Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

2026-05-08T10:54:24Z

OdessaProsser28: creating post

{{Short description|Scene of action between 29 October 1914 and 30 October 1918}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
| partof = [[World War I]]
| image = Middle Eastern theatre of World War I collage.webp
| image_size = 325px
| caption = '''''From left to right:''''' The Ottoman [[List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire|Shaykh al-Islām]] who declared [[1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation|Jihad]] against the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]]; Burning oil tanks in the port of [[Novorossiysk]] after the Ottoman Empire's [[Black Sea Raid|strike]] on Russian ports; [[Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)|5th Army]] during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]; [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|3rd Army]] on the [[Caucasus campaign]]; The [[heliograph]] team of the Ottoman army in the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]]; Ottoman soldiers during the [[Siege of Kut]] in [[Baghdad vilayet]].
| date = [[Black Sea Raid|29 October 1914]] – [[Armistice of Mudros|30 October 1918]]
| place = [[Middle East]] ([[Caucasus]], [[Sinai Peninsula]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Persia]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Persian Gulf]], [[Iraq]])
| territory = [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = '''[[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]''': {{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|'''{{flagcountry|UKGBI}}'''}}
|{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt}}
|{{flagcountry|British Raj}}
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
|{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912}}
|{{flag|Newfoundland}}
|{{flagdeco|Kuwait|1914}} [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|bold=no|title={{nobold|'''{{flagcountry|Russian Empire}}''' {{small|(until 1917)}}}}
|{{flagdeco|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Armenian volunteer units|Armenian Corps]]
}}
{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|'''{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}'''}}
|{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[French Algeria|Algeria]]
|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|1959}} [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]]
|{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[French West Africa|West Africa]]
|[[French Armenian Legion|Armenian Legion]]
}}
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{small|(from 1917)}} {{flagdeco|Arab Revolt}} [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]] {{small|(from 1916)}} {{flagdeco|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] {{small|(from 1918)}} '''Local allies:''' [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|22px|link=Assyrian volunteers]] [[Assyrian volunteers]] {{flagdeco|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Armenian fedayi]] [[Kurdish people|Allied Kurdish Tribes]]<hr>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa.svg}} [[Emirate of Nejd and Hasa]] {{small|(from 1915)}}
| commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Julian Byng]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Archibald Murray]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Edmund Allenby]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)|Ian Hamilton]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[John Nixon (Indian Army officer)|John Nixon]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Percy Lake]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Frederick Stanley Maude|Stanley Maude]]{{Natural Causes|bold=yes}} {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Lionel Dunsterville]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov|I. Vorontsov-Dashkov]] {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)|Grand Duke Nikolai]] {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Nikolai Yudenich]] {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Nikolai Baratov]] {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Henri Gouraud (general)|Henri Gouraud]]{{WIA}} {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Maurice Bailloud]] [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Agha Petros]] [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Khoshaba]] [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Shimun XIX Benyamin]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Hovhannes Hakhverdyan]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Andranik Ozanian]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal bin Hussein]] [[Hemoye Shero]]<hr>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa.svg}} [[Ibn Saud]]}}
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Enver Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Djemal Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Cevat Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Wehib Pasha|Vehip Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Nuri Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]{{WIA}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konyalı Saat |title=Atatürk'ü Ölmekten Kurtaran Saate Ne Oldu? |url=https://www.konyalisaat.com.tr/ilham/atamizi-olmekten-kurtaran-saate-ne-oldu?srsltid=AfmBOoqmbSd59h_-AkM6EPEtYlslzK9NB9YERaMcLs64izTCl6L2iTG8 |website=Konyalı Saat |access-date=October 25, 2024}}</ref> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Fevzi Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Abdul Kerim Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Halil Kut|Halil Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Nureddin Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmet Esat Bülkat|Mehmet Esat Pasha]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Fakhri Pasha]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf|F. B. von Schellendorf]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Otto Liman von Sanders]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Colmar von der Goltz]]{{Natural Causes|bold=yes}} {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein|F. K. von Kressenstein]] {{flagicon|Jabal Shammar}} [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid|Saud bin Abdulaziz]] {{flagicon|Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|1918}} [[Fatali Khan Khoyski]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Georgia}} [[Noe Zhordania]]}}
| combatant2 = '''[[Central Powers]]''': '''{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}''' {{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<ref>[http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/austrian%20ottoman%20fronts.htm Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618180128/http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/austrian%20ottoman%20fronts.htm |date=18 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jung |first=Peter |title=Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=2003 |page=47 |isbn=1841765945 }}</ref><hr>{{flagicon|Jabal Shammar}} [[Emirate of Jabal Shammar|Jabal Shammar]] {{flagicon|Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|1918}} [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]] {{small|(from 1918)}} {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Georgia}} [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] {{small|(from 1918)}}
| strength1 = {{flagicon|British Empire}} 2,550,000<ref name="kate">{{cite book |first1=Kate |last1=Fleet |first2=Suraiya |last2=Faroqhi |first3=Reşat |last3=Kasaba |title=The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0521620961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOoGH4GckQgC&pg=PA93 |page=94 }}</ref> {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} 1,000,000<ref name="erickson2007">{{cite book |first=Edward J. |last=Erickson |title=Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-77099-6 |page=154 }}</ref> {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} Several 100,000's<ref name="erickson2007"/> {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} Several 100,000's<ref name="erickson2007"/> {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 70,000<ref>Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0521620961.</ref> {{flagicon|Arab Revolt}} 100,000+<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary's Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon's Room at the Quai d'Orsay, Paris, on Thursday, 6 February, 1919, at 3 p.m. |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d61 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=Department of State, United States of America |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref> [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|22px|link=Assyrian volunteers]] 20,000+<ref>[http://www.aina.org/books/stnd.htm The French gave us 20,000 Lebel rifles, whilst several French officers, together with the few Russian officers who had remained behind, set about organisms our Assyrian army, the numbers of which had grown to more than 20,000]</ref><hr>'''Total: 4,000,000+'''
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} {{nowrap|3,059,205<ref name="broadberry">{{cite book |first1=S. N. |last1=Broadberry |first2=Mark |last2=Harrison |title=The Economics Of World War I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0521852129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpBbX3kdnhgC&pg=PA117 |page=117 }}</ref>}} 800,000 (peak)<ref name="broadberry"/><ref>Gerd Krumeich: ''Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg'', UTB, 2008, {{ISBN|3825283968}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=52ID61vtVE4C&pg=PA761 p. 761] {{in lang|de}}.</ref> {{nowrap|323,000 (during [[Armistice of Mudros|Armistice]])<ref name="Late Ottoman Empire page 181">A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010</ref>}} {{flagicon|German Empire}} 6,500 (1916) 20,000 (1918)<ref name="broadberry"/> {{flagicon|Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|1918}} ~6,000 (1918)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordu.az/az/news/140271/mk-qio-ile-isgalci-qosunlarin-say-terkibi,-silah-ve-herbi-texnikasina-baxis-fotolar-i-yazi|title = MK/QİO ilə işğalçı qoşunların say tərkibi, silah və hərbi texnikasına BAXIŞ (FOTOLAR) - I Yazı}}</ref> {{flagicon|Jabal Shammar}} 9,000 (1918)<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=Kostiner |year=1993 |title=The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195360702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7-RZx_QIOsC&pg=PA28 |page=28 }}</ref><hr>'''Total: 3,100,000'''
| casualties1 = '''Total:''' 1,250,000+ casualties{{Bulletedlist|{{flagicon|British Empire}} 1,025,800|{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} 119,000+{{Efn|(up to September 1916)}}|{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 47,000}}<hr>{{ubl|'''Military dead:'''|'''150,000–200,000'''}}<hr>{{ubl|'''Civilian dead:'''|'''2,275,000'''}}
| casualties2 = '''Total:''' 1,788,200 casualties<ref>Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Edward J. Erickson. p. 211.</ref><ref>Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211</ref>{{Bulletedlist|{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 1,785,800|{{flagicon|German Empire}} 3,200<ref group="Note">POWs held by the end of the war are given as 5,703 officers and 96,133 other ranks, broken down by ethnicity. However that total also includes "over 3,000" Austro-German men and 206 Austro-German officers, which are listed below separately. Ottoman POWs alone would therefore be 5,497 officers and about 93,000 other ranks. Of these 8,000 were captured by the [[Arab Revolt|Arab insurgents]] under King Hussein.[Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, p. 633.]</ref>}}
<hr>{{ubl|'''Military dead:'''|'''325,000–771,000'''}}<hr>{{ubl|'''Civilian dead:'''|'''1,200,000–2,500,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6lpAAAAMAAJ |title=The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925 |date=1989 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-77619-7 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eller |first=Jack David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8CxvhZfPYoC |title=From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict |date=1999 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08538-5 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref>'''}}
| casualties3 = [[Persian famine of 1917-1919|2,000,000 Persian civilians dead from famine exacerbated by Russian, British, and Ottoman occupation]]

'''Total dead: 7,000,000+'''
| campaign =
}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Campaignbox World War I}}

[[File:1915 bird's eye view map of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.jpg|thumb|Pictorial map of the Middle East in 1915]]

The '''Middle Eastern theatre of [[World War I]]''' saw action between 30 October 1914 and 30 October 1918. The combatants were, on one side, the [[Ottoman Empire]] (with the help of a great number of [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Kurds|Kurdish tribes]] and [[Circassians]], and the relative majority of [[Arabs]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Fromkin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OV0i1mJdNSwC&pg=PA219 |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |date=2010 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-1-4299-8852-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>[[New York University]]. Hagop Kevorkian center, Near eastern studies. [https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/nearEast/documents/Schur.Identity_LessonPlan_WEBVERSION.pdf World War I and the Middle East]. Oct 24–25, 2015</ref>), with some assistance from the other [[Central Powers]]; and on the other side, the [[British Empire|British]] (with the help of [[Nili|a small number]] of [[Jews]], [[Greeks]], [[Armenians]], some [[Kurdish tribes]] and Arab states, along with [[British Raj|Hindu, Sikh and Muslim colonial troops from India]]) as well as troops from the British Dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] (with the help of [[Armenians]], Assyrians, and occasionally some Kurdish tribes), and the [[French Third Republic|French]] (with its [[French North Africa|North African]] and [[French West Africa|West African]] Muslim, Christian and [[Traditional African religions|other]] colonial troops) from among the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]. There were four main campaigns: the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Sinai and Palestine]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamian]], [[Caucasus campaign|Caucasus]], and [[Gallipoli campaign]]s. There were four more minor campaigns in [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persia]], [[South Arabia during World War I|South Arabia]], the [[Arab Revolt|Arabian interior]], and [[Senussi campaign|Libya]].

Both sides used local [[Asymmetric warfare|asymmetrical forces]] in the region. On the Allied side were Arabs who participated in the [[Arab Revolt]] and the [[Armenian fedayi|Armenian militia]] who participated in the [[Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide|Armenian resistance]] supported by [[Russian Empire|Russia]] during the War; along with [[Armenian volunteer units]], the Armenian militia formed the Armenian Corps of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] in 1918. In addition, the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] joined the Allies and saw action in Southeastern Turkey, northern [[Ottoman Iraq]], northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria following the [[Sayfo|Assyrian genocide]], instigating the [[Assyrian independence movement#World War I|Assyrian war of independence]].<ref name="books.google.co.uk">Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281</ref> The theatre covered the largest territory of all theatres in the war.

Russian participation in the theatre ended as a result of the [[Armistice of Erzincan]] (5 December 1917), after which the revolutionary Russian government withdrew from the war under the terms of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] (3 March 1918). The Armenians attended the [[Trebizond Peace Conference]] (14 March 1918) which resulted in the [[Treaty of Batum]] on 4 June 1918. The Ottomans accepted the [[Armistice of Mudros]] with the Allies on 30 October 1918, and signed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] on 10 August 1920 and later the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] on 24 July 1923.

==Objectives==

===Ottomans and Central Powers===
The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers through the secret [[German–Ottoman alliance]],<ref name=MaryTGA>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/turkgerm.htm The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116074925/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/turkgerm.htm |date=16 November 2001 }} 2 August 1914</ref> which was signed on 2 August 1914. The main objective of the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus was the recovery of its territories that had been lost during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], in particular [[Artvin]], [[Ardahan]], [[Kars]], and the port of [[Batum]]. Success in this region would force the Russians to divert troops from the [[Eastern Front (WWI)|Polish and Galician fronts]].<ref name=caven>Hinterhoff, Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia, pp.499–503</ref>

German advisors with the Ottoman armies supported the campaign for this reason. From an economic perspective, the Ottoman, or rather German, strategic goal was to cut off Russian access to the [[Hydrocarbon reservoir|hydrocarbon resources]] around the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="oilfactor">The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.403</ref>

Germany established an [[Intelligence Bureau for the East]] on the eve of World War I. The bureau was involved in intelligence-gathering and subversive missions to Persia and Egypt, and to Afghanistan,<ref>Richard James Popplewell. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&dq=german+intelligence+bureau+for+the+east+egypt&pg=PA176 ''Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904–1924''] Psychology Press, 1995 {{ISBN|071464580X}} p. 176-178</ref> to dismantle the [[Anglo-Russian Entente]].<ref name=Popplewell>{{Citation | surname1 = Popplewell | given1 = Richard J | year = 1995 | title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924 | url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc= | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-7146-4580-X | access-date = 4 April 2009 | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc= | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ottoman War Minister [[Enver Pasha]] claimed that if the Russians could be beaten in the key cities of [[Qajar dynasty|Persia]], it could open the way to Azerbaijan, as well as the rest of the Middle East and the Caucasus.

If these nations were to be removed from Western influence, Enver envisioned a cooperation between these newly established [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] states. Enver's project conflicted with European interests which played out as struggles between [[Western imperialism in Asia|several key imperial powers]]. The Ottomans also threatened Britain's communications with [[British Raj|India]] and the East via the [[Suez Canal]]. The Germans hoped to seize the Canal for the Central Powers, or at least to deny the Allies use of the vital shipping route.

===Allies===
====Britain====
The British feared that the Ottomans might attack and capture the Middle East (and later Caspian) oil fields.<ref name="oilfactor"/> The British [[Royal Navy]] depended upon oil from the petroleum deposits in southern Persia, to which the British-controlled [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] had exclusive access.<ref name="oilfactor"/>

Oxford historian (and Conservative MP) [[John Marriott (British politician)|J.A.R. Marriott]] summarizes the British debates on strategy for the Near East and Balkan theatre:
:The War in that theatre presents many problems and suggests many questions. Whether by a timely display of force the Turk could have been kept true to his ancient connexion with Great Britain and France; whether by more sagacious diplomacy the hostility of Bulgaria could have been averted, and the co-operation of Greece secured; whether by the military intervention of the ''Entente'' Powers the cruel blow could have been warded off from Serbia and Montenegro; whether the Dardanelles expedition was faulty only in execution or unsound in conception; whether Romania came into tardily, or moved too soon, and in the wrong direction.<ref>J. A. R. Marriott, ''Modern England: 1885–1945'' (4th ed. 1948) p.365</ref>

====Russia====
The Russians viewed the [[Caucasus Front (Russian Republic)|Caucasus Front]] as secondary to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]. They feared a campaign into the Caucasus aimed at retaking Kars which had been taken from the Ottoman Empire during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], and the port of Batum.<ref name="Hovannisian-p59">R. G. Hovannisian. ''Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918'', University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967, pg. 59</ref>

In March 1915, when the Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Sazonov]] met with British ambassador [[George Buchanan (diplomat)|George Buchanan]] and French ambassador [[Maurice Paléologue]], he stated that a lasting postwar settlement demanded full Russian possession of the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, [[Constantinople]], the straits of the [[Bosphorus]] and [[Dardanelles]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], southern [[Thrace]] up to the Enos-Midia line as well as parts of the [[Black Sea Region, Turkey|Black Sea coast]] of Anatolia between the Bosphorus, the [[Sakarya River]] and an undetermined point near the Bay of [[Izmit]]. The Russian Imperial government planned to replace the Muslim population of Northern Anatolia and Istanbul with more reliable [[Cossack]] settlers.<ref name="Hovannisian-p59" />

===Armenians===
The [[Armenian national liberation movement]] sought to establish an [[United Armenia|Armenian state]] within the [[Armenian Highlands]]. The [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] achieved this goal later in the war, with the establishment of the internationally recognized [[First Republic of Armenia]] in May 1918. As early as 1915, the [[Administration for Western Armenia]] and later [[Republic of Mountainous Armenia]] were Armenian-controlled entities, while the [[Centrocaspian Dictatorship]] was established with Armenian participation. None of these entities were long lasting.

=== Arabs ===
The principal actor was [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|King Hussein]] as head of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]. He led what is now called the [[Arab Revolt]], the principal objectives of which were self-rule and an end to Ottoman control of the region.

===Assyrians===
{{Main|Assyrian volunteers|Assyrian rebellion}}
In reaction to the [[Assyrian Genocide]] and lured by [[United Kingdom|British]] and Russian promises of an independent nation, the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] led by [[Agha Petros]] of the Bit-[[Baz, Turkey|Bazi]], [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tiyari]] tribe and other tribal chiefs of [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] under the national leader [[Mar Shimun XXI Benyamin]] joined the Entente Powers and fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces, the Assyrians were known as the [[Assyrian volunteers]] or [[Our Smallest Ally]]<ref name="GauntBet̲-Şawoce2006">{{cite book|last1=Gaunt|first1=David|last2=Bet̲-Şawoce|first2=Jan|title=Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I|date=May 2017|publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781785334993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9E9DQAAQBAJ&q=The+intention+of+the+Ottoman+government+to+remove+the+Assyrians+from+their+homeland+is+not+in+doubt&pg=PA8}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hokGAQAAIAAJ&dq=Agha+Petrus++Malik+Khochaba&pg=PA281 Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281]</ref><ref name="Wigram 1920">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsaJPgAACAAJ|title=Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin|last=Wigram|first=William Ainger|date=1920|publisher=Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge|language=en}}</ref>

During the peace conferences in Paris in 1919, the Assyrian delegation asked for a state in [[Diyarbekir Vilayet]] and northern Mesopotamia in Iraq, others requested a British protectorate in [[Upper Mesopotamia]], northern Mosul, and Urmia. This was however rejected by Great Britain and the U.S. delegates. In 1924 the Assyrians tried to retake their ancestral lands in Hakkari resulting in an [[Assyrian rebellion]] that failed, after Turkey formally occupied Hakkari they expelled the last Christian inhabitants who still remained in the region<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Nisan|first=M|title=Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC|year=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1375-1}}</ref>

=== Kurds ===
In the [[Early Kurdish nationalism|early twentieth century, Kurds]], much like Arabs, were a diverse population, dispersed across a wide area and far from homogeneous in social status or geo-political outlook. Though many were committed proponents of Kurdish nationalism, this view was far from ubiquitous.<ref name=McDowall>{{cite book|last=McDowall|first=David|title=A Modern History of the Kurds|year=1996|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=1850436533|pages=131–137}}</ref> In 1914, many Kurds belonged to the Ottoman elite and Kurds often held high ranking and prominent offices within the Ottoman state.<ref name="laciner">{{Cite journal|title=The Ideological And Historical Roots Of Kurdist Movements In Turkey: Ethnicity Demography, Politics|journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|first=Bal|last=Laçiner|author2=Bal, Ihsan|volume=10|issue=3|pages=473–504|doi=10.1080/13537110490518282|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id=15|access-date=19 October 2007|date=2004|s2cid=144607707 |via=Turkish Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011225529/http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id=15|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Kurdish Nationalists hoped that the [[Allies of World War I]] would aid them in [[Kurdish nationalism|creating an independent Kurdish nation]] if they were to fight against the Ottomans, and undertook [[Kurdish rebellions during World War I|several uprisings throughout the war]]. Most of these, except for the uprisings of August 1917, were not supported by any of the allied powers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eskander|first=Saad|title=Britain's Policy Towards The Kurdish Question, 1915-1923|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2625/1/U615574.pdf|website=LSE Theses Online |page=45 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120125618/http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2625/1/U615574.pdf |archive-date= Jan 20, 2024 }}</ref>

However, many Kurds remained loyal to and fought on behalf of the Ottoman Empire. The most notorious example being [[Hamidiye (cavalry)|the Hamidiye]], a mostly Kurdish elite cavalry division of the Ottoman army that fought in both the Caucasus and Persian campaigns and played a significant role in the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name=":0233">{{Cite book|title=Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|last=Klein|first=Janet|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=9789004225183|editor-last=Jorngerden|editor-first=Joost|pages=152|editor-last2=Verheij|editor-first2=Jelle}}</ref> Regions with high Armenian revolutionary actions were targets for the Hamidiye,<ref>Klein, ''The Margins of the Empire'', 26.</ref> who referred to an "Armenian Conspiracy" as justification for killing the Armenians.<ref>Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, ''Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975'', 153.</ref>
According to some estimates, about ten to twenty thousand Armenians were slaughtered by the Hamidiye units.<ref>Ernest Edmondson Ramsaur, Jr. The Young Turks: Prelude to the Revolution of 1908, Beirut, Khayats, 1965, p.10.</ref><ref>Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.</ref>

In other instances local Kurds joined with Turkish forces not out of loyalty but to share in the spoils taken from Armenian civilians. According to historian [[Raymond Kévorkian]], while many nomadic Kurdish tribes actively participated in the genocide, settled Kurds rarely did so.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kévorkian|first1=Raymond|title=The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History|title-link=The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History|date=2011|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85771-930-0|page=810|language=en|quote=The major role played by "the" Kurds, which is stressed by Turkish historiography and also by many Western scholars, turns out, upon examination, to be much less clear-cut than has been affirmed. Indeed, it comes down to the active participation of nomadic Kurdish tribes and only rarely involves sedentary villagers, who were encouraged by the Special Organization to take what they could from deportees already stripped of their most valuable assets. There can be no doubt that Turkish historiography ultimately contaminated independent scholars who were not necessarily in a position to assess the accuracy of this dogma that had its practical uses for those seeking to shake off the burden of a violent past at the expense of a group that is itself stigmatized in our day.|author1-link=Raymond Kévorkian}}</ref>

Many Kurds also opposed the genocide and undertook personal efforts to rescue Armenian civilians.<ref>Henry H. Riggs, Days of Tragedy in Armenia: Personal Experiences in Harpoot, page 158, 1997.</ref>

[[File:Timeline of WWI Eastern Front.jpg|thumb|580px|A timeline of events on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern]] and [[Middle-Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle-Eastern]] theatres of World War I]]

==Operational area==
{{See also|Caucasus Campaign|Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Gallipoli Campaign|Mesopotamian campaign|Persian campaign (World War I)|Arab Revolt|Kurdish rebellions during World War I}}

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the allies, the forces of the latter including [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the UK as part of the Middle Eastern theatre, or alternatively named, as part of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. The Caucasus Campaign extended from the Caucasus to eastern [[Asia Minor]], reaching as far as Trabzon, Bitlis, Mush and Van. The warfare on land was accompanied by actions undertaken by the Russian Navy in the [[Black Sea]] region of the Ottoman Empire.

On 23 February 1917, the Russian advance was halted following the [[Russian Revolution]], and later the disintegrated [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]] was replaced by the forces of the newly established Armenian state, which comprised the previous Armenian volunteer units and the Armenian irregular units. During 1918 the region also saw the establishment of the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, and an Allied force named [[Dunsterforce]] which was composed of elite troops drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts.

The Ottoman Empire and German Empire fought each other at Batumi after the arrival of the German Caucasus Expedition whose prime aim was to secure oil supplies. On 3 March 1918, the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia ended with the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], and on 4 June 1918, the Ottoman Empire signed the [[Treaty of Batum]] with Armenia. However, the armed conflicts extended as the Ottoman Empire continued to engage with the Central Caspian Dictatorship, Republic of Mountainous Armenia, and British Empire forces from Dunsterforce until the [[Armistice of Mudros]] was signed on 30 October 1918.

<gallery>
File:WW1 TitlePicture For Caucasus Campaign.png|Top: Destruction in the city of Erzurum; Left Upper: Russian forces; Left Lower: Wounded Muslim refugees; Right Upper: Ottoman forces; Right Lower: Armenian refugees
File:G.C. 18 March 1915 Gallipoli Campaign Article.jpg|The Gallipoli Campaign, February–April 1915
File:WW1 TitlePicture For Armenian Resistance.png|"Top:" The size of the stars show where the active conflicts occurred in 1915 "Left Upper:" Armenians defending the walls of Van in the spring of 1915 "Left Lower:" Armenian Resistance in Urfa "Right:" A seventy-year-old Armenian priest leading Armenians to battle field.
</gallery>

==Ottomans on the Eastern European Front==
{{See also|Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Romania during World War I}}
Over 90,000 Ottoman troops were sent to the Eastern European Front in 1916, to participate in [[Romania during World War I|operations in Romania]] in the [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Balkans Campaign]]. The Central Powers asked for these units to support their operations against the Russian army. Later, it was concluded that the deployment was a mistake, as these forces would have been better placed remaining to protect Ottoman territory against the massive [[Erzerum Offensive]] that the Russian army had begun.

The relocation of troops to the Eastern European Front was initiated by Enver. It was originally rejected by the German Chief of Staff, [[Erich von Falkenhayn]], but his successor, [[Paul von Hindenburg]], agreed to it, albeit with reservations. The decision was reached after the [[Brusilov Offensive]], as the Central Powers were running short of men on the Eastern Front.

In the deployment, Enver sent the [[XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XV Army Corps]] to Galicia, the [[VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|VI Army Corps]] to Romania, and the [[XX Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XX Army Corps]] and 177th Infantry Regiment to Macedonia in early 1916. The VI Corps took part in the collapse of the Romanian army in the [[Romania during World War I|Romanian Campaign]], and were particularly valued for their ability to continue a high rate of advance in harsh winter conditions. The XV Corps was known to fight very well against the Russians in Galicia,<ref>Erickson 2001, page 119</ref> often inflicting on the Russians several times the casualties they took.<ref>Erickson 2001, page 140</ref>

==Forces==
{{See also|List of commanders in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I}}

===Central Powers (Ottoman Empire)===
[[File:Ismail Enver.jpg|thumb|War Minister [[Ismail Enver]] of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[File:Austrian troops marching up Mt. Zion, 1916.JPG|thumb|Austrian troops marching up [[Mount Zion]] in Jerusalem, 1916]]
After the [[Young Turk Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era]] ({{langx|tr|İkinci Meşrûtiyet Devri}}) on 3 July 1908, a major military reform started. Army headquarters were modernised. The Ottoman Empire was engaged in the [[Turco-Italian War]] and [[Balkan Wars]], which forced more restructuring of the army, only a few years before the First World War.

From the outset, the Ottoman Army faced a host of problems in assembling itself. First of all, the size of the Ottoman Army was severely limited by division within the empire: non-Muslims were exempt from the military draft, and reliable ethnic Turks made up only 12 million of the empire's already relatively small population of 22 million, with the other 10 million being minorities of varying loyalty and military use. The empire was also very poor compared to the other powers in GDP, infrastructure, and industrial capacity. As a point of comparison the empire had only 5,759 km of railway, while France had 51,000 km of railway for a fifth of the land area. Ottoman coal production was negligible (826,000 tons in 1914 compared to 40,000,000 tons for France and 292,000,000 tons for Britain), while steel production was borderline non-existent.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 15-16</ref> There was only one cannon and small arms foundry in the empire, a single shell and bullet factory, and a single gunpowder factory, all of which were located in the Constantinople suburbs. The Ottoman economy was almost entirely agricultural, relying on products such as wool, cotton, and hides.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 17</ref>

During this period, the Empire divided its forces into armies. Each army headquarters consisted of a Chief of Staff, an operations section, intelligence section, logistics section and a personnel section. As a long established tradition in the Ottoman military, supply, medical and veterinary services were included in these armies. Before the war, the Turkish General Staff estimated that 1,000,000 men could be mobilized at one time and that 500,000 of these were available as mobile field armies, with the rest serving in garrisons, coastal defenses, and in servicing lines of communication and transportation.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 7</ref> Approximately 900 field guns were available for the mobile army, which was 280 below war establishment, though supplies of howitzers were generally sufficient. There were an additional 900 pieces of fixed or semifixed set-up in coastal and fortress garrisons across Adrianople, Erzurum, the Bosphorous, the Dardanelles, and the Catalca. Ammunition was low; there were only about 588 shells available per gun.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 8</ref> Additionally, the army estimated it needed several thousand more machine guns to fill its establishment; rifles were generally efficient at 1.5 million in stock, the army still needed another 200,000.

In 1914, before the Empire entered the war, the four armies divided their forces into corps and divisions such that each division had three infantry regiments and an artillery regiment. The main units were: [[First Army (Ottoman Empire)|First Army]] with fifteen divisions; [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|Second Army]] with 4 divisions plus an independent infantry division with three infantry regiments and an artillery brigade; [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Third Army]] with nine divisions, four independent infantry regiments and four independent cavalry regiments (tribal units); and the [[Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Fourth Army]] with four divisions.

In August 1914, of 36 infantry divisions organised, fourteen were established from scratch and were essentially new divisions. In a very short time, eight of these newly recruited divisions went through major redeployment. During the war, more armies were established; [[Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)|5th Army]] and [[Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire)|6th Army]] in 1915, [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]] and [[Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)|8th Army]] in 1917, and [[Kuva-i İnzibatiye]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} and the [[Ottoman Army of Islam|Army of Islam]], which had only a single corps, in 1918.

By 1918, the original armies had been so badly reduced that the Empire was forced to establish new unit definitions which incorporated these armies. These were the [[Eastern Army Group (Ottoman Empire)|Eastern Army Group]] and [[Yildirim Army Group]]. However, although the number of armies was increasing over the four years of the war, the Empire's resources of manpower and supplies were declining, so that the [[Army Group]]s in 1918 were smaller than the armies of 1914. The Ottoman Army was still partially effective until the end of the war.

Most military equipment was manufactured in Germany or Austria, and maintained by German and Austrian engineers. Germany also supplied most of the military advisers; a force of specialist troops (the [[Asia Korps]]) was dispatched in 1917, and increased to a fighting force of two regiments in 1918. The [[German Caucasus Expedition]] was established in the formerly [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] [[Transcaucasia]] around early 1918 during the [[Caucasus Campaign]]. Its prime aim was to secure oil supplies for Germany and stabilise a nascent pro-German [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. The new republic brought the Ottoman Empire and Germany into conflict, with exchanges of official condemnations between them in the final months of the war.

====Recruitment====
{{See also|Conscription in the Ottoman Empire}}
[[File:Recruiting for the Holy War near Tiberias 1914.jpg|thumb|Ottoman [[military recruitment]] near Tiberias]]
The Ottoman Empire established a new recruitment law on 12 May 1914. This lowered the conscription age from 20 to 18, and abolished the "redif" or reserve system. Active duty lengths were set at two years for the infantry, three years for other branches of the Army and five years for the Navy. These measures remained largely theoretical during the war.

Traditional Ottoman forces depended on volunteers from the Muslim population of the empire. Additionally, several groups and individuals in the Ottoman society volunteered for active duty during the World War, the major examples being the "[[Mevlevi]]" and the "Kadiri".

There were also units formed by Caucasian and Rumelian Turks, who took part in the battles in Mesopotamia and Palestine. Among Ottoman forces, volunteers were not only from Turkic groups; there were also smaller numbers of Arab and Bedouin volunteers who fought in the campaign against the British to capture the Suez Canal, and in Mesopotamia. Volunteers were considered unreliable by the organised army, due to a lack of training and a perception of mainly mercenary interests from the Arab and Bedouin volunteers. Heavy fighting also placed pressure on the Ottoman volunteer system.

===Entente nations===
[[File:1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron Baghdad 1917.jpg|thumb|Australian soldiers in Baghdad, 1917]]
Before the war, Russia had the [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]], but almost half of this was redeployed to the Prussian front after the defeats at the battles of [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Tannenberg]] and the [[First Battle of the Masurian Lakes|Masurian Lakes]], leaving behind just 60,000 troops in this theatre. In the summer of 1914, [[Armenian volunteer units]] were established under the Russian Armed forces. Nearly 20,000 Armenian volunteers expressed their readiness to take up arms against the Ottoman Empire as early as 1914.<ref>The Washington Post, 12 November 1914. "Armenians Join Russians" the extended information is at the [[:Image:Washington post.jpg|image detail]])</ref> These volunteer units increased in size during the war, to the extent that [[Boghos Nubar]], in a public letter to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, stated that they numbered 150,000.<ref>Joan George "Merchants in Exile: The Armenians of Manchester, England, 1835–1935", p.184</ref>

The [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] people of south east Anatolia, northern Mesopotamia and north western Persia also threw in their lot with the Russians and British, under the leadership of [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba]].<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>

[[File:Indian Sappers and Miners in Tripoli, Lebanon, during World War I.jpg|thumb|Indian Sappers and Miners in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Lebanon]].]]
In 1914, there were some [[British Indian Army]] units located in the southern parts of [[Iran|Persia]]. These units had extensive experience in dealing with dissident tribal forces. The British later established the [[Mediterranean Expeditionary Force]], [[British Dardanelles Army]], [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], and in 1917 they established [[Dunsterforce]] under [[Lionel Dunsterville]], consisting of less than 1,000 Australian, British, Canadian and New Zealand troops accompanied by armoured cars, to oppose Ottoman and German forces in the Caucasus.

In 1916, an [[Arab Revolt]] began in the [[Hejaz]]. About 5,000 regular soldiers (mostly former prisoners of war of Arab origin) served with the forces of the revolt. There were also many irregular tribesmen under the direction of the [[Faisal I of Iraq|Emir Feisal]] and British advisers. Of the advisers, [[T. E. Lawrence]] is the best known.

[[File:British Troops Marching in Mesopotamia.jpg|thumb|British troops on the march in Mesopotamia, 1917]]
France sent the [[French Armenian Legion]] to this theatre as part of its larger [[French Foreign Legion]]. Foreign Minister [[Aristide Briand]] needed to provide troops for French commitment made in the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]], which was still secret.<ref>Stanley Elphinstone Kerr. The Lions of Marash: personal experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919–1922 p. 30</ref> [[Boghos Nubar]], the leader of the [[Armenian National Assembly (Ottoman Empire)|Armenian national assembly]], met with Sir Mark Sykes and Georges-Picot.

General [[Edmund Allenby]], the commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, extended the original agreement. The Armenian Legion fought in Palestine and Syria. Many of its volunteers were later released from the Legion to join their respective national armies.

The [[Armenian national liberation movement]] commanded the Armenian [[fedayeen|Fedayee]] ({{langx|hy|Ֆէտայի}}) during these conflicts. These were generally referred to as [[Armenian militia]]. In 1917, The [[Dashnak]]s established an Armenian Corps under the command of General [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]] which, with the declaration of the [[First Republic of Armenia]], became the military core of this new Armenian state. Nazarbekian became the first Commander-in-chief.

====Recruitment====
[[File:1915-july-20-Armenian volunteer units.jpg|thumb|A group of [[Armenians]] responding to Russian recruitment for the [[Armenian volunteer units]]]]
Before the war, Russia established a volunteer system to be used in the Caucasus Campaign. In the summer of 1914, [[Armenian volunteer units]] led by [[Andranik Ozanian]] were established under the Russian Armed forces. As the Russian Armenian conscripts had already been sent to the European Front, this force was uniquely established from Armenians that were neither Russian subjects nor obliged to serve. The Armenian units were credited with no small measure of the success gained by the Russian forces, as they were natives of the region, adjusted to the climatic conditions, familiar with every road and mountain path, and had real incentives to fight.<ref name="Brit198">The Hugh Chisholm, 1920, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd., twelfth edition p.198.</ref>

The Armenian volunteers were small, mobile, and well adapted to the semi-[[guerrilla warfare]].<ref name="Armenia77"/> They did good work as scouts, but also took part in numerous pitched battles.<ref name="Armenia77">Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, 1917, Armenia and the War, p.77</ref>

In December 1914, [[Nicholas II of Russia]] visited the Caucasus Campaign. Addressing the head of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]], and [[Alexander Khatisyan]], president of the [[Armenian National Council of Tiflis|Armenian National Bureau]] in [[Tbilisi|Tiflis]], he said: {{blockquote|From all countries Armenians are hurrying to enter the ranks of the glorious Russian Army, with their blood to serve the victory of the Russian Army... Let the Russian flag wave freely over the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. Let [...] the peoples [Armenian] remaining under the Turkish yoke receive freedom. Let the Armenian people of Turkey who have suffered for the faith of Christ receive resurrection for a new free life ....<ref>{{harv|Shaw|1977|pp=314–315}}</ref>|Nicholas II of Russia}}

===Asymmetrical forces===

The forces used in the Middle Eastern theatre were not only regular army units which engaged in conventional warfare, but also irregular forces engaging in what is known today as "[[asymmetrical conflict]]".{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Contrary to myth, it was not [[T. E. Lawrence]] or the British Army that conceptualised a campaign of internal insurgency against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East: it was the [[Arab Bureau]] of Britain's [[Foreign Office]] that devised the [[Arab Revolt]]. The Arab Bureau had long felt it likely that a campaign instigated and financed by outside powers, supporting the breakaway-minded tribes and regional challengers to the Ottoman government's centralised rule of their empire, would pay great dividends in the diversion of effort that would be needed to meet such a challenge. The Ottoman authorities devoted far more resources to contain the threat of such an internal rebellion than the Allies devoted to sponsoring it.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Germany established its own [[Intelligence Bureau for the East]] just before the outbreak of war. It was dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in the [[British Indian Empire]], as well as in the Persian and [[Egypt]]ian satellite states. Its operations in Persia, aimed at fomenting trouble for the British in the [[Persian Gulf]], were led by [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]],<ref name=Popplewell/> a German diplomat who became known as the "German Lawrence of Arabia" or "Wassmuss of Persia".{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==Chronology==

===Prelude===
The Ottoman Empire made a secret [[German–Ottoman alliance]] on 2 August 1914, followed by another treaty with Bulgaria. The Ottoman War ministry developed two major plans. [[Bronsart von Schellendorf]], a member of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire who had been appointed Assistant Chief of the Ottoman General Staff, completed a plan on 6 September 1914 by which the Fourth Army was to attack Egypt and the Third Army would launch an offensive against the Russians in Eastern Anatolia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

There was opposition to Schellendorf among the Ottoman army. The most voiced opinion was that Schellendorf planned a war which benefitted Germany, rather than taking into account the conditions of the Ottoman Empire. [[Hafiz Hakki Pasha]] presented an alternative plan, which was more aggressive, and concentrated on Russia. It was based on moving forces by sea to the eastern Black Sea coast, where they would develop an offensive against Russian territory. Hafiz Hakki Pasha's plan was shelved because the Ottoman Army lacked the resources. Schellendorf's "Primary Campaign Plan" was therefore adopted by default.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

As a result of Schellendorf's plan, most of the Ottoman operations were fought in Ottoman territory, with the result that in many cases they directly affected the Empire's own people. The later view was that the resources to implement this plan were also lacking, but Schellendorf organised the command and control of the army better, and positioned the army to execute the plans. Schellendorf also produced a better mobilisation plan for raising forces and preparing them for war. The Ottoman War Ministry's archives contain war plans drafted by Schellendorf, dated 7 October 1914, which include details regarding Ottoman support to the Bulgarian army, a secret operation against Romania, and Ottoman soldiers landing in [[Odessa]] and [[Crimea]] with the support of the German Navy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Such was the German influence on Turkey's operations during the Palestine campaign that most of the staff posts in the [[Yildirim Army Group|Yıldırım Army Group]] were held by German officers. Even the headquarters correspondence was produced in German. This situation ended with the final defeat in Palestine and the appointment of Mustafa Kemal to command the remnants of the Yildirim Army Group.

During July 1914 there were negotiations between the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) and Ottoman Armenians at the [[Armenian congress at Erzurum]]. The public conclusion of the congress was "Ostensibly conducted to peacefully advance Armenian demands by legitimate means".<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian, ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times'', p. 244</ref> Erickson claims that the CUP regarded the congress as a cause of Armenian insurrection.<ref name="Erikson97"/>{{Clarify|date=July 2009}} and that after this meeting, the CUP was convinced of the existence of strong Armenian–Russian links, with detailed plans to detach the region from the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Erikson97">{{Harv|Erickson|2001|pp=97}}</ref>

On 29 October 1914, the Ottoman Empire's first armed engagement with the Allies occurred when the German battlecruiser {{SMS|Goeben}} and light cruiser {{SMS|Breslau}}, having been [[Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau|pursued]] into Turkish waters and transferred to the Ottoman navy, [[Battle of Odessa (1914)|shelled the Russian Black Sea port of Odessa]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

<gallery caption="Pre-War Period" widths="200px">
Image:Turkish columns marching out to drill, 1914.JPG|New Turkish recruits marching out to a drill before the war, 1914.
Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H29994, Liman von Sanders mit türkischen Offizieren.jpg|The Turkish general staff of the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]], 1914.
</gallery>

===1914===

====November====
Following the shelling of Odessa, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November 1914. The British Navy attacked the Dardanelles on 3 November. Britain and France declared war on 5 November.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&q=5+november ''Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire''], p.Ixvi. Selçuk Akşin Somel, 2003</ref> The [[Ottoman declaration of Jihad]] was drafted on 11 November and first publicized on 14 November.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Aksakal|first=Mustafa|date=2011|title='Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26098597|journal=War in History|volume=18|issue=2|pages=184–199|doi=10.1177/0968344510393596 |jstor=26098597 |s2cid=159652479 |issn=0968-3445|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[First Lord of the Admiralty]] [[Winston Churchill]] put forward his plans for a naval attack on the Ottoman capital, based at least in part on what turned out to be erroneous reports regarding Ottoman troop strength, as prepared by Lieutenant [[T. E. Lawrence]]. He reasoned that the Royal Navy had a large number of obsolete battleships which might be made useful, supported by a token force from the army for routine occupation tasks. The battleships were ordered to be ready by February 1916.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

At the same time, the Ottoman Fourth Army was preparing a force of 20,000 men under the command of the Ottoman Minister of the Marine, Djemal Pasha, to take the Suez Canal. The attack on Suez was suggested by War Minister Enver Pasha at the urging of their German ally. The chief of staff for the Ottoman Fourth Army was the Bavarian Colonel Kress von Kressenstein, who organised the attack and arranged supplies for the army as it crossed the desert.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

On 1 November, the [[Bergmann Offensive]] was the first armed conflict of the Caucasus Campaign. The Russians crossed the frontier first, and planned to capture [[Doğubeyazıt]] and [[Köprüköy]].<ref name="Pollard">[[A. F. Pollard]], "A Short History Of The Great War" chapter VI: The first winter of the war.</ref> On their right wing, the Russian I Corps moved from Sarikamish toward Köprüköy. On the left wing, the Russian IV Corps moved from Yerevan to the Pasinler Plains. The commander of the Ottoman Third Army, [[Hasan Izzet]], was not in favour of an offensive in the harsh winter conditions, but his plan to remain on the defensive and to launch a counterattack at the right time was overridden by the War Minister Enver Pasha.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

On 6 November, a British naval force bombarded the old fort at [[Al-Faw, Iraq|Fao]]. The [[Fao Landing]] of British [[Indian Expeditionary Force]] D (IEF D), consisting of the [[6th (Poona) Division]] led by Lieutenant General [[Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)|Arthur Barrett]], with Sir [[Percy Cox]] as political officer, was opposed by 350 Ottoman troops and four cannons. On 22 November, the British [[Battle of Basra (1914)|occupied the city of Basra]] against a force of 2900 Arab conscripts of the [[Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire)|Iraq Area Command]] commanded by Suphi Pasha. Suphi Pasha and 1,200 men were captured. The main Ottoman army, under the overall command of [[Halil Kut|Khalil Pasha]], was located about {{convert|440|km|mi|-1}} to the north-west, around Baghdad. It made only weak attempts to dislodge the British.

On 7 November, the Ottoman Third Army commenced its Caucasus offensive with the participation of the [[XI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XI Corps]] and all cavalry units supported by the Kurdish Tribal Regiment. By 12 November, [[Ahmet Fevzi Big|Ahmet Fevzi Pasha's]] [[IX Corps (Ottoman Empire)|IX Corps]] reinforced with the XI Corps on the left flank supported by the cavalry, began to push the Russians back. The Russians were successful along the southern shoulders of the offensive, where Armenian volunteers were effective and took [[Karaköse]] and Doğubeyazıt.<ref name="Erikson54">{{Harv|Erickson|2001|pp=54}}</ref> By the end of November, the Russians held a salient {{convert|25|km|mi}} into Ottoman territory along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Sheikh [[Mubarak Al-Sabah]], the ruler of Kuwait, sent a force to Umm Qasr, Safwan, Bubiyan, and Basra to expel Ottoman forces from the area. In exchange the British government recognised Kuwait as an "independent government under British protection."<ref name="Slot 2005 406">{{Harvnb|Slot|2005|p=406}}</ref> There is no report on the exact size and nature of Mubarak's attack, though Ottoman forces did retreat from those positions weeks later.<ref name="Slot2005p407">{{Harvnb|Slot|2005|p=407}}</ref> Mubarak removed the Ottoman symbol that was on the Kuwaiti flag and replaced it with "Kuwait" written in Arabic script.<ref name="Slot2005p407"/> Mubarak's participation, as well as his previous exploits in obstructing the completion of the Baghdad railway, helped the British safeguard the Persian Gulf from Ottoman and German reinforcements.<ref name="Slot 2005 409">{{Harvnb|Slot|2005|p=409}}</ref>

<gallery caption="November 1914" widths="200px">
Image:Muster on the Plain of Esdraelon 1914.jpg|Ottoman forces preparation for the attack on the [[Suez Canal]], 1914.
Image:Staff of armenian volunteers 1914.png|Personnel from the [[Armenian volunteers]] including [[Khetcho]], [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]], and [[Karekin Pastermadjian|Armen Garo]], 1914.
</gallery>

====December====
In December, at the height of the Battle of Sarikamish, General Myshlaevsky ordered the withdrawal of Russian forces from the Persian Campaign to face Enver's offensive. Only one brigade of Russian troops under the command of the Armenian General [[Tovmas Nazarbekian|Nazarbekoff]] and one battalion of Armenian volunteers remained scattered throughout [[Salmas]]t and [[Urmia]]. While the main body of Ottoman troops were preparing for the operation in Persia, a small Russian group crossed the Persian frontier. After repulsing a Russian offensive toward Van-Persia mountain crossings, the Van Gendarmerie Division, a lightly equipped paramilitary formation commanded by Major Ferid, chased the Russians into Persia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

On 14 December, the Van Gendarmerie Division occupied the city of [[Qatur|Kotur]] in the Persian Campaign. Later, it proceeded towards [[Khoy]]. It was supposed to keep this passage open for [[Kâzım Karabekir|Kazım Bey]]'s [[5th Expeditionary Force (Ottoman Empire)|5th Expeditionary Force]] and [[Halil Kut|Halil Bey]]'s [[1st Expeditionary Force (Ottoman Empire)|1st Expeditionary Force]], who were to move towards Tabriz from the bridgehead established at Kotur. However, the Battle of Sarıkamısh depleted the Ottoman forces and these expeditionary forces were needed elsewhere.

On 29 December, the Ottoman Third Army received the order to advance towards Kars. [[Enver Pasha]] assumed personal command of the Third Army and ordered his forces to move against the Russian troops, beginning the [[Battle of Sarikamish]]. In the face of the Third Army's advance, Governor Vorontsov planned to pull the Russian Caucasus Army back to Kars. General [[Nikolai Yudenich]] ignored Vorontsov's order.

<gallery caption="December 1914" widths="200px">
Image:Pervaya Armyanskaya Drujina 1 battalion 1914.png|[[Andranik|Zoravar Andranik]]'s [[Armenian volunteer unit|1st battalion of Armenians]] were scattered throughout the Salmast and Urmia districts in the early parts of the [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign]], December 1914.<ref name="Aram22"/>
Image:Meso-WW1-1.jpg|The initial British offensive during the [[Mesopotamian campaign]], 1914
</gallery>

===1915===

====January–March====
[[File:World War I Caucasus Campaign -memory.loc.gov.png|thumb|240px|[[Hamidiye (cavalry)|Kurdish Cavalry]], employed by the Ottomans against the Russians in the passes of the [[Caucasus]], January 1915]]
On 2 January, [[Süleyman Askeri]] [[Bey]] assumed the Iraq Area Command. Enver Pasha realised the mistake of underestimating the importance of the Mesopotamian campaign. The Ottoman Army did not have any other resources to move to this region, as an attack on Gallipoli was imminent. Süleyman Askeri Bey sent letters to Arab sheiks in an attempt to organise them to fight against the British.

On 3 January, at the [[Battle of Qurna]], Ottoman forces tried to retake the city of Basra. They came under fire from Royal Navy vessels on the river [[Euphrates]], while British troops managed to cross the river [[Tigris]]. Judging that Basra's earthworks were too strong to be taken, the Ottomans surrendered the town of [[Al-Qurnah]] and retreated to [[Kut]].

On 6 January, the Third Army headquarters found itself under fire. Hafiz Hakki Pasha ordered a total retreat at the Battle of Sarikamish. Only 10% of the army managed to retreat to its starting position. Enver gave up command of the army. During this conflict, Armenian detachments challenged the Ottoman operations at the critical times: "the delay enabled the Russian Caucasus Army to concentrate sufficient force around Sarikamish".<ref name="Aram22">{{Harv|Pasdermadjian|1918|pp=22}}</ref>

The British and France asked Russia to relieve the pressure on Western front, but Russia needed time to organise its forces. The operations [[Naval warfare of World War I#Black Sea|in the Black Sea]] gave them the chance to replenish their forces; also the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] drew many Ottoman forces from the Russian and other fronts.<ref name="Pollard"/> In March 1915, the Ottoman Third army received reinforcements amounting to a division from the First and Second Armies.

On 19 February, a strong Anglo-French fleet, including the British battleship {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}}, bombarded artillery positions along the coast around the Dardanelles. Admiral [[Sackville Carden]] sent a cable to Churchill on 4 March, stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Constantinople within fourteen days.<ref name="autogenerated2">Fromkin, 135.</ref> On 18 March the first major attack was launched. The fleet, comprising 18 battleships and an array of cruisers and destroyers, sought to target the narrowest point of the Dardanelles where the straits are just a mile wide.

The {{ship|French battleship|Bouvet||2|up=yes}} exploded in mysterious circumstances, causing it to capsize with its entire crew aboard. Minesweepers, manned by civilians and under constant fire from Ottoman guns, retreated leaving the minefields largely intact. The battleship {{HMS|Irresistible|1898|6}} and battlecruiser {{HMS|Inflexible|1907|6}} both sustained critical damage from mines, although there was confusion during the battle whether torpedoes were to blame. The battleship {{HMS|Ocean|1898|6}}, sent to rescue the ''Irresistible'', was itself mined and both ships eventually sank. The French battleships {{ship|French battleship|Suffren||2}} and {{ship|French battleship|Gaulois||2}} were also badly damaged. The losses prompted the Allies to cease any further attempts to force the straits by naval power alone.

In February, General Yudenich was promoted to command the Russian Caucasus Army, replacing [[Aleksandr Zakharevich Myshlayevsky]]. On 12 February, the commander of the Ottoman Third Army, Hafiz Hakki Pasha, died of typhus and was replaced by Brigadier General [[Mahmut Kamil]] Paşa. Kamil undertook the task of putting the depleted Third Army in order.

The Ottoman Empire tried to seize the Suez Canal in Egypt with the [[First Suez Offensive]], and they supported the recently deposed [[Abbas II of Egypt]], but were defeated by the British in both aims.

<gallery caption="January–March 1915" widths="200px">
Image:Battle of Sarikamis the frozen soldiers.png|The Third Army lost soldiers to frost at the [[Battle of Sarikamish]] during the Caucasus Campaign, January 1915.
Image:Mesopotamian campaign 6th Army field HQ.png|6th Army field HQ during the [[Mesopotamian campaign]], 1915.
Image:The camel corps at Beersheba2.jpg|The camel corps at Beersheba during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]], February 1915.
Image:Bouvet sinking March 18 1915.jpg|The {{ship|French battleship|Bouvet||2}} sinking during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]], March 1915.
</gallery>

====April–June====
Following their unexpected success in the [[Mesopotamia]] Campaign, the British command decided on more aggressive operations. In April 1915, general [[Sir John Nixon]] was sent to take command. He ordered Major General [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend]] to advance to [[Kut]] or even to [[Baghdad]] if possible. Enver Pasha worried about the possible fall of Baghdad, and sent the German General [[Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz]] to take command.

On 12 April, Süleyman Askeri attacked the British camp at Shaiba with 3,800 troops early in the morning. These forces, mainly provided by Arab sheiks, achieved nothing. Süleyman Askeri was wounded. Disappointed and depressed, he shot himself at the hospital in Baghdad.

On 20 April, the [[Defense of Van (1915)|Siege of Van]] began. On 24 April, Talat Pasha promulgated the [[s:Circular on April 24, 1915|order on April 24]] (known by the Armenians as the [[Red Sunday]]) which stated that the Armenians in this region were led by Russians and had rebelled against Ottoman government.

The Allies began their amphibious assault on the Gallipoli Peninsula on the European side of the Dardanelles the following day. The troops were able to land, but could not dislodge the Ottoman forces even after months of battle that caused the deaths of an estimated 131,000 soldiers, and 262,000 wounded. Eventually they withdrew. The campaign represented something of a coming of age for [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], who celebrate 25 April as [[ANZAC Day]]. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemal Atatürk]], who later became the first leader of modern Turkey, distinguished himself as a lieutenant colonel at Gallipoli.

On 6 May, General Yudenich began an offensive into Ottoman territory. One wing of this offensive headed towards [[Lake Van]] to relieve its Armenian defenders. The [[Armenian irregular units|Fedayee]] turned over the city to the Russians. On 21 May, General Yudenich received the keys to the city and its citadel, and confirmed the [[Armenian provisional government]] in office with [[Aram Manukian]] as governor. With Van secure, fighting shifted farther west for the rest of the summer.<ref name="caven"/>

On 6 May, the Russian second wing advanced through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum after the weather turned milder. The Ottoman 29th and 30th Divisions managed to stop this assault. The [[X Corps (Ottoman Empire)|X Corps]] counter-attacked the Russian forces. On the southern front, the Ottomans were not as successful as they had been in the north.

The city of [[Manzikert]] had already fallen on 11 May. The Ottomans' supply lines were being cut, as the Armenian forces caused additional difficulties behind the lines. The region south of Lake Van was extremely vulnerable. During May, the Ottomans had to defend a line of more than {{convert|600|km|mi}} with only 50,000 men and 130 pieces of artillery. They were heavily outnumbered by the Russians.

On 27 May, during the high point of the Russian offensive, the Ottoman parliament passed the [[Tehcir Law]]. Talat Pasha, the Interior Minister, ordered a forced deportation of all Armenians from the regions under Ottoman control.

On 19 June, the Russians launched another offensive northwest of Lake Van. Commanded by Oganovski, they advanced into the hills west of Malazgrit, but had underestimated the size of the Ottoman forces. They were surprised by a large Ottoman force at the [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]]. They were not aware that the [[IX Corps (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman IX Corps]], together with the 17th and 28th Divisions, was moving to Mush also.

The 1st and 5th Expeditionary Forces were positioned to the south of the Russian offensive force and a "Right Wing Group" was established under the command of Brigadier General Abdülkerim Paşa. This group was independent from the Third Army, and Abdülkerim Paşa was reporting directly to Enver Paşa.

<gallery caption="April–June 1915" widths="200px">
Image:Van Defenders.jpg|Armenian troops holding a defence line at the [[Defense of Van (1915)|Siege of Van]], April 1915.
Image:Armenian resistance members from the Adapazari Armenian committee.jpg|[[Armenian resistance]] members from the [[Adapazarı]] committee, 1915.
</gallery>

====July–September====
On 24 September, [[General Yudenich]] became the supreme commander of all Russian forces in the region. This front was quiet from October until the end of the year. Yudenich used this period to reorganise. By 1916, Russian forces in the theatre had grown to 200,000 men and 380 pieces of artillery.

On the other side the situation was very different; the Ottoman High Command failed to make up the losses during this period. The war in Gallipoli was using up all available resources and manpower. The IX, X and XI Corps could not be reinforced, and the 1st and 5th Expeditionary Forces were deployed to Mesopotamia. Enver Pasha, after failing to achieve his ambitions in the Caucasus, and possibly recognising the dire situation on other fronts, decided that the Caucasus front was of secondary importance.

<gallery caption="July–September 1915" widths="200px">
Image:Mustafa Kemal during the Gallipoli Campaign.jpg| [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] at [[Gallipoli]] with his soldiers, 1915.
Image:Lone Pine (AWM A02025).jpg|A trench at Lone Pine after the battle, showing Australian and Turkish dead on the parapet, 1915.
</gallery>

====October–December====
The rapid advance of the British up the river{{clarify|the Tigris? the Euphrates? both?|date=November 2014}} changed some of the Arab tribes' perception of the conflict. Realising that the British had the upper hand, many of them joined the British efforts. They raided Ottoman military hospitals and massacred the soldiers in Amara.

On 22 November, Townshend and von der Goltz fought the [[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|battle at Ctesiphon]]. The battle was inconclusive, as both the Ottomans and the British retreated from the battlefield. Townshend halted and fortified the position at [[Kut-al-Amara]], and on 7 December with his forces were surrounded the [[siege of Kut]] began. Von der Goltz helped the Ottoman forces build defensive positions around Kut, and established new fortified positions down river to fend off any attempt to rescue Townshend. General Aylmer made three attempts to break the siege, but each effort was unsuccessful. Townshend surrendered his entire force on 29 April 1916.<ref>Peter Mansfield, ''The British Empire'' magazine, Time-Life Books, vol 75, p. 2078</ref>

In December, the British government continued their attempts to cultivate favour with [[Ibn Saud]] via its secret agent, Captain [[William Shakespear (explorer)|William Shakespear]], but this was abandoned after Shakespear's death at the [[Battle of Jarrab]]. Instead, the British transferred support to Ibn Saud's rival [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif Hussein bin Ali]], leader of the [[Hejaz]], with whom the Saudis were almost constantly at war. [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] also appealed to Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca for assistance in the conflict; Hussein wanted political recognition in return. [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|An exchange of letters]] with [[Henry McMahon (diplomat)|Henry McMahon]] assured him that his assistance would be rewarded after the war by granting him control of the territory between Egypt and [[Persia]], with the exception of imperial possessions and interests in Kuwait, Aden, and the Syrian coast. Britain entered into the Treaty of Darin, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans, and in exchange was given a monthly stipend.

<gallery caption="October–December 1915" widths="200px">
Image:Armenian Resistance - Urfa - July 1915.png|Defenders of the [[Urfa Resistance]], July 1915.
Image:Mesopotamian campaign 6th Army Siege of Kut.png|The trenches during the [[Siege of Kut]], December 1915.
</gallery>

===== Battle of Robat Karim =====
{{unsourced section|date=August 2024}}
Organizer of the popular forces against the Russian forces was Heydar Latifiyan who had been one of the supporters of the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]. The Russians advanced to Qazvin. With the possibility of the fall of Tehran, [[Parliament of Iran]] lost its majority and was dissolved. When Russia gave Iran an ultimatum to expel Morgan Shuster in the first year of the First World War, and the forces of this country entered Iran and came to Rabat Karim and attacked the forces of the National Defense Committee. Hassan Azam Qudsi (Azam Al-Wazara) from friends [[Hassan Modarres]] writes in his memoirs called "My Memories" about the first military encounter between the Russians and the national forces:

From one side, the Russian troops reach the village of Kolmeh (Fajr town), which is located between the Rabat Karim road and Tehran, and the local fighters are surrounded from three sides. The Russians start bombarding the area from almost a mile away. It is possible, but all the people survive. However, in the evening, the infantry riders of the Russian army come closer and the war with swords begins, and after a bloody clash, 70 people are killed.

Heyder was also killed like the rest of his comrades. According to the traditions of the local people, the Russians made it difficult to identify the bodies by cutting off the heads of the dead. The only identifiable body among the 70 people was Heydar Latifiyan, whose body was buried near an Imamzadeh above the village of [[Vahnabad]].

===1916===
[[File:Mesopotamian campaign staff of 6th Army.png|thumb|250px|The Turkish general staff of the [[Mesopotamian campaign]], 1916]]
In 1916, a combination of diplomacy and genuine dislike of the new leaders of the Ottoman Empire (the [[Three Pashas]]) convinced Sharif Hussein bin Ali of [[Mecca]] to begin a revolt. He gave the leadership of this revolt to two of his sons: [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] and [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]] with financial and logistical support from the British, [[T. E. Lawrence]] playing a key role.

The Russian offensive in northeastern [[Turkey]] started with a victory at the [[Battle of Koprukoy]] and culminated with the [[Erzerum Campaign|capture of Erzurum]] in February and Trabzon in April. By the [[Battle of Erzincan]] the Ottoman [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Third Army]] was no longer capable of launching an offensive nor could it stop the advance of the Russian Army.

