with a female captain under his command and had two other inappropriate relationships with female subordinates, was reprimanded and docked $20,000 in pay, but did not go to jail.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/disgraced-army-general-jeffrey-a-sinclair-receives-fine-no-jail-time/2014/03/20/c555b650-b039-11e3-95e8-39bef8e9a48b_story.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Craig | last=Whitlock | title=National Security | date=21 March 2014}}</ref>
* Vice Adm. Jan Tighe was appointed as the first female commander of a numbered fleet in the U.S. Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/4/vice-adm-jan-tighe-takes-over-first-female-command/|title=Vice Adm. Jan Tighe takes over as 'first female commander of a numbered fleet' |work=The Washington Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* An all-female U.S. Air Force crew set a world record for the longest military flight without aerial refueling, keeping an unmanned reconnaissance aloft for 34.3 hours, breaking the record as part of [[Women's History Month]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/north-dakota/2484790-grand-forks-base-boasts-longest-un-refueled-flight-military-aircraft|title=Grand Forks base boasts longest un-refueled flight by military aircraft}}</ref>
* Spc. Kaitlyne Kisner became the first female certified mine detection dog handler in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/125194/4th-meb-engineer-armys-first-female-mine-detection-dog-handler%23.U0YKpFf4LZ8%23ixzz2yRuQJeFN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140410031144/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/125194/4th-meb-engineer-armys-first-female-mine-detection-dog-handler%23.U0YKpFf4LZ8%23ixzz2yRuQJeFN|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2014|title=4th MEB engineer Army's first female mine detection dog handler|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>
* Maryanne Walts became the first female command chief master sergeant in the Barnes Air National Guard 104th Fighter Wing, which is in the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/05/westfield_air_national_guard_1.html|title=Westfield Air National Guard 104th Fighter Wing promotes first woman to command chief master sergeant post|publisher=masslive.com|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* The U.S. Army’s Jungle Operations Training Course in Hawaii graduated its first female soldier, Spc. Tinita Taylor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140610/NEWS/306100066/1st-female-soldier-graduates-new-jungle-warfare-course|title=1st female soldier graduates new jungle-warfare course|work=Army Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Gen. Kerry Muehlenbeck became the first female general in the Arizona National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20140609/NEWS02/306090058/Arizona-Guard-gets-first-female-general|title=Arizona Guard gets first female general|work=Air Force Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Col. Kimberly Daub became the first female brigade commander at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.<ref name="wsmv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsmv.com/story/25755775/first-female-commander-promoted-at-fort-campbell|title=First female commander promoted at Fort Campbell|first=Chuck|last=Morris|publisher=WSMV|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> She is the commander of the 101st Sustainment Brigade, known as The Lifeliners.<ref name="wsmv.com"/> This also makes her the first female brigade commander in the history of the 101st Airborne.<ref name="wsmv.com"/>
* Capt. Elizabeth Rascon became the first female commander of the 1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kdhnews.com/military/horse-detachment-gets-first-female-commander/article_742f3de0-f32e-11e3-8746-001a4bcf6878.html|title=Horse detachment gets first female commander|work=Killeen Daily Herald|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Kristen Waagbo was named the first women's lacrosse coach at West Point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-06-13/sports/bal-army-names-mount-hebron-grad-waagbo-first-womens-coach-20140613_1_lacrosse-coach-cindy-timchal-kristen-waagbo|title=Army names Mount Hebron grad Kristen Waagbo first women's coach|work=tribunedigital-baltimoresun|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* A directive signed by U.S. Army Secretary [[John M. McHugh|John McHugh]] stated that the U.S. Army was opening about 33,000 more jobs to women, with the bulk of the jobs coming from maneuver battalions from about 40 brigade combat teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140619/CAREERS02/306190065/33-000-more-jobs-open-female-soldiers|title=33,000 more jobs open to female soldiers|work=Military Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Col. Cynthia Tinkham of Oklahoma City became the new commander of the 189th Regiment (known as the Oklahoma Regional Training Institute).<ref name="kgou.org">{{cite news|url=http://kgou.org/post/oklahoma-city-woman-commands-regional-training-institute|title=Oklahoma City Woman Commands Regional Training Institute|agency=Associated Press|publisher=KGOU|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> This was the first time a woman received a major command in the Oklahoma Army National Guard.<ref name="kgou.org"/>
* The U.S. Marines began their Ground Combat Element Integrated Task Force. The GCEITF was a co-ed group designed to evaluate and compare the physical performance of male and female Marines in ground combat jobs in order to determine appropriate physical and performance standards for the various specialties.<ref name="marinecorpstimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140707/NEWS/307070017/Seven-new-ground-combat-schools-open-to-women|title=Seven new ground combat schools open to women|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Picatinny Arsenal]] obtained its first all-female command pairing, with Lt. Col. Ingrid Parker and Sgt. Maj. Rosalba Dumont-Carrion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/story/news/local/morris-county/2014/06/26/picatinny-arsenal-first-female-command-team/11428337/|title=Picatinny Arsenal first all-female command team|first=Michael|last=Izzo|work=Daily Record|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Seven new military occupational specialty schools opened to female U.S. Marines; specifically, the schools for the following MOSs: 0331 Machine Gunner, 0341 Mortarman, 0351 Infantry Assaultman, 0352 Anti-Tank Missileman, 1812 M1A1 Tank Crewman, 1833 Assault Amphibious Vehicle Crewmember, and 0811 M60A1 Tank Crewman. However, these schools cannot as of 2014 offer female graduates an MOS designation, so they must pursue a non-infantry specialty following completion of training.<ref name="marinecorpstimes.com"/>
* Cynthia Haines became the first female Chief Master Sgt. of the 116th Air Control Wing's Medical Group in the Georgia Air National Guard in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/135720/116th-medical-group-promotes-first-female-chief-master-sergeant#.U76_ZOkg8ic#ixzz375GKXHVk|title=DVIDS – News – 116th Medical Group promotes first female chief master sergeant|work=DVIDS|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* It was announced that starting in October company-grade officers — lieutenants and captains — who had already served in another primary occupation would be allowed to take the U.S. Marines’ Infantry Officer Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20140710/CAREERS/307100044/|title=Marines open infantry training to hundreds more female officers|work=Military Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Maj. Chrissy Cook became the first woman in the 1st Cavalry Division of the U.S. Army to qualify to command a M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140710/NEWS/307100050/Bradley-commander-is-1st-Cav-s-first-female-Top-Gun-|title=Bradley commander is 1st Cav's first female 'Top Gun'|work=Army Times|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Lori Robinson|Lori J. Robinson]] was chosen to be the new commanding general of the Pacific Air Forces in Hawaii, making her the first U.S. female four-star commander of combat forces.<ref name="hngn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hngn.com/articles/36536/20140718/first-woman-non-pilot-nominate-for-command-of-u-s-air-force-in-pacific.htm|title=First Woman, Non-Pilot, Nominated for U.S. Air Force Command in Pacific|work=Headlines & Global News|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123419170|title=ACC, PACAF commanders confirmed|publisher=Air Combat Command|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011183631/http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123419170|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
* Katie Higgins, 27, became the first female pilot to join the [[Blue Angels]], the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/news/first-female-pilot-joins-blue-angels#jdK7LcHf6g0emiTC.99|title=First Female Pilot Joins Blue Angels|work=Flying Magazine|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
* Rear Adm. Babette "Bette" Bolivar took over command of Joint Region Marianas, thus becoming the first woman to occupy the top military post on Guam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificnewscenter.com/rear-adm-babette-bolivar-assigned-as-commander-us-pacific-command-representative-guam/|title=Rear Adm. Babette Bolivar Assigned as Commander, U.S. Pacific Command Representative, Guam}}</ref>
* Samantha Brumley was the first woman to officially become a tank mechanic in the Oregon Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/08/27/female-tank-mechanic-likes-dirty-work.html|title=Female Tank Mechanic Likes Dirty Work|publisher=Military.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* Tara Robertson took command of the Minnesota National Guard's 849th Mobility Augmentation Company, thus becoming the first woman to command the previously all-male unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/142564/first-female-takes-command-previously-all-male-minnesota-national-guard-unit|title=DVIDS – News – First female takes command of previously all-male Minnesota National Guard unit|work=DVIDS|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* Heidi Flemming became the first female commanding officer of [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River|Patuxent River Naval Air Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebaynet.com/articles/0914/pax-river-command-changes-to-first-woman-co.html|title=Pax River command changes to first woman CO|first=Dick|last=Myers|publisher=thebaynet.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* Two female soldiers in the South Korean army, Staff Sgt. Kim Min Kyoung and Staff Sgt. Kwon Min Zy, earned the American Expert Infantryman Badge, making them the first women, Korean or American, to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20141028/NEWS/310280049/|title=2 Korean soldiers are the first women to earn Expert Infantryman Badge|work=Army Times}}</ref>
* Verna L. Jones was appointed as the first female executive director of the [[American Legion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/11/04/american-legion-appoints-first-female-executive-director.html|title=American Legion Appoints First Female Executive Director|publisher=Military.com}}</ref>
* Marine officials announced in a 12 Nov. administrative message that female Marines in the ranks of corporal and above were now eligible to fill some 2,600 previously closed jobs in active and Reserve units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/careers/marine-corps/2014/11/14/marines-women-combat-training-integration/18963019/|title=Corps to tackle gender bias as combat jobs open to women|first=Hope Hodge|last=Seck|work=Marine Corps Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
* Diane Dunn became the first woman to command a Maine Army National Guard brigade (specifically, the 120th).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2014/11/23/news/state/colonel-from-newburgh-becomes-first-woman-to-command-maine-army-guard-brigade/|title=Colonel from Newburgh becomes first woman to command Maine Army Guard brigade|work=The Bangor Daily News|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
* Elizabeth Bohannon became the first female chief warrant officer 5 in the North Carolina National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/151054/first-female-chief-warrant-officer-5-nc-national-guard#.VJ72cecA|title=DVIDS – News – First female chief warrant officer 5 in NC National Guard|work=DVIDS|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>
* Alicia Dorsett reported to her unit in the Milwaukee-based 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery, thus becoming the first woman to serve as a field artillery officer in the Wisconsin Army National Guard.<ref name="marshfieldnewsherald.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.marshfieldnewsherald.com/story/news/2015/12/15/marshfield-woman-makes-military-history/77361704/|title=Marshfield woman makes military history|work=News-Herald Media}}</ref>

==2015==
* Col. Bobbi Doorenbos became the first female commander of the Arkansas Air National Guard’s 188th Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://5newsonline.com/2015/01/11/first-female-commander-at-188th-wing/|title=First Female Commander At 188th Wing|publisher=5NEWSOnline.com}}</ref>
* The first woman reported to the USS Minnesota, thus becoming the first woman to serve aboard a U.S. Navy fast-attack submarine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/navy/first-female-officer-reports-to-submarine-uss-minnesota-1.323819|title=First female officer reports to submarine USS Minnesota|work=Stars and Stripes}}</ref>
* Ret. U.S. Army Col. Laurel Hummel was appointed as the first woman to lead Alaska's National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-alaska-guard-20150130-story.html|title=First woman commander of Alaska National Guard: 'no old boys network'|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* On 9, January Sgt. [[Raquel DiDomenico]] reported as the new first sergeant of the 374th Engineer Company (Sapper) in Concord, California, becoming the first female combat engineer senior sergeant who was 12Z qualified to hold this leadership position in a Sapper unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/enlisted/2015/02/16/sapper-first-sergeant-woman/23316577/ |title=Sapper 1st sgt. represents a first for combat engineers |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>
* Army Secretary John McHugh issued a 27 Feb. directive authorizing more than 4,100 officer and enlisted "men only" positions in special operations units of the Regular Army, National Guard and Army Reserve to be opened to women. The organizations being opened to women as a result of 27 Feb. directive from Army Secretary John McHugh are: Army Special Operations Command (Airborne), Army National Guard Special Forces Group (Airborne) Battalions, Military Information Support Operations Command Tactical Psychological Teams, Special Forces Military Free Fall Operations, and associated additional skill identifiers 4X for officers and W8 for enlisted soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Jim |last1=Tice |url=http://www.wfmynews2.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/05/policy-opens-special-ops-jobs-to-women/24448261/ |title=Policy Change Opens 4100 Military Special Ops Jobs To Women |publisher=Wfmynews2.com |access-date=2015-03-07}}</ref>
* The Army announced in February that five women had passed the first-ever gender-integrated Ranger Training Assessment Course, which was a two-week pre-qualification for the special operations training.<ref name="utsandiego1"/>
* Linda Singh became the first woman and the first African-American to hold the position of commander for the Maryland Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smnewsnet.com/archives/238072/maj-gen-linda-singh-makes-history-as-she-takes-command-of-maryland-national-guard/|title=Maj. Gen. Linda Singh Makes History as She Takes Command of Maryland National Guard|publisher=Southern Maryland News Net }}</ref>
* Col. Alicia A. Tate-Nadeau was promoted to brigadier general, making her the first female in the Illinois National Guard to earn the rank, and the first female in Illinois National Guard history to be promoted as a general officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://readme.readmedia.com/Illinois-National-Guard-Officer-Becomes-First-Female-General/10685698 |title=Illinois National Guard Officer Becomes First Female General |publisher=Readme.readmedia.com |access-date=2015-03-08}}</ref>
[[File:Joe Biden and Lucy Coffey.jpg|thumb|Lucy Coffey, the oldest female veteran at age 108, meeting with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] in 2014 at the White House.]]
* Alishia Bauman was promoted to captain, becoming the first female primary staff officer in the history of the 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry of the Iowa Army National Guard.<ref name="omaha1">{{cite web|url=http://www.omaha.com/news/military/iowan-is-first-woman-in-a-management-position-for-bluffs/article_10a8fa76-c8d6-11e4-b793-d7f3f3508951.html |title=Iowan is first woman in a management position for Bluffs-based Army National Guard unit – Omaha.com: Military |publisher=Omaha.com |access-date=2015-03-14}}</ref> Also, according to her, as battalion logistics officer, she is the first woman in a management position (technically an infantry officer) for the unit based in Council Bluffs.<ref name="omaha1"/>
* America's oldest female veteran at the time, Lucy Coffey, died at the age of 108.<ref name="sacurrent1">{{cite web|last=Reagan |first=Mark |url=http://www.sacurrent.com/Blogs/archives/2015/03/20/the-nations-oldest-female-veteran-passed-away-this-week |title=The Nation's Oldest Female Veteran Passed Away This Week In San Antonio |work=San Antonio Current |access-date=2015-03-22}}</ref> She had joined the [[Women's Army Corps|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]] in 1943 and was honorably discharged in 1945, but continued to serve as an accountant and statistician.<ref name="sacurrent1"/> Thirteen years later, she transferred to Kelly Air Force Base and retired.<ref name="sacurrent1"/>
* California governor Jerry Brown proclaimed the third week of March as "Women's Military History Week".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calvet.ca.gov/WomenVets/Pages/2015-Women-Military-History-Week.aspx |title=2015 Women's Military History Week |publisher=Calvet.ca.gov |access-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>
* [[Brenda Sue Fulton]] was named the first female chairperson of the Board of Visitors at West Point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/30/west-point-board-of-visitors-to-meet/ |title=West Point Board of Visitors gets an 1980 grad as leader |work=The Washington Times |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.recordonline.com/article/20150330/NEWS/150339923 |title=First female chair named of West Point's Board of Visitors – News – recordonline.com – Middletown, NY |publisher=M.recordonline.com |access-date=2015-03-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406094019/http://m.recordonline.com/article/20150330/NEWS/150339923 |archive-date=2015-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lt. Col. Christine Mau of the U.S. Air Force became the first U.S. female pilot to fly the F-35 Lightning II jet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/christine-mau-becomes-first-female-pilot-fly-f-35-lightning-n355101 |title=Christine Mau Becomes First U.S. Female Pilot to Fly F-35 Lightning II Jet |publisher=NBC News |access-date=2015-05-07}}</ref>
* Col. Giselle "Gigi" Wilz was promoted to brigadier general, thus becoming the first female general in the North Dakota Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/21/first-female-general-in-north-dakota-guard-says-it/ |title=First female general in ND Army Guard calls it longtime goal |work=The Washington Times |access-date=2015-05-21}}</ref> Later that year, she took office as the 21st (and first female) Commander of NATO Headquarters Sarajevo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/nation-and-world/3764091-sarajevo-welcomes-wilz-first-female-commander |title=Sarajevo welcomes Wilz as first female commander |publisher=The Dickinson Press |access-date=2015-06-11}}</ref>
* The Oklahoma Army National Guard named Jamie Ellis as its first female Army combat arms officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newson6.com/story/29132248/1st-female-combat-arms-officer-named-in-oklahoma |title=1st female combat arms officer named in Oklahoma |publisher=NewsOn6.com |access-date=2015-05-22}}</ref>
* Marjana Mair Bidwell became the first woman to assume command of the [[3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment]] Headquarters Company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cirisano |first=Tatiana |url=http://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Albany-native-takes-command-of-Old-Guard-6302637.php |title=For the "Old Guard," a new leader |work=Times Union |access-date=2015-06-04}}</ref>
* June 8 – [[General (United States)|General]] [[Ellen M. Pawlikowski]] assumed command of [[Air Force Materiel Command]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch the Wright-Patterson Command change live Monday|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/news/local-military/watch-wright-patterson-command-change-live-today/nmXtS/|access-date=15 August 2015|work=Dayton Daily News}}</ref>
* Army Secretary John McHugh issued a directive on June 16 which made available 20,563 additional positions for women and opened the last of the 16 engineer MOSs (MOS 12B, Combat Engineer), which were closed to women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/150882/Army_opens_20_563_engineering_positions_to_women/ |title=Army opens 20,563 engineering positions to women |publisher=The United States Army |access-date=2015-06-23}}</ref>
* Mackenzie Clarke became the first female combat engineer to enlist in the Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lynn |first=Capi |url=http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2015/06/24/oregon-national-guard-swears-female-combat-engineer/29238837/ |title=Oregon recruit makes National Guard history |publisher=Statesmanjournal.com |access-date=2015-06-25}}</ref>
* Clydellia Prichard-Allen became Columbus, Ohio's first female army recruiting commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2015/07/01/columbus-ohio-columbus-promotes-first-ever-female-recruiting-commander.html |title=Columbus Promotes First Ever Female Recruiting Commander |publisher=WBNS-10TV |location=Columbus, Ohio |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>
* Erika Lopez became the first woman in Tennessee to enlist in the Army as a combat engineer.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amanda |last=Hara |url=http://www.local8now.com/news/headlines/First-female-in-TN-enrolls-in-Army-combat-engineer-job-311882531.html?device=phone&c=y |title=First female in TN enrolls in Army combat engineer job |publisher=Local8now.com |access-date=2015-07-12}}</ref>
* 110-year-old [[Emma Didlake]], America's oldest veteran at the time, met President Obama at the White House.<ref name="abcnewsii">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/white-house-hosts-110-year-world-war-ii/story?id=32524704 |title=White House Hosts 110-Year-Old World War II Veteran Emma Didlake |publisher=ABC News |access-date=2015-07-18}}</ref> She was an African-American World War II veteran who joined the Army in 1943, and her decorations include the Women's Army Corps Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal.<ref name="abcnewsii"/>
* Tracci Dorgan became the first female field artillery officer in the South Carolina National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/170482/south-carolina-national-guard-welcomes-first-female-field-artillery-officer#.Va5b-bvbIic |title=DVIDS – News – South Carolina National Guard welcomes first female field artillery officer |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2015-07-21}}</ref>
* Vice Adm. [[Nora W. Tyson|Nora Tyson]] was installed as the new commander of the Navy’s Third Fleet, making her the first woman to lead a U.S. Navy ship fleet.<ref>{{cite web|first=Abbey |last=Gibb |url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2015/07/24/first-woman-to-lead-navy-fleet-takes-over/ |title=First woman to lead Navy Fleet takes over |publisher=FOX5 |location=San Diego |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Steele |first=Jeanette |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/jul/24/tyson-third-fleet-change-command-swift/ |title=1st woman at helm of U.S. ship fleet |work=SanDiegoUnionTribune.com |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref>
* Jeanne Pace, at the time the longest-tenured female warrant officer and the last former member of the [[Women’s Army Corps]] on active duty, retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theredstonerocket.com/news/article_0c55b8ea-307f-11e5-9047-f7769498c74c.html |title=Women's Army Corps veteran values support systems |publisher=The Redstone Rocket |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref name="armytimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/07/09/jeanne-pace-1st-cavalry-division-womens-army-corps/29922227/ |title=Longest-serving female warrant to retire after 43 years |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/across_the_fort/trooper-reflects-on-years-of-selfless-service/article_f22050f4-2505-11e5-9da9-63c9b1200a0e.html |title=Trooper reflects on 43 years of selfless service – Fort Hood Herald: Across The Fort |publisher=Kdhnews.com |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref> She had joined the WAC in 1972.<ref name="armytimes1"/>
* [[Diana M. Holland]] became the first woman to serve as a general officer at [[Fort Drum]], and the first woman to serve as a deputy commanding general in one of the Army's light infantry divisions (specifically, the [[10th Mountain Division]].)<ref name="Holland">{{cite web|url=http://www.syracuse.com/state/index.ssf/2015/07/fort_drum_marks_promotion_of_first_woman_general_of_10th_mountain_division.html |title=Fort Drum marks promotion of first woman general of 10th Mountain Division |publisher=syracuse.com |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref> In December, she was appointed as the first female commandant of cadets at West Point.<ref name="Holland"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/military/west-point-names-diana-holland-first-woman-commandant-cadets-n480906|title=West Point Names Diana Holland as First Woman Commandant of Cadets|first=Alastair|last=Jamieson|work=NBC News}}</ref>
* Cheryl Hansen became the first female commander of the [[Naval Construction Battalion Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)|Naval Construction Battalion Center]] in Gulfport, Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wxxv25.com/news/local/story/Change-of-Command-at-Gulfport-NCBC/dLH58MQuXk-mW1Q2SJkaeg.cspx |title=Change of Command at Gulfport NCBC |publisher=WXXV25 |access-date=2015-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810184811/http://www.wxxv25.com/news/local/story/Change-of-Command-at-Gulfport-NCBC/dLH58MQuXk-mW1Q2SJkaeg.cspx |archive-date=2015-08-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Kyara Johnson became the first female crew member of the U.S. Air Force's F-22 Raptor Demonstration Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfoxdc.com/story/29731786/female-crew-member-joins-f-22-raptor-demonstration-team |title=Female crew member joins F-22 Raptor Demonstration Team – DC News FOX 5 DC WTTG |publisher=Myfoxdc.com |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref>
* Lt. [[Shaye Haver]] and Capt. [[Kristen Griest]] became the first women to graduate [[Ranger School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/08/21/two-women-make-army-ranger-history/ |title=First female graduates of Ranger School earn elite tab |publisher=Fox News Channel |access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>
* Shortly after the first women graduated Ranger School, Ranger School was permanently opened to women.<ref>{{cite news|first=Justin |last=Worland |url=http://time.com/4020622/army-ranger-school-women/ |title=Army Ranger School Now Open to Women Permanently |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lamothe |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/09/02/after-historic-graduation-army-removes-all-restrictions-on-women-attending-ranger-school/ |title=After historic graduation, Army removes all restrictions on women attending Ranger School |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref>
* Meosha Morris became the first woman to be sworn in as a noncommissioned combat engineer in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/news/local/first-woman-sworn-non-commissioned-combat-engineer/nnfcn/ |title=First woman sworn in as noncommissioned combat engineer |publisher=www.actionnewsjax.com |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref>
* Deanna Holliman became the first female officer to branch into combat arms for the Oregon Army National Guard, when she graduated as a field artillery officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kdrv.com/news/ROTC_Cadet_First_Female_Officer_to_Branch_into_Combat_Arms_in_Oregon_Army_National_Guard.html#sthash.InOSmSSM.dpuf |title=ROTC Cadet First Female Officer to Branch into Combat Arms in Oregon Army National Guard |publisher=KDRV.com |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref>
* The first all-female [[Honor Flight]] was held, with 140 female veterans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Matt |url=http://dcist.com/2015/09/first_all-female_honor_flight_bring.php |title=First All-Female Honor Flight Brings 140 Veterans To D.C. |publisher=DCist |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126075310/http://dcist.com/2015/09/first_all-female_honor_flight_bring.php |archive-date=November 26, 2015 }}</ref>
* Defense Secretary Ashton Carter announced that the Pentagon would allow troops and civilian workers time during the workday to gather in "Lean In" circles, which are informal discussion groups focused on advancing women in the workplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/policy/defense/254432-pentagon-chief-endorses-lean-in-circles-to-promote-women-in-the-military |title=DOD chief backs 'Lean In' circles to promote women in the military |publisher=TheHill |access-date=2015-09-24}}</ref>
* Mary Link became the first female commander of the [[Army Reserve Medical Command]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baynews9.com/content/news/baynews9/news/article.html/content/news/articles/bn9/2015/9/26/first_woman_takes_co.html |title=Pinellas Park Army Reserve Medical Command gets 1st female leader |publisher=Baynews9.com |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref>
* A Marine female engagement team ended a mission in Qatar — the first mission for the all-women teams since the Corps disbanded them in Afghanistan three years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2015/09/21/new-female-engagement-team-completes-mission-qatar/71941712/ |title=New female engagement team completes mission in Qatar |publisher=Marinecorpstimes.com |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref>
* Lisa Jaster became the first female reservist to graduate [[Ranger School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox21news.com/2015/10/17/third-woman-graduates-from-ranger-school/ |title=Third woman graduates from ranger school |publisher=FOX21News.com |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref>
* An Army directive officially opened more than 19,700 field artillery jobs to women. It applied to the active Army, Army National Guard and Army Reserve, and made jobs in the 13B (cannon crewmember) and 13D (field artillery automated tactical data system specialist) military occupational specialties available for fill by qualified female soldiers. It also opened the U6 Additional Skill Identifier, which is field artillery weapons maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/enlisted/2015/10/29/army-opens-19700-field-artillery-jobs-women/74833850/ |title=Army opens 19,700 field artillery jobs to women |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2015-11-01}}</ref>
* Theresa Prince became the first woman to receive the rank of brigadier general in the South Carolina Air Guard.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holloway |first=Leah |url=http://wach.com/news/local/first-female-sc-air-guard-nurse-achieves-rank-of-brigadier-general |title=First female SC Air Guard nurse achieves rank of Brigadier General | News, Weather, Sports, Breaking News |publisher=WACH |access-date=2015-11-08}}</ref>
* Julie Corgan became the first woman to join the Army as a cannon crewmember.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/enlisted/2015/11/10/first-female-13b-recruit-challenge-motivated-me/75511108/ |title=First female 13B recruit: Challenge 'motivated me' |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
* [[Gina Grosso]] became the first female personnel chief in the Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/careers/air-force/officer/2015/11/16/new-personnel-chief-grosso-pins-on-third-star/75881100/ |title=Grosso pins on 3rd star to become first female USAF personnel chief |publisher=Airforcetimes.com |access-date=2015-11-17}}</ref>
* Skylar Anderson became the first female soldier in America to be awarded the 12B MOS code as a combat engineer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/182753/vermont-guardsman-becomes-nations-first-female-combat-engineer |title=DVIDS – News – Vermont Guardsman becomes Nations first female Combat Engineer |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2015-11-26}}</ref>
* Lauren Edwards became the first woman in Marine Corps history to assume command of an engineer support battalion (specifically, the 8th Engineer Support Battalion.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2015/11/30/first-female-marine-takes-helm-engineer-support-battalion/76567206/|title=Marine is first woman to lead engineer support battalion|work=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* In December 2015, Defense Secretary [[Ash Carter]] stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.<ref name="auto"/>
*Hannah I. Sather (17) became the first female to enlist as a field artillery automated tactical data systems specialist in the Minnesota Army National Guard, December 14, 2015.
* Journae Q. King made history for the Louisiana Army National Guard as the first female to enlist as a field artillery automated tactical data systems specialist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/military/2015/12/10/la-national-guard-enlists-first-female-field-artillery-soldier/77114744/|title=La. National Guard enlists first female field artillery soldier|work=shreveporttimes.com}}</ref>
* Melanie Hindley became the first woman to graduate from the Bradley Leader Course; she was also the first woman to attend it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/159685/First_female_graduates_Bradley_Leader_Course/?from=RSS|title=First female graduates Bradley Leader Course|first=Noelle|last=Wiehe}}</ref>
* McKenzie Griffin from Deer Park, Washington, in the Spokane area, enlisted as a combat engineer, making her the first woman from Washington to join the Army with the intention of filling a combat role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://komonews.com/news/local/2-washington-women-enlist-in-army-combat-roles|title=2 Washington women enlist in Army combat roles|author=Sinclair Broadcast Group|work=KOMO}}</ref>
* The Army issued an updated breastfeeding policy which states that soldiers must be given space to pump breastmilk, and the space must be "a private space, other than a restroom, with locking capabilities for a soldier to breastfeed or express milk", and must have a place to sit, a flat surface other than the floor to place the pump, an electrical outlet and access to a "safe water source" near the pumping area. The updated policy also states that although breastfeeding soldiers will still be required to take part in field training or deployment, commanders must give them time and space to pump and, if needed, discard breastmilk just as they would in garrison. It also instructs commanders to give soldiers "adequate time" to express milk, while further clarifying that time requirements may vary depending on a variety of factors, including the age of the baby.<ref name="breastfeeding">{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2015/12/17/breastfeeding-policy-help-army-retain-female-soldiers-lawmaker.html|title=Breastfeeding Policy Will Help Army Retain Female Soldiers: Lawmaker|work=Military.com}}</ref> This updated policy supersedes a rule from September 29, 2015; prior to that September rule, the Army was the only service without an established, service-wide standard governing female soldiers and breastfeeding.<ref name="breastfeeding"/>
* Alyssa Brenner reported to her Oconomowoc-based unit, Battery C, 1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery, thus becoming the first female field artillery officer in the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team’s lone artillery battalion.<ref name="marshfieldnewsherald.com"/>
* Tianna Langdon became the first woman in Washington state to enlist as a cannon crew member.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirotv.com/news/news/washington-states-first-woman-combat-role-i-always/npmFZ/|title=Washington state's first woman in combat role: 'I always...}}</ref>
* [[Nadja Y. West]] was sworn in as the 44th Army Surgeon General and Commanding General, U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM).<ref name="Nadja">{{cite web|url=http://goodblacknews.org/2015/12/18/lt-gen-nadja-west-confirmed-by-senate-as-first-black-army-surgeon-general/|title=Lt. Gen. Nadja West Confirmed by Senate as First Black Army Surgeon General|work=GOOD BLACK NEWS}}</ref> This makes West the Army’s first black Surgeon General, as well as the Army’s first black woman to hold the rank of lieutenant general and the Army's highest ranking woman who graduated from West Point.<ref name="Nadja"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurweb.com/2015/12/lt-gen-nadja-west-confirmed-by-senate-as-first-black-army-surgeon-general/|title=Lt. Gen. Nadja West Confirmed by Senate as First Black Army Surgeon General|work=EURweb}}</ref>
* The Marines decided to allow some types of twist and loc hairstyles for women.<ref name="goodblacknews.org">{{cite web|url=http://goodblacknews.org/2015/12/21/marine-corps-uniform-board-finally-allows-twist-loc-hairsyles-for-women/|title=Marine Corps Uniform Board Finally Allows Twist, Loc Hairsyles For Women|work=GOOD BLACK NEWS}}</ref> This made the Marine Corps the first military branch to allow locs.<ref name="goodblacknews.org"/> Allowing locs and twists in the Marines was driven by the recommendations of Staff Sgt. Cherie Wright, who was assigned to II Marine Expeditionary Force.<ref name="goodblacknews.org"/>
* Adrianna Vorderbruggen died in combat; she is believed to be the first active duty, openly gay, female service member to die in combat, and is the first openly gay Air Force officer to die in combat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/12/22/u-s-military-s-first-openly-gay-woman-killed-in-combat.html|title=U.S. Military's First Openly Gay Woman Killed in Combat|work=The Daily Beast|last1=Youssef |first1=Nancy A. }}</ref>
* Mary Connolly became the first female soldier in the Michigan National Guard assigned to an artillery unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/index.ssf/2016/01/first_female_officer_assigned.html|title=First female officer assigned to artillery battery in Michigan National Guard|work=MLive.com}}</ref>