The Ottoman forces launched a second attack across the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] with the objective of destroying or capturing the Suez Canal. Both this and the earlier attack (1915) were unsuccessful, though not very costly by the standards of the Great War. The British then went on the offensive, attacking east into Palestine. However, in 1917 two failed attempts to capture the Ottoman fort of Gaza resulted in sweeping changes to the British command and the arrival of [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Allenby]], along with many reinforcements.

===1917===
[[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|250px|[[United Kingdom|British]] artillery during the [[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|Battle of Jerusalem, 1917]]]]
British Empire forces reorganised and [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|captured Baghdad]] in March 1917. On 16 December, the [[Armistice of Erzincan]] (Erzincan Cease-fire Agreement) was signed which officially brought the end of hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and the Russians. The [[Special Transcaucasian Committee]] also endorsed the agreement.

The [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] was dominated by the success of the revolt, which greatly aided General Allenby's operations. Late in 1917, Allenby's [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] smashed the Ottoman defences and captured [[Gaza City|Gaza]], and then captured [[Jerusalem]] just before Christmas. While strategically of lesser importance to the war, this event was key in the subsequent creation of [[Israel]] as a separate nation in 1948.

===1918===
[[File:Turkish trenches at Dead Sea2.jpg|thumb|250px|Ottoman trenches along the shores of the [[Dead Sea]], 1918]]
The Allied Supreme War Council believed the war weary Ottoman Empire could be defeated with campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia,<ref name="Spencer1669">''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 4, ed. Spencer Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 1669.</ref> but the German [[German spring offensive|Spring Offensive]] in France delayed the expected Allied attack.<ref name="Spencer1669" /> General Allenby was given brand new divisions recruited from India.<ref name="Spencer1669" />


[[T. E. Lawrence]] and his Arab fighters staged many hit-and-run attacks on supply lines and tied down thousands of soldiers in garrisons throughout Palestine, Jordan, and Syria.<ref>Neil Faulkner, ''Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the '', (Yale University Press, 2016), 188.</ref>

On 3 March the Grand Vizier [[Talat Pasha]] signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with the [[Russian SFSR]] which stipulated that Bolshevik Russia cede [[Batum]], [[Kars]], and [[Ardahan]] to the Ottoman Empire. The [[Trabzon Peace Conference]] was held between March and April between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet ([[Transcaucasian Sejm]]) and government. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk united the Armenian and Georgian territories.<ref name="ric">{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Hovannisian |title=The Armenian people from Ancient to Modern Times |url=https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/292 292–293] |isbn=0312101686 }}</ref>

{{Main|Battle of Charah}}

[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] attacked the Fortress of Charah on March 16, 1918, after the murder of [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Mar Benyamin Shimun]] (killed on March 3). [[Simko Shikak]], who was responsible for the murder of the Assyrian patriarch Mar Shimun was staying in the fortress. The fortress had never been conquered despite numerous attempts by the Persian government. During the battle, Simko was panic stricken after seeing the Assyrians rip apart his forces. While the battle was going on, Simko managed to flee, abandoning his men. After one day of fighting, the Kurds were decisively defeated. It is said that the river in Charah was completely red from the dead [[Shekak (tribe)|Shikak]] fighters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismael |first=Yaqou D'Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKgKEAAAQBAJ |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Main|Battle of Suldouze}}

Under the command of [[Agha Petros]], the Assyrians had quite a few successful engagements over the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces. Most notably at [[Naqadeh|Suldouze]] where Petros' 1,500 horsemen overcame the forces of [[Kheiri Bey]]'s (8,000 men).<ref name="shall this">{{Cite web |title=Shall This Nation Die? |url=http://www.aina.org/books/stnd.htm |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Assyrian International News Agency }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naayem |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hokGAQAAIAAJ&dq=Agha+Petrus++Malik+Khochaba&pg=PA281 |title=Shall this Nation Die? |date=1921 |publisher=Chaldean rescue |language=en}}</ref> Petros also defeated the Ottomans in a major engagement at [[Mahabad|Sauj Bulak]] and drove them back to [[Rawandiz|Rowanduz]].<ref name="Senchar">{{cite web |title=آغا بطرس: سنحاريب القرن العشرين |url=http://www.a-olaf.com/~olaf/Books/agh/agh_btrs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213346/http://www.a-olaf.com/~olaf/Books/agh/agh_btrs.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-12 |work=نينوس نيراري}}</ref>

The [[First Republic of Armenia]] declared war on the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="ric"/> In early May 1918, the Ottoman army faced the Armenian Corps of [[Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians|Armenian National Councils]], which soon declared the First Republic of Armenia. The Ottoman army captured [[Trabzon]], [[Erzurum]], Kars, [[Van, Turkey|Van]], and Batum. The conflict led to the [[Battle of Sardarapat]], the [[Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)]], and the [[Battle of Bash Abaran]].<ref name="Mark">Mark Malkasian, ''Gha-Ra-Bagh: The emergence of the national democratic movement in Armenia'', page 22</ref>

Although the Armenians managed to inflict a defeat on the Ottomans at the [[Battle of Sardarapat]], the fight with the First Republic of Armenia ended with the [[Treaty of Batum]] in June 1918. Throughout the summer of 1918, under the leadership of [[Andranik Ozanian]], Armenians in the mountainous Nagorno-Karabakh region resisted the Ottoman 3rd army and established the [[Republic of Mountainous Armenia]].<ref name="Mark" /> The [[Ottoman Army of Islam|Army of Islam]], consisting of 14,000 men, avoided Georgia and marched to [[Baku]], driving out the 1,000 Australian, British, Canadian and New Zealand troops in 14 September 1918 at the [[Battle of Baku]].<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 4, ed. Spencer Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 1658.</ref>

In September 1918, General Allenby launched the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]], with the [[Jewish Legion]] under his command,<ref>Martin Watts, ''The Jewish Legion during the First World War'', (Springer, 2004), 182.</ref> forcing Ottoman troops into a full scale retreat.<ref>Ernest Tucker, ''The Middle East in Modern World History'', (Routledge, 2016), 138.</ref>

==Aftermath==
On 30 October 1918, the [[Armistice of Mudros]] was signed aboard {{HMS|Agamemnon|1906|6}} in [[Mudros]] port on the island of [[Lemnos]] between the Ottoman Empire and the Triple Entente. Ottoman operations in the active combat theatres ceased.

===Military occupation===
[[File:British occupation troops marching in Beyoglu.jpg|thumb|The Allied [[occupation of Istanbul]]]]
On 13 November 1918, the [[Occupation of Constantinople]] (present day [[Istanbul]]), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, occurred when French troops arrived, followed by British troops the next day. The occupation had two stages: the ''de facto'' stage from 13 November 1918 to 20 March 1920, and the ''de jure'' stage from de facto to the days following the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]. The occupation of Istanbul, along with the [[occupation of İzmir]], contributed to the [[establishment of the Turkish national movement]] and led to the [[Turkish War of Independence]].<ref>Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Ankara in November 1919</ref>

===Peace treaty===
{{See also|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}
On 18 January 1919, peace negotiations began with the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. The negotiations continued at the [[Conference of London (February 1920)|Conference of London]], but the treaty took definite shape only after the premiers' meeting at the [[San Remo conference]] in April 1920. France, Italy, and Great Britain had been secretly planning the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] as early as 1915. The Ottoman Government representatives signed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] on 10 August 1920, but the treaty was not sent to the [[Ottoman Parliament]] for ratification, as the Parliament had been abolished on 18 March 1920 by the British. As a result, the treaty was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |title=Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations |date=1992-01-01 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=0-7923-1453-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bernhardsson |first=Magnus |title=Reclaiming a Plundered Past: archaeology and nation building in modern Iraq |date=2005-12-20 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0-292-70947-1}}</ref> The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923.

===Abolition of the Caliphate===
On 3 March 1924, the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] was abolished when [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemal Atatürk]] [[Deposition (politics)|deposed]] the last caliph, [[Abdülmecid II|Abdul Mejid II]].

==Casualties==
{{Main|Ottoman casualties of World War I}}

Allied military losses are placed around 1,000,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli (including 187,959 battle casualties),<ref>Erickson 2001a, p. 94.</ref> 168,000+ British Empire casualties in Sinai-Palestine (including 61,877 battle casualties),<ref>Hart, Peter. "The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War". Oxford University Press, 2013. Page 409.</ref> at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus (including 119,000 battle casualties), and 256,000 British Empire casualties in Mesopotamia (including 85,197 battle casualties),<ref>{{cite book | last=Tucker | first=Spencer | title=World War 1: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection | publisher=ABC-CLIO | date=28 October 2014 | page=1079}}</ref> as well as additional Russo-British losses in Persia. Most of the British casualties were non-battle casualties; total British battle casualties inflicted by the Ottomans were estimated as 264,000 by Field Marshal Lord Carver.<ref>Edward J. Erickson. "Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study". Routledge, 2007. Page 166.</ref> Armenian and Assyrian insurgent losses are unknown. At least 20,000 Arab rebel troops were killed in the Arab Revolt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary's Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon's Room at the Quai d'Orsay, Paris, on Thursday, 6 February, 1919, at 3 p.m. |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d61 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=Department of State, United States of America |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>

Estimates for Ottoman military casualties vary widely, as the disintegration of the Ottoman bureaucracy and government meant 1,565,000 men simply became unaccounted for in the records following the end of the war.<ref>Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War: Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. {{ISBN|90-04-22520-X}} pp. 113–114.</ref> The Ottoman official casualty statistics published in 1922 were 325,000 dead (50,000 killed, 35,000 died of wounds, 240,000 died of disease), 400,000 wounded, and an unknown number of prisoners. The United States War Department used the same killed and wounded figures, and estimated that 250,000 Ottoman soldiers had gone missing or become prisoners before the end of the war, for a total of 975,000 casualties.<ref>"Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219.</ref> American historian Edward J. Erickson, based on non-published individual World War I campaign histories in the Ottoman Archives, estimated Ottoman military casualties at 1,680,701: 771,844 dead/missing (175,220 killed in action, 68,378 died of wounds, 61,487 missing action, and 466,759 deaths due to disease), 695,375 wounded (total of 763,753 wounded including those who died of wounds and 303,150 actually listed in records; the author assumes these are only the seriously wounded, and estimates the rest), and 145,104 prisoners of war. The very high ratio of disease deaths to combat deaths is attributed to the breakdown of the Ottoman medical services, which resulted in afflictions that would normally be treated after evacuation from the theater in the British army often being fatal in the Ottoman army.<ref name="ordertodie">''Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', by Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Page 211.</ref> Including those who died of disease, 3,515,471 Ottoman troops fell sick during World War I.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 240</ref>

The significance of disease on this front can be best illustrated by comparing British the number of hospitalizations from disease/injury (frostbite, trench foot, etc.) in this theater to the Western Front. In France and Flanders, 2,690,054 British Empire troops were killed, wounded, died of wounds, missing, or captured, while there were 3,528,486 hospitalizations due to "non-battle casualties", a rate of 1.3 NBCs for every 1 battle casualty. In Mesopotamia there were 82,207 troops killed, wounded, died of wounds, missing, or captured, and 820,418 hospitalizations for sickness or injury, while in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] 51,451 men became battle casualties (not counting Indians) and 503,377 were hospitalized as non-battle casualties. In both cases, the rate is approximately 10 NBCs for every 1 battle casualty. Additionally, while by the listed numbers the Mesopotamia and Sinai-Palestine campaigns had only had 5% the battle casualties of the Western Front (136,658 v 2,690,054), they had over 70% of the disease deaths (22,693+ v 32,098).<ref>T. J. Mitchell and G.M. Smith. "Medical Services: Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War." From the "Official History of the Great War". Page 15.</ref>

Total Ottoman losses including civilians are recorded as being almost as high as 25% of the population, approximately 5 million deaths out of population of 21 million.<ref name="100years">James L.Gelvin "The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War " Publisher: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-61804-5}} Page 77</ref> The 1914 census gave 20,975,345 as the population size of the Ottoman Empire. Of these 15,044,846 were from the Muslim [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]], 187,073 were from the Jewish millet, 186,152 did not belong to any millet and the remainder were spread across other millets.<ref name="OttomanCencus1914">Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey", Cambridge University page 239-241</ref> Turkish professor Kamer Kasim has stated that the cumulative percentage was actually 26.9% of the population (1.9% higher than the 25% reported by Western sources), the highest proportion of all the countries that took part in World War I.<ref name="Kamer Kasim 2005, page 205">Kamer Kasim, Ermeni Arastirmalari, Sayı 16–17, 2005, page 205.</ref> This increase of 1.9% represents an additional 399,000 civilians in the total number.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Not counting those later lost to the enemy, the Ottomans captured 1,314 pieces of artillery in World War I (mostly pieces in the 87 mm to 122 mm range). Most of these were Russian pieces, but this also included some of Romanian, German, and Japanese origin. Captured guns made up a significant portion of overall Ottoman artillery strength by the end of the war.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 234</ref>

==Timeline==
{{Timeline of campaigns during WWI of the Ottoman Empire}}

==See also==
* [[Bombing of Constantinople in World War I]]
* [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II]]
* [[Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition]]
* [[Unification of Saudi Arabia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author=Erickson, Edward J. |year=2001 |title=[[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]] |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-31516-9|ref=CITEREFErickson2001}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hokGAQAAIAAJ&dq=Agha+Petrus++Malik+Khochaba&pg=PA281 |title=Shall This Nation Die? |year=1921 |first=Joseph |last=Naayem |publisher=Chaldean Rescue |location=New York |oclc= 1189853}}
* {{cite book |title=Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War |last=Pasdermadjian |first=Garegin |author-link=Karekin Pastermadjian |author2=Aram Torossian |year=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4XYMAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Hairenik Pub. Co. |location= |isbn= |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4XYMAAAAYAAJ/page/n72 45] |ref=CITEREFPasdermadjian1918}}
* Pongiluppi, Francesco (2015). ''The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire''. in "The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation" (edited by Biagini and Motta), Vol. 2., Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 453–464.
* {{cite book |author=Shaw, Stanford Jay |author2=Shaw, Ezel Kural |author-link=Stanford J. Shaw |year=1977 |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref=CITEREFShaw1977}}
*Murphy, David (2008) ''The Arab Revolt 1916–18 Lawrence sets Arabia Ablaze''. Osprey: London. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-339-1}}.
* {{cite book |last=Slot |first=B.J. |title=Mubarak Al-Sabah: Founder of Modern Kuwait 1896–1915 |year=2005 |publisher=Arabian Publishing |location=London |isbn=9780954479244}}
* {{Cite book |last=Faik |first=Bulut |title=Dersim Raporları |publisher=Evrensel Basım Yayın |year=2005 |isbn=978-975-6106-02-0 |location=Istanbul |language=tr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dersimi |first=Nuri |title=Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim |publisher=Ani Matbaası |year=2012|orig-year=1952 |isbn=975-6876-44-1 |location=Aleppo |pages= |language=tr |quote= }}

==Further reading==
* Allen, W.E.D. and Paul Muratoff, ''Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921'', Nashville, TN, 1999 (reprint). {{ISBN|0-89839-296-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Chalak |first=Zouheir |author-link=Zouheir Chalak |title=Min Awraq al-Intidab: Tarikh Ma Aghfalahu al-Tarikh |trans-title=From the Papers of the Mandate: History That History Overlooked |location=Beirut |publisher=Dar al-Nafais |year=1989 |lccn=90962841}}
* Erickson, Edward J. ''Gallipoli & the Middle East 1914–1918: From the Dardanelles to Mesopotamia'' (Amber Books Ltd, 2014).
* Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. ''A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War''. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|9780674735651}} {{OCLC|894987337}}
* Johnson, Rob. ''The Great War and the Middle East'' (Oxford UP, 2016).
* Knight, Paul. ''The British Army in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918''. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2013. {{ISBN|9780786470495}} {{OCLC|793581432}}
* Silberstein, Gerard E. "The Central Powers and the Second Turkish Alliance, 1915." ''Slavic Review'' 24.1 (1965): 77–89. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492991 in JSTOR]
* Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War: Volume I: To Arms'' (Oxford University Press, 2003) pp 644–93.
*{{cite book|last1=Tanielian|first1=Melanie Schulze|title=Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid and World War I in the Middle East|date=2018|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9781503603523 |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=28143}}
* Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. ''The First World War in the Middle East'' (Hurst, 2014).
* Van Der Vat, Dan. ''The ship that changed the world'' ({{ISBN|9780586069295}})
* Weber, Frank G. ''Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914–1918'' (Cornell University Press, 1970).
* {{cite book |title=Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East |last=Woodward |first=David R. |year=2006 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington |isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Middle Eastern theatre of World War I}}
* Yanıkdağ, Yücel: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ottoman_empiremiddle_east Ottoman Empire/Middle East], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* Baş, Mehmet Fatih: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_ottoman_empiremiddle_east War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* Maksudyan, Nazan: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/civilian_and_military_power_ottoman_empire Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
*Criss, Nur Bilge: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_during_and_after_the_war_ottoman_empire Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* Smith, Leonard V.: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/post-war_treaties_ottoman_empire_middle_east Post-war Treaties (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/anglruss.html The Anglo-Russian Entente:Agreement concerning Persia] 1907
* The [[France|French]], British and Russian [http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.160/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html joint declaration] over the situation in Armenia published on 24 May 1915
* [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] 15 & 16 May 1916.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml The Middle East during World War I] By Professor David R Woodward for the [[BBC]]
* [http://www.turkeyswar.com Turkey in the First World War web site]

{{Ottoman Forces during World War I}}

{{World War I}}
{{WWI history by nation}}

[[Category:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia]]
[[Category:Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Sheeshmahal

2026-05-07T22:58:21Z

OdessaProsser28: Created New Data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sheeshmahal
| caption = ''Sheeshmahal'' Release Poster (2024)
| image = Sheeshmahal 10am.jpg
| director = [[Rohit–Sasi|Camp Sasi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hyderabad-based-indie-filmmaker-takes-the-crowdfunding-route-for-sheesh-mahal-2157457|title=Hyderabad-based indie filmmaker takes the crowdfunding route for 'Sheesh Mahal'|website=DNA India}}</ref>
| producer = Snehal Jangala
| writer = [[Rohit–Sasi]]
| story =
| starring = [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] Master Sai Pramila Boddeti Feroze Ahmed
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/engineer-turned-composer-vivek-sagar-revels-in-the-joy-of-making-music/article19660463.ece|title=Vivek Sagar: Career not driven by an agenda|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 September 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = [[Rohit–Sasi|Avanti Ruya]]
| studio = Avanti Chitranaalayam Million Dreams Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|14}}
| runtime = 112 Minutes
| country = India
| language =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sheeshmahal''''' is a 2024 Indian [[anthology film]], based on India's [[International Children's Film Festival India|International Children's Film Festival]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/centred-around-the-childrens-film-fest-sheeshmahal-has-been-a-labour-of-love-for-its-independent-film-maker-and-his-team/article8441682.ece|title=Behind 'Sheeshmahal', a film on a film fest|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 April 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> and directed by [[Camp Sasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/dhoolpet-ganesha-tales-festival|title='Dhoolpet Ganesha': Tales from the festival}}</ref> The film is jointly produced by Million Dreams Creations and [[Avanti Cinema|Avanti Chitranaalayam]]. [[Vivek Sagar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Eclecticism-his-signature/article14511348.ece|title=Vivek Sagar: Eclecticism, his signature|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> has composed music for the film with [[Piyush Mishra]]<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160107/lifestyle-booksart/article/beat-film-shot-beat-manner|title=An off-beat film shot in an off-beat manner|first=anisha|last=dhiman|date=7 January 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and [[Rahul Ram]] of [[Indian Ocean (band)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/hyderabad-indie-film-sheeshmahal-looks-crowdfunding-release-36994|title=Hyderabad indie-film 'Sheeshmahal' looks to crowdfunding for release|first=Anusha|last=Puppala|date=22 December 2015|website=The News Minute}}</ref> as lyricist and singers. The film also depicts majority of [[Hyderabad]] city and its culture before the metro lookover. Although the film was shot in 2013, and had a few private screening events, the film was theatrically released on 14 February 2024.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Sheesh Mahal Telugu Movie Release Date, Budget, Cast And Crew, Trailer |work=Movie Budget Box Office Collection and Reviews |url=https://boxofficebudget.com/sheesh-mahal-telugu-movie-release-date/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film features segments in Telugu and English.

==Cast==
'''The Documentary:'''
*[[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Filmmaker
*[[Rohit–Sasi|Camp Sasi]] as Senior cameraman
*Rahul Penumatsa as Cameraman
*[[Rohit–Sasi|Rohit Penumatsa]] as Rk's roommate
*Anantha Perumal as Rk's friend
*Prerana as Rk's girlfriend

'''The Teenagers:'''
*Arnold as Advaith
*Pramila Boddeti as Lavanya
*Appu as Lavanya's friend
*Poornima as Lavanya's mother
*Vijaya as Teacher

'''The Canteen Owner:'''
*Feroze as Canteen owner
*Sandhya as Sakhina
*Gopal as Canteen boy

'''The Fakeer:'''
*Sai as Fakeer
*Old Fakeer as Khaleel
*Sridhar as Police
*Venkatesh as Fakeer's friend

==Production==
The production for ''Sheeshmahal'' started in 2014.<ref name=":0" /> The film was initially titled ''Festen''. The film was shot in 27 days around the [[International Children's Film Festival India|International Children's Film Festival]]<ref name=":0" /> which is hosted every 2 years in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/childrens-film-festival-takes-off-hyderabad|title=Children's Film Festival takes off in Hyderabad}}</ref> ''Sheeshmahal'' takes an independent look at the experiences of participants from different states. Director [[Camp Sasi]] said “The best way to capture the real flavor of the fest was to shoot the film during the fest itself; no amount of set designing can replicate the mood. The atmosphere itself lends to a very good mood-building scene.”{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

While the movie was being filmed, most of the cast and crew were newcomers, including music director [[Vivek Sagar]], cinematographer [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]], actor [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], writer and director [[Camp Sasi]]. By the time of its theatrical release, Vivek Sagar has grown to be a household name, Rahul Ramakrishna became a mainstream film actor, and sound designer [[Sanal George]] went on to win [[65th National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Sound Design]].

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sheeshmahal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 20 November 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:57
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Tapeloop
| producer = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| prev_title = [[Pelli Choopulu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Yuddham Sharanam]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The music was composed by [[Vivek Sagar]] with one song composed by [[Piyush Mishra]]. The album was first released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7IZcmgdLIU1YKE0jY7zct2|title=Sheesh Mahal (Original Motion Picture Doundtrack)|date=2016|work=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
The album comprises four Hindi songs including a ''[[bhajan]]'', one Tamil, one Telugu, and one English.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2016/12/11/hitman-december-10-2016/|title=Hitman |date=10 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=milliblog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-01-03 |title=Rohit and Sasi on 'Double Engine': We followed a guerrilla method and wrapped up our film in 12 days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-and-sasi-on-indie-telugu-movie-double-engine-we-followed-a-guerrilla-method-and-wrapped-up-our-film-in-12-days/article67698343.ece |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Critics regarded "Rainbows in the Sky" and "Citramaga" as the album's highlights.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2016/11/23/sheesh-mahal-music-review-telugu-vivek-sagar-and-piyush-mishra/|title=Sheesh Mahal (Music review), Telugu – Vivek Sagar and Piyush Mishra|work=Milliblog|date=23 November 2016|first=Karthik|last=S.}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:57
| title1 = Hota Hai
| lyrics1 = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| music1 = Piyush Mishra
| extra1 = Piyush Mishra
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Citramaga
| lyrics2 = Kala Sandeep
| music2 = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| extra2 = Shri
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Bhatki Raaton Ko
| lyrics3 = Piyush Mishra
| music3 = Vivek Sagar
| extra3 = [[Rahul Ram]]
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Aagi Aagi
| lyrics4 = [[Goreti Venkanna]]
| music4 = Vivek Sagar
| extra4 = Dake Balaji
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Rainbows in the Sky
| music5 = Vivek Sagar
| lyrics5 = Shri
| extra5 = Shri
| length5 = 3:39
| title6 = Bhola Sa Mann Tha
| lyrics6 = Piyush Mishra
| music6 = Vivek Sagar
| extra6 = [[Piyush Mishra]]
| length6 = 5:49
| title7 = BabaRag or King of The World
| lyrics7 = Streets of Chikkadpally
| music7 = Vivek Sagar
| extra7 = Streets of Chikkadpally
| length7 = 3:59
}}

==Release==
The film was exclusively released on 14 February 2024 at [[Prasads Multiplex]] in Hyderabad.<ref name ="T"/> The film was streamed on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Win]] on 22 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Sheesh Mahal Trailer |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=/DdfjX_yNZFc?si=X1f_3UlPPu-463Cg|access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title |6033356}}
*[https://avanticinema.com/sheeshmahal/ Sheeshmahal] on Avanti Cinema

{{Portal bar|Films|India|2020s}}


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films set in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]

Cable television

2026-05-06T16:58:10Z

OdessaProsser28: quick update

{{Short description|Television content transmitted via signals on coaxial or fibre-optic cable}}
{{redirect|Cable TV|the song by Fol Chen|Cable TV (song)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
[[File:F-Stecker und Kabel.jpg |thumb |A [[coaxial cable]] used to carry cable television onto subscribers' premises]]
[[File:Cisco Set Top box from the front.jpg |thumb |upright=0.9 |A [[set-top box]], an electronic device which cable subscribers use to connect the cable signal to their [[television]] sets. Presented unit is a [[Cisco]] RNG200N for [[QAM (television)|QAM]] digital cable television system used in North America.]]

'''Cable television''' is a system of delivering [[television]] [[broadcast programming|programming]] to consumers via [[radio frequency]] (RF) signals transmitted through [[coaxial cable]]s, or in more recent systems, light pulses through [[fibre-optic cable]]s. This contrasts with [[terrestrial television]], in which the television signal is transmitted over-the-air by [[radio wave]]s and received by a [[television antenna]], or [[satellite television]], in which the television signal is transmitted over-the-air by [[radio wave]]s from a [[communications satellite]] and received by a [[satellite dish]] on the roof. [[FM radio]] programming, [[high-speed Internet]], [[Telephony|telephone service]]s, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. [[Analog television]] was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to [[digital cable]] operation.

A '''cable channel''' (sometimes known as a '''cable network''') is a television network available via cable television. Many of the same channels are distributed through [[satellite television]]. Alternative terms include ''non-broadcast channel'' or ''programming service'', the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. The abbreviation '''CATV''' is used in the US for cable television and originally stood for '''community antenna television''', from cable television's origins in 1948; in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large ''community antennas'' were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.

In 1968, 6.4% of Americans had cable television. The number increased to 7.5% in 1978. By 1988, 52.8% of all households were using cable. The number further increased to 62.4% in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Coopersmith |first1= Jonathan|title= Pornography, Technology and Progress |date= 1998 |journal= Icon |volume= 4 |pages= 94–125|jstor= 23785961}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:HÜP von KBW.JPG|thumb|A cable television distribution box (''left'') in the basement of a building in Germany (Kabel BW network, now [[Vodafone Germany|Vodafone]]), with a [[power dividers and directional couplers|splitter]] (''right'') which supplies the signal to separate cables which go to different rooms]]
To receive cable television at a given location, cable distribution lines must be available on the local utility poles or underground utility lines. [[Coaxial cable]] brings the signal to the customer's building through a [[service drop]], an overhead or underground cable. If the subscriber's building does not have a cable service drop, the cable company will install one. The standard cable used in the U.S. is [[RG-6]], which has a 75 ohm [[characteristic impedance|impedance]], and connects with a type [[F connector]]. The cable company's portion of the wiring usually ends at a distribution box on the building exterior, and built-in cable wiring in the walls usually distributes the signal to jacks in different rooms to which televisions are connected. Multiple cables to different rooms are split off the incoming cable with a small device called a [[power dividers and directional couplers|splitter]]. There are two standards for cable television: older analog cable, and newer [[digital cable]], which can carry data signals used by [[digital television]] receivers such as [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) equipment. All cable companies in the United States have switched to or are in the course of switching to digital cable television since it was first introduced in the late 1990s.

Most cable companies require a [[set-top box]] ([[cable converter box]]) or a slot on one's TV set for conditional access module cards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tynan |first=Dan |date=23 May 2007 |title=New Choices Coming for Cable TV Users |url=https://www.techhive.com/article/132158/article.html |access-date=3 April 2019 |website=TechHive |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005858/https://www.techhive.com/article/132158/article.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> to view their cable channels, even on newer televisions with digital cable [[QAM (television)|QAM]] tuners, because most digital cable channels are now encrypted, or ''scrambled'', to reduce [[Cable television piracy|cable service theft]]. A cable from the jack in the wall is attached to the input of the box, and an output cable from the box is attached to the television, usually the RF-IN or composite input on older TVs. Since the set-top box only decodes the single channel that is being watched, each television in the house requires a separate box. Some unencrypted channels, usually traditional over-the-air broadcast networks, can be displayed without a receiver box.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ClearQAM – What It Is And Why It Matters |date=18 February 2012 |url=http://avc.com/2012/02/clearqam-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/ |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> The cable company will provide set-top boxes based on the level of service a customer purchases, from basic set-top boxes with a [[standard-definition]] picture connected through the standard coaxial connection on the TV, to high-definition wireless [[digital video recorder]] (DVR) receivers connected via [[HDMI]] or [[component video|component]]. Older [[analog television]] sets are ''cable ready'' and can receive the old analog cable without a set-top box. To receive digital cable channels on an analog television set, even unencrypted ones, requires a different type of box, a [[digital television adapter]] supplied by the cable company or purchased by the subscriber. Another new distribution method that takes advantage of the low-cost, high-quality DVB distribution to residential areas, uses [[TV gateway]]s to convert the [[DVB-C]], [[DVB-C2]] stream to IP for distribution of TV over an IP network in the home. Many cable companies offer internet access through [[DOCSIS]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/cable-access-solutions/cable-ebook.pdf |title=The Road to Cisco Infinite Broadband |publisher=Cisco |date=2017 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808074322/https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/cable-access-solutions/cable-ebook.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Principle of operation==
[[File:HFC Network Diagram.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Diagram of a modern [[hybrid fiber-coaxial]] cable television system. At the regional ''[[cable television headend|headend]]'', the TV channels are sent multiplexed on a light beam which travels through [[optical fiber]] trunklines, which fan out from ''distribution hubs'' to ''optical nodes'' in local communities. Here, the light signal from the fiber is translated to a [[radio frequency]] electrical signal, which is distributed through [[coaxial cable]] to individual subscriber homes.]]

In the most common system, multiple television channels (as many as 500, although this varies depending on the provider's available channel capacity) are distributed to subscriber residences through a [[coaxial cable]], which comes from a trunkline supported on [[utility pole]]s originating at the cable company's local distribution facility, called the [[cable television headend|headend]]. Many channels can be transmitted through one coaxial cable by a technique called [[frequency division multiplexing]]. At the headend, each television channel is translated to a different [[frequency]]. By giving each channel a different frequency ''slot'' on the cable, the separate television signals do not interfere with each other. At an [[Cable box (outside)|outdoor cable box]] on the subscriber's residence, the company's service drop cable is connected to cables distributing the signal to different rooms in the building. At each television, the subscriber's television or a set-top box provided by the cable company translates the desired channel back to its original frequency ([[baseband]]), and it is displayed onscreen. Due to widespread [[cable television piracy|cable theft]] in earlier analog systems, the signals are typically [[encrypted]] on modern digital cable systems, and the set-top box must be activated by an [[activation code]] sent by the cable company before it will function, which is only sent after the subscriber signs up. If the subscriber fails to pay their bill, the cable company can send a signal to deactivate the subscriber's box, preventing reception.

There are also usually [[upstream (networking)|upstream]] channels on the cable to send data from the customer box to the cable headend, for advanced features such as requesting [[pay-per-view]] shows or movies, [[cable internet access]], and [[cable telephone service]]. The [[downstream (networking)|downstream]] channels occupy a band of [[frequencies]] from approximately 50 MHz to 1 GHz, while the upstream channels occupy frequencies of 5 to 42 MHz. Subscribers pay a monthly fee. Subscribers can choose from several levels of service, with premium packages including more channels but costing a higher rate. At the local headend, the feed signals from the individual television channels are received by [[parabolic dish|dish antenna]]s from [[communication satellite]]s. Additional local channels, such as local [[terrestrial television|broadcast television]] stations, [[educational television|educational channel]]s from local colleges, and [[community access channel]]s devoted to local governments ([[public, educational, and government access|PEG]] channels) are usually included on the cable service. [[television advertisement|Commercial]] advertisements for local businesses are also [[Local insertion#Cable television|inserted in the programming]] at the headend (the individual channels, which are distributed nationally, also have their own nationally oriented commercials).

===Hybrid fiber-coaxial===
{{Main|Hybrid fibre-coaxial}}

Modern cable systems are large, with a single network and headend often serving an entire [[metropolitan area]]. Most systems use [[hybrid fiber-coaxial]] (HFC) distribution;<ref name="auto6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-cObR6WnMkC&dq=hfc+network+one+way&pg=PA2|title=Broadband Cable Access Networks: The HFC Plant|first1=David|last1=Large|first2=James|last2=Farmer|date=November 25, 2008|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-08-092214-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> this means the trunklines that carry the signal from the headend to local neighborhoods are [[optical fiber]] to provide greater bandwidth and also extra capacity for future expansion. At the headend, the electrical signal is translated into an optical signal and sent through the fiber. The fiber trunkline goes to several ''distribution hubs'', from which multiple fibers fan out to carry the signal to boxes called ''optical nodes'' in local communities. At the optical node, the optical signal is translated back into an electrical signal and carried by [[coaxial cable]] distribution lines on utility poles, from which cables branch out to a series of signal amplifiers and line extenders. These devices carry the signal to customers via passive RF devices called taps.

== History ==
{{Globalize|date=June 2022|2=United States|section}}
[[File:SiemensCableTelevision1981, Bestanddeelnr 931-3837.jpg|thumb|300px|Demonstration of a 30-channel cable TV system in the Netherlands in March 1981.]]
The very first cable networks were operated locally, notably in 1936 by [[Rediffusion]] in London in the United Kingdom<ref>Russ J. Graham, [https://rediffusion.london/a-short-history A brief history of Rediffusion and BET], ''Rediffusion.london''.</ref> and the same year in Berlin in Germany, notably for the [[1936 Olympics|Olympic Games]], and from 1948 onwards in the United States and Switzerland. This type of local cable network was mainly used to relay terrestrial channels in geographical areas poorly served by terrestrial television signals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mousseau |first=Jacques |date=1985 |title=La télévision aux USA |trans-title=Television in the USA |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/colan_0336-1500_1985_num_63_1_1667 |journal=Communication & Langages |language=french |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=99–117 |doi=10.3406/colan.1985.1667}}</ref>

=== In the United States ===
{{Main|Cable television in the United States}}
{{Summary style|section=yes|date=October 2023}}
Cable television<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Cable – CCTA |url=https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919050329/https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> began in the United States as a commercial business in 1950s.

The early systems simply received weak ([[broadcast]]) channels, amplified them, and sent them over unshielded wires to the subscribers, limited to a community or to adjacent communities. The receiving antenna would be taller than any individual subscriber could afford, thus bringing in stronger signals; in hilly or mountainous terrain, it would be placed at a high elevation.

At the outset, cable systems only served smaller communities without television stations of their own, and which could not easily receive signals from stations in cities because of distance or hilly terrain. In Canada, however, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Rarely, as in the college town of [[Alfred, New York]], U.S. cable systems retransmitted Canadian channels.

Although early ([[VHF]]) television receivers could receive 12 channels (2–13), the maximum number of channels that could be broadcast in one city was 7: channels 2, 4, either 5 or 6, 7, 9, 11 and 13, as receivers at the time were unable to receive strong (local) signals on adjacent channels without distortion. (There were frequency gaps between 4 and 5, and between 6 and 7, which allowed both to be used in the same city).

As equipment improved, all twelve channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be a priority, but technology allowed low-priority signals to be placed on such channels by synchronizing their [[blanking interval]]s. TVs were unable to reconcile these blanking intervals and the slight changes due to travel through a medium, causing [[Ghosting (television)|ghosting]]. The bandwidth of the amplifiers was also limited, meaning frequencies over 250 MHz were difficult to transmit to distant portions of the coaxial network, and UHF channels could not be used at all. To expand beyond 12 channels, non-standard ''midband'' channels had to be used, located between the FM band and Channel 7, or ''superband'' beyond Channel 13 up to about 300 MHz; these channels initially were only accessible using separate tuner boxes that sent the chosen channel into the TV set on Channel 2, 3 or 4.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} Initially, UHF broadcast stations were at a disadvantage because the standard TV sets in use at the time were unable to receive their channels. With the passage of the [[All-Channel Receiver Act]] in 1964, all new television sets were required to include a UHF tuner; nonetheless, it would still take a few years for UHF stations to become competitive.

Before being added to the cable box itself, these midband channels were used for early incarnations of [[pay TV]], e.g. The [[Z Channel]] (Los Angeles) and [[HBO]] but transmitted in the clear i.e. not scrambled as standard TV sets of the period could not pick up the signal nor could the average consumer ''de-tune'' the normal stations to be able to receive it.

Once tuners that could receive select mid-band and super-band channels began to be incorporated into standard television sets, broadcasters were forced to either install scrambling circuitry or move these signals further out of the range of reception for early cable-ready TVs and VCRs. However, once consumer sets had the ability to receive all 181 FCC-allocated channels, premium broadcasters were left with no choice but to scramble.

The descrambling circuitry was often published in electronics hobby magazines such as ''[[Popular Science]]'' and ''[[Popular Electronics]]'' allowing anybody with anything more than a rudimentary knowledge of broadcast electronics to be able to build their own and receive the programming without cost.

Later, the cable operators began to carry [[FM radio]] stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before [[Multichannel television sound|stereo and bilingual TV sound]] became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups. About this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the ''midband'' and ''superband'' VHF channels adjacent to the ''high band'' 7–13 of [[North American television frequencies]]. Some operators as in [[Cornwall, Ontario]], used a dual distribution network with Channels 2–13 on each of the two cables.

During the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike [[public, educational, and government access]] (PEG) created the beginning of cable-originated [[live television]] programming. As cable penetration increased, numerous cable-only TV stations were launched, many with their own news bureaus that could provide more immediate and more localized content than that provided by the nearest network newscast.

Such stations may use similar on-air branding as that used by the nearby broadcast network affiliate, but since these stations do not broadcast over the air and are not regulated by the FCC, their call signs are meaningless. These stations evolved partially into today's over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station would, in the case of no local CBS or ABC station being available, rebroadcast the programming from a nearby affiliate but fill in with its own news and other community programming to suit its own locale. Many live [[local program]]s with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major [[television market]]s in the early 1980s.

This evolved into today's many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced [[television movie]]s and [[miniseries]]. Cable [[specialty channel]]s, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and [[narrowcasting]] became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, some of which by this time had expanded beyond 35 channels. By the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulators to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own.

By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection. By subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels. Large cable companies used addressable descramblers to limit access to [[premium channel]]s for customers not subscribing to higher tiers; however, the above magazines often published workarounds for that technology as well.

During the 1990s, the pressure to accommodate the growing array of offerings resulted in digital transmission that made more efficient use of the VHF signal capacity; fibre optics was common to carry signals into areas near the home, where coax could carry higher frequencies over the short remaining distance. Although for a time in the 1980s and 1990s, television receivers and VCRs were equipped to receive the mid-band and super-band channels. Because the descrambling circuitry was for a time present in these tuners, depriving the cable operator of much of their revenue, such [[cable-ready]] tuners are rarely used now, requiring a return to the [[set-top box]]es used from the 1970s onward.

The [[digital television transition in the United States]] has put all signals, broadcast and cable, into digital form, rendering analog cable television service a rarity, found in an ever-dwindling number of markets. Analog television sets are accommodated, their tuners mostly obsolete and dependent entirely on the set-top box.

==Deployments by continent==
{{main|Cable television by region}}
Cable television is mostly available in [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[Asia]] and [[South America]]. Cable television has had little success in [[Africa]], as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated areas. [[Multichannel multipoint distribution service]], a microwave-based system, may be used instead.

==Other cable-based services==
Coaxial cables are capable of bi-directional carriage of signals as well as the transmission of large amounts of [[data]]. Cable television signals use only a portion of the bandwidth available over coaxial lines. This leaves plenty of space available for other digital services such as [[cable internet]], [[cable telephony]] and wireless services, using both unlicensed and licensed spectra. [[Broadband internet access]] is achieved over coaxial cable by using [[cable modem]]s to convert the [[television network|network]] data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. One problem with some cable systems is that the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional; thus, in order to allow for uploading of data, the customer would need to use an analog telephone modem to provide for the upstream connection. This limited the upstream speed to {{nowrap|31.2 kbit/s}} and prevented the always-on convenience broadband internet typically provides. Many large cable systems have upgraded or are upgrading their equipment to allow for bi-directional signals, thus allowing for greater upload speed and always-on convenience, though these upgrades are expensive.

In [[North America]], [[Australia]] and [[Europe]], many cable operators have already introduced [[cable telephone]] service, which operates just like existing fixed line operators. This service involves installing a special telephone interface at the customer's premises that converts the analog signals from the customer's in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent on the [[local loop]] (replacing the analog [[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]], or [[plain old telephone service]] (POTS) to the company's switching center, where it is connected to the public switched telephone network ([[PSTN]]). The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for nearly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. One of the standards available for digital cable telephony, [[PacketCable]], seems to be the most promising and able to work with the [[quality of service]] (QOS) demands of traditional analog [[plain old telephone service]] (POTS) service. The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and integration to a [[Voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP) network, providing cheap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. In many cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from [[cable modem]] service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) traffic or the Internet.

Traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies increasingly compete in providing voice, video and data services to residences. The combination of television, telephone and Internet access is commonly called ''[[Triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]]'', regardless of whether CATV or [[Telephone company|telcos]] offer it.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[AllVid]]
* [[CableCARD]]
* [[Cable news]]
* [[Closed-circuit television]] (CCTV), not to be confused with CATV
* [[DOCSIS]]
* [[DVB-C]]
* [[European cable television frequencies]]
* [[List of cable television companies]]
* [[Multichannel television]]
* [[North American television frequencies]]
* [[Private cable operator]]
* [[QAM (television)]]
* [[Satellite television]]
* [[Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers]]
* [[Switched video]]
* [[Tru2way]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.rediffusion.info The history of Rediffusion by Gerald K Clode]
* Eisenmann, Thomas R., [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/1591.html "Cable TV: From Community Antennas to Wired Cities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103050/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/1591.html |date=2020-11-08 }}, ''[[Harvard Business School]] Weekly Newsletter'', July 10, 2000
* Moss, Mitchell L.; Payne, Frances, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120410044646/http://www.mitchellmoss.com/articles/promise.html "Can Cable Keep Its Promise?"], ''New York Affairs'', Volume 6, Number 4. New York University. 1981
* Smith, Ralph Lee, "The Wired Nation", ''[[The Nation]]'' magazine, May 18, 1970
* Smith, Ralph Lee, ''The Wired Nation; Cable TV: the electronic communications highway''. New York, Harper & Row, 1972. {{ISBN|0-06-090243-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Herrick |first=Dennis F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddWvXulV5WYC&pg=PA340 |title=Media Management in the Age of Giants: Business Dynamics of Journalism |publisher=UNM Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8263-5163-0}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Broadcasting}}
{{CATV}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cable television| ]]
[[Category:British inventions]]

Bihpuria Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T07:20:11Z

OdessaProsser28: created a info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bihpuria
| constituency_no = 73
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bihpuria Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Bihpuria Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Bihpuria forms part of the [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Bihpuria Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Lakhimpur district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency
* Area Includes: Bihpuria MB, Narayanpur MB, Bihpuria Dev. Block(Part), Karunabari Dev. Block(Part), Narayanpur Dev. Block(Part).

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Sarveswar Borua
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
!Mohananda Bora
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
! rowspan="3" |Premadhar Bora
! rowspan="3" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Borgoram Deori
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Kesharam Bora
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Borgoram Deori
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
!Kesharam Bora
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
!Premadhar Bora
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Debananda Hazarika]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
|}
== Election results ==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bihpuria}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]|party=BJP|votes=73050|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayan Bhuyan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=64814|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=DR. DIGANTA GOGOI|party=Voters Party International |votes=854|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= HEMEN GOGOI|party=Independent|votes=532|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8236 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bihpuria<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bihpuria-assembly-elections-as-109/ |title=BIHPURIA ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS (2021) |publisher=oneindia.com | accessdate=25 Jul 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
|votes = 58,979
|percentage = 48.53
|change = -12.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|votes = 48,801
|percentage = 40.16
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Achyut Saikia (Madhab)
|votes = 6,510
|percentage = 5.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anup Saikia
|votes = 2,545
|percentage = 2.09
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tuleswar Pegu
|votes = 1,932
|percentage = 1.59
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premadhar Bora
|votes = 744
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shobheshwar Gogoi
|votes = 729
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohim Bania
|votes = 472
|percentage = 0.39
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 814
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,178
|percentage = 8.37
|change = -15.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,526
|percentage = 79.4
|change = -3.91
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,53,050
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bihpuria<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Debananda Hazarika]]
|votes = 66,563
|percentage = 60.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|votes = 40,376
|percentage = 36.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premadhar Bora
|votes = 754
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RSC
|candidate = Sunder Deori
|votes = 693
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gargi Deori
|votes = 474
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 834
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,187
|percentage = 23.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,09,694
|percentage = 83.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,31,665
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Cooku with Comali

2026-05-05T01:49:56Z

OdessaProsser28: created bio!

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language comedy cooking reality programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| based_on =
| director = Parthiv Mani (seasons 1–4)
| presenter = [[Aranthangi Nisha]] (season 1) [[Rakshan]] (season 1–6) [[Manimegalai]] (season 5) [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] (season 7) [[Shaalin Zoya]] (season 7)
| editor = Jaganathan Aravinth Sridhar Raghuraman
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 7
| num_episodes = 250+
| runtime = 60 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Star Vijay]]|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]}}
| company = Media Masons (season 1–4) Box Office Studio (season 5–present)
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|11|16}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]
| judges = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Chef Damu]] (season 1–present)|[[Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]] (seasons 1–4)|[[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] (season 5)|Koushik Shankar (season 6–present)|[[Roja Selvamani]] (season 7–present)}}
| genre = [[Cooking show]] [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
}}

'''''Cooku with Comali''''' ({{Translation|Cook with Clown}}), also known by the acronym CWC, is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language comedy-based cooking competition show aired on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] where the contestants are paired each week with comedians (comalis) who are amateur cooks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cooku with Comali's pugazh and Shivangi: On the show's popularity and their friendship|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cooku-with-comalis-pugazh-and-sivaangi-on-the-shows-popularity-and-their-friendship/article33808541.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502062958/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cooku-with-comalis-pugazh-and-sivaangi-on-the-shows-popularity-and-their-friendship/article33808541.ece|archive-date=2 May 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 February 2021|last1=Sunder|first1=Gautam}}</ref> The first season premiered on 16 November 2019 and ended on 23 February 2020. The second season premiered on 14 November 2020 and ended on 14 April 2021. The third season premiered on 22 January 2022 and ended on 24 July 2022. The fourth season premiered on 28 January 2023 and ended on 30 July 2023. The contestants along with their comalis are challenged every week and are judged by [[Chef Damu]] and Chef [[Venkatesh Bhat]] until season 4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cook-comali-why-reality-show-huge-success-147018|title='Cook with Comali': Why the reality show is a huge success'|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=12 April 2021 }}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Game format ===
Every week, the show starts with celebrity chefs getting paired with their ''Comalis.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-genius-of-cook-with-comali/article34316466.ece|title=The genius of 'Cook with Comali'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref> Then the teams compete in Advantage Task 1 and Task 2. The teams then compete in Main Task and Immunity/Elimination Task. The Advantage task involves a minimal task in which a team does a small task and the winner of the Advantage task is given an advantage during the main task where the team can choose a time frame to work without any obstacles. During the Main task, every team is given a challenge or an obstacle that will make the cooking harder. The teams are given a specific time limit where they must cook with that time frame. Most of the cooking tasks are to be done by ''Comalis.'' The cook that gets Immunity is safe from next week's elimination and does not participate in that week. Some week are celebration rounds with no elimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.readersfusion.com/news/cooku-with-comali-all-season-winners-prize-money-runner-up-details/|title=Cooku with Comali All Season Winners, Prize Money and Runner Up Details|website=www.readersfusion.com|date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>

== Overview ==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Main Host
| auxB = Special Host
| auxC = Judge 1
| auxD = Judge 2
| auxE = Judge 3
| auxF = Judge 4
| auxG = Prize Money
| infoA = Contestants
| infoB = Launch TRP Ratings
| infoC = Finale TRP Ratings
| infoD = Winner
| infoE = Runner-up
| link1 = Cooku with Comali
| auxA1 = [[Rakshan]]
| auxB1 = [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
| auxB2 = –
| auxB3 = –
| auxB4 = [[Manimegalai]]
| auxB6 = –
| auxC1 = [[Chef Damodharan]]
| auxD1 = [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]]
| auxE1 = -
| auxF1 = -
| auxG1 = {{INRConvert|5|l}}
| color1 = #3E50AC
| infoA1 = 8
| infoB1 = 7.75 TVR
| infoC1 = 10.22 TVR
| infoD1 = [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
| infoE1 = [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
| episodes1 = 27
| start1 = {{start date|2019|11|16|df=y}}
| end1 = {{end date|2020|02|23|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Star Vijay]] & [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| color2 = turquoise
| link2 = Cooku with Comali season 2
| infoA2 = 9
| infoB2 = 13.97 TVR
| infoC2 = 21.39 TVR
| infoD2 = [[Kani Thiru]]
| infoE2 = [[Shakeela]]
| episodes2 = 41
| start2 = {{start date|2020|11|14|df=y}}
| end2 = {{end date|2021|04|14|df=y}}
| color3 = #006800
| link3 = Cooku with Comali season 3
| infoA3 = 12
| infoB3 = 11.1 TVR
| infoC3 = 12.8 TVR
| infoD3 = [[Shrutika Arjun]]
| infoE3 = [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]]
| episodes3 = 54
| start3 = {{start date|2022|01|22|df=y}}
| end3 = {{end date|2022|07|24|df=y}}
| color4 = #284D60
| link4 = Cooku with Comali season 4
| infoA4 = 12
| infoB4 = 10.5 TVR
| infoC4 = 10.9 TVR
| infoD4 = [[Mime Gopi]]
| infoE4 = [[Srushti Dange]]
| episodes4 = 53
| start4 = {{start date|2023|01|28|df=y}}
| end4 = {{end date|2023|07|30|df=y}}
| color5 = #7FFFD4
| link5 = Cooku with Comali season 5
| auxD5 = [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]]
| infoA5 = 10
| infoB5 = 8.72
| infoC5 = 8.21
| infoD5 = [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
| infoE5 = [[Sujitha]]
| episodes5 = 46
| start5 = {{start date|2024|04|27|df=y}}
| end5 = {{end date|2024|09|29|df=y}}
| color6 = #FFA500
| link6 = Cooku with Comali season 6
| auxE6 = Chef Koushik Shankar
| infoA6 = 10
| infoB6 = 5.78
| infoC6 = TBA
| infoD6 = [[Raju Jeyamohan]]
| infoE6 = [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan]]
| episodes6 = 43
| start6 = {{start date|2025|05|04|df=y}}
| end6 = {{end date|2025|09|28|df=y}}
| color7 = deepskyblue
| link7 = Cooku with Comali season 7
| auxA7 = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
| auxB7 = [[Shaalin Zoya]]
| auxE7 =
| auxF7 = [[Roja Selvamani]]
| infoA7 = 18
| infoB7 = TBA
| infoC7 = TBA
| infoD7 = TBA
| infoE7 = TBA
| episodes7 = TBA
| start7 = {{start date|2026|04|04|df=y}}
| end7 =
}}

== Season 1 ==
The first season of the Tamil reality cooking TV show Cooku with Comali, that was aired first 16 November 2019. This season was hosted by Rakshan and Aranthangi Nisha. The grand finale was aired on 23 February 2020 and winner was [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]].

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Ramya Pandian]]
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
|Priyanka Robo Shankar
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|Thaadi Balaji
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[G. Gnanasambandan]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|}

===Comalis===
* [[KPY Bala]]
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
* [[Manimegalai]]
* [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi]]
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
* Sai Sakthi
* [[Bijili Ramesh]]
* [[Pappu]]

== Season 2 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 2}}

The second season of the Tamil reality cooking TV show Cooku with Comali, that was aired first on 14 November 2020. This season was hosted by [[Rakshan]]. The grand finale was aired on 14 April 2021 and winner was [[Kani Thiru]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kani-is-the-winner-of-cook-with-comali-season-2/article34324130.ece|title=Kani is the winner of 'Cook with Comali' Season 2|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
| [[Kani Thiru]]
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| [[Shakeela]]
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Pavithra Lakshmi]]
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Baba Bhaskar]]
|Style="background:#FF69B4;";"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Dharsha Gupta]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Deepa Shankar]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Madurai Muthu]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|}

===Comalis===
* [[KPY Bala]]
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
* [[Manimegalai]]
* [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi]] ‘’’(Winner Comali) ‘’’
* Sunita Gogoi ‘’’‘’’
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
* Shakthi
* Parvathy-Pappu
* Sarath

== Season 3 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 3}}

The third season aired on every Saturday and Sunday from 12 January 2022 to 24 July 2022 and ended with 54 Episodes. The winner of the season was [[Shrutika]]. This season is hosted by [[Rakshan]] and judged by [[Chef Damodharan]] and Chef [[Venkatesh Bhat]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
| [[Shruthika]]
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]]
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Ammu Abhirami]]
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Vidyullekha Raman]]
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Santhosh Prathap]]
|Style="background:#FF69B4;";"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Grace Karunas]]
|Style="background:#FF00FF;";"|'''5th Runner-Up'''
|-
|Vettai Muthukumar
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Roshini Haripriyan]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Chutti Aravind]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Anthony Daasan]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Manobala]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|Rahul Thatha
| {{Eliminated}}
|}

== Season 4 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 4}}

The fourth season aired on every Saturday and Sunday from 28 January 2023 to 30 July 2023 and ended with 43 Episodes. It was hosted by [[Rakshan]]. The winner of the season was Mime Gopi, and actress Srushti Dange was the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-4-grand-finale-mime-gopi-lifts-the-trophy-wins-cash-reward-rs-5-lakh/articleshow/102262482.cms|title=Cooku With Comali season 4 grand finale: Mime Gopi lifts the trophy; wins cash reward Rs 5 lakh|date=31 July 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
| [[Mime Gopi]]
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| [[Srushti Dange]]
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Vichithra]]
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Andreanne Nouyrigat]]
|Style="background:#FF69B4;";"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[D. R. K. Kiran]]
|Style="background:#FF00FF;";"|'''5th Runner-Up'''
|-
|Gajesh
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Sherin Shringar]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[VJ Vishal]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|Raj Ayyappa
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|Kalaiyan
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|Kishore Rajkumar
| {{Eliminated}}
|}

== Season 5 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 5}}

The fifth season airs on every Saturday and Sunday from on April 27, 2024 at 21:30.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
|[[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
|[[Sujitha]]
|style="background:#D1E8EF;";"|'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| Mohammad Irfan
|style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| Pooja Venkat
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Shaalin Zoya]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;";"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[VTV Ganesh]]
| Style="background:#FF00FF;";"|'''5th Runner-Up'''
|-
| Vasanth Vasi
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Dhivya Duraisamy]]
| {{Eliminated}}

|-
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| Akshay Kamal
| {{Eliminated}}
|}

== Season 6 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 6}}

The sixth season aired from May 04, 2025 to 28 September 2025.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Raju Jeyamohan]]
|style="text-align: center;" style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Shabana Shajahan Aryan|Shabana Shajahan]]
|style="text-align: center;" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Umair Lateef]]
|style="text-align: center;" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]
|style="text-align: center;" style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Priya Raman]]
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Nanda Kumar
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Sundari
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Ganja Karuppu]]
| {{Eliminated}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-6-ganja-karuppu-gets-eliminated-from-the-show/articleshow/121879679.cms|title=Cooku with Comali 6: Ganja Karuppu gets eliminated from the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Soundarya Chillukuri
| {{Eliminated}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-6-soundarya-chillukuri-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/121434500.cms|title=Cooku with Comali 6: Soundarya Chillukuri gets evicted from the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Season 7 ==
{{Main|Cooku with Comali season 7}}

The seventh season premiered on 4 April 2026.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/cooku-with-comali-season-7-meet-the-couple-contestants-bringing-double-trouble-to-the-kitchen-5-7684.html|title=Cooku With Comali Season 7: Meet the Couple Contestants Bringing Double Trouble to the Kitchen|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=28 March 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Aravinth Seiju]] & Sangeetha Sai
|<ref name="contestants" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |{{nowrap|[[Anirudha Srikkanth]] & Samyuktha Shanmuganathan}}
|<ref name="contestants" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Gaana Vinoth & Bhagya
|<ref name="contestants">{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-anirudsamyuktha-to-gaana-vinothbhagya-celebrity-couples-join-cooku-with-comali-season-7/articleshow/129862855.cms|title=From Anirud–Samyuktha to Gaana Vinoth–Bhagya, celebrity couples join Cooku With Comali Season 7|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Aranthangi Nisha]] & Riaz Ali
|<ref name="contestants" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Mahendran & Shantha
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Dravid Selvam & Raji Dravid
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Kongu Manjunathan & Rajeshwari Manjunathan
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Sidhu Sid]] & [[Shreya Anchan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-7-sidhu-sid-and-shreya-anchan-join-as-contestants/articleshow/130108942.cms|title=Cooku With Comali Season 7: Sidhu Sid and Shreya Anchan join as contestants|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] & Jameela Babu
|{{Quit}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-7-singer-mono-and-jameela-join-as-contestants/articleshow/129921992.cms|title=Cooku With Comali Season 7: Singer Mono and Jameela join as contestants|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-that-cooku-with-comali-7-contestant-mano-acted-with-kamal-haasan-in-singaravelan/articleshow/129946573.cms|title=Did you know that Cooku With Comali 7 contestant Mano acted with Kamal Haasan in Singaravelan?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Production ==
[[Media Masons]] produced season one to four and on 2024, producer Ravoofa announced at the end of February that their company was quitting [[Star Vijay]] television after 25 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title='Cooku With Comali' new season becomes doubtful as the show's crew moves out one by one - Deets |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cooku-with-comali-producer-director-walks-out-of-show-fans-shocked-no-new-season-latest-tamil-news-351498 |website=www.indiaglitz.com |language=en}}</ref> Later on the production company [[Media Masons]] decide to produce a new cooking show like ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Parthiban.A |date=3 May 2024 |title=யாரு தான் Copy அடிக்கல.. CWC vs Top Cooku Dupe Cooku! தீபா அக்கா Exclusive Interview |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/cwc-vs-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-deepa-akka-interview-1714685875 |website=cineulagam.com |language=ta}}</ref> on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] called ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு - விஜய் டிவியில் இருந்து சன் டிவிக்கு தாவிய குக் வித் கோமாளி பிரபலங்கள்... |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/top-listing/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-vijay-tv-cook-with-comali-fame-stars-jumped-to-sun-tv-new-program-promo-video-released-5-4031.html |website=tamil.filmibeat.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title='டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு' நிகழ்ச்சியின் தயாரிப்பாளர் வெங்கடேஷ் பட்டா? பரபரப்பு தகவல்..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/venkatesh-bhat-is-the-producer-of-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-in-sun-tv-tamilfont-news-354202 |website=www.indiaglitz.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=யாரு தான் Copy அடிக்கல.. CWC vs Top Cooku Dupe Cooku! தீபா அக்கா Exclusive Interview - சினிஉலகம் |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/cwc-vs-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-deepa-akka-interview-1714685875 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref> After this Box Office studio took over the production of ''Cooku with Comali'' from season five.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ads |date=2024-07-12 |title=Blockbusters of Box Office studio |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/blockbusters-of-box-office-studio-794491 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The series gained popularity only during its re – telecast in the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The genius of 'Cook with Comali'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-genius-of-cook-with-comali/article34316466.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502061400/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-genius-of-cook-with-comali/article34316466.ece|archive-date=2 May 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Following which the launch of the second season became one of the top rated Tamil [[reality television]] program both on television and on the digital platform [[Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Cook with Comali': Why the reality show is a huge success|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cook-comali-why-reality-show-huge-success-147018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502061053/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cook-comali-why-reality-show-huge-success-147018|archive-date=2 May 2021|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Bigg Boss Tamil' attracted most eyeballs on Disney+ Hotstar in TN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-attracted-most-eyeballs-on-disney-hotstar/article33642732.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502061823/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-attracted-most-eyeballs-on-disney-hotstar/article33642732.ece|archive-date=2 May 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2021}}</ref>

The grand finale of season 2 aired on 14 April 2021 for 6 hours garnered a high viewership rating of 11.1 TVR in urban and 8.1 TVR overall with 6.58 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cook with comali 2 grand finale gets record trp; Sivaangi thanks fans|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/cook-with-comali-2-grand-finale-gets-record-trpsivaangi-thanks-fans/articleshow/82229590.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064743/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/cook-with-comali-2-grand-finale-gets-record-trpsivaangi-thanks-fans/articleshow/82229590.cms|archive-date=2 May 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:22%;"| Premiere date
! style="background:Violet; width:12%;"| Network
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Last Aired
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Notes
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Ref
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Cookku with Kirikku]]'' ಕಿರಿಕ್ಕು ಜೊತೆ ಕುಕ್ಕು
| 10 April 2021
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 15 August 2021
| rowspan="8" |Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web|title='Cooku With Comali' now goes to Kannada!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315164839/https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2021|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Gole Male Gol'' গোলে পুরুষ গোল
| 25 September 2021
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 14 November 2021
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/comedy-show-golemale-gol-to-premiere-on-september-25/articleshow/86222928.cms|title=Comedy show 'Golemale Gol' to premiere on September 25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Cook with Comedy'' കുക്ക് വിത്ത് കോമഡി
| 6 May 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 8 July 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2023/cooku-with-comali-to-have-malayalam-version-from-judges-to-contestants-here-s-everything-to-know-352234.html|title=Cooku With Comali To Have Malayalam Version|website=Filmibeat|date=9 May 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]'' लाफ्टर शेफ्स – अनलिमिटेड एंटरटेनमेंट
| 1 June 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| Ongoing
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/colors-announces-new-season-of-laughter-chefs-unlimited-entertainment-140189.html | title=Colors announces new season of Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment | publisher=Exchange4media | date=17 January 2025 | access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=LEADERBRIEF {{!}} Alok Jain on Laughter Chefs: Unlimited Entertainment – the biggest Comedy Reality show on TV, from COLORS |url=https://mediabrief.com/exclusive-alok-jain-on-laughter-chefs-unlimited-entertainment/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=MediaBrief}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Shitti Vajali Re'' शिट्टी वाजली रे
| 26 April 2025
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 3 August 2025
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/shitti-vajali-re-winner-name-leaked-before-finale-who-will-win-shitti-vajali-re-star-pravah-471565.html|title=Shitti Vajali Re Winner Name Leaked Before Finale? Who Will Win Show On Star Pravah?|website=Filmibeat|date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Kwatle Kitchen'' ಕ್ವಾಟ್ಲೆ ಕಿಚನ್
|14 June 2025
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|27 September 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwatle Kitchen: ಅತ್ತ ಕುಕ್ಕಿಂಗ್..ಇತ್ತ ಕಾಮಿಡಿ! ಇಂದಿನಿಂದಲೇ ಕ್ವಾಟ್ಲೆ ಕಿಚನ್ ಶುರು |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/colors-kannada-kwatle-kitchen-new-show-latest-updates-rvj-dvp-2101846.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=kannada.news18.com |language=kn-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Cooku with Jathirathnalu'' కూకూ విత్ జాతిరత్నాలు
| 28 June 2025
| [[Star Maa]]
| Ongoing
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Maa upcoming reality show Cook with Jaathirathnalu, set to launch on June 28, is expected to add further momentum to its programming line-up. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jiostar-entertainment-ignites-regional-momentum-with-hyderabad-roadshow-1881719 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Comedy Cooks]]'' കോമഡി കുക്ക്സ്
| 18 April 2026
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Ongoing
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Bhavana to Judge ‘Comedy Cooks’; TV and Social Media Stars Join as Contestants|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-to-judge-comedy-cooks-tv-and-social-media-stars-join-as-contestants/articleshow/129976109.cms|access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

*''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]'', another [[Tamil language]] comedy [[Cooking show|cooking competition show]] airing from 2024 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] is inspired from this show.<ref>{{cite web |author=Parthiban.A |date=3 May 2024 |title=யாரு தான் Copy அடிக்கல.. CWC vs Top Cooku Dupe Cooku! தீபா அக்கா Exclusive Interview |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/cwc-vs-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-deepa-akka-interview-1714685875 |website=cineulagam.com |language=ta}}</ref>
*The show also inspired a [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] reality show ''Kashmir Comedy Kitchen'' which premiered in August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Pakistani Laughter Chefs’ trolled, locals apologise to Indians |url=https://www.siasat.com/pakistani-laughter-chefs-trolled-locals-apologise-to-indians-3328185/|website=siasat.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episodes|13464516}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Cooku with Comali}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language cooking television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali| ]]

Dada Vaidya

2026-05-01T07:51:57Z

OdessaProsser28: created a entry!

{{Short description|Ayurvedic practitioner (1859–1947)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dada Vaidya
| image = File:Dr.-Dada-Vaidya.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Vaidya
| birth_name =
| birth_place = Keri, Goa, [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1859|9|8|df=y}}
| death_date = {{dda|1947|3|6|1859|9|8|df=y}}
}}

'''Ramchandra Pandurang Vaidya''' (8 September 1859 – 6 March 1947), better known as '''Dada Vaidya''', was an [[ayurvedic]] practitioner, writer, social reformer and educator. He is known for his contributions in the fields of medicine, literature, education, industry and culture. A statue in his honour stands at [[Ponda, Goa]], at a location known today as Dada Vaidya Chowk.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Navelkar |first1=V. R. |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/690 |type= |edition= |series= |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

He used to extract medicines from various plants in [[Goa]] and administer them to ailing persons. Though the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Government]] was advocating [[allopathic medicine]]s by law, Vaidya had the privilege of Portuguese officers as he treated their family members who had lost hopes of curing by adopting allopathic medicines successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sardesai |first=Sanjeev |date=2018-09-15 |title=Heritage treasures of Ponda |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/09/15/magazines/zest/heritage-treasures-of-ponda/ |access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vaidya was born on 8 September 1859 in Keri, Ponda, Goa. His family originally hailed from Panvel in [[Tiswadi taluka|Tiswadi]], and their original surname was Wayangal. During the period of conversions in Goa, the family moved to [[Volvoi]], Keri. They acquired the nickname ''Panvelkar'', denoting their origin from Panvel, and ''Vaidya'', derived from their hereditary involvement in the medical profession.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

At an early age, Vaidya received instruction in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Sanskrit]] at home, as part of his Brahminical training. He was introduced to Ayurveda under the guidance of his father. Although he wished to study Western medicine, his family did not allow him to leave Goa. Instead, he trained for about two years under an allopathic doctor named Joglekar, and went on to achieve success as a physician. He became known as one of Goa’s leading medical practitioners and continued to practice into his sixties. He considered medicine not a business but a form of public service.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Literary career==
Vaidya was interested in reading from childhood and was influenced by newspapers and journals such as ''Kesari'', ''Induprakash'', ''Sudharak'' and ''Nibandhmala''. At the age of 20, he began to write with the aim of contributing to the development of Goa. He used his personal funds to publish newspapers including ''Luz d'Oriente'', ''Vidyaprasar'', ''Pathya Bod'' and ''Prachiprabha''. He also ran ''Halad Kunku'', a magazine specifically for women.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His books include ''Kavyatarangini'', ''Sthulatanu Varnan'', ''Mrityunjaya Natak'', ''Prabodhsudhakar'' (critique), ''Prakriti Vikriti'' (satire), ''Sphurangeetan'', ''Atmabodha'' and ''Sukanyacharitra''. His writings covered a range of genres and themes. One of his notable works was ''Kumpanane Shet Khanyachi Navalai'' (''The Unprecedentedness of Progeny Regulation''), which addressed family planning, a subject considered unconventional at the time. He wrote more poetry than prose, and a portion of his literary work remains unpublished.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Social reform and education==
Vaidya was active in efforts to revive Hindu society in Goa. He was associated with the Goa Hindu Sarvajin Sabha, which provided a platform for political and social discourse among Hindus. He expressed concern that Hindus in Goa had little representation in political affairs and lagged behind in Western education compared to Christians.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1911, Vaidya with Sitaram Kerkar and Vinayak Sarjyotishi founded the [[Goa Vidyaprasarak Mandal]] and its first institution, A.J. de Almeida High School, in the Pondà, [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |title=Profiles of eminent Goans, past and present}}</ref> The institution operated under difficult conditions during Portuguese rule, relying on volunteers and community support. Vaidya also set up clinics for Ayurvedic medicines in Panaji and Margao, an Ayurvedic laboratory and a tile factory in Moira, and attempted to establish glass and sugar factories. These ventures were part of his vision for educational, economic and industrial development in Goa.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Patronage of culture==
At a time when participation in theatre was avoided by the elite, Vaidya sponsored a drama troupe at considerable personal expense. His contributions extended to the arts as well as to medicine, education, literature and industry. His work is therefore often described in terms of five broad areas: political, social, educational, industrial and cultural.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Later life and death==
In his later years, Vaidya adopted a life of renunciation and resided in a hut at Kavale Mansion in Ponda. He died there on 6 March 1947 at the age of 87. Shortly before his death, he created a trust dedicated to religion and education.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Dada Vaidya statue, Ponda.jpg|thumb|Dada Vaidya statue, Ponda]]
In recognition of his lifelong work, the Portuguese authorities erected a full-length statue of him in Ponda, where the square is known as Dada Vaidya Chowk.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Further reading ==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dada-vaidyas-legacy-ancestral-home-crave-more-attention/articleshow/53051758.cms Dada Vaidya's legacy, ancestral home crave more attention]
* [https://youtube/I1RRV5HVs1k?si=CvDTv5TrjGQ_gj7u Brief video on Dada Vaidya's life]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Educators from Goa]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Goa]]
[[Category:Activists from Goa]]

Ullal Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:44Z

OdessaProsser28: Created Data

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ullal
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Ullal''' or '''Mangalore II Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]]. It was part of [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullal Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ullal-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Gajanan Pandit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || A. Krishna Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[B. M. Idinabba]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | U. T. Fareed
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || P. Ramachandra Rao || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. M. Idinabba]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || K. Jayarama Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="3" | [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2007 elections in India#Karnataka|2007 By-election]] {{efn|Death of U. T. Fareed on 06/02/2007}}
|}
{{notelist}}
==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2007 elections in India#Karnataka|2007 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeeleJune07/143-Ullal.htm |title= Bye-Elections, June, 2007 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,271 |percentage = 47.84% |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekar Uchchil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,239 |percentage = 39.53% |change = {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aboobakar Natekal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,217 |percentage = 6.43% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Balakrishna Shetty |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,803 |percentage = 4.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharathraj Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,196 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,032 |percentage = 8.30% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,726 |percentage = 60.11% |change = {{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,726}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,920 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,839 |percentage = 45.21% |change = {{decrease}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekar Uchchil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,491 |percentage = 38.26% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jayarama Shetty |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,184 |percentage = 7.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra Uchil |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 7,320 |percentage = 6.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muzafar |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 679 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar Shetty |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 663 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leelavathi. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 646 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,348 |percentage = 6.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,863 |percentage = 69.09% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,822}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,222 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. T. Khader|Uppala T. Khader Fareed]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,134 |percentage = 53.82% |change = {{increase}}28.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jayarama Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,881 |percentage = 37.44% |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Madhava |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,141 |percentage = 8.74% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,253 |percentage = 16.37% |change = {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,848 |percentage = 70.77% |change = {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,156}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,692 |percentage = 1.78% |change = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}21.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jayarama Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,412 |percentage = 32.26% |change = {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mohammed Massod |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,817 |percentage = 24.86% |change = {{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shriyan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 13,154 |percentage = 17.38% |change = {{decrease}}11.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ullal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 9,062 |percentage = 11.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Shaffi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,844 |percentage = 5.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rasheed |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,836 |percentage = 3.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinakar Ullal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,096 |percentage = 2.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Balakrishna Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,115 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,595 |percentage = 7.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,529 |percentage = 63.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,680}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 849 |percentage = 1.11% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,093 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Idinabba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,785 |percentage = 36.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shriyan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 20,371 |percentage = 28.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Jayarama Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,069 |percentage = 24.19% |change = {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheikh Ibrahim Saheeb |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 4,463 |percentage = 6.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Raheem |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,399 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Yashwantha Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,414 |percentage = 7.67% |change = {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,295 |percentage = 65.43% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,561}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,734 |percentage = 6.29% |change = {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,070 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Idinabba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,184 |percentage = 45.81% |change = {{increase}}18.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramachandra Rao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 17,157 |percentage = 30.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sundar Gatti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,966 |percentage = 12.19% |change = {{decrease}}6.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abbas Haji Kemmara |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,012 |percentage = 10.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,027 |percentage = 15.79% |change = {{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,621 |percentage = 65.91% |change = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,164}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 457 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,422 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramachandra Rao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 16,423 |percentage = 32.44% |change = {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mohammed Massod |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,903 |percentage = 27.46% |change = {{increase}}26.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. Mohammed Ali |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,381 |percentage = 20.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sundar Gatti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,254 |percentage = 18.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Morris. A. D. Souza |party = Independent politician |votes = 660 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,520 |percentage = 4.98% |change = {{decrease}}28.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,212 |percentage = 67.23% |change = {{decrease}}5.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,621}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 591 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,176 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}24.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Ullal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. T. Fareed |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,174 |percentage = 57.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramachandra Rao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,445 |percentage = 23.54% |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdur Rahim Ahmed |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,911 |percentage = 16.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Garty Suvarna |party = Independent politician |votes = 711 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Hameed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 631 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{decrease}}52.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,729 |percentage = 33.53% |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,612 |percentage = 73.21% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,872}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 740 |percentage = 1.38% |change = {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,234 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. T. Fareed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,048 |percentage = 53.79% |change = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishna Shetty |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 14,383 |percentage = 25.75% |change = {{decrease}}7.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Narayana Shetty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,227 |percentage = 11.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Louella Lobo |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,031 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Khader |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,654 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramamchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,518 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,665 |percentage = 28.04% |change = {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,969 |percentage = 71.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,861}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,818 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Idinabba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,365 |percentage = 50.44% |change = {{increase}}10.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Shetmy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 14,051 |percentage = 33.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Rai |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,647 |percentage = 13.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Brito |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 3.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,314 |percentage = 17.27% |change = {{increase}}15.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,997 |percentage = 71.52% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,355}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,519 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishna Shetty |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 17,725 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. M. Idinabba]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,912 |percentage = 40.42% |change = {{decrease}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nagappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 4,230 |percentage = 10.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghuath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,740 |percentage = 4.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Sayed Ahamed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 813 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,325 |percentage = 75.61% |change = {{increase}}16.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,838}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,302 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore II <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Pandit |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,332 |percentage = 58.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakkilaya. B. V |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,526 |percentage = 41.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,806 |percentage = 16.66% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,858 |percentage = 58.97% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,113 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Ullal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.814636|74.858622|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Manoj Bhawuk

2026-04-13T17:18:48Z

OdessaProsser28: creating article.

{{Short description|Indian television presenter (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Manoj Bhawuk at Filmfare.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Manoj Bhawuk after receiving Filmfare & Femina Award
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1976|1|2}}
| birth_place = [[Siwan district|Kausar]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Writer in Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd., Bhojpuri poet
| awards = Filmfare for outstanding contribution in Literature
| parents = [[Ramdev Singh]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Manoj Bhawuk''' (born 2 January 1976) is an Indian poet writing in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], actor, television presenter and screenwriter, active in [[Bhojpuri cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-uttarpradesh-prayagraj-poet-manoj-bhavuk-got-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman2022-23274061.html|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान 2022|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> He has been awarded by [[Filmfare]] & [[Femina (India)|Femina]] Bhojpuri Icons<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of The Filmfare & Femina Bhojpuri Icons {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-femina-bhojpuri-icons-2023/winners |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> in the category of ″Outstanding Contribution in Literature″.<ref name="hindi.webdunia.com">{{Cite web |last= |title=फिल्मफेयर और फेमिना ने किया भोजपुरी लेखक मनोज भावुक का सम्मान |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/national-hindi-news/filmfare-and-femina-honored-bhojpuri-writer-manoj-bhavuk-123071800082_1.html?contentType=article |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी में योगदान के लिए सीवान के मनोज को मिला सम्मान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/siwan/story-siwan-39-s-manoj-got-respect-for-his-contribution-in-bhojpuri-8454362.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He has written many awarded books. He promotes Bhojpuri language and literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/country/general/poet-manoj-bhawuk-recieves-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022-73033|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022|website=outlookhindi.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaspeaksdaily.com/poet-manoj-bhavuk-got-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022/ | title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022 | date=28 December 2022 }}</ref> Bhawuk has been the Project Head of [[Zee TV]]'s reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa (Bhojpuri)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=First Ever Filmfare Femina Bhojpuri Icons Award 2023 |url=https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/first-ever-filmfare-femina-bhojpuri-icons-award-2023 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=First Ever Filmfare Femina Bhojpuri Icons Award 2023}}</ref> He is a diploma holder in theatre acting and has acted in TV shows, films and serials. He has been awarded national and international honors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samachartoday.co.in/entertainment/Manoj-Bhavuk-awarded-by-Kailash-Gautam-Kavyakumbh-Lokbhasha/cid9579124.htm|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022|date=28 December 2022|website=samachartoday.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/kavi-manoj-bhauk-ko-mila-kailash-gautam-2022-samman/|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022 | No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|website=www.bhadas4media.com|date=29 December 2022 }}</ref> Manoj Bhawuk is the first person who thoroughly researched and documented history of Bhojpuri Cinema and published in various magazines. His research book on the history of Bhojpuri cinema titled ''Bhojpuri Cinema ke Sansaar'', documenting its evolution from its inception to its present-day decline, has been published. The work provides a comprehensive analysis of the artistic, cultural, and commercial trajectory of Bhojpuri cinema over the decades.<ref>https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/manoj-bhavuk-honored-with-best-writer-award-2134395</ref><ref>https://ndtv.in/bollywood/manoj-bhawuk-honored-with-best-writer-award-8141770/amp/1</ref> For this book, he is honored with the Best Writer Award by Saras Salil magazine.<ref>https://www.sarassalil.in/bollywood/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-cine-awards-2025-manoj-bhavuk-gets-best-writer-award</ref>

==Career==
Bhawuk studied engineering at the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology and worked as an engineer for a time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/siwan-10029011.html|title=मिट्टी से लगाव ने इंजीनियर को बनाया अभिनेता|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> He was later a journalist with [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=14 November 2012 |title=Manoj Bhawuk teams up with Anjan TV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Manoj-Bhawuk-teams-up-with-Anjan-TV/articleshow/17217221.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>

He received the [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]] Award in 2006 for his [[ghazal]] collection ''Tasveer zindagi ke''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2006/09/060916_bhojpuri_samman|title=BBCHindi.com|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

In 2017 he began to work with [[Anjan TV]] and Mahua Plus.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahuaa Plus appoints Manoj Bhawuk as Creative Consultant |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Mahuaa-Plus-appoints-Manoj-Bhawuk-as-Creative-Consultant/articleshow/47958771.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>

Bhawuk was conferred with the Geetanjali Sahitya Award on 1 September 2018 in Birmingham, United Kingdom by Gitanjali Multilingual Literary Circle, UK for his work and contribution to Bhojpuri Literature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=लंदन में बढ़ा भोजपुरी का मान, मनोज भावुक हुए सम्मानित |trans-title=Bhojpuri got prestige in London, Poet and Anchor Manoj Bhawuk honoured |url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhojpuri-got-prestige-in-london-poet-and-anchor-manoj-bhawuk-honored/279509 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122310/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhojpuri-got-prestige-in-london-poet-and-anchor-manoj-bhawuk-honored/279509 |archive-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> He received the Lokbhasha Samman (लोकभाषा सम्मान) for his innumerous contributions in Bhojpuri literature by Kailash Gautam Srijan Sansthan, constituted in memory of popular poet [[Kailash Gautam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bihar.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/poet-manoj-bhavuk-got-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022-1741581|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022|date=27 December 2022|website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-kailash-gautam-39-s-poems-raise-a-ray-of-hope-7551228.html|title=उम्मीद की किरण जगाती हैं कैलाश गौतम की कविताएं|website=Hindustan}}</ref>

Manoj Bhawuk is also chief editor of e-magazines named ''Bhojpuria'' and ''Bhojpuri Junction''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://humbhojpuria.com/|title=Hum Bhojpuria}}</ref> He is the director of '''Achievers Junction''' dedicated to the legends of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabarbhojpuri.com/renowned-poet-manoj-bhavuk-awarded-with-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022-for-bhojpuri/|title=कवि मनोज भावुक के मिलल कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022 - खबर भोजपुरी|date=27 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samagrabharat.com/2022/12/28/poet-manoj-bhavuk-got-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022/|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को मिला कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान-2022|first=Samagra|last=Bharat|date=28 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.suryasamachar.com/newsdetail/Manoj-Bhavuk-honored-by-Filmfare-and-Femina-35014.html | title=फिल्मफेयर और फेमिना द्वारा सम्मानित किए गए मनोज भावुक, इन भोजपुरी दिग्गजों को भी मिला सम्मान | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=27 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727105711/https://www.suryasamachar.com/newsdetail/Manoj-Bhavuk-honored-by-Filmfare-and-Femina-35014.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also Bhojpuri Language Expert in the board of NIOS ([[National Institute of Open Schooling]])<ref>https://ndtv.in/education/nios-bhojpuri-program-online-study-of-bhojpuri-at-national-institute-of-open-schooling-9199946</ref><ref>https://www.hindisaamana.com/bhojpuri-will-be-taught-in-nios/</ref> He is a member of the board constituted by the Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]], for the mission of getting [[Chhath Puja]] enlisted in UNESCO.<ref>https://hindi.webdunia.com/national-hindi-news/manoj-bhawuk-joined-the-expert-committee-formed-by-the-government-of-india-to-include-chhath-in-unesco-125092400058_1.html</ref><ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/chhath-festival-will-be-included-in-the-unesco-heritage-list-manoj-bhavuk-joins-the-expert-committee/2932775</ref>

He is actively writing songs for Bhojpuri films ''(like, Mehandi Laga ke Rakhna 3, Aapan kahaye wala ke ba)'' which received grand reception from public.<ref>https://hindi.webdunia.com/regional-hindi-news/this-film-reminds-us-of-golden-days-of-bhojpuri-cinema-125092900052_1.html</ref><ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-cinema-apna-kahaye-wala-ke-ba-released-on-ott-manoj-bhawuk-songs-and-awadhesh-mishra-seen-in-new-look/2939309</ref> He advocates clean and meaningful lyrics. His ghazal album ''Tani Tani sa baat ke'' with legendary Artist [[Kalpana Patowary]] is going viral.<ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/kalpana-patwari-and-manoj-bhawuk-bhojpuri-ghazal-tani-tani-sa-baat-ke-released/2902204</ref><ref>https://ndtv.in/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-ghazal-tani-tani-sa-baat-ke-dedicated-to-sharda-sinha-released-watch-9185318</ref>

==Awards==
* Awarded the ''Bhartiya Bhasha Samman 2025'' in recognition of his dedicated efforts to revive and uphold the pride of the Bhojpuri language.<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/siwan/story-manoj-bhavuk-honored-with-indian-language-award-2025-for-contribution-to-bhojpuri-literature-201757828122253.html</ref><ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/manoj-bhawuk-honoured-with-bharatiya-bhasha-samman-2025-bhojpuri-got-national-pride/2920811</ref><ref>https://www.hindisaamana.com/manoj-bhavuk-gets-indian-language-award-2025/</ref>
* Received ''Paati Samman 2025'' for his huge contribution in Bhojpuri Cinema & Literature.<ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/manoj-bhavuk-awarded-pati-akshar-samman-2025-for-his-contribution-to-bhojpuri-literature-and-cinema/2912419</ref><ref>https://hindi.webdunia.com/uttar-pradesh/manoj-bhavuk-gets-patti-akshar-samman-125090700039_1.html</ref>
* Honored with the Best Writer Award at the Popular Saras Salil Bhojpuri Cine Awards 2025 <ref>https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/siwan/siwan-news-manoj-gets-best-writer-award</ref><ref>https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/manoj-bhavuk-got-best-writer-award-reward-of-30-years-of-hard-work/2712919/amp</ref>
* Honored by Filmfare & Femina Bhojpuri Reel and Real Icons Award for his outstanding contribution in Literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=फिल्मफेयर और फेमिना द्वारा मनोज भावुक का हुआ सम्मान |url=https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/manoj-bhawuk-bestowed-filmfare-awards-77585 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bhadas4media.com |date=2019-12-07 |title=पत्रकार, कवि और एंकर मनोज भावुक किए गए सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/manoj-bhawuk-sammanit/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=No. 1 Indian Media News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी सिनेमा पर उल्लेखनीय योगदान के लिए मनोज भावुक का हुआ सम्मान |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/7/17/Manoj-Bhavuk-honored-for-Bhojpuri-cinema.php |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Won the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Award 2006 by [[Gulzar]] and Girija Devi for the book for Tasveer Zindagi Ke<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2006/09/060916_bhojpuri_samman.shtml |title=BBCHindi.com |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
* Won the International Bhojpuri Gaurav Samman, Mauritius 2014 by Sir [[Anerood Jugnauth]], the Prime Minister of Mauritius<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Manoj-Bhawuk-awarded-by-the-former-Prime-Minister-and-President-of-the-Republic-of-Mauritius/articleshow/45099665.cms |title=Manoj Bhawuk awarded by the former Prime Minister and President of the Republic of Mauritius |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
* Received the Parikalpana Lok Bhushan Samman in Kathmandu, Nepal (First time this award was given for Bhojpuri literature) in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/news/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95/190183 |title=नेपाल में सम्मानित हुए कवि मनोज भावुक | Zee News Hindi |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
* Geetanjali Sahitya Award on 1 September 2018 in Birmingham, United Kingdom by Gitanjali Multilingual Literary Circle, UK for his work and contribution to Bhojpuri Literature.<ref name=":1" />
* Kailash Gautam Kavya-Kunth Lokbhasha Samman on 27 December 2022 by Kailash Gautam Srijan Sansthan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/hindi-literature-articles/kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman-2022-to-poet-manoj-bhavuk-122122800075_1.html|title=कवि मनोज भावुक को 'कैलाश गौतम काव्यकुंभ लोकभाषा सम्मान'-2022|website=hindi.webdunia.com}}</ref>
* Awarded by ''Anjan Samman 2023'' for his contribution in Bhojpuri Literature.<ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/saran/chhapra/news/litterateur-manoj-bhavuk-will-get-anjan-honor-132104359.html</ref><ref>https://news4nation.com/news/our-village-should-not-become-a-city-i-am-sentimental-seeing-anjor-the-hut-is-very-derailed-621992</ref>

==Personal life==
Manoj Bhawuk was born on 2 January 1976 in Kausad village of Siwan district of Bihar. His father [[Ramdev Singh]] was a labor leader, and his mother is a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akanksha |date=2023-07-21 |title=The Bhojpuri Legend Manoj Bhawuk Bestowed "Bhojpuri Icons" Filmfare and Femina Award |url=https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/the-bhojpuri-legend-manoj-bhawuk-bestowed-bhojpuri-icons-filmfare-and-femina-award/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Bollywood Couch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कार्यक्रम:शोषण के खिलाफ 1963 और 1966 में रेणुकूट में सीवान के रामदेव सिंह ने लड़ी थी लंबी लड़ाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/siwan/news/ramdev-singh-of-siwan-fought-a-long-battle-against-exploitation-in-renukoot-in-1963-and-1966-129741683.html |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=www.bhaskar.com|date=May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=भोजपुरी साहित्य के लिए मनोज भावुक को मिला पहला फिल्मफेयर अवॉर्ड |url=https://bharat9.com/entertainment/manoj-bhavuk-wins-first-filmfare-award-for-bhojpuri/cid11646914.htm |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=bharat9.com |language=hi}}</ref> His father was the first union leader of Hindalco, Renukoot, so Manoj spent his childhood in Renukoot. Manoj completed his schooling from Hindalco High School. He started writing poems and stories from his early age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow: कौन हैं मनोज भावुक, जिन्हें फिल्मफेयर और फेमिना ने भोजपुरी साहित्य और सिनेमा में उल्लेखनीय योगदान के लिए किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.gnttv.com/entertainment/story/manoj-bhavuk-honored-by-filmfare-and-femina-bhojpuri-icons-reel-real-stars-celebration-616945-2023-07-18 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Good News Today |language=hi}}</ref> He married Anita Singh in 2005 and now they have two children Himanshu and Shivanshu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Info Knocks - Infoknocks.com |url=https://www.infoknocks.com/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=Bihari Pride: भोजपुरी साहित्य के लिए मनोज भावुक को मिला पहला फिल्मफेयर अवॉर्ड,ये रहा ब‍िहार के लाल का सफरनामा |url=https://jharkhandsandesh.com/bhojpuri-icons-reel-and-real-stars/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=jharkhandsandesh.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=फिल्मफेयर व फेमिना ने किया मनोज भावुक को सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/saran/chhapra/news/filmfare-and-femina-honored-manoj-bhavuk-131554285.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727102743/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/saran/chhapra/news/filmfare-and-femina-honored-manoj-bhavuk-131554285.html |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://manojbhawuk.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhawuk, Manoj}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]

Onkar Bhojane

2026-04-07T05:34:27Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Omkar Bhojane
| birth_date = 1992
| birth_place = [[Chiplun]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Onkar Bhojane''' is an Indian actor, comedian who predominantly works in Marathi theatre, television and films. Bhojane known for his comedy characters played in ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title="Onkar Bhojane denied taking the increment of his payment in Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra", reveal makers Sachin Mote and Sachin Goswami |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/onkar-bhojane-denied-taking-the-increment-of-his-payment-in-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-reveal-makers-sachin-mote-and-sachin-goswami/articleshow/105038167.cms |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Actor-Comedian Omkar Bhojane To Quit Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra For This Show |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-comedian-omkar-bhojane-to-quit-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-for-this-show-6253729.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> His notable films includes ''[[Boyz 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Boyz 3]]'' (2022), ''Ghe Double'' (2022), and ''[[Girlz]]'' (2019), ''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarla Ek Koti : 'सरला एक कोटी' पत्त्यांचा किंग येतोय... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/onkar-bhojane-the-marathi-film-sarla-ek-koti-will-soon-hit-the-screens-1129741 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Onkar Bhojane was born and brought up in [[Chiplun]]. He is studied from DBJ college, Chiplun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=कोकणच्या सुपुत्राचे दोन मराठी चित्रपट शुक्रवारी प्रदर्शित - Ratnagirikar |url=https://ratnagirikar.com/chiplun-boy-omkar-bhojane-2-marathi-movies-released/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Boyz 2]]''
|Naru Madan Bondwe
|Film debut
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title='Miss You Friend': This Onkar Bhojane Fan Wants Him Back In Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/miss-you-friend-this-onkar-bhojane-fan-wants-him-back-in-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-8238673.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Girlz]]''
|Rajdeep
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Boyz 3]]''
|Naru Madan Bondwe
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'मधील ओंकार भोजनेचं नशीब उजळलं, एकाच दिवशी दोन चित्रपट प्रदर्शित होणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-onkar-bhojane-boys-3-and-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-marathi-movie-will-release-on-16-september-kak-96-3130540/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Ghe Double''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''
|Bhikaji Vakhre
|Nominated - [[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=फू बाई फू नंतर ओंकार भोजने काय करणार? अख्या महाराष्ट्राला पडलेल्या प्रश्नाचं इथं आहे उत्तर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-and-and-fu-bai-fu-fame-actor-onkar-bhojane-upcoming-movie-sarla-ek-koti/articleshow/96168893.cms |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-19 |title='Sarla Ek Koti': Will Onkar Bhojane bet against Isha Keskar in a game of cards? - Watch teaser |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarla-ek-koti-will-onkar-bhojane-bet-against-isha-keskar-in-a-game-of-cards-watch-teaser/articleshow/96340146.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sshort And Ssweet]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=सुंदर नात्यावर भाष्य करणारा कौटुंबिक चित्रपट 'शॉर्ट अँड स्वीट', टीझर लाँच |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/short-and-sweet-a-family-film-about-beautiful-relationships-launches-teaser-a-a603/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha]]''
|Kartik
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhau Kadam: भाऊ कदम आणि ओंकार भोजने येणार एकत्र, दिसणार या चित्रपटात |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bhau-kadam-and-onkar-bhojane-upcoming-comedy-movie-ekda-yeun-tar-bagha-141695031216500.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Juna Furniture]]''
|Bandya
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Juna Furniture Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} जुनं फर्निचर {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/juna-furniture-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Lek Asavi Tar Ashi''
|Popat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='माहेरची साडी'नंतर विजय कोंडके यांचा नवा चित्रपट 'लेक असावी तर अशी'; ही अभिनेत्री साकारणार भूमिका |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/after-maherchi-saree-vijay-kondke-new-movie-lek-asavi-tar-ashi/articleshow/108845794.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Salbardi''
|Mukinda Thorat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम ओंकार भोजने पूजा सावंतच्या सिनेमात दिसणार, 'सालबर्डी'मध्ये साकारणार उपसरपंच |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/salbardi-movie-onkar-bhojane-and-shashank-shende-to-play-important-role-in-pooja-sawant-movie-a-a971/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Kalaawati]]}}
|Ambadas
|Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Kalavati: Amruta Khanvilkar ची 'कलावती' येतेय, ओंकार भोजने सोबत जमणार जोडी, लोकप्रिय कलाकारांची फौज |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/amruta-khanvilkar-new-movie-kalavati-paired-with-omkar-bhojane-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television / Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref(s)
|-
|2019–2022
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2022
|''[[Fu Bai Fu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Onkar Bhojane : 'तुझी तुलाच पुरी करायची....', ओंकार भोजनेचा 'तो' Video Viral |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/onkar-bhojane-viral-video-satyajeet-tambe-on-onkar-bhojane/693231 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| rowspan="2" |''[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]''
| rowspan="2" |Host
|
|-
|2023
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 4|Big Boss Marathi season 4]]''
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Popular TV Shows, Web Series & Kids Shows Online (HD) on JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Hastay Na Hasaylach Pahije''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Nilesh Sable, Bhau Kadam And Onkar Bhojane Team Up For Hastay Na Hasaylach Pahije |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nilesh-sable-bhau-kadam-and-onkar-bhojane-team-up-for-hastay-na-hasaylach-pahije-8839759.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Devkhel]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=पाप करणारा शिमग्याच्या दिवशी शंकासुराच्या हिटलिस्टवर! देवतळी गावची परंपरा की मोकाट सुटलेला सीरियल किलर? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/web-series/devkhel-trailer-release-starring-prajakta-mali-ankush-chaudhari-onkar-bhojane-story-of-shankasur-and-serial-killer-in-devtali/articleshow/127002568.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Stage work ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!co-actor
!Ref(s)
|-
|2023
|''Karun Gelo Gaon''
|[[Malvani language|Malvani]]
|[[Bhau Kadam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title="तू दूर का, अशी तू दूर का..." भर नाटकादरम्यान ओंकार भोजनेने म्हटली कविता, व्हिडीओ व्हायरल |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/marathi-actor-comedian-onkar-bhojane-poem-during-drama-see-video-nrp-97-3606877/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=भाऊ-ओंकार इले एकत्र! मालवणी भाषेतील 'ते' नाटक 10 वर्षांनी पुन्हा रंगभूमीवर |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/onkar-bhojane-and-bhau-kadam-together-in-karun-gelo-gaon-marathi-natak-mhgm-861771.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=10061872}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojane, Onkar}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Bholu Wala, Ferozepur

2026-04-03T18:55:06Z

OdessaProsser28: new a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}
{{onesource|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bholu Wala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.8328|N|74.8800|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ferozepur district|Ferozepur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1112
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bholu Wala''' is a village in [[Firozpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. Bholu Wala village comes under Ghall Khurd tehsil.

== Demographics ==
The total population of Bholu Wala as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] is 1,112 persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=38252|title=Census data of Bholu Wala village|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Census of India]] official website|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Firozpur district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Bileshivale

2026-03-30T07:14:05Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bileshivale
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| native_name = ಬಿಳೇಶಿವಾಲೆ
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru Urban district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bengaluru]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Municipal corporation|Zone/Ward]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Hoodi Ward (Ward 54)]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560077
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|KA-53 / KA-03]]
}}

'''Bileshivale''' (Kannada: ಬಿಳೇಶಿವಾಲೆ) is a [[neighbourhood]] in the northern part of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is situated in the [[Bengaluru Urban district]] under the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]].<ref>{{cite web |title=110 Villages |url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/PDF/propertytax15-16/110Villages.pdf |website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Government Higher Primary School, Bileshivale – Mappls Pin xmds4t |url=https://www.mappls.com/xmds4t |website=Mappls |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

Public Transport:
Bileshivale is well connected through the Yelahanka - Hosakote BMTC bus route 280F. There are buses to KR Market, Shivajinagara and Kempegowda Bus Station as well - prominently 294, 295D, 294F, 294A and 294S. The nearest metro station will be the upcoming Horamavu Metro Station on the Blue Line of Namma Metro.

Famous Spots Nearby:
Kattanagiri Anjaneya Temple
Doddagubbi Lake
Hennur Lake
Mallika Biryani
Doddagubbi GBA Park
BITS Club

== See also ==
* [[Bengaluru Urban district]]
* [[Bileshivale inscriptions and hero stones]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore Urban District}}
[[Category:Populated places in Karnataka]]

Anil Mehta

2026-03-27T16:12:11Z

OdessaProsser28: minor corrected citations additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{for-multi|the Indian politician|Anil Mehta (politician)|the Marathi publisher|Mehta Publishing House}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Anil Mehta
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Cinematographer|film director|screenwriter}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anil Mehta''' is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]], film director and writer who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is one of the founding members of [[Indian Society of Cinematographers]] (ISC).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-31 |title=Cinematography is a skill, but is still underrated: Anil Mehta |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Cinematography-is-a-skill-but-is-still-underrated-Anil-Mehta/article14030289.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-01 |title=Hindi cinema cinematographer, through the lens |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/anil-mehta-through-the-lens/article8179234.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anil studied cinematography at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune in 1986.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=Anil Mehta on lensing 'Beyond the Clouds': 'Bombay still throws up surprises, one never tires of it' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/875785/anil-mehta-on-lensing-beyond-the-clouds-bombay-still-throws-up-surprises-one-never-tires-of-it |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Anil initially assisted director [[Ketan Mehta]] and cinematographer [[Jehangir Choudhary]] on [[Holi (1984 film)|''Holi'']] (1984) and ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' (1987), while he was a student and went on to assist [[Barun Mukherji (cinematographer)|Barun Mukherjee]] on television commercials.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=The team behind Khamoshi recalls how Sanjay Bhansali's first film got made |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/aug/9/1663/the-team-behind-khamoshi-recalls-how-sanjay-bhansali-s-first-film-got-made |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117202007/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/aug/9/1663/the-team-behind-khamoshi-recalls-how-sanjay-bhansali-s-first-film-got-made |url-status=live |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

He debuted as a cinematographer on a short Indo-German [[drama film]], ''[[The Cloud Door]]'' (1994). His first full-length film was ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996), which was also [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Sanjay Leela Bhansali's]] directorial debut.<ref name=":2" />

In 1999, he won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] for his work in ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) and later worked in ''[[Lagaan]] (''2001), which was one of the most expensive Indian films at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title=Hot 100 -2018, Cinematographers, Anil Mehta |url=https://www.digitalstudioindia.com/lists/3968-hot-100-cinematographers-anil-mehta |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Digital Studio}}</ref>

=== Early 2000s and present ===
He also worked on ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009), [[Rockstar (2011 film)|''Rockstar'']] (2011), [[Cocktail (2012 film)|''Cocktail'']] (2012), ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'' (2014) and ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016).<ref name=":0" />

Mehta's first feature film, ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'', was produced by [[Yash Raj Films]] which released on 30 November 2007.<ref name="Release date">{{cite web | title=yashrajfilms.com| work=Yash Raj's stellar line-up| url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=568cb754-15ca-43a8-9d7d-01da684d2896| access-date=23 July 2006}}</ref> the film stars [[Madhuri Dixit]] (her comeback film), [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]].<ref name="Aaja Nachle">{{cite web|title=Oneindia |work=Madhuri Dixit on Aaja Nachle |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/madhuri-dixit-041206.html |access-date=23 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165549/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/madhuri-dixit-041206.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''[[The Cloud Door]]''
| rowspan="15" | Hindi
| Short film
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Lagaan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''[[Agni Varsha]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=16 Years Of Veer-Zaara: Cinematographer Anil Mehta Calls The Film A 'Fantastic Tribute From A Son To A Father' |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/16-years-of-veer-zaara-cinematographer-anil-mehta-calls-the-film-a-fantastic-tribute-from-a-son-to-a-father-article166432.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218032300/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/trending/16-years-of-veer-zaara-cinematographer-anil-mehta-calls-the-film-a-fantastic-tribute-from-a-son-to-a-father-article166432.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Desimartini |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Marigold (2007 film)|Marigold]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Finding Fanny]]''
| Hindi English
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]''
| rowspan="13" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Secret Superstar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decoding a scene {{!}} Anil Mehta's take on the crucial 'stitch' in 'Sui Dhaaga' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/10/sui-dhaga-decoding-a-scene-anil-mehta.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Jersey (2021 film)|Jersey]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Thank You for Coming]]''
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
|
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Ikkis]]''
|
|-
|}

=== Writer ===
* ''[[Agni Varsha]]'' (2002)

=== Director ===
* ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'' (2007)
* ''Feelin'' (2011)

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0576540|name=Anil Mehta}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/28anil.htm Interview by Rediff]

{{National Film Award Best Cinematography}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Anil}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{cinematographer-stub}}

Kalaikunda Air Force Station

2026-03-25T17:06:25Z

OdessaProsser28: rework information for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Air Force Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Kalaikunda Air Force Station
| ensign = [[File:Roundel of India.svg|80px]]
| image =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO = VEDX
| type = Military
| owner =
| operator = [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
| city-served = [[Indian Air Force]]
| location = [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 200
| elevation-m = 61
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|20|21.90|N|087|12|52.37|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 17/35
| r1-length-f = 9,000
| r1-length-m = 2,743
| r1-surface =[[Concrete]] / [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
|pushpin_map= India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_relief =
|pushpin_label=Kalaikunda Air Force Station
|pushpin_map_caption=Location of Kalaikunda Air Force Station, India
}}
[[File:B-29 "The Craig Comet" of the 794th Bomb Squadron 468th Bomb Group.jpg|thumb|Photo of "The Craig Comet" Bell-Atlanta B-29-15-BA Superfortress 42-63445 of the 794th Bomb Squadron 468th Bomb Wing, Kalaikunda AB, India]]
'''Kalaikunda Air Force Station'''
{{airport codes||VEDX}} is an [[Indian Air Force]] Base in [[Kharagpur]], located in the [[West Midnapur]] district of the state of [[West Bengal]]. It was the home of [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]], the Flying Bullets. The squadron flew the Indian license-built [[Mikoyan MiG-27]]ML till its decommissioning in April 2016.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=No. 18 Squadron numberplated|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/MiG-27-squadron-number-plated-at-Hasimara/articleshow/51846931.cms|newspaper=Times Of India|date=15 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> A squadron of [[Su-30 MKI]]s is now at the base.<ref name="toi_report"/>

==History==
Air Force Station Kalaikunda was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] for the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] during [[World War II]]. It was used to conduct raids against the advancing Japanese in [[Burma]] and also for operations to transport aid to parts of [[China]].

It was originally designed for [[B-24 Liberator]] use. In 1943, it was designated as a [[B-29 Superfortress]] Base for the planned deployment of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[XX Bomber Command]] to India. Advance Army Air Forces echelons arrived in India in December 1943 to organize the upgrading of the airfield and thousands of Indians labored to upgrade the facility for Superfortress operations. It was one of four B-29 bases established by the Americans in India.

When the [[XX Bomber Command]] arrived at Kalaikunda in late March 1944, the conditions at the base were poor, and the runways were still in the process of being lengthened when the first B-29s arrived. Along with Command Headquarters, Kalaikunda was also the headquarters of the [[58th Bombardment Wing]], which arrived in late April.

The operational B-29 group assigned to Kalaikunda was the [[468th Bombardment Group]], with the 512th, 792d, 793d, 749th and 795th Bombardment Squadrons.

Initially, the 468th hauled bombs, fuel, ammunition and spareparts 1,200 miles to its forward staging base at [[Pengshan Airfield]] (A-7), [[List of administrative divisions of Sichuan|Pengshan]], [[Sichuan|Szechwan Province]], [[China]]. Six round trips were necessary to deliver enough fuel for one airplane to mount a combat mission from China — an impractical logistics concept for an aerial campaign, particularly with an airplane plagued with an unreliable engine.

On 5 June 1944, the 468th flew its first operational mission from Kalaikunda against railroad yards at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. Ten days later, flying from field A-7, the 468th bombed the Imperial Iron & Steel Works, [[Yawata]], [[Japan]] - the opening of the B-29 phase of the Air Offensive against Japan. Within a year, it participated in eight campaigns and earned three [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s.

From June 1944 until May 1945, operating at maximum range, the 468th conducted aerial reconnaissance and bombardment operations from India and China against Japanese targets in Japan, [[Manchuria]], China, [[Taiwan]], [[Burma]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Singapore]] and [[Sumatra]]. Sixteen-hour combat missions were common; the longest 21. Weather, terrain and the enemy were equally unforgiving. The B-29 was still being "invented" and its operational tactics had to be proved while the airplane was being de-bugged in the face of the enemy.

In July 1944, U. S. Marines invaded the [[Mariana Islands]] and as soon as [[Tinian International Airport|West Field]], [[Tinian]], was readied in May 1945, the group flew to West Field and continued the Air Offensive against Japan.

With the departure of the B-29s, the [[Tenth Air Force]] [[2d Air Commando Group]] used the airfield. Flying [[North American O-47]]s, [[P-51 Mustang]]s, [[C-47 Skytrain]]s and [[L-5 Sentinel]] aircraft, the commando unit dropped supplies to Allied troops who were fighting the Japanese in the Chindwin Valley in Burma; moved Chinese troops from Burma to China; transported men, food, ammunition, and construction equipment to Burma; dropped Gurka paratroops during the assault on Rangoon; provided fighter support for Allied forces crossing the Irrawaddy River in February 1945; struck enemy airfields and transportation facilities; escorted bombers to targets in the vicinity of Rangoon; bombed targets in Thailand; and flew reconnaissance missions.

After May 1945 the fighter squadrons were in training; in June the group's C-47s were sent to Ledo to move road-building equipment; during June— July most of its L-5s were turned over to [[Fourteenth Air Force]] in [[China]].

==Post Independence==

By 1956, Kalaikunda had transitioned into a major operational hub for the Indian Air Force, housing frontline squadrons flying aircraft such as the Mystère IV and later the Hawker Hunter. During the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars, the airbase played a frontline role, launching both offensive and defensive sorties in the eastern theatre. Kalaikunda also served as a training and staging ground for tactical operations, including deployments along the eastern border with East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
'''1965 WAR''
During [[Indo pak war of 1965]] the air force station was repeatedly targeted by [[No. 14 Squadron PAF]] stationed at [[ tejgaon]] ,[[
East Pakistan]] presently [[Bangladesh]] No. 14 Squadron's pilots managed to destroy 10 out of the 14 Canberra bombers along with two other types at the IAF base after which they safely returned to base at 07:44am.[10][11][12][13]. In the second strike on Kalaikunda, the squadron managed to destroy 4 to 8 Indian Canberra bombers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Evolution of Kalaikunda Airbase |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/11/22/evolution-of-kalaikunda-airbase/ |website=IAFHistory |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

==Current status==

The airbase at Kalaikunda will play an extremely crucial role in the country's defences. Aircraft based here can assist with air defence over the strategic Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Bay of Bengal. [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] in the A&N Islands will be in charge of the squadrons of [[Sukhoi Su-30]]MKIs and other advanced aircraft based at Kalaikunda for this purpose. This decision was taken when plans for basing Sukhois in the Andamans got scuttled after the 2004 tsunami in which the IAF lost assets. "Till now, Kalaikunda — while performing several other duties — has been a bridge with the Andamans. The role of the base will grow and aircraft based here will play a vital role in patrolling the skies over the Andamans and the Bay of Bengal. Kalaikunda will play several roles that include air defence, training and building better co-operation in the region for a possible [[NATO]]-like alliance with India playing the pivotal role," an official said.<ref name="toi_report">{{cite news|title=Kalaikunda fighters in charge of Andaman and Nicobar Islands defences | newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalaikunda-fighters-in-charge-of-Andaman-and-Nicobar-Islands-defences/articleshow/10214082.cms | date=3 October 2011 | first=Jayanta | last=Gupta | access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

The installation has grown steadily in importance over the years. "A large area falls within the responsibility of this base. There are several bases in the northeast but along the eastern coast, the closest one is in Chennai. It is our job to handle the defences along the coast and the Bay of Bengal region. We play host to several foreign air forces interested in joint exercises with the IAF," the official added.<ref name="toi_report"/>

"This is a very compact base built in classical American style. Today, we have a radar station at Salua and Dudhkundi has been converted into an air-to-ground firing range. Over the years, Kalaikunda has developed into a major location for international air exercises. The base is close to the Bay of Bengal where air-to-air firing can take place," says Air Commodore R Radhish, AOC, Air Force Station, Kalaikunda.<ref name="toi_report"/>

But Kalaikunda goes well beyond an exercise hub. Apart from the MiG-27 ground-attack aircraft and MiG-21 Fn fighters of the OCU, squadrons of Su-30 MKIs and other advanced varieties from the IAF's fleet call on Kalaikunda on a regular basis. A squadron of Su-30 MKIs is now at the base.<ref name="toi_report"/>

On 9 October 2007 Singapore signed an agreement with India to base the aircraft and personnel of the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] for training at the airbase for a period of five years.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-singapore-leases-iaf-base-for-5-yrs-1126618 Singapore ‘leases’ IAF base for 5 yrs] DNA India 10 October 2007</ref> This agreement was renewed in 2012 and in 2017 both for 5 year periods.<ref>[http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/rsaf-to-train-with-indian-air-force-for-another-five-years-under-renewed-bilateral-pact RSAF to train with Indian Air Force for another 5 years, under renewed bilateral pact] Straits Times 19 January 2017</ref>

Now Indian Air Force agreed to allow civil aircraft to use the runway at its existing fighter base. According to IAF sources, plans have moved ahead and the civilian terminal might soon start serving not only [[West Bengal]], but also [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]. The state government has already engaged an agency that is in touch with us. We have no problems if civilian aircraft use our runway and then move to a separate terminal to the south of the existing military facility. All that needs to be built is a high-speed corridor from the runway to a civilian terminal for which land is available. This corridor will pass under NH6 (Mumbai Road) and the railway tracks in the Kharagpur-Tatanagar section of [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<ref name="toi_report"/>

The Civilian Terminal will be used by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] for daily flights for [[Vishakapatnam]] and [[Bhubaneshwar]] from 1 April 2019 under scheme of UDAN III released by the government.

==Base facilities==
Inside the base, there is a market, bank, film auditorium, hospital and a school, namely, Air Force School, Kalaikunda.

==See also==

* [[Operation Matterhorn]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}

==Further reading==
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.
* Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-912799-12-9}}.

{{Airports in India}}

{{USAAF 10th Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 20th Air Force World War II}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1942]]

Kochu Tv

2026-03-24T01:49:18Z

OdessaProsser28: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kochu TV]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from miscapitalisation}}
{{R from move}}
}}

United Nations

2026-03-23T08:59:32Z

OdessaProsser28: small changes

{{Short description|Global intergovernmental organization}}
{{Redirect|UN|other uses|UN (disambiguation)|and|United Nations (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date = February 2022}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| name = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
| title = {{resize|1.25em|United Nations}}
| {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]: | data1 = {{lang|ar|منظمة الأمم المتحدة|rtl=yes}} ({{transliteration|ar|Munazzamat al-Umam al-Muttaḥida}})
| rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]: | data2 = {{lang|zh|联合国}} ({{transliteration|zh|Liánhéguó}})
| rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[French language|French]]: | data3 = {{lang|fr|Organisation des Nations unies}}
| rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Russian language|Russian]]: | data4 = {{nowrap|{{lang|ru|Организация Объединённых Наций}}}} ({{transliteration|ru|Organizatsiya Obyedinyonnykh Natsiy}})
| rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: | data5 = {{nowrap|{{lang|es|Organización de las Naciones Unidas}}}}}}}}
| linking_name = the United Nations
| image_flag = Flag of the United Nations.svg
| symbol_type = [[Flag of the United Nations#Design|Emblem]]
| image_symbol = UN emblem blue.svg
| image_map = United Nations (Member States and Territories).svg
| image_map_caption = [[Members of the United Nations]]
| org_type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| membership = [[Member states of the United Nations|193 member states]]<ref name="members">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/
|title=United Nations Member States
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=2 November 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043250/http://www.un.org/en/member-states/
|archive-date=28 October 2017
|url-status=live
}}
</ref> [[United Nations General Assembly observers|2 observer states]]<ref name="Non-member States">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/non-member-states/index.html |title=Non-member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025014415/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/non-member-states/index.html |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Holy See is a [[sovereignty|sovereign entity]] with [[state (polity)|statehood]] over the territory of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]]. For details, see [[Holy See and the United Nations]].}}
| admin_center_type = [[Headquarters]]
| admin_center = [[Headquarters of the United Nations|760 United Nations Plaza]], Manhattan, New York City ([[international zone]])
| languages_type = [[Official languages of the United Nations|Official languages]]
| languages = {{hlist|[[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|[[British English|English]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |title=Official Languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |archive-date=13 July 2021 |website=United Nations |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
| languages2_type = [[Official script]]
| languages2_sub = yes
| languages2 = {{hlist|[[Arabic script|Arabic]]|[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]|[[Latin script|Latin]]|[[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]]}}
| leader_title1 = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary‑General]]
| leader_name1 = [[António Guterres]]
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations|Deputy Secretary-General]]
| leader_name2 = [[Amina J. Mohammed]]
| leader_title3 = [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Annalena Baerbock]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Lok Bahadur Thapa]]
| leader_title5 = [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|Security Council Presidency]]
| leader_name5 =
| established_event1 = [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] signed
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1945|06|26|df=yes|p=y}}
| established_event2 = Charter entered into force
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1945|10|24|df=yes|p=y}}
| official_website = {{URL|un.org}}
| p1 = League of Nations
}}
{{United Nations series}}
{{Extraterritorialities}}

The '''United Nations''' ('''UN''') is a global [[intergovernmental organization]] established by the signing of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] on 26 June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining [[international peace]] and [[international security|security]], to develop friendly [[Diplomacy|relations]] among [[State (polity)|states]], to promote international cooperation, and to serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of states in achieving those goals.

The [[United Nations headquarters]] is located in [[New York City]], with several other offices located in [[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]], [[United Nations Office at Nairobi|Nairobi]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|Vienna]], and [[The Hague]]. The UN comprises six principal organizations: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]], the [[United Nations Secretariat|Secretariat]], and the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]] which, together with several [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agencies]] and related agencies, make up the [[United Nations System]]. There are in total 193 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]], representing nearly all of the world's [[sovereign state]]s, as well as two [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]], the [[Holy See]] and the [[Palestine|State of Palestine]].

The UN has primarily focused on economic and social development, particularly during the wave of [[decolonization]] in the mid-20th century. The UN currently operates [[United Nations peacekeeping|11 peacekeeping missions]], by order of inception, in [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|the Middle East]], [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], the [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force|Golan Heights]], [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|Lebanon]], the [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|Western Sahara]], [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[MONUSCO|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei|Sudan]], [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|South Sudan]], and the [[MINUSCA|Central African Republic]]. The UN has been recognized as a leader of peace and human development, with many officers and agencies having been awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], but has also been [[Criticism of the United Nations|criticized for perceived ineffectiveness, bias, and corruption]].

== History ==
{{Main|History of the United Nations}}

=== Background (pre-1941) ===
[[File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at the [[League of Nations]] appealing Italy's 1936 invasion in which the League failed to intervene.]]
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several [[international organization]]s such as the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc|title=Red Cross-History-Objective |journal=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=28 November 2018 |date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005302/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc |archive-date=23 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[World War I]], several major leaders, especially [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration|Woodrow Wilson]], advocated for a world body to guarantee peace. The winners of the war, the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], met to decide on formal peace terms at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]]. The [[League of Nations]] was approved and started operations, but the [[United States]] never joined. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being when the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]], ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted|title=League of Nations instituted|website=[[history.com]]|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005625/https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The League Council acted as an executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members—the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Italy]], and [[Japan]].

After some limited successes and failures during the 1920s, the League proved ineffective in the 1930s, as it failed to act against the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1933.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from [[Manchuria]] but Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from Manchuria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|title=League of Nations and Manchuria invasion|website=www.johndclare.net|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127143657/http://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It also failed to act against the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], after the appeal for international intervention by [[Ethiopian Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie I]] at Geneva in 1936 went with no avail, including when calls for economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the League.<ref>Nault, Derrick M., 'Haile Selassie, the League of Nations, and Human Rights Diplomacy', Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights (Oxford, 2020; online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 January 2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859628.003.0004,</ref>

When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, the League effectively closed down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johndclare.net/league_of_nations8.htm|title=Why the League failed|website=johndclare.net|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803231709/http://johndclare.net/league_of_nations8.htm|archive-date=3 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Declarations by the Allies of World War II (1941–1944) ===
[[File:United Nations organization sketch by Franklin Roosevelt with the Four Policemen in 1943.jpg|thumb|1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The [[Four Policemen]], an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states.]]

The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] on 12 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22 |title=Everyone's United Nations|date=1986|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|page=5|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|date=1989|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|page=421|language=en |access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 1941, American president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] had drafted the [[Atlantic Charter]]; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight [[List of governments in exile during World War II|governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation]], together with the [[Soviet Union]] and representatives of the [[Free French Forces]], unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauren|first=Paul Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen|year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1|pages=140–141|language=en|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201515/https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 1941|title=Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|access-date=14 August 2013|work=The Avalon Project|publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library|archive-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803012648/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Roosevelt and Churchill met at the [[White House]] in December 1941 for the [[Arcadia Conference]]. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |title=Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award |publisher=UN Press |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |title=Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States |publisher=UN Press |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and coined the term ''United Nations'' to describe the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|last2=Burns|first2=Ken |date=2014 |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-385-35306-9 |page=397 |chapter=Nothing to Conceal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60 |url-status=live}}</ref> Churchill accepted it, noting its use by [[Lord Byron]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=United Nations |url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Wordorigins.org}}</ref> The text of the [[Declaration by United Nations]] was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and [[Harry Hopkins]]. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for [[religious freedom]], which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roll |first=David |title=The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-989195-5 |pages=172–175 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] USA}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwood|1948|pp=447–453}}

Roosevelt's idea of the "[[Four Policemen|Four Powers]]", refers to the four major Allied countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], emerged in the Declaration by the United Nations.<ref name="sheriff">{{cite news |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/ |last=Urquhart |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Urquhart |title=Looking for the Sheriff |work=New York Review of Books |date=16 July 1998 |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054432/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/ |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On New Year's Day 1942, Roosevelt, Churchill, the Soviet Union's former Foreign Minister [[Maxim Litvinov]], and the Chinese Premier [[T. V. Soong]] signed the "[[Declaration by United Nations]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=1942: Declaration of The United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108015243/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html|archive-date=8 November 2015|access-date=1 July 2015|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures. During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. In order to join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the [[Axis powers]].{{sfn|Schlesinger|2003}}

The October 1943 [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]] resulted in the [[Moscow Declarations]], including the [[Declaration of the Four Nations|Four Power Declaration on General Security]]. This declaration was signed by the [[Big Four (World War II)|Allied Big Four]]—the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China—and aimed for the creation "at the earliest possible date of a general international organization". This was the first public announcement that a new international organization was being contemplated to replace the League of Nations. The [[Tehran Conference]] followed shortly afterwards at which Roosevelt, Churchill and [[Joseph Stalin]], the leader of the Soviet Union, met and discussed the idea of a post-war international organization.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

The new international organization was formulated and negotiated amongst the delegations from the [[Big Four (World War II)|Allied Big Four]] at the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] from 21 September to 7 October 1944. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure and functioning of the new organization.<ref name="Bohlen 1973">{{cite book |last=Bohlen |first=C.E. |url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstohistory00bohl |title=Witness to History, 1929–1969 |publisher= Norton |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-393-07476-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/witnesstohistory00bohl/page/159 159] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |title=Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944) |year=1944 |url=https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024 |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204142851/https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones 1941–1950: Dumbarton Oaks Conference |website=United Nations |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103212423/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> It took the [[Yalta Conference|conference at Yalta]] in February 1945, and further negotiations with the Soviet Union, before all the issues were resolved.<ref name="Bohlen 1973"/>

=== Founding (1945) ===
[[File:United Nations Member States-1945.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue (Some nations' land would be different from now.)]]