==2016==
* From 1960 to June 30, 2016, there was a blanket ban on all transgender people, including but not limited to transgender women, from serving and enlisting in the United States military. From June 30, 2016, to April 11, 2019, transgender personnel in the United States military were allowed to serve in their preferred gender upon completing transition. From January 1, 2018, to April 11, 2019, transgender individuals could enlist in the United States military under the condition of being stable for 18 months in their preferred or biological gender.
* Marie Watkins became the first Missouri National Guard female infantry heavy weapons company commander; she commanded Delta Company, 1-138th Infantry Battalion, from December 2016 to November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/238501/meet_the_first_female_to_command_missouri_national_guards_infantry_rifle_unit|title=Meet the first female to command Missouri National Guard's infantry rifle unit|website=www.army.mil}}</ref>
* Dawn M. Ferrell became the first woman in the Texas Air National Guard to be promoted to brigadier general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksat.com/news/texas-air-national-guard-promotes-first-female-one-star-general|title=Texas Air National Guard promotes first female one-star general|first=Chris|last=Shadrock|work=KSAT}}</ref>
* Abby Sapp became the first woman in Kentucky to enlist in the U.S. Army in a combat arms military occupational specialty following Secretary of Defense Ash Carter’s announcement in December 2015 that women would be allowed in combat roles once reserved only for men; she enlisted as a combat engineer – a job with the Army designation of 12 "Bravo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckynewera.com/news/ap/article_8f38d31c-bffb-11e5-855b-4758198418e1.html|title=Greenville woman first in Ky. to enlist in combat arms|first=C. Josh|last=Givens|work=Kentucky New Era}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newschannel5.com/news/us-army-opens-combat-positions-to-women|title=U.S. Army Opens Combat Positions To Women|first=Emily|last=Luxen|work=WTVF}}</ref>
* Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced a new policy granting women 12 weeks maternity leave in all services.<ref name="navytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.navytimes.com/story/military/2016/01/28/maternity-leave-dod-ash-carter-12-weeks-announcement-force-of-the-future/79465178/|title=New 12-week maternity policy for all services means big cut for Navy, Marines|work=Navy Times}}</ref>
* Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced plans to create 3,600 new breast-feeding rooms across the country, which he said would put a breast-feeding room in all military buildings that have more than 50 female employees.<ref name="navytimes.com"/>
* CDR [[Zeita Merchant]] took command of Marine Safety Unit Chicago, becoming the first African-American female to command a Prevention/Marine Safety Unit/Office in the Coast Guard.<ref name="defense1"/>
* [[Alyce Dixon]], the oldest American female veteran at the time, died at 108 years old.<ref name="washingtonvamedicalcenter">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtondc.va.gov/WASHINGTONDC/features/Alyce_Dixon.asp|title=Alyce Dixon|publisher=Washington DC VA Medical Center}}</ref> She joined the military in 1943 and was one of the first African-American women in the Army.<ref name="washingtonvamedicalcenter"/> As a member of the [[Women's Army Corps]], she was stationed in England and France where she played an important role in the postal service as part of the [[6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion]].<ref name="washingtonvamedicalcenter"/>
* Kelly Elizabeth Wilson became Alabama's first woman to have an Army military combat role (as a combat engineer).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2016/02/03/combat-roles-open-women-alabama-has-its-first/79645644/|title=Alabama's first female in combat begins her journey|work=The Montgomery Advertiser}}</ref>
* Paige B. Hunter became the first female brigadier general in West Virginia National Guard history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/20160206/hunter-becomes-states-first-woman-brigadier-general|title=Charleston Gazette-Mail – Hunter becomes state's first woman brigadier general|work=Charleston Gazette-Mail}}</ref>
* Jennifer Smith became the first female commanding officer of Field Medical Training Battalion-East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camplejeuneglobe.com/news/smith-first-female-to-take-charge-of-fmtb-east/article_1b81df68-d5a9-11e5-a81c-6b4be4da2732.html|title=Smith first female to take charge of FMTB-East|work=Camp Lejeune Globe}}</ref>
* Sandy Best became the first female brigadier general in the Minnesota National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaaltv.com/article/stories/S4059507.shtml?cat=10226|title=KAALtv.com – MN National Guard Promotes First Female Brigadier General|work=KAALtv.com}}</ref>
* The United States Army Mid-Atlantic Recruiting Battalion in Toms River enlisted Alex Palmieri as its first woman in a combat role from the Central Jersey area (as a combat engineer).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/ocean/index.ssf/2016/03/brick_resident_becomes_first_woman_in_combat_for_m.html|title=Brick resident becomes first woman in Army combat role from Central Jersey|work=NJ.com}}</ref>
* Operations Specialist 3rd Class Abril Ramirez, an El Paso, Texas, native stationed aboard USS ''Halsey'' (DDG-97) became the first female sailor to wrestle for the All-Navy Sports (ANS) wrestling team Feb. 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=93533|title=USS Halsey Sailor is Navy's First Female Wrestler|first=Cory|last=Asato|publisher=United States Navy}}</ref>
* Katherine Beatty became the first woman in the U.S. Army to graduate from advanced individual training (AIT) as a cannon crew member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swoknews.com/local/wife-mother-becomes-first-female-cannoneer-graduate|title=Wife, mother becomes first female cannoneer graduate|work=The Lawton Constitution}}</ref>
* The U.S. Marine Corps made it easier for women to cover up tattoos by allowing them to wear crew-neck undershirts beneath their uniforms. The Marines made the change after U.S. Rep. [[Chellie Pingree]] complained that their dress policy unintentionally discriminated against female recruits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marines-making-it-easier-for-women-to-cover-up-tattoos/|title=Marines making it easier for women to cover up tattoos|website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>
* In March 2016 Defense Secretary Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/11/ash-carter-approves-final-strategy-women-military-/|title=Ashton Carter approves final strategy for women in military combat roles|work=The Washington Times}}</ref>
* Sharon Campbell became the 94th Training Division's first female senior enlisted advisor; the 94th Training Division is part of the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ftleetraveller.com/news/local_news/local-reserve-unit-names-first-woman-to-top-enlisted-position/article_01f512aa-f132-11e5-b858-831174a10270.html|title=Local Reserve unit names first woman to top enlisted position|work=Fort Lee Traveller: Official News Publication of Ft Lee Virginia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/News/tabid/11498/Article/699719/reserve-soldier-makes-history-at-94th-training-division.aspx|title=Reserve Soldier makes history at 94th Training Division|work=U.S. Army Reserve}}</ref>
* Miranda Smith became the first female soldier in the U.S. Army to join the 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) Continental Color Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcmilitary.com/pentagram/community/continental-color-guard-welcomes-first-female-soldier/article_92dcfdc2-550c-59c2-b296-35f2b4756afd.html|title=Continental Color Guard welcomes first female Soldier|first=Guv|last=Callahan|work=DC Military}}</ref>
* Ninety female missileers made Air Force history March 22 as the first all-female missile alert crews to serve on alert at three intercontinental ballistic missile wings simultaneously. In honor of Women's History Month, missileers based out of Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota; F.E. Warren AFB, Wyoming; and Malmstrom AFB, Montana, completed a 24-hour alert shift to sustain an active alert status of the nation's ICBM force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/03/24/90-female-missileers-b52-aircrews-make-history.html|title=90 Female Missileers, B-52 Aircrews Make History|work=Military.com}}</ref>
* Wendy Johnson became the first female brigadier general in the Nebraska Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindependent.com/news/local/johnson-first-woman-brigadier-general-in-nebraska-air-national-guard/article_27fcebc6-fd3a-11e5-9518-73234671316e.html|title=Johnson first woman brigadier general in Nebraska Air National Guard|work=The Grand Island Independent}}</ref>
* [[Joane Mathews]] became the first female brigadier general in the Wisconsin Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc15.com/home/headlines/Wisconsin-woman-to-make-state-history-as-first-female-Brigadier-General-374345791.html|title=UPDATE: Wisconsin woman makes state history as first female Brigadier General|first=Saira|last=Anwer|publisher=NBC15}}</ref>
* Tammy Barnett became the first woman to enlist in the infantry in the United States Army.<ref>{{cite web|first=Troy |last=Washington |url=http://www.ksla.com/story/31672954/louisiana-woman-makes-us-army-history |title=Louisiana woman makes U.S. Army history – KSLA News 12 Shreveport, Louisiana News Weather & Sports |publisher=Ksla.com |access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref>
* [[Jeannie Leavitt]] became the first woman to take control of the 57th Wing of [[Nellis Air Force Base]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/2016/04/16/nellis-base-welcomes-57th-wings-first-female-commander/83129428/|title=Nellis base welcomes 57th Wing's first female commander|work=Air Force Times}}</ref>
* A female lance corporal in the Marines requested a lateral move into an infantry "military occupational specialty," making her the first female Marine to sign up for the infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scout.com/military/warrior/story/1662017-first-female-marine-signs-up-for-infantry|title=First Female Marine Signs Up For Infantry|work=Scout.com}}</ref>
* The U.S. Army enlisted Colorado’s first female into the infantry (Kayleigh Schlag).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2016/04/23/u-s-army-infantry-kayleigh-schlag/|title=U.S. Army Enlists Colorado's First Woman Into Combat Role|publisher=CBS Denver}}</ref>
* [[Kristen Marie Griest]] became the first female infantry officer in the U.S. Army when the Army approved her request to transfer there from a military police unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trailblazer-armys-female-infantry-officer/story?id=38720413|title=Trailblazer Becomes Army's First Female Infantry Officer|work=ABC News}}</ref>
* The Senate confirmed Air Force Gen. [[Lori Robinson]] as the new head of U.S. Northern Command, making her the first woman to command a major [[Unified Combatant Command]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/News-Article-View/Article/697602/carter-names-first-female-combatant-commander|title=Carter Names First Female Combatant Commander|work=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2016/04/29/senate-first-female-combatant-command-robinson/83693122/|title=Senate confirms first female combatant commander|work=MilitaryTimes}}</ref>
* Tara McCaig became the first female enlistee from Utah to enlist for the infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.handitv.com/kcsg/view/full_story/27173235/article-Utah-s-first-female-enlistee-into-the-Infantry-?instance=more_local_news2|title=H&I ||website=H&I}}</ref>
* Kayci Landes became the first woman to re-enlist as a 19D cavalry scout in the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2016/05/04/first-female-soldier-reenlist-cavalry-scout/83939808/|title=This is the first female soldier to reenlist as a cavalry scout|work=Army Times}}</ref>
* Ashley Wedge became the first woman in North Carolina to sign up for a combat job (she signed up for the Army infantry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://komonews.com/news/nation-world/nc-woman-becomes-first-female-sworn-in-for-once-all-male-us-army-infantry|title=N.C. woman becomes first female sworn in for once all-male U.S. Army Infantry|author=Sinclair Broadcast Group|work=KOMO}}</ref>
* Caitlin Joy May became the first female enlistee from Wyoming and the third overall nationwide to enlist for the U.S. Army Infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codyenterprise.com/news/people/article_ff8eb832-0747-11e6-aa70-d349170ad530.html|title=May raises bar with infantry enlistment|first=Scott|last=Kolb|work=Cody Enterprise}}</ref>
* Shelby Sparkman and Hannah Carpenter enlisted at the same time and thus became the first females to enlist in the infantry in Texas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescoopblog.dallasnews.com/2016/05/teens-become-first-female-infantry-recruits-to-enlist-in-texas.html/|title=2 North Texas teens become state's first females to enlist as Army infantry recruits|first=Valerie|last=Wigglesworth|work=The Scoop Blog}}</ref>
* Virginia Brodie and Katherine Boy became the first two female Marine artillery officers to complete the Field Artillery Basic Officers Leadership Course.<ref name="marinesmil">{{cite web|url=http://www.marines.mil/News/NewsDisplay/tabid/3258/Article/778072/marine-corps-implements-force-integration-plan-graduates-first-female-artillery.aspx |title=Marine Corps implements force integration plan, graduates first female artillery officers > The Official United States Marine Corps Public Website > News Display |publisher=Marines.mil |access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref> Virginia Brodie graduated number one of the 137 students in both the gunnery portion of the course and in overall score and was recognized as her class’ distinguished honor graduate.<ref name="marinesmil"/>
* The first seven women were commissioned as second lieutenants into combat divisions after graduating from West Point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/biden-salutes-class-president-west-point-coming-gay-article-1.2645155 |title=Biden salutes class president at West Point for coming out as gay |publisher=NY Daily News |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
* Starting in 2002 deceased [[Women Airforce Service Pilots|WASPS]] were able to be buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]; however, that right was revoked in 2015 and was not regained for them until 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/21/politics/wwii-female-pilots-arlington-cemetery-irpt/|title=WWII female pilots now can be buried at Arlington|first1=Jareen|last1=Imam|work=CNN}}</ref>
* Catherine Zorn became the first woman from Minnesota to go into the Army infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kstp.com/news/catherine-zorn-wayzata-high-school-infantry/4147956/ |title=Plymouth Native is Minnesota's First Woman to Enlist in Army Infantry | KSTP TV – Minneapolis and St. Paul |publisher=Kstp.com |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
* Bailey Richardson became the first female student to win the most prestigious and complete scholarship offered by [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel]], the Star of the West Undergraduate Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/20160529/160539992/first-female-student-wins-the-citadels-most-prestigious-scholarship |title=First female student wins The Citadel's most prestigious scholarship |publisher=Post and Courier |access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref>
* Shelby Atkins became the first female Army noncommissioned officer to be granted the infantry military occupational specialty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2016/05/27/sergeant-armys-first-female-enlisted-infantry-soldier/85040916/ |title=This sergeant is the Army's first female enlisted infantry soldier |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>
* Leah Mullenix became the first female to complete the Army's Best Sapper competition and place in the top 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortcampbellcourier.com/news/article_a478f2e6-237b-11e6-8ad2-1b82bf568a32.html |title=Among the top 10 – The Fort Campbell Courier: News |publisher=The Fort Campbell Courier |access-date=2016-06-01}}</ref>
* Tamhra Hutchins-Frye became the first woman to be promoted to general in the history of the Arkansas Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|last=Field |first=Hunter |url=http://www.nwaonline.com/news/2016/jun/05/arkansas-air-guard-gets-first-female-ge/?news-arkansas-nwa |title=Arkansas Air Guard gets first female general | NWADG |publisher=Nwaonline.com |access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref>
* The 225th Engineer’s Brigade in the Army National Guard got its first female commander, Cindy Haygood.<ref>{{cite web|first=Grace |last=Carson |url=http://www.kalb.com/home/headlines/225th-Engineers-Brigade-brings-in-first-female-commander-381884161.html |title=225th Engineer's Brigade brings in first female commander |publisher=Kalb.com |access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref>
* Tristan Guzman became the first female in the history of the state of Kansas to enlist as an infantry soldier.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ann |first=Mary |url=http://www.emporiagazette.com/latest_news_and_features/article_5f417785-c6d5-5d03-8842-6d972f9e9098.html |title=Tristan Guzman enlists as U.S. Army Infantry soldier – Emporia Gazette: Latest News And Features |publisher=Emporia Gazette |access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
* Virginia Doonan became the first female wing commander in the history of the 102nd Intelligence Wing in the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan |first=Bryant |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/06/13/doonan-first-female-wing-commander-102nd-intelligence-wing.html |title=Doonan First Female Wing Commander of 102nd Intelligence Wing |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
* Regina Sabric became the first female commander of the 919th Special Operations Group in the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sam|last=King|url=http://www.nwfdailynews.com/news/20160614/new-commander-makes-history-at-duke-field|title=New commander makes history at Duke Field|work=Northwest Florida Daily News |location=Fort Walton Beach, FL|access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>
* Cindy R. Jebb became West Point’s first female dean of the academic board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recordonline.com/article/20160626/NEWS/160629539 |title=Hudson Confidential: All in the (military) family for newly promoted West Point Brig. Gen. Cindy Jebb – News – recordonline.com – Middletown, NY |publisher=recordonline.com |access-date=2016-06-28}}</ref>
* Sgt. 1st Class Erin Smith of the Idaho Army National Guard became America’s first female enlisted soldier to graduate from the U.S. Army’s M1 Armor Crewman School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mymeridianpress.com/meridian/boise-woman-becomes-nation-s-first-female-armor-enlisted-soldier/article_61304f1d-d07b-58a5-991b-716f320cb4e6.html |title=Boise woman becomes nation's first female armor enlisted soldier | Meridian |publisher=mymeridianpress.com |access-date=2016-06-28}}</ref>
* Sgt. 1st Class Sarah Saunders became the first female graduate of the U.S. Army's Master Gunner Common Core Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/guard-reserve/2016/07/10/armys-1st-female-master-gunner-brings-weapons-training-expertise-reserve-unit/86861998/ |title=Army's 1st female Master Gunner brings weapons training expertise to Reserve unit |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref>
* Tammy Smith became the first female general officer to serve in an Eighth Army headquarters-level position when she became the Eighth Army Deputy Commanding General for Sustainment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Horton |first=Alex |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/07/12/eighth-army-welcomes-first-female-deputy-commanding-general.html |title=Eighth Army Welcomes First Female Deputy Commanding General |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>
* Maryanne Miller became the first woman to be promoted to three-star general and Chief/Commander of the Air Force Reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.41nbc.com/2016/07/15/first-female-promoted-commander-air-force-reserve/ |title=First Female Promoted to Commander of Air Force Reserve |publisher=41nbc.com |access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>
* Rylee Nunn became the first female from the San Diego region to enlist in the infantry of the Army.<ref>{{cite web|last=Winkley |first=Lyndsay |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/jul/17/teen-first-female-in-county-to-enlist-in-army/ |title=Teen first female in county to enlist in Army infantry |work=SanDiegoUnionTribune.com |access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
* Shana E. Peck became the first woman to take command of Fort Bliss’ 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade.<ref>{{cite web|first=David |last=Burge |url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2016/07/24/first-woman-command-11th-ada-excited-humbled/87334004/ |title=First woman to command 11th ADA excited, humbled |publisher=Elpasotimes.com |access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>
* Amy Giaquinto became the first woman to hold the top enlisted airman's position in the New York Air National Guard (command chief master sergeant).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Upstate-woman-to-become-top-enlisted-airman-in-NY-8406693.php |title=Correction: Air Guard-Top Airman story – San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=Sfchronicle.com |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816130920/http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Upstate-woman-to-become-top-enlisted-airman-in-NY-8406693.php |archive-date=2016-08-16}}</ref>
* Spc. Rachel Mayhew became the first female in the Texas Army National Guard awarded the 12B combat engineer military occupational specialty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/living/national-guard-welcomes-first-female-combat-engineer/article_aae53d26-5371-11e6-89f2-03ecc324e9c5.html |title=National Guard welcomes first female combat engineer | Living |publisher=forthoodsentinel.com |access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref>
* Dominique Saavedra became the first enlisted female sailor to earn her submarine qualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-first-female-sailor-submarine-qualification-20160804-story.html |title=1st enlisted female sailor gets submarine qualification |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>
* Christine Burckle became the first female general of the Utah National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.good4utah.com/news/local-news/first-female-general-makes-history-at-air-national-guard |title=First Female General Makes History at Air National Guard – Story |publisher=Good4utah.com |access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>
* 2LT Felicia Nielsen became the first female in the military to qualify as a tank commander at Fort Hood, TX, in August 2016.
* Christy Wise became the sixth person and first female to be cleared to fly for the U.S. military again following an above-the-knee amputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgj.com/story/sports/2016/09/14/renos-wise-throw-out-first-pitch-nationals-game/90364852/ |title=Reno's Wise to throw out first pitch at Nationals game |publisher=Rgj.com |access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>
* An unnamed female staff sergeant tried out for the 75th Ranger Regiment via the 75th Ranger Regiment’s Ranger Assessment and Selection Program 2 (RASP 2) June 16, but did not meet performance objectives required for assignment to the 75th Ranger Regiment, and was afforded the opportunity to reapply for RASP 2 beginning December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/63192/first-female-tries-elite-75th-ranger-regiment-flunks/ |title=First female tries out for 75th Ranger Regiment, flunks out |publisher=SOFREP |access-date=2016-09-05}}</ref>
* The first female soldier to participate in the Army’s initial training program for the Green Berets failed to complete the course although she passed the first half of the 21-day weeding-out process, during which 10 percent to 15 percent of her classmates dropped out.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quade |first=Alex |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/14/first-female-soldier-in-green-beret-training-fails/ |title=First female soldier in Green Beret training fails to complete the course |work=Washington Times |access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref>
* Anissa Martinez became the first New Mexico woman to enlist in the U.S. Army infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/849563/first-nm-woman-to-fulfill-goal-in-us-army-infantry.html |title=18-year-old becomes first NM woman to enlist in U.S. Army infantry | Albuquerque Journal |publisher=Abqjournal.com |access-date=2016-09-21}}</ref>
* Johanna Clyborne became the first woman to earn brigadier general rank in the Minnesota Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lynn |first=Mary |url=http://m.startribune.com/minnesota-salutes-a-new-brigadier-general/512504492/ |title='There are no limitations.' Minnesota salutes new brigadier general | Star Tribune |publisher=M.startribune.com |access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref>
* The first Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command assessment and selection course to admit female Marines had one woman make it to the end of the first phase. A female corporal stayed in the 19-day course until its completion at the end of August, but did not have the minimum academic and physical training scores needed to make it to the second phase. The Marine, who was not publicly identified, planned to re-attempt the assessment and selection (A&S) phase when the next cycle began early in the new year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deeb |first=Sarah El |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/09/23/female-marine-reaches-end-of-first-phase-of-marsoc-course.html |title=Female Marine Reaches End of First Phase of MARSOC Course |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2016-09-23}}</ref>
* The first woman to enter training to become a tactical air control party airman left shortly thereafter due to an injury.<ref>{{cite web|last=Losey |first=Stephen |url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/articles/first-female-tacp-trainee-injured |title=First woman to attempt TACP training left after injury |publisher=Airforcetimes.com |access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
* Ten Army women became the first women to graduate from the Army’s Infantry Basic Officer Leader’s Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/first-women-graduate-us-army-infantry-course/3567503.html |title=First Women Graduate US Army Infantry Officer Course |publisher=Voanews.com |access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref>
* Kayci Landes became the first woman in the Army to graduate as a 19D Cavalry Scout.<ref>{{cite web|author=TEGNA |url=http://www.ksdk.com/news/local/fort-hood-army-sergeant-first-woman-to-become-a-cavalry-scout/354091955 |title=Fort Hood Army Sergeant first woman to become a Cavalry Scout |publisher=KSDK.com |access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>
* Thirteen female Army officers graduated from the Basic Armor Officer Leadership Course at Fort Benning, becoming the service’s first female armor officers.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/first-female-soldiers-graduate-armor-officer-course-1.442111 |title=First female soldiers graduate armor officer course – News |work=Stripes |access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
* A woman passed the 75th Ranger Regiment's Ranger Assessment and Selection Program II program in December, thus making the 75th Ranger Regiment the first special operations unit to have a female soldier graduate its selection course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armytimes.com/articles/this-woman-will-be-the-first-to-join-the-armys-elite-75th-ranger-regiment|title=This woman will be the first to join the Army's elite 75th Ranger Regiment|first=Army|last=Times}}</ref>