By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United Nations.{{sfn|Osmańczyk|2004|p=2445}} After months of planning, the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|UN Conference on International Organization]] opened in [[San Francisco]] on 25 April 1945. It was attended by 50 nations' governments and a number of non-governmental organizations.<ref name="Charter">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/|title=Charter of the United Nations|website=United Nations|access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204151003/http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNHistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html|title=History of the United Nations |website=United Nations|access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107223107/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php|title=San Francisco – the birthplace of the United Nations|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171754/http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/San-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The delegations of the Big Four chaired the plenary meetings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html |title=1945: The San Francisco Conference|publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112180024/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html|archive-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, Churchill had urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the [[liberation of Paris]] in August 1944. The drafting of the [[Charter of the United Nations]] was completed over the following two months, and it was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Progress in International Law |editor-last1=Miller |editor-first1=Russell A. |editor-last2=Bratspies |editor-first2=Rebecca M. |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |date=2008 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8K9kL1h79ucC&dq=%22drafter+of+the+Charter+of+the+United+Nations%22&pg=PA837 837]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=South Africa: Time Running Out |publisher=University of California Press |date=1981 |work=The Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&dq=%22author+of+the+Charter+of+the+United+Nations%22&pg=PA31 31] |isbn=978-0-520-04547-7}}</ref> The UN officially came into existence at 20:07 ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 24 October 1945,<ref>{{cite web |title=Charter of the United Nations |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/298-UN-Charter.pdf |website=state.gov |publisher=[[U.S Department of State]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hulen |first1=Bertram D. |title=Charter Becomes 'Law of Nations,' 29 Ratifying It |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1024.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]]: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] — and by a majority of the other 46 nations.<ref name="unmilestones1941to1950" /><ref name="original draft">{{Cite web |title=Charter of the United Nations and Statue of the International Court of Justice |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf |publisher=Treaty Section, [[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]] |pages=6, 20, 31 |year=1945 |access-date=29 October 2024 |language=en |location=San Francisco, United States}}</ref>

The [[First session of the United Nations General Assembly|first meetings]] of the [[General Assembly]], with 51 nations represented,{{efn|Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.{{sfn|Grant|2009|pp=25–26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |title=Poland and the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} and the Security Council took place in [[London]] beginning in January 1946.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=Milestones 1941–1950 |website=United Nations |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html|archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] and British forces in [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John Morris |title=History of the world |date=1993 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-521043-9 |location=New York |page=778 |oclc=28378422}}</ref> British diplomat [[Gladwyn Jebb]] served as interim secretary-general.

The General Assembly selected [[New York City]] as the site for the headquarters of the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, [[Trygve Lie]], was the first elected [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN secretary-general]].<ref name="unmilestones1941to1950" />

=== Cold War (1947–1991) ===
[[File:Dag Hammarskjöld (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dag Hammarskjöld]] was a particularly active secretary-general from 1953 until he died in 1961.]]
Though the UN's primary mandate was [[peacekeeping]], the division between the United States and the Soviet Union often paralysed the organization; generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=35}} Two notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing a [[United Nations Command|US-led coalition]] to repel the [[Korean War|North Korean invasion of South Korea]], passed in the absence of the Soviet Union,<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950 />{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=58–59}} and the signing of the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] on 27 July 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html |title=UN Milestones Korean War |website=United Nations |access-date=22 November 2018 |date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103212423/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html}}</ref>

On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Resolution 181]], a proposal to partition British Mandatory [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] into two states, a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem placed under international status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2024 |title=General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/data-collection/general-assembly/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref> The Partition plan passed 33–13 with 10 abstentions and one absent. The plan was accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs of Palestine and the Arab states <ref name="186-20240719">{{Cite web |title=Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-sum-01-00-en.pdf |website=INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (icj-cij.org)}}</ref> leading to [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]. Following the declaration of the State of Israel on 15 May 1948, the surrounding Arab armies [https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/aol/onthisday/big/0514.html invaded] Palestine, beginning the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/nov-29-1947-united-nations-partitions-palestine-allowing-for-creation-of-israel/ |title=Nov. 29, 1947 {{!}} U.N. Partitions Palestine, Allowing for Creation of Israel |website=The Learning Network |access-date=22 November 2018 |date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092428/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/nov-29-1947-united-nations-partitions-palestine-allowing-for-creation-of-israel/ |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, [[Ralph Bunche]], a UN official, negotiated [[1949 Armistice Agreements|an armistice]] to the [[1948 Palestine war|resulting conflict]], with the Security Council deciding that "an armistice shall be established in all sectors of Palestine".<ref name="186-20240719"/>{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=51–54}} On 7 November 1956, the [[United Nations Emergency Force|first UN peacekeeping force]] was established to end the [[Suez Crisis]];<ref name="unmilestones1951to1960">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1951-1960/index.html |title=UN Milestones 1951–1960 |website=United Nations |access-date=1 November 2017 |date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026061431/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1951-1960/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> however, the UN was unable to intervene against the Soviet Union's simultaneous invasion of [[Hungary]], following [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|the country's revolution]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=114}}

On 14 July 1960, the UN established the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] (or UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to [[State of Katanga|Katanga]], restoring it to the control of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] by 11 May 1964.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=115–134}} While travelling to meet rebel leader [[Moise Tshombe]] during the conflict, [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], often named as one of the UN's most effective secretaries-general,{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=76}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=60}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=17, 20}} [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash|died in a plane crash]]. Months later he was posthumously awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=127–128, 134}} In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, [[U Thant]], deployed the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]], which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=156–157}}

With the spread of [[decolonization]] in the 1960s, the UN's membership shot up due to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.<ref name=unmilestones1951to1960 /> On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many [[Third World]] nations, the [[China|People's Republic of China]] was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (also known as Taiwan). The vote was widely seen as a sign of waning American influence in the organization.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} Third World nations organized themselves into the [[Group of 77]] under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=208–210}} On 10 November 1975, a bloc comprising the Soviet Union and Third World nations passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379|a resolution]], over strenuous American and Israeli opposition, declaring [[Zionism]] to be a form of [[racism]]. The resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=204–226, 213, 220–221}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206052903/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 December 2012 | title=A/RES/3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975}}</ref>

With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the [[Six-Day War|Middle East]], [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Kashmir]], the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=167–168, 224–225}} By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

=== Post-Cold War (1991–1999) ===
[[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kofi Annan]], secretary-general from 1997 to 2006]]
[[File:UN Members Flags2.JPG|thumb|Flags of member nations at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Headquarters]], pictured in 2007]]
[[File:UN70.JPG|thumb|right|Marking of the UN's 70th anniversary – Budapest, 2015]]
After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in five years than it had in the previous four decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matanock|first=Aila M.|year=2020|title=How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=357–383|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033504|doi-access=free|issn=1094-2939}}</ref> Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinapower.csis.org/china-un-mission/|title=Is China contributing to the United Nations' mission?|publisher=CSIS China Power|date=7 March 2016|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920022437/http://chinapower.csis.org/china-un-mission/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=43}}{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=334}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Z/pk_tables/expend.pdf |title=Peacekeeping Operations Expenditures: 1947–2005|last=Renner|first=Michael|website=[[Global Policy Forum]]|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330130052/https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Z/pk_tables/expend.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The UN negotiated an end to the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], launched a successful [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group|peacekeeping mission in Namibia]], and oversaw democratic elections in post-[[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]] South Africa and post-[[Khmer Rouge]] Cambodia.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=252–256}} In 1991, the UN authorized a [[Gulf War|US-led coalition]] that repulsed Iraq's [[invasion of Kuwait]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=264–277}} [[Brian Urquhart]], the under-secretary-general of the UN from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=334}}

Beginning in the last decades of the [[Cold War]], critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=226–227}} In 1984, American president [[Ronald Reagan]] withdrew the United States' funding from the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (or UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by the United Kingdom and Singapore.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=234–237}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=6 August 1996 |title=Jean Gerard, 58, Reagan Envoy Who Led U.S. to Leave Unesco |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/world/jean-gerard-58-reagan-envoy-who-led-us-to-leave-unesco.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121021748/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/06/world/jean-gerard-58-reagan-envoy-who-led-us-to-leave-unesco.html |archive-date=21 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], the secretary-general from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, somewhat reducing the size of the organization.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=285–286}}<ref name="NST" /> His successor, [[Kofi Annan]], initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the US to withhold its UN dues.<ref name="NST">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19980116&id=TvxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4023,6546189 |title=Are UN reforms just reshuffling of the deck? |date=16 January 1998 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023654/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19980116&id=TvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4023,6546189 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced several simultaneous, serious crises within Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the nations that previously made up Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=66–67}} The [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UN mission in Somalia]] was widely viewed as a failure after the United States' withdrawal following casualties in the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]]. The [[United Nations Protection Force|UN mission to Bosnia]] faced worldwide ridicule for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.<ref>For quotation "worldwide ridicule", see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|p=293}}; for a description of UN missions in Somalia and Bosnia, see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|pp=312–329}}.</ref> In 1994, the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda]] failed to intervene in the [[Rwandan genocide]] amidst indecision in the Security Council.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=104}}

From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]] authorized the [[NATO]]-led [[Kosovo Force]] beginning in 1999. The [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone|UN mission]] in the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] was supplemented by a [[British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War|British military intervention]]. The [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invasion of Afghanistan in 2001]] was overseen by NATO.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=110–111}} In 2003, the United States [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]] despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the UN's effectiveness.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=111}}

Under the eighth secretary-general, [[Ban Ki-moon]], the UN intervened with peacekeepers in crises such as the [[War in Darfur]] in Sudan and the [[Kivu conflict]] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/08/world/meast/syria-civil-war/ |title=Syria: Chemical weapons team faces many dangers, says UN chief Ban |author=Smith-Spark, Laura |date=8 October 2013 |work=CNN|access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224619/http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/08/world/meast/syria-civil-war/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka|an internal review]] of UN actions in [[Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War|the final battles]] of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered a "systemic failure".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/un-failed-during-final-days-of-lankan-ethnic-war-ban-ki-moon-1133061.html |title=UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war: Ban Ki-moon |agency=Press Trust of India |date=25 September 2013 |work=FirstPost |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030080724/http://www.firstpost.com/world/un-failed-during-final-days-of-lankan-ethnic-war-ban-ki-moon-1133061.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when 101 personnel died in the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti earthquake]].<ref name="unmilestones2001to2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-2001-2010/index.html|title=UN Milestones 2001–2010|website=United Nations|access-date=1 November 2017|date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106195215/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-2001-2010/index.html|archive-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Acting under the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] in 2011, [[NATO]] countries intervened in the [[First Libyan Civil War]].

The [[Millennium Summit]] was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century.<ref name="BBCagenda">{{cite news |date=7 December 2000 |title=UN summit agenda; The largest gathering of world leaders in history meets in New York to discuss the role of the United Nations in the 21st century. |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/904903.stm |access-date=22 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707210932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/904903.stm |archive-date=7 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The three-day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, and it culminated in the adoption by all member states of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (or MDGs), a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as [[poverty reduction]], [[gender equality]] and [[public health]]. Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was ultimately uneven. The [[2005 World Summit]] reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting development, peacekeeping, human rights and global security.<ref>{{cite web |title=2005 World Summit Outcome |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/2005%20World%20Summit%20Outcome.pdf |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109083250/https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/2005%20World%20Summit%20Outcome.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (or SDGs) were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.<ref name="Sustainable Development Goals">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ |title=Sustainable Development Goals |website=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102011425/http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ |archive-date=2 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:UN Land Cruiser. Dnipro.jpg|thumb|UN car in Dnipro, Ukraine]]
In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with [[civil society]] and fostering a global constituency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Communicating to a global constituency: UN Day in Paris|url=http://unu.edu/news/announcements/un-day-in-paris.html |publisher=United Nations University |date=2011-11-07 |access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124160734/http://unu.edu/news/announcements/un-day-in-paris.html|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref> In an effort to enhance transparency, in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for secretary-general.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Falk|first1=Pamela|title=Can U.N. regain trust with an experiment in transparency?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-secretary-general-candidate-debate-united-nations-trust/ |date=13 July 2016 |work=CBS News|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125043926/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un-secretary-general-candidate-debate-united-nations-trust/|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat [[António Guterres]], who had previously served as the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]], became the ninth secretary-general. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts, more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to international needs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Guterres|first1=António|title=U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres: My Vision for Revitalizing the United Nations |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2017/01/20/davos-2017-un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-opinion-540326.html |publisher=Newsweek|access-date=13 January 2017|date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112222146/http://www.newsweek.com/2017/01/20/davos-2017-un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-opinion-540326.html|archive-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 June 2019, the UN signed a Strategic Partnership Framework with the [[World Economic Forum]] in order to "jointly accelerate" the implementation of the [[2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tedeneke |first=Alem |date=13 June 2019 |title=World Economic Forum and UN Sign Strategic Partnership Framework |url=https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/06/world-economic-forum-and-un-sign-strategic-partnership-framework/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624155043/https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/06/world-economic-forum-and-un-sign-strategic-partnership-framework/ |archive-date=24 Jun 2019 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=[[World Economic Forum]] |language=en}}</ref>

===2020s: financial crisis===
Throughout most of its history, the UN has faced funding issues. However, they have become severe since 2020, and in 2025, the UN began facing a financial crisis resulting from delays in member state due payments and refusal to pay the amount the UN charges.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=UN faces deepening financial crisis, urges members to pay up {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1163436 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> A major problem is that the United States, the largest contributor, has a law in place since 1994 where it will not pay more than 25% of total UN Peacekeeping fees (although as of 2024 it was paying 27%). Additionally, the US and the second largest contributor, China, often delay their payments in order to influence the UN on topics such as the [[Gaza war]] and [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China]]. Other countries began to follow suit, triggering a financial crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Eugene |date=August 2024 |title=The Liquidity Crisis at the United Nations How We Got Here and Possible Ways Out |url=https://cic.nyu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/The-UN-Liquidity-Crisis-How-We-Got-Here-and-Possible-Ways-Out-2024.pdf |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=New York University Center on International Cooperation}}</ref> On 19 May 2025, only 61 countries paid their dues on time and in full.<ref name=":2" /> The crisis is causing massive budget cuts within the UN, with the UN warning that millions of lives are being put at risk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoddard |first=Jill |date=2025-04-29 |title=The World Is Changing Rapidly: Can the United Nations Restructure to Stay Relevant? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2025/04/the-world-is-changing-rapidly-can-the-united-nations-restructure-to-stay-relevant/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=IPI Global Observatory |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=China 'ready for the fight' if Xinjiang motion is brought to UN rights body |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-ready-fight-if-xinjiang-motion-is-brought-un-rights-body-2022-09-22/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106183433/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-ready-fight-if-xinjiang-motion-is-brought-un-rights-body-2022-09-22/ |archive-date=6 January 2025 |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leppert |first=Rebecca |date=2025-07-31 |title=How the United Nations is funded, and who pays the most |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/07/31/how-the-united-nations-is-funded-and-who-pays-the-most/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2026, Guterres sent a letter to all members about an "imminent financial collapse" of the UN.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daviesand |first1=Maia |last2=Foulkes |first2=Imogen |title=UN risks 'imminent financial collapse', secretary general warns |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr579mdv4m7o |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=LEDERER |first1=EDITH M. |author1-link=Edith Lederer |title=United Nations faces 'imminent financial collapse' without urgent action, UN chief says |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-financial-crisis-trump-dues-77a204381b059685a490f80f73a0ec97 |work=[[AP News]] |date=30 January 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UN faces 'imminent financial collapse,' Guterres says |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/01/30/un-faces-imminent-financial-collapse-guterres-says_6749985_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=30 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Structure ==
{{Main|United Nations System}}

The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five principal organs established by the UN Charter: the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]], the [[International Court of Justice]] and the [[United Nations Secretariat|UN Secretariat]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=3–4}} A sixth principal organ, the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|Trusteeship Council]], suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of [[Palau]]; the last remaining UN trustee territory.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=8}}

Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://visit.un.org/ |title=United Nations Visitors Centre |publisher=United Nations |year=2017 |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106170947/http://visit.un.org/ |archive-date=6 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most other major agencies are based in the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|UN offices at Geneva]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unog.ch/ |title=United Nations Office at Geneva |publisher=United Nations Office at Geneva |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030220840/http://www.unog.ch/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United Nations Office at Vienna|Vienna]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unvienna.org/unov/ |title=Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna! |publisher=United Nations Office at Vienna |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165223/http://www.unvienna.org/unov/ |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[United Nations Office at Nairobi|Nairobi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unon.org/ |title=Welcome to the United Nations Office at Nairobi |publisher=United Nations Office at Nairobi |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225211039/http://www.unon.org/ |archive-date=25 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and additional UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six [[official language]]s of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are [[Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=langs>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/lang.shtml |title=General Assembly of the United Nations – Rules of Procedure |publisher=UN Department for General Assembly |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219004230/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/lang.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the basis of the [[Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations]], the UN and its agencies are [[diplomatic immunity|immune]] from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diplomaticlaw.com/blog/2009/03/23/jerusalem-court-no-immunity-for-un-employee-for-private-acts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628214535/http://diplomaticlaw.com/blog/2009/03/23/jerusalem-court-no-immunity-for-un-employee-for-private-acts/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Jerusalem Court: No Immunity for UN Employee for Private Acts—Diplomatic/Consular Law and Sovereign Immunity in Israel |publisher=Diplomaticlaw.com |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Below the six organs are, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it".{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=4}} These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds and other UN entities.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=4–7}}

All organizations in the UN system obey the ''Noblemaire principle'', which calls for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value regardless of the employee's nationality.<ref name="un-salaries">[https://www.un.org/depts/OHRM/salaries_allowances/salary.htm Salaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703104514/http://www.un.org/Depts/OHRM/salaries_allowances/salary.htm |date=3 July 2015 }}, United Nations website</ref><ref>[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/triblex/triblexmain.showList?p_lang=en&p_keyword_id=200 ILO: ''Noblemaire principle''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814014424/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/triblex/triblexmain.showList?p_lang=en&p_keyword_id=200 |date=14 August 2014 }}, Judgement 986, consideration 7, and Judgment 831, Consideration 1.</ref> In practice, the [[International Civil Service Commission]], which governs the conditions of UN personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.<ref>[https://icsc.un.org/compendium/display.asp?type=22.12.1.10 The Noblemaire principle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517034439/http://icsc.un.org/compendium/display.asp?type=22.12.1.10 |date=17 May 2017 }}, ICSC</ref> Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.<ref name="un-salaries"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/28/world/for-americans-working-at-the-un-a-wonderland-of-taxes.html Americans Working at the U.N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422043731/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/28/world/for-americans-working-at-the-un-a-wonderland-of-taxes.html |date=22 April 2017 }}, World, ''The New York Times'', 28 September 2009</ref>

{{United Nations Organs}}

=== General Assembly ===
{{Main|United Nations General Assembly}}

[[File:RIAN archive 828797 Mikhail Gorbachev addressing UN General Assembly session.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], leader of the Soviet Union, addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988]]

The General Assembly is the primary [[deliberative assembly]] of the UN. Composed of all [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]], the assembly gathers at annual sessions at the [[United Nations General Assembly Hall|General Assembly Hall]], but emergency sessions can be summoned.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=131–133}} The assembly is led by a [[President of the United Nations General Assembly|president]], elected by the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=69–70}} The first session convened on 10 January 1946 in the [[Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|Methodist Central Hall]] in London and comprised representatives of 51 nations.<ref name=unmilestones1941to1950 />

When the General Assembly decides on seminal questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html|access-date= 21 November 2018|title= Main Organs|date= 18 November 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181116040902/http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html|archive-date= 16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/plenary.shtml |title=General Assembly of the United Nations: Rules of Procedure: XII – Plenary Meetings |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 December 2013 |quote=Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113095649/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/plenary.shtml |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member has one vote. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=131–133}}

Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=70–73}}
* [[General Assembly First Committee|First Committee (Disarmament and International Security)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Second Committee|Second Committee (Economic and Financial)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Third Committee|Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)]]
* [[United Nations Fourth Committee|Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Fifth Committee|Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee (Legal)|Sixth Committee (Legal)]]

As well as by the following two committees:
* [[United Nations General Committee|General Committee]] – a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-presidents, and committee heads
* [[United Nations Credentials Committee|Credentials Committee]] – responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives

=== Security Council ===
{{Main|United Nations Security Council}}

[[File:Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN.jpg|thumb|[[Colin Powell]], the [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]], demonstrates a vial with [[Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq#Weapons of Mass Destruction|alleged]] Iraq [[chemical weapon]] probes to the UN Security Council on [[United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War|Iraq war]] hearings, 5 February 2003.]]

The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among nations. While other organs of the UN can only make recommendations to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.<ref name="Chapter|V" /> The decisions of the council are known as [[United Nations Security Council resolution]]s.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=39–43}}

The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states: five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent members ([[Algeria]], [[Denmark]], [[Greece]], [[Guyana]], [[Pakistan]], [[Panama]], the [[Republic of Korea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Slovenia]], and [[Somalia]], {{as of|2025|lc=y}}). The five permanent members hold [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five members elected each year by the General Assembly on a [[United Nations Regional Groups|regional basis]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/presidency/ |title=Security Council Presidency in 2017 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012154714/http://www.un.org/en/sc/presidency/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== UN Secretariat ===
{{Main|United Nations Secretariat|Secretary-General of the United Nations}}

[[File:António Guterres, 23.03.23.jpg|thumb|upright|[[António Guterres]], the current [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general]]]]

The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day duties required to operate and maintain the UN system.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Secretariat |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/secretariat |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=United Nations |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310222628/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/secretariat|url-status=live}}</ref> It is composed of tens of thousands of international civil servants worldwide and headed by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general]], who is assisted by the [[Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations|deputy secretary-general]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=21}} The Secretariat's duties include providing information and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings and carrying out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=285}}

The secretary-general acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's chief administrative officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xv/index.html |title=United Nations Charter: Chapter XV |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221935/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xv/index.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that secretaries-general since [[Trygve Lie]] have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=31–32}} The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to [[list of global issues|global issues]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=59–62}}

The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml |title=Appointment Process |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415124432/http://www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The current secretary-general is [[António Guterres]] of Portugal, who replaced [[Ban Ki-moon]] in 2017.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;"
|+ style="padding-top:1em;" |Secretaries-general of the United Nations<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml |title=Former Secretaries-General |publisher=United Nations |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017074925/http://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! No. || Name !! Country of origin !! Took office !! Left office !! Notes
|-
| –
|[[Gladwyn Jebb]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|24 October 1945
|2 February 1946
|Served as acting secretary-general until Lie's election
|-
| 1 || [[Trygve Lie]] || {{flag|Norway}} || 2 February 1946 || 10 November 1952 || Resigned
|-
| 2 || [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] || {{flag|Sweden}} || 10 April 1953 || 18 September 1961 || Died in office
|-
| 3 || [[U Thant]] || {{flag|Burma|1948}} || 30 November 1961 || 31 December 1971 ||First non-European to hold office
|-
| 4 || [[Kurt Waldheim]] || {{flag|Austria}} || 1 January 1972 || 31 December 1981 ||
|-
| 5 || [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] || {{flag|Peru}} || 1 January 1982 || 31 December 1991 ||
|-
| 6 || [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] || {{flag|Egypt}} || 1 January 1992 || 31 December 1996 ||Served for the shortest time
|-
| 7 || [[Kofi Annan]] || {{flag|Ghana}} || 1 January 1997 || 31 December 2006 ||
|-
| 8 || [[Ban Ki-moon]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || 1 January 2007 || 31 December 2016 ||
|-
| 9 || [[António Guterres]] || {{flag|Portugal}} || 1 January 2017||''Incumbent''||
|}

=== International Court of Justice ===
{{Main|International Court of Justice}}

[[File:Grand Hall de Justice de Palais de La Paix à La Haye Pays-Bas.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The ICJ ruled that [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence]] from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law.]]

The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court,<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=International Court of Justice {{!}} Definition, Cases, Purpose, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Court-of-Justice |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151834/https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Court-of-Justice |url-status=live}}</ref> is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] and occupies the body's former headquarters in the [[Peace Palace]] in [[The Hague|The Hague, Netherlands]], making it the only principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is adjudicating disputes among nations. Examples of issues they have heard include war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Court |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909054816/http://www.icj-cij.org/en |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=2 November 2017 |publisher=[[International Court of Justice]]}}</ref> The court can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on matters of international law.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=183}} All UN member states are parties to the [[Statute of the International Court of Justice|ICJ Statute]], which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with its advisory opinions, serve as [[sources of international law]].<ref name="britannica.com"/> The court is composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly. Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=183}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=100–101}}

=== Economic and Social Council ===
{{Main|United Nations Economic and Social Council}}

The Economic and Social Council (or the ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Economic and Social Council {{!}} UN |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-and-Social-Council |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018033325/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-and-Social-Council |url-status=live}}</ref> It was established to serve as the UN's primary forum for global issues and is the largest and most complex UN body.<ref name=":1" /> The ECOSOC's functions include gathering data, conducting studies and advising and making recommendations to member states.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=103–104}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml |title=About ECOSOC |publisher=[[ECOSOC]] |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031070127/http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its work is carried out primarily by subsidiary bodies focused on a wide variety of topics. These include the [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]], which advises UN agencies on issues relating to [[indigenous peoples]], the [[United Nations Forum on Forests]], which coordinates and promotes sustainable forest management, the [[United Nations Statistical Commission]], which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies, and the [[Commission on Sustainable Development]], which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards [[sustainable development]]. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=103–104}} {{as of|April 2021}} almost 5,600 organizations have this status.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=156}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to csonet.org {{!}} Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service |url=http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=17 |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=csonet.org |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127144255/http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Specialized agencies ===
{{Main|List of specialized agencies of the United Nations}}

The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.<ref name=CharterIX /> Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the coordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council. Each was integrated into the UN system through an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57.<ref name="CEB">{{cite web |title=The UN System, Chief Executives Board for Coordination |url=http://www.unsceb.org/ceb/about/un |access-date=22 January 2013 |publisher=Unsceb.org |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214013441/http://www.unsceb.org/ceb/about/un |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are fifteen specialized agencies, which perform functions as diverse as facilitating international travel, preventing and addressing pandemics, and promoting economic development.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are UN specialized agencies, and how many are there? – Ask DAG! |url=https://ask.un.org/faq/140935|access-date=14 November 2020 |website=ask.un.org |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165826/https://ask.un.org/faq/140935 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Some sources identify seventeen specialized agencies, taking into account the three specialized agencies that make up the [[World Bank Group]], which is now treated as one organization: the [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD), the [[International Development Association]] (IDA), and the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC).}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;"
|+ style="padding-top:1em;"| Specialized agencies of the United Nations
! No. !!Acronym !! Agency !! Headquarters !! Head !! Established
|-
| 1 || FAO || [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]||{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy|| {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Qu Dongyu]] || 1945
|-
| 2 || ICAO || [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]||{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal, Quebec]], Canada|| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez|Juan Carlos Salazar]]|| 1947
|-
| 3 || IFAD || [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy|| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Alvaro Lario]]|| 1977
|-
| 4 || ILO || [[International Labour Organization]]||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland|| {{flagicon|TOG}} [[Gilbert Houngbo]]|| 1946 (1919)
|-
| 5 || IMO || [[International Maritime Organization]]||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom|| {{flagicon|PAN
}} [[Arsenio Dominguez]]|| 1948
|-
| 6 || IMF || [[International Monetary Fund]]|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States|| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Kristalina Georgieva]]|| 1945 (1944)
|-
| 7 || ITU || [[International Telecommunication Union]]||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doreen Bogdan-Martin]]|| 1947 (1865)
|-
| 8 || UNESCO || [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France|| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Audrey Azoulay]]|| 1945
|-
| 9 || UNIDO || [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], Austria|| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Gerd Müller (politician)|Gerd Müller]]|| 1967
|-
| 10 || UNWTO ||[[World Tourism Organization]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Zurab Pololikashvili]]|| 1974
|-
| 11 || UPU || [[Universal Postal Union]]||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Bern]], Switzerland|| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masahiko Metoki]] || 1947 (1874)
|-
| 12 || WBG || [[World Bank Group]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States||{{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Banga]] {{small|(president)}}
| 1945 (1944)
|-
| 13 || WHO || [[World Health Organization]]||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland||{{flagicon|ETH}} [[Tedros Adhanom]]|| 1948
|-
| 14 || WIPO || [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]||{{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland|| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Daren Tang]]|| 1974
|-
| 15 || WMO || [[World Meteorological Organization]]|| {{flagicon|SUI|size=23px}} [[Geneva]], Switzerland|| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Celeste Saulo]] {{small|(secretary-general)}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abdulla Al Mandous]] {{small|(president)}}|| 1950 (1873)
|}

=== Funds, programmes, and other bodies ===
The United Nations system includes a myriad of autonomous, separately administered [[United Nations System#Funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other bodies|funds, programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary bodies]].<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|title=Structure and Organization|url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml|access-date=22 January 2013|publisher=Un.org|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518080258/https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Each of these entities have their own area of work, governance structure, and budgets such as the [[World Trade Organization]] (or the WTO) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (or the IAEA), operate independently of the UN but maintain formal partnership agreements. The UN performs much of its humanitarian work through these institutions, such as preventing famine and malnutrition (the [[World Food Programme]]), protecting vulnerable and displaced people (the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]]), and combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic (the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]).{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=171–177}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;"
|+ style="padding-top:1em;"| Programmes and funds of the United Nations
!Acronyms
!Agency
!Headquarters
!Head
!Established
|-
|[[UNDP]]
|[[United Nations Development Programme]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States
|{{Flagicon|Germany}} {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Achim Steiner]]
|1965
|-
|[[UNICEF]]
|[[United Nations Children's Fund]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine M. Russell]]
|1946
|-
|[[UNCDF]]
|[[United Nations Capital Development Fund]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States
|{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Marc Bichler
|1966
|-
|[[WFP]]
|[[World Food Programme]]
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], Italy
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Cindy McCain]]
|1963
|-
|[[UNEP]]
|[[United Nations Environment Programme]]
|{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Nairobi]], Kenya
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Inger Andersen (environmentalist)|Inger Andersen]]
|1972
|-
|[[UNFPA]]
|[[United Nations Population Fund]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Natalia Kanem]]
|1969
|-
|[[UN-HABITAT]]
|[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]]
|{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Nairobi]], Kenya
|{{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Maimunah Mohd Sharif]]
|1978
|-
|[[United Nations Volunteers|UNV]]
|[[United Nations Volunteers]]
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bonn]], Germany
|{{Flagicon|Russia}} Toily Kurbanov
|1978
|}

== Membership ==
{{Main|Member states of the United Nations|Expulsion from the United Nations}}

[[File:United Nations (Member States and Territories).svg|thumb|upright=1.5|
{{legend|#009edb|193 [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]]}}
{{legend|#9edb00|2 [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN Observer States]] (Palestine, Holy See)}}
{{legend|#db9e00|2 eligible Non-Member States (Niue, Cook Islands)}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|17 [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|non-self-governing territories]]}}
{{legend|#f0f0f0|[[Antarctica]]}}
]]
All the world's [[List of states with limited recognition|undisputed]] [[List of sovereign states|independent states]] are members of the United Nations.<ref name="UN_SouthSudan_193rd_state">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= |title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State |publisher=UN News Centre |date=28 June 2006 |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100613/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= |archive-date=3 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[South Sudan]], which joined 14 July 2011, is the most recent addition, bringing a total of {{UNnum}} UN member states.<ref name="members">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/
|title=United Nations Member States
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=2 November 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043250/http://www.un.org/en/member-states/
|archive-date=28 October 2017
|url-status=live
}}
</ref> The UN Charter outlines the membership rules:

{{blockquote|
# Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
# The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-ii/index.html |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter II |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028091653/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-ii/index.html |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[File:Presiden Sukarno (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Under the leadership of [[Sukarno]], Indonesia was [[Indonesia and the United Nations#Withdrawal in 1965|the first and only country that attempted]] to leave the United Nations.]]
In addition, there are two [[United Nations General Assembly observers|non-member observer states]]: the [[Holy See]] and [[Palestine]].<ref name="Non-member States">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/non-member-states/index.html |title=Non-member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025014415/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/non-member-states/index.html |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Holy See is a [[sovereignty|sovereign entity]] with [[state (polity)|statehood]] over the territory of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]]. For details, see [[Holy See and the United Nations]].}} The [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]], both [[associated state|states in free association]] with [[New Zealand]], are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.<ref name=art102>{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/ |title=Repertory of Practice |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025000346/http://legal.un.org/repertory/ |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indonesia]] was the first and the only nation that attempted to withdraw its membership from the United Nations, in protest to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] in 1965 during [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|conflict between the two countries]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/143883-united-nations-withdrawal-philippines-duterte|title=What happened when Indonesia 'withdrew' from the United Nations|author=Gutierrez, Natashya|work=[[Rappler]]|date=22 August 2016|access-date=8 September 2018|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161101151415/https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/143883-united-nations-withdrawal-philippines-duterte |archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> After forming [[CONEFO]] as a short-lived rival to the UN, Indonesia resumed its membership in 1966.

=== Group of 77 ===
{{main|Group of 77}}

The Group of 77 (or the G77) at the UN is a loose coalition of [[developing nations]] that is designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.g77.org/doc/members.html |title=The Member States of the Group of 77 |publisher=Group of 77 |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606205309/http://www.g77.org/doc/members.html |archive-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (or the UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in [[Algiers]] in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.g77.org/doc/ |title=About the G77 |publisher=Group of 77 |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112144515/http://www.g77.org/doc/ |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the adoption of the [[New International Economic Order]] by developing countries in the 1970s, the work of the G77 spread throughout the UN system.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=A Moment of Possibility: The Rise and Fall of the New International Economic Order |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/123094 |date=2019 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Samuel Thomas |last=Nicholls |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213060026/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/123094 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar groupings of developing states also operate in other UN agencies, such as the [[Group of 24]] (or the G-24), which operates in the IMF on monetary affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group of 24 (G-24): Meaning, Benefits, Criticisms |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/g-24.asp |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Investopedia |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213060025/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/g-24.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The overarching strategy of the United Nations is captured in the [[United Nations Common Agenda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Common Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/en/common-agenda |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506121053/https://www.un.org/en/common-agenda |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The UN75 Declaration, Our Common Agenda and the development of international law |url=http://international-review.icrc.org/articles/the-un75-declaration-our-common-agenda-and-the-development-of-international-law-920 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=International Review of the Red Cross |date=15 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506120815/https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/the-un75-declaration-our-common-agenda-and-the-development-of-international-law-920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Peacekeeping and security ===
{{Main|United Nations peacekeeping}}

{{See also|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
[[File:United Nations Peacekeeping Helmet Icon.svg|thumb|upright|United Nations Peacekeeping Logo]]
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" because they wear distinctive blue helmets.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=52}}{{sfn|Coulon|1998|p=ix}} Peacekeeping forces as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/| author=Nobel Prize| title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988| access-date=3 April 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402191526/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/| archive-date=2 April 2011| url-status=live}}</ref>

The UN has carried out 71 peacekeeping operations since 1947, and {{as of|April 2021}}, over 88,000 peacekeeping personnel from 121 nations have been deployed on missions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where we operate|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate|access-date=26 June 2021|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310144614/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest is the [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (or UNMISS), which has close to 19,200 uniformed personnel,<ref>{{cite web|title=UNMISS|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss|access-date=26 June 2021|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423064759/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss|url-status=live}}</ref> and the smallest, the [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (or UNMOGIP), consists of 113 civilians and experts charged with monitoring the ceasefire in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. UN peacekeepers with the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (or UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.<ref name="UNPO">{{cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=United Nations Peacekeeping Operations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323162900/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2016 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two-thirds of its peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the UN to those of the United States and found that 87.5% of UN cases are at peace, as compared with 50% of U.S. cases at peace.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf| publisher=RAND Corporation| title=The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq| access-date=30 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216225937/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf| archive-date=16 December 2008| url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2005, the [[Human Security Report 2005|Human Security Report]] documented a decline in the number of wars, [[genocide]]s, and [[human rights abuses]] since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism – mostly spearheaded by the UN – has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.humansecurityreport.info/| publisher=Human Security Centre| title=The Human Security Report 2005| access-date=8 February 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090728163300/http%3A//www.humansecurityreport.info/| archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref> Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=56}} Further studies published between 2008 and 2021 determined UN peacekeeping operations to be more effective at ensuring long-lasting peace and minimizing civilian casualties.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=A U.N. Peacekeeping Mission Is Afghanistan's Best Hope |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29632/after-us-war-afghanistan-peacekeeping-mission-deserves-a-chance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310033741/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29632/after-us-war-afghanistan-peacekeeping-mission-deserves-a-chance |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=World Politics Review |language=en}}</ref>

{{anchor|inaction on genocide and human rights}}
[[File:GreenLine BufferZone Large.JPG|thumb|upright=0.95|The [[UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus]] was established in 1974 following the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]].]]
The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the [[1971 Bangladesh Genocide|Bangladesh genocide in 1971]],{{sfn|Ball|2011|p=46}} the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia|Cambodian genocide]] in the 1970s,{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=187}} and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=102–105}} Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the [[Srebrenica massacre]] or complete the peacekeeping operations during the [[Somali Civil War]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=294–311}} UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html |title=U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Colum |last=Lynch |date=16 December 2004 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062103/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Haiti,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm| title=UN troops face child abuse claims| work=BBC News| date=30 November 2006| access-date=21 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209171221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm| archive-date=9 December 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Liberia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/world/africa/08iht-abuse.html |title=Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse |work=The New York Times |date=8 May 2006 |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003214726/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/world/africa/08iht-abuse.html |archive-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sudan,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html| title=UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| date=4 January 2007| first=Kate| last=Holt| access-date=21 November 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107000450/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html| archive-date=7 November 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Burundi, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm|title=Peacekeepers 'abusing children'|work=BBC News|date=28 May 2007|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209173237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm|archive-date=9 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the source of the [[2010s Haiti cholera outbreak]], which killed more than 8,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/ |title=U.N. sued for 'bringing cholera to Haiti,' causing an outbreak that killed thousands |last1=Watson |first1=Ivan |first2=Joe |last2=Vaccarello |date=10 October 2013 |work=CNN|access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002147/http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:A United Nations Peacekeeper from Nepal provides security at a rice distribution site in Kenscoff, Haiti, Feb. 20, 2010 100220-N-HX866-010.jpg|thumb|left|A Nepalese soldier on a peacekeeping deployment providing security at a rice distribution site in Haiti during 2010]]
In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging [[disarmament]]. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation.<ref name="Chapter|V">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |title=United Nations Charter: Chapter V |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103075309/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |archive-date=3 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The advent of [[nuclear weapon]]s came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|resolution]] of the first [[General Assembly]] meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/1/ares1.htm |title=Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its First Session |access-date=24 March 2008 |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312102841/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/1/ares1.htm |archive-date=12 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties such as the [[Outer Space Treaty]], the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons]], the [[Seabed Arms Control Treaty]], the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]], and the [[Ottawa Treaty]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=188–189}} Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] and the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=189–190}} Additionally, many peacekeeping missions focus on disarmament: several operations in West Africa disarmed roughly 250,000 former combatants and secured tens of thousands of weapons and millions of munitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mano River Basin, 25 years of peacekeeping|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mano-river-basin-25-years-of-peacekeeping|access-date=26 June 2021|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313084209/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mano-river-basin-25-years-of-peacekeeping|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.<ref name=CharterIX>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-ix/index.html |title=United Nations Charter: Chapter IX |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109083248/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-ix/index.html |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Charter1>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html |title=United Nations Charter: Chapter I |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 November 2017 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028091648/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] with the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], 1949]]
In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and including the French lawyer [[René Cassin]]. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=178–182}} The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=377}} In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=185, 188}}

In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]; followed by the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] in 1989.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=70, 73}} With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=192}} The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's [[World Conference on Human Rights]]. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=347}} In 2006, it was replaced by a [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] consisting of 47 nations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |title=UN creates new human rights body |date=15 March 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples|Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413164920/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of members of the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |date=17 June 2011 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |first=Frank |last=Jordans |title=U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment' |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113131517/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other UN bodies responsible for [[women's rights]] issues include the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]], the [[United Nations Development Fund for Women]] and the [[United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women]].{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=57, 194, 341}} The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |title=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101010131/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/AboutUsMembers.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economic development and humanitarian assistance ===
{| style="background:#f3f9ff; padding-left:7px; padding-bottom:7px; float:right; border:1px dashed #aaa; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
|-
| colspan=2|
Millennium Development Goals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml |title=We Can End Poverty |publisher=United Nations |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113055744/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|
# Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
# Achieve universal primary education
# Promote gender equality and empower women
# Reduce child mortality
# Improve maternal health
# Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
# Ensure environmental sustainability
# Develop a global partnership for development
|}
Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character".<ref name=Charter1/> Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and the ECOSOC.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=143–144}} In 2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight [[Millennium Development Goals]] by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |title=The UN Millennium Development Goals |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504153515/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |archive-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sustainable Development Goals]] were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.<ref name="Sustainable Development Goals"/> The SDGs have an associated financing framework called the [[Addis Ababa Action Agenda]].
[[File:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Three former directors of the [[Smallpox#Eradication|Global Smallpox Eradication Programme]] reading the news that smallpox has been globally eradicated in 1980]]
The [[United Nations Development Programme|UN Development Programme]] (or the UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance, is one of the leading bodies in the field of [[international development]]. The organization also publishes the UN [[Human Development Index]], a comparative measure [[List of countries by Human Development Index|ranking countries]] by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=169–170, 172}}{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=341–342}} The [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (or the FAO) promotes agricultural development and food security.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=126}} The [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] (or UNICEF) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the convention on the Rights of the Child.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_history.html |title=About UNICEF: Who we are: Our History |work=UNICEF |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021094832/http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_history.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html |title=About UNICEF: Who We Are |work=UNICEF |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005809/http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[World Bank Group]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] (or the IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2004 |title=Factsheet – The IMF and the World Bank |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/imfwb.htm |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603104319/https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/imfwb.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> They were initially formed separately from the UN through the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040610~menuPK:41691~pagePK:43912~piPK:44037,00.html| title=About Us–United Nations| access-date=2 August 2007| date=30 June 2003| publisher=The World Bank| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324034837/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040610~menuPK:41691~pagePK:43912~piPK:44037,00.html| archive-date=24 March 2007| url-status=dead}}</ref> The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=175, 191–192}}

[[File:Iman Mutlaq visits Zaatari Refugee Camp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|In [[Jordan]], UNHCR remains responsible for the [[Syrian refugees]] and the [[Zaatari refugee camp]].]]

The [[World Health Organization]] (or WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of [[smallpox]] had been completed. In subsequent decades, [[WHO]] eradicated [[polio]], [[river blindness]], and [[leprosy]].{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=176–177}} The [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (or UNAIDS) coordinated the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=199–200}} The [[UN Population Fund]], which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for [[reproductive health]] and [[family planning]] services.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=368}}

Along with the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]], the UN takes a leading role in coordinating emergency relief.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=183}} The [[World Food Programme]] (or the WFP) provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations per year.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=183}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/our-work |title=Our Work |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113001620/http://www.wfp.org/our-work |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (or the UNHCR) works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and stateless people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c2.html |title=About Us |newspaper=Unhcr |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204025051/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c2.html |archive-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UNHCR and the WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=348, 398}}

=== Environment and climate ===
{{Further|United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change}}
Beginning with the formation of the [[UN Environmental Programme]] (or the UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the [[Earth Summit]] in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, which sought to give new impetus to these efforts.{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|pp=160–162}} In 1988, the UNEP and the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (or the WMO), another UN organization, established the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], which assesses and reports on research on [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.Uo4YtsSsgus |title=Organizations |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212170626/http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.Uo4YtsSsgus |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The UN-sponsored [[Kyoto Protocol]] set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=179}}

=== Other global issues ===
Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]] in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|UN Committee on Decolonization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/index.shtml |title=The United Nations and Decolonization |publisher=United Nations |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023035929/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/index.shtml |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The committee lists seventeen remaining "[[non-self-governing territories]]", the largest and most populous of which is the [[Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml |title=non-self-governing territories |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227010648/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml |archive-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The UN also declares and co-ordinates [[international observance]]s that bring awareness to issues of international interest or concern; examples include [[World Tuberculosis Day]], [[Earth Day]], and the [[International Year of Deserts and Desertification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/observances/index.shtml |title=United Nations Observances |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104192143/http://www.un.org/en/events/observances/index.shtml |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting in 2023, the [https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/ United Nations Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies] has organized an annual UN Open Source Week to facilitate collaborative and international technological projects, AI policies, and governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Open Source Week 2025 {{!}} Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies |url=https://www.un.org/digital-emerging-technologies/content/open-source-week-2025 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.un.org}}</ref>

== Funding ==
{{Bar chart
| title = Top 25 contributors to the UN budget 
(2025–2027)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.datawrapper.de/_/F9NVv/ |title=A/Res/73/271: Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations |access-date=15 March 2026 </ref>
| label_type = [[Member states of the United Nations|Member state]]
| data_type = Contribution (% of UN budget) | bar_width = 9.75 | float = right | data_max = 22.000
| label1 = {{flag|United States}}
| data1 = 22.000
| label2 = {{flag|China}}
| data2 = 20.004
| label3 = {{flag|Japan}}
| data3 = 6.930
| label4 = {{flag|Germany}}
| data4 = 5.694
| label5 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| data5 = 3.999
| label6 = {{flag|France}}
| data6 = 3.869
| label7 = {{flag|Italy}}
| data7 = 2.816
| label8 = {{flag|Canada}}
| data8 = 2.543
| label9 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| data9 = 2.349
| label10 = {{flag|Australia}}
| data10 = 2.040
| label11 = {{flag|Spain}}
| data11 = 1.884
| label12 = {{flag|Russia}}
| data12 = 1.637
| label13 = {{flag|Brazil}}
| data13 = 1.411
| label14 = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| data14 = 1.293
| label15 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| data15 = 1.157
| label16 = {{flag|India}}
| data16 = 1.106
| label17 = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| data17 = 1.029
| label18 = {{flag|Turkey}}
| data18 = 1.024
| label19 = {{flag|Mexico}}
| data19 = 0.840
| label20 = {{flag|Poland}}
| data20 = 0.831
| label21 = {{flag|Sweden}}
| data121 = 0.822
| label22 = {{flag|Belgium}}
| data22 = 0.773
| label23 = {{flag|Norway}}
| data23 = 0.640
| label24 = {{flag|Austria}}
| data24 = 0.626
| label25 = {{flag|Israel}}
| data25 = 0.528
| label26 = Other member states
| data26 = 12.977
}}

The UN budget for 2026 was $3.45 billion, not including additional resources donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.
Including [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agencies of the UN]], the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination reports total expenses of $67.4 billion in 2022 for 43 United Nations entities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unsceb.org/financial-statistics |title=Financial Statistics |publisher=UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination |date=2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231033457/https://unsceb.org/financial-statistics |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://unsceb.org/total-expenses |title=Financial Statistics: Total Expenses |publisher=UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination |date=2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231033457/https://unsceb.org/total-expenses |url-status=live}}</ref>

The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each nation to pay, as measured by its [[gross national income]] (or GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.<ref name="fifth-2006">{{cite web |title=Fifth Committee Approves Assessment Scale for Regular, Peacekeeping Budgets, Texts on Common System, Pension Fund, as it Concludes Session (Press Release) |publisher=United Nations |date=22 December 2006 |access-date=8 November 2013 |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gaab3787.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209080712/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gaab3787.doc.htm |archive-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=117}} For the [[Least developed country|least developed countries]] (or LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.<ref name="fifth-2006"/> In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year budget 2021–2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regular budget and working capital fund – Committee on Contributions – UN General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014093425/https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/budget.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Weiss|Daws|2009|p=682}}

A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=115}} The peacekeeping budget for the 2025–2026 fiscal year is $5.38 billion, supporting 66,839 personnel deployed in 12 missions worldwide.<ref>[https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations by Country and Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180139/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_68_november_2023_revision_1.pdf |date=24 February 2024 }} ({{as of|2023|11|30}}), ''[https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors United Nations Peacekeeping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |date=30 June 2019 }}''.</ref> UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest contributors to the [[Peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]] budget for 2025–2026 are: the [[United States]] (26.158%), [[China]] (23.785%), [[Japan]] (6.930%), [[Germany]] (5.694%), the [[United Kingdom]] (3.999%), [[France]] (3.869%), [[Italy]] (2.816%), [[Canada]] (2.543%), [[Russia]] (2.490%) and [[South Korea]] (2.349%).

Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as [[UNICEF]] and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=World Food Programme |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112074808/http://www.wfp.org/get-involved/donate/where-your-money-goes |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |title=Overall funding trends |date=21 January 2013 |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109153842/http://www.unicef.org/appeals/funding_trends.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Assessments and reviews ==
{{Main|Reform of the United Nations|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}}

[[File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|The [[2001 Nobel Peace Prize]] to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN Headquarters]] in [[New York City]]]]

Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggest that the council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|date= 2022 |title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free |issn=0007-1234 }}</ref>

UN peacekeeping missions are assessed to be generally successful. A book looking at 47 peace operations by [[Virginia Page Fortna]] of [[Columbia University]] found that UN-led conflict resolution usually resulted in long-term peace.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fortna |first1=Virginia Page |url=https://bookshop.org/books/does-peacekeeping-work-shaping-belligerents-choices-after-civil-war/9780691136714 |title=Does Peacekeeping Work?: Shaping Belligerents' Choices After Civil War |date=2008 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-13671-4 |language=en |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203701/https://bookshop.org/books/does-peacekeeping-work-shaping-belligerents-choices-after-civil-war/9780691136714 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and [[Desiree Nilsson]] of [[Uppsala University]] studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, concluding that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Lise Morjé |url=https://bookshop.org/books/power-in-peacekeeping/9781108457187 |title=Power in Peacekeeping |date=2019 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-45718-7 |language=en |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202650/https://bookshop.org/books/power-in-peacekeeping/9781108457187 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Georgetown University]] professor Lise Howard postulates that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective due to their emphasis on "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest", which are likelier to change the behavior of warring parties.<ref name=":0" />

British historian [[Paul Kennedy]] states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."{{sfn|Kennedy|2007|p=290}}

In 2012, then French President [[François Hollande]] stated that "France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises. France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.franceonu.org/france-at-the-united-nations/the-united-nations/france-s-role-at-the-un/article/france-s-role-at-the-un#7 |title=France's role at the UN |publisher=Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations |access-date=25 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234056/http://www.franceonu.org/france-at-the-united-nations/the-united-nations/france-s-role-at-the-un/article/france-s-role-at-the-un#7 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In his 1953 address to the United States Committee for United Nations Day, American President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed his view that, for all its flaws, "the United Nations represents man's best organized hope to substitute the conference table for the battlefield".<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks to the Members of the United States Committee for United Nations Day. |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-members-the-united-states-committee-for-united-nations-day |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=The American Presidency Project |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308185755/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-members-the-united-states-committee-for-united-nations-day |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jacques Fomerand]], a professor in political sciences, writes that the "accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions".{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|pp=cviii}}

Reviewing the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author [[Stanley Meisler]] writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=339}}

== Awards ==
A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in recognition of their work. Two secretaries-general, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize; as were Ralph Bunche, a UN negotiator, René Cassin, a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the American Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] for his role in the organization's founding. [[Lester B. Pearson]], the Canadian [[Secretary of State for External Affairs]], was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis.

UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the [[International Labour Organization]] in 1969, the UN Peacekeeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the prize in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/index.html |title=All Nobel Peace Prizes |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]] |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122101016/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] received the prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |website=[[Nobel Prize]] |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123143904/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/summary/ |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 21, 2025, the joint Universities of [[KU Leuven|Leuven]] and [[UCLouvain|Louvain]] (Belgium) awarded the UN an [[honorary degree]] which was given in the hands of [[António Guterres]].

== Criticism ==
{{main|Criticism of the United Nations}}

=== Role ===
In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President [[George W. Bush]] stated in February 2003—referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime—that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/02/14/bush-implores-un-to-show-backbone/ |title=Bush implores U.N. to show 'backbone' |last=Greene |first=David L. |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=14 February 2003 |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112201147/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-02-14/news/0302140349_1_security-council-resolution-united-nations-weapons-inspectors |archive-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-9_uxFw5UC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective,+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PA150 |title=Problem of Ethnicity: Role of United Nations in Kosovo Crisis |first1=Jasvir |last1=Singh |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2008 |access-date=12 January 2014 |page=150 |isbn=978-81-7142-701-7 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165827/https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-9_uxFw5UC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective%2C+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PA150 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqiHRA8RAMkC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective,+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PT489 |title=Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice |first1=Roger |last1=Normand |first2=Sarah |last2=Zaidi |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |page=455 |year= 2003 |access-date=12 January 2014 |isbn=978-0-253-00011-8 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165838/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqiHRA8RAMkC&q=Bush+UN+ineffective%2C+irrelevant+debating+society&pg=PT489 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, former American President [[Barack Obama]], in his memoir ''[[A Promised Land]]'' noted, "In the middle of the [[Cold War]], the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary]] or [[Vietnam War|U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside]]. Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like [[Somalia]], or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |title=UN failed to prevent 'ethnic slaughter in Sri Lanka' – Barack Obama |newspaper=[[Tamil Guardian]] |date=22 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191611/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/un-failed-prevent-ethnic-slaughter-sri-lanka-barack-obama |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |title=Obama's best seller refers to 'ethnic slaughter in SL' |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]] |date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312014934/https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20201129/281702617274536 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since its founding, there have been many calls for [[reform of the United Nations|reform of the UN]] but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.

=== Representation and structure ===
Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto]] privileges of some nations in the [[Security Council]], are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and a main cause of inaction on genocides and [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>Oliphant, Roland. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/04/end-security-council-veto-to-halt-aleppo-violence-un-human-right/ "'End Security Council veto' to halt Syria violence, UN human rights chief says amid deadlock"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128191532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/04/end-security-council-veto-to-halt-aleppo-violence-un-human-right/ |date=28 January 2020 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', Dated 4 October 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31617141 |title=Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306134557/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31617141 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

Jacques Fomerand state that the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the North–South split" between [[North–South divide in the World|richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations]]. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically [[laissez-faire]] UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=civ}}

There have been numerous calls for the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council's membership to be increased]], for different ways of electing the UN's secretary-general, and for a [[United Nations Parliamentary Assembly|UN Parliamentary Assembly]] (UNPA).<ref>Brauer, M., & Bummel, A. (2020). A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly: A Policy Review of Democracy Without 18 Borders.</ref>

=== Exclusion of nations ===
{{See also|United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|List of states with limited recognition}}
After [[World War II]], the [[French Committee of National Liberation]] was late to be recognized by the United States as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. Future French president [[Charles de Gaulle]] criticized the UN, famously calling it a ''machin'' (contraption), and was not convinced that a [[global security]] alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring [[Foreign relations of France|direct defence treaties]] between countries.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gerbet |first=Pierre |year=1995 |title=Naissance des Nations Unies |trans-title=Birth of the United Nations |magazine=Espoir |issue=102 |language=fr |url=http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/1944-1946-la-liberation/restaurer-le-rang-de-la-france/analyses/naissance-des-nations-unies.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710122708/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/1944-1946-la-liberation/restaurer-le-rang-de-la-france/analyses/naissance-des-nations-unies.php |archive-date=10 July 2009}}</ref>

Following the [[Chinese Civil War]], the government of China was disputed between the [[Kuomintang|Chinese Nationalist Party]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. After the foundation of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the government of the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) retreated to the island of Taiwan,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kubek|first=Anthony |title=How the Far East was lost: American policy and the creation of Communist China|year=1963|publisher=Intercontex Publishers (England) Limited |isbn=978-0-85622-000-5}}</ref> continuing to claim that it was the sole government of China. After the civil war, the United Nations continued recognizing the ROC as the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505 (VI)|official government of China]]. In 1971, amid growing debate over the representation of the Chinese people on the mainland,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hale |first=Erin |date=25 October 2021 |title=Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |url-status=live |work= Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502081255/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> the General Assembly passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI)|a resolution]] recognizing the PRC as ''"the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations."''<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United Nations General Assembly (26th sess.: 1971) |title=Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations |date=25 October 1971 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/192054?ln=en&v=pdf |website=United Nations Digital Library |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Critics{{who|date=May 2025}} allege that this position reflects a failure of the organization's development goals and guidelines,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2021 |title=Taiwan Challenges UN Exclusion on Sidelines of COP26 Summit |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-06/taiwan-challenges-un-exclusion-on-sidelines-of-cop26-summit |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130644/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-06/taiwan-challenges-un-exclusion-on-sidelines-of-cop26-summit |url-status=live}}</ref> and it garnered renewed scrutiny during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], when Taiwan was denied membership into the World Health Organization despite its [[COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan|relatively effective response to the virus]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2020 |title=Why Taiwan has become a problem for WHO |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52088167 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512013946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52088167 |url-status=live}}</ref> Support for Taiwan's inclusion in the UN remains challenged by the People's Republic of China, which claims the territories controlled by Taiwan [[One China|as their own territory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-united-nations-needs-treat-taiwan-fairly-22256 |title=The United Nations Needs to Treat Taiwan Fairly |last=Lee |first=David Tawei |website=The National Interest |language=en |access-date=14 September 2017 |date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914202033/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-united-nations-needs-treat-taiwan-fairly-22256 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Independence ===
Throughout the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the organization in protest to [[China and the United Nations|China's seat at the UN Security Council]] being given to the anti-communist [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Three years later, the Soviets effectively forced the resignation of UN Secretary-General [[Trygve Lie]] by refusing to acknowledge his administration due to his support of the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Husen |first=Van |date=2010 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |pages=504–506 |isbn=978-1-85109-849-1}}</ref>

Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile accusation that [[Alger Hiss]], an American who had taken part in the establishment of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that the [[United Nations Secretariat|UN Secretariat]] under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists, leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Character Sketches: Trygve Lie by Brian Urquhart |url=https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=UN News |publisher=United Nations |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729215010/https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-trygve-lie-brian-urquhart |url-status=live}}</ref> The United States saw nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives, with groups such as the [[John Birch Society]] stating that the organization was an instrument for communism.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 1964 |title=Sponsor Shrugs at Criticism of U.N. TV Series |page=5F |work=[[Lincoln Journal Star|Lincoln Star]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104043139/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-lincoln-star-sponsor-shrugs-at-criti/138008096/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Popular opposition to the UN was expressed through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without U.N."{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=72–73, 82}}

=== United States sovereignty ===
In the United States, there were concerns about supposed threats to national sovereignty, most notably promoted by the [[John Birch Society]], which mounted a nationwide campaign in opposition to the UN during the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Matthew |last1=Lyons |first2=Chip |last2=Berlet |title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort |publisher=The Guilford Press |location=New York |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich/page/179 179] |isbn=978-1-57230-562-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich/page/179 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Jerry D. |last2=Bernick |first2=Bob Jr. |title=John Birch Society forges on in Utah |website=Deseret News |date=16 June 2003 |url=https://www.deseret.com/2003/6/16/19729070/john-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104202206/https://www.deseret.com/2003/6/16/19729070/john-birch-society-forges-on-in-utah |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Charles J. |date=2002 |title=The Master Conspiracy of the John Birch Society: From Communism to the New World Order |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570310209374748 |journal=Western Journal of Communication |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=437–438 |doi=10.1080/10570310209374748 |s2cid=145081268 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104202147/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570310209374748 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Beginning in the 1990s, the same concern appeared with the [[American Sovereignty Restoration Act]], which has been introduced multiple times in the [[United States Congress]]. In 1997, an amendment containing the bill received a floor vote, with 54 representatives voting in favour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roll Call 163 Roll Call 163, Bill Number: H. R. 1757, 105th Congress, 1st Session |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |date=4 June 1997 |url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/1997163 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114145848/https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/1997163 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H.Amdt.138 to H.R.1757 |website=Congress.gov |url=https://www.congress.gov/amendment/105th-congress/house-amendment/138 |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114145846/https://www.congress.gov/amendment/105th-congress/house-amendment/138 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2007 version of the bill ({{usbill|110|hr|1146}}) was authored by [[U.S. Representative]] [[Ron Paul]], to effect the United States' withdrawal from the United Nations. It would repeal various laws pertaining to the UN, terminate authorization for funds to be spent on the UN, terminate UN presence on American property, and withdraw diplomatic immunity for UN employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1224953761.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105033058/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1224953761.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Rep. Paul Introduces American Sovereignty Restoration Act |date=1 March 1997 |access-date=10 April 2008 |publisher=US Fed News Service |format=subscription}}</ref> It would provide up to two years for the United States to withdraw.<ref name=lamb>{{cite news |url=http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0505/0505uncorral.htm|title=Showdown at the U.N. corral |date=16 May 2005 |access-date=11 April 2008 |work=[[Enter Stage Right]] |last=Lamb |first=Henry |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104202202/http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0505/0505uncorral.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Yale Law Journal]]'' cited the Act as proof that "the United States's complaints against the United Nations have intensified."<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/216.pdf |title=Law's Migration: American Exceptionalism, Silent Dialogues, and Federalism's Multiple Ports of Entry |date=May 2006 |access-date=11 April 2008 |volume=115 |issue=7 |page=1659 |author1-link=Judith Resnik (lawyer) |last=Resnik |first=Judith |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |doi=10.2307/20455664 |jstor=20455664 |s2cid=153301537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214022424/http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/216.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The most recent iteration, {{as of|2022}}, is H.R.7806, introduced by [[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|Mike D. Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7806/text |title=H.R.7806 – 117th Congress (2019–2020): American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2022 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress |publisher=govtrack.us |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104202149/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7806/text |url-status=live}}</ref>

American [[State legislature (United States)|state lawmakers]] have proposed legislation to block various UN programs deemed to threaten U.S. sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satija |first1=Neena |last2=McCrimmon |first2=Ryan |title=Conservative Lawmakers Target United Nations |work=[[The Texas Tribune]] |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122224428/https://www.texastribune.org/2015/02/26/conservative-lawmakers-continue-assault-un/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, [[Tennessee]] enacted legislation to block the implementation of programs "originating in, or traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations," including [[Agenda 21]] and [[Sustainable Development Goals|the 2030 Agenda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Tennessee Public Chapter No. 479 |url=https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |website=Tennessee Secretary of State |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120000913/https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/acts/113/pub/pc0479.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kevin |title=Inside the Tennessee legislature, where a GOP supermajority reigns |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=15 May 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Alleged pro-Palestinian bias ===
The UN's attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians has been considered excessive by Israeli diplomat [[Dore Gold]] and pro-Israeli individuals and organisations such as British scholar [[Robert S. Wistrich]], American legal scholar [[Alan Dershowitz]], Australian politician [[Mark Dreyfus]], and the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref>*For Gold, see Gold, p. 20.
*For Wistrich, see Wistrich, p. 487.
*For Dershowitz, see [[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''[[The_Case_for_Peace]]: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2005.
*For Dreyfus, see [http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z "Don't be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910130332/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z|date=10 September 2012}}. ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]''. 8 July 2009.
*For Anti-Defamation League, see [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm "ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals 'Cancerous Bias' Against Israel."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134316/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm|date=2 November 2012}} ADL. 7 July 2009.</ref> The UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias by Ex-President of the United States [[George W. Bush]], who complained that the Council focused too much attention on Israel and not enough on adversaries of the US such as Cuba, Venezuela, North Korea and Iran.<ref>[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460 "Human Rights Council president wants reform"], SwissInfo, 29 September 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002555/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460 |date=11 August 2011 }}.</ref> In her confirmation hearing before the Senate panel to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, [[Elise Stefanik]], described the UN's attitude toward Israel as "anti-semitic".<ref name="d827">{{cite web | last=Gedeon | first=Joseph | title=Trump UN nominee backs Israeli claims of biblical rights to West Bank | website=the Guardian | date=21 Jan 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/21/trump-un-elise-stefanik-israel | access-date=25 Jan 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=2025-01-21 |title=Elise Stefanik Pledges to Back Trump's Vision of a 'Reformed' U.N. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/21/us/politics/elise-stefanik-senate-confirmation-hearing.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Samuels |first=Ben |title='Antisemitic Rot': Trump's UN Pick Stefanik Backs Defunding UNRWA, Citing 'Terrorist Ties' to Hamas |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-21/ty-article/.premium/trumps-un-pick-stefanik-backs-defunding-unrwa-citing-terrorist-ties-to-hamas/00000194-89b0-dee1-aff7-ebffecec0000 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250121182633/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-21/ty-article/.premium/trumps-un-pick-stefanik-backs-defunding-unrwa-citing-terrorist-ties-to-hamas/00000194-89b0-dee1-aff7-ebffecec0000 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Trump's UN ambassador pick says Israel has 'biblical right' to West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/21/trumps-un-ambassador-pick-says-israel-has-biblical-right-to-west-bank |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Effectiveness ===
According to [[international relations]] scholar [[Edward Luck]], the United States has preferred a feeble United Nations in major projects undertaken by the organization to forestall UN interference with, or resistance to, American policies. "The last thing the U.S. wants is an independent UN throwing its weight around", Luck said. Similarly, former [[US Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] explained that "The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. The task was given to me, and I carried it forward with not inconsiderable success."<ref>''Los Angeles Times'', 17 October 2002 [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-17-fg-resolution17-story.html "U.N. Resolutions Frequently Violated"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317170020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-17-fg-resolution17-story.html |date=17 March 2022 }}</ref>

In 1994, former special representative of the secretary-general of the UN to Somalia [[Mohamed Sahnoun]] published ''Somalia: The Missed Opportunities'',<ref>USIP Press Books, 1994, {{ISBN|978-1-878379-35-1}}</ref> a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in [[Somalia]]. Sahnoun claims that between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the [[Siad Barre]] regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies. When the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by [[NGO]]s, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Sahnoun warned that if radical reform were not undertaken, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept improvisation.<ref>Book Review by Gail M. Gerhart in ''Foreign Affairs'', March/April 1995 [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/50763/gail-m-gerhart/somalia-the-missed-opportunities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120239/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/50763/gail-m-gerhart/somalia-the-missed-opportunities|date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

Beyond specific instances or areas of alleged ineffectiveness, some scholars debate the overall effectiveness of the UN. Adherents to the [[Realism (international relations)|realist]] school of international relations take a pessimistic position, arguing that the UN is not an effective organization because it is dominated and constrained by great powers. [[Liberalism (international relations)|Liberal]] scholars counter that it is an effective organization because it has proved capable of solving many problems by working around the restrictions imposed by powerful member states. The UN is generally considered by scholars to be more effective in realms such as public health, and humanitarian assistance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Norley |first=Matthew John Ribeiro |date=2013 |title=Is the United Nations an Effective Institution?|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2013/02/23/is-the-united-nations-an-effective-institution/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308204822/https://www.e-ir.info/2013/02/23/is-the-united-nations-an-effective-institution/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ineffectiveness of enforcing [[territorial integrity]] in the 21st century<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Michelle Bachelet Jeria |date=2016 |title=The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-asil-annual-meeting/article/abs/challenges-to-international-law-in-the-21st-century/B4EC8B1CF5B483DB5368FF77F44452CE |journal=Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting |language=en |volume=110 |pages=3–11 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700102435 |issn=0272-5037|url-access=subscription }}</ref> have led to debate on possible re-emergence of the [[right of conquest]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3 |doi=10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3 |title=The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force |date=2020 |last1=Mulligan |first1=Michael |journal=Liverpool Law Review |volume=41 |issue=3 | pages=293–313|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Inefficiency and corruption ===
Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the [[Joint Inspection Unit]] to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the [[United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services|Office of Internal Oversight Services]] (or the OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reddy |first=Shravanti |date=29 October 2002 |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ngo-un/rest-un/2002/1029watchdog.htm |title=Watchdog Organization Struggles to Decrease UN Bureaucracy |publisher=Global Policy Forum |access-date=21 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920043559/http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ngo-un/rest-un/2002/1029watchdog.htm |archive-date=20 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended [[Oil-for-Food Programme]] — in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions — had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]]. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved in [[Oil-for-Food Program Hearings|the scheme]], and raised significant questions about the role of [[Kojo Annan]], the son of [[Kofi Annan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4232629.stm |title=Q&A: Oil-for-food scandal |date=7 September 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4232629.stm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Hymn to the United Nations ==
{{main|Hymn to the United Nations}}

On the request of then United Nations [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]], a Hymn to the United Nations was performed on the occasion of its 26th anniversary, on 24 October 1971, by [[Pau Casals]], the lyrics to which were penned by the poet [[W. H. Auden]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Hymn to the United Nations" a Poem by W.H. Auden |url=https://media.un.org/avlibrary/en/asset/d109/d1095740 |website=media.un.org |date=19 November 1971 |publisher=United Nations Audiovisual Library |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>

Thant first approached Casals, who was a personal friend, looking to create a hymn to peace and hoping for the song to be based on the preamble of the [[Charter of the United Nations]]. Thant later commissioned Auden to write the poem after Casals requested one to set to music. {{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}Auden completed his work in three days time. The finished work, scored for chorus and orchestra, takes approximately seven minutes to play. However, there were never any plans to adopt the song as the organization's official anthem.

== See also ==
{{portal|Countries|Politics|World}}
* [[Outline of the United Nations]]
* [[International relations]]
* [[List of country groupings]]
* [[List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations]]
* [[List of multilateral free trade agreements]]
* [[PassBlue]]
* [[Spying on the United Nations]]
* [[UN Trade and Development III]]
* [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]]
* [[United Nations in popular culture]]
* [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]]
* [[United Nations television film series]]
* [[World Summit on the Information Society]]
* [[2025 Houthi raids on UN buildings in Sanaa]]
* [[Model United Nations]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book
|last=Ball
|first=Howard
|year=2011
|title=Genocide: A Reference Handbook
|series=Contemporary World Issues
|location=Santa Barbara, California
|publisher=ABC-CLIO
|isbn=978-1-59884-488-7
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/genocidereferenc0000ball
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Coulon
|first1=Jocelyn
|author-link1=Jocelyn Coulon
|year=1998
|title=Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order
|publisher=University of Toronto Press
|isbn=978-0-8020-0899-2
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Fasulo
|first1=Linda
|year=2004
|title=An Insider's Guide to the UN
|location=New Haven, Connecticut
|publisher=Yale University Press
|isbn=978-0-300-10155-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetou00lind
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Fomerand
|first1=Jacques
|year=2009
|title=The A to Z of the United Nations
|location=Lanham, Maryland
|publisher=Scarecrow Press
|isbn=978-0-8108-5547-2
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Gold
|first=Dore
|author-link=Dore Gold
|year=2004
|title=Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos
|location=New York
|publisher=Crown Forum
|isbn=978-1-4000-5475-6
|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h8s1
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Grant
|first=Thomas D.
|year=2009
|title=Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization
|series=Legal Aspects of International Organization
|volume=50
|location=Leiden, Netherlands
|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
|isbn=978-90-04-17363-7
|issn=0924-4883
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Hoopes
|first1=Townsend
|author-link1=Townsend Hoopes
|last2=Brinkley
|first2=Douglas
|author-link2=Douglas Brinkley
|year=2000
|orig-year=1997
|title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N.
|location=New Haven, Connecticut
|publisher=Yale University Press
|isbn=978-0-300-08553-2
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Kennedy
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Kennedy
|year=2007
|orig-year=2006
|title=The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations
|location=New York
|publisher=Random House
|isbn=978-0-375-70341-6
|title-link=The Parliament of Man
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Manchester
|first1=William
|author-link1=William Manchester
|last2=Reid
|first2=Paul
|author-link2=Paul Reid (writer)
|year=2012
|title=The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965
|location=New York
|publisher=Little Brown and Company
|isbn=978-0-316-54770-3
|title-link=The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Meisler
|first1=Stanley
|year=1995
|title=United Nations: The First Fifty Years
|location=New York
|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press
|isbn=978-0-87113-616-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_z7w4
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Mires
|first1=Charlene
|year=2013
|title=Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations
|publisher=New York University Press
|isbn=978-0-8147-0794-4
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=Osmańczyk
|first=Edmund Jan
|author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk
|editor-last=Mango
|editor-first=Anthony
|year=2004
|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
|volume=4
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|isbn=978-0-415-93924-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Schlesinger
|first1=Stephen C.
|author-link1=Stephen Schlesinger
|year=2003
|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World
|location=Boulder, Colorado
|publisher=Westview Press
|isbn=978-0-8133-3324-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/actofcreationfou00schl_0
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Sherwood
|first=Robert E.
|author-link=Robert E. Sherwood
|year=1948
|title=Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
|location=New York
|publisher=Harper and Brothers
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2009
|orig-year=2007
|editor1-last=Weiss
|editor1-first=Thomas G.
|editor2-last=Daws
|editor2-first=Sam
|title=The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-956010-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wistrich
|first=Robert S.
|author-link=Robert S. Wistrich
|year=2010
|title=A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad
|location=New York
|publisher=Random House
|isbn=978-1-4000-6097-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/lethalobsessiona00wist
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book |year=2008 |editor-last1=Lowe |editor-first1=Vaughan |editor-link1=Vaughan Lowe |editor-last2=Roberts |editor-first2=Adam |editor-link2=Adam Roberts (scholar) |editor-last3=Welsh |editor-first3=Jennifer |editor-link3=Jennifer Welsh |editor-last4=Zaum |editor-first4=Dominik |title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-953343-5}}
* Mazower, Mark (2009). ''No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations''. [[Princeton University Press]].
* {{cite book |year=1994 |editor1-last=Roberts |editor1-first=Adam |editor1-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |editor2-last=Kingsbury |editor2-first=Benedict |title=United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-827926-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/unitednationsdiv00adam}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=United Nations|auto=yes}}
* Official websites
** {{Official website}}
** [https://www.unric.org/ The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)]
** [https://www.unv.org/ United Nations Volunteers]
** [http://research.un.org/en/docs United Nations Documentation Research Guide]
** [https://www.un.org/en/library/whyitmatters Multilingualism at the United Nations]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=United Nations}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1903}}
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{United Nations}}
{{UN Security Council}}
{{United Nations' relations with its Member States|state=autocollapse}}
{{LN and UN Secretaries-General}}

{{Navboxes|list =
{{International organizations|state=autocollapse}}
{{UN International Years}}
{{International relations}}
}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Nations| ]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]]
[[Category:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Peace organizations]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1945]]
[[Category:Sakharov Prize laureates]]

Kumar

2026-03-19T13:42:29Z

OdessaProsser28: general correct structure for clarity

{{short description|South Asian name}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
[[image:YaudheyaCoin.jpg|thumb|A coin, around 200 [[BCE]], of the [[Yaudheyas]] with depiction of Kumāra [[Karttikeya]]]]

'''Kumar''' ({{audio|Kumar Pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{langx|sa|[[wikt:कुमार|कुमार]]|kumārá}}) is a [[title]], [[given name]], [[middle name]], or a [[family name]] found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in, but not limited to, [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]], though not specific to any religion, ethnicity, or caste. It is a generic title which variously means ''prince'', ''son'', ''boy'', or ''[[Chastity|chaste]]''. It is the 11th most common family name in the world as of August 2019.<ref name="fb">{{Cite web |title=Kumar Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kumar |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=forebears.io}}</ref>

==History==
The origin of ''kumar'' can be traced back to the early development of [[Hinduism]] and its origin in [[ancient India]]. The first usage of ''Kumar'' was for the [[Four Kumaras|Four Kumāras]], the four sons of [[Brahma]] from the [[Purana|Puran]]ic texts of Hinduism named Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, and Sanat.

In ''Skanda Purana'', the largest ''[[Puranas#Mahapuranas|Mahapurana]]'', a genre of eighteen [[Hindu]] religious texts, the text is devoted mainly to the [[Lila (Hinduism)|leelas]] of [[Kartikeya]], son of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. "Kumar" is used to refer [[Kartikeya]].

==Geographical distribution==
As of 2014, 97.3% of all known bearers of the surname ''Kumar'' were residents of [[India]]. The frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]:<ref name="kumar2014">[http://forebears.co.uk/surnames/kumar#surnames Kumar Surname Distribution]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1. [[Himachal Pradesh]] (1: 9)
* 2. [[Chandigarh]] (1: 10)
* 3. [[Delhi]] (1: 11)
* 3. [[Haryana]] (1: 11)
* 4. [[Bihar]] (1: 15)
* 5. [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1: 16)
* 5. [[Uttar Pradesh]] (1: 16)
* 6. [[Uttarakhand]] (1: 28)
* 7. [[Rajasthan]] (1: 30)
* 8. [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (1: 39)
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==

===First name===
* [[Kumar Basnet]], (born 1943) Nepalese folk singer
* [[Kumar Dharmasena]], Sri Lankan cricketer and International cricket umpire
* [[Kumar Gandharva]] (1924–1992), Indian singer
* [[Kumar Gaurav]], Indian film actor
* [[Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir]], Nepalese Buddhist monk
* [[Kumar Malavalli]], Indian businessman
* [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]], Indian industrialist
* [[Kumar Pallana]], Indian film actor
* [[Kumar Ponnambalam]] (1940–2000), Sri Lankan lawyer and politician
* [[Kumar Pradhan]], Nepalese scholar
* [[Narain Karthikeyan|Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan]], Indian racing car driver
* [[Kumar Rocker]], American baseball pitcher
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]], Sri Lankan cricketer and a former captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team
* [[Kumar Sanu]], Indian playback singer
* [[Kumar Shahani]] (1940–2024), Indian film director
* [[Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji]], cricketer who played for England
* [[Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji]], aka K. S. Ranjitsinhji, Indian prince, maharaja and Test cricketer
* [[Kumar Vishwas]], Hindi-language performance poet

===Middle name===
* [[Kishore Kumar|Abhas Kumar Ganguly]], birth name of Kishore Kumar
* [[Adarsh Kumar Goel]], Indian judge
* [[Ajith Kumar Siriwardena]], Sri Lankan Briton professor of hepato-pancreatico-biliary surgery
* [[Akshay Kumar Datta]], Bengali writer
* [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]], a leading physicist
* [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]], Nepalese politician
* [[Anant Kumar Agarwal]], engineer
* [[Ananth Kumar Hegde]], Indian politician
* [[Anil Kumar Jha]], (born 1969) Nepalese politician
* [[Anjani Kumar Sharma]], Nepalese surgeon
* [[Arjun Kumar Basnet]], (born 1975) Nepalese marathon runner
* [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya|General Arunkumar Vaidya]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/150-AS-Vaidya.html |title=Land Forces Site - General Arunkumar Sridhar Vaidya |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=2014-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110175835/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/150-AS-Vaidya.html |archive-date=2014-01-10 }}</ref> the former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Indian Army]]
* [[Arup Kumar Kundu]], educationist, rheumatologist, clinician, orator, teacher, and author
* [[Bijay Kumar Gachchhadar]], Nepalese politician
* [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]], the Indian Chief of Naval Staff
* [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]], serving four star [[flag officer]] of the [[Indian Navy]].
* [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], a Bengali singer, composer and producer
* [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], an Indian politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of India
* [[Keshav Kumar Budhathoki]], Nepali politician
* [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]], Former [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]
* [[Manoj Kumar Katiyar]], [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]
* [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]], Indian Army officer, recipient of the Param Vir Chakra
* [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]], [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer
* [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]], former senior [[Naval Officer|naval officer]]
* [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]], an Sikkimese politician who served as the 5th Chief Minister of Sikkim
* Pradip Kumar Rai known as [[Byakul Maila]], Nepalese poet
* [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], Indian politician who was the leader of the [[Assam Movement]], a former [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
* [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]], chief minister of Indian state
* [[Raj Kumar Saini]], Indian politician
* [[Rajkummar Rao|Raj Kumar Rao]], Indian actor
* [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]], Indian actor, director
* [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]], retired [[Indian Air Force]] officer, who served as the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]
* [[Ravi Kumar Dahiya]], Indian [[freestyle wrestler]]
* [[Ravi Kumar Dhingra]], serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], an Indian playback singer and music director
* [[Sanjeev Kumar Yadav]], [[Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service|DANIPS]] officer.
* [[Santosh Kumar Ghosh]], Bengali writer and journalist
* [[Santosh Kumar Gupta]], former Indian Navy admiral, recipient of Maha Vir Chakra
* [[Satinder Kumar Saini]], vice chief of the Indian army
* [[Selvar Kumar Silvaras]] (c. 1971–1998), Singaporean convicted murderer
* [[Shailendra Kumar Upadhyaya]], Nepalese diplomat
* [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]], a Punjabi language poet
* [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]], [[India]]n television [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Film director|director]]
* [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]], Indian military officer
* [[Sunil Kumar Yadav]], Nepalese politician
* [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], an Indian linguist, educationist and litterateur
* [[Sushil Kumar Modi]], is an Indian politician
* [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]], Indian bank, activist and poet
* [[Tej Kumar Shrestha]], Nepalese zoologist
* [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]], Indian politician
* [[Vijay Kumar Pandey]], Nepalese journalist
* [[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]], Indian politician and a retired four star general in the Indian Army
* [[Vijay Kumar Yadav (judoka)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]], Indian [[judoka]]
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]], Indian film actor
* [[Vinod Kumar Shukla]], modern Hindi writer
* [[Vinod Kumar Yadav]], Former [[chairperson of the Railway Board]], first chief executive officer, Railway Board, [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]], retired [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]]
* [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]], 17th and the current Commander, XIV Corps of the Indian Army
* [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], the 36th [[Chief Justice of India]]

===Last name===
* [[Ajith Kumar]], an Indian actor who works mainly in Tamil cinema
* [[Akhil Kumar]], an Indian boxer who has won several international and national boxing awards
* [[Akshay Kumar]], stage name of Indian-Canadian film actor, producer and martial artist, Rajiv Bhatia
* [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], Indian film playback singer, actor, and director
* [[Amitava Kumar]], Indian writer, journalist, professor
* [[Anand Kumar]], Indian mathematician
* [[Anil Kumar]], Indian businessman, consultant
* [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Ashok Kumar]], AKA Dadamoni in Bengali, Indian film actor
* [[Ashok Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)]], Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
* [[Arun Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]], Indian politician [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]], Indian politician
* [[Bhushan Kumar]], chairman and managing director of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], Indian pace bowler
* [[Chetan Kumar]], Indian actor
* [[Darshan Kumar]], Indian actor
* [[Deepak Kumar (disambiguation)|Deepak Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Deepak Kumar (historian)]], Indian historian
** [[Deepak Kumar (physicist)]], Indian condensed matter physicist and professor
** [[Deepak Kumar (sport shooter)]], Indian sport shooter
* [[Dev Kumar]], Indian actor
* [[Digendra Kumar]], Indian military officer
* [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian film actor known as the 'Tragedy King' and a former Member of Parliament
* [[Dinesh Kumar (basketball)]], Indian professional basketball player
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]], Indian film actress, producer and director
* [[E. Santhosh Kumar]], Indian writer
* [[Girish Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer
* [[Gulshan Kumar]], T-Series music label owner
* [[:hi:गुरू रुद्र कुमार|Guru Rudra Kumar]]
* [[Havildar Anuj Kumar]], Indian professional bodybuilder
* [[Himanshu Kumar]], Indian activist
* [[Hiten Kumar]], Gujarati film actor
* [[Inder Kumar]], Indian actor
* [[Indra Kumar]], an Indian film director and producer
* [[Jainendra Kumar]] (1905–1988), Indian writer
* [[Jeeva Kumar]], Indian kabbadi player
* [[Jitender Kumar (flyweight boxer)]], an Indian flyweight boxer
* [[Jitendra Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], Indian politician
* [[Kishore Kumar]], Indian film playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter
* [[M Kiran Kumar]], Indian businessman
* [[Manoj Kumar (disambiguation)]], several people, including:
** [[Manoj Kumar (boxer)]], Indian boxer who won a gold medal in the light welterweight division at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
** [[Manoj Kumar]], an award-winning Indian actor and director in the Bollywood
* [[María Teresa Kumar]], a political organizer and [[voting rights]] activist for Latinos in the United States
* [[Meira Kumar]], an Indian politician and a five time Member of Parliament
* [[Mukesh Kumar (disambiguation)|Mukesh Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)]], Indian cricketer
** [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)]], Indian field hockey player
** [[Mukesh Kumar (golfer)]], Indian golfer
* [[Mukul Kumar]], Indian civil servant and writer
* [[Navin Kumar]]
* [[Navleen Kumar]], Indian human rights activist
* [[Nirmalya Kumar]], professor and businessman
* [[Niru Kumar]], Indian social activist
* [[Nish Kumar]], British comedian
* [[Nitish Kumar]], Indian politician who served as the 22nd Chief Minister of Bihar
* [[Oil Kumar]], aa Indian ganglord and organized crime boss
* [[Pawan Kumar (disambiguation)|Pawan Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Pawan Kumar (director)]], Indian film director, actor, producer, and screenwriter
** [[Pawan Kumar (wrestler)]], Indian wrestler
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)]], Indian actor in Hindi, Bengali and English-language films
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)]], Indian medium-pace swing bowler
* [[Prem Kumar (disambiguation)|Prem Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Prem Kumar (footballer)]] (born 1989), Indian footballer
** [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)]], Indian film actor in Malayalam films
** [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)]], Indian film actor in Tamil films
* [[R Sri Kumar]] (born 1949), Indian vigilance commissioner
* [[Raaj Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Rajendra Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Ratan Kumar]], Film actor
* [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar (Indian footballer)]]
* [[Ravish Kumar]], Indian Journalist at NDTV India
* [[Ritu Kumar]], Indian fashion designer
* [[Rohit Kumar (disambiguation)|Rohit Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)]], Indian professional footballer
** [[Rohit Kumar (kabaddi)]], Indian professional Kabaddi player
** [[Rohit Kumar (rower)]], Indian professional rower
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], Malayalam actor
* [[Sanjay Kumar (disambiguation)|Sanjay Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Sanjay Kumar (business executive)]], former CEO of [[Computer Associates]]
** [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)]], Indian Army soldier who received the [[Param Vir Chakra]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]], Indian film actor
* [[Satish Kumar (pastor)]], Indian pastor
* [[Saurabh Kumar (engineer)]], Indian engineer
* [[Shashi Kumar]], or Shashikumar, Indian actor and politician
* [[Srini Kumar]]
* [[Sushil Kumar (disambiguation)|Sushil Kumar]], several people, including:
** [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)]], Indian World Champion wrestler
* [[Tulsi Kumar]], an Indian playback singer for Bollywood films
* [[Udai Kumar]]
* [[Udaya Kumar (director)]], Kannada film director
* [[Uttam Kumar]], Indian (Bengali) cinema actor and contemporary of Dilip Kumar
* [[Uttar Kumar]], famous actor in north India
* [[Varun Kumar (journalist)]], Indian journalist
* [[Venkatesh Kumar]], Hindustani vocalist
* [[Vikram Kumar]], Indian film director and screenwriter
* [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)]], Indian champion shooter, Olympic 2012 silver medalist
* [[U. Vimal Kumar|Vimal Kumar]], Indian badminton player
* [[Vinay Kumar]], Indian [[cricket]] player
* [[Vinay Kumar (pathologist)]], the Alice Hogge & Arthur Baer Professor of Pathology at the University of Chicago
* [[Vinay Kumar (academician)]]
* [[Vinoth Kumar]], Indian [[association football|football]] player
* [[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]] (born 1958), Indian politician
* [[Yuva Kumar]]

==See also==
* [[Kumarbi]]
* [[Keyumars]]
* [[Yuvraj (disambiguation)]]
* [[Arunkumar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]

Bhatar

2026-03-18T18:42:51Z

OdessaProsser28: new new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhatar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|25|11.0|N|87|55|00.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3383
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713125 (Bhatar)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhatar''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|11|N|87|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical site, W: river project, C: craft centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|87|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bardhaman | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bardhaman]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|0|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Guskara| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Guskara]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|12|N|87|50|19|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Goda | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Goda, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|16|6|N|87|52|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bahir Sarbamangala | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bahir Sarbamangala]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|17|4|N|87|52|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mirzapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|15|10|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|13|6|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Gangpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Gangpur]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|25|25|N|87|32|33|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Raipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Raipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bud Bud | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bud Bud]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|23|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sukdal | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sukdal]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|33|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Mankar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Mankar]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|30|56|N|87|39|42|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Ausgram| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ausgram, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|11|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Bhatar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= Bhatar (R)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|20|43|N|87|41|8|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Galsi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Galsi, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|26|20|N|87|35|1|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Amrargar| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Amrargar]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|18|33|N|87|52|14|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Kamnara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kamnara]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|19|N|87|58|12|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Barshul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Barshul]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|58|42|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18=Hatgobindapur| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hatgobindapur]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|32|30|N|87|37|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Bononabagram| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Bononabagram]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|22|16|N|87|37|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Pursha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Pursha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|20|15|N|87|58|47|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Kurmun| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Kurmun]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|26|7|N|87|36|9|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Jamtara| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Jamtara, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|17|39|N|87|38|47|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Adrahati| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Adrahati]] (R)| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|34|19|N|87|38|59|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Pandu Rajar Dhibi| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|22|8|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Randiha| numbered25=W| mark-title25= [[Randiha]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|51|N|87|42|1|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Dwariapur| numbered26=C| mark-title26= [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman]] (C)| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|57|36|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Saktigarh| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Saktigarh, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|11|11|N|88|0|57|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Palsit| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Palsit]] (R)| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.2722|87.5665}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.5661|87.8404}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Police station===
Bhatar police station has jurisdiction over [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] CD Blocks. The area covered is 163.44 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Bhatar CD block are located at Bhatar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 February 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055734/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
73.58% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 26.42% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Bhatar had a total population of 3.383, of which 1,702 (50%) were males and 1,681 (50%) were females. The Population below 6 years was 355. The total number of literates in Bhatar was 2,164 (71.47% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables | publisher=Government of India|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref>

==Transport==
The [[McLeod's Light Railways#Burdwan-Katwa Railway|Bardhaman-Katwa line]] after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge was opened to the public on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229 |title = Baro rail Katwae, jamlo bhidr (Big railway in Katwa, crowd gathers) | work= Bengali |publisher= Ananda Bazar Patrika, 13 January 2018 | access-date = 13 January 2018}}</ref> [[Bhatar railway station]] is situated at Bhatar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations 2011 |access-date = 21 January 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College]] was established in 2013 at Bhatar and is affiliated to the [[University of Burdwan]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, Sanskrit, history, English , philosophy and education.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.examdrive.in/2017/02/bhatar-dasarathi-hazra-memorial-college-admission-merit-list.html |title = Bhatar Dasarathi Hazra Memorial College admission |publisher= Examdrive | access-date = 26 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bhatar Rural Hospital at Bhatar (with 60 beds) is the main medical facility in Bhatar CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Balgona]] (with 2 beds), Bijipur, PO Basuda (with 6 beds), Bonpass (with 10 beds), Erruar, PO Aruarar (with 10 beds), [[Nasigram]] (with 6 beds) and Sahebganj (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Healthcare in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Ohmkar

2026-03-18T14:09:37Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{short description|Indian television presenter and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date = December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ohmkar
| image = Ohmkar.png
| caption = Ohmkar in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|10|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| education = GBR College, Anaparthi
| occupation = {{hlist|Film Director Television Presenter}}
| spouse = {{marriage| Swaroopa |2011}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Ashwin Babu]] (brother)
}}

'''Ohmkar Nuthalapati''' is an Indian television presenter and film director who predominantly works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] television and films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-02|title=RGG2 before Nagarjuna..|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/10-lesser-known-facts-about-anchor-turned-director-ohmkar/photostory/63999185.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He made his debut in television as a writer. He is best known for producing and hosting television shows ''Maayadweepam'', ''Aata'' and [[Sixth Sense (Indian TV series)|''Sixth Sense'']].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dasagr|first1=Madhuri|last2=hi|title=Ohmkar's call of the sixth sense|url=https://telanganatoday.com/call-of-the-sixth-sense|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> He is known for directing the ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi (film series)|Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' films.

== Early and personal life ==
Ohmkar was born in [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. He was born into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language speaking [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family. His father N. V. Krishna Rao was a doctor in [[Kakinada]]. He has two brothers and one sister. His brother [[Ashwin Babu]] is an actor in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] and their other brother Kalyan Babu is a producer. His sister name is Srivalli.

He holds a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Physiotherapy]] from GBR AC Campus, Anaparthi, [[East Godavari]], Andhra Pradesh. He married Swaroopa in 2011 and the couple has 2 children.

== Career ==

=== 2000–2011: Career in television ===
Ohmakar made his debut into television as a writer. He has also a [[Video Jockey|video jockey]] in the music show ''Ankitham'' on [[Gemini Music]] (Previously 'Aditya Music'). In 2005, he created and presented dance reality show ''Aata'' on [[Zee Telugu]]. This show became widely popular on Telugu Television. People fondly started calling Ohmkar as 'Ohmkar ''Annayya''<nowiki/>'. He soon became one of the popular television celebrities.

He further produced, created and hosted many television shows like ''Maayadweepam, Challenge, 100% luck,'' etc. Ohmkar started a film and television production company, OAK Entertainments, which is headed by his brother, Kalyan Babu.

=== 2012: Debut into Telugu cinema ===
He then turned into film director due to his passion to film making. He directed his first Telugu film [[Genius (2012 film)|''Genius'']], which did not perform well. He introduced his brother, Ashwin Babu, as an actor through the film. On the other side, he continued hosting television shows.

=== 2015 ===
He got his big success for directing ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' (2015), which was a huge commercial success. With the film, Ohmakar created the ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi (film series)|Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' series and directed two other films in the series, however, they did not perform as well as the first film.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+As Director
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|[[Genius (2012 film)|''Genius'']]
|Nominated– [[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Genius Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Genius by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/genius/movie-review/17799247.cms|access-date=2020-12-14}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-25|title=Raju Gari Gadhi Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Movie Review {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Movie Review {{!}} Omkar Raju Gari Gadhi Review {{!}} Ashwin Babu Raju Gari Gadhi Movie Review {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Telugu Review {{!}} Ashwin Babu Raju Gari Gadhi Review {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Cinema Review {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Review {{!}}Raju Gari Gadhi Twitter Updates {{!}} Omkar Raju Gari Gadhi Live Updates {{!}} Raju Gari Gadhi Movie Live Updates|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/raju-gari-gadhi-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-21|title='Raju Gari Gadhi 2': The story of a soul that seeks revenge?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raju-gari-gadhi-2-story-soul-seeks-revenge-68772|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Raju Gari Gadhi 3 Movie Review {2/5}: Low on horror|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/raju-gari-gadhi-3/movie-review/71645847.cms|access-date=2020-12-14}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2000{{Ndash}}2003
|''Pavithra Bandam''
|Writer
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|2006
|''Ankitham''
|VJ
|[[Gemini Music|Aditya Music]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''Maayadweepam 2007''
| rowspan="19" |Host
| rowspan="7" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
|''Aata Season 1''
|Also creator of the show
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Aata Season 2''
|Also producer and creator
|-
|''Maayadweepam 2008''
|Also producer and creator
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''Aata Juniors Season 1 and 2''
|Also producer and creator
|-
|''Maayadweepam 2009''
|Also producer and creator
|-
|2010
|''Aata Juniors Season 3 and 4''
|Also producer and creator
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009–2010
|''Challenge''
|[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa The Next Singing ICON|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Juniors'']]
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Adrushtam''
|[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|Also creator of the show
|-
|''Aata 2010''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''Aata Juniors Season 5''
|Also producer and creator
|-
|''50-50 It's My Game Show''
|[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|
|-
|''Aata 2011''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
|2012
|''Aata Juniors Season 6''
|Also producer and creator
|-
|2012–2013
|''100% Luck''
|[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|Also creator of the show
|-
|2013
|''Maayadweepam 2013''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
|2014
|''Maayadweepam 2014''
|Also producer and creator
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Sixth Sense (Indian TV series)|''Sixth Sense'']] ''Season 1''
|[[Star Maa]]
|Also creator of the show<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sixth Sense will be a game-changer in television: Ohmkar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sixth-sense-will-be-a-game-changer-in-television-ohmkar/articleshow/63546963.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Aata Juniors Season 7''
|Judge
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV show 'Aata Juniors' to be back soon, Ohmkar to turn a judge - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/tv-show-aata-juniors-to-be-back-soon-ohmkar-to-turn-a-judge/articleshow/64960800.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
|[[Sixth Sense (Indian TV series)|''Sixth Sense'']] ''Season 2''
|Host
|[[Star Maa]]
|Also creator of the show<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohmkar's Sixth Sense 2 all set to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ohmkars-sixth-sense-2-all-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/66877721.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta|''Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta Season 4'']]
|Guest
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Episode 14<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Omkar Brings Avika Gor And Ashwin To Pradeep's KTUC Ahead Of Raju Gari Gadhi 3|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/exclusive-omkar-brings-avika-gor-and-ashwin-to-pradeeps-ktuc-ahead-of-raju-gari-gadhi-3/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|[[Sixth Sense (Indian TV series)|''Sixth Sense'']] ''Season 3''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sixth Sense 3 Teaser: Bigg Boss Telugu 3 actors Ravikrishna, Rohini, Himaja & Siva Jyothi to reunite again|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sixth-sense-3-teaser-bigg-boss-telugu-3-actors-ravikrishna-rohini-himaja-siva-jyothi-reunite-again-487010|access-date=2020-12-14|website=PINKVILLA|date=20 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120172033/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sixth-sense-3-teaser-bigg-boss-telugu-3-actors-ravikrishna-rohini-himaja-siva-jyothi-reunite-again-487010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Host
| rowspan="5" |[[Star Maa]]
|Also creator of the show<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohmkar's Sixth Sense season 3 to premiere on November 9 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ohmkars-sixth-sense-season-3-to-premiere-on-november-9/articleshow/71942366.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Ishmart Jodi Season 1''
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Bigg Boss helping Omkar's Ishmart Jodi|url=http://phanimagdi.online/bigg-boss-helping-omkars-ishmart-jodi/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Telugu Chronicle|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=2020-06-09|title=COVID-19: How Ohmkar connected to television audiences with a virtual 'iShmart Jodi Special'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ohmkar-on-his-virtual-ishmart-jodi-special-and-how-he-is-reinventing-the-telugu-show-to-move-forward-during-lockdown/article31785868.ece|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohmkar's show 'Ishmart Jodi' to premiere on February 23; watch latest teaser - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ohmkars-show-ishmart-jodi-to-premiere-on-february-23-watch-latest-teaser/articleshow/74066908.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|[[Dancee Plus (Telugu TV series)|''Dancee Plus'']] ''Season 1''
|Also creator of the show<ref>{{Cite web|title=First teaser of Ohmkar's new show Dancee+ is out; here's how Twitterati reacted - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/first-teaser-of-ohmkars-new-show-dancee-is-out-heres-how-twitterati-reacted/articleshow/78750634.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Palla|first=Sravani|date=2020-10-24|title=ఢీ జోరుకు బ్రేక్‌ వేయబోతున్న ఓంకార్‌ అన్నయ్య|url=https://telugustop.com/omkar-starting-a-new-dance-show-in-star-maa-%e0%b0%93%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%95%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8d%e2%80%8c-%e0%b0%a1%e0%b0%be%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b8%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%b7%e0%b1%8b/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=TeluguStop.com|language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Comedy Stars'' ''Season 1 & 2''
|Producer
|Also creator of the show
|-
|[[Sixth Sense (Indian TV series)|''Sixth Sense'']] ''Season 4''
| rowspan="2" |Host
| rowspan="2" |Also producer and creator
|-
|''Maayadweepam 2021''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2021–2022
|''Ishmart Jodi Season 2''
|Host
|[[Star Maa]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Comedy Stars Dhamaka''
|Producer
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|-
|''Dance Ikon''
|Host
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Gemini TV]]
|Also creator of the show<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ohmkar-hosted OTT dance show titled 'Dance Ikon'; winner to get a chance to choreograph 'Tollywood's top hero' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/ohmkar-hosted-ott-dance-show-titled-dance-ikon-winner-to-get-a-chance-to-choreograph-tollywoods-top-hero/articleshow/92386558.cms |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Sixth Sense (game show)|Sixth Sense]] Season 5''
|Host
|[[Star Maa]]
|Also producer and creator
|-
|2025
|''Ishmart Jodi Season 3''
|Host
|[[Star Maa]]
|Also producer and creator
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7916958|name=Omkar}}

{{Films directed by Ohmkar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tenali]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Telugu television anchors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Coastal Andhra

2026-03-15T08:21:31Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{Short description|Geographic region of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Coastal Andhra
| native_name = Kōstā Āndhra
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Andhra Pradesh#Administrative divisions|Geographic region of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Vizag View from Kailasagiri.jpg
| caption1 = [[Visakhapatnam|Skyline of Visakhapatnam]]
| image2 = Kanakadurga Temple gopuram.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kanaka Durga Temple]], [[Vijayawada]]
| image3 = Machilipatnam beach at dusk11 09.jpg
| caption3 = [[Machilipatnam|Machilipatnam beach]]
| image4 = Dhyaan buddha Amaravthi.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dhyana Buddha statue]] at [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]]
| image5 = Konaseema .jpg
| caption5 = [[Konaseema]]
| image6 = Agriculture college bapatla.jpg
| caption6 = [[Agricultural College, Bapatla]]
| image7 = District Collectorate of West Godavari (May 2019) 3.jpg
| caption7 = Eluru District Collectorate
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Coastal Andhra in Andhra Pradesh.png
| map_caption = Coastal Andhra region (old districts) highlighted in Andhra Pradesh
| nickname =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|Districts]]
| subdivision_name2 = *[[Srikakulam district]]
*[[Vizianagaram district]]
*[[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
*[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri district]]
*[[Polavaram district]]
*[[Visakhapatnam district]]
*[[Anakapalli district]]
*[[Kakinada district]]
*[[Konaseema district]]
*[[East Godavari district]]
*[[West Godavari district]]
*[[Eluru district]]
*[[NTR district]]
*[[Krishna district]]
*[[Guntur district]]
*[[Palnadu district]]
*[[Bapatla district]]
*[[Prakasam district]]
*[[Markapuram district]]
*[[SPSR Nellore district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Largest city
| subdivision_name3 = *[[Visakhapatnam]]
| subdivision_type4 = Major Cities
| subdivision_name4 = *[[Vijayawada]]
*[[Guntur]]
*[[Nellore]]
*[[Rajamundry]]
*[[Kakinada]]
*[[Bhimavaram]]
*[[Eluru]]
*[[Tuni]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/andhrapradesh-factsheet.htm|title=Andhra Pradesh Fact Sheet|work=mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 91915
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34,195,655
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-12 |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141602/http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP05, AP06, AP07, AP08, AP16, AP18, AP26, AP27, AP37, AP39
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest airport
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam Airport]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Others
| demographics1_info2 =
}}

'''Coastal Andhra''', also known as '''Kosta Andhra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Kōstā Āndhra), is a geographic region in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], comprising the coastal districts of the state between the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]], from the northern border with [[Odisha|Orissa]] to [[Rayalaseema]] in the south.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ojha |first=Shreya |date=November 2019 |title=Demographic Profile of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India |url=https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Demographic-Profile-of-Coastal-Andhra-Pradesh-India.pdf |journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research |volume=10 |issue=11 |issn=2229-5518}}</ref> It includes major cities [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Guntur City]] as well as the state capital [[Amaravati]] and is recognized for its fertile lands, rich cultural heritage, and economic importance. Coastal Andhra plays a significant role in the state's agricultural output, particularly in rice and tobacco production, supported by abundant water resources from the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and [[Penna River|Penna]] rivers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Desari Panduranga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oMiAQAAMAAJ |title=Trends in Indian Transport System: A Districtwise Study |publisher=Inter-India Publications |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86590-701-0 |pages=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian States fish production |url=http://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/HandbookonFS2018.pdf}}</ref>

While Coastal Andhra generally includes the districts along the Bay of Bengal, the [[North Andhra|Uttarandhra]] (Northern Andhra) area is sometimes regarded as distinct due to its unique cultural and historical background. Coastal Andhra shares borders with the [[Rayalaseema]] region of Andhra Pradesh and the state of [[Telangana]]. Covering an area of {{convert|91915|sqkm}}, Coastal Andhra accounts for 58% of Andhra Pradesh's total area and, as per the [[2011 Census of India]], hosts a population of over 3.4 [[crore]], constituting 69.20% of the state's population. Coastal Andhra was formerly part of the [[Madras State]] until 1953 and then became part of [[Andhra State]] from 1953 to 1956.<ref name=":0" />

Historically, Coastal Andhra has been a centre of trade and culture, featuring strong traditions in literature, music, and dance. The region contributed actively to the [[Indian independence movement]] and continues to impact the state's economy through industries such as information technology, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. It is also home to major ports in [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Kakinada Port|Kakinada]], enhancing its status as a critical industrial and trading hub. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal, however, makes the region susceptible to tropical cyclones and coastal erosion, prompting investments in disaster preparedness and coastal management initiatives.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The region of Andhra emerged as a prominent political power during the [[Maurya Empire]]. Historical accounts by Greek ambassador [[Megasthenes]] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) reference Andhra as a flourishing region under the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] before the [[Common Era]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=History of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]}}</ref> The Satavahana dynasty dominated the [[Deccan Plateau]] from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE.<ref name="CH_2009">{{Cite book |author=Charles Higham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1 |page=299 |access-date=6 March 2016}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> It had trade relations with the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sukumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA132 |title=Buddhist monks and monasteries of India: Their history and their contribution to Indian culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-20-80498-2 |page=132 |access-date=29 April 2024}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> The Satavahanas made [[Dharanikota|Dhanyakataka]]-[[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]] their capital. According to historian [[Stanley Wolpert]], it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Amaravati |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519110822/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/History/01~10531.Historical%20timeline.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=crda.ap.gov.in |publisher=Government of AP}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A new history of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76 |quote=Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era.}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

Coastal Andhra was subsequently governed by the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya dynasty]] between the 7th and 12th centuries CE, followed by successive rule under the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]], [[Reddy Kingdom|Reddys]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empires]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Eastern Chalukyas – Official AP state government portal – AP state portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (b)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Durga Prasad |first=J. |url=http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |publisher=P.G. Publisher |year=1988 |location=Guntur |pages=231–235 |access-date=27 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422120411/http://202.41.85.234:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to 11th-century inscriptions, the geographical boundaries of Coastal Andhra extended from the [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendragiri]] mountains in the northeastern border near [[Odisha|Orissa]]'s [[Gajapati district]], to the [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Kalahasti Temple]] in [[Tirupati district]], and the [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Srisailam Temple]] in [[Nandyal district]].<ref name="google">{{Cite book |author=Austin Cynthia Talbot Assistant Professor of History and Asian Studies University of Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA36 |title=Precolonial India in Practice : Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |date=23 August 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |pages=36–}}</ref>

In the mid-18th century, the [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts, which were part of Coastal Andhra, were granted to the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] in 1752 but were later transferred to British control. Nellore, including areas reaching up to [[Ongole revenue division|Ongole Taluk]], came under British administration after being acquired from the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]]. Additionally, certain parts of present-day Nellore and Chittoor were managed by the [[Venkatagiri estate|Venkatagiri Rajas]] until 1802, when the British entered into an arrangement with the Raja of Venkatagiri, consolidating their control over these territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alladi Jagannatha Sastri |url=https://archive.org/details/familyhistoryofv00sastrich |title=A family history of Venkatagiri Rajas |publisher=Addison Press, Madras |year=1922 |isbn=9785519483643 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/familyhistoryofv00sastrich/page/67 67]}}</ref>

The Coastal Andhra districts, historically known as the [[Northern Circars]], along with the [[Rayalaseema]] region, were ceded by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] to the British colonial administration, becoming part of the [[Madras Presidency]] under British rule.<ref name="geo1">{{Cite news |date=30 July 2013 |title=Andhra Pradesh – end of an era |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/andhra-pradesh-end-of-an-era-113073001018_1.html |access-date=8 April 2016 |work=Business Standard |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Coastal Andhra is situated in the eastern region of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], along the Circar Coast. It covers an area of {{convert|91915|sqkm}}.<ref name=":0" /> It comprises 20 districts: [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district|Alluri Sitarama Raju]],[[Polavaram district|Polavaram]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]], [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]].

The region borders the [[Rayalaseema]] region within Andhra Pradesh and shares boundaries with the state of [[Telangana]]. Fertile lands in Coastal Andhra are supported by the presence of three major rivers: the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and [[Penna River|Penna]], which enhance agricultural productivity through extensive irrigation systems.<ref name="geography" />

The coastal length of this region spans approximately 974 km, making it the second-longest coastline in India.<ref name="geography">{{Cite web|title=Administrative and Geographic profile|url=http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf|website=msmehyd.ap.nic.in|access-date=5 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911225305/http://msmehyd.ap.nic.in/PROFILE%20-AP.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Coastal Andhra has a total population of 34,195,655 constituting 69.20% of the state's population.<ref name=":0" />

The majority of the population in Coastal Andhra practices [[Hinduism]], accounting for approximately 93% of the residents. The [[Christianity in India|Christian]] community represents around 1.51% of the region's population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|work=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

The primary language spoken across Coastal Andhra is [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="factfile">{{Cite web|title=AP Government Portal – Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt. Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172005/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[Kuchipudi]] is the classical dance form of the state, which was originated in the [[Kuchipudi]] village of [[Krishna district]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Art has to be nurtured to sustain|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/%E2%80%98Art-has-to-be-nurtured-to-sustain%E2%80%99/article16993784.ece|access-date=5 April 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Andhra cuisine}}
[[Rice]] is the staple food in the coastal cuisine and is usually consumed with a variety of curries and lentil soups or broths. The cuisine of Coastal Andhra is influenced by various seafood varieties.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Politics ==
The Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh comprises 20 districts: [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Polavaram district|Polavarm]], [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]], [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]].<ref name="Districts of Coastal Andhra">{{Cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/districts/ | title=Districts of Coastal Andhra | publisher=mapsofindia | date=19 April 2014}}</ref>

Many Chief Ministers from the region have held office in Andhra Pradesh and [[Andhra State]]. They are:
* [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] Panthulu – 1st Chief Minister of Andhra State ([[Prakasam district|Prakasam]])
* [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] – 2nd Chief Minister of Andhra State ([[Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district|Nellore]])
* [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] – 5th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ([[Palnadu district|Palnadu]])
* [[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]] – 10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ([[Guntur district|Guntur]])
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] – 12th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ([[Krishna district|Krishna]])
* [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]] – 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ([[Guntur district|Guntur]])
* [[Konijeti Rosaiah|K. Rosaiah]] – 17th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh ([[Bapatla district|Bapatla]])

== Cities and towns ==
[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Guntur]], [[Nellore]], [[Kakinada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Tuni]] and [[Eluru]] are prominent cities in the Coastal Andhra region. Other major urban centers include [[Gudivada]], [[Tenali]], [[Narasaraopeta]], [[Bhimavaram]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Ongole]], and [[Tadepalligudem]]. Important towns in the area include [[Chirala]], [[Amalapuram]], [[Palakollu]], [[Narasapuram]], [[Kavali]], [[Chilakaluripet]], [[Kandukur]], [[Bantumilli]], [[Razole]], [[Kaikalur]], [[Gannavaram]], [[Repalle]], and [[Bapatla]].

Visakhapatnam is the most populous city in the region, while [[Amaravati]], serving as the state capital, is also situated within Coastal Andhra.

== Tourism ==

=== Buddhist hub ===
[[File:Gurubhaktulakonda Buddhist Monastery Remnants at Ramatheertham.jpg|thumb|[[Buddhist]] monastery remnants at [[Ramatheertham]]]]
Coastal Andhra is a prominent hub for [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] heritage in India, second only to the [[Gangetic plain]]s of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The region holds numerous ancient Buddhist sites, featuring remnants of large [[monasteries]], [[stupa]]s, and other significant artifacts that span from Srikakulam district in the north to Nellore district in the south. Key sites include [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravathi]], [[Salihundam]], [[Ramatheertham]], [[Thotlakonda]], [[Bavikonda]], [[Bojjannakonda]], Kummarilova,<ref>{{Cite news |author=B.V.S. Bhaskar |date=16 February 2012 |title=Buddhist site found near Tuni |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/buddhist-site-found-near-tuni/article2898357.ece |access-date=29 July 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kodavali,<ref>{{Cite news |author=K.N. Murali Sankar |date=29 November 2011 |title=ASI gets tough with encroachers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/asi-gets-tough-with-encroachers/article2669627.ece |access-date=29 July 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and [[Bhattiprolu]]. Excavations at [[Gudiwada Dibba, Vizianagaram|Gudiwada]] village in Vizianagaram district for instance, uncovered an ancient stupa mound, reflecting the depth of Buddhist influence across the region.<ref>{{cite web |author=B. Madhu Gopal |date=2012-10-09 |title=Evidence of Buddhist site found |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/evidence-of-buddhist-site-found/article3980627.ece |accessdate=2013-09-07 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Rivers, lakes and wetlands ===
Coastal Andhra is also noted for its diverse landscapes of rivers, lakes, and wetlands. The region contains 259 coastal wetlands, covering approximately 18,552 square kilometers, including 88 man-made wetlands.<ref>Wetlands of India report, ISRO</ref> [[Kolleru Lake]], a significant natural freshwater lake situated in West Godavari district, functions as a flood-balancing reservoir for the Godavari and Krishna rivers and supports up to 50,000 resident and migratory birds. Recognized as a wildlife sanctuary in 1999 under India's Wildlife Protection Act, Kolleru Lake was designated a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] wetland of international importance in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolleru Water Lake |url=http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024023/http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=2018-02-08 |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Godavari River]] splits into distributaries such as the Gouthami, Vasishta, Vainatheya, and Vruddha Gouthami before reaching the Bay of Bengal, creating an intricate riverine landscape across Coastal Andhra.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Godavari River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Godavari-River |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = River during sunset (Andhra Pradesh, 2016).jpg
| caption1 = Godavari River at Palakollu, West Godavari District in the evening
| image2 = Boats at Bhimili beach Visakhapatnam District.JPG
| caption2 = Boats at Bhimili (Bheemunipatnam) beach in Visakhapatnam District
| image3 = Konaseema greenery 1.JPG
| caption3 = Lush green farms in East Godavari
| align = center
| total_width = 700
}}

== Transport ==
[[File:Vizag Seaport aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Vizag Sea Port|left]]
[[File:Vijayawada Airport 12 (November 2018).jpg|thumb|Vijayawada Airport Terminal]]
Coastal Andhra is well-connected by various modes of transportation, including air, rail, and road networks, playing a crucial role in the region's connectivity and economy.

The region's railway infrastructure includes several major stations such as [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada railway station]], one of the busiest railway junctions in India, along with other key stations in [[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]], [[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada Town]], [[Gudivada Junction railway station]], [[Narasapur railway station|Narsapuram]], [[Machilipatnam railway station|Machilipatnam]], [[Guntur Junction railway station|Guntur]], [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali]], [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]], and [[Repalle]]. Vijayawada serves as a central hub for numerous trains originating from and passing through the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah to Vijayawada: Explore India's 7 busiest railway stations - Howrah Junction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/howrah-to-vijayawada-explore-indias-7-busiest-railway-stations/vijayawada-station/slideshow/114452681.cms |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In terms of road transport, [[Pandit Nehru Bus Station]] (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in the country, handling a high volume of passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=Biggest Bus Stand in India |url=https://www.abhibus.com/blog/biggest-bus-stand-in-india/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=AbhiBus |language=en-US}}</ref> Buses operate from various towns and cities in the region, further connecting the area with major destinations across Andhra Pradesh and beyond.[[File:KAKINADA STATION MAIN ENTRANCE.jpg|thumb|[[Kakinada Town railway station]] main entrance|220x220px]]Air connectivity is provided by [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam International Airport]], [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada International Airport]] and [[Rajahmundry Airport]], which serve both domestic and limited international flights. Additionally, [[Nellore Airport]] is currently under construction to enhance air travel access to the region.

Coastal Andhra is also home to several major ports, vital for the region's trade and commerce. [[Kakinada Port]] is a significant seaport, while [[Visakhapatnam Port]] is one of the busiest cargo-handling ports in India.<ref name="IBTimes">{{Cite news |author1=Rama Mohan |date=13 July 2014 |title=AP to Set up Maritime Board to Develop Ports |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ap-set-maritime-board-develop-ports-604320 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work= |publisher=International Business Times, India}}</ref> [[Krishnapatnam Port]] at [[Nellore]] is a major private port in the region,<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=11 June 2012 |title=Chennai port loses out to new facility |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/chennai-port-loses-out-to-new-facility/article3512758.ece |accessdate=22 November 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and smaller ports such as [[Machilipatnam Port]] and [[Nizampatnam]] Port in Bapatla district further contribute to maritime trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Sea Ports - Nizampatnam |url=https://www.indianlogisticsinfo.com/logistics_directory/seaports/nizam_patnam.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Indian Logistics Industry Directory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sridhar |first=G. Naga |date=2024-10-02 |title=Machilipatnam port will be completed by December 2025: AP CM |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/machilipatnam-port-will-be-completed-by-december-2025-ap-cm/article68709641.ece |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh is the second-busiest maritime state in India in terms of cargo handled, following [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |author1=P.Manoj |date=10 May 2013 |title=Dugarajapatnam in Andhra Pradesh to have new major port |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/bOhk7gMjTCGnUqamWzNYAM/Dugarajapatnam-in-Andhra-Pradesh-to-have-new-major-port.html |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=Live Mint and The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

== Notable personalities ==
'''National flag design'''
* [[Pingali Venkayya]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2022 |title=Pingali Venkayya, the man behind Tricolour, struggled to make ends meet and died penniless in 1963 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/pingali-venkayya-the-man-behind-tricolour-struggled-to-make-ends-meet-died-penniless-in-1963/articleshow/93323828.cms |access-date=2022-08-10 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

'''Singers'''
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2003 |title=Mangalampalli can't wait to come home |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050120002053/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm |archive-date=20 January 2005 |access-date=2 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[P. B. Sreenivas|P. B. Srinivas]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2013 |title=Chennai: Legendary singer Dr P B Sreenivas no more |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=170410 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref>
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murali |first=S. |date=25 September 2020 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam: The end of an era |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926020903/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sp-balasubrahmanyam-the-end-of-an-era/article32695994.ece |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[S. Janaki]]<ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2007 |title=Timeless voice |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950420200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108154101/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/29/stories/2007062950420200.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[P. Susheela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melody Queen P. Susheela |url=https://psusheela.org/links/sony_bio.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=psusheela.org}}</ref>

'''Telugu literature, arts and cinema'''
* [[Nannayya]]
* [[Tikkana]]
* [[Tenali Ramakrishna]]
* [[Gurajada Apparao]]
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]
* [[Devulapalli Venkata Krishna Sastri]]
* [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary]]
* [[Gurram Jashuva]]
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
* [[Pingali Venkayya]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Krishna Ghattamaneni|Krishna]]
* [[Chiranjeevi]]
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
* [[Pawan Kalyan]]
* [[Goparaju Ramachandra Rao]]
* [[Prabhas]]
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]]

== See also ==
* [[Northern Circars]]
* [[Rayalaseema]]
* [[Uttarandhra]]
* [[List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh#Districts|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh by regions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Coastal Andhra}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{Wikivoyage|Southern Coast (Andhra Pradesh)}}

[[Category:Coastal Andhra| ]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Regions of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Chayote

2026-03-12T19:34:37Z

OdessaProsser28: minor edit

{{Short description|Edible fruiting vine of the gourd family}}
{{Redirect2|Mirleton|Merleton|other uses|Mirliton (disambiguation){{!}}Mirliton}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Chayote BNC.jpg
| image_caption = '''Chayote fruit'''
| image2 = Chayote cross section BNC.jpg
| image2_caption = '''Chayote fruit cut lengthwise'''
| genus = Sicyos
| species = edulis
| authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
| synonyms =
* ''Chayota edulis'' [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
* ''Sechium edule'' ([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]])
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:293946-1 POWO]: Sicyos edulis Jacq. (retrieved 11 March 2024)</ref>
}}
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Chayote, fruit, raw
| water-94.24 g
| kJ=80
| protein=0.82 g
| fat=0.13 g
| carbs=4.51 g
| fiber=1.7 g
| sugars=1.66 g
| calcium_mg=17
| iron_mg=0.34
| magnesium_mg=12
| phosphorus_mg=18
| potassium_mg=125
| zinc_mg=0.74
| manganese=0.189
| vitC_mg=7.7
| thiamin_mg=0.025
| riboflavin_mg=0.029
| niacin_mg=0.47
| pantothenic_mg=0.249
| vitB6_mg=0.076
| folate_ug=93
| vitE_mg=0.12
| vitK_ug=4.1
| source_usda=1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170402/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Chayote''' ({{IPAc-en|ch|ai|'|ou|t|ei}}; previously placed in the obsolete genus ''Sechium'', now in the genus ''[[Sicyos]]'', as '''''Sicyos edulis'''''), also known as '''christophine''', '''mirliton''', '''güisquil''', and '''choko''', is an edible [[plant]] belonging to the [[gourd]] family, [[Cucurbitaceae]]. This fruit was first cultivated in [[Mesoamerica]] between southern [[Mexico]] and [[Honduras]], with the most genetic diversity available in both Mexico and [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=León|first=Jorge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBtu79LJ4h4C&q=chayote|title=Botanica de los cultivos tropicales|date=2000|publisher=Agroamerica|isbn=978-92-9039-395-5|pages=166–168|language=es}}</ref> It is one among dozens of foods introduced to the [[Old World]] during the [[Columbian Exchange]]. At that time, the plant spread to other parts of the Americas, ultimately causing it to be integrated into the cuisine of many Latin American nations.

The chayote fruit is mostly used cooked. When cooked, chayote is usually handled like summer squash; it is generally lightly cooked to retain the crispy consistency. Raw chayote may be added to [[salad]]s or [[salsa (sauce)|salsa]]s, most often marinated with [[lemon]] or [[lime juice]], but is often regarded as unpalatable and tough in texture. Whether raw or cooked, chayote is a good source of [[Vitamin C]].

Although most people are familiar only with the fruit as being edible, the root, stem, seeds and leaves are edible as well. The [[tubers]] of the plant are eaten like potatoes and other root vegetables, while the shoots and leaves are often consumed in salads and stir fries, especially in Asia.