==2017==
* For the first time, the Marine Corps put three enlisted female Marines in a ground combat unit (specifically, an infantry unit) once open only to men.<ref>{{cite web|last=Associated |first=The |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/female-enlisted-marines-reporting-infantry-duty-44576833 |title=3 Women Become 1st Female US Marines in Ground Infantry Unit – ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>
* Guam Army National Guard Captain Leona Campbell became the first woman to take command of an infantry company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quintanilla |first=Ken |url=http://www.kuam.com/story/34231932/guam-guard-captain-is-first-female-to-lead-infantry-company |title=Guam Guard captain is first female to lead infantry company – KUAM.com-KUAM News: On Air. Online. On Demand |publisher=Kuam.com |access-date=2017-01-11}}</ref>
* Carol Timmons became the first woman to lead the Delaware National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |url=http://firststateupdate.com/2017/02/first-woman-to-lead-delaware-national-guard-takes-command/ |title=First Woman To Lead Delaware National Guard Takes Command – First State Update | Delaware's News Source |publisher=Firststateupdate.com |access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref>
* Erika Perry became the first female commander of the South Carolina National Guard 51st Military Police (MP) Battalion.<ref>{{cite web|last=One |first=Lexington |url=http://www.coladaily.com/2017/03/02/lexington-highs-calculating-leader-makes-history-first-female-commander/ |title=Lexington High's calculating leader makes history as first female commander - ColaDaily.com | You need the news, not the paper |publisher=ColaDaily.com |access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref>
* Sadie O. Horton, who spent World War II working aboard a coastwise U.S. Merchant Marine barge, posthumously received official veteran’s status for her wartime service, becoming the first recorded female Merchant Marine veteran of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyadvance.com/News/2017/03/06/Horton-first-woman-to-earn-vet-status-as-merchant-marine.html |title=Horton first woman to earn veteran status as WWII merchant mariner |publisher=Daily Advance |access-date=2017-03-07 |archive-date=2017-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306070255/http://www.dailyadvance.com/News/2017/03/06/Horton-first-woman-to-earn-vet-status-as-merchant-marine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The South Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Fighter Wing obtained its first female Chief Master Sergeant in maintenance (Rosemary Hawthorne).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.wistv.com/wistv/db_330790/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=XBRG3Huq |title=WISTV : SCANG 169th Fighter Wing gets first female maintenance group chief |publisher=M.wistv.com |access-date=2017-03-08}}</ref>
* Maria Daume, who was born in a Siberian prison and later adopted by Americans, became the first female Marine to join the infantry through the traditional entry-level training process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/female-marine-trailblazer-graduates-from-infantry-school/3779372.html|title=Female Marine Trailblazer Graduates From Infantry School|first=Carla|last=Babb}}</ref>
* Lillian Polatchek became the first female Marine to graduate from the Army’s Armor Basic Officer Leaders Course; she graduated at the top of her class.<ref name="Lillian">{{cite web|url=http://taskandpurpose.com/meet-lillian-polatchek-marine-female-tank-officer/ |title=Meet The Marine Corps' First Female Tank Officer |publisher=Taskandpurpose.com |access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> She thus became the Marine Corps’ first female tank officer.<ref name="Lillian"/>
* Sgt. Dakota Demers became Colorado's first female infantry soldier when she graduated from the 11B Infantry Transition Course at Umatilla Army Depot in Oregon. Staff Sgt. Melanie Galletti with the Idaho National Guard's Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team, and Staff Sgt. Cyndi Pearl Baltezore with the California National Guard's HHC 1-185th Infantry Battalion (Stryker Brigade Combat Team) graduated the course with her and also became the first female infantry soldiers in their states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9news.com/news/military/colorados-first-female-infantry-soldier/431404688|title=Colorado's first female Infantry soldier|last=TEGNA}}</ref>
* Sheryl Padilla became the first female infantry officer to serve in the Guam National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postguam.com/news/local/padilla-becomes-guam-guard-s-first-female-infantry-officer/article_47a0b0d2-2400-11e7-a538-5b1be39bcd24.html|title=Padilla becomes Guam Guard's first female infantry officer|first=Daily Post|last=Staff}}</ref>
* The Army announced that female soldiers are allowed to wear either the blue Army skirt or slacks with the Army Service Uniform during social functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armytimes.com/articles/army-uniform-updates-badges-on-either-side-pants-for-women-in-dress-blues|title=Army uniform updates: Badges OK on either side of ACU, pants for women in dress blues|first=Army|last=Times|website=Army Times}}</ref>
* 18 women graduated from the Army's first gender-integrated infantry basic training.<ref>{{cite web|last=Associated |first=The |url=http://www.armytimes.com/articles/18-women-army-infantry-basic-training |title=18 women graduate from the Army's first gender-integrated infantry basic training |publisher=Armytimes.com |access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref>
* Megan A. Brogden assumed command of the Group Support Battalion, 3rd Special Forces Group, thus becoming the first woman to assume command of a battalion within any of the Army’s seven Special Forces groups.<ref>{{cite web|first=Drew |last=Brooks |url=http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20170609/first-woman-assumes-command-of-battalion-in-special-forces-group |title=First woman assumes command of a battalion in a Special Forces group - News - The Fayetteville Observer - Fayetteville, NC |publisher=Fayobserver.com |access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>
* The first women graduated the Army’s Cavalry School at Fort Benning.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roland Richter/KWKT |url=http://kxan.com/2017/06/26/first-4-women-to-to-graduate-cavalry-school-headed-to-ft-hood/ |title=First 4 women to to{sic} graduate cavalry school headed to Ft. Hood |date=26 June 2017 |publisher=KXAN.com |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>
* Jennifer M. Short became the first female commander of the 23rd Wing at Moody Air Force Base.<ref>{{cite web|first=Damon |last=Arnold |url=http://www.walb.com/story/35851285/first-woman-commander-of-the-23rd-wing-at-moody-air-force-base |title=First woman commander of the 23rd Wing at Moody Air Force Base - WALB.com, South Georgia News, Weather, Sports |publisher=Walb.com |access-date=2017-07-14}}</ref>
* Brigadier General Donna Martin became the first black female commandant of the U.S. Army Military Police School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goodblacknews.org/2017/07/17/brigadier-general-donna-martin-becomes-1st-black-female-commandant-of-u-s-army-military-police-school/ |title=Brigadier General Donna Martin Becomes 1st Black Female Commandant of U.S. Army Military Police School |publisher=Good Black News |access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
* Governor [[Kay Ivey]] announced that she had appointed Major General Sheryl Gordon as the first female Adjutant General of the Alabama National Guard, upon the retirement of Major General Perry Smith.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alabamanews.net/2017/07/17/gov-kay-ivey-appoints-sheryl-gordon-first-female-adjutant-general/ |title=Gov. Kay Ivey Appoints Sheryl Gordon as First Female Adjutant General |newspaper=Alabama News |access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>
* Lisa Bryan was promoted to chief warrant officer five, which made her the first Native American woman to be promoted to the highest rank in the National Guard Warrant Officer Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mvskokemedia.com/citizen-promoted-as-first-native-female-cwo5/ |title=Citizen promoted as first Native female CWO5 |publisher=Mvskoke Media |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>
* Joanne F. Sheridan became the first female two-star general in the Louisiana National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kplctv.com/story/35995904/leesville-native-is-first-female-two-star-general-in-la-national-guard|title=Leesville native is first female two-star general in La. National Guard|first=Shireen|last=Santhanasamy}}</ref>
* Tasheenia L. Wallace became the first woman to finish the Arkansas National Guard infantry course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkansasmatters.com/news/local-news/female-soldier-makes-arkansas-national-guard-history/775340361|title=Female Soldier Makes Arkansas National Guard History|first=Ellen|last=Lampe}}</ref>
* Zona Hornstra became the first female wing command chief of the South Dakota Air National Guard 114th Fighter Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2017/08/05/sd-air-national-guard-selects-first-female-wing-command-chief/542958001/|title=SD Air National Guard selects first female wing command chief|first=Trevor J.|last=Mitchell|website=Argus Leader}}</ref>
* The Air Force’s first female enlisted pilot completed Undergraduate Remotely Piloted Aircraft Training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1269330/air-force-graduates-first-female-enlisted-pilot/|title=Air Force graduates first female enlisted pilot|website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>
* Denise Donnell became the first female commander of the New York Air National Guard 105th Airlift Wing at Stewart International Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midhudsonnews.com/News/2017/August/07/AirNG_Donnell_CoC-07Aug17.html |title=New commander installed at Stewart Air Guard base |publisher=Midhudsonnews.com |access-date=2017-08-07}}</ref>
* Simone Askew became the first African-American woman to be the First Captain of the U.S. Military Academy's Corps of Cadets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/17/meet-the-20-year-old-african-american-woman-making-u-s-military-academy-history.html |title=This 20-year-old woman is making US Military Academy history |publisher=Cnbc.com |access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>
* The first woman graduated from the infantry officer course of the Marine Corps; her name was not initially made public, but was eventually revealed as Marina A. Hierl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/policy/defense/352243-marines-congratulate-first-female-infantry-officer-graduate |title=Marines congratulate first female infantry officer graduate |publisher=TheHill |access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref><ref name="marinecorpstimes1">{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2018/08/10/meet-the-first-woman-to-graduate-ioc-and-lead-an-infantry-platoon/|title=Meet the first female Marine to graduate IOC and lead an infantry platoon|first=Andrea|last=Scott|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref> Hierl later became the first woman to lead a Marine infantry platoon.<ref name="marinecorpstimes1"/>
* Mariah Klenke became the first female officer to graduate from the Marines' Assault Amphibian Officer course.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lederman |first=Josh |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/10/03/meet-marines-first-female-aav-officer.html |title=Meet the Marines' First Female AAV Officer |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref>
* Michele Kilgore became the first woman to command the 109 Airlift Wing at Stratton Air Base in Scotia, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/109th-Airlift-Wing-welcomes-its-new-commander-12280021.php|title=109th Airlift Wing welcomes first female commander|first=Steve|last=Hughes|website=Times Union}}</ref>
* For the first time, the [[Defense Health Agency]] approved payment for [[sex reassignment surgery]] for an active-duty service member; the patient identifies as a woman, according to a source close to her.<ref name="FirstMilitarySRS">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pentagon-oks-surgery-transgender-soldier-military-hospital-n820721|title=Pentagon to pay for surgery for transgender soldier|last=Kube|first=Courtney|work=NBC News}}</ref>
* In October 2017, Amy Giaquinto became the first Air National Guard member–and the first woman–to serve as the top enlisted advisor to the adjutant general of New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1378164/ny-ang-member-is-first-woman-airman-to-serve-as-states-top-enlisted-leader/|title=NY ANG member is first woman, Airman to serve as state's top enlisted leader|website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>
* Six women became the first in the U.S. Army to earn the Expert Infantryman Badge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/10/28/women-earn-infantryman-badge/18060021/|title=First women earn U.S. Army's Expert Infantryman Badge|first=Michelle|last=Tan|website=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/01/24/6-women-earn-expert-infantry-certificate-at-fort-bragg.html|title=6 women earn expert infantry certificate at Fort Bragg|website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref>
* Natalie Mallue became the first woman to hold both the Ranger and Sapper tabs in the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/204165/from_sapper_to_ranger_female_graduate_breaks_new_boundaries |title=From Sapper to Ranger: Female graduate breaks new boundaries | Article | The United States Army |publisher=Army.mil |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>

==2018==
* From January 1, 2018, to April 11, 2019, transgender individuals, including but not limited to transgender women, could enlist in the United States military under the condition of being stable for 18 months in their preferred or biological gender.
* In early 2018, [[Lorna Mahlock|Col. Lorna M. Mahlock]] became the first African American woman to be nominated as a Brigadier general (one star) in the United States Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/marine-corps-selects-1st-black-woman-general-officer/story?id=54397971|title=Marine Corps selects 1st black woman to be a general officer|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref>
* Autumn Reeves became the Florida National Guard’s first female 13F, also known as forward observer (FO).<ref name="dvidshub1">{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/336711/flngs-first-female-13f-jfo-graduate |title=DVIDS - News - FLNG's First Female 13F, JFO Graduate |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>
* Kelley Thury was named as the first woman to serve as a chaplain in the South Dakota National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksfy.com/content/news/Mitchell-woman-is-South-Dakotas-first-female-chaplain-475235893.html|title=Mitchell woman is South Dakota's first female chaplain|first=Kelley|last=Smith}}</ref>
* Allison Miller became the first woman to lead an Ohio Air National Guard wing (specifically, Mansfield's 179th Airlift Wing.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/story/news/local/2018/02/03/col-allison-miller-now-command-179th-airlift-wing/1046184001/ |title=New commander is first woman to lead an Ohio Air National Guard wing |publisher=Mansfieldnewsjournal.com |access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref>
* Regina A. Sabric became the first woman to command Utah’s 419th Fighter Wing.<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt |last=McDonald |url=http://fox13now.com/2018/04/15/col-sabric-becomes-first-woman-to-command-utahs-419th-fighter-wing/ |title=Col. Sabric becomes first woman to command Utah's 419th Fighter Wing |publisher=fox13now.com |access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref>
* Emily Lilly became America’s first female Army National Guard soldier to graduate from the Army’s Ranger School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/beckley-woman-nation-s-first-female-army-national-guard-soldier/article_35d015bb-3514-597e-b562-b2216c0a9177.html |title=Beckley woman nation's first female Army National Guard soldier to graduate Ranger school | News |publisher=wvgazettemail.com |access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref>
* Sarah Zorn became the first woman chosen to lead the Corps of Cadets at [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowers |first=Paul |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/a-triple-black-belt-from-a-small-town-will-be/article_1311ce80-44b8-11e8-9ad4-c7bc1455c669.html |title=A triple-black belt from a small town will be first woman to lead Citadel's Corps of Cadets | News |publisher=postandcourier.com |access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref>
* Teresa Domeier was chosen as the first female command chief warrant officer at the National Guard Bureau in Arlington, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdjonline.com/neighbor_newspapers/extra/news/nebraskan-is-first-woman-to-be-named-nation-s-top/article_3b752dde-7c4b-5576-8b39-a2af51b3ee84.html |title=Nebraskan is first woman to be named nation's top Army National Guard warrant officer | News |publisher=mdjonline.com |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
* Seretta Lawson was promoted to the rank of sergeant major, thus becoming the first African-American woman to reach that rank in the Oklahoma Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enidnews.com/oklahoma/news/enid-woman-rises-to-top-enlisted-rank-in-oklahoma-national/article_f76158de-51ab-5218-bb0e-861a5254e179.html |title=Enid woman rises to top enlisted rank in Oklahoma National Guard | News |publisher=enidnews.com |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>
* Wendy Johnson became the first woman to lead the Nebraska Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|first=Don |last=Walton |work=Lincoln Journal Star |url=https://www.journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/brig-gen-johnson-first-woman-to-lead-nebraska-air-guard/article_8cc7332e-976a-5d85-8a76-b979e6edf8d6.amp.html |title=Brig. Gen. Johnson first woman to lead Nebraska Air Guard | Regional Government |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref>
* Michelle I. Macander took over as commanding officer of 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, 1st Marine Division, thus becoming the first female Marine to command a ground combat arms unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2018/06/25/marine-ground-combat-arms-unit-gets-its-first-woman-commander/|title=Marine ground combat arms unit gets its first woman commander|first=Shawn|last=Snow|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* Patricia Csank became the first female commander of [[Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktuu.com/content/news/New-JBER-commander-makes-history-as-first-female-in-charge-of-base-488138561.html |title=New JBER commander makes history as first woman in charge of base |publisher=Ktuu.com |access-date=2018-07-14}}</ref>
* Rear Admiral Michelle Skubic became the first woman to lead both [[NAVSUP]] and the Supply Corps.<ref>{{cite web|first=Myles |last=Snyder |url=https://www.abc27.com/news/local/carlisle-west-shore/navy-depot-has-first-woman-at-helm/1300483644 |title=NAVSUP in Mechanicsburg has first woman at helm |publisher=Abc27.com |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>
* Kayla Freeman graduated from Fort Rucker's Army Aviation school on June 21, thus becoming the first black female pilot in the Alabama National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvtm13.com/article/2nd-lt-kayla-freeman-meet-the-alabama-national-guards-first-black-female-pilot/22521519 |title=2nd Lt. Kayla Freeman: The first black female pilot in the Alabama National Guard |publisher=WVTM 13 |access-date=2018-07-28}}</ref>
* Leslie R. Greenfield became the California Army National Guard’s first female infantry officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oc-breeze.com/2018/07/25/124755_cal-guardsman-becomes-golden-states-first-female-infantry-officer/ |title=Cal Guardsman becomes Golden State's first female infantry officer |work=Orange County Breeze |access-date=2018-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728160821/http://www.oc-breeze.com/2018/07/25/124755_cal-guardsman-becomes-golden-states-first-female-infantry-officer/ |archive-date=2018-07-28}}</ref>
* Female sailors in the Navy became allowed to wear their hair in ponytails, locks, wider buns and at times below their collars, although subject to strict guidelines on the matter.<ref>{{cite web |first=Gina |last=Harkins |url=https://www.military.com/kitup/2018/07/13/here-are-rules-behind-navys-new-female-hair-regs.html |title=Here Are the Rules Behind the Navy's New Female Hair Regs |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>
* Gail Atkins became the first woman to lead the [[Corpus Christi Army Depot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caller.com/story/news/2018/07/20/col-gail-atkins-becomes-first-woman-lead-corpus-christi-army-depot/797681002/ |title=Col. Gail Atkins becomes first woman to lead Corpus Christi Army Depot |publisher=Caller.com |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>
* Donna Prigmore became the first woman in the Oregon Air National Guard to be promoted to the rank of brigadier general and the first woman in the Oregon National Guard to become a general officer as a traditional, part-time Guardsman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ktvz.com/news/oregon-air-natl-guard-promotes-first-woman-brigadier-general/778144147 |title=Oregon Air Natl. Guard promotes first woman brigadier general |publisher=KTVZ |access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>
* Gloria Babauta became the first Guam Guard woman to complete the Infantry Transition Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuam.com/story/38782401/2018/07/Tuesday/gloria-babauta-is-first-female-guam-guard-member-to-complete-infantry-transition-course |title=Gloria Babauta is first female Guam Guard member to complete Inf - KUAM.com-KUAM News: On Air. Online. On Demand |publisher=Kuam.com |access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* Veronica Hanna became the first woman in the Navy to be promoted to the rank of Chief Warrant Officer 5 in the field of information systems technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starbeacon.com/news/local_news/navy-promotes-ashtabula-woman/article_78b82cd1-08a6-5621-a5da-b4c674ff2e57.html |title=Navy promotes Ashtabula woman | Local News |publisher=starbeacon.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref>
* An unnamed female marine became the second woman to graduate from the Marine Infantry Officer Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2018/06/26/second-woman-graduates-from-infantry-officer-course/|title=Second woman graduates from Infantry Officer Course|first=Shawn|last=Snow|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* The Coast Guard awarded the CAPT DAVID H. JARVIS Award to CDR Zeita Merchant, making her the first African-American female to be given this award.<ref name="defense1"/>
* Ashley Hurd became the first female armor officer in the North Carolina National Guard.<ref name="fayobserver1">{{cite web|first=Drew |last=Brooks |url=http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180825/i-want-to-prove-myself-nc-national-guard-welcomes-1st-female-officers-in-infantry-armor-branches |title="I want to prove myself:" NC National Guard welcomes 1st female officers in infantry, armor branches |work=The Fayetteville Observer |access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
* Caitlin (last name not disclosed to the public) became North Carolina’s first female infantry officer.<ref name="fayobserver1"/>
* Estella Blas Aguon became the first female Guam Army National Guard member to complete the Ranger Training Assessment Course at the U.S. Army Warrior Training Center at Fort Benning, Georgia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postguam.com/news/local/aguon-achieves-milestone-for-women-in-guam-guard/article_11f7e24a-a99a-11e8-84b2-ab2ebdbaca67.html |title=Aguon achieves milestone for women in Guam Guard | Guam News |publisher=postguam.com |access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref>
* Amanda Kelley became the first female enlisted soldier to graduate from Ranger School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/08/31/first-female-enlisted-soldier-earns-army-ranger-tab.html/amp |title=First Female Enlisted Soldier Earns Army Ranger Tab |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>
* Kim Lefebvre became the first woman to assume command of the [[Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory]] (NSMRL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/291442/first-woman-takes-rein-naval-submarine-medical-research-laboratory |title=DVIDS - News - First Woman Takes Rein of Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref>
* Vicki Jones became the first female inductee into the Oklahoma Army National Guard Officer Candidate School’s Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|first=Katrina |last=Butcher |url=https://kfor.com/2018/09/10/retired-army-national-guard-pilot-becomes-first-woman-inducted-into-oklahoma-officer-candidate-school-hall-of-fame/ |title=Retired Army National Guard pilot becomes first woman inducted into Oklahoma Officer Candidate School Hall of Fame |publisher=KFOR.com |access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref>
* Atta Suzuki and Remedios Madrio became the first women to enlist in the Guam National Guard as infantrymen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postguam.com/news/local/guam-guard-recruits-first-female-infantry-service-members/article_7c4c72ce-b7f9-11e8-b029-bf3cdbe8b792.html |title=Guam Guard recruits first female infantry service members | Guam News |publisher=postguam.com |access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>
* Bailey Weis became the first woman to make it through Phase Two of Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command's Assessment and Selection course; however, she was not chosen to continue in the training pipeline, and decided to leave the Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web|first= Gina |last= Harkins |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/10/21/1st-female-marine-complete-marsocs-2nd-phase-leaving-corps.html |title=1st Female Marine to Complete MARSOC's 2nd Phase Is Leaving the Corps |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref>
* Rosemary Masters was promoted to the rank of chief warrant officer 5, making her the first woman in the Oklahoma Army National Guard to be promoted to the rank of chief warrant officer 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edmondsun.com/news/oklahoma-army-national-guard-promotes-first-female-cw/article_9c61e326-d7a4-11e8-8735-a3de791a725b.html |title=Oklahoma Army National Guard promotes first female CW5 | News |publisher=edmondsun.com |access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>
* The first woman successfully completed Special Forces Assessment and Selection and was selected to attend the Special Forces Qualification Course in hopes of becoming one of the [[Green Berets]]; her name was not given publicly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewsrep.com/110412/first-ever-female-soldier-passes-selection-for-the-special-forces-qualification-course/ |title=First ever female soldier passes selection for the Special Forces Qualification Course |publisher=Newsrep |access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>
* November Company, 4th Recruit Training Battalion, became the first company to graduate female Marines who wore a new female dress blue uniform including the mandarin collar. Previously, in August 2018, female recruits with Platoon 4040, Papa Company, had become the first to be issued that uniform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2018/11/17/first-company-graduates-in-new-female-dress-blue-uniform/|title=First company graduates in new dress blue uniform for female Marines|first=Shawn|last=Snow|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* Tina Lipscomb became the first female Hispanic Arkansas Air National Guard colonel.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* Erica Ingram became the first black female colonel in the Arkansas National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/nov/30/state-guard-promotion-historic-20181130/ |title=Arkansas National Guard's first black female colonel credits her 'village' |publisher=Arkansasonline.com |access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref>
* Karen Berry became the first woman in the Delaware Army National Guard promoted to brigadier general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wboc.com/story/39577612/del-army-guard-promotes-first-woman-to-brigadier-general |title=Del. Army Guard Promotes First Woman to Brigadier General - WBOC-TV 16, Delmarvas News Leader, FOX 21 |publisher=Wboc.com |access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref>
* Tracy Norris was named as the first female adjutant general of [[Texas Military Department]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/politics/2018/12/03/maj-gen-tracy-norris-becomes-1st-woman-to-command-texas-military-department/7952840007/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/politics/2018/12/03/maj-gen-tracy-norris-becomes-1st-woman-to-command-texas-military-department/7952840007/ |archive-date=2022-12-10 |title=Norris 1st woman to command Texas Military Department |newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |last=Tilove |first=Jonathan |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>
* Hailey Falk became the Army's first enlisted female Soldier to graduate from the Sapper Leader Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/215104/first_enlisted_female_graduates_armys_sapper_leader_course |title=First enlisted female graduates Army's Sapper Leader Course | Article | The United States Army |publisher=Army.mil |access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* The Texas Air National Guard made Dawn Ferrell its first female two-star general.<ref>{{cite web|first=Larry |last=Statser |url=https://www.ktsm.com/news/military/texas-air-national-guard-promotes-first-female-two-star-general/1662367433 |title=Texas Air National Guard promotes first female two-star general |publisher=Ktsm.com |access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* Rachael Winiecki completed the first F-35 Lightning II flight test done by a woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local-military/first-female-test-pilot-completes-flight-mission/MNqunpJrCduPSLG5sttJHO/|title=First female F-35 test pilot completes flight mission|first=Staff Writer|last=Kara Driscoll|website=daytondailynews}}</ref>
* A state National Guard — Maryland’s — became led by a command staff of all women for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/lifestyle/2019/03/28/first-time-states-national-guard-command-staff-is-made-up-all-women/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329010006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/lifestyle/2019/03/28/first-time-states-national-guard-command-staff-is-made-up-all-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-29 |title=For the first time, a state's National Guard command staff is made up of all women |work=Washingtonpost.com |access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref>