== Names and etymology ==
The [[scientific name]] includes the name of the genus, ''Sicyos'', which is a transliteration of the Greek name σίκυος, meaning "cucumber"<ref>{{cite web | title=Greek Word Study Tool | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=sikuos&la=greek }}</ref>, and the species name ''edulis'', which means "edible".<ref>{{cite web | title=Latin Word Study Tool | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=edulis&la=la }}</ref>

The fruit goes by many English-language names around the world. "Chayote", the common American English name of the fruit (outside of [[Louisiana]]) is from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word {{lang|es|chayote}}, a derivative of the [[Nahuatl]] word {{lang|nah|chayohtli}} ({{IPA|nah|t͡ʃaˈjoʔt͡ɬi|pron}}).<ref name="Raichlen"/> The Nahuatl-derived name is preserved in the [[Philippines]], where it is known as {{lang|tl|sayote}} or {{lang|tl|tsayote}}.<ref name="Almario">{{cite book |title=100 Events that Shaped the Philippines|last1=Almario |first1=Virgilio S. |last2=Almario |first2=Emelina S. |last3=Miguel |first3=Felix Mago |date=1999 |publisher=Adarna Books |isbn=9789715080507}}</ref> It is also known as {{lang|es|güisquil}} in Guatemala, El Salvador, and {{lang|es|pataste}} in Honduras.

In Louisiana<ref name="Raichlen">Steven Raichlen. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-26-fo-1338-story.html "Chayote: The Most Delicious Squash You've Never Heard Of."] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. 26 December 1991. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> and [[Haiti]] it is known as "mirliton" ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|ɪər|l|ə|t|ɒ|n}})<ref name="mirliton">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged |title=mirliton |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mirliton |access-date=31 August 2012 |edition=11th.}}</ref> also spelled "mirleton" or "merleton" in the United Kingdom. The ''r'' is often silent, e.g. Cajun ''me-lay-taw'').<ref name="Louisiana">{{cite web|title=Mirlitons|publisher=Cooking Louisiana|url=http://www.cookinglouisiana.com/Articles/Mirletons.htm|access-date=2011-12-25|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211211407/http://www.cookinglouisiana.com/Articles/Mirletons.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{fv|date=February 2025}}

In the [[eastern Caribbean]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], it is known as "christophine" or "christophene" (from French, a reference to [[Christopher Columbus]]).<ref name="Raichlen"/><ref name=kays/>{{verify source|date=January 2024|reason=Speculative fix for missing reference}}<ref name="gp"/>

In other parts of the world, the English name is often "cho cho", "chouchou" (e.g. in [[Mauritius]]), or a variant thereof (e.g. "chow-chow" in India and Sri Lanka, "chuchu" in Brazil, and "chocho" in [[Jamaica]]).<ref name="Raichlen"/><ref>Prabalika M. Borah. [https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/lets-do-the-chow-chow/article19924674.ece "Let's do the chow chow."] ''The Hindu.'' 26 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</ref> This name may have originated from [[Pidgin English]] for "chayote".<ref name="gp">{{cite web |title=Chayote |url=http://gourmetpedia.net/products/vegetables/chayote/ |website=Gourmetpedia |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> In Nepal it is known as Es-kus.

In [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Singapore]], it is known as "choko". The name is derived from [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], from Chinese immigrants to Australia and New Zealand in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Truong |first1=Thanh |title=An ode to the versatility of chokos |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/an-ode-to-the-versatility-of-chokos/7bpqs4m57 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=SBS Food}}</ref>

Chayote is also sometimes referred to as "vegetable pear".<ref name=kays/>{{verify source|date=January 2024|reason=Speculative fix for missing reference}}

In [[Indonesia]], chayote is known by several names: ''labu'' (squash) ''siam'', ''labu Jepang'' and ''manisah'' in [[Javanese language|Javanese]]. Beside the fruits, the leaves are popular as a vegetable.

Chayote arrived to the southern Italian region of [[Campania]] in the early 16th Century. Spain conquered the [[Kingdom of Naples]] in 1503 and connected it to the wider network of commercial and military routes that included the American colonies. Chayote spread pretty rapidly but was never cultivated at scale. It is known in Naples markets as "melanzana dei francesi" (aubergine of the French) or "melanzana spinosa" (thorny aubergine) and "zucchina spinosa" (thorny zucchini), due to the fact that local varieties have thorns. Also known as "masciusce" (a name that suggests a connection with Brazilian "[[Cucumis anguria|maxixe]]" and Kimbundu ma'xixi, indicating the thorny, tiny maroon cucumber), it is being "rediscovered" as a forgotten, local wild fruit and its colonial origins are still little known.<ref>http://www.trattoriaguaiana.org</ref>

== Cultivation ==
Like other members of the gourd family, chayote has a sprawling habit, and requires sufficient room. The roots are also highly susceptible to rot, especially in containers, and the plant in general is finicky to grow. However, in Australia and New Zealand it is an easily grown yard or garden plant, set on a [[chicken wire]] support or strung against a [[fence]]. In Trinidad and Tobago, it is grown in the mountainous areas strung from wire lines. In [[Latin America]], chayote is widely cultivated. Depending on variety and region, yield reaches from 10 to 115 t/ha.<ref name="Chayote, Sechium edule Jacq. Sw">{{cite book |last1=Lira Saade |first1=Rafael |title=Chayote, Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. |date=1996 |publisher=IPGRI |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=92-9043-298-5}}</ref>

=== Soil and climate requirements ===
Chayote requires humus-rich, well drained soils, which are slightly acid to acid (pH 4.5 to 6.5). Clay soils reduce crop productivity because they retain water and therefore promote growth of [[Fungus#As pathogens and parasites|fungal pests]].<ref>Vargas, A.E. (1991) [http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=cnp.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=002190] Aspectos técnicos sobre cuarenta y cinco cultivos agrcolas de Costa Rica. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, San José de Costa Rica</ref>
Chayote adapts to a wide range of climatic conditions but grows best in regions with average temperatures of 13–21 °C (55-70°F) with at least 1500–2000 mm(59-79 inches) of annual precipitation.<ref name="Chayote, Sechium edule Jacq. Sw"/>
The crop is not frost-tolerant, however it can be grown as an annual in temperate regions.

== Taxonomy ==
The plant was first recorded by modern botanists in [[Patrick Browne (physician)|P. Browne]]'s 1756 work, the ''Civil and Natural History of Jamaica''.<ref>{{Citation |last= Browne |first= Patrick |year= 1756 |title= Civil and Natural History of Jamaica |url= http://www.brunias.com/bookinfo.html#ref341 |access-date= 2007-03-19 |archive-date= 2007-01-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070117222212/http://www.brunias.com/bookinfo.html#ref341 |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Olof Swartz|Swartz]] included it in 1800 in its current genus ''[[Sechium]]''.

The genus name ''Sechium'' is probably an alteration of the Ancient Greek [[wikt:σίκυος|σίκυος]] : síkyos "cucumber". The species name ''[[wikt:edulis|edulis]]'' means "edible".

== Description ==
[[File:CutChayote.jpg|right|thumb|Cut chayote showing seed]]
In the most common variety, the fruit is roughly [[pear]]-shaped, somewhat flattened and with coarse wrinkles, ranging from {{cvt|10|–|25|cm}} long, with thin green skin fused with green to white flesh, and a single, large, flattened [[Endocarp|stone]]. This seed or stone can be up to {{cvt|10|cm}} long by {{cvt|7|cm}} wide.<ref>{{cite book | last= Fayaz | first= Ahmed | date= 2011 | title= Encyclopedia of Tropical Plants | location= Buffalo, New York | publisher= Firefly Books | page= 451 | isbn= 978-1-55407-489-1 }}</ref> Some varieties have spiny fruits. Depending on the variety, a single fruit can weigh up to 1.2 kg.<ref>Saade, R. L. (1996). Chayote, Sechium edule (Jacq.). Sw. Biovers. Rome: IPK and IPGRI.</ref> The flesh has a fairly bland taste, and the texture is described as a cross between a [[potato]] and a [[cucumber]].

The chayote vine can be grown on the ground, but as a climbing plant, it will grow onto anything, and can easily rise as high as {{cvt|12|m}} when support is provided. It has heart-shaped [[leaf|leaves]], {{cvt|10|–|25|cm}} wide and tendrils on the stem. The plant bears male flowers in clusters and solitary female flowers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Grubben, G.J.H.|year=2004|title=Plant resources of tropical Africa: Vegetables|publisher=Backhuys|isbn=978-90-5782-147-9|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6jrlyOPfr24C}}</ref>

== Culinary uses ==
{{Cookbook|Chayote}}
Although many people are familiar only with the fruit as being edible, the root, stem, seeds and leaves are edible as well. The tubers of the plant are eaten like potatoes and other root vegetables, while the shoots and leaves are often consumed in salads and stir-fries.

The fruit does not need to be peeled to be cooked or fried in slices. It has a very mild flavor. It is commonly served with seasonings or in a dish with other vegetables and flavorings. It can also be boiled, stuffed, mashed, baked, fried, or pickled in [[escabeche]] sauce. Both fruit and seed are rich in [[amino acid]]s and [[vitamin C]].<ref name=Saade_p29>Rafael Lira Saade. 1996 p.29</ref> Fresh green fruit are firm and without brown spots or signs of sprouting; smaller fruit are usually more tender. Chayote can be sliced lengthwise and eaten using salad dressing dip. The seed is edible and tasty to some when served cold, dipped in dressing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} There are two varieties available; dark green and light green. The dark green variety is much more tender than the lighter one, which develops a fibrous texture around its seed if harvesting or consumption is delayed.

The [[tuberous]] part of the [[root]] is starchy and eaten like a yam; it can be fried. It can be used as pig or cattle fodder.

=== North America ===
Culinary use of the chayote in North America has tended to be regional. In [[Louisiana Creole cuisine|Louisiana Creole]] and [[Cajun]] cuisine, the fruit is a popular seasonal dish for the holidays, especially around Thanksgiving, in a variety of recipes.

[[David Fairchild]] was a botanist who tried to introduce it to wider use in the southern United States, and describes the plant and early experiences with it in a journal article in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=David |last1=Fairchild |title=Early experiences with the Chayote |journal=Florida Horticultural Society |date=1947 |volume=60 |pages=172–177 |url=https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/102207/98140}}</ref>

[[File:Ichintal.jpg|right|thumb|''Ichintal'' (chayote root)]]
Chayote is an important part of traditional diets across Mesoamerica, and can be found in a variety of dishes. In this region, it is often known as ''güisquil,'' or ''huisquil'', derived from the Nahuatl term ''huitzli.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |date=2010 |title=güisquil {{!}} Diccionario de americanismos |url=https://www.asale.org/damer/g%C3%BCisquil |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=«Diccionario de americanismos» |language=es}}</ref> In Guatemala, ''güisquil'' specifically refers to the darker variety of the fruit, while the lighter, yellower variety is called ''perulero''.<ref name="Giron">Rudy Giron. [https://antiguadailyphoto.com/2014/09/17/inchintal-the-guisquil-or-chayote-root/ "Inchintal, the Güisquil or Chayote root."] AntiguaDailyPhoto. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</ref> The root, known as ''ichintal'', is also a seasonal delicacy there.<ref name="Giron"/> The fruit of the chayote is used in a type of Guatemalan [[chilaquiles]] called ''caldos'', where a piece of cheese is placed between two slices of chayote and then dipped in egg batter and fried.<ref name="Giron"/>

In Eastern Caribbean English the fruit, used as a vegetable, is known as ''christophene''. In Jamaica and other places in the western Caribbean it is known as ''chocho''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allsopp, Richard|year=1996|title=Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-866152-5|pages=153–154}}</ref> The fruit is called ''tayota'' in the [[Dominican Republic]].

===South America===
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}
In [[Brazil]] (locally called ''chuchu'') and other Latin American countries, it is breaded and fried, or used cooked in salads, soups, stews and soufflés. 'Chuchu' (or 'Xuxú') is also a term of endearment in Brazil, like 'Honey' in English.

=== Asia ===
[[File:Chayotejf2122.JPG|thumb|A [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] side dish with diced chayote and chayote tops]]
Chayote is widely used in Southeast Asia. In the [[Philippines]], the plant is generally known as {{lang|fil|sayote}} in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (also {{lang|tl|chayote}}, {{lang|tl|tsayote}}, {{lang|ceb|salyote}}, {{lang|bnc|sayyot}}, {{lang|tl|kayote}}, etc. in other [[Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]], all derived from Spanish {{lang|es|chayote}} or {{lang|es|cayote}}). It is grown mostly in mountainous parts of the country such as [[Benguet]] and parts of [[Cordillera Administrative Region]].<ref name=kays>{{cite book |last1=Kays · |first1=Stanley J. |title=Cultivated Vegetables of the World: a Multilingual Onomasticon |date=2011 |publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers |isbn=9789086867202 |page=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stuart|first=Dr. Godofredo|title=Sayote|url=http://stuartxchange.com/Sayote.html|work=Philippines medicinal plants|publisher=Stuart Exchange|access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Chayote is used in many kinds of dishes such as soup (such as [[sinigang]] and [[tinola]], often as a substitute for [[Calabash|upo squash]]), stir-fried vegetables and [[chop suey]]. It was among the numerous vegetables, grains, and fruits introduced into the country directly from [[Mexico]] via the [[Manila galleon trade]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carillo|first1=Lovely A.|title=Mexican-Philippine link traced to cacao trading|url=http://mindanaodailymirror.com/mexican-philippine-link-traced-cacao-trading-36152/|website=Mindanao Daily|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502211127/http://mindanaodailymirror.com/mexican-philippine-link-traced-cacao-trading-36152/|archive-date=2 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Indonesia]], chayotes or ''labu siam'' are widely planted for their [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s and fruit. (''Labu siam'', literally "[[Siam]]ese gourd", is used in both Indonesia and Malaysia.) It is generally used in Sundanese food as ''[[lalap]]'' and one of ingredients for Sundanese cuisine called ''[[sayur asem]]'', as well as one of ingredients for Javanese cuisine called ''[[sayur lodeh]]''. In [[Timor-Leste]], chayote is called ''lakeru Japones''. It is speculated that chayote was introduced by Japanese soldiers during World War II. In [[Vietnam]], chayote is called ''su su'' and is served in sautés, stir-fries and soups. In [[Thai cuisine]], the plant is known as ''sayongte'' ({{langx|th|ซายองเต้}}) or ''fak maeo'' ({{langx|th|ฟักแม้ว}}, literally meaning "[[Miao people|Miao]] melon"). It grows mainly in the mountains of northern Thailand. The young shoots and greens are often eaten stir-fried or in certain soups. In [[Burma]], the chayote is known as ''Gurkha thee'' or "Gurkha fruit" ({{lang|my|ဂေါ်ရခါးသီး}}) and is cheap and popular.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

[[File:2013 Phat sayongte.jpg|thumb|upright|''Phat yot sayongte'': [[Thai language|Thai]] for stir-fried chayote shoots]]
Chayote is also frequently eaten in South Asia. In [[India|eastern and north eastern India]] and [[Nepal]], the plant and fruit is called squash or ''ishkus'' ({{lang|ne|इस्कुस}} in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]), probably derived from the English word squash. Its shoots, fruit and roots are widely used for different varieties of curries. In the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], it is generally known as ''squash'' ({{lang|bn|স্কোয়াশ}}). The whole vegetable is used to make curries, or it is sauteed. It is also cooked with fish, eggs or mutton. It is largely eaten during the [[Climate of West Bengal#Summer|summer]] and [[Climate of West Bengal#Rainy|rainy season]] as it contains lots of water and is a good source of vitamin C. The young branches are also considered for making items as ''saag'' or can be added into preparing [[shukto]]. In [[Tamil Nadu]], South India, chayote is known as ''maerakkai'' ({{lang|ta|மேரக்காய்}}) or chow-chow ({{lang|ta|சௌ சௌ}}) in Tamil and widely used in everyday cooking for recipes like ''sambar'', ''kootu'', ''poriyal'', ''thuvayal'', ''chutney'' and ''mor-kulambu''. ''Chow-Chow'' is the common name used in the markets. In [[Karnataka]], South India, chayote is popularly referred to as ''seeme badanekaayi'' ({{lang|kn|ಸೀಮೆ ಬದನೇಕಾಯಿ}}) in [[Kannada]] or "Bangalore brinjal"; "brinjal/eggplant/aubergine of the plateau".<ref>Yadav et al, [http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/html/vol13_2/DIVERSITY.pdf DIVERSITY OF CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IN NORTH EASTERN REGION] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821015751/http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/html/vol13_2/DIVERSITY.pdf |date=August 21, 2014 }} ENVIS Bulletin Vol 13(2) : Himalayan Ecology</ref> It is used in vegetable stews like ''sambar'' and ''palya''.

In temperate Northeast Asia, chayote is less common. In [[Korea]], chayote is also known as ''chayote'' ({{lang|ko|차요테}}) and is commonly used as a side dish in either pickled or marinated form. This fruit is most commonly pickled with vinegar and soy sauce (''chayote-[[jangajji]]''; {{lang|ko|차요테장아찌}}), or marinated and dressed with sauces and spices into a salad (''chayote-[[muchim]]''; {{lang|ko|차요테무침}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aM8LkJ5gbs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/2aM8LkJ5gbs |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date= 30 October 2020|website=[[YouTube]] |title=친정엄마 차요태 장아찌/Chayote Jangajji / Chayote Pickle |date=10 June 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In [[China]], the chayote is known as the "Buddha's palm" ({{lang-zh|c=佛手瓜|p=fóshǒu guā}}) or {{citation needed span|text=alternatively in Cantonese ''choko'' (cau1 kau4) 秋球 [lit. autumn ball]|date=December 2018}} or {{lang-zh|合掌瓜}}, and is generally stir-fried. In tropical [[Taiwan]] and southern China, chayotes are widely planted for their [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s, known as ''lóngxūcài'' ({{lang-zh|s=龙须菜|t=龍鬚菜|l=dragon-whisker vegetable}}). Along with the young leaves, the shoots are a commonly consumed vegetable in the region.

===Africa===
{{Expand section|with=more details about mainland Africa|date=December 2021}}
Chayote is commonly eaten in the islands of the [[Indian Ocean]]. In [[Réunion]], the French overseas territory near [[Mauritius]], ''chou chou'', as it is known, is served in many dishes especially in the highlands. A popular starter is ''chou chou au gratin'' (baked with a cheese sauce), served as a side with a meal or as a dessert. In Mauritius, it is called ''sousou'' and is cultivated in the high plateau of the island. Mixed with beef, pork or chicken, chou chou is widely used to make steamed Chinese-style dumplings called ''niouk yen'' (''boulette chou chou'') or ''chow mai''. Stems and leaves are consumed in bouillon to accompany rice and other dishes. The ''chou chou'' is also consumed as pickle, salad, gratin, curry and sauté with beef, egg or chicken. In Madagascar, chayote (known in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] as ''sôsety'') is eaten in dishes such as ''saosisy sy sôsety'' (sausage and chayote) and ''[[tilapia]] sy sôsety'' (tilapia and chayote).

=== Europe ===
{{Expand section|with=more details about mainland Europe|date=December 2021}}
In the Portuguese Autonomous Regions of [[Madeira]] and [[Azores]], where the vegetable is popular, chayote is called ''pimpinela'' (or ''pepinela'') and ''caiota,'' respectively. In both regions, chayote is part of the local gastronomy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faz mesmo bem à saúde comer pimpinela (ou chuchu)?|url=http://www.somosmadeira.com/2017/01/faz-mesmo-bem-saude-comer-pimpinela-ou.html|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Somos Madeira |date=3 January 2017 }}</ref> usually cooked with beans in the shell, potatoes, and corn cobs to accompany fish dishes, usually [[caldeirada]]s. In the Azores, chayote is also used in [[pudding]]s<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title=Pudim de caiota|url=http://receitas.mundoazores.com/pudim-de-caiota/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Receitas Mundo Azores|language=pt-PT}}</ref> and [[Fruit preserves|jams]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title=Doce de Caiota|url=http://receitas.mundoazores.com/doce-de-caiota/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Receitas Mundo Azores|language=pt-PT}}</ref> On the Mediterranean island of Malta, it is a popular vegetable grown mainly by hobby farmers or as a side-product. In the Maltese language, it is known as ''ċentinarja'', and is mainly used in thick vegetable soups, or as a side-vegetable.

== Folklore ==
===Chayote as mock apple pie===
In [[Australia]], a persistent [[urban legend]] is that [[McDonald's]] [[apple pie]]s were made of chokos (chayotes), not [[apple]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Are there chokos in McDonald's Apple Pies? |first=John |last=Rolfe |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/archive/money/are-there-chokos-in-mcdonalds-apple-pies/story-fn300aev-1225807413552 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |date=December 6, 2009 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240527024807/https://www.webcitation.org/6RzBsBzaX?url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/archive/money/are-there-chokos-in-mcdonalds-apple-pies/story-fn300aev-1225807413552%3Fnk=48b2ea27158c788f8875456d1884411f |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> This eventually led McDonald's to emphasise the fact that real apples are used in their pies. This legend was based on an earlier belief that tinned pears were often disguised chayotes. A possible explanation for the rumor is that there are a number of recipes in Australia that advise chayotes can be used in part replacement of canned apples to make the fruit go farther in making apple pies. This likely arose because of the economies of "mock" food substitutes during the [[Great Depression in Australia|Depression Era]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindfood.com/at-secret-ingredient-the-outcast.seo|title=Food From the Source: "Secret Ingredient: the Outcast" article by Laura Venuto, Nov 19, 2010|work=MiNDFOOD|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121054552/http://www.mindfood.com/at-secret-ingredient-the-outcast.seo|archive-date=2010-11-21}}</ref> shortages of canned fruit in the years following [[World War II]], and the fact that apples do not grow in many tropical and subtropical parts of Australia, making them scarce. Chayotes, on the other hand, grow extensively in Australia, with many suburban backyards featuring chayote vines growing along their fence lines and outhouses.

Many modern [[Low-carbohydrate diet#Ketogenic diet|keto diet]] recipes take advantage of chayote fruit's low carb count and apple-like cooked texture as a substitute in high-carb apple desserts.

===Chayote as a mummification agent===
Due to its purported cell-regenerative properties, it is believed as a contemporary legend that this fruit caused the mummification of people from the Colombian town of [[San Bernardo, Cundinamarca|San Bernardo]] who extensively consumed it. The very well preserved skin and flesh can be seen in the mummies today.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-this-small-colombian-town-people-love-their-mummies-1443664421|title=In this small Colombian town people love their mummies|access-date=September 3, 2018|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=October 2015|last1=Muñoz|first1=Sara Schaefer}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Baby Chayote.jpg|Baby Chayote fruits in the rooftop garden (Nepal)
File:Chayote7 lo (4070350895).jpg|Chayote leaf (Vietnam)
File:Chayote11 lo (4071117536).jpg|Picking chayote (Vietnam)
File:Chayote contd 25 lo (4071176982).jpg|Weighing and preparing chayote shoots (Vietnam)
Image:Perulero.jpg|''Perulero'', a yellowish-white variety (Guatemala)
Image:Sprouting-chayote-november.JPG|Sprouting chayote
Image:Su_su.jpg|Chayote growing on vines (Vietnam)
Image:Chayote_on_vine_Central_America.jpg|Chayote growing on vines (Central America)
Image:Sechium_edule_plantation_Salazie_dsc03258.jpg|Chayote plantation (Réunion Island)
File:Chayoitejf.JPG|Chayote with beef (Philippines).
File:Chayote from Kattappana, Kerala.jpg|Chayote as harvested ([[Kattappana]], India)
File:Green leaves of Chayote.jpg|Leaf and tendril of chayote (Nepal)
File:Leaves of Chayote.jpg|Shoot tip with tendrils of chayote (Nepal)
</gallery>

== See also ==
*''[[Araujia sericifera]]'', a toxic weed that is often described as "choko-like".
*[[List of vegetables]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* Rafael Lira Saade. 1996. Chayote ''Sechium edule'' (Jacq.) Sw. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 8. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. {{ISBN|92-9043-298-5}} [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/pdfs/355.pdf available in pdf format]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Sechium edule|Chayote}}
* [https://www.mirliton.org/ Mirliton.org], A nonprofit organization promoting growing techniques and conservation of mirlitons (Louisiana name for chayote)
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/chayote.html Chayote Information] Purdue University Horticulture
* [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Organic-Gardening/1980-11-01/Grow-Chayote.aspx Growing Chayote] Mother Earth News
* [http://www.maya-ethnobotany.org/mayan-ethno-botany-tropical-agriculture-horticulture-farming-agroforestry-edible-flowers-medicinal-plants/vegetable-fruit-edible-shoot-chayote-perulero-guisquil-sechium-edule-ichintal.php Güisquil (wiskil), Sechium edule, chayote is a major crop in Mayan agriculture] Maya Ethnobotany

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q319611|from2=Q38646266}}

[[Category:Crops originating from Mexico]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Cucurbitoideae|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Flora of Barbados]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Flora of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Flora of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Flora of Tabasco|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Flora of Veracruz|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Flora of the Yucatán Peninsula|Sicyos edulis]]
[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Central America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
[[Category:Belizean cuisine]]
[[Category:Haitian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan cuisine]]
[[Category:Salvadoran cuisine]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]

Maharaja Gemunu

2026-03-12T16:59:48Z

OdessaProsser28: Article updated with latest changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharaja Gemunu (2015)
| image = Maharaja Gemunu poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Jayantha Chandrasiri]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2015/02/12/?fn=sa15021239 |title=This is not a political story - Chandrasiri |publisher=Sarasaviya |access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>
| producer = Sipvin Films
| writer = Jayantha Chandrasiri
| starring = [[Uddika Premarathna]] [[Jackson Anthony]] [[Sriyantha Mendis]]
| music = [[Nadeeka Guruge]]
| cinematography = [[Ruwan Costa]]
| editing = Ravindra Guruge
| distributor = EAP Films
| country = [[Sri Lanka]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|01|23}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| language = Sinhala
| budget = Rs 110 million
}}
'''''Maharaja Gemunu (King Gemunu)''''' ({{langx|si|මහරජ ගැමුණු}}) is a 2015 [[Sri Lanka]]n Sinhala [[Epic film|epic]] film directed by [[Jayantha Chandrasiri]] and produced by Gunapala Rathnasekara for Sipvin Films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailynews.lk/?q%3Dfeatures%2Fmaharaja-gemunu-living-tradition-big-screen |title=Maharaja Gemunu: Living tradition on big screen &#124; Daily News Online : Sri Lanka's National News |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129171731/http://dailynews.lk/?q=features%2Fmaharaja-gemunu-living-tradition-big-screen |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> It stars [[Uddika Premarathna]] and [[Jackson Anthony]] in lead roles along with [[Sriyantha Mendis]] and [[Yashoda Wimaladharma]]. Its music was composed by [[Nadeeka Guruge]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2016/09/22/?fn=sa16092222 |title=Sri Lankan Screened Films |publisher=Sarasaviya |access-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929062111/http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2016/09/22/?fn=sa16092222 |archive-date=29 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the 1221st Sri Lankan film in the [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sinhala cinema]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nfc.gov.lk/films-history.php | title=Sri Lanka Cinema History | publisher=National Film Corporation of Sri Lanka | access-date=3 October 2016 | archive-date=23 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000528/http://www.nfc.gov.lk/films-history.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The movie is based on the odyssey of [[Dutugamunu|King Gemunu]] (ruler of [[Sri Lanka]] 161–137 BC) who is renowned for defeating and overthrowing [[Ellalan|King Elara]], the usurping [[Tamil people|Tamil]] prince from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] Kingdom, who had invaded the Kingdom of Rajarata in 205 BC.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090607/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_09.html | title=Chandrasiri brings the tale of 'Dutugemunu' to cinema | publisher=Sunday Times | access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{more plot|reason=The lead says the film is about the odyssey of Gemunu (Gamani), but 90% of the plot synopsis is about Elara. Something has to change for consistency.|date=March 2017}}
The film begins with Queen Vihara Maha Devi, the mother of king Dutugemunu, arriving at a Buddhist temple to pay her respects to Sumana Samanera, a young priest who is gravely ill. She speaks about the selfless nature of Sumana samanera, and invites the priest to be reborn as her son. After this, she speaks to the head priest of the temple about the news the palace heard through a team of elite fighters devoted to king Kavantissa (proficient in the technique “angampora”). The news states that King Elara plans to cut down the sacred Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi.
During this conversation, Sumana samanera is shown to pass away, and Vihara Maha Devi sees a vision of the young priest running to her. She places a hand on her stomach, indicating that the young priest has indeed been reborn as her growing child.
The scene shifts to one at the Jaya Sri Maha bodhi, where the troops of king Elara are set to cut down the sacred bodhi. They never get the chance; they are caught by the elite Angampora team, and killed so secretively that no evidence of the fight is found. Even their bodies seem to have disappeared. King Elara hears of this, and sends his commander to annihilate the Angampora team, the leader of which happens to be the father of the boy who would grow to become “Nandimithra”, one of the greatest generals of King Dutugemunu (one of the “ten giants”, commonly known as “dasa maha yodha”)

Years later, Nandimithra, now a seasoned warrior, speaks to Prince Gamini and his younger brother Prince Tissa, about how his current situation came to be. He is now a leader of a Angampora team himself, and has been guarding the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi for years, efficiently defeating and killing whoever came to harm the sacred Bodhi. Gamini speaks of how Buddhism is a religion that does not condone any form of killing, even enemies. Nandimithra replies by saying he is willing to give up his own chance at attaining Nirvana in order to protect Buddhism in the country so that others may attain it in peace. Amazed by these words, Gamini fondly speaks of how his own mother taught him the same way of thinking.

Murdering of innocent civilians under the claim that they are Prince Gamini’s spies, has been going on for a long time, by King Elara. Details of these killings reach the palace. They anger and sadden Gamini, and he expresses frustration at his father, King Kavantissa for remaining passive and not initiating a war.

Kavantissa, speaks to his council about all he learnt about King Elara.
King Elara is a former soldier and spy under King Kharawela of Kalinga, who rules the Southern Kingdoms of India during the second century BC. Elara arrives at Lankadveepa, in the guise of an overseas naval chief, in order to threaten the prosperity of the Kingdom. Elara is victorious against the Kingdom of Rajarata, having killed King Asela. However, he is not satisfied with his victory because the kingdom of Ruhuna continues to be independent and he is haunted by a prophecy inscribed by [[King Devanampiyatissa]].

Bhattara, an advisor to Elara, found the inscribed prophecy which alluded to a King named [[Dutugamunu|Gamani Abhaya (Dutu Gemunu)]] who would later secure the Kingdom of Rajarata and build a massive [[pagoda]] (dageba) at its center. Bhattara and Elara scheme against the prophecy.

King Gamani Abhaya deploys strategies to overcome the tactics of Elara and vanquish him. However, because of his spiritual ideology, he does not allow his people to forget the humanity that was rooted within the enemy. This act universalizes King Gamani's profound humanity.

==Cast==
* [[Uddika Premarathna]] as King [[Dutugemunu]]
* [[Jackson Anthony]] as King [[Ellalan|Elara]]
* [[Sriyantha Mendis]] as King [[Kavan Tissa]]
* [[Kusum Renu]] as Queen [[Viharamahadevi]]
** Tharuka Wanniarachchi as Young Queen [[Viharamahadevi]]
* [[Saranga Disasekara]] as [[Saddha Tissa]]
* [[Yashoda Wimaladharma]] as Queen Dharatri (Elara's wife)
* [[Buddhadasa Vithanarachchi]] as Monk Mahasiva
* Sandun Bandara as Bhattara
* Ajith Weerasinghe as Nandimithra
* [[Arjuna Kamalanath]] as [[Suranimala]]
* Anura Dharamasiriwardana as Welusumana
* Dimuthu Chinthaka as Maha Gamarala
* [[Jagath Manuwarna]] as Village man
* [[Umali Thilakarathne]] as Elara's daughter
* [[Damitha Abeyratne]] as Rohini
* Buddhini Purnima as Kathee
* [[Lucky Dias]] as Minister Mahananda
* [[Rebeka Nirmali]] as Maha Gamarala's wife
* Meena Kumari as Dancer
* Randiv Ranga Jayawardena as Deeghabaya
* Uditha Nishantha as Nandi
* Muditha Wijesundera as Tissa Senevi
* Hemantha Randunu as Panimuththa Senevi
* Maithree Peramuna as Ghotagaththa Tissa
* Anuruddha Chamila as Gotaimbara
* Lahiru Prasanna as Pussadeva
* Don Vipularatne as Kanchadeva
* Mahesh Premathilake as Therapuththabhya
* Asitha Nuwan as Bharana
* Ajith Silva as Labiya Wasabha
* Jagath Jayawardene as Maha Sona

==Music==
The music for ''Maharaja Gemunu'' was composed by [[Nadeeka Guruge]], with lyrics written by Jayantha Chandrasiri and Rev. Pallegama Hemarathana Thero.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Sanda Payanne
|note1= title song
| extra1= [[Nadeeka Guruge]] and the crew
| music1= Nadeeka Guruge
| length1= 5.27
| title2= Sanda Mandala Vee
| extra2= [[Nirosha Virajini]]
| length2= 2.19
| title3= Aranyani Devduwa Avidin
| extra3= Chandrika Siriwandhana, Dilika Abesekara
| length3= 6.01
}}

==Release and reception==
The film premiered on 23 January 2015 in EAP Holdings<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/sherasentertainment/videos/1392617154151564 |title=මහරජ ගැමුණ - සිංහල චිත්‍රපටය වයික්‍රීයේශන් වෙසක් දිනයේ විශේෂ ව... {{!}} මහරජ ගැමුණ - සිංහල චිත්‍රපටය වයික්‍රීයේශන් වෙසක් දිනයේ විශේෂ විකාශනය {{!}} By Y Creation Online Tv Channel {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2025-02-04 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref> cinema halls. Released on 23 January 2015, the film was highly acclaimed by critics and fans alike, who considered it to be a landmark in Sinhala film-making and an achievement in the epic film genre. The film earned 3000 Lakhs of Sri Lankan rupees until December 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=EAP Films and Theaters Private Limited |url=http://www.eapmovies.com/component/eapmovies/?controller=movies&view=movie&task=displayMovie&cid=175&Itemid=155 |access-date=2016-06-24 |website=Eapmovies.com}}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
[[Sarasaviya Awards|Sarasaviya Film Awards]] 2016{{clarify|reason=which are nominations and which won?|date=March 2017}}
* Best Movie
* Most Popular Movie of the Year
* Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) – Jackson Anthony as King Elara
* Best Cinematography – Ruwan Kostha
* Best Editing – Raveendra Guruge
* Best Music Direction – Nadeeka Guruge
* Best Art Direction – Rohan Samaradiwakara and Aruna Priyantha Dharmapala
* Best Playback Singer (Female) – [[Nirosha Virajini]] for the song "Sanda Mandala Vee"
* Best Makeup – Jayantha Ranawaka
* Best Sound Design – Priyantha Kaluarachchi
* Best Lyricist – Ven. Pallegama Hemarathana for the song "Sanda Mandala Vee"

[[Hiru Golden Film Award]]s 2016
* Most Popular Movie
* Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) – Kusum Renu as Queen Viharamahadevi
* Best Playback Singer (Female) – Nirosha Virajini for the song "Sanda Mandala Vee"
* Best Lyricist – Ven. Pallegama Hemarathana for the song "Sanda Mandala Vee"
* Special Jury Award – Jackson Anthony as King Elara

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3471472}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s historical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Anuradhapura period]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan historical films]]
[[Category:2015 Sinhala-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Sri Lankan films]]

Dhauta Pariksha

2026-03-11T07:06:55Z

OdessaProsser28: created new info!

{{Short description|Examination System in the University of Mithila during mediaeval period}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
[[File:DARBHANGA RAJ KILA(BIHAR) INDIA.jpg|thumb|Darbhanga Raj Fort]]
'''Dhauta Pariksha''' or '''Dhaut Pariksha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: '''धौत परीक्षा''') was the highest examination system established in [[Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]] during the [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] Kingdom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Pankaj Kumar |date=2010 |title=The Dhout-Pariksha of 1899: A Sociological Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147547 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=784–793 |jstor=44147547 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

{{Infobox examination|italic title=Dhaut Pariksha|name=Dhaut Pariksha|purpose=To examine knowledge of Scholars in Mithila|regions=[[Mithila region]]|language=[[Sanskrit]]|test_takers=The court of [[Darbhanga Raj]]|test_admin=Maharaja of [[Darbhanga Raj]]|type=Examination|alt=Dhoti Pariksha|skills_tested=Knowledge|offered=Pair of [[Dhoti]] and Dhaut Samman}}

== Background ==
[[Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]] was a centre of learning from the ancient period to the medieval period till the 20th century in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. To examine the student's knowledge different types of examination systems were evolved in the region. During [[Janaka|King Janaka]]'s reign, [[debates in ancient India]] (or Shastrarthas) were organised at the court of the kingdom to examine the knowledge of the scholars. Shastrartha was the debate among the participating scholars at the court of King Janaka. The winning scholars were awarded the title ''Brahmgyani'' and thousands of cows with gold.

In the later period, [[Shalaka Pariksha]] and [[Shadyantra Pariksha]] were evolved to examine the knowledge of the students in the [[Mithila (region)|region]]. Similarly, during the periods of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]], a new system of examination was established by the King [[Mahesha Thakura]] at his court to examine the scholarship of the scholars in his kingdom. This new system of examination was called Dhaut Pariksha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=धौत-परीक्षा के हिंदी अर्थ {{!}} dhaut-pariksha - meaning in Hindi {{!}} हिन्दवी डिक्शनरी |url=https://www.hindwidictionary.com/meaning-of-dhaut-pariikshaa |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Hindwi Dictionary |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=226 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[Mahesha Thakura]], the founder of the Darbhanga Raj, was himself a jurist, astronomer and philosopher. He introduced a regular examination of Shastrartha, called the Dhaut Pariksha, to prepare the future generation of Pandits. Those who passed this examination were given the highest honor by the Maharaja of Darbhanga Raj, which was called the Dhaut Samman (or Dhautparikshottirna).<ref name=":0" /> It was much coveted among the scholars. The Maharaja would give a pair of [[dhoti]]s to the scholar who passed the examination.<ref name=":0" /> The recognition of this examination was such that, no one was considered a superior scholar unless he passed the dhoti. The one who was declared the best in the entire scriptural study, would be given a [[shawl]] by the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=पंडितों की परीक्षा में धोती का प्रमाणपत्र! |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/opinion/81210 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

The examination was held every year. In the examination, teachers and their disciples were presented. But only the disciples could answer the questions.<ref name=":2" /> According to the historian Pankaj Kumar Jha, this examination was generally organised on some auspicious occasions either at the time of accession to the throne or [[Upanayana|Yajnopavita]] ceremony at the court of the kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> His research found evidence of five occasions the Dhaut Pariksha that was organised at the court of Darbhanga Raj, they were the first by [[Mahesha Thakura|Maharaja Mahesha Thakura]], second by ''Maharaja Maheshwar Thakura'', third by [[Lakshmeshwar Singh|Maharaja Lakshmishwar Singh]], fourth by [[Rameshwar Singh|Maharajadhiraja Rameshwar Singh]] and the last by [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharajadhiraja Kameshwar Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

== Qualification awards ==
In the Dhaut Pariksha, different colours of dhotis were given to the qualifying scholars according to the subjects they passed. For example red dhoti in [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]], white in [[grammar]], yellow in [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]], and so on. Similarly, the kings used to name a village based on scriptural debate. It is said that if three or four persons or families from a village or town passed this examination, then they were rewarded with some land and settled in a place and the new place was named after the subject of their scriptural debate and the color of their dhotis by the [[Maharaja]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=झा |first=शिवनाथ |date=2022-04-30 |title='लालगंज' (मधुबनी) महज एक गांव नहीं, एक सांस्कृतिक, आध्यात्मिक विरासतों का गढ़ था, आज 'वैभव' की गवेषणा करने की आवश्यकता है |url=http://www.aryavartaindiannation.com/archaeology/lalganj-is-not-just-a-village-a-strong-hold-of-culture |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=आर्यावर्तइण्डियननेशन - aryavartaindiannation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable scholars ==
[[Ganganath Jha]] was the scholar of Mithila who became Vice-Chancellor of Allahabad University three times. He was also awarded the titles of Sir and Knight. It is said that the pride he felt when he received the pair of [[dhoti]] from the hands of the Maharaja of Darbhanga was the greatest honor of any achievement that he received.<ref name=":1" />

[[Pandit Lal Das|Pandit Lal Das]] was the author and composer of ''[[Janaki Ramayana]]'', ''Mithila Ramayana'' and ''[[Mithila Mahatmya]]'', etc in Maithili language. He was awarded with "''Dhaut Samman''" by the [[Rameshwar Singh|Maharaja Rameshwar Singh]] of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title='जानकी रामायण', ऐसी रामायण जो राम पर नहीं सीता पर आधारित है |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/stories-of-sita-which-you-only-find-in-mahakavi-pandit-lal-das-janaki-ramayana-1575637.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Badari Nath Jha (1893-1979) also known as Kavishekhar was the scholar of [[Sanskrit]] [[grammar]] and [[literature]]. He got the first position in the examination of Dhaut Pariksha organised at the court of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]]. He also passed some more examinations organised at other places in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNpjAAAAMAAJ |title=Kamaladaha: Maithilī kavitā saṅkalana |date=1991 |publisher=Mithilā Pustaka Kendra |pages=94 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-08 |title=मिथिला विभूति : बदरी नाथ झा (१८९३-१९७९ ) |url=https://www.maithilmanch.in/history/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a5-%e0%a4%9d%e0%a4%be/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Maithil Manch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Relation to Panji System in Mithila ==
[[File:Example of a panji genealogical record kept by Maithili Kayasthas and Brahmins of the Mithila region of northern India.jpg|thumb|Example of a panji genealogical record kept by [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithili Brahmins]] and Maithili [[Kayastha]]s of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]]]
According to the Panjikars Vishwamohan Chandra Mishra and Pramod Mishra', to become a Panjikar (or registrar), there was a 10-year course of study at the Rajashraya of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Maharaja]]. Then the candidate had to appear in the Dhaut Pariksha. After successfully passing the examination of Dhaut Pariksha, the candidate was given the status of a Panjikar (or registrar). It is said that the [[Panjis]] system in Mithila survived due to this examination system of the Darbhanga Raj. After the end of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]], the Dhaut Pariksha also ended and consequently the ''Panji'' System in Mithila is also ending gradually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=संरक्षण के अभाव में सड़ रहे सात पुश्तों वाले अभिलेख, पंजीकारों की संख्या लगातार हो रही कम - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-the-records-of-seven-hundred-years-old-are-getting-worse-in-absence-of-protection-18909317.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions in India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]

National Council of Educational Research and Training

2026-03-07T17:01:15Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{Short description|Autonomous organisation for school education in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=August 2021}}
{{Copyedit|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Council of Educational Research and Training
| native_name = | image = NCERT_300px.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{start date and age|1961|09|01|df=y}}
| type = [[Autonomy|Autonomous body]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|510|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2022–23 est.)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=EXPENDITURE PROFILE 2024-2025 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/vol1.pdf |publisher=MINISTRY OF FINANCE BUDGET DIVISION}}</ref>
| president = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| director = Dr. Dinesh Prasad Saklani<ref name=new-dir>{{cite news |first1=Mridusmita |last1=Deka |title=NCERT Gets New Director - Dinesh Prasad Saklani From HNB Garhwal University |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/ncert-gets-new-director-dinesh-prasad-saklani-from-hnb-garhwal-university |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205042458/https://www.ndtv.com/education/ncert-gets-new-director-dinesh-prasad-saklani-from-hnb-garhwal-university |url-status=live }}</ref>
| motto = {{langx|sa|विद्यया अमृतमश्नुते}} ''Life eternal through learning''
| city = [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| free_label = Acronym
| free = NCERT
| website = {{url|www.ncert.nic.in}}
| founder = [[Government of India]] ([[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]])
}}

'''National Council of Educational Research and Training''' ('''NCERT''') ({{langx|hi|राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक अनुसंधान और प्रशिक्षण परिषद}}) is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Education, [[Government of India]]. Its headquarters are located on [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]] in [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]].<ref name=:1>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/organisation/management/memorandum/memo.html/ |title=Memorandum Of Association |last=Kumar |first=Prabhat |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923231033/http://www.ncert.nic.in/organisation/management/memorandum/memo.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dinesh Prasad Saklani has served as the director of NCERT since 2022.<ref name=new-dir />

In 2023, NCERT constituted a 19-member committee to review curriculum and learning materials for classes 3 to 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-12 |title=Sudha Murthy, Shankar Mahadevan in new NCERT panel for content in school textbooks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ncert-forms-committee-with-sudha-murthy-shankar-mahadevan-and-sanjeev-sanyal-to-finalize-curriculum-and-textbooks-101691778723398.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812150801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ncert-forms-committee-with-sudha-murthy-shankar-mahadevan-and-sanjeev-sanyal-to-finalize-curriculum-and-textbooks-101691778723398.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The Indian [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] established the NCERT on 27 July 1961, and the council began formal operation on 1 September 1961. It was formed through the merger of seven government organisations:

* Central Institute of Education
* Central Bureau of Textbook Research
* Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance
* Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education
* National Institute of Basic Education
* National Fundamental Education Centre
* National Institute of Audio-Visual Education<ref name="leading">{{cite web |title=Leading the Change: 50 Years of NCERT |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/oth_anoun/leading_the_change.pdf |publisher=NCERT |access-date=7 March 2020 |date=19 August 2011 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712080747/http://www.ncert.nic.in/oth_anoun/leading_the_change.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is a separate organization from the [[National Council for Teacher Education]].

The objective of NCERT is to design and support a common system of education for the country that is national in character, as well as to enable and encourage the diverse cultural practices across the country as a whole. Based on the recommendations of the Education Commission (1964–66), the first national policy statement on education was issued in 1968. The policy endorsed the adoption of a uniform pattern of school education across the country consisting of 10 years of general education followed by 2 years of diversified schooling.

The NCERT is also behind the formation of the [[National Science Talent Search Scheme]] (NTSS) in the year 1963. The program was aimed at identifying and nurturing the talented students in India, and rewarding them with [[scholarship]]s. The National [[Science]] Talent Search Scheme (NTSS) underwent a major change in the year 1976 with the introduction of the 10+2+3 pattern of [[education]]. The program was renamed to National Talent Search Scheme with the NTSE examination now being conducted for classes X, XI, and XII. Currently, the NTSE exam is conducted only for 10th class students in India in two phases with subjects relating to Mental Ability Test and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) for 100 marks each.<ref name="ncert ref12">{{cite news|title=NCERT Announces New Date For NTSE Stage 2 Exam|url=https://www.india.com/education/ncert-announces-new-date-for-ntse-stage-2-exam-deets-inside-4976903/|access-date=16 October 2021|publisher=india.com|date=23 September 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016023331/https://www.india.com/education/ncert-announces-new-date-for-ntse-stage-2-exam-deets-inside-4976903/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NTSE Exam|url=https://www.ntseguru.in/what-is-ntse|access-date=2020-12-25|website=ntseguru.in|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202084341/https://www.ntseguru.in/what-is-ntse|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Curriculum for the ten-year school ===
This framework came in 1975.<ref name="ncert ref13">{{cite news |last=Roy Barman |first=Sourav |date=22 September 2021 |title=Kasturirangan-led panel to develop new curriculum for schools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-textbook-revisions-committee-new-national-curriculum-framework-7525579/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016025654/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-textbook-revisions-committee-new-national-curriculum-framework-7525579/ |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It emphasized that a curriculum based on the principles laid out in the framework has to be developed on the basis of research. Thus, for NCERT, the 1970s was a decade marked by extensive curriculum research and development activities to narrate the content and process of education to Indian realities.

=== National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education ===
This revised curriculum framework was implemented in 1988<ref name="ncert ref13" /> following the ''[[National Policy on Education|1986 National Policy on Education]]''. It encompassed 12 years of school education and suggested a reorientation of curricular and instructional materials to make them more child-centered. It advocated carrying out examination reforms and the implementation of [[Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation|CCE]] at all stages of education.

=== National Curriculum Framework for School Education ===
{{Main|National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)}}
This framework came in 2000.<ref name="ncert ref13" /> It stressed the need for a healthful, agreeable, and stress-free adolescence and reduction of the curricular contents. Thus a multicultural thematic approach was recommended, environmental education was emphasized, and language and mathematics were integrated in the first two years of education.

'''National Curriculum Framework:''' The council came up with a new National Curriculum Framework in 2005, drafted by a National Steering Committee.<ref name="ncert ref13" /> This exercise was based on 5 guiding principles:

# Connecting knowledge to life outside school.
# Shift from the rote method of learning.
# Enriching the curriculum for the overall development of children so that it goes beyond textbooks.
# Making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom life.
# Nurturing an identity informed by caring concerns.<ref name="leading" />

In 2021, NCERT textbooks revision process was initiated by the Government of India by setting up a committee headed by former ISRO chief K. Kasturirangan to prepare a document laying down various guidelines for changes in the curriculum of the council.<ref name="ncert ref13" />

[[File:NCERT.jpg|thumb|NCERT campus entrance display with logo]]

== Logo ==
[[File:NCERT_300px.svg|thumb|150px]]
The NCERT logo was designed by Manubhai Chhaganlal Gajjar in 1961 at the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ola |first1=Deepak Singh |title=NCERT Logo |url=https://thebranvetica.com/ncert-logo.html |website=The Branvetica |access-date=9 September 2024 |date=20 Jul 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dheer |first1=Sudarshan |title=The world of symbols/logos & trademarks: India |date=1991 |publisher=Mapin |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-0944142738 |pages=36}}</ref> The design is taken from an Ashokan period relic of the 3rd century BCE which was found in excavations near [[Maski]] in [[Raichur district]], [[Karnataka]]. The motto has been taken from the [[Isha Upanishad]] and means 'life eternal through learning'. The three intertwined [[swans]] symbolize the integration of the three aspects of the work of NCERT, namely [[Research and development|research and development]], training and extension.<ref name="leading" />

== Textbooks ==
Textbooks published by NCERT are prescribed by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)<ref name="ncert ref13" /> from classes I to XII, with exceptions for a few subjects, especially for the Class 10 and 12 Board Examination. Around 19 school boards from 14 states have adopted or adapted the books.<ref name="textmatters">{{cite news|last=Meganathan|first=Rama|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/why-ncert-textbooks-matter/article18400872.ece|title=Why NCERT textbooks matter|date=7 May 2017|access-date=16 January 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041344/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/why-ncert-textbooks-matter/article18400872.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who wish to adopt the textbooks are required to send a request to NCERT, upon which soft copies of the books are received. The material is press-ready and may be printed by paying a 5% royalty, and by acknowledging NCERT.<ref name="textmatters" />

The textbooks are in colour-print and are among the least expensive books in Indian book stores.<ref name="textmatters" /> Textbooks created by private publishers are priced higher than those of NCERT.<ref name="textmatters" /> According to a government policy decision in 2017, the NCERT will have the exclusive task of publishing central textbooks from 2018, and the role of CBSE will be limited to conducting examinations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gohain |first1=Manash Pratim |title=From 2018, only NCERT to publish school textbooks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/from-2018-only-ncert-to-publish-school-textbooks/articleshow/59036991.cms |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206061918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/from-2018-only-ncert-to-publish-school-textbooks/articleshow/59036991.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

National Council of Educational Research and Training had designed the books digitally in the Indian Sign Language from the year 2021 for students with hearing disabilities from classes 1 to 5.<ref name="ncert ref7">{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Ambika |title=ncert: Students with hearing disabilities can access NCERT lessons online {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/students-with-hearing-disabilities-can-access-ncert-lessons-online/articleshow/86469156.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028154132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/students-with-hearing-disabilities-can-access-ncert-lessons-online/articleshow/86469156.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ncert ref9">{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Ambika |title=ncert: Primary school students with hearing disabilities can access NCERT lessons digitally in Indian Sign Language {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/primary-school-students-with-hearing-disabilities-can-access-ncert-lessons-digitally-in-indian-sign-language/articleshow/86463774.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028154130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/primary-school-students-with-hearing-disabilities-can-access-ncert-lessons-digitally-in-indian-sign-language/articleshow/86463774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, the NCERT undertook the task of removing content from their textbooks and they called it "rationalisation". The official reason for the rationalisation of content in the textbook was to reduce stress on students after the COVID-19 pandemic. Contents of the textbook had been rationalised in the view of the following:
* Difficulty level
* Similar content included in lower or higher classes in the same subject
* Content, which is irrelevant in the present context
* Content, which is easily accessible to students without much intervention from teachers and can be learned by children through self-learning or peer-learning

However, the rationalisation has sparked some controversies. Some teachers felt that the removal of the chapter on the Periodic table from the Class X Science textbook was unnecessary as it helps build a foundation for Class XI. Also, the removal of the evolution part from the Chapter "Heredity and Evolution" from the Class X Science textbook faced backlash for the same reasons.<ref>{{Cite web | title=In ‘rationalisation’ move, NCERT drops periodic table chapter from Class X book - The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/ncert-drops-chapters-on-periodic-table-democracy-political-parties-from-class-10-syllabus/article66919444.ece/ | access-date=2025-10-12 | website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/these-books-are-not-for-a-long-time-ncert-on-rationalisation-of-textbooks-ncert-nic-in-8645584/lite/ | title=NCERT on rationalisation of textbooks: ‘Need-based exercise aimed at reducing content load’ | website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Regional Institutes of Education ==
{{Main|Regional Institute of Education}}
The [[Regional Institute of Education]] (RIE, formerly known as Regional College of Education), is a constituent unit of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Delhi. The RIEs were set up in 1963 by the Government of India in different parts covering various regions. The Regional Institutes were started with the objective of qualitative improvement of school education through innovative pre-service and in-service teacher education programs and relevant research, development, and extension activities. The Regional Institutes of Education (RIEs) are located at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, [[Regional Institute of Education, Mysore|Mysore]] and Shillong.

RIE Nellore: The Regional Institute of Education (RIE) Nellore is currently operating from a temporary location at V.R. College in Nellore. Its permanent location is under construction at Chowtapalem, Venkatachalam mandal, SPSR Nellore district.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Construction of Regional Institute of Education finally starts in Nellore |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/construction-of-regional-institute-of-education-finally-starts-in-nellore-1905673 |access-date=2024-02-27 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2024-02-26}}</ref>

== Actions ==
NCERT has a comprehensive extension program in which departments of the National Institute of Education, [[Regional Institute of Education]], Central Institute of Vocational Education, and field coaches' offices in the states are engaged in activities. Several programs are organized in rural and backward areas to reach out to functionaries in these areas.

The council acts as the Secretariat of the National Development Group for Educational Innovations. It has been offering training facilities to education workers of other countries through attachment programs and workshops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=S. R. |title=Teaching of Science |date=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=37 |isbn=9788176489430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2Ql3bXJgloC&pg=PA37 |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704160331/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2Ql3bXJgloC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref> The council publishes textbooks<ref name="ncert ref6">{{cite news |title=Why NCERT's participation is essential in National Curriculum Framework committee - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/why-ncerts-participation-is-essential-in-national-curriculum-framework-committee/articleshow/86887521.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 October 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011014753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/why-ncerts-participation-is-essential-in-national-curriculum-framework-committee/articleshow/86887521.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> for school subjects from classes I to XII. NCERT publishes books and provides sample question papers that are used in government and private schools across India that follow the CBSE curriculum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/only-ncert-books-at-all-cbse-schools/articleshow/57174456.cms|title=Only NCERT books at all CBSE schools|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2017 |access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002160504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/only-ncert-books-at-all-cbse-schools/articleshow/57174456.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

An online system named [[ePathshala]], a joint initiative of NCERT and the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], has been developed for broadcasting educational e-schooling resources including textbooks, audio, video, publications, and a variety of other print and non-print elements,<ref>{{cite news |title=15 Initiatives Taken By Central Government To Improve Teaching Standards In India: HRD Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/15-initiatives-taken-by-central-government-to-improve-teaching-standards-in-india-hrd-minister-1556357-2019-06-26 |access-date=7 March 2020 |agency=India Today |date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109165856/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/15-initiatives-taken-by-central-government-to-improve-teaching-standards-in-india-hrd-minister-1556357-2019-06-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> ensuring their free access through mobile phones and tablets (as [[EPUB]]) and from the web through laptops and desktops.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Aneesha |title=E-Pathshala project launched at 10 Chandigarh government schools |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/e-pathshala-project-launched-at-10-chandigarh-government-schools/story-zQSHCQtieNezzjHvmsJuYP.html |access-date=7 March 2020 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014001359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/e-pathshala-project-launched-at-10-chandigarh-government-schools/story-zQSHCQtieNezzjHvmsJuYP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

National Council of Educational Research and Training had launched a new Diploma course in Guidance and Counselling for a period of one year from 1 November 2021.<ref name="NCERT ref4">{{cite news |title=NCERT announces Diploma course in Guidance and Counselling for 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/admissions/ncert-announces-diploma-course-in-guidance-and-counselling-for-2022-101634188855678.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015105725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/admissions/ncert-announces-diploma-course-in-guidance-and-counselling-for-2022-101634188855678.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NCERT ref5">{{cite news |title=NCERT launches one-year diploma in guidance and counselling |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncert-launches-one-year-diploma-in-guidance-and-counselling-application-deadline-november-5-ncert-nic-in-7571392/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=14 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014091035/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ncert-launches-one-year-diploma-in-guidance-and-counselling-application-deadline-november-5-ncert-nic-in-7571392/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

National Council of Educational Research and Training had tied up with Microsoft's global training partner, Tech Avant-Garde (TAG) and facilitated a Connected Learning Community (CLC) for improving digital skills among its teachers.<ref name="ncert ref10">{{cite news |title=TAG ties up with NCERT to enhance teachers' digital skills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/tag-ties-up-with-ncert-to-enhance-teachers-digital-skills/article36725107.ece |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2021 |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174851/https://www.thehindu.com/business/tag-ties-up-with-ncert-to-enhance-teachers-digital-skills/article36725107.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{main|NCERT textbook controversies}}

Ever since its establishment, the organization has faced controversy regarding the content of its textbooks. The disagreement centers on accusations of, on the one hand, the leftist bias of books pre-2014, and on the other of suppressing the cultural and heritage history of India and attempted [[Saffronisation|saffronising]] of Indian history post-2014. Allegations of [[historical revisionism]] with a Hindu nationalist agenda arose in two terms: under the [[Janata Party]] government from 1977 to 1980 and again under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] government from 1998 to 2004. In 2012, under the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government, the organization was blamed for publishing 'offensive' cartoons against [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the architect of the Indian Constitution, and thus insulting the Constitution in its textbooks.<ref name="ndtv-contro">{{cite news |title=Two senior NCERT advisors quit after uproar in Parliament over Ambedkar-Nehru cartoon in textbook |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-senior-ncert-advisors-quit-after-uproar-in-parliament-over-ambedkar-nehru-cartoon-in-textbook-482033 |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=NDTV |date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328115806/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-senior-ncert-advisors-quit-after-uproar-in-parliament-over-ambedkar-nehru-cartoon-in-textbook-482033 |url-status=live }}</ref> The controversy led to the resignation of NCERT chief advisors [[Yogendra Yadav]] and [[Suhas Palshikar (academic)|Suhas Palshikar]] and an apology from the government.<ref name="ndtv-contro" /><ref>{{cite news |title=2 NCERT textbook advisors resign following Ambedkar cartoon row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/2-ncert-textbook-advisors-resign-following-ambedkar-cartoon-row/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=The Indian Express |date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328120026/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/2-ncert-textbook-advisors-resign-following-ambedkar-cartoon-row/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, a new controversy arose when both the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and NCERT removed topics regarding Islamic empires in the class 12 history textbook, as well as chapters like "Challenges to Democracy" in the class 10 political science subject. The organization stated it was necessary to rationalize the syllabus to reduce examination pressure on students by removing repeated concepts and lessons learned in earlier classes.

Between 2023 and 2024, the NCERT faced criticism from the [[All India Peoples Science Network]] (AIPSN) and scientists for introducing supplementary modules on [[Chandrayaan-3]] that allegedly mixed mythology with space science, including claims that the [[Vedas]] contained advanced aeronautical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |last=Niranjan |first=T. |title=NCERT reading material on Chandrayaan draws ire for 'mixing science with mythology' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncert-reading-material-on-chandrayaan-draws-ire-for-mixing-science-with-mythology/article67453839.ece |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Further criticism arose over the inclusion of [[Ayurveda]] in biology and science textbooks, with experts flagging overstated claims regarding its antiquity and scientific validity, labeling some content as [[pseudoscience]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Basant Kumar |title=Misleading information in NCERT textbook, experts flag 'overstated claims' on ayurveda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/misleading-information-in-ncert-textbook-experts-flag-overstated-claims-on-ayurveda/cid/2039950 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph India |date=10 August 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
* [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]]
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]]
* [[JEE (Main)|Joint Entrance Examination (Main)]]
* [[National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)]]
* [[National Achievement Survey]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{School education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational research]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Education policy in India]]
[[Category:Teacher education in India]]
[[Category:Training organisations in India]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Delhi]]

Naaga Nandhini

2026-03-04T05:15:41Z

OdessaProsser28: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naga Nandhini
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = G. R. Nathan
| producer = B. Vallinayagam
| writer =
| screenplay = Narayanasamy
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[K. Balaji]] [[P. S. Veerappa]] [[M. N. Nambiar]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Devika]]
| narrator =
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| cinematography = G. R. Nathan
| editing = S. Surya (Supervising) M. P. Sivapragasam
| studio = B. V. N. Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1961|2|10|ref1=}}
| runtime = 2:46 (14964 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naga Nandhini''''' is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by G. R. Nathan. The film stars [[Anjali Devi]], [[K. Balaji]] and [[Devika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga Nandini |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/naga-nandini-23575 |access-date=30 December 2017 |website=Cinestaan |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114940/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/naga-nandini-23575 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2016 |title=தேவிகா: 2.பாலிருக்கும் பழமிருக்கும்...! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/aug/27/தேவிகா2பாலிருக்கும்-பழமிருக்கும்-2558558.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013104418/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/aug/27/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2558558.html |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was released on 10 February 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 – நாகநந்தினி – பி.வி.என்.புரொடக். |trans-title=1961 – Naga Nandhini – B. V. N. Produc. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails16.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171230024120/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails16.asp |archive-date=30 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{no plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
The following list is adapted from the book ''Thiraikalanjiyam Part-2''.<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=30 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[K. Balaji]]
*[[M. N. Nambiar]]
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]
*[[K. R. Ramsingh]]
*Ramdas
*V. R. Rajagopal
*Narayanasamy
*Karikol Raj
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[Anjali Devi]]
*[[Devika]]
*Sandhya
*Rajakumari
*Ramamani Bai
*Thilagam
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by B. ValliNayagam under his own banner B. V. N. Productions and was directed by G. R. Nathan who also handled the cinematography. A. Natarajan was the operative cameraman while special effects were handled by Harban Singh. Art direction was done by P. Angamuthu and M. Azhagappan while the stunt was managed by Shyam Sundar. Thangappan was in charge of choreography.
Still photography was done by P. K. Nataraj. The film was shot at [[AVM Productions|AVM]], Golden and Shyamala Studios. Processing was done by T. Jegatheesan at Madras Cine Laboratory and Eastman Colour was done at Gemini Colour lab.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Naaga Nandhini |language=ta |publisher=B. V. N. Productions |year=1961 |time=0:00 to 2:05 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].<ref name="neelamegam" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Anjathe Kanne Anjaathe" || L. R. Eswari || rowspan=2|Sundara Kannan || 05:03
|-
| "Singame Singame Ingu Vaa" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi, Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] & group ||
|-
| "Kaadhal Illadhu Aanandham Edhu" || A. M. Rajah & K. Jamuna Rani || [[M. K. Athmanathan]]|| 03:42
|-
| "Kannum Kannum Onnaachchi" || L. R. Eswari & R. S. Mani || rowspan=5|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]||
|-
| "Malar Vaaniye...Kavikuyil Neethaanaa, Kaaviyam Neethaanaa" || K. Jamuna Rani & P. B. Srinivas || 02:47
|-
| "Penn Maanam Kaakkum Thanmaanam Onre" || K. Jamuna Rani || 01:35
|-
| "Mana Oonjalile Aadum Mannaa" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Thillaanaa Illennaa Thiththikaadhu Veeranna" || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Valluvan Vedham Maravaadhe" || Soolamangalam Sisters || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0258831}}

[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Samara (1995 film)

2026-03-03T22:07:33Z

OdessaProsser28: Created Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samara
| image = Samara (1995 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]
| writer = J. Damodaran
| story = J. Damodaran
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Sudharani]] [[Devaraj]]
| producer = Praveen A. Gurjer Varun A Gurjer Anil Pagdi
| music = Kausthubha Sax Raja ({{small|background score}})
| cinematography = R. Madhusudhan
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = A A Combines
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1995|08|18}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Samara''''' ({{translation|War}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Chi Guru Dutt]] in his directorial debut <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/when-star-shivarajkumar-played-the-dupe-and-nailed-the-shot|title=When star Shivarajkumar played the dupe and nailed the shot|website=Asianet Newsable|accessdate=22 May 2025}}</ref> assisted by [[P. Sheshadri]]. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Malavika Avinash|Malavika]] and [[Devaraj]].<ref name="supergoodmovies">{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details|title=Shivarajkumar Century - 100 Films List|publisher=supergoodmovies.com|accessdate=2014-12-18|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217082320/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/25035/sandalwood/shivarajkumar-century-100-films-list-news-details|archivedate=17 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Uday
* [[Sudharani]] as Usha
* [[Devaraj]] as Ravi
* [[Jai Jagadish]]
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Malavika Avinash|Malavika]] as Sandhya
* Chi. Guru Dutt
* Ashok Rao
* Ajay Gundurao as Shankar
* Tej Sapru as J. D
* Nandini Singh
* Rathasapthami Aravind
* Satish
* Shobhraj
* Harish Rai
* Bharath kumar
* Bank Suresh
* Stunt Siddu

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Kousthubha and the background score was by Sax Raja.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141014103153/http://mio.to/album/Samara+(1995) Songs list]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mai Marethu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Aa Aaa Ee Eee
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Kanasinalu Neene
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Ide Dim Dima
| extra4 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Kannadada Maathu Chenda
| extra5 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Chi. Guru Dutt}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sax Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Vaazhga Jananayagam

2026-03-03T04:50:09Z

OdessaProsser28: Created Details.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Vaazhga Jananayagam
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[E. Ramdoss]]
| producer = J. A. Mohamed Ali
| writer = John Amirtharaj E. Ramadoss (dialogues)
| starring = [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
| music = '''Original Songs''' Mansoor Ali Khan '''Background Score''' [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| editing = K. M. P. Kumar
| distributor =
| studio = Raj Kennedy Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|03|07}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaazhga Jananayagam''''' ({{translation|Long Live Democracy}}) is a 1996 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political satire]] film directed by [[E. Ramdoss]]. The film stars [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]], with John Amirtharaj, [[S. S. Chandran]], [[T. S. Raghavendra]], [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], Raveendra Babu and [[Mahanadi Shankar]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 7 March 1996, and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/mansoor-ali-khan-launches-athiradi-in-his-usual-unusual-style-tamil-news-101992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101065925/http://www.indiaglitz.com/mansoor-ali-khan-launches-athiradi-in-his-usual-unusual-style-tamil-news-101992|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2014|title=Mansoor Ali Khan launches Athiradi in his usual unusual style|date=2014-01-07|access-date=2016-08-02|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

Bhagat Singh ([[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]) is an angry young man who cannot tolerate injustice. He buys and sells old stuff: he owns a small junk shop. Next to his shop, there is a fruit shop owned by the bubbly girl Anjala ([[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]) and she likes to tease the short-tempered Bhagat Singh. Meanwhile, the corrupt police officer Sivashankar ([[Mahanadi Shankar]]) is transferred to a new city, where he forces the tradespeople to give him bribes. One day, he clashes with the talkative Anjala. Bhagat Singh stops their fight and humiliates the corrupt police officer. Later, Sivashankar tries to rape Anjala but Bhagat Singh comes in time and saves her. Worried about Anjala, Bhagat Singh immediately marries her.

One day, Bhagat Singh witnesses the murder of a journalist in front of his shop. The goons then beat up Bhagat Singh for no reason, he then hits back and Bhagat Singh wounds severely the local don Zinda (Raveendra Babu). This news reaches the Minister Sisubalan (John Amirtharaj) who considered the don Zinda as his right hand. Sisubalan asks Bhagat Singh to join him but he refuses. Later that night, Bhagat Singh is arrested and beaten by the police.

In a police lockup, Bhagat Singh remembers his tragic past. In the past, Bhagat Singh was a graduate and lived with his mother but he could not find a job. Bhagat Singh and his mother sold their house to bribe Sisubalan's accountant Ramanujam ([[T. S. Raghavendra]]). Sisubalan and Ramanujam ripped him off and Bhagat Singh's mother died due to the shock. Heartbroken, Bhagat Singh decided to become a junk dealer.

The rest of the story is how Bhagat Singh takes revenge on his enemies.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Bhagat Singh
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Anjala
*John Amirtharaj as Sisubalan
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[T. S. Raghavendra]] as Ramanujam
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Anjala's father
*Raveendra Babu as Zinda
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Sivashankar
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*Krishnamoorthy as Kicha
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan
*[[Singamuthu]]
*Arulmani as Chitragupta
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] in a guest appearance
*Vimalraj
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Muniyamma
*Kokila as Maha
*Sharmili
*Kavithasri
*Revathi
*Sahadevan
*Mahadevan
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[V. Gowthaman]] in an uncredited role
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by Mansoor Ali Khan, who also wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaazhga Jananayagam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/vaazhga-jananayagam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581604477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240304143957/https://music.apple.com/in/album/vaazhga-jananayagam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581604477 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Amma Vanga" ||[[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 3:38
|-
| "Kodambakkam" ||[[Suresh Peters]] || 3:29
|-
| "Saidapetta Singari"||Antony || 4:54
|-
| "Aadu Machi Gopalu" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]|| 3:33
|-
| "Adi Painkiliyai" ||[[T. S. Raghavendra]] || 2:57
|-
| "Mazhai Penji" ||T. S. Raghavendra || 3:44
|-
| "ABCD Ungoppan" ||[[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:22
|-
| "Vaango Vaango" ||Pazhani || 3:56
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s political satire films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Ramdoss]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Irada (2017 film)

2026-03-02T10:07:40Z

OdessaProsser28: refine intro for clarity

{{Short description| 2017 Indian film directed by Aparnaa Singh}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Irada
| image =image:Irada Movie Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Aparnaa Singh]]
| producer = Falguni Patel Prince Soni
| writer = Aparnaa Singh Anushka Rajan
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Divya Dutta]] [[Sharad Kelkar]] [[Sagarika Ghatge]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Neeraj Sridhar]] '''Background Score:''' Raju Singh
| cinematography = Ravi Walia
| editing = Yashashwini Yp
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|02|17}}
| runtime = 110 min<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/irada/cast/ |title=Irada – Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 February 2017 }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}75 million<ref name="Box Office">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3469 |title=Irada – Box Office |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}11 million<ref name="Box Office" />
| native_name =
}}
'''''Irada''''' ({{translation|Intention}}) is a 2017 Indian [[thriller film]] directed by [[Aparnaa Singh]] and produced by Falguni Patel and Prince Soni. The film is written by Aparnaa Singh and Anushka Rajan, and stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Sharad Kelkar]], and [[Sagarika Ghatge]] in lead roles.

The film raises the contemporary ecological issues of [[uranium poisoning]], reverse boring, and fertilizer poisoning due to the [[green revolution]] and their immediate adverse impact on the people who live in Malwa region.

== Plot ==
The film is set in [[Bathinda]], with its thermal power plants and factories in the background. It is based on a true story.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gonsalves|first1=Colin|title=Killing a country's ecology|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/killing-a-countrys-ecology/article7151373.ece|accessdate=22 May 2017|work=The Hindu|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>

The daughter of an ex-army man discovers that she has a serious life-threatening illness. Gradually they piece together the reason for this and discover that it is due to the carcinogenic elements that have entered the ground water. Everyone in the city is affected by it.<ref name="film">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Aparnaa|title=Iraada – the full film|url=https://www.youtube.com|website=You tube|publisher=Aparnaa Sharma|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref>

A journalist meanwhile has discovered files that will incriminate the people responsible for this ground water poisoning, but he is kidnapped. His girlfriend, who is also a journalist, pursues the case, trying to convince the authorities to arrest the people responsible.

Meanwhile, a mysterious bomb blast in a business tycoon's factory prompts the state CM to hire an NIA officer. He meets the ex-army man seeking revenge for his dead daughter and the journalist demanding justice for her slain boyfriend. He tries to balance his knowledge of the truth, his wish for a more stable posting (having just come from a Naxal region), a better family life and his conscience.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Lt Col Parabjeet Walia (Retd)
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as NIA Officer Arjun Mishra
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Paddy F Sharma
* [[Sagarika Ghatge]] as Maya Singh
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Ramandeep Braitch, CM- Paddy's mistress
* Diwakar Kumar as Jagat Sinha
* Nikhil Pandey as Maya’s boyfriend
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Jeetu Arora- Paddy's Manager
* Prashant Gupta as Bhagat Singh
* Savita Bhatti as Harmeet Braitch
* [[Rumana Molla]] as Riya Walia
* Prince Soni as Sunday Singh
* [[Rohan Shah]] as Ricky Bhullar
* Radhika Bangia as Ruby Gill
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Abdul Hasan
* Mehtaab as Nanu Hasan
* Lubhani Attwal as Dolly Chadha
* Seerat Kaur as Mitali Sharma
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Irada
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Neeraj Sridhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|01}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/irada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1201049553 |title=Irada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:47
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|v679TlFVHzo|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film consists of 4 songs all of which have been composed by [[Neeraj Sridhar]], while the lyrics have been penned by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-irada/articleshow/57186976.cms
|title=Music Review: Irada |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> The first song titled "Mahi" from the movie was released on 3 February 2017, along with the music video. The full movie jukebox was unveiled on 17 February 2017 and it consists 4 songs in total, including the movie theme song. The music rights are bought by Times Music.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://filmycurry.com/irada-movie-title-track/
|title=Irada Movie Title Track
|access-date=17 February 2017
|archive-date=23 February 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223045454/http://filmycurry.com/irada-movie-title-track/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

The film also uses Hindi poetry and Urdu [[Shayari]] to convey its message at critical junctures. Parts of the Hindi poet [[Dushyant Kumar]]'s poem ""Ho Gayi hai Peer Parvat Si"(हो गई है पीर पर्वत-सी)" have been used by Naseeruddin Shah's character, especially during a book launch, to convey that people need to speak out and rise when they see injustice. Similar, contemporary Urdu shayari by Nawaz Deo bandhi has been used at critical junctures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Irada – film and credits}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=21|s=47}}

| title1 = Mahi
| extra1 = [[Harshdeep Kaur]] & [[Shabab Sabri]]
| length1 = 05:08

| title2 = Irada
| extra2 = Nikhil Uzgare
| length2 = 05:31

| title3 = Chaand Rajai Odhe
| extra3 = [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
| length3 = 06:42

| title4 = Mitran De
| extra4 = [[Master Saleem]], Kaur B & Earl Edgar
| length4 = 04:26
}}

== Critical reception ==

On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Irada'' has an approval score of 57% on the basis of 7 reviews with an average rating of 4.6 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/irada |title=Irada – 2017 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "Constructed on the lines of ''[[A Wednesday!]]'', ''Irada'' tries to look like a thriller but fails to sustain the initial momentum as many sub-stories cross paths."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-naseeruddin-shah-s-eco-thriller-raises-pertinent-questions/story-aEsRKPKsqVN64MWjb8d5dK.html|title=Irada movie review |newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> Saibal Chattarjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and said, "Irada is a gripping enough tale somewhat undermined by its two facile villains – one represents the manipulative big corporations, the other the pliant political class."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-s-film-is-an-unexpected-bollywood-thriller-3012|title=Irada Movie Review|publisher=NDTV|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218201702/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-s-film-is-an-unexpected-bollywood-thriller-3012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''Scroll.in'' praised the performances of the actors and said that, "‘Irada’ is a well-intended expose of pollution and graft. A superb cast and some smart writing paper over the flaws in Aparnaa Singh’s debut movie."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/829386/film-review-irada-is-a-well-intended-expose-of-pollution-and-graft |title=Film review: 'Irada' is a well-intended expose of pollution and graft |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref> Mohar Basu of [[Mid-Day]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Irada' has an overcrowded plot with facile characters, and lacks both the required energy and depth of the subject. There are too many parallel narratives and Aparnaa Singh's limited directorial skills aren't enough to handle the snags"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irada-movie-review-film-rating-arshad-warsi-naseeruddin-shah-sagarika-ghatge-bollywood-news/18002199 |title=Irada – Movie Review |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of [[LiveMint]] praised the concept of the film and the performances of actors [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Arshad Warsi]] but criticized the execution of the film saying that, "While there’s no faulting Irada’s intentions, the narrative is poorly crafted and clumsily executed."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Row2TbG0ldmhiGD32pYOxM/Film-Review-Irada.html |title=Film Review : Strong performances by Naseeruddin Shah and Arshad Warsi, but the film-making leaves much to be desired |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=[[LiveMint]]}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of [[The Hindu]] said that, "Irada has its heart in the right place—dealing with the theme of ecological and human hazards that points to big corporations and their irresponsible disposed of chemical wastes. But alas, it fails to fashion a compelling film out of it."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Irada-review-conscientious-but-not-compelling/article17319770.ece |title=Irada: Conscientious but not compelling |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 February 2017 }}</ref>

Meena Iyer of [[The Times of India]] praised the concept of the film saying that, "Irada has its heart in the right place. Having picked up a subject that talks of environmental hazards, debutant director Aparnaa Singh’s conscientious streak shows" but criticized its writing saying that, "the film’s failing is {{sic|it|’s|}} amateur writing and execution. You can see that the maker is crushed under the weight of the material chosen". The critic gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/irada/movie-review/57170654.cms |title=Irada – Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Box Office India said, "Aparnaa Singh's direction makes Irada a gripping and an intriguing film, which opens your eyes to some harsh realities in the world."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.co.in/review-irada/ |title=Review: Irada |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223044753/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/review-irada/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shubha Shetty Saha from Catch News rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Arshad Warsi and Naseeruddin Shah surprise us with this socially relevant thriller!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/irada-movie-review-arshad-warsi-and-naseeruddin-shah-surprise-us-with-this-socially-relevant-thriller.html |title=Irada movie review: Arshad Warsi and Naseeruddin Shah surprise us with this socially relevant thriller! |access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of [[The Quint]] gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "‘Irada’ is well intentioned. Unfortunately, however, it suffers from amateurish execution. It has some nice touches but it never truly comes together. Still, it deals with an important issue that should reach more people and it definitely merits attention."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/irada-movie-review-naseeruddin-shah-aparnaa-singh-stutee-ghosh |title='Irada' Review: Good Intentions But Amateur Execution |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of [[Filmfare]] gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that, "The clichéd story telling, the jaded treatment, this film massacres its objective – that of highlighting the rampant pollution of habitats in Punjab. The only silver lining to this film is watching the great cast trying to lend respectability to a movie that least deserves it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-irada-18826.html |title=Movie Review – Irada |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[65th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]]
|Irada Entertainment and [[Aparnaa Singh]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award|date=2018-04-13|work=News18|access-date=2018-04-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Divya Dutta]]
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6467738}}
* [http://thatsbreaking.com/irada-business/ Irada Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004817/http://thatsbreaking.com/irada-business/ |date=3 January 2019 }} at [http://thatsbreaking.com/ ThatsBreaking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821211115/http://thatsbreaking.com/ |date=21 August 2019 }}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neeraj Shridhar]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award winners]]

Pratham Singh

2026-02-27T14:33:49Z

OdessaProsser28: cleanup layout to improve readability and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Pratham Singh
| image = Pratham12.jpg
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|8|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling =
| role = Top-order batter

| club1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year1 = 2017-present
| clubnumber1 =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 37
| runs1 = 1,811
| bat avg1 = 30.69
| 100s/50s1 = 2/10
| top score1 = 169[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 102
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 48.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 =1/34
| catches/stumpings1 = 22/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 28
| runs2 = 1,097
| bat avg2 = 40.62
| 100s/50s2 = 2/8
| top score2 = 129
| deliveries2 =32
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 44
| runs3 = 1,213
| bat avg3 = 29.58
| 100s/50s3 = 0/9
| top score3 = 89
| deliveries3 = 0
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 14/–
| date = 26 February 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083464.html ESPNcricinfo
|club2=[[India A cricket team]]|year2=2024}}

'''Pratham Singh''' (born 31 August 1992) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. He is a left-handed opening batter who plays for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in domestic cricket and was part of the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] squad for the 2022 edition of the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Pratham Singh |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083464.html |access-date=26 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 26 February 2017.<ref name="LA">{{Cite web |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group A: Haryana v Railways at Delhi, Feb 26, 2017 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053735.html |access-date=26 February 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Railways in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 9 November 2017.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |title=Group A, Ranji Trophy at Pune, Nov 9-12 2017 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118662.html |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Railways in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 21 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |title=Group C, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Indore, Feb 21 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157098.html |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2019-03-02 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: Punjab caps off below-par campaign with win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-t20-railways-punjab-yuvraj-singh/article26419652.ece |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Pratham was appointed as the captain of the Railways squad for the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]] season in 2024.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title=UP batter tolead Rlys inRanji Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/pratham-singh-named-captain-of-railways-for-ranji-trophy-2024/articleshow/113993579.cms |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pratham was born on 31 August 1992 and currently lives in [[Delhi]]. He obtained his [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Telecommunications|Electronics and Communication]] from [[J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida|J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=इंजीनियरिंग के बाद बना क्रिकेटर, लॉकडाउन में पास की MBA की परीक्षा, अब KKR में खेलेगा! |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-2022-pratham-singh-looking-to-dazzle-in-kkr-colours-1140635.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> He got an admission in [[Indian School of Business|Indian School of Business, Hyderabad]] for post graduate program in 2022 which he deferred.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mandani |first=Rasesh |date=2022-04-01 |title=For Knight Pratham Singh, it's cricket over MBA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/for-knight-pratham-singh-it-s-cricket-over-mba-101648785158137.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-26 |title=IPL 2022: Erudite Pratham looking to dazzle in KKR colours |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/cricket-news/series/ipl/ipl-2022-erudite-pratham-looking-to-dazzle-in-kkr-colours-161121 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=News9Live |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Soumitra |last2=Kumar |first2=Aditya |date=2022-03-31 |title=IPL 2022: KKR's Pratham Singh Awaits First Big Break – 10 Newcomers To Watch Out For |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ipl-2022-kkr-s-pratham-singh-awaits-first-big-break-10-newcomers-to-watch-out-for-news-189468 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रथम सिंह के आईपीएल में चुने जाने पर जिले में हर्ष का माहौल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/ambedkar-nagar/story-there-was-an-atmosphere-of-joy-in-the-district-after-pratham-singh-was-selected-in-the-ipl-5816441.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Cricketing career ==
Pratham is a left-handed [[Batting order (cricket)|opening batsman]] and right-handed off spinner.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=For Knight Pratham Singh, it's cricket over MBA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/for-knight-pratham-singh-it-s-cricket-over-mba-101648785158137.html |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, he made his debut in List A cricket and represented [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]. He scored 73 runs off 154 balls in his [[Ranji Trophy]] debut against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Maharashtra vs Railways Group A 2017/18 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2017-18-1118604/maharashtra-vs-railways-group-a-1118662/full-scorecard |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> In 2017, Pratham was bought by [[Gujarat Lions]] in the [[List of 2017 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2017 IPL auction]].<ref name=":1" /> He was the 3rd highest run-scorer in [[India]] in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy|2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with 438 runs in 10 innings averaging 54.75.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/iNd/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12593&type=tournament |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandarupalli |first=Sampath |date=2019-03-14 |title=Stats: Karnataka clinche the Syed Mushtaq Ali T20 with a record winning streak |url=https://www.crictracker.com/stats-karnataka-clinches-the-syed-mushtaq-ali-t20-with-a-record-winning-streak/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Manoj |date=2022-04-27 |title=Who is Pratham Singh? – All you need to know about the KKR's Engineer turned opening batter |url=https://www.crictracker.com/who-is-pratham-singh-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-kkrs-engineer-turned-opening-batter/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> Pratham set a record by scoring 4 consecutive fifties in the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: इस पहलू से बहुत लकी रहे केकेआर के प्रथम सिंह, आईपीएल को लेकर बहुत ही उत्साहित |url=https://ndtv.in/cricket/ipl-2022-from-this-aspect-kkrs-pratham-singh-turns-out-to-be-lucky-desperate-to-play-in-ipl-hindi-2844770 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

He was the highest scorer for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] with a total of 299 runs with a highest of 127 against [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] averaging 74.75.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for [[Indian rupee|INR]] 20 lakh in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He was also selected to represent the Central Zone in 2023 for the [[Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathiyil |first=Anish |date=2023-07-27 |title=Deodhar Trophy 2023: Central Zone faces West Zone, eyes first win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/central-zone-vs-west-deodhar-trophy-2023-preview-puducherry-team-news-form-updates/article67128170.ece |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2024, Pratham scored an unbeaten 169 off 300 balls that included 16 boundaries and one six, in a 378-run chase against [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] in [[Agartala]] during the [[2023–24 Ranji Trophy]], and was named [[Player of the match|Man of the Match]] in the highest ever run chase in the 90 years history of Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Pratham Singh: All about the Railways' top scorer selected to play for India A in Duleep Trophy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pratham-singh-all-about-the-railways-top-scorer-selected-to-play-for-india-a-in-duleep-trophy/articleshow/113285234.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Railways record highest successful chase in Ranji Trophy history over Tripura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/railways-record-highest-successful-chase-in-ranji-trophy-history-over-tripura-9168776/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In this 89th Ranji Trophy season, held from January 5 to March 14, 2024, he was the top run-scorer for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], with 530 runs in 12 innings at an average of 48.18, with 169 as his highest score.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

After scoring two centuries—130 against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] and 143 against the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|TNCA President's XI]]—in the Buchi Babu Tournament,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Pratham was selected for the India A team in the second round of the [[Duleep Trophy]]. He joined as a replacement when captain [[Shubman Gill]] was called up to the Indian Test squad for the Bangladesh series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Who is Pratham Singh? India A batter who was selected as replacement for Shubman Gill, scores his maiden century in Duleep Trophy {{!}} Sporting News India |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/who-pratham-singh-selected-replacement-shubman-gill-scores-maiden-century-duleep-trophy/1138541c6f3cc9d6b215c776 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.sportingnews.com |language=en-in}}</ref> Pratham made his debut with a century, scoring 122 off 189 balls (12 fours, 1 six) against India D in a second-round match at the [[Rural Development Trust Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Journeyman Pratham Singh and rising talent Tilak Varma stub out Shreyas Iyer's India D in Duleep Trophy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/pratham-tilak-centuries-duleep-trophy-india-a-vs-india-d-9567812/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2024-09-17 |title=Better late than never, Pratham Singh checking all boxes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/pratham-singh-late-bloomer-domestic-season-record-duleep-trophy-stats-mayank-agarwal-coach/article68653087.ece |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In October 2024, Railways named Pratham as captain of its squad for the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]] season.<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=1083464}}
* [https://www.kkr.in/players/pratham-singh-profile-66415 Pratham Singh] at [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pratham}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

Eluru Municipal Corporation

2026-02-26T14:18:14Z

OdessaProsser28: adjust references additionally based on references

{{Short description|Local civic body in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Eluru Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| logo = Eluru Municipal Corporation Logo.svg
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Eluru
| foundation = 2005
| houses =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Shaik Noorjahan([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Dep Mayor
| leader2 = P.Umamaheswararao([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]) V.Durga Bhavai([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner
| leader3 = Y.Sai Sreekanth
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = '''50'''
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = File:India Eluru Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2021 Eluru Municipal Corporation election|10 March 2021]]
| political_groups1 = '''Government (47)'''
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|47}}
'''Opposition (3)'''
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|3}}
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Eluru Municipal corporation}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Eluru Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Eluru]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Eluru Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== Jurisdiction ==
On 9 April 2005, Eluru Municipal Corporation was upgraded from selection grade municipality.on 9 April 2005.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Unnisa|editor-first=Syeda Azeem|last=Rav|first=S. Bhupatthi|title=Sustainable solid waste management|date=2013|publisher=Apple Academic Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-926895-24-6|page=49|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z8mtD9N0jsC&q=Helapuri+eluru&pg=PA49|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> It is spread over an area of {{Convert|14.50|km2|abbr=on}} with 50 divisions and has a population of 283,648 as per the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Eluru Municipal Corporation Details|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/EluruDetails.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Eluru Municipal Corporation (EMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|Kasi Viswanadhamma
|Badeti Kotaramarao
|2005
|2010
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|First Mayor of EMC
|-
|2.
|Sk.Noorjahan
|C.H.Venkataratnam
|2015
|2020
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|First Women Mayor of EMC
|-
|3.
|Sk.Noorjahan
|G.Srinivasrao N.Sudheerbabu
|2021
|2024
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|-
|4.
|Sk.Noorjahan
|P.Umamaheswararao V.Durga Bhavani
|2024
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|}

=== 2021 ordinary elections ===

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|47
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|3
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]. The present [[commissioner]] of the corporation is Y.Sai Sreekanth and the present [[mayor]] is Shaik Noorjahan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/Commissioner.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayor Profile|url=http://www.elurucorporation.org/mayorprofile.aspx|website=Eluru Municipal Corporation|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> It has an Annual income of 426.681 million compared to Expenditure of 398.438 million.

== Civic works and services ==
There are 26 Protected water supply reservoirs in the city. There are {{Convert|185|km|abbr=on}} of Kutcha drains, {{Convert|221.64|km|abbr=on}} of C.C Drains and {{Convert|6.80|km|abbr=on}} of Storm water drains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile|title=Corporation Profile|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023926/http://eluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has a total of 7565 equipped [[Street lights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hplisls.com:5031/GISMap.aspx?field1=Eluru%20MC|title=MC Street Lights CCMS Dashboard(Eluru)|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112205318/http://hplisls.com:5031/GISMap.aspx?field1=Eluru%20MC|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eluru generates 82 Mt. Tons of Garbage per day.

== Functions ==
Eluru Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="El9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="El10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="El11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="El12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="El13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Eluru topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government of Eluru]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Alipur, Malda

2026-02-24T18:02:27Z

OdessaProsser28: new a biography!

{{other uses|Alipur (disambiguation){{!}}Alipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipur
| settlement_type = Census Town
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.854008|N|88.0308637|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 17,347
| population_as_of = 2011
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 26
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732201
| registration_plate = WB
| demographics_type1 = Languages (For language and religion details see [[Kaliachak I#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=15 January 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
}}

'''Alipur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kaliachak I]] CD Block of [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Alipur, Malda (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bamangram]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chhota Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Baisnabnagar, Malda]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|35|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Bangitola]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Mathabari]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|37|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Alipur is located by the coordinate {{coord|24.854008|N|88.0308637|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

According to the map of Kaliachak CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, [[Silampur]], [[Baliadanga]], Alipur and [[Karari Chandpur]] form a cluster of census towns.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Kalichak I CD block, page 639| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 15 August 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It "is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]]." The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanisation]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Alipur had a total population of 17,347, of which 8,841 (51%) were males and 8,506 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,772. The total number of literate persons in Alipur was 9,362 (64.23% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313622, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 14 August 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, Alipur covered an area of 1.7073 km2. It had 12 km roads with open drains. The protected water-supply involved tap water from treated sources, hand pump. It had 2,767 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 2 senior secondary schools in town. It had 5 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). It produced [[beedi]], [[Pupa|cocoon]]. It had branch offices of 2 nationalised banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 775-786; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 775; Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 779-780; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 781-782; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities: Pages 783-785; Statement VI: Industry & Banking, Page 786 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malda district]]

Thol. Thirumavalavan

2026-02-23T14:49:18Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dr Thiruma Phd.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|08|17}}
| birth_place = [[Anganur]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Madras State]] (now in [[Ariyalur district]], Tamil Nadu), India
| residence = [[Anganur]], Tamil Nadu, India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4549|access-date=29 March 2021|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| predecessor = [[M. Chandrakasi]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[E. Ponnuswamy]]
| successor1 = M. Chandrakasi
| constituency1 = [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| office2 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 14 May 2001
| term_end2 = 3 February 2004
| constituency2 = [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor2 = [[S. Puratchimani]]
| successor2 = [[C. V. Ganesan]]
| office3 = President of [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| term_start3 = 21 January 1990
| term_end6 =
| predecessor3 = ''position established''
| otherparty = [[Dalit Panthers]] (till 1982)
| party = Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (1982–present)
| spouses =
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| source =
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai]]
}}
'''Tholkappiyan Thirumavalavan''' (born '''Ramasamy Thirumavalavan''' on 17 August 1962), better known as '''Thol. Thirumavalavan''', is an Indian politician and activist from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]. He is the leader and president of the political party [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] since 1990.

Thirumavalavan studied [[criminology]] and law, and worked for a time in the forensic department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. He rose to prominence in the 1990s as a [[bahujan]] leader, and his [[political platform]] centres on [[Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] and [[Dravidian movement|Dravidian]] philosophies, and ending [[Casteism|caste-based discrimination]] and [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. He is also a critic of [[Hindu nationalism]], which he believes would homogenise Tamil society and lead to [[Tamils]] losing their identity. He has also expressed support for [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] movements in Sri Lanka, including the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], a militant secessionist group banned in India. He has authored a few books, and also acted in few [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].

Thirumavalavan contested the [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] and [[2004 Indian general election]]s unsuccessfully from the Chidambaram constituency. In between, he was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 assembly elections]] from [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]. Subsequently, he has won the [[2009 Indian general election|2009]], [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], and [[2024 Indian general election]]s from Chidambaram, while losing in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]. He also contested in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]] from [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] and lost.

Thirumavalavan's confrontation with [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and its founder [[Ramadoss]] has resulted in frequent clashes between [[Dalits]] and the [[Vanniyar]]s. While both of them reconciled their differences and worked together for a period in 2004 to 2009, when they were part of the same electoral alliance, both parties have often accused each other of instigating violence against the other community.

== Early life and education ==
Thirumavalavan received his [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Chemistry]] at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency college Chennai]], and [[Master's degree|Master]]'s degree in [[Criminology]]. He later pursued Law at [[Madras Law College]].{{cn|date=February 2026}} He was awarded his [[PhD]] by the [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] in 2018, based on his thesis "[[1981 Meenakshipuram conversion|Religious conversion]] of [[Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil|Meenakshipuram]] Dalits – a victimological study".<ref>{{cite news |title=Thol.Thirumavalan was awarded Doctorate degree by Manonmanium Sundaranar University |date=24 August 2018 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/134987-thirumavalavan-completed-his-phd.html |work=[[Vikatan]] |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

==Early activism==
When he was studying at Madras Law College, Thirumavalavan got interested in the [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalist movement]], afte hearing to a speech of [[Suba Veerapandian]], whom he met later.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

In 1988, when working for the government's [[Forensic science|Forensic]] Department in the southern city of [[Madurai]], he met Malaichamy, the Tamil Nadu state convenor of the [[Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam]] (DPI), an organisation that fought for the rights of [[Dalit]]s.{{cn|date=February 2026}} Following Malaichamy's death, Thirumalavan was elected as the leader of the DPI on 21 January 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-29/news/72704342_1_anti-conversion-law-dalit-tamil-nadu-bjp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505164134/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-29/news/72704342_1_anti-conversion-law-dalit-tamil-nadu-bjp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2016|title=Conversion weakens our nos., says TN's dalit face Thol Thirumavalavan|date=29 April 2016|access-date=1 June 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.m.thewire.in/article/politics/tamil-nadu-thirumavalavan-shows-way-dravidian-parties-bjp-bay/ |title=Thol Thirumavalavan has a Way for Dravidian Parties to Keep BJP at Bay |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231140606/https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/tamil-nadu-thirumavalavan-shows-way-dravidian-parties-bjp-bay |url-status=dead |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] }}</ref> He designed a new flag for the party and changed its name to [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (Liberation Panthers Party). As part of his work, he began visiting Dalit villages in the Madurai region, and began learning about the problems faced by Dalits. According to him, the killing of two Dalits in the region in 1992, made him take up the fight for their cause.<ref name="express-bio">{{Cite news | last=Mathai | first=Kamini | title=Poster boy | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=3 February 2008 | url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?title=Poster%20Boy&artid=vbUhRA%7CyGDhT%7CCert0kX9rqjk1XLSzt2&type=Archive | access-date= 30 January 2009}}</ref> His aggressive speeches gained him significant recognition.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gorringe|first=Hugo|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005096627|title=Untouchable citizens: Dalit movements and democratisation in Tamil Nadu|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-7829-448-3|location=New Delhi; Thousand Oaks, California}}</ref> Against the background of increasing Dalit participation in politics, he emerged as one of major Dalit leaders in Tamil Nadu, with a significant support base particularly in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="talisman-review">{{Cite news | last=Viswanathan | first=S. | title =Voice of the oppressed | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 June 2004 | url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/06/01/stories/2004060100471400.htm | access-date= 30 January 2009 }}</ref> In early 1997, he was suspended from his government job on account of his increased political activity. He resigned from his job formally in August 1999.<ref>[[#Wyatt|Wyatt 2009]], p. 129</ref>

==Political career==
The DPI did not participate in the electoral process until the to contest the [[1999 Indian general election]]. The decision of contesting the election in 1999 was considered controversial within the party.<ref name="Wyatt 118"/> Thirumavalavan allied with [[G. K. Moopanar]]'s [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] as a part of an alternative front to the ones led by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), the two prominent parties in Tamil Nadu. The party contested in the [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]] and [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] parliamentary constituencies. Thirumavalavan lost from Chidambaram to [[E. Ponnuswamy]] from the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK). He later alleged in one of his interviews on 22 February 2000 that the ruling DMK administration used the police force to detain the cadres of his party.<ref name="Wyatt 118">[[#Wyatt|Wyatt 2009]], pp. 118–119</ref> It also led to the continued rivalry between his party and the PMK, which represented Dalits and [[Vanniyar]]s respectively, and was marked by violence from both the parties.<ref name="Wyatt 118"/>

In the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 Tamil Nadu assembly elections]], the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) allied with the DMK and contested in seven seats. Since the PMK joined the AIADMK-led alliance, the VCK chose to join the opposite alliance. Though the DMK-led alliance also had the [[Bharathiya Janata Party]] (BJP), with which VCK had ideological differences and was criticised earlier by Thirumavalavan, he still joined the alliance. He was elected from [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]] constituency to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], contesting on the symbol of the DMK.<ref name="Wyatt 120">[[#Wyatt|Wyatt 2009]], p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/12assly/12_01.pdf |title=Assembly Elections – 2001|publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|page=23|access-date=30 November 2013|year=2001}}</ref> He resigned his position from the assembly on 3 February 2004, citing difference with the alliance partners, especially the DMK.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirumavalavan quits Assembly membership|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/04/stories/2004020404770400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324075359/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/04/stories/2004020404770400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2004|date=4 February 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>[[#Bhūẏām̐|Bhūẏām̐ 2007]], pp. 60–61</ref> He contested once again from Chidambaram in the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2004|2004 general elections]], in alliance with the [[Janata Dal (United)]], and lost to Ponnuswamy of the PMK again.<ref name="Wyatt 118"/>

In 2004, Thirumavalavan briefly joined hands with [[Ramadoss]], the founder of PMK, in a [[Tamil language]] protection movement named "Tamil Paathukappu Iyakkam".<ref name="Wyatt 122">[[#Wyatt|Wyatt 2009]], pp. 122–123</ref> VCK later joined the [[AIADMK alliance]] for the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]], and was recognised as a registered political party by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 2 March 2006.<ref name="Wyatt116">[[#Wyatt|Wyatt 2009]], p. 116</ref> VCK contested in nine seats in Tamil Nadu and two seats in [[Pondicherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], and won two seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assembly.tn.gov.in/election2006/pollupd/ac/candlwc/s22/s22vckalw.htm#s22 |title=State Elections 2006 Winners Details for Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi in Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|year=2006|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> The party broke the alliance with AIADMK in 2006, and allied with the DMK for the local elections, and won five municipalities. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], Thirumavalavan allied with DMK and was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] in his third attempt from the Chidhambaram constituency.<ref name="Wyatt 122"/> On 31 August 2009, he was appointed to the committee on commerce and consultative committee on ministry of social justice and empowerment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirumavalavan, biography|url=http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4549|publisher=National Informatics Centre|work=Parliament of India|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

Subsequently, he has won the [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], and [[2024 Indian general election]]s from Chidambaram, while losing in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]. He also contested in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]] from [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] and lost.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Position
!Institution
|-
|2001–2004
|Member
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Member Detail -Lok Sabha |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Member
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2019
|Member
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2024
|Member
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Electoral Performance ==

=== General Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| {{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|rowspan=4}}
| 505,084
| 43.28
| M. Chandrahasan
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 401,530
| 34.40
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 103,554
| 8.68
|-
! [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| 500,229
| 43.52
| P. Chandrasekar
| 497,010
| 43.24
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 3,219
| 0.28
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 301,041
| 27.97
| [[M. Chandrakasi]]
| 429,536
| 39.91
| {{no2|Lost}}
| −128,495
| −11.94
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 428,804
| 49.30
| rowspan="3"|[[E. Ponnuswamy]]
| {{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=3}}
| 329,721
| 37.96
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 99,083
| 11.41
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 255,773
| 34.41
| 343,424
| 46.20
| {{no2|Lost}}
| −87,651
| −11.79
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| {{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| 225,768
| 31.17
| 345,331
| 47.68
| {{no2|Lost}}
| −119,563
| −16.51
|-
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]]
| {{Party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 48,363
| 29.28
| [[N. Murugumaran]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 48,450
| 29.33
| {{no2|Lost}}
| −87
| −0.05
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangaloree]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 64,627
| 47.87
| S. Puratchimani
| {{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| 62,772
| 46.49
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 1,855
| 1.37
|-
|}

==Political views==
Thirumalavan's politics are based on [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] and [[Dravidian movement|Dravidian]] philosophies, and a retheorization of [[Tamil nationalism]], which seeks to end the [[Indian caste system|caste system]].<ref name="hindutva-review">{{Cite news | last=Nambath | first=Suresh | title=Politicisation of identity | newspaper=The Hindu | date=10 May 2005 | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2005/05/10/stories/2005051000241600.htm | access-date= 30 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> As per him, the oppression of Dalits is institutionalised in India, and although the [[Dravidian parties]], which dominate the politics of Tamil Nadu, are ideologically against the caste system, he argues that they have in practice drifted away from the original ideals of the Dravidian movement. Their policies, he says, have mainly benefited the [[backward class]], has led to an increase in the oppression of Dalits, with these castes replacing the [[Brahmins]] as the oppressor, and Dalits cannot not expect much help from these parties. The solution, according to him, lies in Tamil nationalism, and the caste oppression can only be ended by building resistance from below, through appealing to Tamil sentiments, as happened in the early days of the Dravidian movement under [[Periyar]].<ref name="talisman-review" /> He says that the caste oppression will disappear if a Tamil nationalist government is formed in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="hindutva-review" /> In 2009, he welcomed an announcement of the state government to implement a three percent reservation in educationall institutes for the Dalits.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Ambedkar-award-for-Karunanidhi/article16815682.ece|title = Ambedkar award for Karunanidhi|work=[[The Hindu]]|date = 20 February 2010}}</ref>

Thirumavalavan's views have led him to support the [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil secessionist groups in Sri Lanka]], including the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], a militant secessionist group who are formally banned as a terrorist organisation in India.<ref name="express-bio" /> He has criticised India for assisting the [[Sri Lankan army]] during the [[Eelam War IV|Sri Lankan military operations against the LTTE]], and has called upon the Tamil Nadu state government to take steps to safeguard the interest of [[Sri Lankan Tamils]].<ref>{{cite news|date=6 January 2009|title=Decide boldly on Sri Lanka, Thirumavalavan tells CM|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Decide+boldly+on+Sri+Lanka,+Thirumavalavan+tells+CM&artid=OiOVLtTjOgc=&SectionID=vBlkz7JCFvA=&MainSectionID=oHSKVfNWYm0=&SectionName=EL7znOtxBM3qzgMyXZKtxw==&SEO=|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> On 15 January 2009, he went on a hunger strike in Chennai for the cause of Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 January 2009|title=Thol Thirumavalavan begins indefinite fast|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chennai/Thol_Thirumavalavan_begins_indefinite_fast/articleshow/3986063.cms|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> After four days, he called off the fast, saying that it had had no effect on the Indian government, and calling for a [[hartal]] in its place.<ref name="ending-fast">{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=19 January 2009|title=Thirumavalavan calls off fast|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950460100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122001721/http://hindu.com/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950460100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> He was later part of a ten member team that visited the war-affected areas and transitional centres in [[Vavuniya]] on 11 October 2009. The delegation visited various parts of [[Jaffna district]] and held a meeting at the [[Jaffna Public Library]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian MPs visit transitional Centers in Vavuniya and visit to Jaffna District|url=http://www.np.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=159:indian-mps-visit-transitional-centers-in-vavuniya-and-visit-to-jaffna-district|work=Northern Provincial Council, Government of Sri Lanka|date=12 October 2009|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

Thirumavalvan has criticised the Hindu society for, in his views, being built on the basis of caste and obeying the [[Manusmriti]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thirumurthy|first=Priyanka|date=28 October 2020|title=Thol Thirumavalavan interview: 'Manusmriti is practiced in all walks of life'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thol-thirumavalavan-interview-manusmriti-practiced-all-walks-life-136351|access-date=29 March 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]|quote="Manusmriti is practiced in all walks of life. From the time a child is born, they are fed caste identity and taught their caste rituals. From what they wear to what they eat, from their relationships to marriage and finally their last rites, it is Manusmriti that is being practiced. How can you say it is not relevant?"}}</ref> He is a staunch critic of [[Hindu nationalism]] and [[Hindutva]], which according to him, is the essence of the oppressive Indian state.<ref name="hindutva-review" /> He argues that Hindutva has worked to homogenise Tamil society through religion, which has led to Tamils losing their identity, and rthnic Tamil nationalism is essential to combat this.<ref name="talisman-review" /><ref name="hindutva-review" /> He has opposed the BJP and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] for their agenda, and opposed the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] in 2019. He views these organizations and their ideology as being against the ideas of secularism and social justice, and the idea of a [[Hindu Rashtra]] goes against the [[Indian Constitution]] and would lead to continuation of caste hierarchies.<ref>{{cite web|title='Ambedkarite Parties Must Oppose CAA': Thol Thirumavalavan Speaks to The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/politics/thol-thirumavalavan-interview-caa|access-date=29 March 2021|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> He believes that [[Sanatan Dharma]] rejects equality, freedom and brotherhood,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/dmk-led-alliance-sounds-battle-cry-against-sanatan-forces/articleshow/67669932.cms | title=DMK-led alliance sounds battle cry against 'Sanatan forces' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 January 2019 }}</ref> and these organisations want to divide people on religious lines to implement the ''Manu Dharma''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sanatana-forces-divide-people-to-implement-manu-dharma-karaikudi-ramanathapuram/article36483351.ece | title='Sanatana forces divide people to implement Manu dharma' | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=15 September 2021 }}</ref> In 2021, he claimed that it is his policy to expose to people, the intentions of the BJP which seeks to gain political advantage by cultivating [[casteism]] in Tamil soil, inciting religious hatred and division.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/thirumavalavan-speaks-about-rss-bjp-in-villupuram | title='சனாதனத்தை வேரறுப்போம், ஜனநாயகத்தை பாதுகாப்போம்!' – தொல்.திருமாவளவன் | date=26 March 2021 |work=[[Vikatan]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Thirumavalavan made a guest appearance as a Tamil militant leader in the Sri Lankan Tamil film ''Anbu Thozhi'' (2007), directed by L. G. Ravichandran.<ref name="express-bio"/><ref name="Anbu Thozhi">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dalit-leader-bags-leading-role-in-tamil-film-1104841|title=Dalit leader bags leading role in Tamil film|date=21 June 2007|access-date=2 January 2020|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> He was cast in the lead role of a film titled ''Kalaham'', directed by [[Kalanjiyam]], which was later shelved.<ref name="express-bio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bitten-by-acting-bug-is-thiruma-tamil-news-31705|title=Bitten by acting bug is Thiruma|date=11 June 2007|access-date=2 January 2020|work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He also appeared in a song in [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]'s ''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' (2007).<ref name="Ennai Paar Yogam Varum">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/release-after-a-long-wait-ennai-par-yogam-varum-tamil-news-32059|title=Release after a long wait - Ennai Par Yogam Varum|date=29 June 2007|access-date=2 January 2020|work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> In 2011, he played the role of a politician in ''[[Minsaram]]''.<ref name="Minsaram">{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-01/minsaram-thol-thirumavalavan-07-02-11.html|title=The CM in Minsaram|date=7 February 2011|access-date=2 January 2020|work=Behindwoods}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Anbu Thozhi]]'' || Karuppu || Guest appearance ||<ref name="Anbu Thozhi"/>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' || Singer || Special appearance ||<ref name="Ennai Paar Yogam Varum"/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Minsaram]]'' || Thamizharasan || Chief Minister Role ||<ref name="Minsaram"/>
|}

== Works ==
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2026}}
* ''Aththumeeru'' (Transgress), ''Tamizhargal Hindukkala?'' (Are the Tamils, Hindus?)
* ''Eelam Enral Puligal, Puligal Enral Eelam'' (Eelam means Tigers, Tigers means Eelam)
* ''Hindutuvathai Veraruppom'' (We Shall Uproot Hindutva)
* ''Saadhiya Sandharpavaadha Aniyai Veezhtuvom'' (We Shall Defeat the Casteist Opportunist Alliance).
* Two of his books have been published in English by Stree-Samya Books, Kolkata: ''Talisman: Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation'' (political essays written for 34 weeks in the ''India Today'' magazine's Tamil edition)<ref name="talisman-review" /> and ''Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the Liberation Panthers'' (contains 12 of his speeches).<ref name="hindutva-review" />
* In 2018, he released a book ''Amaipai Thiralvom'' based on his political experiences which received warm welcome, positive reviews and also criticism from various Intellectual sources<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/117598-thirumavalavans-amaippai-thiralvom-book-released-in-chennai.html|title=Amaipai Thiralvom book written by Dr.Thol.Thirumavalavan|date=27 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Controversies==
In northern Tamil Nadu, which has a significant Vanniyar population, there have been frequent clashes between the Dalits and Vanniyars. Thirumavalavan has often blamed PMK and its founder Ramadoss of instigating violence among the Vanniyars that result in the attack of Dalits. Meanwhile, as Ramadoss alleged that Thirumavalavan encourages his party men to perform inter-caste marriages, Thirumavalavan has accused Ramadoss of showing caste superiority and instigating violence against Dalits. Though they were part of the same alliance fromf 2004 to 2009, the mutual confrontation started again after the split.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirumavalavan allegation baseless: Ramadoss|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thirumavalavan-allegation-baseless-ramadoss/article4107617.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

During December 2012, Ramadoss formed an all community safeguard forum comprising 51 intermediate castes. He said he would not have any further alliance with Thirumavalavan and his party. He alleged that the Dalits take undue advantage over other communities using the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act]] and the Act should be abolished.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brahmins support new Forum, says Ramadoss|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1389590.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218114410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1389590.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|date=22 December 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=Coimbatore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ramadoss's caste cauldron reheats anti-Dalit call|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/pmk-founder-s-ramadoss-caste-cauldron-anti-dalit-inter-caste-marriages-123868-2012-12-09|newspaper=India Today|last=K.S.|first=Durairasu|date=10 December 2012|access-date=30 November 2013|location=Chennai}}</ref> During April 2013, after the party conference of PMK in [[Mahabalipuram]], there were widespread attacks on the Dalits in [[Dharmapuri district]] that resulted in two Dalits being killed. Both PMK and VCK accused each other for the mishap, but Ramadoss was arrested after the orders from the state government for the hate speech and damages to the state property during the violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM blames Ramadoss for caste clash, warns of action|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/CM-blames-Ramadoss-for-caste-clash-warns-of-action/articleshow/19793306.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605100358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/chennai/38928916_1_s-ramadoss-thol-thirumavalavan-pmk|url-status=live|archive-date=5 June 2013|date=30 April 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai}}{{cite news|title=Six VCK cadres get jail term for murder of PMK man|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Marakkanam-violence-Six-VCK-cadres-get-jail-term-for-murder-of-PMK-man/articleshow/50835978.cms|date=3 February 2016|access-date=3 February 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Chennai}}</ref> Thirumavalavan accused Ramadoss that his loss in the electoral base after the 2009 general elections and 2011 assembly elections has resulted in his going back to instigating caste violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thirumavalavan calls for action against Ramadoss|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thirumavalavan-calls-for-action-against-ramadoss/article4661124.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 April 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A dangerous strategy|url=http://www.frontline.in/social-issues/a-dangerous-strategy/article4705544.ece|newspaper= Frontline|last=B.|first= Jothi Ramalingam|date=31 May 2013|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

The [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] was floated in Tamil Nadu in December 2008 with the same ideology as in Uttar Pradesh to unite the Dalits and Brahmins. Some of the prominent members of VCK like Selvaperunthagai, who was a MLA in [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore constituency]], joined BSP. Thirumavalavan, in his response, claimed that the BSP is no threat to VCK vote bank and that the BSP has dumped the principles of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]], [[Kanshi Ram]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ws271208elephants_dravidian.asp|title=The Elephant's March into Dravidian Land|last=PC|first=Vinoj Kumar|date=15 December 2008|access-date=30 November 2013|newspaper=Tehelka}}</ref> Some of the senior journalists also believed that BSP will not have a firm hold in Tamil Nadu to garner the 19% Dalit vote bank in Tamil Nadu as it did in Uttar Pradesh, as the vote bank is already split by the VCK and Puthia Tamizhagam party.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN terrain may not be easy road for Mayawati|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-23/chennai/27925364_1_dalit-parties-tamil-nadu-mayawati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-23/chennai/27925364_1_dalit-parties-tamil-nadu-mayawati|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|last=Ram|first=Arun|location=Chennai|date=23 December 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

The VCK, in a plan to start a television channel, asked the party men to donate gold on the occasion of the 50th birthday of Thirumavalavan. There were also ''Thulabaram'' type of functions where equal weight of Thirmavalavan was donated. This was subject to wider criticism, drawing parallels with the exotic celebrations organised by [[Mayawati]], the leader of BSP in Uttar Pradesh. Thirumavalavan clarified that the idea was to collect donations for the party and that his party did not enjoy support from rich people as with the case of other parties. As of 4 October 2012, the party got {{convert|10|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of gold from seven centres that included Puducherry that had {{convert|1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?281538|newspaper=Outlook|title=Give us our remote|date=16 July 2012|access-date=30 November 2013|location=Tamil Nadu|last=Dasgupta|first=Debarishi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Coin 'Thulabaram' for Thirumavalavan|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1284429.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091421/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1284429.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Puducherry|date=4 October 2012|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Coin Thulabaram for Thirumavalavan|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/coin-thulabaram-for-thirumavalavan/297749-60-118.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044901/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/coin-thulabaram-for-thirumavalavan/297749-60-118.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=6 October 2012|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

An altered video of a webinar from September 2020 in which Thirumavalavan was mentioning certain portions from Manusmriti on the status of women and their role created a controversy where he allegedly said that the Manusmriti treated all women as prostitutes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/tamil-nadu-police-registers-a-case-against-thol-thirumavalavan-for-his-degrading-remarks-against-women-and-manusmiriti-in-what-the-vck-says-is-a-doctored-video/article32936904.ece | title=Tamil Nadu police register a case against Thol. Thirumavalavan for his 'degrading' remarks against women and Manusmiriti on the basis of a 'doctored video' | date=24 October 2020 }}</ref> As soon as the video gained steam, BJP members condemned his statements and claimed that Thirumavalavan had insulted women by referring to them as prostitutes. Thirumavalavan, however, claimed that he was not demeaning women but emancipating them and that he was merely quoting great leaders. The Chennai city police registered a case against Thirumavalavan for over his comment on Manusmriti on 23 October 2020, based on a complaint by BJP legal cell state secretary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manusmriti-row-vck-leader-thirumavalavan-booked-comment-136039 | title=Manusmriti row: VCK leader Thirumavalavan booked for comment | date=24 October 2020 }}</ref> The VCK cadre across Tamil Nadu staged protests,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-witness-protest-over-manusmriti | title=VCK-Led Protests Erupt in Tamil Nadu Seeking a Ban on Manusmriti | date=27 October 2020 }}</ref> after the call for protests by Thirumavalavan urging the state and union government to ban Manusmriti on 24 October 2020 saying that the Manusmriti degrades Dalits, indigenous people, women and [[backward castes]] and spreads hate on them.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vck-calls-for-state-wide-protest-demanding-ban-on-manusmriti/article32933356.ece | title=VCK calls for State-wide protest demanding ban on Manusmriti | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 October 2020 }}</ref> During the protests, he claimed that a few groups edited out five minutes from the forty minute video and claimed that he was demeaning women and the [[Hindutva]] groups are circulating the false message against him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vck-protests-tamil-nadu-seeking-ban-manusmriti-136086 | title=VCK protests in Tamil Nadu seeking ban on Manusmriti | date=24 October 2020 }}</ref>

In September 2023, Thirumavalavan made derogatory remarks on [[Sanatan Dharma]] by calling it a ''contagious disease'' and a ''threat to democracy''. He also called for its annihilation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/vck-chief-thirumavalavan-backs-udayanidhis-statement-on-sanatana-dharma-quotes-ambedkar-2671347|title=VCK chief Thirumavalavan backs Udayanidhi's statement on 'Sanatana Dharma'; cites Ambedkar, Periyar|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=3 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sanatana-dharma-is-threat-to-democracy-thirumavalavan/article67308663.ece|title=Sanatana Dharma is threat to democracy: Thirumavalavan|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 September 2023}}</ref> His remarks received widespread criticism from all over India. He made the statement on the backdrop of Tamil Nadu minister [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'s remarks on Sanatan dharma comparing it to "dengue and malaria".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/sanatana-dharma-is-like-malaria-and-dengue-udhayanidhi-stalins-remark-sparks-huge-outcry-11693710506807.html|title='Sanatana dharma is like malaria and dengue..,' Udhayanidhi Stalin's remark sparks huge outcry|work=Livemint|accessdate=3 September 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Role of Regional Political Parties in India|last=Bhūẏām̐|first=Dāśarathi |year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sauMPCyhaXcC&q=thirumavalavan&pg=PA61|isbn=9788183241915|ref=Bhūẏām̐}}
* {{cite book|title=Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns and Processes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9RHlzMCiasC&q=thirumavalavan&pg=PA129|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=9780203862209|last=Wyatt|first=Andrew|ref=Wyatt}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.vck.in/ Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118215252/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/14/stories/2007111460960700.htm Thirumavalavan elected VCK president]
* [http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/30tnpoll.htm Thirumavalavan not to contest polls]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020045752/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/18/stories/2007101858470600.htm Thirumavalavan invites minorities]
* [https://www.facebook.com/thirumaofficial/ Official Facebook]
{{17th LS members from Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumavalavan, Thol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Ariyalur district]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir, Dhurwa

2026-02-22T20:09:05Z

OdessaProsser28: Created A Post

{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir Dhurwa
| image =
| image_size =
| motto = '''Sa Vidya Ya Wimuktaya'''
| established = 1972
| type = [[primary school|primary]], [[middle school|middle]], [[secondary school|secondary]], [[Senior secondary school|Senior secondary]]
| address = Sector 4, Dhurwa
| location = [[Ranchi]]
| campus = sector 4, [[Heavy Engineering Corporation|HEC Colony]] [[Ranchi]]
| district = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi District]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3058047|85.2731595|type:school|display=Inline}}
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| classes = Nursery to class XII
| principal = Dr Sandhya Singh
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head =
| chaplain =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| staff = 125
| enrollment = 2500
| website = [http://ssvmdhurwaranchi.com]
}}

'''Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir, Dhurwa''' is a co-educational English medium school affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], Delhi and is situated at Dhurwa of [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] township, [[Ranchi]]. It is managed by ''Shishu Vikas Mandir Samiti'' (Jharkhand), Dhurwa, Ranchi, A registered body under the India Societies Registration Act of 1960. Saraswati Shishu Mandir (Dhurwa, Ranchi, Jharkhand) was started in the year 1972 and later on was upgraded as ''Saraswati Vidya Mandir'' in the session 1977–1978. School is run on the education system of [[Vidya Bharati]], and its [[Jharkhand]] state chapter ''Vananchal Shiksha Samiti'' and the school trust's name is "Shishu Vikas Mandir Samiti (Jharkhand), Dhurwa, Ranchi".

The institution's primary aim and function is to impart education to the wards of employees of Heavy Engineering Corporation, Hatia, Ranchi. Others may also be admitted depending upon the availability of seats.

The school imparts education from nursery classes up to seniors secondary Level. Near about 2500 students study here. The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education.

== Location and campus ==
The school is located at Dhurwa 4 km away from Hatia Railway Station and 12 km from Ranchi Railway Station. The route passes through Birsa Chauk and Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha. The school is located in the pollution free environment surrounded by evergreen trees on the lap of Jagannath temple and by the side of stadium. Twice the students of SVM dDhurwa performed 100% first division result (1984 and 1991). At that time S.V.M. was affiliated by B.S.S.E.B, Patna. Some of the teachers were Radhesyam Guruji, Uday Narayan Dwivedi, Sacchidanand Pandey, Shiv Guruji, Kamlakant Guruji, Bharmhdeo Mandal Guruji, Pramod Guruji (Hindi), Vinod Kumar Singh Guruji, and Bihuti Narayan Pandey.