==2019==
* From 1960 to June 30, 2016, there was a blanket ban on all transgender people, including but not limited to transgender women, from serving and enlisting in the United States military. From June 30, 2016, to April 11, 2019, transgender personnel in the United States military were allowed to serve in their preferred gender upon completing transition. From January 1, 2018, to April 11, 2019, transgender individuals could enlist in the United States military under the condition of being stable for 18 months in their preferred or biological gender.
* Autumn Reeves became the first woman in the Florida National Guard to complete the Joint Fires Observer (JFO) course, which occurred in July 2019.<ref name="dvidshub1"/>
* The first female Marine graduated from the Corps’ Winter Mountain Leaders Course; her name was Tara-Lyn Baker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2019/01/08/first-female-marine-graduates-from-winter-mountain-leaders-course/|title=First female Marine graduates from Winter Mountain Leaders Course|first=Shawn|last=Snow|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* For the first time in Georgia Air National Guard history, the 116th Air Control Wing promoted a woman within the maintenance career field to the rank of chief master sergeant; her name was Jaimie Banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/315174/banking-banks-116th-air-control-wing-promotes-first-female-maintenance-chief |title=DVIDS - News - Banking on Banks: 116th Air Control Wing promotes first female maintenance chief |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>
* Shannon Kent became the first female Navy service member to be killed in the fight against ISIS that began in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitalgazette.com/news/nation_world/ac-cn-fort-meade-casualty-20190118-story,amp.html |title=Fort Meade sailor was first female Navy fatality in fight against ISIS |publisher=Capital Gazette |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>
* The Oklahoma Army National Guard acquired its first female general, Brig. Gen. Cynthia Tinkham.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ktul.com/news/local/oklahoma-army-national-guard-pins-first-woman-general|title=Oklahoma Army National Guard pins first woman general|first=Connor|last=Hansen|website=KTUL}}</ref>
* At [[Rosemary Bryant Mariner]]’s funeral on February 2, 2019, for the first time in history the Navy conducted a flyover using all female pilots. The nine pilots participated in a Missing Man Flyover at the cemetery in Maynardville, Tennessee.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/02/us/captain-rosemary-mariner-funeral.html NY Times, "U.S. Navy Performs Its First All-Female Flyover to Honor Rosemary Mariner", February 2, 2019</ref>
* On February 4, the Air Force named Zoe "SiS" Kotnik as its first female commander of a single-aircraft demonstration team.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/higher-further-faster-kotnik-becomes-first-female-fighter-pilot-to-command-f-16-viper-team-1.567273 |title='Higher, further, faster': Kotnik becomes first female fighter pilot to command F-16 Viper team - News |work=Stripes |access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> She was relieved less than two weeks later, due to a "loss of confidence" in her ability to lead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lam |first1=Katherine |title=First female Viper demo team pilot removed from position after 2 weeks |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/first-female-viper-demo-team-pilot-removed-from-position-after-2-weeks |access-date=February 12, 2019 |work=Fox News }}</ref>
* Ronaqua Russel of the Coast Guard became the first African-American female aviator to be awarded the Air Medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fox13news.com/news/florida-news/us-coast-guard-lieutenant-becomes-first-black-female-aviator-to-receive-air-medal |title=U.S. Coast Guard lieutenant becomes first black female aviator to receive Air Medal |publisher=FOX 13 Tampa Bay |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
* The transgender women Army Capt. Alivia Stehlik, Army Capt. Jennifer Peace, Army Staff Sgt. Patricia King and Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Akira Wyatt, as well as a transgender man (Blake Drehmann of the Navy), became the first openly transgender members of the United States military to testify publicly in front of Congress when they testified in front of the House Armed Services Committee in support of openly transgender people serving in the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fox47news.com/news/national-politics/transgender-troops-testify-openly-in-front-of-house-of-representatives|title=Transgender troops testify in front of Congress|website=WSYM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/testifying-congress-trans-troops-say-trump-s-ban-will-impact-n977631 |title=Testifying before Congress, trans troops say Trump's ban will impact military readiness |publisher=Nbcnews.com |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/27/pentagon-defends-policy-bans-most-transgender-troops-serving-speier/3002928002/ |title=Pentagon defends policy that bans most transgender troops from serving |publisher=Usatoday.com |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>
* Capt. Amie Kemppainen took command of B Company, 3rd Battalion, 126th Infantry Regiment, which made her the first female infantry commander in the history of the Michigan National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/312854/history-made-with-first-female-infantry-company-commander |title=DVIDS - News - History is made with First Female Infantry Company Commander |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>
* [[Tracey Poirier]] became the first female commander of the 124th Regiment Regional Training Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wcax.com/content/news/Vermont-National-Guard-welcomes-a-new-Commander-508245661.html|title=Vermont National Guard welcomes new commander|first=Ike|last=Bendavid|website=www.wcax.com}}</ref>
* 2nd Lt. Tatiana Miranda, a platoon leader from 2nd Battalion 34th Armor Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division became the first female officer in the 1st ABCT to qualify with an Abrams tank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/318429/breaking-barriers-with-sabot-rounds-first-devil-brigade-female-leader-qualifies-abrams |title=DVIDS - News - Breaking barriers with sabot rounds, first Devil Brigade female leader qualifies on an Abrams |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>
* Marines with India Company, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion, which was the first combined company of female and male recruits, graduated at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islandpacket.com/news/local/community/beaufort-news/bg-military/article228590319.html |title=First male, female Marine company graduates Parris Island SC | Hilton Head Island Packet |publisher=Islandpacket.com |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
* Janina Simmons completed Army Ranger School, making her the first female African American soldier to graduate from the course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kywnewsradio.radio.com/articles/janina-simmons-first-african-american-female-soldier-graduate-us-army-ranger-school |title=Janina Simmons is first African American female soldier to graduate U.S. Army Ranger School | KYW |publisher=Kywnewsradio.radio.com |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>
* The Wisconsin National Guard enlisted its first female infantry soldier, Emily Buchholtz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/wisconsin-national-guard-enlists-its-first-female-infantry-soldier|title=WI National Guard enlists its first female infantry soldier|website=TMJ4}}</ref>
* Lt. Col. Meghann O. Plumlee became the first woman to take command of the 101st Engineer Battalion in the Massachusetts Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailytrib.com/2019/05/20/burnet-graduate-first-female-commander-of-historic-army-regiment/|title=Burnet graduate is first female commander of historic regiment}}</ref>
* Dianna Wolfson became the first female commander of the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & Intermediate Maintenance Facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://q13fox.com/2019/06/12/puget-sound-naval-shipyard-welcomes-first-female-commander-in-its-history/ |title=Puget Sound Naval Shipyard welcomes first female commander in its history | Q13 FOX News |publisher=Q13fox.com |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>
* It was announced that the U.S. Navy named [[Shoshana S. Chatfield]] as the first female leader of the U.S. Naval War College.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/nation/navy-picks-first-female-leader-of-war-college-after-removing-president |title=Navy picks first female leader of War College after removing president |work=PBS NewsHour |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> On August 1, 2019, she took command as such.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usnwc.edu/News-and-Events/News/Rear-Adm-Shoshana-Chatfield-Takes-Command-of-US-Naval-War-College |title=News | Rear Adm. Shoshana Chatfield Takes Command of U.S. Naval War College |publisher=Usnwc.edu |access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>
* [[Laura Yeager]] became the first woman to lead a US Army infantry division (specifically, the California National Guard's 40th Infantry Division.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-m.cnn.com/2019/06/29/politics/first-woman-command-us-army-infantry-trnd/index.html |title=Meet the first woman to lead a US Army infantry division - CNNPolitics |publisher=M.cnn.com |access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref>
* The Navy announced that women could wear smooth or synthetic leather flat shoes in service and service dress uniforms, and that nursing T-shirts could be worn with service uniforms, NWU Type I, II and III and flight suits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/military-culture/navy-wear-coveted-gold-stripes?rebelltitem=2|title=The Navy just changed who gets to wear the coveted gold stripes|website=We Are The Mighty}}</ref>
* [[Laura J. Richardson|Laura Richardson]] became the first female commander of [[United States Army North|Army North]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espnsa.com/u-s-army-north-gets-its-first-female-commander/?apt_credirect=1 |title=U.S. Army North gets its first female commander | ESPN San Antonio |publisher=Espnsa.com |access-date=2019-07-11 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Stefanie Horvath became the first openly lesbian brigadier general in the Minnesota Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/07/09/minn-newest-national-guard-general-is-a-trailblazer |title=Minnesota's newest National Guard general is a trailblazer |publisher=MPR News |access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lynn |first=Mary |url=http://m.startribune.com/minnesota-salutes-a-new-brigadier-general/512504492/ |title='There are no limitations.' Minnesota salutes new brigadier general | Star Tribune |publisher=M.startribune.com |access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
* Navy leaders announced that women could apply to move into any one of 11 non-nuclear submarine ratings on a rolling basis. Enlisted women in the Navy previously could only apply to serve on specific submarines during set application windows. Nuclear ratings are open to new female enlistees in the Navy, but female sailors currently serving in other ratings can only apply to switch into some non-nuclear jobs.<ref>{{cite web|first=Gina |last=Harkins |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/07/17/female-enlisted-sailors-can-now-apply-submarine-duty-year-round.html |title=Female Enlisted Sailors Can Now Apply for Submarine Duty Year-Round |publisher=Military.com |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* Catherine Stark became the first female Marine to be assigned to the U.S. Navy's F-35C fleet replacement squadron.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/meet-the-first-female-marine-assigned-to-fly-the-f-35c |title=Meet The First Female Marine Assigned To Fly The F-35C - Task & Purpose |publisher=Taskandpurpose.com |access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* Veronica Lasch became the first woman to join the South Carolina National Guard Infantry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmbfnews.com/2019/08/10/making-history-grand-strand-woman-becomes-first-female-join-sc-national-guard-infantry/|title=Making history: Grand Strand woman becomes first female to join S.C. National Guard Infantry|first=Casey|last=Watson|website=www.wmbfnews.com}}</ref>
* Anneliese Satz became the first female Marine F-35B pilot having completed the syllabus on the STOVL version of the Lightning II on June 27, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/oorah-meet-captain-anneliese-satz-first-female-marine-pilot-f-35b-72966|title=Oorah! Meet Captain Anneliese Satz, the First Female Marine to Pilot the F-35B|first=Gabriele|last=Barison|website=The National Interest}}</ref>
* Jenna Schaack graduated from the United States Armor School, making her the first female Armor Officer in the Montana Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2019/08/09/first-female-montana-army-national-guard-armor-officer-assigned-great-falls-unit/1967133001/ |title=First female Montana Army National Guard armor officer assigned to Great Falls unit |publisher=Greatfallstribune.com |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>
* Melissa Coburn became the first female commander of [[March Air Reserve Base]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hagen |first=Ryan |url=https://www.pe.com/2019/03/23/female-commander-takes-over-riversides-march-air-reserve-base-for-first-time-in-its-101-year-history/ |title=Female commander takes over Riverside's March Air Reserve Base for first time in its 101-year history – Press Enterprise |publisher=Pe.com |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>
* Chelsey Hibsch became the first female airman to earn the Army’s Ranger tab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pages/2019/September%202019/September%2004%202019/Bases-Brace-for-Hurricane-Dorian-More-AI-Coming-in-2020-Female-Airman-Earns-Ranger-Tab.aspx |title=Air Force Magazine |publisher=Airforcemag.com |access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
* Megan Browning became the first female Marine Corps vocalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/country-music-singer-becomes-first-female-to-land-job-as-marine-corps-vocalist|title=Country music singer becomes first woman to land job as Marine Corps vocalist}}</ref>
* The Army Engineer Research and Development Center obtained its first female commander, Col. Teresa Schlosser.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vicksburgpost.com/2019/09/06/historic-command-schlosser-becomes-erdcs-first-female-commander/|title=Historic command: Schlosser becomes ERDC's first female commander|website=The Vicksburg Post}}</ref>
* Johanna Clyborne became the first woman in the Minnesota National Guard to achieve the rank of two-star general.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/339028/clyborne-breaks-mold-minnesota-national-guards-first-female-two-star-general |title=DVIDS - News - Clyborne breaks the mold as Minnesota National Guard's first female two-star general |publisher=Dvidshub.net |access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
* Alexa Barth became the first female Marine to pass the Basic Reconnaissance Course and earn the 0321 reconnaissance Marine military occupational specialty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2019/11/21/first-female-marine-earns-recon-mos/|title=First female Marine earns recon military occupational specialty|first=Philip|last=Athey|website=Marine Corps Times}}</ref>
* A woman managed to successfully complete SEAL training, but opted to join another unit of the Navy.<ref name=womantrainingcomplete>{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/12/11/first-woman-has-made-it-through-seal-officer-screening.html|title=The First Woman Has Made it Through SEAL Officer Screening|first=Hope Hodge|last=Seck|publisher=Military Times|accessdate=24 March 2021}}</ref>
* The first enlisted female Army National Guard soldiers graduated from the Army Ranger School; they were Staff Sgt. Jessica Smiley and Sgt. Danielle Faber, with the South Carolina Army National Guard and Pennsylvania Army National Guard, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/12/16/first-female-army-guard-enlisted-soldiers-graduate-ranger-school/|title=First female Army Guard enlisted soldiers graduate Ranger School|first=Todd|last=South|website=Army Times}}</ref>
* Jessica Pauley became the first female infantry officer in the Idaho Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papworth |first=Jeff |url=https://www.idahopress.com/kuna/news/idahoan-opens-door-for-women-seeking-combat-role-in-idaho-army-national-guard/article_2c60a8c4-5928-550e-8f68-9b0d87591517.amp.html |title=Idahoan opens door for women seeking combat role in Idaho Army National Guard | Local News |publisher=idahopress.com |access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>
* Ana-Alicia Bennett became the first woman to enlist under the 11B “Infantryman” MOS designation in the ranks of the Virginia Army National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armytimes.com/off-duty/military-culture/2020/01/26/woman-makes-infantry-history-in-the-virginia-army-national-guard/|title=Woman makes history in the Virginia Army National Guard infantry|first=J. D.|last=Simkins|website=Army Times}}</ref>
* The Air Force commissioned its first female Muslim chaplain (Saleha Jabeen).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/01/10/airman-becomes-militarys-first-female-muslim-chaplain-candidate/|title=Airman becomes the service's first female Muslim chaplain candidate|first=Stephen|last=Losey|website=Air Force Times}}</ref>
* The Air Force began requiring units to give nursing mothers access to a lactation room, and offering guidance for lactation breaks.<ref name="stripes1">{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/air-force/pregnant-airmen-can-now-fly-without-medical-waiver-new-rule-says-1.600267#:~:text=A%20new%20policy%20announced%20Sept,perform%20flight%20duties%20during%20pregnancy.&text=Pregnant%20aircrew%20and%20missileers%20can,said%20in%20a%20statement%20Monday |title=Pregnant airmen can now fly without medical waiver, new rule says - Air Force |work=Stripes |access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>
* The Air Force released a new policy allowing fully qualified pilots, missile operations duty crews and remotely piloted aircrew the option to continue in their jobs while pregnant.<ref name="stripes1"/>

==2020==
* On July 23 the Space Force obtained its first all-female space operations crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/can-space-force-be-the-first-military-branch-built-for-women/|title=Can Space Force Be the First Military Branch Built for Women?}}</ref>
* On August 17 [[Nina M. Armagno|Nina Armagno]] became the first female Air Force general officer to transfer to the Space Force and the first female general officer in the Space Force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/armagno-becomes-the-u-s-space-forces-first-female-general-officer/|title=Armagno becomes the U.S. Space Force's first female general officer|first=Sandra|last=Erwin|website=Space News}}</ref>
* On October 1 Taryn Stys and Karmann-Monique Pogue were each promoted to chief master sergeant, making them the first women in the Space Force to be so promoted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schriever.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2400232/schriever-showcases-diversity-inclusion-in-space-force/|title=Schriever showcases diversity, inclusion in Space Force|website=Schriever Air Force Base}}</ref>
* Kathryn Dawley became the first female commanding officer of the guided-missile destroyer ''[[USS Hopper|Hopper]]'', named after [[Grace Hopper]], which also made her the first female officer to command a Navy ship named for a woman. However, in 2021 Dawley was fired due to a “loss of confidence in her leadership”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/04/07/navy-destroyer-hoppers-1st-female-commanding-officer-fired-over-morale-problems.html|title=Navy Destroyer Hopper's Commanding Officer Fired Over Morale Problems|website=www.military.com}}</ref>
* Remoshay Nelson became the first black female officer to join the [[United States Air Force Thunderbirds|Thunderbirds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://connectingvets.radio.com/articles/first-black-female-thunderbirds-officer-howard-graduate|title=Meet the first black female Thunderbirds officer|website=Connecting Vets}}</ref>
* Kristin "Beo" Wolfe became the U.S. Air Force's F-35 Joint Strike Fighter demonstration team’s first female commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/03/03/air-force-has-its-first-female-f-35-demo-team-commander-and-pilot.html|title=The Air Force Has its First Female F-35 Demo Team Commander and Pilot|first=Oriana|last=Pawlyk|website=Military.com}}</ref>
* Katarina Schumacher became the first woman in the Nevada National Guard to successfully finish the required training to operate a tank and lead her own platoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://connectingvets.radio.com/articles/first-female-tanker-in-nevada-national-guard|title=Boom! Nevada National Guard has its first female tanker|website=Connecting Vets}}</ref>
* Julianna Yakovac became the first woman to graduate from the Marine Corps’ Howitzer Section Chief Course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/news/nation/california-marine-becomes-first-woman-to-lead-howitzer-team/article_300e2327-0bb6-56ef-ae4a-09f47e943fc1.html|title=California Marine becomes first woman to lead Howitzer team|first=Andrew Dyer The San Diego|last=Union-Tribune (TNS)|website=Herald-Mail Media}}</ref>
* Thessa Washington became the first African-American woman C-130H pilot at the 165th Airlift Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/362324/165th-airlift-wing-welcomes-first-black-woman-pilot|title=165th Airlift Wing welcomes first black woman pilot|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Deanna Franks was named the first female commandant of the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center of the 139th Airlift Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspressnow.com/news/local_news/advanced-airlift-tactics-training-center-names-first-female-commandant/article_5ab7ecc6-49e1-11ea-b15a-13876bdd5420.html|title=Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center names first female Commandant|first=Clayton Anderson News-Press|last=NOW|website=News-Press NOW}}</ref>
* Maj. Caitlin Reilly and Col. Tyler Nicklaus “Nick” Hague received the Col. James Jabara Award for Airmanship, which is given to Air Force Academy graduates “whose accomplishments demonstrate superior performance in fields directly involved with aerospace vehicles”; this made Reilly the first woman to receive the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazette.com/thetribune/air-force-academy-graduate-combat-pilot-is-first-woman-to/article_47c613e8-49e8-11ea-9725-232f5638747f.html|title=Air Force Academy graduate, combat pilot is first woman to receive prestigious Jabara Award|first=ALLISON|last=ROBENSTEIN|website=Colorado Springs Gazette}}</ref>
* Melissa Bert became the Coast Guard’s first female Judge Advocate General.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.13newsnow.com/amp/article/news/national/military-news/coast-guard-names-first-woman-judge-advocate-general/291-c8b4a595-7088-47b8-8ca0-78e264426edf |title=Coast Guard names first woman Judge Advocate General |publisher=13newsnow.com |access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
* Yolondria Dixon-Carter was named as the first female senior warrant officer advisor to the chief of staff of the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article-amp/234378/voice_of_calm_warrant_officer_cohort_gets_new_senior_advisor|title=Voice of calm: warrant officer cohort gets new senior advisor|website=www.army.mil}}</ref>
* Janice Smith became the first African-American woman to head the Military Sealift Command Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sheri-Kae McLeod |url=https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/news/caribbean-news/jamaican-creates-military-history-as-first-african-american-woman-to-head-msclant/ |title=Jamaican Creates Military History As First African-American Woman to Head MSCLANT - Caribbean News |publisher=Caribbeannationalweekly.com |access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>
* Jocelyn Schermerhorn became the first woman to command an Air Force [[1st Special Operations Wing|Special Operations Wing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/6234655/1-sow-welcomes-first-female-commander |title=1 SOW welcomes first female commander |website=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>
* [[JoAnne S. Bass]] became the first female senior enlisted service member of any U.S. military branch,<ref name="AFBass1">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/air-force-first-female-top-non-commissioned-officer|title=Air Force names first woman as top noncommissioned officer of any US military branch|work=Foxnews|last=Casiano|first=Louis|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="AFBass2">{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2226135/chief-master-sgt-joanne-s-bass-named-19th-chief-master-sergeant-of-the-air-force/|title=Chief Master Sgt. JoAnne S. Bass named 19th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force|publisher=Air Force News|last=Pope|first=Charles|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> and the first person of Asian-American descent to hold the senior enlisted position in the Air Force,<ref name="AFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/06/19/cmsgt-joanne-bass-to-become-first-woman-to-serve-as-chief-master-sergeant-of-the-air-force/|title=CMSgt JoAnne Bass to become first woman to serve as chief master sergeant of the Air Force|publisher=Air Force Times|last=Losey|first=Stephen|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> as the 19th [[Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force]].<ref name="AFBass1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/21/air-force-joanne-bass-top-enlisted-leader/3233367001/|title=Air Force chooses JoAnne Bass as first woman to serve as top enlisted leader: 'The history of the moment isn't lost on me'|first=Jessica|last=Flores|website=USA TODAY}}</ref>
* Meredith Conn became the first female senior enlisted leader for the Wisconsin Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news8000.com/holmen-woman-becomes-first-female-state-command-chief-for-wi-air-national-guard/|title=Holmen woman becomes first female State Command Chief for WI Air National Guard}}</ref>
* Emily Thompson became the first woman to fly an F-35A Lightning II into combat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.388fw.acc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2214487/female-airmen-deployed-from-hill-team-up-for-historic-combat-launch/|title=Female Airmen deployed from Hill team up for historic combat launch|website=388th Fighter Wing}}</ref>
* Laura Clellan was appointed as the first female Adjutant General of the Colorado National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpr.org/2020/06/26/the-colorado-national-guard-now-has-its-first-woman-and-openly-lgbtq-leader/|title=The Colorado National Guard Now Has Its First Woman And Openly LGBTQ Leader|first=Dan|last=Boyce|website=Colorado Public Radio}}</ref>
* The first woman joined the [[Green Berets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2020/07/09/First-female-Green-Beret-graduates-Army-Special-Forces-course/2091594314705/|title=First female Green Beret graduates Army Special Forces course|website=UPI}}</ref>
* Annie Lee became the first female battalion commander of the Mississippi National Guard’s largest unit, the [[155th Armored Brigade Combat Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wlox.com/2020/08/01/miss-national-guards-largest-unit-welcomes-first-female-battalion-commander/|title=Miss. National Guard's largest unit welcomes first female battalion commander|first=Justin|last=Dixon|website=www.wlox.com}}</ref>
* Samira McBride became the first female recipient of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Delbert D. Black Leadership Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/display-news/Article/2289110/first-female-cmc-earns-top-navy-senior-enlisted-leadership-award|title=First Female CMC Earns Top Navy Senior Enlisted Leadership Award|website=United States Navy}}</ref>
* [[Madeline Swegle]] became the Navy's first black female tactical jet pilot.<ref name="time">{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Tara |title=Officer Becomes U.S. Navy's First Black Female Tactical Jet Pilot |url=https://time.com/5865985/madeline-swegle-first-black-female-fighter-pilot/ |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=[[TIME]] }}</ref>
* Candice Bowen became the first woman to take command of a Virginia National Guard infantry company when she took command of the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtkr.com/news/military/woman-makes-history-as-first-female-virginia-national-guard-infantry-company-commander|title=Woman makes history as first female Virginia National Guard infantry company commander|website=WTKR}}</ref>
* Diana L. Dunn became the Maine Army National Guard’s first female general officer when she was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmtw.com/article/maine-army-national-guards-first-female-general-officer-promoted-to-brigadier-general/33497572|title=Maine Army National Guard's first female general officer promoted to brigadier general|website=WMTW}}</ref>
* [[Jody J. Daniels|Jody Daniels]] became the first woman to lead the Army Reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/07/22/Jody-Daniels-becomes-first-woman-to-lead-US-Army-Reserve/7001595414429/|title=Jody Daniels becomes first woman to lead U.S. Army Reserve|website=UPI}}</ref>
* Serena Johnson became the first African American Garrison Commander of Parks Reserve Forces Training Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article-amp/238604/first_african_american_garrison_commander_for_parks_reserve_forces_training_area|title=First African American Garrison Commander for Parks Reserve Forces Training Area|website=www.army.mil}}</ref>
* Male-only wording in the [[The U.S. Air Force (song)|Air Force Song]] was changed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2201395/final-changes-to-air-force-song-announced/|title=Final changes to Air Force song announced|website=U.S. Air Force}}</ref>
* The Air Force changed its policy so as to allow all pregnant and postpartum airmen to attend professional military education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/07/30/pregnant-postpartum-women-can-now-attend-air-force-pme/|title=Pregnant, postpartum women can now attend Air Force PME|first=Stephen|last=Losey|website=Air Force Times}}</ref>
* The Air Force changed its policy so as to allow women to wear pants or a standard-length skirt or a floor-length skirt with their mess dress uniforms; women were previously only allowed to wear a floor-length skirt with those uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/08/05/say-goodbye-to-the-floor-length-skirt-air-force-now-allows-women-to-wear-pants-with-mess-dress/|title=Say goodbye to the floor-length skirt: Air Force now allows women to wear pants with mess dress|first=Stephen|last=Losey|website=Air Force Times}}</ref>
* Monica Lawson became the first active-duty African American woman chaplain promoted to the rank of colonel by the Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2020/09/03/army-history-black-woman-chaplain-colonel-monica-lawson/|title=Army makes history promoting Black woman chaplain Monica Lawson to colonel|website=Religion News Service}}</ref>
* Adria Zuccaro of the Wisconsin Air National Guard became the first woman to lead the 128th Air Refueling Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/milwaukee/2020/09/15/zuccaro-lead-128th-air-refueling-wing-first-woman-lead-wing/5806452002/|title=Col. Zuccaro takes command of 128th Air Refueling Wing, first woman to serve as commander|first=Ricardo|last=Torres|website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref>
* The Navy SEALs and the Navy Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen changed their creed and ethos statements to make them gender-neutral, removing gendered terms like “brotherhood.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/09/navy-seals-change-official-ethos-to-be-gender-neutral-remove-brotherhood-and-more/|title=Navy SEALs change official ethos to be gender neutral, remove 'brotherhood' and more}}</ref>
* Ciera Balch became the first woman to win Noncommissioned Officer (NCO) of the Year at the Montana Army National Guard Best Warrior competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://helenair.com/news/local/philipsburg-soldier-first-woman-to-win-national-guard-best-warrior-title/article_473c052b-ba3f-5011-befc-159e6fdd9889.html|title=Philipsburg soldier first woman to win National Guard Best Warrior title|first=INDEPENDENT|last=RECORD|website=Helena Independent Record}}</ref>
* Dawne L. Deskins became the first female deputy director of the Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/first-female-ang-deputy-director-there-isnt-a-ceiling/|title=First Female ANG Deputy Director: 'There Isn't a Ceiling'}}</ref>
* The U.S. Naval Academy named its first African-American female brigade commander – Midshipman 1st Class [[Sydney Barber]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksby.com/news/national/us-naval-academy-names-first-black-female-brigade-commander|title=US Naval Academy names first Black female brigade commander|website=KSBY}}</ref>
* Martha Castleton became the first female Command Chief Master Sergeant in the Utah Air National Guard's 151st Air Refueling Wing Command.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/first-woman-assumes-responsibility-as-command-chief-master-sergeant-at-151st-air-refueling-wing|title=First woman assumes responsibility as Command Chief Master Sergeant at 151st Air Refueling Wing|website=KSTU}}</ref>
* Wanda N. Williams became the first black woman to take leadership of the Kaiserslautern-based 7th Mission Support Command.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/in-a-first-a-black-woman-takes-command-of-army-reserve-command-in-europe-1.654579|title=In a first, a Black woman takes command of Army reserve command in Europe|website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref>
* [[Amy Bauernschmidt]] became the first woman recommended by the Navy for command of a U.S. aircraft carrier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/navy/for-first-time-the-navy-has-recommended-a-woman-to-command-an-aircraft-carrier-1.654648|title=For first time, the Navy has recommended a woman to command an aircraft carrier|website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref>
* Stephanie Fahl, Ikea Kaufman, and Stephanie Jordi became the first women to graduate from a gender-integrated drill instructor course at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailydemocrat.com/2020/12/17/first-female-marine-drill-instructors-graduate-from-an-integrated-course-at-san-diego-recruit-depot|title=First female Marine drill instructors graduate}}</ref>
* Dana Capaldi became the first reservist and first female command chief for the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing of the Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2458990/379th-aew-welcomes-first-reservist-first-female-command-chief/|title=379th AEW welcomes first reservist, first female command chief|website=Air Force Reserve Command}}</ref>
* Sarah Field became the Idaho Army National Guard’s first certified female 19D cavalry scout instructor at the 1st Battalion, 204th Regional Training Institute (Armor) at Gowen Field, Boise, Idaho.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/386960/soldier-becomes-idahos-first-female-19d-cavalry-scout-instructor|title=Soldier becomes Idaho's first female 19D cavalry scout instructor|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Jane M. Ramey became the first female Field Artillery Officer to command an FA battery in the Florida Army National Guard by assuming command of B/3-116th Field Artillery Battalion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/388670/first-female-field-artillery-commander-florida|title=First Female Field Artillery Commander in Florida|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Aria Dang became the first woman instructor in the Marines Field Artillery Basic Officers Leaders Course at Fort Sill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swoknews.com/news/first-woman-instructor-at-marines-fabolc/article_0ffe0491-cccb-57ed-8b18-146d3c6a73b9.html|title=First woman instructor at Marines FABOLC|first=Chris Wilson|last=chris.wilson@swoknews.com|website=The Lawton Constitution}}</ref>

==2021==
* Wendy Johnson became the first female major general in the Nebraska National Guard.<ref>https{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/386503/nebraska-national-guard-promotes-first-female-major-general|title=Nebraska National Guard Promotes First Female Major General|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Susie S. Kuilan became the first woman to command [[Fort Sill]]’s 95th Training Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swoknews.com/news/95th-training-division-makes-history-with-first-woman-general/article_d581f4c3-ef22-5850-8c81-6a30f39deb9e.html|title=95th Training Division makes history with first woman general|first=Chris Wilson|last=chris.wilson@swoknews.com|website=The Lawton Constitution}}</ref>
* Dianna Wolfson became the first female commander of Norfolk Naval Shipyard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Media/News/SavedNewsModule/Article/2473845/captain-dianna-wolfson-becomes-110th-commander-and-first-female-leader-of-norfo/|title=Captain Dianna Wolfson becomes 110th commander and first female leader of Norfolk Naval Sh|website=Naval Sea Systems Command}}</ref>
* Jacinta Migo became the Air Force’s first American Samoan woman promoted to the position of chief master sergeant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2508014/historic-first-migo-first-female-american-samoan-promoted-to-cmsgt-in-us-air-fo/ |title=Historic First: Migo first female American Samoan promoted to CMSgt in US Air Force > U.S. Air Force > Article Display |publisher=Af.mil |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>
* Women in the Air Force began to be allowed to wear their hair in “up to two braids or a single ponytail with bulk not exceeding the width of the head, and length not extending below a horizontal line running between the top of each sleeve inseam at the under arm through the shoulder blades” and have bangs that touch their eyebrows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/military/2021/03/15/air-force-relaxes-hair-rules-women-at-macdill-cheer/|title=Air Force relaxes hair rules. Women at MacDill cheer|first=Tampa Publishing|last=Company|website=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref>
* New Army rules went into effect allowing
“No minimum hair length for female Soldiers 
Multiple hairstyles to be worn at once (i.e. braiding twists or locs) 
Ponytails for Soldiers unable to form a bun 
Highlights (uniform blend of colors) 
Optional wear of earrings in the Army Combat Uniform for Female Soldiers 
Solid lip and nail colors (non-extreme) for female Soldiers”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/01/27/|title=STAND-TO!|website=www.army.mil}}</ref>
* Haida StarEagle became the first female Native American Intelligence Officer to join the United States Space Force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nellis.af.mil/News/Article/2536371/living-risking-it-all-newest-space-force-intelligence-officer-aims-for-the-stars/|title=Living & Risking it all: Newest Space Force Intelligence Officer Aims for the Stars|website=Nellis Air Force Base}}</ref>
* Tonya Sims became the first black female Command Sgt. Major of the 82nd Airborne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/triangle-sandhills/news/2021/04/02/sergeant-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-to-lead-82nd-airborne|title=Sergeant Makes History as First Black Woman to Lead 82nd Airborne|website=spectrumlocalnews.com}}</ref>
* The [[Virginia Military Institute]] named Kasey Meredith as its first female regimental commander.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/for-first-time-in-vmis-181-year-history-a-woman-will-hold-the-highest-ranking/article_9d71f815-968b-5245-98f3-d431a41b7247.amp.html|title=For first time in VMI's 181-year history, a woman will hold the highest-ranking cadet position | State and Regional News | richmond.com|website=richmond.com}}</ref>
* The first all-female platoon of Marines to train at Marine Corps Recruit Depot-San Diego in California began training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspressnow.com/news/national_news/coronavirus/charles-city-woman-part-of-first-female-marine-platoon-in-san-diego/article_972e2d5b-6e96-5df5-8a59-1584ad07e388.html|title=Charles City woman part of first female Marine platoon in San Diego|first=Jaci Smith-Globe Gazette, Mason City|last=Iowa (TNS)|website=News-Press NOW}}</ref>
* For the first time ever, four women of color (Kimberly Jones, LaDonna Simpson, Kristel O’Cañas and Kathryn Wijnaldum) commanded American Navy warships at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/apr/01/us-navy-first-time-history-four-women-of-color-command-war-ships|title=US navy: for first time in history four women of color command war ships|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* Erin Fagnan became the first woman from the South Dakota Army National Guard to graduate from the U.S. Army’s Drill Sergeant Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/south-dakota-national-guard-graduates-its-first-female-drill-sergeant/article_b9fa2dd5-ff4c-5257-a604-c0512125bc6b.amp.html|title=South Dakota National Guard graduates its first female drill sergeant | News | rapidcityjournal.com|website=rapidcityjournal.com}}</ref>
* Ulita Knight became the first woman assigned to the U.S. Army Human Resources Command to win the Best Warrior Competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/394667/hrc-best-warrior-competition-first-female-winner-recognized-us-army-chief-staff|title=HRC Best Warrior Competition: first female winner recognized by the U.S. Army Chief of Staff|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Mayra Hudgens became the first woman to earn the Navy’s Steam Generating Plant Inspector certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/394271/marmc-sailor-becomes-first-woman-earn-navy-sgpi-certification|title=MARMC Sailor Becomes First Woman to Earn Navy SGPI Certification|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Amy Bauernschmidt became the first woman to command a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier, assuming command of {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72|6}} in August.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2021/08/20/this-navy-captain-is-now-the-first-woman-commanding-a-nuclear-aircraft-carrier/|title=This Navy captain is now the first woman commanding a nuclear aircraft carrier|first=Diana Stancy|last=Correll|website=NavyTimes|access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
* [[Donna W. Martin]] became the first female [[Inspector General of the United States Army]] on September 2, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/webcast/27011|title=WEBCAST: PROMOTION/SWEARING IN CEREMONY OF MG DONNA MARTIN|access-date=2021-08-31|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* An unnamed soldier became the first woman to graduate the U.S. Army sniper school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-sniper-course-woman-first/|title=A woman just graduated the US Army's sniper school for the first time ever}}</ref>
* The Naval Special Warfare (NSW) training program graduated its first woman operator.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ives|first=Mike|title=First Woman Completes Training for Elite U.S. Navy Program|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/16/us/navy-woman-warfare-program.html|access-date=2022-01-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Naval Special Warfare Welcomes CQT Class 115; First Woman Operator|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/400990/naval-special-warfare-welcomes-cqt-class-115-first-woman-operator|access-date=2022-01-05|website=DVIDS|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Linda L. Fagan]] became the Coast Guard’s first female four-star admiral.<ref>🖉{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/adm-linda-fagan-becomes-u-s-coast-guard-s-first-four-star-admiral|title=Adm. Linda Fagan Becomes USCG's First Female Four-Star Admiral|website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref>

==2022==
* On 21 January 2022, [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Billie J. Farrell]] was assigned to {{USS|Constitution}} for a two-year assignment as the first woman commanding officer in the ship's 224-year history.<ref name="2022-01-21 Boston Globe">{{cite news |last1=MacQuarrie |first1=Brian |title=New commander of USS Constitution to blend old, new in keeping Navy showpiece ship-shape |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-commander-of-uss-constitution-to-blend-old-new-in-keeping-navy-showpiece-ship-shape/ar-AAT1GCo |url-status=live |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en |issn=0743-1791 |oclc=66652431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122110322/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-commander-of-uss-constitution-to-blend-old-new-in-keeping-navy-showpiece-ship-shape/ar-AAT1GCo |archive-date=2022-01-22 |access-date=2022-01-22 |via=[[MSN]]}}</ref>
* In April Vanessa “Lana” Wilcox became the first female B-52 squadron commander in the Air Force when she took command of the 96th Bomb Squadron, 2nd Operations Group at Barksdale Air Force Base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arklatexhomepage.com/military/first-female-b-52-squadron-commander-set-to-lead-96th-bomb-squadron/|title=First female B-52 squadron commander set to lead 96th Bomb Squadron}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arklatexhomepage.com/military/first-female-b-52-squadron-commander-talks-legacy-in-new-role/|title=First female B-52 squadron commander talks legacy in new role}}</ref>
* The US Senate confirmed [[Linda L. Fagan]] as the 27th (and first female) [[Commandant of the Coast Guard]] on May 11, 2022. When she assumed command on June 1, she became the first female service chief in the [[United States Armed Forces|US Armed Forces]].<ref name="ADMFagan">{{cite news |last1=Kime |first1=Patricia |title=Coast Guard Admiral Becomes First Woman to Lead a US Military Branch |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/05/12/coast-guard-admiral-becomes-first-woman-lead-us-military-branch.html |work=military.com }}</ref>
* The Army’s annual regular fitness test was changed to allow women and older soldiers to pass with lower scores.<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Eases Fitness Test Standards for Women, Older Troops |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-03-23/army-eases-fitness-test-standards-for-women-older-troops |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627061446/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-03-23/army-eases-fitness-test-standards-for-women-older-troops |archive-date=2023-06-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Taylor Bye became the first female to receive the Koren Kolligian Jr. trophy, an Air Force award which “recognizes crew members who avert or minimize the seriousness of injury or property damage in an aircraft mishap”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/air_force/2022-05-13/combat-pilot-first-female-to-win-air-force-award-5987230.html|title=Female A-10 pilot who averted catastrophe in landing disabled plane makes history with award|website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref>
* Jami Shawley became the first female head of the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-05-16/horn-of-africa-command-female-general-first-time-6019794.html|title=Two-star general becomes first woman to lead Horn of Africa command|website=Stars and Stripes}}</ref>
* Celia Riffey became the first female winner of the Tennessee National Guard’s annual Adjutant General Rifle Match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov/military/news/2022/5/26/sevierville-soldier-becomes-first-female-to-win-tennessee-national-guard-shooting-competition.html|title=Sevierville Soldier becomes first female to win Tennessee National Guard shooting competition|website=www.tn.gov}}</ref>
* Mary MeleNaite Tufui Likio ‘Fui’ McCray, born in America, became the first female Tongan officer commissioned in the U.S. Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3027839/us-navy-commissions-first-female-tongan-officer/|title=U.S. Navy Commissions First Female Tongan Officer|website=United States Navy}}</ref>
* Tamatha J. Naftzinger became the first female active duty soldier to earn the Master Army Instructor Badge at the Ordnance School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/423186/soldier-becomes-first-female-earn-master-badge-ordnance-school|title=Soldier becomes first female to earn Master Badge at Ordnance School|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Catherine L. Cherry became the first female commander of the Army National Guard Bureau’s Lavern E. Weber Professional Education Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2022/jun/17/training-site-gets-first-woman-chief/|title=Training site gets first woman chief; National Guard center employs 450 in North Little Rock|website=Arkansas Online}}</ref>
* A woman whose name was not publicly announced became the Air Force’s first female special tactics officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2022/06/24/air-forces-first-female-special-tactics-officer-earns-coveted-scarlet-beret/|title=Air Force's first female special tactics officer earns coveted scarlet beret|first=Rachel|last=Cohen|website=Air Force Times}}</ref>
* Amanda Lee was announced as the first woman to serve as a demonstration pilot in the [[Blue Angels]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/07/18/blue-angels-first-woman-female-demonstration-pilot/10088861002/|title=Blue Angels name first woman to serve as demonstration pilot|website=USA TODAY}}</ref>
* Jenna Carson became the first female military chaplain endorsed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/23283247/chaplain-latter-day-saint-military-air-force-jeremy-jaggi-jenna-carson-byu-harvard|title=Making history: Church endorses its first female military chaplain|website=Church News}}</ref>
* Lena Kaman became the first female commanding officer at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base (NAS JRB) New Orleans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wgno.com/news/louisiana/live-captain-lena-kaman-becomes-first-female-commanding-officer-of-belle-chasse-naval-base/|title=Captain Lena Kaman becomes first female commanding officer of Belle Chasse Naval Base}}</ref>
* Sonya Morrison became the first female commander of the Iowa Air National Guard's 185th Air Refueling Wing in Sioux City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kpvi.com/news/national_news/col-sonya-morrison-installed-as-first-female-commander-of-185th-air-refueling-wing-in-sioux/article_14a50ad5-09e3-59c4-820f-a2602511c16e.html|title=Col. Sonya Morrison installed as first female commander of 185th Air Refueling Wing in Sioux City|first=Jared|last=McNett|website=KPVI}}</ref>
* Zathlyn Rodriguez became the first female Chief Master Sergeant in the Virgin Islands Air National Guard’s 285th Civil Engineering Squadron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stthomassource.com/content/2022/08/05/first-ever-female-chief-master-sergeant-in-the-v-i-air-national-guards-285th-civil-engineering-squadron/|title=First Ever Female Chief Master Sergeant in the V.I. Air National Guard's 285th Civil Engineering Squadron}}</ref>
* Jessica J. O’Brien became the first female commanding officer of the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2022-08-10/navy-captain-breaks-glass-ceiling-as-first-female-boss-of-seal-beach-base |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221213/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2022-08-10/navy-captain-breaks-glass-ceiling-as-first-female-boss-of-seal-beach-base |archive-date=2022-12-13 |url-access=subscription |title=Navy captain breaks glass ceiling as first female boss of Seal Beach base |newspaper=[[Daily Pilot]]}}</ref>
* Capt. Elizabeth Somerville became the first woman to take command of the Naval Test Wing Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebaynet.com/first-woman-takes-command-of-naval-test-wing-atlantic/|title=First Woman Takes Command Of Naval Test Wing Atlantic|agency=Navair News|website=The BayNet}}</ref>
* Kayce Clark became the first female to be promoted to chief warrant officer 5 in the Utah Army National Guard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kslnewsradio.com/1973983/female-to-be-promoted-to-chief-warrant-officer-5-in-utah-army-national-guard/|title=Female to be promoted to chief warrant officer 5 in Utah Army National Guard|website=KSLNewsRadio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/428275/utah-army-national-guard-makes-history-with-promotion-first-female-chief-warrant-officer-5|title=Utah Army National Guard makes history with promotion of first female to chief warrant officer 5|website=DVIDS}}</ref>
* Angela Koogler became the first female chief of the boat in the history of the Navy when she joined the crew of USS Louisiana (Gold) (SSBN 743) on the 22nd of August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3145786/first-female-chief-of-the-boat-reports-to-louisiana-gold/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2FPress-Office%2FNews-Stories%2FArticle%2F3145786%2Ffirst-female-chief-of-the-boat-reports-to-louisiana-gold%2F|title=First Female 'Chief of the Boat' Reports to Louisiana (Gold)|website=United States Navy}}</ref>
* Kelsey Flannery, the first female F-35 pilot in the Air National Guard, flew her first flight as part of the [[Vermont Air National Guard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ang.af.mil/Media/Article-Display/Article/3153305/air-guards-1st-female-f-35-pilot-has-inaugural-flight-in-vermont/ |title=Air Guard's 1st Female F-35 Pilot has Inaugural Flight in Vermont|website=Air National Guard}}</ref>
* Jessica Padoemthontaweekij became the first female officer of the United States Air Force sent to participate in the Royal Thai Air Force Air Command and Staff College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3197358/first-usaf-female-officer-attends-royal-thai-air-force-air-command-and-staff-co/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F3197358%2Ffirst-usaf-female-officer-attends-royal-thai-air-force-air-command-and-staff-co%2F|title=First USAF female officer attends Royal Thai Air Force Air Command and Staff College|website=Air Force}}</ref>
* Kristen E. Westby became the first female commander of the [[122nd Fighter Wing]] (FW) Maintenance Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/432743/first-female-airman-assumes-command-122nd-fighter-wing-group|title=First female airman assumes command of 122nd Fighter Wing group|website=DVIDS}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945]]
*[[Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1900 to 1949]]
*[[American women in World War I]]
*[[American women in World War II]]
*[[Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1950 to 1999]]
*[[Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2000–2010]]
*[[Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)]] (international)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Women in U.S. Government}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women In Warfare, 2011–present}}
[[Category:Women in 21st-century warfare|*]]
[[Category:Timelines of 21st-century military conflicts]]
[[Category:United States history timelines|Women in warfare in the United States]]
[[Category:Timelines of women|warfare usa 2011]]
[[Category:Women in the United States military|*]]
[[Category:History of women in the United States]]
[[Category:2010s timelines|United States women in warfare]]
[[Category:2020s timelines|United States women in warfare]]

Juneja (surname)

2023-09-07T05:55:18Z

Oldname: Shared an engaging piece.

{{about|the surname|the tribe in [[Sindh]]|Juneja}}

{{short description|Surname list}}

'''Juneja''' is an Arora surname of the [[Sindhi Hindus]] and the [[Punjabi Sikhs]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Lenarčič |first2=Simon |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-024511-5 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190245115.001.0001/acref-9780190245115-e-36729 |language=en |chapter=Juneja}}</ref>
== Notable people ==

Notable people bearing the surname Juneja, who may or may not be associated with the tribe, include:
* [[Kiran Juneja]], Indian actress
* [[R_C Juneja|Ramesh C. Juneja]], Indian businessman
* [[Manpreet Juneja]], Indian Cricketer

== References ==
{{ref-list}}
{{Surname}}

Christ the King Church, Palacode

2023-07-19T17:29:19Z

Oldname: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Infobox church
| name = Christ the King Church
| other name = கிறிஸ்து அரசர் ஆலயம்
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3160|78.0777|display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = இருதய ஆண்டவர் ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Christ the King Church - Palacode.jpg
| caption = Front View of this church

| location = [[Palacode]], [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]]
| founded date = 1985
| founder = Heny Bonal MEP

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = [[Jesus]]
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = Modern Architecture
| groundbreaking = 1992
| completed date = 1993

| parish = [[Kelamangalam]]
| deanery = [[Dharmapuri]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Antony Anandarayar]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. S. Savariappan
}}
The '''Jesus the King Church''' in [[Palakkodu|Palacode]] is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic place]] of worship located in the [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is a Catholic church parish under the administration of the Dharmapuri Diocese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri Diocese |url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=dharmapuridiocese.org}}</ref>

==History==

===Jesuit Missionaries===
During the time of the Mysore [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]], some Catholic faithfuls lived in [[Marandahalli]]. Although the exact origin of these Catholics is unclear, "The Jesus in Mysore" book mentions the presence of a church named St. Ignatius. However, another book by Fr. M.S Joseph states that St. Joseph Church was present in Marandahalli during that time.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link=Domenico Ferroli |title=The Jesuits in Mysore |url= |location= |publisher=Printed at Xavier Press |page=85, 90 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link=Fr. M.S. Joseph |title=History of Salem Diocese |url= |location=Salem,India |publisher=Salem Press |page=26|isbn=}}</ref> Fr. Antony Rebéro S.J served in this church, and between 1679 and 1682, 146 people were baptized according to their records. Unfortunately, in 1682, during and battle this church was demolished, and no further records are available for 17th century Marandahalli Christians.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link=Domenico Ferroli |title=The Jesuits in Mysore |url= |location= |publisher=Printed at Xavier Press |page=98|isbn=}}</ref>

===Paris Missionaries===
During the Paris missionary period in 1853, some Catholics settled in the village of Bevuhalli, located to the east of Palacode. Bir Muhammad Sahib, a representative of King Hyder Ali who lived in Krishnagiri, had a good relationship with the Paris missionaries due to his visit to Paris and meeting with King Louis XIV in the 1780s for political reasons. In 1853, Fr. Maury Amedes MEP, the priest of [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur |Kovilur Church]], met Bir Muhammad and requested land in Bevuhalli for Catholics. Bir Muhammad generously gave the land for Catholic settlements, and approximately 30 families were settled in the village. A chapel was also built in Bevuhalli. However, due to the spread of malaria fever in the area, the population of the settlements did not increase, and later the Catholics relocated to other unknown places.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link=Fr. M.S. Joseph |title=History of Salem Diocese |url= |location=Salem,India |publisher=Salem Press |page=111|isbn=}}</ref>

During the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|Paris missionary]] era, there were notable Catholic settlements near Palacode in villages such as Savadiyur, Kotavur, and Kethampatti (Kethanahalli). The settlement in [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethanahalli]] happened in 1845, while the origins of Savadiyur are unknown. Fr. Maria Francisco, a [[Kovilur, Dharamapuri|Kovilur]] Parish priest, occasionally visited Savadiyur village between 1842 and 1843. The Kovilur church records from the 1850s mention the registration of Savadiyur and Kotavur. Village Kotavur was present next to Savadiyur now the village name is not in use.<ref>http://www.etamilnadu.org/erraseegalahalli-village-5484.html</ref>

===Under Salem Diocese===
In 1930, when the [[Queen of Angels Church, Kadagathur |Kadagathur Church]] became a Parish, Savadiyur's Sts. Peter and Paul church became its substation. In 1985, during the period of the Salem Diocese, a new parish was formed from Kadagathur, known as the Palacode Parish, which included Savadiyur, Kethanahalli, and [[Rayakottai]] as its sub-stations church during that time there was no church for Palacode. Fr. Heny Bonal MEP was appointed as the first parish priest of Palacode and resided in a rented house while conducting Masses in the other churches. In 1986, he purchased land for a church in Thimmampatti village, adjacent to Palacode.<ref>https://dharmapuridiocese.org/priests/lists/diocesan_priests.html</ref>

[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem |Salem Diocese]] Bishop [[Michael Bosco Duraisamy]] wrote a letter to Fr. Bonal MEP, expressing his dream for the Palacode Parish. The bishop mentioned that there were fewer Catholics in Palacode compared to Savadiyur, Royakottai, and Kethanahalli. Palacode was chosen as the head of the Parish because it was a developing town with a need for good education and hospitality. The primary mission of Palacode was to provide good service and assistance to people of all religions.<ref>https://salemdiocese.org/history/</ref>

[[File:Palacode Christ the King Church - Opening Date Proof.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|Inugration Stone]]

As per the bishop's wish, Fr. Heny Bonal MEP built the Parish house and a hospital named '''Sagaya Matha''' on the purchased land in 1991. The administration rights of the hospital were given to the Cluny Sisters, who provided excellent service to the local community. In 1992, with the support of Fr. Heny, the Cluny Sisters started '''St. Lucy English Medium School''', which later became a notable higher secondary school in the town.<ref>http://www.stlucyspalacode.org/history/</ref>In 2013 Cluny sisters started '''Cluny Vidya Vihar''' ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]) school in Palacode.<ref>https://clunyvidyaviharpalacode.in/</ref>

After fulfilling the dreams of the Salem Bishop, the foundation of the Jesus the King Church was laid in 2002 and completed on May 27, 2003.<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palacode_Christ_the_King_Church_-_Opening_Date_Proof.jpg</ref> The church services commenced with the blessings of the Salem Bishop. In 2000, the St. Xavier Church in Kethanahalli, which was a sub-station, became a new Parish church. Additionally, a new Velankanni church was built in 2003 for the Savadiyur sub-station.

==See also==
* [[Queen of Angels Church, Kadagathur]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]

Lohara dynasty

2022-12-25T01:22:54Z

Oldname: Published a captivating piece.

{{Short description|1003–1320 Hindu dynasty of Kashmir}}
{{About|the dynasty of Kashmir|other uses|Lohara (disambiguation){{!}}Lohara}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Lohara dynasty
|common_name = Lohara dynasty
|era = [[Medieval history|Medieval]]
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
|year_start = 1003 CE
|year_end = 1320 CE
|image_map =
{{South Asia in 1175|center||{{Annotation|97|28|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|35px]]}}||none}}
|map_caption = {{center|Location of the Lohara dynasty and neighbouring polities circa 1175 CE. The Lohara dynasty resisted Muslim rule for three more centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>}}
|map_width=300px
|capital = [[Srinagar]]
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|title_leader = Monarch
|leader1 = [[Sangramaraja]]
|year_leader1 = 1003 – 1028 CE
|leader2 = Suhadeva
|year_leader2= 1301 – 1320 CE
|p1 = Utpala dynasty
|s1 = Shah Mir Dynasty
|today = [[Afghanistan]] [[India]] [[Pakistan]]
}}
The '''Lohara dynasty''' were [[Hindu]] rulers of [[Kashmir]] in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The early history of the dynasty was described in the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (''Chronicle of Kings''), a work written by [[Kalhana]] in the mid-12th century and upon which many and perhaps all studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend. Subsequent accounts, which provide information up to and beyond the end of the dynasty come from [[Jonaraja|Jonarāja]] and [[Srivara|Śrīvara]]. The later rulers of the dynasty were weak: internecine fighting and corruption was endemic during this period, with only brief years of respite, making the dynasty vulnerable to the growth of Islamic conquests in the region.<ref name=Hasan1959pp29-32>Hasan (1959), pp. 29-32.</ref>

==Origins==
According to 12th century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' translated by Sir [[Marc Aurel Stein]], the family of the chiefs of Lohara were from [[Khasas|Khasa tribe]].{{sfn|Stein|1900|p=433}}{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}} The original seat of the Lohara dynasty was a hill-fortress called Loharakotta. Stein locates it in the [[Pir Panjal]] range of mountains, on a trade route between western [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Kashmir in the present day [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]]. The kingdom of Lohara was centred around a group of large villages collectively known as Lohrin in a valley, and probably extended into neighbouring valleys.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, pp. 293-294.</ref>

[[Didda]], a daughter of the king of Lohara called Simharāja, had married the king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, thus uniting the two areas. Compared to other societies of the period, women in Kashmir were held in high regard<ref>Kaw, p. 91.</ref> and when Kshemgupta died in 958, Didda assumed power as [[Regent]] for her young son, Abhimanyu II. Upon the death of Abhimanyu in 972 she performed the same office for his sons, Nandigupta, Tribhuvanagupta, and Bhimagupta, respectively. She killed each of these grandchildren in turn. As Regent she effectively had sole power over the kingdom, and with the killing by torture of Bhimagupta in 980 she became ruler in her own right.<ref name=Stein1900p294/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 104-105.</ref>

Didda subsequently adopted a nephew, [[Samgrāmarāja]], to be her heir in Kashmir but left the rule of Lohara to Vigraharāja, who was either another nephew or perhaps one of her brothers. From this decision arose the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, although Vigraharāja even during her lifetime made attempts to assert his right to that area as well as Lohara.<ref name=Stein1900p294>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 294.</ref> What was to follow was around three centuries of "endless rebellions and other internal troubles".<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 370.</ref>

==First Lohara dynasty==

===Samgrāmarāja===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=
| image1 = Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarshana-Lokeshvara with Kashmiri donors on the sides, Lohara period, end of 10th, early 11th century, Jammu and Kashmir. Musée Guimet MA6266.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarshana-Lokeshvara, Lohara period, end of 10th, early 11th century, Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmiri donor couple detail). Musée Guimet MA6266.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer=The [[Bodhisattva]] Sugatisamdarsana-[[Lokesvara]], Kashmir, Lohara period, c. 11th century.<ref>"The Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarsana - Lokeshvara , about 1000 Bronze H . 13 5 / 8 in . ( 34 . 5 cm ) Musée des Arts Asiatiques - Guimet , Paris" in {{cite book|last1=Pal|first1=Pratapaditya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBI4AQAAIAAJ|title=The Arts of Kashmir|year=2007|publisher=Asia Society|isbn=978-0-87848-107-1|pages=94–95|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Réunion des Musées Nationaux-Grand Palais - |url=https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/96-017281-2C6NU0SB2A35.html |website=www.photo.rmn.fr}}</ref> The figures of Kashmiri donors (a couple, standing) appear on each side.<ref name="VH">{{cite web |last1=von Hinüber |first1=Oskar, Professor Emeritus, University of Freiburg |title=Bronzes of the Ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Gilgit |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/metmedia/video/collections/asian/bronzes-of-ancient-gilgit |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>
}}
[[Samgrāmarāja]] is considered as the founder of the Lohara dynasty.<ref name="IEH"/>

Samgrāmarāja was able to repulse several attacks of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] against Kashmir, and he also supported ruler [[Trilochanapala]] against Muslim attacks.<ref name="IEH"/>

The reign of Samgrāmarāja between 1003 and June or July 1028 was largely characterised by the actions of those in his court, who preyed on his subjects to satisfy their own greed, and by the role of the prime minister, Tunga. The latter was a former herdsman who had become the lover of Didda and was her prime minister. He had wielded much power in working with Didda to assert her dominance over the kingdom and he continued to use that power after her death. Samgrāmarāja was afraid of him and for many years allowed him to have his way. Indeed, it was Tunga who appointed many of the corrupt officials who proceeded to extract significant amounts of wealth from the kingdom's subjects. These appointees, and their actions, made Tunga unpopular, and his age may well have contributed to his increasing inability to deal with challenges from opponents within and without the court. Samgrāmarāja quietly supported the plots to remove the minister, and eventually Tunga was murdered; however, this did little to improve matters either in the court or the country as his death caused an influx of royal favourites who were no less corrupt than those who had been appointed by him.<ref name=Hasan1959p32/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 106-108</ref>

===Harirāja and Ananta===
Samgrāmarāja's son, Harirāja, succeeded him but reigned for only 22 days before dying and being succeeded in turn by another son, [[Ananta (Lohara dynasty)|Ananta]]. It is possible that Harirāja was killed by his mother, Shrilakhā, who may have been desirous of holding power herself but was ultimately thwarted in that scheme by those protecting her children.<ref name=Hasan1959p32>Hasan (1959), p. 32.</ref><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 108.</ref> It was around this time that Vigraharāja attempted once more to take control of Kashmir, taking an army to do battle near to the capital at [[Srinagar]] and being killed in defeat.<ref name=Stein1900p294/>

The period of rule by Ananta was characterised by royal profligacy; he accumulated debts so large that it necessitated the pawning of the royal [[diadem]], although when his queen, Sūryamatī, intervened the situation was improved. She was able to settle the debts incurred by her husband by use of her own resources and she also oversaw the appointment of ministers with ability in order to stabilise the government.<ref name=Hasan1959p32>Hasan (1959), p. 32.</ref> In 1063, she forced Ananta to [[abdicate]] in favour of their son, Kalaśa. This was probably in order to preserve the dynasty but the strategy proved not to be successful because of Kalaśa's own unsuitability. It was then arranged that Ananta was effective king even though his son held the title.<ref name=Steinv1p110>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 110.</ref>

===Kalaśa, Utkarsa and Harsa===
[[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi Supported by Garuda, 11th century CE, Ancient Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] supported by [[Garuda]] at the time of the Lohara dynasty, 11th century CE, Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38571 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> The sculpture belongs to the [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] type.]]
Kalaśa was king until 1089. Another weak-willed man, who involved himself in an incestuous relationship with his daughter, Kalaśa was dominated by those surrounding him at court and spent little time on matters of government until his later years. He freed himself from the effective rule of his father in 1076, causing Ananta to leave the capital along with many loyal courtiers and then laying siege to them in their new abode at [[Vijayesvara]]. On the verge of being pushed into exile, and faced with a wife who even at this stage doted on her son, Ananta committed suicide in 1081. It was after this that Kalaśa reformed his licentious ways and began to govern responsibly, as well as operating a foreign policy that improved the influence which the dynasty held over surrounding hill tribes.<ref name=Hasan1959p32/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 110-111.</ref>

Kalaśa experienced difficulties with his oldest son, Harsa, who felt that the allowance granted by his father was insufficient for his extravagant tastes. Harsa plotted to kill Kalaśa, was found out and eventually imprisoned. His position as heir to the throne was given instead to his younger brother, Utkarsa, who was already ruler of Lohara.{{#tag:ref|Ksitirāja, who was the son and heir of Vigraharāja, had abdicated his rights in favour of Utkarsa, ignoring the claim of his son due to disagreements with him.|group=nb}} The strain of dealing with Harsa caused Kalaśa to revert to his previous dissolute lifestyle and Stein believes that this contributed to his death in 1089. Despite being removed as heir, Hasan believes Harsa did immediately succeed his father<ref name=Hasan1959p33>Hasan (1959), p. 33.</ref> but Stein says that Utkarsa succeeded and that Harsa remained in prison. With the accession of Utkarsa to the throne of Kashmir came the reunification of that kingdom with Lohara, as they had been during the reign of Didda. It is at this point that the fortress became the dynastic seat.<ref name=Stein1900p294/><ref name=Steinv1p110/><ref name=Stein1900v1p111>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 111.</ref>

Hasan and Stein agree that Harsa became king in 1089. Utkarsa was disliked and soon deposed, with a half-brother called Vijayamalla{{#tag:ref|Kalaśa had at least one concubine.<ref name=Stein1900v1p113>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 113.</ref>|group=nb}} supporting Harsa and being at the forefront of the rebellion against the king.<ref name=Stein1900v1p111/> Utkarsa was in his turn imprisoned and he committed suicide.<ref name=Stein1900v1p112>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 112.</ref>

====Harsa====
{{main|Harsha of Kashmir}}
[[File:Harshadeva (Kashmir) 1089-1101 CE.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Harsa ("Harshadeva"), Kashmir, 1089-1101 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |author-link=Joe Cribb|title=Coins of the Kashmir King Harshadeva (AD 1089–1101) in the light of the Gujranwalal hoard |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 208 |url=http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/New/ONS_208 |pages=28–33, Fig. 1–9|language=en}}</ref>]]
Harsa had been a cultured man with much to offer his people but became as prone to the influence of certain favourites and as corrupt, cruel and profligate as his predecessors. He, too, indulged in incest and Stein has said that he was {{blockquote|undoubtedly the most striking figure among the later Hindu rulers of Kashmir. His many and varied attainments and the strange contrasts in his character must have greatly exercised the mind of his contemporaries ... Cruelty and kindheartedness, liberality and greed, violent selfwilledness and reckless supineness, cunning and want of thought – these and other apparently irreconcilable features in turn display themselves in Harsa’s chequered life."<ref name=Stein1900v1p112/>}} After an initial period during which the economic fortunes of the kingdom appear to have improved, as evidenced by the issue of gold and silver coinage, the situation deteriorated and even [[night soil]] was taxed, while temples were looted to further raise money to fund his failed military ventures and his indulgent lifestyle. All but two of the statues of Buddha in his kingdom were destroyed during his rule. Even in 1099, when his kingdom was ravaged by plague, flood and famine, as well as by lawlessness on a large scale, Harsa continued to plunder the wealth of his subjects.<ref name=Stein1900v1p114>Stein, (1900), Vol. 1, p. 114</ref>{{better source needed}}{{clarify}}

Harsa faced numerous challenges to his reign and he executed many of his relatives, some but not all of whom had been among the challengers.<ref name=Stein1900v1p113/> He conducted campaigns in the east of the valley to wrest control of land back from feudatory landlords, who were known as [[damara (feudal landlord)|dāmaras]], and in 1101 they murdered him.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, pp. 305-306.</ref> Stein describes that while Harsa's rule seemed at first to have "secured a period of consolidation and of prosperous peace ... [it] had subsequently fallen a victim to his own [[Nero]]-like propensities".<ref name=Stein1900v1p15>Stein, (1900), Vol. 1, p. 15</ref>

==Second Lohara dynasty==
===Uccala===
[[File:Fragment of a Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript folio, Kingdom of Kashmir, 11th-12th century CE.jpg|thumb|Fragment of a [[Buddhist]] [[Prajnaparamita Sutra]] manuscript folio, Kashmir, at the time of Lohara dynasty, 11th-12th century CE. Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/821085 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]
[[Uchchala]], who was from a side-branch of the Lohara royal line, succeeded to the throne and reigned for a decade. He and his younger brother, Sussala, had been spotted by Harsa as pretenders to his crown during the unrest and in 1100 had been forced to flee. The move did them no harm as it increased their status among the dāmaras: if Harsa wanted the brothers dead then that was all the more reason to rally around them. It was as a consequence of this that Uccala was able to mount armed attacks on Harsa, as in 1101, which although initially unsuccessful did eventually achieve their aim as those closest to Harsa deserted him.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 114-115.</ref>

The two kingdoms of Kashmir and Lohara were again split at the time of Uccala's accession, with Uccala ceding rule over Lohara to Sussala in an attempt to head off any potential challenge from his ambitious brother.<ref name=Stein1900p295>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 295.</ref><ref name=Stein1900v1p117>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 117.</ref> The rule of Uccala was largely a victim of inherited circumstances, and in particular the fact that the power of the dāmaras which had caused the downfall of Harsa was also a strength that could now be turned on him. He was unable to stabilise the penurious kingdom, either economically or in terms of authority, although it was not due to any lack of capability on his part and he did succeed in forming an alliance with the most powerful dāmara, Gargacandra. He was, in the opinion of Hasan, an able and conscientious ruler.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref name=Stein1900v1p15/> Stein has explained the method adopted to counter the dāmaras:
{{blockquote|By fomenting among them jealousy and mutual suspicion, he secured the murder or exile of their most influential leaders, without himself incurring the odium. Then, reassured in his own position, he openly turned upon the Dāmaras and forced them into disarmament and submission.<ref name=Stein1900v1p117/>}}

===Radda, Salhana and Sussala===
The downfall of Uccala came in December 1111 as a result a conspiracy, and after a prior attempt by Sussala to overthrow him. Sussala was not in the vicinity at the time that Uccala was murdered but within days had attempted a hazardous winter crossing over the mountains to Srinagar. Foiled by the winter weather on this occasion, he was able a few months later to venture once more and he proceeded to take control of Kashmir from a half-brother, Salhana.<ref name=Stein1900p295/> Salhana had himself taken the throne after the briefest of reigns by Radda, one of the leaders of the conspiracy against Uccala, whose rule lasted a single day. It was Gargacandra who organised the defeat of the conspirators and it was he who installed Salhana, using him as a puppet for the violent four months until the arrival of Sussala, a period which Kalhana described as a "long evil dream".<ref name=Stein1900v1p15/>

Gargacandra had again been kingmaker in allying with Sussala, whom Stein believes to have been "personally brave, but rash, cruel and inconsiderate" and whose rule was, "practically one long and disastrous struggle with the irrepressible Dāmaras and with dangerous pretenders."<ref name=Stein1900v1p16>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 16.</ref> As part of their alliance, Gargacandra arranged the marriage of two of his daughters, one to Sussala and one to Sussala's son, Jayasimha.<ref name=Stein1900v1p119>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 119.</ref> Having turned on Gargacandra and defeated him,{{#tag:ref|Gargacandra and his sons, together with some others, were eventually strangled to death on Sussala's order in 1118,<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 120.</ref> |group=nb}} Sussala was faced by other dāmaras who in the absence of the once-dominant kingmaker saw an opportunity to challenge the king. They found a potential candidate for the throne in Bhikşācara, a grandson of Harsa. and managed to install him briefly in 1120 when their numbers had swollen sufficiently in opposition to the brutally oppressive measures adopted by Sussala. The restoration of Harsa's dynastic line did not last for long: a fightback by Sussala, who had decamped in defeat from Srinagar to Lohar, resulted in the pretender being deposed around six months later, in early 1121. Thereafter, Sussala resumed his oppression and treated the wealth of his people as being his own. He also imprisoned troublesome members of his own family but, like others before him, he was unable to control the lawlessness among the feudatory chiefs. While squabbling among the dāmaras had assisted him in regaining the throne, he found himself frequently under siege upon his return as they sought to maintain a state of near anarchy in which they could profit for themselves.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref name=Stein1900p295/><ref name=Stein1900v1p16/>

In 1123, during a period of intense pressure from besieging dāmaras and while mourning the death of one of his wives, Sussala abdicated in favour of his son, Jayasimha, He soon changed his mind and although Jayasimha was formally crowned as king it was Sussala who continued to govern.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 122.</ref>

===Jayasimha===
[[File:Vishnu and Shri Lakshmi on Garuda LACMA M.72.53.1 (1 of 2).jpg|right|thumb|[[Lakshmi]]-[[Vaikuntha]] riding his vehicle (''[[vahana]]'') [[Garuda]], 11th century CE, Kashmir, Jammu and Kasmir, India. [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnu and Shri Lakshmi on Garuda {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/238399 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref>]]
Jayasimha succeeded his father in 1128 during a period when there was open rebellion. A plot intended to assert authority had backfired on Sussala and caused his death. Jayasimha was not a forceful character but he did nonetheless manage to bring about both peace and a degree of economic well-being during his reign, which lasted until 1155. Bhikşācara mounted further attempts to regain the throne during the first two years and no sooner had he been killed than another challenger, Lothana, a brother of Salhana, succeeded in taking control of Lohara. That territory was subsequently recaptured but challenges continued from Lothana and two others who sought the throne, Mallājuna and Bhoja, the latter being a son of Salhana. Throughout this period there was also further troublesome behaviour generally from the dāmaras, as so often in the past, and also as in the past it was the fact that those chiefs also fought among themselves which enabled Jayasimha to survive. Peace came after 1145 and Jayasimha was able to employ his methods of kingship, which relied on diplomacy and Machiavellian plotting, for the greater good of his kingdom. In particular, Kalhana refers to the piety of Jayasimha, who rebuilt or constructed many temples which had been destroyed during the long years of war. His success has led Hasan to describe him as "the last great Hindu ruler of Kashmir."<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 16-17.</ref><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 126-127.</ref>

An example of Jayasimha's vision can be found in his decision to enthrone his oldest son, Gulhana, as king of Lohara even though Gulhana was a child and Jayasimha was still alive. The reason for this appears to have been better to ensure the succession would not suffer any disturbance.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 129.</ref>

===Successors to Jayasimha===
Jayasimha's rule continued until 1155, followed by his son Paramanuka, and then his grandson Vantideva (ruled 1165–72), who is often described as the last king of the Lohara dynasty.<ref name="IEH">India - Early History, Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_YADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 p.63]</ref>

====Dynasty of the Vuppadevas====
With the end of the Loharas, Vantideva was replaced by a new ruler named Vuppadeva, who was apparently elected by the people, and who started the eponymous dynasty of the Vuppadevas.<ref name="IEH"/> Vuppadeva was succeeded in 1181 CE by his brother Jassaka, who then was succeeded by his son Jagadeva, in 1199 CE.<ref>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire.-2d ed, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966, p.101</ref> Jagadeva attempted to emulate Jayasimha but had a turbulent time, being at one stage forced out of his own kingdom by his officials. His death came by poison in 1212 or 1213 and his successors met with no more success; his son, Rājadeva, survived until 1235 but any power that he may have had was shackled by the nobility; his grandson, Samgrāmadeva, who ruled from 1235 to 1252, was forced out of the kingdom just as Jagadeva had been and then killed soon after his return.<ref name=Hasan1959p34>Hasan, p. 34.</ref>

Another son of Rājadeva became king in 1252. This was Rāmadeva, who had no children and appointed Laksmandadeva, the son of a [[Brahmin]], to be his heir. Although the period of Rāmadeva's reign was calm, that of Laksmandadeva saw deterioration in the situation once more. In this reign, which began in 1273, the troubles were caused not only by the fractious nobility but also by the territorial encroachment of [[Turkish people|Turks]]. As with his predecessors and successors, he thought little of spending money on border protection. By 1286, when Laksmandadeva'a son, Simhadeva, came to the throne, the kingdom was a much smaller place. Simhadeva survived until 1301, a largely ineffective ruler who was dominated by his advisers. He was killed by a man whom he had cuckolded.<ref name=Hasan1959p34/>

[[File:King Jagadeva of the Vuppadevas in Kashmir 1199-1213.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of king Jagadeva of the Vuppadevas in Kashmir 1199-1213]]
The last of the dynasty was Sūhadeva, the brother of Simhadeva. He was a strong ruler but also an unpopular one. He taxed heavily and exempted not even the Brahmins from his exactions. Although he managed to unite the kingdom under his control there is a sense in which the majority of it was united against him.

The widow of Sūhadeva, queen [[Kota Rani]] took his place but was usurped by [[Shah Mir]], a Muslim who had moved into the area from the south. Kashmiris were "feeling extraordinarily pinched by the Arab aggression in the Indus valley", according to Ronald Davidson,<ref>Davidson, p. 44.</ref> and some people had already converted to the religion from Hinduism. By the end of the 14th century the vast majority of Kashmir had become Muslim, although the Brahmins still maintained their traditional roles as the learned administrators until the accession of Sultan [[Sikandar Butshikan]] of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]].<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 130.</ref>

==Impact==
Mohibbul Hasan describes the collapse of order as: {{blockquote|The [[Damara (feudal landlord)|Dãmaras]] or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to a standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations.<ref name=Hasan1959p32/>}}

==See also==
* [[List of Monarchs of Kashmir]]

==References==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
;Notes
{{reflist|group=nb}}

;Citations
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book |first=Ronald M. |last=Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: a social history of the Tantric movement |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2004 |orig-year=2002 (Columbia Univ. Press) |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC}}
*{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-07-10}}
*{{cite book |title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC |access-date=2011-08-02}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |access-date=2011-07-11}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |access-date=2011-07-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |chapter=The Khaśas: An Early Indian Tribe |editor=K. K. Kusuman |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA287 |year=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |pages=285–293}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]
[[Category:1320 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1003 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]

Cooch Behar

2022-06-20T06:52:31Z

Oldname: Created an influential manuscript.

{{About|the municipality in West Bengal, India|the district|Cooch Behar district|the princely state|Cooch Behar State}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cooch Behar
| official_name =
| other_name = Koch Bihar
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Coochbehar kings palace.jpg
|photo3a = Cooch Behar city Top View.png
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Cooch Behar Palace]], bottom: skyline of the city in 2018
| nickname = City of kings
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|27.084|N|89|27|3.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 12 September 1949
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Cooch Behar Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]] ([[All India Trinamool Congress]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Cooch Behar City|url=http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=5|website=coochbeharmunicipality.com|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215214246/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 8.29
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2819086
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Cooch Behar District {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 832
| population_metro =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=wb.gov.in|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=2 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736101
| area_code = 03582
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB-64/63
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in}} {{URL|coochbeharmunicipality.com}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar (SC)]], [[Cooch Behar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Dakshin]], [[Natabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Natabari]]
}}
[[File:ADMINISTRATIVE MAP.jpg|thumb|Administrative map of Cooch Behar]]
'''Cooch Behar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|uː|tʃ|_|b|ᵻ|ˈ|h|ɑːr}}), or '''Koch Bihar''', is a city and a municipality lying in the bank of [[Torsa River|River Torsa]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Cooch Behar district]]. It is in the foothills of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s at {{coord|26|22|N|89|29|E}}. Cooch Behar is the only planned city in the [[North Bengal]] region with remnants of royal heritage.<ref>[http://www.mytourideas.com/coochbehar.php Coochbehar Travel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013103037/http://www.mytourideas.com/coochbehar.php }}. Mytourideas.com. Retrieved on 18 July 2015.</ref> Being one of the main tourist destinations of West Bengal, housing the [[Cooch Behar Palace]] and Madan Mohan Temple, it has been declared a heritage city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Commission, West Bengal |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/ZDNmMmE2YzY4NGVmNDY4ZDUxNmRmMDMwZjY3NTg1NDM4M2I1Yjc4OTllNDE1ODMxYWJhMjU1MjNjNmIzYzZkYjU2MWJkN2NmZjkzNmFiNmQwY2EzZGU4OTk4NWMxZWMwY2U5NTc5YTg4MmZmMmQ3OTJmY2I2MzQ3ZWE0ZTUwNzJKOXpvMzkrc2RvbG96aXZ2amVRdk1iQkFVM1hRSkFsSG1RLzlrS2hvOFpRPQ== |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=wbhc.in |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105410/https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/ZDNmMmE2YzY4NGVmNDY4ZDUxNmRmMDMwZjY3NTg1NDM4M2I1Yjc4OTllNDE1ODMxYWJhMjU1MjNjNmIzYzZkYjU2MWJkN2NmZjkzNmFiNmQwY2EzZGU4OTk4NWMxZWMwY2U5NTc5YTg4MmZmMmQ3OTJmY2I2MzQ3ZWE0ZTUwNzJKOXpvMzkrc2RvbG96aXZ2amVRdk1iQkFVM1hRSkFsSG1RLzlrS2hvOFpRPQ== |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the maternal home of [[Maharani Gayatri Devi]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].

During the [[British Raj]], Cooch Behar was the seat of the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]], ruled by the [[Koch Kingdom]] of often described as the Shiva Vansha, tracing their origin from the [[Koch people|Koch]] tribe of North-eastern India. After 20 August 1949, Cooch Behar District was transformed from a princely state to its present status, with the city of Cooch Behar (Koch Behar) as its headquarters.<ref name="web1">{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html|title=Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{main| Etymology of Cooch Behar}}
The name ''Cooch Behar'' is derived from two words—''Cooch'', a corrupted form of the word ''Koch'', the name of the [[Koch people|Koch]] tribes, and the word ''behar'' is derived from ''[[vihara]]'' meaning ''land'', Koch Behar means ''land of the Koches''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first= Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | pages = 11–12}}</ref><ref>The name Cooch Behar is a compound of two words: Cooch and Behar. Cooch is a corrupted form of Coch or Koch, the name of an ethnic group of people inhabiting largely in vast tract of land to the north-east of Bengal. Behar or more properly Vihara denotes abode or sport. Cooch Behar means, therefore, the abode or land of the Koches. Ray, B.. [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5164/1/22881_1961_COO.pdf ''CENSUS 1961 WEST BENGAL''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012025513/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5164/1/22881_1961_COO.pdf }}. GOVERNMENT PRINTING, WEST BENGAL, 1961, p.20</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of Cooch Bihar]]

===Early period===
{{main|Koch dynasty|Kamarupa Kingdom}}
Cooch Behar formed part of the [[Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam from the 4th to the 12th. In the 13th century, the area became a part of the [[Kamata Kingdom]]. The [[Khen dynasty|Khen]]s ruled until about 1498 [[Common Era|CE]], when they fell to [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the independent Pathan Sultan of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gour]]. The new invaders fought with the local [[Bhuyan chieftains]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Suhungmung]] and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful and proclaimed itself ''Kamateshwar'' (Lord of Kamata) and established the Koch dynasty.

The first important Koch ruler was Bisu, later called [[Biswa Singha]], who came to power in 1515 CE.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615|pages=5–6|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105404/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his son, [[Nara Narayan]], the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |title=Royal History of Cooch Behar |access-date=22 October 2006 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161510/http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj ([[Chilarai]]), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.

As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Koch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when shifted to Cooch Behar town. Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to [[Guriahati]] (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the [[Torsa river]] between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.

In 1661 CE, Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], the [[subedar]] of [[Bengal]] under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]], attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 68}}</ref>
The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.<ref name="bnpedia1">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=PK |year=2012 |chapter=Kamata-Koch Behar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416165029/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |url-status=live }}</ref> Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.

===British Raj===
[[Image:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|left|thumb|1907 map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
{{main|Cooch Behar State}}
In 1772–1773, the king of [[Bhutan]] attacked and captured Cooch Behar. To expel the Bhutanese, the kingdom of Cooch Behar signed a defense treaty with the [[British East India Company]] on 5 April 1773. At that time, coins of Bhutan were minted in Cooch Behar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mintageworld.com/coin/16-bhutan/#:~:text=The%20coins%20of%20Cooch%20Behar,were%20used%20for%20local%20purchase.|title=Old Coins of Bhutan|website=Mintage World|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010095010/https://www.mintageworld.com/coin/16-bhutan/#:~:text=The%20coins%20of%20Cooch%20Behar,were%20used%20for%20local%20purchase.|url-status=live}}</ref> After expelling the Bhutanese, Cooch Behar again became a princely kingdom under the protection of the British East India company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11004-9|editor-last=Bowman|editor-first=John S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/385 385]}}</ref>

[[Cooch Behar Palace]] is built after the Classical Italian architecture. The dome of the Palace is in Italian style, resembling the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Vatican City, Rome, and built in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].<ref name="bnpedia1" /> In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of [[Brahmo]] preacher [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 75}}</ref> Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|title=Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161722/http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
Under an agreement between the king of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] transferred full authority, jurisdiction, and power of the state to the Dominion [[Government of India]], effective 12 September 1949.<ref name="web1" /> Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.<ref name="web1" />

==Geography==
[[File:Torsa in coochbehar.JPG|Torsa River near Cooch Behar|thumb|right]]
Cooch Behar is in the foothills of [[Himalayas|Eastern Himalayas]], at {{coord|26|22|N|89|29|E}} in the [[North Bengal|North]] of West Bengal. It is the largest town and district headquarters of [[Cooch Behar District]], with an area of {{cvt|8.29|km2}}.<ref name="r1">{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040043/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |title=West Bengal Census |access-date=1 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Torsa river]] flows by the western side of town. Heavy rains often cause strong river currents and flooding. The turbulent water carries huge amounts of sand, silt, and pebbles, which have an adverse effect on crop production as well as on the hydrology of the region.<ref name="book1">{{cite book |title= Annual Plan on Agriculture 2003–04 |publisher=Cooch Behar District Agriculture Office |location=Cooch Behar | page =2}}</ref> Alluvial deposits form the soil, which is acidic.<ref name="book1" /> The soil depth varies from {{cvt|15|to|50|cm}}, superimposed on a bed of sand. The foundation materials are igneous and metamorphic rocks at a depth of {{cvt|1000|to|1500|m}}. The soil has low levels of [[nitrogen]] with moderate levels of [[potassium]] and [[phosphorus]]. Deficiencies of [[boron]], [[zinc]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], and [[sulphur]] are high.<ref name="book1" />

Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most of the highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region, and most of the low-lying lands lie in Dinhata region. The elevation of the town is 48 meters above mean sea level. The [[Torsa river]] flows by the western side of town. The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are the [[Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Torsha]], [[Kaljani River|Kaljani]], [[Raidāk River|Raidak]], Gadadhar, and Ghargharia.

The town of Cooch Behar and its surrounding regions face [[deforestation]] due to increasing demand for fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic. The local flora includes palms, bamboos, creepers, ferns, orchids, aquatic plants, fungi, timber, grass, vegetables, and fruit trees. Migratory birds, along with many local species, are found in the city, especially around the [[Sagardighi, Cooch Behar|Sagardighi]] and other water bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbtourism.com/heritage/coochbehar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715093902/http://www.wbtourism.com/heritage/coochbehar.htm |archive-date=15 July 2009 |title=West Bengal Tourism: Cooch Behar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1976, the Cooch Behar district became home to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (now [[Jaldapara National Park]]), which has an area of {{convert|217|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Sikkim|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> It shares the park with the [[Alipurduar]] district.<ref name=parks/>

===Climate===

Cooch Behar has a moderate climate characterized by heavy rainfall during the monsoons and slight rainfall from October to March. The city does not experience very high temperatures at any time of the year. The daily maximum temperature is {{cvt|32.2|°C}} in August, the hottest month and the daily minimum temperature is {{cvt|9.4|°C}} in January, the coldest month.<ref name=IMDnormals/> The highest temperature in Cooch Behar was 41.0 °C, recorded on 11 September 1977; the lowest temperature recorded was 3.3 °C, reported on 28 January 1982.<ref name=IMDnormals/> The atmosphere is highly humid. The rainy season lasts from June to September. The average annual rainfall in the city is {{cvt|3,562|mm}}.<ref name=IMDnormals/>

{{Weather box
|location = Cooch Behar (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 29.6
|Feb record high C = 31.5
|Mar record high C = 37.6
|Apr record high C = 39.4
|May record high C = 39.9
|Jun record high C = 40.3
|Jul record high C = 38.9
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 41.0
|Oct record high C = 36.1
|Nov record high C = 33.0
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 41.0
| Jan avg record high C = 27.0
| Feb avg record high C = 29.1
| Mar avg record high C = 34.3
| Apr avg record high C = 35.5
| May avg record high C = 35.1
| Jun avg record high C = 35.3
| Jul avg record high C = 34.9
| Aug avg record high C = 35.6
| Sep avg record high C = 34.7
| Oct avg record high C = 33.5
| Nov avg record high C = 31.3
| Dec avg record high C = 28.2
| year avg record high C = 36.7
|Jan high C = 23.4
|Feb high C = 25.8
|Mar high C = 29.6
|Apr high C = 30.9
|May high C = 31.2
|Jun high C = 31.6
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 32.2
|Sep high C = 31.2
|Oct high C = 30.8
|Nov high C = 28.7
|Dec high C = 25.6
|year high C = 29.3
|Jan low C = 9.4
|Feb low C = 11.9
|Mar low C = 16.1
|Apr low C = 19.9
|May low C = 22.2
|Jun low C = 24.1
|Jul low C = 24.7
|Aug low C = 25.0
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 20.8
|Nov low C = 15.3
|Dec low C = 11.0
|year low C = 18.7
| Jan avg record low C = 6.7
| Feb avg record low C = 8.6
| Mar avg record low C = 11.6
| Apr avg record low C = 15.9
| May avg record low C = 18.9
| Jun avg record low C = 21.3
| Jul avg record low C = 22.5
| Aug avg record low C = 22.7
| Sep avg record low C = 21.3
| Oct avg record low C = 16.6
| Nov avg record low C = 11.8
| Dec avg record low C = 8.1
| year avg record low C = 6.5
|Jan record low C = 3.3
|Feb record low C = 3.6
|Mar record low C = 7.1
|Apr record low C = 10.4
|May record low C = 16.1
|Jun record low C = 18.2
|Jul record low C = 20.3
|Aug record low C = 20.0
|Sep record low C = 19.7
|Oct record low C = 13.9
|Nov record low C = 8.2
|Dec record low C = 3.9
|year record low C = 3.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 11.7
| Feb rain mm = 18.5
| Mar rain mm = 45.1
| Apr rain mm = 167.6
| May rain mm = 380.0
| Jun rain mm = 683.3
| Jul rain mm = 932.7
| Aug rain mm = 618.2
| Sep rain mm = 521.6
| Oct rain mm = 164.6
| Nov rain mm = 12.2
| Dec rain mm = 7.1
| year rain mm = 3562.6
|Jan rain days = 0.8
|Feb rain days = 1.4
|Mar rain days = 2.5
|Apr rain days = 8.6
|May rain days = 14.0
|Jun rain days = 18.0
|Jul rain days = 21.2
|Aug rain days = 16.6
|Sep rain days = 15.4
|Oct rain days = 5.8
|Nov rain days = 0.9
|Dec rain days = 0.7
|year rain days = 105.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity = 70
|Feb humidity = 60
|Mar humidity = 53
|Apr humidity = 62
|May humidity = 71
|Jun humidity = 78
|Jul humidity = 81
|Aug humidity = 80
|Sep humidity = 83
|Oct humidity = 79
|Nov humidity = 73
|Dec humidity = 72
|year humidity = 72
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Cooch Behar (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 207–208
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M233
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430172318/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| 1951 | 26299980
| 1961 | 34926279
| 1971 | 44312011
| 1981 | 54580647
| 1991 | 68077965
| 2001 | 80176197
| 2011 | 91276115
}}
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Cooch Behar<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|25.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|Blue|0.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|gold|0.14}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.18}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040127/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 90.8 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] |value2 = 8.39 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value3 = 0.44 |color3 = sienna
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.31 |color4 = grey
}}
In the 2011 census, Cooch Behar [[urban agglomeration]] had a population of 2,89,434, out of which 1,46,626 were males, and 1,42,808 were females. The 0–6 years population was 7,910. Effective literacy rate for the urban population population was 80.59%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Cooch Behar District {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102053/https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-08: Educational level by age and sex for population age 7 and above (total) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44825/download/48498/DDW-1900C-08.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501124929/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44825/download/48498/DDW-1900C-08.xlsx |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, the Cooch Behar Municipal area has a population of 77,935.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coochbehar Municipality: Population |url=https://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=14 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=coochbeharmunicipality.com |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110551/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for the population is 1.38%. The sex ratio is 972 females per 1,000 males.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koch Bihar (Cooch Behar) District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2023, West Bengal literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/3-koch-bihar.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100723/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/3-koch-bihar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Males constitute 50.6% of the population, and females constitute 49.4%. Cooch Behar has an average literacy rate of 74.78%, which is higher than the national average of 74.04%. The male literacy rate is 80.71%, while the female literacy rate is 68.49%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is literacy rate of Koch Bihar (Cooch Behar) district of West Bengal in 2011 census ? |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/questions/3/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-koch-bihar-district-2011.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112060539/http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/3/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-koch-bihar-district-2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile - Literacy - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=knowindia.india.gov.in |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415175155/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The major religions followed in Cooch Behar are [[Hinduism]] (76.44%) followed by [[Islam]] (25.54%).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Commonly spoken languages are [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040127/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Copy edit section}}
===Civic administration===
[[File:Cooch behar dm office.JPG|right|thumb|Office of the District Magistrate]]

Cooch Behar Municipality is responsible for the civic administration of the town. The municipality consists of a board of councilors, elected from each of the 20 wards<ref>[http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/District_Administration.html District Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803134152/http://www.coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/District_Administration.html }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> and a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councilors elects a chairman from among its elected members; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The [[All India Trinamool Congress]] holds power in the municipality. The state government looks after education, health, and tourism.

The town is in the [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar constituency]] and elects one member to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[Lower House]] of the [[Indian Parliament]]). The town area is covered by one assembly constituency, Cooch Behar Dakshin, that elects one member to the [[Vidhan Sabha]], which is the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal state legislative assembly]].<ref name="delimit">{{cite web| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 18 April 2009| work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission| pages = 4, 23| archive-date = 8 January 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110108095020/http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Cooch Behar town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police (which is a part of the [[West Bengal Police|state police]]); the [[Superintendent of Police]] oversees security and matters pertaining to law and order. Cooch Behar is home to the District Court.

===Utility services===
[[File:Head Post Office Cooch Behar.jpg|thumb|Cooch Behar Head Post Office]]
Cooch Behar is a well-planned town,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.north-bengal.com/places/coochbehar/|title= North Bengal: Cooch Behar|access-date= 7 November 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108151129/http://www.north-bengal.com/places/coochbehar/|archive-date= 8 November 2006|url-status= dead}}</ref> and the municipality is responsible for providing basic services, such as [[potable water]] and [[sanitation]]. The water is supplied by the municipality using its groundwater resources, and almost all the houses in the municipal area are connected. Solid waste is collected every day by the municipality van from individual houses. The surface drains, mostly cemented, drain into the Torsa River. Electricity is supplied by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]], and the [[West Bengal Fire Service]] provides emergency services like fire tenders. Most of the roads are metalled (macadam), and street lighting is available throughout the town. The Public Works Department is responsible for road maintenance and on the roads connecting Cooch Behar with other towns in the region. Health services in Cooch Behar include a government-owned District Hospital, a Regional Cancer Centre, and private nursing homes. Utility services provided in Cooch Behar are considered one of the best government utility services of West Bengal though the city gets totally flooded during heavy rains nowadays due to the problems of the drainage system.

[[File:Cooch Behar city Top View.png|thumb|right|Cooch Behar from above]]

==== Health facilities ====
The city has one district hospital MJN Hospital which has 400 beds. The hospital has now been converted to [[Coochbehar Government Medical College and Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/?ref=brand-logo_story-page|title= Rush to start Cooch Behar medical college|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065829/https://www.telegraphindia.com/?ref=brand-logo_story-page|archive-date= 8 June 2019|url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref> The city has numerous Multi-Speciality Hospitals offering. Some major hospitals are Shubham Hospital, Cooch Behar Mission Hospital, Dr. P K Saha Hospital Pvt. Ltd. etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subham Hospital & Diagnostic Centre (P) Ltd. {{!}} National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/subham-hospital-and-diagnostic-centre-(p)-ltd-koch_bihar-west_bengal|access-date=22 October 2021|website=nhp.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022183957/https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/subham-hospital-and-diagnostic-centre-(p)-ltd-koch_bihar-west_bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Market facilities ====
In the municipality are four daily markets, two wholesale markets, and eight commercial complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/history.php|title= Social Infrastructure|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-date= 26 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190826084553/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/history.php|url-status= live}}</ref> Apart from these, two new malls have also opened recently.<ref>{{Cite web|last=prmgroup.co.in|title=Retail Projects PRM Group|url=https://www.prmgroup.co.in/retail.php|access-date=22 October 2021|website=prmgroup.co.in|language=english|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022165434/https://www.prmgroup.co.in/retail.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{More citations needed}}
The central and state governments are the small number of employers in Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment in Cooch Behar |url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/cob_employment.html#employment2 |website=coochbehar.nic.in |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501003222/http://coochbehar.nic.in/HTMfiles/cob_employment.html#employment2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cooch Behar is home to a number of district-level and divisional-level offices and has a large government-employee workforce. Business is mainly centred on retail goods; the main centres lie on [[B.S. Road]], [[Rupnarayan Road]], [[Keshab Road]] and at [[Bhawaniganj Bazar]].
[[File:Cooch Behar Sagar Dighi area.jpg|thumb|right]]

An [[industrial park]] has been built at [[Chakchaka]], {{cvt|4|km}} from town, on the route to [[Tufanganj]]. A number of companies have set up industries there.<ref>[http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/scope_industry.html#chakchaka Industries in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327091813/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/scope_industry.html#chakchaka }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref>

Farming is a major source of livelihood for the nearby rural populace, and it supplies the town with fruits and vegetables. Poorer sections of this semi-rural society are involved in transport, basic agriculture, small shops, and manual labor in construction.

Cooch Behar has been witnessing radical changes, along with rapid development in segments like industry, real estate, and information technology firms, and education, since the advent of the twenty-first century. The changes are with respect to infrastructure and industrial growth for steel (direct reduced iron), metal, cement, and knowledge-based industries. Many engineering, technology, management, and professional study colleges have opened at Cooch Behar. Housing co-operatives and flats, shopping malls, hotels, and stadiums have also come up.

As the town is near the international border, the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) maintains a large presence in the vicinity. This gives rise to a large population of semi-permanent residents, who bring revenue to the economy. The state government is trying to promote Cooch Behar as a tourist destination. Though income from tourism is low<ref>[http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/tourist_development.html Tourism Development in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327091916/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/tourist_development.html }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> Cooch Behar is one of the major tourist attractions in West Bengal.

==Culture==
[[File:Coochbehar Raschakra.jpg|thumb|The Ras Chakra during Ras Mela in Madan Mohan Bari]]

Every year during the Ras Purnima, the city hosts Ras Mela, one of the largest and oldest fairs of West Bengal. The fair is older than 200 years. The fair is organized by Cooch Behar Municipality in the Ras Mela ground near ABN Seal College. During the fair, it becomes a major economic hub of the whole North Bengal region. Merchants and sellers from all over India and also from [[Bangladesh]] join this fair. Earlier, the Maharajas of Cooch Behar used to inaugurate the fair by moving the Ras Chakra, and now the work is executed by the [[District Magistrate]] of Cooch Behar District. The Ras Chakra is considered a symbol of communal harmony because it is made by a Muslim Family from generations. A huge crowd gathers in Cooch Behar from neighboring [[Assam]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Alipurduar]], and whole [[North Bengal]] during the fair.

Novelist [[Amiya Bhushan Majumdar]] was born, brought up, and worked in Cooch Behar. Cooch Behar, with its people, culture, and the river Torsha was a recurrent theme in his novels.
Apart from this Cooch Behar has a rich history of Debate, Extempore, Quizzing. A non profit organisation named Cobweb is enthusiastically spreading knowledge and facts. They are also fighting against Fake News, the new social evil of this era.<ref>hawabari.com</ref>

=== Tourism ===
Cooch Behar is one of the major tourist places of [[West Bengal]]. The main attractions are:

==== Cooch Behar Palace ====
[[File:Cooch Behar Palace - Cooch Behar - West Bengal - 005.jpg|thumb|Coochbehar Palace]]
It is the main attraction of the city. It was modeled after the [[Buckingham Palace]] in [[London]] in 1887, during the reign of [[Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]]. It is a brick-built double-story structure in the classical Western style covering an area of {{convert|51309|ft2|m2|abbr=off}}. The whole structure is {{convert|395|ft|m}} long and {{convert|296|ft|m}} wide and is on rests {{convert|4|ft|9|in|m}} above the ground. The Palace is fronted on the ground, and first floors by a series of arcaded verandahs with their piers arranged alternately in single and double rows. At the southern and northern ends, the Palace projects slightly, and in the center is a projected porch providing an entrance to the [[Durbar Hall]]. The Hall has an elegantly shaped metal dome which is topped by a cylindrical louver type ventilator. This is {{convert|124|ft|m}} high from the ground and is in the style of [[Renaissance]] architecture. The intros of the dome are carved in stepped patterns, and [[Corinthian columns]] support the base of the [[cupola]]. This adds variegated colors and designs to the entire surface. There are various halls in the palace and rooms that include the Dressing Room, Bed Room, Drawing Room, Dining Hall, Billiard hall, Library, Toshakhana, Ladies Gallery, and Vestibules. The articles and precious objects that these rooms and halls used to contain are now lost. The original palace was 3 storied, but was subsequently destroyed by a 19th-century earthquake measuring 8.7 on Richter scale. The palace shows the acceptance of the European idealism of the Koch kings and the fact that they had embraced European culture without denouncing their Indian heritage.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html#rajbari| title=Rajbari in Cooch Behar town| access-date=3 May 2023| archive-date=14 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814072309/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html#rajbari| url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sagar Dighi ====
[[File:Sagar Dighi, Coochbehar.jpg|thumb|A view of Sagar Dighi]]
[[Sagardighi, Cooch Behar|Sagardighi]] is one of the "Great Ponds" in the heart of Cooch Behar, West Bengal. The name means an ocean-like pond, exaggerated in view of its great significance. As well as being popular with people, it also attracts [[migratory birds]] each winter. It is surrounded by many important administrative buildings, like District Magistrates Office, Administrative Building of [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]], BSNL's DTO Office on the West; Office of the Superintendent of Police, District Library, Municipality Building on the South, Office of BLRO, State Bank of India's Cooch Behar Main Branch and many other on the East and RTO office, Foreigner's registration office, District Court etc. on the North. Most of such buildings are remnants of royal heritage.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/tour_all.html | title=Tourist places of Cooch Behar | access-date=3 May 2023 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810174630/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/tour_all.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===

Cooch Behar is very well connected by road with neighboring areas and other cities of West Bengal and the rest of the country. Cooch Behar is a major roadway junction after Siliguri towards [[Northeast India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-17]] crosses through the heart of the city connecting [[Assam]] and [[North Bengal]]. Apart from this, state highways including SH-16 and SH-12A passes through Cooch Behar connecting different places in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Highways in West Bengal |url=https://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.wbtrafficpolice.com |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429091041/https://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Road-State Highway |url=http://wbpwd.gov.in/road/state_highway |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=wbpwd.gov.in |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429091041/http://wbpwd.gov.in/road/state_highway |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bus service===

[[File:New Coochbehar Railway Station Complex.jpg|thumb|New Cooch Behar railway station in 2019.]]
[[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC)]], a state government run transport corporation is headquartered in Cooch Behar which runs regular bus service to most places in West Bengal. Private buses are also available which operate from bus stops or designated pickup spots to various tows in [[Assam]], [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]. City services from NBSTC are also available for riders to commute from different parts of a city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NBSTC Bus routes|url=https://nbstc.in/uploads/routes_pdf/Bus295594192Routes.pdf|access-date=29 April 2023|website=nbstc.in/|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201092559/https://nbstc.in/uploads/routes_pdf/Bus295594192Routes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About - North Bengal State Transport Corporation |url=https://nbstc.in/about-us.php |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=nbstc.in |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201102540/https://nbstc.in/about-us.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''Central Bus Terminus''': Located near [[Cooch Behar Palace]], it serves as bus depot for both Government and private bus service which operated by [[NBSTC]].

* '''NBSTC Bus Stand''': Located within the city, it serves as the hub for NBSTC buses and boarding point for long-haul buses.

===Rail===

[[File:Coochbehar Railway Station.JPG|thumb|Cooch Behar railway station in 2015.]]
Being a popular tourism hub,<ref>{{Cite web |title=COOCHBEHAR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/coochbehar |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=wbtourism.gov.in |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000351/https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/coochbehar |url-status=live }}</ref> Cooch Behar is well connected through railway with almost all parts of the country. There are two stations that serve the city.

* '''[[New Cooch Behar Junction railway station|New Cooch Behar railway station]]''' (NCB): Located around 5 km from city, it is well connected to almost all major Indian cities including [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Guwahati]]. All [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]], [[Express trains in India|superfast and express]] trains going towards [[northeast India]] have a stoppage here. New Cooch Behar station came up when the broad gauge [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] was laid in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/pro/CPRO1.HTM |title=Some Milestones of NF Railway |access-date=28 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124125914/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/pro/CPRO1.HTM |archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> As of 2018, it is the largest [[List of railway junction stations in India|railway junction]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] with six routes towards [[Changrabandha railway station|New Changrabandha]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[New Bongaigaon Junction railway station|New Bongaigaon]], [[Alipurduar Junction railway station|Alipurduar Junction]], [[Dhubri railway station|Dhubri]], and [[Bamanhat railway station|Bamanhat]]. New Cooch Behar railway station is given a beautiful look similar to Cooch Behar Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Cooch Behar railway station gets facade of local palace |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-cooch-behar-railway-station-gets-facade-of-local-palace/cid/1681978 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105404/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-cooch-behar-railway-station-gets-facade-of-local-palace/cid/1681978 |url-status=live }}</ref> This station is equipped with Wi-Fi facilities, restrooms, food cafes, dormitory, waiting lounges elevators and escalators.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renovation of 'Pay and Use' toilet at New Cooch Behar station complete |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/renovation-of-pay-and-use-toilet-at-new-cooch-behar-station-complete/articleshow/48020332.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 April 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105353/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/renovation-of-pay-and-use-toilet-at-new-cooch-behar-station-complete/articleshow/48020332.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''[[Cooch Behar railway station]]''' (COB): Situated inside the town, this station lies on the [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]]. Trains connecting [[Bamanhat]] with [[Alipurduar]] and [[Siliguri]] have a halt here. It was built in 1901 when [[Cooch Behar State Railway]] constructed Geetaldaha-Jainti line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] The State Railways of Cooch Behar (1903) |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/history/cooch-behar-railway.html |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.irfca.org |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128123754/https://irfca.org/docs/history/cooch-behar-railway.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The station offers Wi-Fi, seating and other basic facilities. A Railway Heritage Museum, a minuscule version of the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]] is constructed in the station area, having a look of Cooch Behar Madan Mohan Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Railway Heritage Museum starts |url=https://coochbeharcalling.blogspot.com/2011/03/construction-of-railway-heritage-museum.html |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=COOCHBEHAR CALLING |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143340/http://coochbeharcalling.blogspot.com/2011/03/construction-of-railway-heritage-museum.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Museum at Cooch Behar |url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1631531900173-Heritage.pdf |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429102221/https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1631531900173-Heritage.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air===

[[File:Coochbehar airport.jpg|thumb|Terminal of Cooch Behar Airport.]]
[[Cooch Behar Airport]] is a [[domestic airport]] located near the city. It handles daily flights from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cooch Behar back on West Bengal's aviation map |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cooch-behar-back-on-west-bengals-aviation-map/articleshow/98134654.cms |access-date=29 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331064207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cooch-behar-back-on-west-bengals-aviation-map/articleshow/98134654.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The nearest [[international airport]] is [[Bagdogra Airport]] near [[Siliguri]], about 142 km (88 mi) from Cooch Behar. [[IndiGo]], [[Vistara]] and [[Spice Jet]] are the major carriers that connect the area to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangkok]], [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Chandigarh]].

== Education ==
[[File:Abnsealcollege.jpg|thumb|A.B.N. Seal College]]

Cooch Behar's schools usually use English and Bengali as their [[medium of instruction]], although the use of the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] language is also stressed. The schools are affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), or the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. Some of the reputed schools include [[Jenkins School, Coochbehar|Jenkins School]], [[Suniti Academy|Sunity Academy]], and [[Cooch Behar Rambhola High School]].
[[File:School bldg1.jpg|thumb|Jenkins School, Cooch Behar]]

[[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]] is the only single university in Cooch Behar. It is a U.G.C. recognized [[public university]] in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. The university was named after the 19th-century [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]] leader and social reformist, [[Panchanan Barma]]. A total of 15 colleges from the Cooch Behar district are affiliated to the university.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbpbu.ac.in/ | title=Coochbehar Panchanan Barma University :: Home | access-date=3 May 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422054201/https://www.cbpbu.ac.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://collegedunia.com/college/58092-coochbehar-government-engineering-college-cooch-behar|title= COOCHBEHAR GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, COOCH BEHAR|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-date= 29 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191229215038/https://collegedunia.com/college/58092-coochbehar-government-engineering-college-cooch-behar|url-status= live}}</ref>

There are five colleges and a polytechnic in town,<ref>[http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/Education_inCoB.html Education in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155910/http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/Education_inCoB.html }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> including [[A.B.N. Seal College]], [[Cooch Behar College]], [[University B.T. & Evening College]], [[Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya]], all of which are affiliated with the [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], which was established in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=415836&catid=42|title=Private education Bill passed amidst Opposition walkout|newspaper=The Statesman|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220042108/http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=415836&catid=42|archive-date=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/kolkata/bill-passed-set-private-varsity-653|title=Bill passed to set up private varsity|newspaper=Asian Age|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054143/http://www.asianage.com/kolkata/bill-passed-set-private-varsity-653|archive-date=11 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]] was established in 1888 as Victoria College by [[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] to enhance student capability in the Kingdom. The first principal was John Cornwallis Godley, who in 1895 became the second principal of [[Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]]. Later, Maharaja Nripendra Naryayan offered the post of principal to [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal]], a Brahmo and philosopher, who remained in the post for eighteen years from 1896 to 1913. In 1950, when the state of Cooch Behar was merged into the Union of India, the governance was passed to Government of West Bengal. It was earlier affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] and [[University of North Bengal]] and is now affiliated with [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]] after the creation of the same. In 1970, it was renamed as Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College. It is one of the few colleges under the Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University to give postgraduate education. The college is in the heart of the town with a campus of 13.27 acres (53,700 m2) and a built-up area of 9032.96 sq. meters.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://abnscollege.org/|title= Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141216184605/http://abnscollege.org/|archive-date= 16 December 2014|url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref>

In 1981, the [[Maya Chitram Art Institute]] was founded in Cooch Behar.<ref>[http://indiaforyou.in/ngos/ngodisplay.php?ngo=MAYA%20CHITRAM%20ART%20INSTITUTE ''Maya Chitram Art Institute.''] India for You. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</ref> There is an agricultural university, [[Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]], just outside the main town at [[Pundibari]]. A medical college is proposed to be opened by the Government at Raja Jagatdipendranarayan TB Hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/siliguri/story_15718501.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204003139/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120712/jsp/siliguri/story_15718501.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|title=Medical college for Cooch Behar|last=Ganguly|first=Arnab|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

[[Cooch Behar Government Engineering College]] started its first academic session in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|title=NBDD minister inaugurates multiple projects in Cooch Behar|last=EOI|first=Correspondence|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114100759/http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Indoor Stadium @ Cooch Behar.jpg|Indoor Stadium, cooch Behar
File:Cooch Behar District Court.jpg|District Court
File:Brojendranath Shil College Building.JPG|ABN Seal College
File:COB airport1.jpg|Cooch Behar Airport
File:Rail Museum Coochbehar.JPG|Railway Museum near Cooch Behar Station
File:Rajbari Gate.jpg|Palace Gate
File:Sahid Bag, Cooch Behar (2965239031).jpg|Sahid Bag, Cooch Behar
File:Bhola Ashram @ Cooch Behar (3954268297).jpg|Bhola Ashram, Cooch Behar. (Residence of Executive Engineer WBPWD)
File:Cooch Behar Madan Bari Gate (3152683650).jpg|Madan Mohan Bari Entrance
File:Cooch Behar Circuit House (2973530632).jpg|Circuit House
File:New Cooch Behar Station at night.jpg|New Cooch Behar at night
File:New Cooch Behar.jpg|New Cooch Behar Junction
File:Bara Debi Bari, Cooch Behar (3116565695).jpg|Debi Bari Cooch Behar
File:View of Moti Mahal - now Kalyan Bhavan (3116564839).jpg|Moti Mahal
File:Madanmohan Temple at night.jpg|Madanmohan Temple at night
File:Cooch Behar Stadium (3117391408).jpg|Palace view from stadium
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Narendra Narayan Park]], a botanical garden in town, founded in 1892
* [[Cooch Behar Archive]]
* [[Cooch Behar Stadium]], a multi-purpose stadium

==References==
{{Citations broken|section}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar District's official website]

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Cooch Behar}}
{{Towns and Cities of Cooch Behar District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Planned cities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Economy of Jammu and Kashmir

2022-05-11T21:20:27Z

Oldname: Fresh page format.

#REDIRECT [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)#Economy]]

Cartosat

2022-04-11T07:53:18Z

Oldname: Published a captivating reference.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{use Indian English|date = November 2019}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| image =
| caption = Cartosat-2 (Image: ISRO)

| name = Cartosat
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| country = India
| bus = [[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite|IRS]]
| applications = Optical earth observation
| orbits = [[Sun synchronous orbit|SSO]]
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| lifetime =

| status = Operational
| launched = 9
| operational = 9
| failed =
| lost =
| first = [[Cartosat-1]] (2005)
| last = [[Cartosat-3]] (2019)
| retired =

| mass = {{cvt|700|-|1600|kg}}
| power = 0.9-1.1 kW
| batteries = Solar
| equipment = [[Panchromatic]] cameras
}}

The '''Cartosat''' is a [[satellite series|series]] of Indian optical [[earth observation satellite]]s built and operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). The Cartosat series is a part of the [[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite|Indian Remote Sensing Program]]. They are used for Earth's resource management, defence services and monitoring.

== History ==
The [[Department of Space]] (DoS) had launched and managed the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|IRS series]] of remote sensing satellites for Earth's resource management and monitoring. These satellites were very successful in providing data in various scales ranging from 1:1 Million to 1:12,500 scale.<ref name=NRSC/> Each of the [[Indian Remote Sensing satellite|IRS]] missions ensured data continuity while introducing improvements in the spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions. Considering increased demand for large scale and topographic mapping data, the DoS launched the expanded Cartosat series of remote sensing satellites. The first satellite of the series, Cartosat-1, was launched in 2005.

== Satellites ==
=== Cartosat-1 ===
{{Main|Cartosat-1}}
Cartosat-1 was launched by [[PSLV-C6]] on 5 May 2005 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]'s [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]] at [[Sriharikota]].<ref name="Cartosat-1">{{Cite news |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-05-05/news/27496736_1_pslv-polar-sun-synchronous-orbit-second-launch-pad |title= PSLV-C6 launched from Sriharikota |access-date=18 September 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=India}}</ref> Images from the satellite are available from [[GeoEye]] for worldwide distribution. The satellite covers the entire globe in 1867 orbits on a 126-day cycle.<ref name= NRSC>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrsc.gov.in/#app=a097&cd0b-selectedIndex=8 |title=NRSC: Cartosat-1 |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829044009/http://www.nrsc.gov.in/#app=a097&cd0b-selectedIndex=8 |archive-date=29 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It carries two state-of-the-art [[panchromatic]] (PAN) cameras that take black and white stereoscopic pictures of the earth in the visible region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The two cameras with 2.5 m spatial resolution, acquire two images simultaneously, one forward looking (FORE) at +26 degrees and one aft of the satellite at −5 degrees for near instantaneous stereo data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.racurs.ru/?page=373|title=Racurs :: Resources :: Articles and Presentations :: Cartosat-1 Stereo Orthokit Data Evaluation|website=www.racurs.ru|access-date=2016-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605083243/http://www.racurs.ru/?page=373|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The time difference between the acquisitions of the same scene by the two cameras is about 52 seconds.<ref name=NRSC/>

=== Cartosat-2 ===
{{Main|Cartosat-2}}
Cartosat-2 was launched by [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-C7]] on 10 January 2007 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]'s [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]] at [[Sriharikota]]. Cartosat-2 carries a state-of-the-art [[panchromatic]] (PAN) camera that take black and white pictures of the earth in the visible region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The swath covered by this high resolution PAN camera is 9.6 km and their spatial resolution is less than 1 metre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/ |title=Cartosat-2:Optical Satellite |publisher=pasco.co.jp |access-date=2013-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211171019/http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/ |archive-date=2013-02-11 }}</ref> The satellite can be steered up to 45 degrees along as well as across the track. Cartosat-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite capable of providing scene-specific spot imagery. The data from the satellite is used for detailed mapping and other cartographic applications at cad-astral level, urban and rural infrastructure development and management, as well as applications in Land Information System (LIS) and Geographical Information System (GIS).

=== Cartosat-2A ===
{{Main|Cartosat-2A}}
Cartosat-2A was launched by [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-C9]] on 28 April 2008 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]] along with 9 other satellites.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7370391.stm India in multi-satellite launch]</ref> It is a dedicated satellite for the [[Indian Armed Forces]] which is in the process of establishing an [[Indian Air Force#Integrated Space Cell|Aerospace Command]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070015064 |title=NDTV.com: India to launch first military satellite in August |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502235038/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070015064 |archive-date=2 May 2008 }}</ref> The satellite carries a [[panchromatic]] (PAN) [[camera]] capable of taking [[black-and-white]] pictures in the visible region of [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The highly agile Cartosat-2A can be steered up to 45 degrees along as well as across the direction of its movement to facilitate imaging of any area more frequently.

=== Cartosat-2B ===
{{Main|Cartosat-2B}}
Cartosat-2B was launched by [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-C15]] on 12 July 2010 from [[Sriharikota]]. The satellite carries a [[panchromatic]] (PAN) [[camera]] capable of taking [[black-and-white]] pictures in the visible region of [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The highly agile CARTOSAT-2B can be steered up to 26 degrees along as well as across the direction of its movement to facilitate imaging of any area more frequently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2b.aspx |title=Cartosat-2B ISRO Page |access-date=2013-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121084039/http://isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2b.aspx |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Cartosat-2C ===
{{Main|Cartosat-2C}}
Cartosat-2C has a lower resolution of 25 cm (10"). It uses 1.2 m optics with 60% of weight removal compared to Cartosat-2. Other features include the use of adaptive optics, acousto optical devices, in-orbit focusing using MEMs and large area-light weight mirrors.<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1715.pdf ''Current Science''], Vol. 93, no. 12, 25 December 2007, page 1729.</ref> The satellite was to be launched on board PSLV C-34 during 2014,<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/15232830/Isro-plans-satellite-series-fo.html ISRO plans satellite series for mapping, climate monitoring – livemint]</ref> but was delayed and finally launched on 22 June 2016. Its uses include weather mapping, cartography, and strategic applications.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/India-sets-new-record-in-space-mission-PSLV-C34-successfully-injects-20-satellites-into-orbit/articleshow/52862382.cms | title=India sets new record in space mission; PSLV C34 successfully injects 20 satellites into orbit | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 June 2016 | access-date=22 June 2016 | author=U Tejonmayam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-20in1-mission-top-10-facts/article8758848.ece | title=ISRO's 20-in-1 mission successful | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=22 June 2016 | access-date=22 June 2016 | author=Dennis S. Jesudasan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/big-boost-to-indias-space-mission-isro-sets-record-launches-pslv-c34-with-20-satellites/articleshow/52861909.cms | title=Big boost to India's space mission: ISRO sets record, launches PSLV-C34 with 20 satellites | work=[[The Economic Times]] | agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] | date=22 June 2016 | access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Cartosat-2D ===
{{main|Cartosat-2D}}

Cartosat-2D was launched by [[PSLV-C37]] on 15 February 2017 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

=== Cartosat-2E ===
{{main|Cartosat-2E}}

Cartosat-2E was launched by PSLV-C38 on 23 June 2017. The PSLV-C38 rocket launched the 712 kg satellite along with 30 other nano satellites.

=== Cartosat-2F ===
{{main|Cartosat-2F}}

Cartosat-2F was launched successfully by [[PSLV-C40]] on 12 January 2018. The PSLV-C40 rocket launched the 710 kg satellite, the seventh of the Cartosat-2 series, along with 30 other nano satellites from India, Canada, Finland, France, Republic of Korea, UK and the USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-launch-live-updates-100th-satellite-set-to-take-off/story-mxrUUEpfMpg7AHgoEVlWOJ.html | title=Isro launch LIVE: Space agency successfully launches 100th satellite Cartosat-2, PM congratulates scientists | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=12 January 2018 | access-date=12 January 2018 | author=HT Correspondent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-jan-2018/pslv-successfully-launches-31-satellites-single-flight|title=PSLV Successfully Launches 31 Satellites in a Single Flight – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-12|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130211525/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-jan-2018/pslv-successfully-launches-31-satellites-single-flight|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cartosat-3 ===
{{main|Cartosat-3}}Cartosat-3 was launched on 27 November 2019 by [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]-C47 rocket along with 13 other cubesats from USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslv-c47/cartosat-3-mission-isro-successfully-places-remote-sensing-satellite-13-us-nanosatellites-in-orbits/articleshow/72252052.cms|title=PSLV-C47/Cartosat-3 mission: Isro successfully places remote sensing satellite, 13 US nanosatellites in orbits|first=U.|last=Tejonmayam|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> It has a panchromatic resolution of 0.25 metres making it the imaging satellite with highest resolution and Mx of 1 metre with a high quality resolution which is a major improvement from the previous payloads in the Cartosat series.<ref name="Cart3">{{cite web|author1=N. Gopal Raj|title=ISRO plans a new high-resolution earth satellite|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-plans-a-new-highresolution-earth-satellite/article4482404.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119185423/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-plans-a-new-highresolution-earth-satellite/article4482404.ece|archive-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

== Launch Schedule ==
{| class = "wikitable"
! Designation
! Resolution (in meters)
! [[COSPAR ID]]
! [[Satellite Catalog Number|NORAD ID]]
! Power
! Launch date, Time (UTC)
! Launch mass
! Launch vehicle
! Launch site
! Remarks
|-
| [[Cartosat-1]]/IRS-P5
| 2.5
| 2005-017A
| 28649
| 1100 W
| 5 May 2005, 04:44
| {{cvt|1560|kg}}
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-G]] [[PSLV-C6|C6]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| First satellite in the series.
|-
| [[Cartosat-2]]/IRS-P7
| < 1
| 2007-001B
| 29710
| 900 W
| 10 January 2007 , 03:57
| {{cvt|680|kg}}
| [[PSLV]]-G C7
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| Can be steered up to 45 degrees.
|-
| [[Cartosat-2A]]
| Unknown
| 2008-021A
| 32783
| 900 W
| 28 April 2008, 03:54
| {{cvt|690|kg}}
| PSLV-CA [[PSLV-C9|C9]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| Dedicated to be used by [[Indian Armed Forces]].
|-
| [[Cartosat-2B]]
|
| 2010-035A
| 36795
| 930 W
| 12 July 2010, 03:52
| {{cvt|694|kg}}
| PSLV-CA C15
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| Can be steered 26 degrees along as well as across.
|-
| [[Cartosat-2C]]
| 1.2
| 2016-040A
| 41599
| 986 W
| 22 June 2016, 03:56
| {{cvt|727.5|kg}}
| PSLV-XL [[PSLV-C34|C34]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| Reduced mass and improved payloads
|-
| [[Cartosat-2D]]
|
| 2017-008A
| 41948
| 986 W
| 15 February 2017, 03:58
| {{cvt|712|kg}}
| PSLV-XL [[PSLV-C37|C37]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
|
|-
| [[Cartosat-2E]]
|
| 2017-036C
| 42767
| 986 W
| 23 June 2017, 03:59
| {{cvt|712|kg}}
| PSLV-XL [[PSLV-C38|C38]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
|
|-
| [[Cartosat-2F]]
|
| 2018-004A
| 43111
| 986 W
| 12 January 2018, 03:59
| {{cvt|710|kg}}
| PSLV-XL [[PSLV-C40|C40]]
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|FLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
|
|-
| [[Cartosat-3]]
| 0.25
| 2019-081A
| 44804
| 2000 W
| 27 November 2019, 03:58
| {{cvt|1625|kg}}
| PSLV-XL C47
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]
| Indian satellite with highest resolution in the world today, high quality imaging at 1 metre resolution
|-
| [[Cartosat-3A]]
|
| TBD
| TBD
| TBA
| ~2021
|
| PSLV ??
|
|
|-
| [[Cartosat-3B]]
|
| TBD
| TBD
| TBA
| TBD
|
| PSLV ??
|
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian Remote Sensing Satellite|Indian Remote Sensing Programme]]
*[[List of Indian satellites]]
*[[Information Gathering Satellite]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{IRS satellites}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}

{{Use Indian English}}

[[Category:Cartosat|*]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]