The school campus as well as hostel campus is spread over {{convert|6|acre|ha}}. The school compound is divided into academic blocks and departments as SVM, SSVM, Madhav Library, Reading Hall, Keshav Sabhagar, Aryabhatt Science Building and Sandipni Ashram (hostel).

== See also ==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Saraswati Vidya Mandir (disambiguation)]]
*[[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]]
*[[Kailash Roy Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Jhumri Telaiya]]
*[[Central Board of Secondary Education]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{cite news|title=Schools in Jharkhand}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Saraswati+Vidya+Mandir/@23.3058047,85.2731595,332m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f51fff2b7436b1:0x348ade682d7b54f3!8m2!3d23.3057998!4d85.2742535|title= Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir (Dhurwa)}}

{{Portal bar|India|schools|Education}}

[[Category:Private schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Vidya Bharati schools]]

Navy Children School Kochi

2026-02-22T17:26:17Z

OdessaProsser28: Updated formatting and sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9459|76.2790|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}

| motto = Gyanena Shobathe
| motto_translation = 'Shine by Knowledge'
| established =
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal = Ajeena AP
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label =
| head =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder = Naval Education Society
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| city = Kochi
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| district =
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses = Gandhi(Red), Bose(Yellow), Tagore(Green) and Nehru(Blue)
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook = Beacon
| newspaper =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website = {{URL|http://www.ncskochi.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Navy Children School, Kochi''' (formerly known as '''Naval Public School''' from 1986 to 2007) is an educational institution located on [[Willingdon Island|Willingdon island]] in the Naval Base at [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/students-donate-rs1-lakh-to-uttarakhand-flood-victims/article4979092.ece | title=Students donate Rs.1 lakh to Uttarakhand flood victims | date=2 August 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=7 October 2018 }}</ref>

It provides primary, secondary and senior secondary (up to 12th standard) and follows the syllabus set by the Central Board of Secondary Education.

== History ==
The Navy Children School, Kochi was started in the year 1986 under the Naval Education Society, Naval Headquarters, New Delhi. It is a Co-educational School. The school was officially started on 8 July 1986 under the name Naval Public School.
<gallery heights="310" widths="240">
File:Naval Children School (NCS), Kochi celebrates its Golden Jubilee.pdf|
File:65th Independance Day Celebrations at Kochi (Indian Navy).pdf|
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
*[[Asin|Asin Thottumkal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ncskochi.ac.in Official Website]
*https://www.ncskochicampuscare.in

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kochi]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bengaluru

2026-02-20T15:03:15Z

OdessaProsser28: Created Pg

{{Short description|Private business school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''St. Joseph's Institute of Management (SJIM)''' is a private graduate school of business located in Bangalore, India. It is part of [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's Institutions]]. It offers a two-year full-time PGDM program and is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]], [[New Delhi]]. The PGDM program is accredited by [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Board of Accreditation |url=https://www.nbaind.org/Accreditationprogram}}</ref> and is granted equivalence of MBA by AIU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Indian Universities |url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/}}</ref>
{{Infobox university
| name = St Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore
| image = SJIM_logo.jpg
| motto = Fide et Labore
| mottoeng = Faith and Labour
| established = 1968
| parent = [[St. Joseph's University, Bengaluru|St Joseph's University]]
| type = Private business school
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| academic_affiliations = [[AICTE]]
| academic_staff = 18 + 12
| postgrad = 360
| city = 28, Primrose Rd, Craig Park Layout, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
Phone No:080 2559 7781
| former_names = St Joseph's College of Business Administration
| language = English
| website = http://www.sjim.edu.in
}}

== History ==
St. Joseph's Institute of Management (formerly known as St Joseph’s College of Business Administration) was established in 1968. It is situated off MG Road, central business district of Bangalore. It is one of the oldest management institutes in the state of Karnataka which is managed by the members of the [[Society of Jesus]] called [[Jesuits]].

In 1996, SJIM secured approval from AICTE, New Delhi, for a two-year full-time PGDM program. In 2007, SJIM got approval from the AICTE for offering the Executive PGDM and PGCM programs. The institute was shifted to a new campus located off MG Road, Bangalore in 2016 and it was inaugurated by Mr [[Rahul Dravid]], the former captain of Indian Cricket team who himself was an alumnus of [[St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore|St. Joseph’s Boys’ High School]] and [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce|St. Joseph’s College of Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/602259/dravid-goes-down-memory-lane.html|title=Dravid goes down memory lane|website=Deccan Herald|date=20 March 2017|access-date=2017-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=443420|title=Bengaluru: Archbishop Moras, Rahul Dravid inaugurate SJIM's new campus|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>

On 27 November 2018, SJIM celebrated the Golden Jubilee to commemorate the establishment of the institute in 1968. [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]], the former President of India was the chief guest at the event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/28/incidents-of-violence-have-pained-me-says-former-prez-mukherjee-1904210.html|title=Incidents of violence have pained me, says former President Pranab Mukherjee|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=541291|title=SJIM Golden Jubilee - Pranab calls for removing aberrations in India's growth story|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/diversity-heart-indian-705297.html|title=Diversity at the heart of Indian civilisation: Pranab|date=2018-11-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>

The institute celebrated the silver jubilee of the commencement of PGDM program on 19 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=Silver jubilee of AICTE nod for PGDM course at St Joseph's|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/silver-jubilee-of-aicte-nod-for-pgdm-course-at-st-josephs-965715.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-03-25|title=Silver jubilee of postgraduate programme|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/silver-jubilee-of-postgraduate-programme/article34156390.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru St Joseph's Institute of Management commemorates 25 years of PGDM programme|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=814204|access-date=2021-03-21|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Anil Sahasrabudhe|Prof Anil Sahasrabudhe]], the Chairman of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) was the chief guest for the event. The institute prides itself of a student profile with diverse educational background and corporate exposure.

== Academic programs ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sjim.edu.in/|title=SJIM - St. Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore|website=sjim.edu.in|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref>
=== Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) ===
It is the flagship program of the institute of two-year duration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=440514|title=Bengaluru: SJIM, knowledge capital's top-notch management institute|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref> The whole program is broken into six trimesters. Students take up industry internships for eight weeks after the third trimester. The institute offers dual specialization in Finance, Marketing, Human Resource Management and Operations. Specializations are:

Finance and Marketing

Human Resource Management and Finance

Marketing and Human Resource Management

Finance and Operations with Supply Chain Management

Marketing and Operations with Supply Chain Management

Business Analytics and Finance

=== Doctor of Philosophy(Ph.D) ===
St. Joseph’s Institute of Management (SJIM) has been recognized as a Research Centre by the [[University of Mysore]] from the academic year 2021-22 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Research Centres of University of Mysore|url=http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/english-version/sites/default/files/content/list_of_research_centers_2020-21.pdf}}</ref> SJIM offers doctoral program in areas like Organizational Behaviour, Commerce, Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management.

== Rankings ==
In 2018, SJIM was listed among the top three business schools in Bangalore by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF), behind IIM-B and XIME. NIRF also listed St Joseph's Institute of Management among the top seven in Karnataka, from over forty-five participating institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ManagementRanking.html|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|website=www.nirfindia.org|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=503609|title=SJIM listed among top 3 Bengaluru business schools in NIRF ranking|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

''MBAUniverse.com'' ranked SJIM 59th in India in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/mba-ranking/2018|title=MBA Rankings 2018: Check MBA Ranking, Fees, Placement {{!}} MBAUniverse.com|website=www.mbauniverse.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref>

In 2023, SJIM was listed among top 125 Business Schools in India in NIRF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/ManagementRanking.html}}</ref>

CSR GHRDC B Schools Survey 2023 ranked SJIM as a number one among Top B Schools of Eminence in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSR GHRDC ranking |url=https://www.competitionreview.in/rankings}}</ref>

== International collaboration ==
SJIM currently has collaboration with four international institutions.

In 2017, SJIM entered into an agreement with Albers School of Business and Economics, an AACSB Jesuits business school that is part of Seattle University, USA. Joint activities have included guest lectures in SJIM by Albers faculty, research collaboration, and an international business plan competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=456709|title=Bengaluru: Forming future entrepreneurs - SJIM signs MoU with KE Global, Seattle University|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sjim.edu.in/b-plan.php|title=St Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore {{!}} Top MBA College in Bangalore {{!}} Top PGDM College in Bangalore|last=Management|first=St Joseph's Institute of|website=sjim.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref>

Other ongoing collaborations include those with [[Fu Jen Catholic University]] in Taiwan, Advantere School of Management, Spain and Ateneo de Manila, Graduate School of Business in Philippines.

== Memberships ==
SJIM is a member of International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to IAJBS - International Association of Jesuit Business Schools |url=http://www.iajbs.org |access-date=2017-06-24 |website=www.iajbs.org}}</ref> Xavier Association of Management Institutions (XAMI).,<ref>{{Cite web |last=SemiColonWeb |title=XAT Associates {{!}} XAT 2018 |url=http://www.xatonline.in/XAT_associates.html |access-date=2017-10-09 |website=www.xatonline.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=AACSB |url=https://www.aacsb.edu/members}}</ref>

== Eminent Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award ==
On the occasion of the silver Jubilee of the PGDM program, SJIM has instituted annual Eminent Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award to recognize a sound business model that has impactfully addressed a social or environmental injustice. The 2021 SJIM Eminent Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award was awarded to Teach for India (TFI).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teach For India to get SJIM's Eminent Social Entrepreneur Award|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=812345|access-date=2021-03-21|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Institute of Management, Bangalore}}
[[Category:Business schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Business schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]

Kanan Gill

2026-02-18T09:42:45Z

OdessaProsser28: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian stand-up comedian, actor and YouTuber}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanan Gill
| image = [[File:Kanan Gill trailer launch Noor.jpg| 200px]]
| image_size =
| caption = Kanan Gill in May 2019
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| height = 175 cm
| alma_mater = [[M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology|MSRIT]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]])
| occupation = Comedian actor [[youtuber]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| website =
}}
'''Kanan Singh Gill''' is an Indian comedian, actor, author and [[YouTuber]]. He won the Punch Line Bangalore Competition. He is known for the YouTube series ''Pretentious Movie Reviews''<ref>{{cite web|title=Pretentious Movie Reviews | url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVmwHEj8mVmAkqqZjD8EKEY2iawIVHg3G|via=YouTube|accessdate= 5 August 2017}}</ref> where he reviews [[campy]] [[Bollywood]] films along with fellow stand-up comedian [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]]. He was one of the main personalities behind the YouTube Comedy Hunt and also co-hosted the YouTube FanFest India. In 2017, he released his own one-hour comedy special, ''Keep It Real on [[Amazon Prime Video]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Improvisers: Something from Nothing|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8259604/|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> He made his debut on the big screen with the movie [[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]], alongside Sonakshi Sinha. In 2018, he was also a judge on [[Comicstaan]], a comedic reality TV show, on Amazon Prime Video. He released his new special ''Is this it?'' on YouTube in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Kanan Gill's Is This It? review: Crisis comedy for the anxious age |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/kanan-gill-is-this-it-review-crisis-comedy-for-the-anxious-age-17164721.htm/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kanan was born in [[Bareilly]] to a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] family and spent his early years in [[Dehradun]] and Delhi. His father Charanjit Singh Gill, an officer with the [[Indian Army]] was also the principal of [[Bangalore Military School|Rashtriya Military School, Bangalore]]. At an early age, he moved to [[Bengaluru]] with his family. He did his schooling at [[Ahlcon Public School]], New Delhi and [[The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Take it from Gill | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/take-it-from-gill/article6112500.ece|work=The Hindu| date=13 June 2014|accessdate=14 June 2014| last1=Rodricks| first1=Allan Moses}}</ref> He pursued a [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] degree in Computer Science at [[MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology]]. He was a part of a band where he later became the lead singer when he started writing "funny songs".

==Career==
Kanan worked as a software engineer at Exeter Group Inc., for three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Stand Up Comedian: Kanan Gill |url=https://www.liveinstyle.com/stand-up-comedy/bio/kanan-gill |accessdate=14 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232759/https://www.liveinstyle.com/stand-up-comedy/bio/kanan-gill |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the meantime, he participated in and won a competition called ''Punchline Bangalore'' followed by another win at the Comedy Store in Mumbai. He then quit his job to pursue a career in comedy.

He gained popularity with the viral YouTube series ''Pretentious Movie Reviews''. He reviewed critically panned popular Hindi movies along with [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]]. Kanan also worked in an improvised sketch comedy show, ''The Living Room'' on [[Comedy Central India|Comedy Central]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141130/entertainment-tvmusic/article/kanan-gill-unplugged|title=Kanan Gill unplugged|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=December 2014|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42539_Comedy-Central-to-premiere-The-Living-Room|title=Comedy Central to premiere 'The Living Room'|publisher=Afaqs.com|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2014/11/223-disney-owned-youtube-mcn-maker-studio-signs-up-indian-channels-aib-kanan-gill-others/|title=Disney owned YouTube MCN Maker Studios signs up Indian channels: AIB, Kanan Gill, others|date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Medianama.com|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reviewer duo Kanan Gill and Biswa Kalyan Rath throw a few punches at bad Bollywood movies|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reviewer-duo-kanan-gill-and-biswa-kalyan-rath-throw-a-few-punches-at-bad-bollywood-movies/articleshow/34867519.cms |accessdate=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016050802/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reviewer-duo-kanan-gill-and-biswa-kalyan-rath-throw-a-few-punches-at-bad-bollywood-movies/articleshow/34867519.cms |archivedate=16 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Kanan-Gill-and-Biswa-Kalyan-Raths-first-live-show-in-Gurgoan/articleshow/40598905.cms|title=Kanan Gill and Biswa Kalyan Rath's first live show in Gurgoan|work=The Times of India|accessdate=29 December 2014|last1=Tuli |first1=Aanchal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/take-it-from-gill/article6112500.ece|title=Take it from Gill|author=Allan Moses Rodricks|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2014 |accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How To Make Your YouTube Videos Work|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/How-to-make-your-YouTube-videos-work/articleshow/45128593.cms |accessdate=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116040451/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/others/How-to-make-your-YouTube-videos-work/articleshow/45128593.cms |archivedate=16 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/boys-of-bollywood/|title=Boys of Bollywood|work=The Indian Express|date=3 May 2014|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-sees-potential-in-localised-content-141117|title=Indian Television Dot Com – Comedy Central sees potential in localised content|author=Anil Wanvari|publisher=Indiantelevision|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativemornings.com/talks/kanan-gill/1|title=Kanan Gill|work=CreativeMornings|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> Gill made his acting debut in Sunhil Sippy's ''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]'' in 2017, alongside [[Sonakshi Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Today's headlines are tomorrow's garbage: Sonakshi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Todays-headlines-are-tomorrows-garbage-Sonakshi/articleshow/53074037.cms|accessdate=6 July 2016|work=Times Of India|author=Natasha Coutinho|date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The same year, Gill launched his special ''Keep It Real'' on the Amazon Prime Video.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6774914/|title=Keep It Real|website=IMDb}}</ref> In 2020, his special 'Yours Sincerely' was released on Netflix.

In 2023, he also starred in the Norwegian [[romantic comedy]] called ''[[Christmas As Usual]]'' alongside Ida Ursin-Holm.

On 18 January 2024, [[HarperCollins]] released ''Acts of God'', Gill's debut novel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Kanan Gill is more excited about writing movies than acting in them |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/kanan-gill-is-more-excited-about-writing-movies-than-acting-in-them |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is a [[Comic novel|comedy]]-science fiction story based on a short story that he wrote in 2016–17.

== Filmography ==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|2017
!scope="row"|''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]''
|Saad Sehgal
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=These Artists Became Famous In Most Unconventional Ways |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/these-artists-became-famous-in-most-unconventional-ways-1821685.html |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=News18 |date=2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
!scope="row"|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{emdash}}
|Kannada
|Co-writer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aachar-co-the-movie-is-about-love-and-family-says-co-writer-kanan-gill/b6101e07c8864|title=Aachar & Co: The movie is about love and family, says co-writer Kanan Gill|date=14 July 2023|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Christmas As Usual]]''
| Jashan Joshi
|Norwegian English
|
|
|-
|}

===Web===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Platform !! Name !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || [[Amazon Video]]|| ''Keep It Real''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://t2online.com/lifestyle/kannan-gill-s-show-keep-it-real-is-the-freshest-thing-you-can-stream-this-week/cid/1.75748|title=Kanan Gill's show, Keep it Real, is the freshest thing you can stream this week|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114132137/http://t2online.com/lifestyle/kannan-gill-s-show-keep-it-real-is-the-freshest-thing-you-can-stream-this-week/cid/1.75748|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/kanan-gill-breaks-down-technology-for-parents-in-brunch-wtf/story-K1AZhpUzYOV7l5nz13AGpK.html|title=Kanan Gill breaks down technology for parents in Brunch WTF}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2016–2019 || YouTube || ''Better Life Foundation''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webisoda.in/webseries/better-life-foundation/|title=Watch Better Life Foundation – Season 2 out now on Hotstar (2016) online {{!}} Episodes {{!}} Cast {{!}} Review|website=Webisoda – The Indian Web Series Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>|| Produced by Them Boxer Shorts Released by [[All India Bakchod]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Whats-Good-And-Not-So-Good-About-AIBs-Latest-Web-Series-Better-Life-Foundation/#.aj9vxyomu|title=What's Good And Not So Good About AIB's Latest Web Series 'Better Life Foundation'}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014–present || rowspan=3| YouTube || ''Pretentious Movie Reviews''||
|-
|''I Can Do That''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webisoda.in/webseries/i-can-do-that/|title=Watch I Can Do That (2017) online {{!}} Episodes {{!}} Cast {{!}} Review|website=Webisoda – The Indian Web Series Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>||
|-
|''How Insensitive''||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014–2017 || rowspan=3|YouTube || rowspan=3| ''Son of Abish''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webisoda.in/webseries/son-of-abish/|title=Watch Son of Abish – Season 6 out now (2019) online {{!}} Episodes {{!}} Cast {{!}} Review|website=Webisoda – The Indian Web Series Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>|| Season 1
|-
| Season 2 with [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]]
|-
| Season 3 with [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |Amazon Video
|''The Improvisers: Something From Nothing''<ref>{{Citation|title=The Improvisers: Something from Nothing|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8259604/|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref>
|Alongside [[Kenny Sebastian]], [[Abish Mathew]], [[Kaneez Surka]]
|-
|''[[Comicstaan (TV series)|Comicstaan]]'' – Season 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webisoda.in/webseries/comicstaan/|title=Watch Comicstaan – Season 2 Out Now (2018) online {{!}} Episodes {{!}} Cast {{!}} Review|website=Webisoda – The Indian Web Series Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>
|Himself – Judge<ref>{{cite news |title=Comicstaan emerges as the most watched show on Amazon Prime Video in its first week |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-comicstaan-emerges-as-the-most-watched-show-on-amazon-prime-video-in-its-first-week-2639724 |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=dna |date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019
|Amazon Video
|''Sketchy Behaviour''
|
|-
|Amazon Video
|''Comicstaan'': Season 2
|Judge

|-
|2020
|[[Netflix]]
|''Yours Sincerely, Kanan Gill''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.celebswhoop.com/kanan-gill-yours-sincerely-review-netflix/| title=Yours Sincerely, Kanan Gill's Netflix Special | publisher=CelebsWhoop.com |date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
|
|-
|2023
|Paytm Insider, YouTube
|''Is This It?''
|Limited Edition show<ref>{{Cite web |title=IS THIS IT? {{!}} Kanan Gill |url=https://kanangill.com/home/tours/teetar.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=kanangill.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is This It? {{!}} Kanan Gill's newest and greatest comedy special |url=https://insider.in/is-this-it-kanan-gill/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=insider.in}}</ref>
|
|-
|2026
|YouTube
|''What is this?''
|Limited Edition show<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHAT IS THIS? {{!}} Kanan Gill |url=https://kanangill.com/home/tours/teetar.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=kanangill.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is This It? {{!}} Kanan Gill's newest and greatest comedy special |url=https://insider.in/is-this-it-kanan-gill/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=insider.in}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8379182}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Kanan}}
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]

Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library

2026-02-15T20:24:19Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{Short description|Library in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
| library_logo =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Patna]], Bihar
| type = [[National library]]
| num_branches =
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|1891|10|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in |title=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library (Historical Perspective) |website=kblibrary.bih.nic.in |access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref>
| items_collected = [[Manuscripts]], [[book]]s, [[Academic journal|journals]], [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, [[Sound recording|sound and music recordings]], [[patent]]s, [[database]]s, [[map]]s, [[Postage stamp|stamps]], [[Printmaking|prints]] and [[drawing]]s etc
| collection_size = 2,082,904 (printed books) 21,136 (manuscripts) (5,000,000 total items)
| legal_deposit = Yes, Institution of National Importance by Act of Parliament, 26 December 1969
| req_to_access = Open to anyone with a genuine need to use the collection
| budget =
| director = [[Shayesta Bedar]], (since January 2019)
| website = http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/
}}
'''Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library''' is one of the national libraries of [[India]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations :: Patna |url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Patna.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918091228/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/patna.htm |archivedate=2014-09-18 }}</ref> located in [[Patna]], Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/patna-s-khuda-bakhsh-library-continues-to-draw-foreign-scholars/story-VZEszYPItr9jP2tFZpVhSO.html|title=Patna's Khuda Bakhsh library continues to draw foreign scholars|work=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2019}}</ref> It was opened to public on 29 October 1891 by [[Khuda Bakhsh|Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh]] with 4,000 manuscripts, of which he inherited 1,400 from his father Maulvi Mohammed Bakhsh. It is an autonomous organization under [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]], and is governed by a Board with the [[Governor of Bihar]] as its ''ex officio'' Chairman, and is known for its rare collection of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] [[manuscripts]]. It also hosts [[paintings]] made during the [[Rajput]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] eras of [[India]].

It is also a designated 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) under the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]].<ref>[http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm Manuscript Conservation Centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506234603/http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm |date=6 May 2012 }} ''[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]''.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Maulvi Khuda Bakhsh.jpg|thumb|Maulvi Khuda Bakhsh]]

===The person===
In 1895, he was appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of [[Nizam]]'s [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom]]. After staying there for almost 3 years, he returned to Patna again and started practicing. But soon he was suffering from paralysis and he limited his activity to the library only. Due to his illness, he could not complete his activities. Rs.8000 to pay debt and library secretary and Rs. 200 were sanctioned as pension. He could not recover from paralysis and died on 3 August 1908.

===Library===
The library finds its origin in private collection of a bibliophile Mohammad Bakhsh and expanded by his son Khuda Bakhsh, who inherited 1,400 manuscripts and continued to add to the collection and eventually converted it into a private library by 1880. The library was opened to public upon its inauguration by Sir [[Charles Alfred Elliott]], [[Governor of Bengal]] on 5 October 1891. After partition in 1947, Dr. [[S.V. Sohoni]] played a key role in ensuring that the collections were retained in India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Godbole|first1=Sanjay|title=Nirapekśa Samśodhaka (निरपेक्ष संशोधक)|publisher=Lokasatta (लोकसत्ता) (Mumbai), Lokaraṅga supplement (लोकरंग पुरवणी)|date=31 March 2002|page=3}}</ref> In 1969 through a [[List of Indian federal legislation#1951.E2.80.931975|Federal Legislation]], an Act of Parliament, namely 'Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act' (1969), the [[Government of India]] declared Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library a centre of national importance and government took over the funding, maintenance and development of the library. Today it continues to attract scholars from all over the world.<ref name="ot"/>

Past directors of the library have been Dr. [[Abid Raza Bedar|Abid Reza Bedar]], who after remaining with the [[Raza Library]], came as Director to the institution in 1972, and did some important work towards reviving the library along with his successor Habibur Rehman Chighani, at present the Director of the library is the Dr. [[Shayesta Bedar]], since April, 2019. It is on its way to become the country's first library to computerize its hand written collection for universal dissemination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pride of Patna|url=http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/}}</ref>

In 2021, the demolition of parts of the historic library building was proposed as part of a project to construct a flyover.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuchay|first=Bilal|title=Portion of India's historic Khuda Bakhsh library faces demolition|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/12/anger-over-plan-to-raze-part-of-iconic-indian-library-for-flyover|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> This has sparked controversy and several activists and organisations including [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]] have appealed against the demolition.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2021-04-11|title=INTACH opposes 'proposal' for partial demolition of Khuda Bakhsh library|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/intach-opposes-proposal-for-partial-demolition-of-khuda-bakhsh-library/article34292818.ece|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Collection==
Some of the notable manuscripts are ''[[Timur]] Nama'' (''Khandan--Timuria''), ''Shah Nama'', ''[[Padshah Nama]]'', ''Diwan-e-[[Hafez|Hafiz]]'' and ''Safinatul Auliya'', carrying the autograph of [[Mughal Emperor]]s and princes and the book of Military Accounts of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. Apart from it the library also has specimens of Mughal paintings, calligraphy and book decoration and Arabic and Urdu manuscripts, including a page of [[Quran]] written on deer skin.<ref name="ot">{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?309270 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131050436/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?309270 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2013 |title=Islamic knowledge house, Khuda Bakhsh Library retains glory |date=8 July 2005 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-19/patna/28076763_1_khuda-bakhsh-oriental-public-deer-skin-visit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-19/patna/28076763_1_khuda-bakhsh-oriental-public-deer-skin-visit|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ahluwalia, wife visit Khuda Bakhsh Library|date=19 November 2009}}</ref>

There are 21,136 manuscripts in the library of Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Turkish and Pashto languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna|title=Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library, Patna | Ministry of Culture, Government of India|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

The library also has a manuscript of [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] hand-transcribed by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali in [[Kapasia Upazila|Ekdala, eastern Bengal]]. The manuscript was a gift to the [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Alauddin Husain Shah]].<ref name=emd>{{cite book |script-title=bn:হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস|page=24|language=bn |publisher=Emdadia Library |chapter=2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ |author=Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi |trans-title=Information and history of Hadith |trans-chapter=2.2 Knowledge of Hadith in Bengal}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery>
file:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library building.jpg|Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library Building
file:Seminar hall Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library.jpg|Seminar Hall Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
file:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library rare room.jpg|Rarities Viewing Room of Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
file:Tomb of Khuda Bakhsh and family.jpg|Graves of Khuda Bakhsh and family
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Sinha Library]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last= Khuda Buksh|first= S. |title=Essays Indian and Islamic|url=https://archive.org/stream/essaysindianisla00khud#page/126/mode/2up|year=1912|publisher= Probsthain & Co.|location= London}}
* Salahuddin Khuda Bakhsh and Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]]. ''Khuda Bakhsh''. Patna, 1981.

==External links==
* [http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/ Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, website]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1891 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Patna]]
[[Category:Research libraries]]
[[Category:Education in Patna]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Museums in Patna]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1891]]
[[Category:Library buildings completed in 1891]]

Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)

2026-02-15T06:49:20Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
| logo_size = 150px
| colorcode = {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| country = India
| abbreviation = LJP (RV), LJP (R)
| founder = Chirag Paswan
| president = Chirag Paswan
| leader1_title = [[Lok Sabha]] leader
| leader1_name = [[Chirag Paswan]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2021|10|05}}
| merger = [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)#Bhartiya Sab Log Party|Bharatiya Sab Log Party]]
| split = [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| newspaper =
| student_wing = Chhatra Lok Janashakti Party
| youth_wing = Yuva Lok Janashakti Party
| womens_wing = Mahila Lok Janashakti Party
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]{{cn|date=September 2025}}
| blank1_title = [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] Status
| blank1 = Recognised as [[List of political parties in India#State parties|state party]] in [[Bihar]] and [[Nagaland]]
| blank2_title = Alliance
| blank2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2021–22, 2023–Present) [[North East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (2023–Present)
| ideology = [[Social Justice]]<ref name="BSI2019">{{cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/ljp-s-choice-of-candidates-shows-party-stands-for-secularism-social-justice-paswan-119032700643_1.html|date=27 March 2019|title=LJP's choice of candidates shows party stands for secularism, social justice: Paswan)|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> [[Secularism]]<ref name="BSI2019"/>
| headquarters = 1-wheeler road Patna, Bihar 800001
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} [[Violet (color)|Violet]]
| logo = [[File:LJP R Logo.jpg|150px]]
| flag = Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|5|543|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{hidden
| List
| headerstyle=background:#ccccff
| style=text-align:center;
|
{{Composition bar|19|243|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} {{small|([[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]])}} 
{{Composition bar|2|60|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} {{small|([[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]])}} 
{{Composition bar|1|81|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} {{small|([[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]])}}
}}
|no_states={{Composition bar|2|31|hex={{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
}}

'''Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''LJP(RV)''', {{lit|People's Manpower Party (Ram Vilas)}}) is an Indian [[political party]] formed in 2021 under the [[leadership]] of [[Chirag Paswan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chirag Paswan Thanks Poll Body For New Party Name, Announces Bypoll Candidates|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chirag-paswan-thanks-poll-body-for-alloting-new-party-name-announces-bypoll-candidates-2567117|access-date=2021-10-07|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Election Commission of India]] froze the symbol of erstwhile main [[Lok Janshakti Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=Oct 2, 2021|title=EC freezes LJP election symbol amid tiff between Chirag Paswan, Pashupati Paras factions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-freezes-ljp-election-symbol-amid-tiff-between-chirag-paswan-pashupati-paras-factions/articleshow/86705224.cms|access-date=2021-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and allotted new name and symbol to both factions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Chirag Paswan, Pashupati Paras-led LJP factions get new party names, poll symbols|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/chirag-paswan-pashupati-paras-led-ljp-factions-get-new-party-names-poll-symbols-2399925.html|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> It is now one of two separate [[Political faction|faction]]s – the other being the [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=EC issues new names, symbols to LJP factions amid Chirag Paswan, Paras feud|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ec-issues-new-names-symbols-to-ljp-factions-amid-chirag-paswan-paras-feud-101633418842689.html|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lok Janshakti Party: The 20-year-old,why did Ram Vilas Paswan separate a party. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/ram-vilas-paswan-news-lok-janshakti-party-ljp-founded-20-years-ago-ljp-history-profile-president-bihar-assembly-election-2020-upl |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Nagaland ===

LJP (RV) fielded candidates in 15 seats – two candidates won from [[Pughoboto Assembly constituency|Pughoboto]] and [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]] and eight candidates came second in eight other seats. The party received "state party" status in Nagaland, with around 8.65% of total votes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-03-02|title=LJP (Ram Vilas) emerges dark horse in Nagaland, win 2 seats, turns out runner-up in 8|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/nagaland/news/ljp-ram-vilas-emerges-dark-horse-in-nagaland-win-2-seats-turns-out-runner-up-in-8/articleshow/98370628.cms|access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-02|title=Chirag's party makes stunning debut in Nagaland, wins two seats, 8.65% of votes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/chirags-party-makes-stunning-debut-in-nagaland-wins-two-seats-8-65-of-votes-101677779028888.html|access-date=2023-03-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Jharkhand ===

LJP (RV) fielded 1 candidate as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] from [[Chatra Assembly constituency]]. It won the only seat it contested and had an overall vote share of 0.61%.

=== Bihar ===
LJP (RV) fielded 29 candidates as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]]. seat sharing deal. It won 19 seats it contested and had an overall vote share of 4.97%.

==Electoral performance==
===Indian general elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg|25px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Chirag Paswan]]
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|5|543|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|0.44%
|{{steady}}
|2,810,250
|{{win|Government}}
|}

===State legislative assembly elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+State assembly election results
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"|Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"|Pre-poll alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Seats won / Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Total votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Overall vote %
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}};color:white"| Outcome
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|-
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|30
|{{Composition bar|19|30|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 2,497,358
| 4.97%
| ''new''
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| 1
|{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|50,209
|0.53%
| ''new''
|{{steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|''none''
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|3|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|1,063
|0.01%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|
|''none''
|1
|{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|411
|0%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Janardan Paswan]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| 1
|{{Composition bar|1|1|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Increase}}1
|109,019
|0.61
| ''new''
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|''none''
| 2
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
| 930
| 0%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|
|''none''
| 3
|{{Composition bar|0|3|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|626
|0.03%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| Richard Humtsoe
|''none''
| 16
|{{Composition bar|2|16|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Increase}}2
|98,972
|8.64%
| ''new''
|{{partial|Support [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]-[[ Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] govt.}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|''none''
|9
|{{Composition bar|0|9|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|3,181
| 0.01%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|
|''none''
|21
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|12,247
| 0.01%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
|}

==List of party leaders==
===National Presidents/National Spokenpors/State President===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Name {{small|President/Spokenpson/State President}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Chirag Paswan]]''' National President Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)
|5 October 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|10|05}}
|-
!2
|
||'''[[Raju Tiwari]]''' Bihar State President Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)
|5 October 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|10|05}}
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
||'''[[Arvind Kumar Bajpai]]''' National Spokenporson Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)
|5 October 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|10|05}}
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
||'''[[Richard Humtsoe]]''' Nagaland State President Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)
|5 October 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|10|05}}
|-
!5
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
||'''[[Janardan Paswan]]''' Jharkhand State President Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas)
|25 July 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2024|07|25}}
|}

==List of MLAs across Indian States==
===Bihar===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! AC No.
! AC Name
! Candidate name
! Gender
! Age
! Total Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
| 11
| [[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
| Rajesh Kumar Alias Bablu Gupta
| Male
| 55
| 98,875
| 49.74
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 14
| [[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
| Raju Tiwari
| Male
| 55
| 96,034
| 52.55
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 30
| [[Belsand Assembly constituency|Belsand]]
| Amit Kumar
| Male
| 34
| 82,076
| 44.83
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 52
| [[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
| Mohammad Kalimuddin
| Male
| 57
| 57,195
| 26.34
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 58
| [[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
| Nitesh Kumar Singh
| Male
| 39
| 86,877
| 36.81
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 65
| [[Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
| Sangita Devi
| Female
| 41
| 80,459
| 29.04
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 76
| [[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
| Sanjay Kumar Singh
| Male
| 58
| 109,699
| 46.94
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 91
| [[Bochahan Assembly constituency|Bochahan]] (SC)
| Baby Kumari
| Female
| 48
| 108,186
| 49.43
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 107
| [[Darauli Assembly constituency|Darauli]] (SC)
| Vishnu Deo Paswan
| Male
| 33
| 83,014
| 47.38
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 119
| [[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]] (SC)
| Simant Mrinal
| Male
| 34
| 78,330
| 38.49
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 126
| [[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]]
| Sanjay Kumar Singh
| Male
| 45
| 87,641
| 41.47
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 145
| [[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]
| Surendra Kumar Alias Surendra Vivek
| Male
| 55
| 61,077
| 32.20
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 147
| [[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]] (SC)
| Sanjay Kumar
| Male
| 52
| 98,511
| 47.67
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 151
| [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| Babulal Shorya
| Male
| 38
| 118,677
| 55.18
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 158
| [[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
| Mithun Kumar
| Male
| 39
| 118,143
| 48.92
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 180
| [[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiarpur]]
| Arun Kumar S/O Satrughan Sao
| Male
| 51
| 88,520
| 45.14
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 185
| [[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
| Rupa Kumari
| Female
| 29
| 82,566
| 41.66
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 187
| [[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]]
| Jitendra Yadav
| Male
| 45
| 90,764
| 40.14
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 190
| [[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]
| Sunil Kumar
| Male
| 42
| 74,450
| 40.83
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 199
| [[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
| Hulas Pande
| Male
| 48
| 92,608
| 44.87
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 207
| [[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]] (SC)
| Murari Prasad Gautam
| Male
| 45
| 95,579
| 46.44
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 212
| [[Dehri Assembly constituency|Dehri]]
| Rajeev Ranjan Singh Alias Sonu Singh
| Male
| 41
| 104,022
| 54.29
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 218
| [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] (SC)
| Rani Kumari
| Female
| 50
| 72,939
| 43.83
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 220
| [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
| Prakash Chandra
| Male
| 47
| 91,638
| 44.83
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 226
| [[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
| Uday Kumar Singh
| Male
| 52
| 77,270
| 38.13
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 229
| [[Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency|Bodh Gaya]] (SC)
| Shyamdeo Paswan
| Male
| 53
| 99,355
| 43.00
| Lost {{cross}}
|-
| 235
| [[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]] (SC)
| Vimal Rajbanshi
| Male
| 59
| 90,272
| 44.98
| Won {{tick}}
|-
| 238
| [[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Binita Mehta
| Female
| 42
| 72,581
| 40.12
| Won {{tick}}
|}

===Jharkhand===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election: Chatra
! Party
! Candidate
! Votes
! Vote %
! Change
|-
| LJP (RV)
| Janardan Paswan
| 109,019
| 40.58
| New
|}

===Nagaland===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Nagaland Legislative Assembly Election – LJP (RV) MLA's
! District
! AC No.
! Assembly Constituency
! Candidate
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
|-
| Zünheboto
| 13
| Pughoboto (ST)
| Sukhato A. Sema
| LJP (RV)
| 7,808
| 52.80
|-
| Mon
| 55
| Tobu (ST)
| Naiba Konyak
| LJP (RV)
| 10,622
| 51.17
|}

==Legislative leaders==
===List of union cabinet ministers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Portfolio
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Elected constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
||[[File:Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Chirag Paswan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1982)
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
|9 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2024|06|09}}
|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|[[Narendra Modi]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==List of Member of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Lok sabha MPs
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 5%;" | SL. No.
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 10%;" | Portrait
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 25%;" | Name
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 15%;" | Constituency
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 15%;" | Assumed office
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 15%;" | Left office
! style="background-color:#5B006A;color:white;width: 15%;" | Time in office
|-
| 1
| [[File:Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chirag Paswan]]''' [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|(Union Cabinet Minister)]]
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
|rowspan="5"| June 4, 2024
|rowspan="5"| Present
|rowspan="5"| {{Age in days|2024|6|4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTH}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}} days
|-
| 2
|
| [[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|'''Rajesh Verma''']]
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
|-
| 3
|
| '''[[Shambhavi Choudhary]]'''
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
|-
| 4
| [[File:Veena Devi Lok Sabha MP (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Veena Devi]]'''
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
|-
| 5
|
| '''[[Arun Bharti]]'''
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
*[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]]
*[[Chirag Paswan]], [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Union Cabinet Minister]]
*[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
*[[List of political parties in India]]
*[[List of politicians from Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:State political parties in Bihar]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
[[Category:Political parties in Nagaland]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Mahanadigai

2026-02-06T20:34:11Z

OdessaProsser28: creating new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Lead too short|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Mahanadigai''' is a South Indian reality television series in the [[Tamil language]]. it involves episodic competitions centered on contemporary Tamil culture.

{{Infobox television
| image = Mahanadigai title-card.jpg
| native_name =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality show]]
| presenter = RJ Vijay
| judges = [[Vijay Antony]] [[Saritha]] [[Abhirami Gopikumar]]
| voices =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 18
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 50–60 minutes per episode
| company =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|10|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|02|02|df=y}}
| related = [[Kadhanayagi]]
}}

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Aried
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#0000A0|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
|18
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|10|05}}
|{{end date|df=yes|2025|02|2}}
| Hemathi
|rowspan="1"align="center"|Sunday @ 20:30
|}

== Season 1 ==
The first season of Mahanadigai was aired on every Sunday at 20:30 from 5 October 2024 to 2 February 2025 and ended with 18 Episodes. [[Vijay Antony]], [[Saritha]] and [[Abhirami Gopikumar]] as the judges, television host RJ Vijay as the host. The winner of the season was Hemathi and Aiswarya Ragupathi was the runner-up.<ref name="Winner">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Mahanadigai: Hemathi lift the trophy; takes home Rs 50 lakhs cash prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mahanadigai-hemathi-lift-the-trophy-takes-home-rs-50-lakhs-cash-prize/articleshow/117878460.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Title Winner of Mahanadigai''': Hemathi
* '''First Runners-Up''': Jofna Alice

=== Contestants ===
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;"
! scope="col" | S. No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Home town
! scope="col" | Entry episode
! scope="col" | Episode exited
! scope="col" | Status
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| Kiruthika Swaminathan
| [[Thanjavur]]
| rowspan="4" | Episode 1
| Episode 18
| Finalist
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| Chandhini Kaur
| [[Malaysia]]
| Episode 18
| Finalist
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| Kavipriya
| [[Sri Lanka]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| Aiswarya
| [[Erode]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| Hemathi
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
| rowspan="4" | Episode 2
| Episode 18
| Winner
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| [[Thoothukudi]]
| Episode 18
|
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| Jofna Alice
| [[Coimbatore]]
|
| Runner Up
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| Agasthiya
| [[Viluppuram]]
| Episode 18
| Finalist
|-
|}

=== Mentors ===
* Britto Mano, a television actor. He played the main role in ''Thavamai thavamirundhu'' serial which aired on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Tamil TV Actors Britto Mano And Sandhya Ramachandran To Soon Get Hitched |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-tv-actors-britto-mano-and-sandhya-ramachandran-to-soon-get-hitched-7021999.html |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Mohammed Ansar, a Tamil anchor and comedian.
* Vimal, a television actor. He is best known for his role as Karikalan in the television series ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Ethirneechal fame Vimal Kumar joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-fame-vimal-kumar-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam/articleshow/112310322.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Vasanth Vasi, a television actor. He is mainly known for his role of ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (TV series)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]'' and ''[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]''.
* Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan, an actor, who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] and a television series. He is best known for his performances in series such as ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]''.
* [[Saravana Vickram]] a television actor. He is known for portraying Kannan in ''[[Pandian Stores]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Saravana Vickram to Ashwathy Ash: Tamil TV actors who made a sensational debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-saravana-vickram-to-ashwathy-ash-tamil-tv-actors-who-made-a-sensational-debut/photostory/104800987.cms?from=mdr |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> He is also known for his participation in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 7: Saravana Vickram gets evicted from Bigg Boss 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7-saravana-vickram-gets-evicted-from-the-house/articleshow/106262386.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]|date=25 December 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Viraat (actor, born 1989)|Viraat]] a television actor who mainly works in the Kannada and Tamil languages. He is mainly known for his lead role in the serials ''[[Perazhagi]]'' and ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''.
* [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] an actor, who has appeared in Tamil films and television serials. He is known for his roles as Vineeth in ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' and as Shakthi Saravanan in ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 2)|Saravannan Meenatchi 2]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]].

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |total_width=90 |background=#006800 |overall=10 |season=10 | title=40 |airdate=25 |aux4=15 |aux4T=Duration |episodes=
{{Episode list
| NumParts = 2
| EpisodeNumber_1 = 1
| EpisodeNumber_2 = 2
| EpisodeNumber2_1 = 1
| EpisodeNumber2_2 = 2
| Title = Episode 1 & 2: The Grand Launch
| OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|10|05|df=yes}}
| OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|10|06|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 120 minutes
| ShortSummary = The show was launched with the introduction of Host, Judges, [[#Contestants|Contestants]], [[#Mentors|Mentors]]. film director, film producer and screenwriter [[N. Lingusamy]] joined as the guest with Zee Tamil's actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=ஜீ தமிழில் விஜய் ஆண்டனி தொகுத்து வழங்கும் நிகழ்ச்சி.. ஆரம்பமே சர்ச்சை! ஆனால் அவர் கொடுத்த செம பஞ்ச் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actor-vijay-antony-will-be-hosting-a-mahanadigai-show-on-zee-tamil-641175.html |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref>
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Episode 3: Iconic recreation (மறக்குமா நெஞ்சம்)
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|13|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 127 minutes
| ShortSummary = Recreating a scene from Tamil films: (Chandhini Kaur, Aiswarya Ragupathi, Jofna Alice, Aiswarya are Won golden performance). Jofna won first Golden Ticket.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Episode 4: Movie Recreation Round
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|20|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 108 minutes
| ShortSummary = Movie Recreation from Tamil films: (Agasthiya, Kiruthika, Hemathi, Aiswarya Ragupathi and Aiswarya are Won golden performance). Aiswarya Ragupathi won Golden Ticket. Chandhini Kaur and Jofna's performances were not telecasted in this episode.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Episode 5: Dance Recreation Round
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|27|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 55 minutes
| ShortSummary = Dance Recreation from Tamil films: (Jofna, Hemathi, and Aiswarya Ragupathi won golden performance). Hemathi won Golden Ticket. Chandhini Kaur's performances was not telecasted in this episode.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Episode 6: One on One Battle: Live Performance Round
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|03|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 107 minutes
| ShortSummary = One on One Battle with 4 rounds of Live Skit Performances. Battles consists of Hemathi vs Agasthiya, Kavipriya vs Kiruthika, Aiswarya Ragupathi vs Jofna, and Aiswarya vs. Chandhini. (Agasthiya, Aiswarya Ragupathi, Chandhini, Jofna and Kiruthika won golden performances). Chandhini Kaur won Golden Ticket.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Episode 6: Romantic Song Recreation
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|10|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 72 minutes
| ShortSummary = Creating Iconic romantic film songs: All the teams won Golden Performances. Hemathi won Golden Ticket.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Episode 8: Family Round (Part 1)
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|17|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 72 minutes
| ShortSummary = Every contestant's family member joins them for a special live performances. AiswaryA, Chandhini, Jofna and Kiruthika performed in this episode.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Episode 9: Family Round (Part 2)
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|24|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 78 minutes
| ShortSummary = Every contestant's family member joins them for a special live performances. Hemathi, Aiswarya Ragupathi, Agasthiya & Kavipriya performed in this episode. Hemathi won Golden Ticket.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Episode 10: Action Round
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|01|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 74 minutes
| ShortSummary = Contestants are take part in stunt training. They are paired in duo and perform action scenes.
| LineColor = 006800
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Episode 11: Devotional Round
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|08|df=yes}}
| Aux4 = 0 minutes
| ShortSummary = Contestants deliver astounding live performances for devotional round.
| LineColor = 006800
}}
}}

=== Set performances ===
==== Iconic Recreation (episode: 3) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| [[Viraat (actor, born 1989)|Viraat]]
| [[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| rowspan=2| Golden Performance
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| [[7G Rainbow Colony]]
| {{Rating|4|5}}
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|4|5}}
|
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| [[Vallavan]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| [[Pithamagan]]
| {{Rating|3|5}}
| {{Rating|3|5}}
| {{Rating|4|5}}
|
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| [[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| [[Thimiru]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
|
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| [[Thevar Magan]]
| {{Rating|4|5}}
| {{Rating|4|5}}
| {{Rating|3|5}}
|
|}

=== Movie Recreation (episode: 4) ===
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| [[Karakattakkaran]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| rowspan=5| Golden Performance
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| [[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| [[Paruthiveeran]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| [[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| [[Thillana Mohanambal]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| [[Mouna Ragam]]
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
|
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| [[Moondram Pirai]]
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| Not Telecasted
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| [[Viraat (actor, born 1989)|Viraat]]
| [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|
|}

==== Dance Recreation (episode: 5) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! rowspan="2" | Song
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| ''Adiye Manam Nilluna''
| [[Neengal Kettavai]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| ''Thillana Thillana''
| [[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]
| {{Rating|4|5}}
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|4|5}}
|
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| ''Vaadi Vaadi Naattu Katta''
| [[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]
| {{Rating|4|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|4|5}}
|
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| ''Appadi Podu''
| [[Ghilli]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| ''Adada Mazhaida''
| [[Paiyaa]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| ''Palakattu''
| [[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| ''Vennilave''
| [[Minsara Kanavu]]
| {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
|
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| Nagaraj
| ''Kattipudi''
| [[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| Not Telecasted
|}

==== One on One Battle: Live Performance Recreation (episode: 6) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="4" | Battle
! rowspan="2" | Winners
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Contestant
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Mentor
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Contestant
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Mentor
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| Agasthiya & Anser
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| Kiruthika
|[[Saravana Vickram]]
| Kiruthika &[[Saravana Vickram]]
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| Aiswarya Ragupathi, Balaji Thiyagarajan & Jofna, [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] (Tie & 2 Winners)
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| Chandhini Kaur
| Nagaraj
| Chandhini Kaur & Nagaraj
|}

==== Romantic Song Recreation (episode: 7) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! rowspan="2" | Song
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| ''Sandakozhi''
| [[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| ''Kanmani Anbodu''
| [[Guna (film)|Guna]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| ''Panju Mitta''
| [[Ettupatti Rasa]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| ''Innum Konjam Naeram''
| [[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| ''Sara Sara Saara Kathu''
| [[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| ''Marugo Marugo''
| [[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| ''Uppu Karuvadu''
| [[Mudhalvan]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| Nagaraj
| ''Thamarai Poovukum''
| [[Pasumpon]]
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|}

==== Family Round [Part 1 & 2] (episode: 8 & 9) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! rowspan="2" | Contestant's Family Member(s)
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
! rowspan="2" | Episode # & Date
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| Aiswarya's Sister
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
| Episode 9 (24 November)
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| Kiruthika's Family Member
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 8 (17 November)
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| Aiswarya's Father
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
| Episode 8 (17 November)
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| Hemathi's mother
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 9 (24 November)
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| Jofna's Mother
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 8 (17 November)
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| Baboos
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 9 (24 November)
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| Child from Shelter
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 9 (24 November)
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| Nagaraj
| Chandhini's Father
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
| Episode 8 (17 November)
|}

==== Action Round (episode: 10) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="2" | Teams
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Contestant
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Contestant
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Aiswarya
| Chandhini Kaur
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Kavipriya
| Kiruthika
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Agasthiya
| Jofna
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
| Hemathi
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| {{Rating|5|5}}
| Golden Performance
|-
|}

==== Devotional Round (episode: 11) ====
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Contestant
! rowspan="2" | Mentor
! colspan="3" | Score
! rowspan="2" | Round status
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Vijay Antony
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Saritha
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Abhirami
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
| Balaji Thiyagarajan
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Kiruthika
| [[Saravana Vickram]]
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Aiswarya
| Vasanth Vasi
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Hemathi
| Sabaris
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Jofna
| [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Agasthiya
| Anser
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Kavipriya
| Britto Mano
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
| Nagaraj
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
| {{Rating|0|5}}
|
|}

=== Golden Ticket ===
Contestants individually receive a Golden Ticket from judge if they complete best Performance for every episodes. The Golden Ticket can be safe zone for no Elimination.

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! Contestants
! Golden Tickets
! Rounds
|-
| Jofna
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| Iconic Recreation (Episode 3)
|-
| Aiswarya Ragupathi
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| Movie Recreation (Episode 4)
|-
| Hemathi
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]][[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]] [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| Dance Recreation (Episode 5), Romantic Song Recreation (Episode 7), Family Round (Episode 8/9)
|-
| Chandhini Kaur
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| One on One Battle: Live Performance Round (Episode 6)
|-
|Kavipriya
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| Action Round (Episode 10)
|-
|Kiruthika
|[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|20x20px]]
| Action Round (Episode 10)
|}

== Production ==
In early August 2024, the show was announced by [[Zee Tamil]]. It will provide emerging young talent from across Tamil Nadu an opportunity to showcase their talent and gain recognition in the Tamil entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Zee Tamil Announces Auditions for 'Mahanadigai' |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-announces-auditions-for-mahanadigai-and-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-season-4-across-tamil-nadu/ |website=www.medianews4u.com |language=en}}</ref>

Actress [[Saritha]],<ref name="judge" /> celebrated for her outstanding performances in South Indian cinema, known for her films like ''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]'', ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'', ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''. She will be joined by Tamil music director [[Vijay Antony]] who was cast as the first-time judge,<ref name="judge">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2024 |title=Actor Vijay Antony To Be Part Of A New Reality Show. |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-vijay-antony-to-be-part-of-a-new-reality-show-deets-inside-9065411.html |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=சின்னத்திரை தொகுப்பாளராக விஜய் ஆண்டனி! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/25/actor-vijay-antony-new-show |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> along with the popular actress [[Abhirami Gopikumar]], known for her films like ''[[Virumaandi]]''. RJ Vijay has officially once again been appointed as the host for [[Zee Tamil]]'s shows.<ref name="judge" />

== See also ==
* [[Kadhanayagi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/mahanadigai/0-6-4z5632695 Mahanadigai] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Anson Dorrance

2026-02-05T23:18:33Z

OdessaProsser28: new a post

{{Short description|American soccer player and coach (born 1951)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Anson Dorrance
| image = Anson Dorrance.jpg
| caption = Dorrance during the final of the [[2006 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament|2006 Women's College Cup]]
| full_name = Albert Anson Dorrance IV<ref name="serendipity">{{cite web |last=Lohse |first=Dave |url=https://www.unc.edu/discover/serendipity-has-marked-anson-dorrances-illustrious-career/ |title=Serendipity has marked Anson Dorrance's illustrious career |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] |date=September 19, 2021 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|4|9}}<ref name="serendipity"/>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India<ref name="serendipity"/>
| height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m}}<ref name="SI">{{cite magazine |last=Price |first=S.L. |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1998/12/07/anson-dorrance-the-legendary-north-carolina-womens-soccer-coach-is-sure-he-understands-what-makes-a-female-athlete-tick-and-he-has-15-national-titles-to-prove-it-so-why-are-two-former-tar-heels-suing-him-for-sexual-harassment |title=Anson Dorrance, the legendary North Carolina women's soccer coach, is sure he understands what makes a female athlete tick, and he has 15 national titles to prove it. So why are two former Tar Heels suing him for sexual harassment? |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=December 7, 1998 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = {{0|0000}}–1969
| youthclubs1 = [[Villa St. Jean International School|Villa St. Jean]]
| collegeyears1 = 1969
| college1 = [[St. Mary's Rattlers]]
| collegecaps1 =
| collegegoals1 =
| collegeyears2 = 1971–1973
| college2 = [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer|North Carolina Tar Heels]]
| collegecaps2 =
| collegegoals2 =
| years1 = 1974–197?
| clubs1 = Chapel Hill Soccer Club
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| manageryears1 = 1974–197?
| managerclubs1 = Chapel Hill Soccer Club ([[player-coach]])
| manageryears2 = 1976
| managerclubs2 = [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer|North Carolina Tar Heels]] (men's assistant)
| manageryears3 = 1977–1988
| managerclubs3 = [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer|North Carolina Tar Heels]] (men)
| manageryears4 = 1979–2023
| managerclubs4 = [[North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer|North Carolina Tar Heels]] (women)
| manageryears5 = 1986–1994
| managerclubs5 = [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] (women)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|[[Women's association football|Women's football]]}}
{{medalCountry|{{fbw|USA}} (as coach)}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]]|}}
{{Medal|1st|[[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991 China]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Football at the Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]]|}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[1993 Summer Universiade|1993 Buffalo]]|[[Football at the 1993 Summer Universiade|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CONCACAF W Championship|CONCACAF Women's Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1991 Haiti]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[1993 CONCACAF Women's Invitational Tournament|1993 United States]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[1994 CONCACAF Women's Championship|1994 Canada]]|}}
}}
'''Albert Anson Dorrance IV''' (born April 9, 1951) is an American retired [[soccer]] [[coach (sport)|coach]]. He was the head coach of the [[North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer|women's soccer program]] at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]] (UNC) from 1979 to 2024 and of the [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer|men's program]] from 1977 through 1988. He has one of the most successful coaching records in the history of athletics. Under Dorrance's leadership, the Tar Heels women won 21 of the 41 [[NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship|NCAA Women's Soccer Championship]]s, and their record under Dorrance stands at 809-67-36 (W-L-D; .919 [[winning percentage]]). He led his team to a 101-game unbeaten streak and coached 13 different women to a total of 20 National Player of the Year awards.

The NCAA has recognized Dorrance as the Women's Soccer Coach of the Year seven times (1982, 1986, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2006) and as the Men's Soccer Coach of the Year in 1987. On March 10, 2008, Dorrance was elected to the [[National Soccer Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Perez and Dorrance elected to Hall of Fame |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/soccer/story/7895670/Perez-and-Dorrance-elected-to-Hall-of-Fame |journal=[[Fox Sports (USA)|Fox Sports]] |date=March 10, 2008 |access-date=March 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314001119/http://msn.foxsports.com/soccer/story/7895670/Perez-and-Dorrance-elected-to-Hall-of-Fame |archive-date=March 14, 2008 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dorrance was born in [[Bombay, India|Bombay]], [[India]] on April 9, 1951, the son of an American oil executive. He spent his youth moving with his family throughout Europe and Africa. Of all the places he lived, three had particular influences on his later life. In [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] he met his future wife, M'Liss Gary, the daughter of the [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Attaché|attache]] to Ethiopia. He attributes his love of soccer to his years living in [[Kenya]]. He gained his education from the [[Villa St. Jean International School]] boarding school, located in [[Fribourg]], [[Switzerland]], where he played soccer for three years and graduated in 1969.<ref name="final year">{{cite news |last=Bakewell |first=Carolyn |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105974825/ansons-final-year/ |title=Anson's final year |newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]] |volume=82 |number=8 |page=7 |date=September 7, 1973 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>

After graduating from Villa St. Jean, he moved to the United States and attended [[St. Mary's University, Texas|St. Mary's University]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], where he played soccer for a semester. He transferred after the fall term to the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]]. There, he was a member of [[St. Anthony Hall]]. His love of soccer led him to walk onto the school's soccer team, then coached by [[Marvin Allen (soccer)|Marvin Allen]], where he was a three time All-ACC player. As he transferred from another college, he was ineligible to play during his sophomore year, and only joined the team as a junior in 1971. He played as a [[midfielder]], and was team [[Captain (association football)|captain]] in 1973 as a post-senior.<ref name="final year"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Kip |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105973292/recruiting-up-for-soccer-squad/ |title=Recruiting up for soccer squad |newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]] |volume=82 |number=91 |page=5 |date=January 31, 1974 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref> In 1974, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in English and philosophy. That year he also married his childhood sweetheart, M'Liss Gary, with whom he has three children: [[Michelle Dorrance|Michelle]], Natalie, and Donovan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/coaches/anson-dorrance/3770 |title=Anson Dorrance |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]] |access-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419202947/https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/coaches/anson-dorrance/3770 |archive-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> After graduating, Dorrance was the [[player-coach]] of Chapel Hill Soccer Club.<ref>{{cite news |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105974073/allen-resigns-as-soccer-coach/ |title=Allen resigns as soccer coach |newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]] |volume=83 |number=9 |page=10 |date=July 29, 1976 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Upchurch |first=Gene |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105974106/dorrance-to-take-reins-as-unc-soccer/ |title=Dorrance to take reins as UNC soccer coach |newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]] |volume=84 |issue=3 |page=13 |date=August 30, 1976 |access-date=July 20, 2022}}</ref>

== UNC men's soccer team (1977-1988) ==
Under the influence of his father, Dorrance entered [[North Carolina Central University]] Law School in 1976, later transferring to the [[University of North Carolina School of Law]]. That same year, Coach Allen convinced Dorrance to succeed him as the UNC men's soccer coach. From 1977 until 1988 Dorrance compiled a 175–65–21 (.751 [[winning percentage]]) record with the men's team. His greatest success with the men's team came in 1987 when he led them to the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] tournament championship. They beat [[North Carolina State University]] 3-2, winning their first ACC tournament. They also went to the NCAA Final Four in 1987, losing to [[Clemson University]] 4–1 in the semi-final game.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/unc/sports/m-soccer/auto_pdf/2008_32-45.pdf |title=Tar Heels Soccer Media Guide |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001317/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/unc/sports/m-soccer/auto_pdf/2008_32-45.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> That year he also won the NCAA Men's Soccer Coach of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/unc/sports/m-soccer/auto_pdf/uncsoccer4.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=March 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044456/http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/unc/sports/m-soccer/auto_pdf/uncsoccer4.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==UNC women's soccer team (1979-2023)==
{{Further|North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer}}
In 1979, the [[University of North Carolina]] (UNC) expanded Dorrance's duties to include the newly established women's team as well as the men's soccer team. It was this event that moved Dorrance into the limelight. At the time, the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) did not have a women's soccer championship. When the NCAA showed no interest in establishing one, Dorrance and [[University of Colorado]] coach Chris Lidstone approached the [[Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women]] (AIAW), who were receptive to the idea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2376/559/1/M_Robertson_072706.pdf |title=Explaining variation in the Sex Composition of Coaches for Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Teams }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Within two years of the start of the program, Dorrance had guided the Tar Heels to the 1981 AIAW title. After the AIAW led the way, the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] finally recognized women's soccer as an inter-collegiate sport and Dorrance's teams proceeded to dominate the sport. His teams won 12 of the first 13 NCAA championships (1982–1984, 1986–1994). After winning the 2012 NCAA championship, the Tar Heels have claimed a total of 23 national championships and 22 of the 37 NCAA championships.

[[File:Dorrance Field 2.jpg|thumb|[[Dorrance Field]] at UNC is named after Anson Dorrance.]]
Dorrance's success came from several interrelated attributes. First, he had an eye for recruiting outstanding talent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nscaa.com/subpages/20080319144431785.php |title=Anson Dorrance |access-date=December 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830090626/http://www.nscaa.com/subpages/20080319144431785.php |archive-date=August 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Related to that was his emphasis on competitiveness. He noted early in his time as a women's coach that women seemed to have an inhibition against open competition. He decided to develop an atmosphere at UNC in which women were rewarded for having an aggressive desire to win. Finally, he noted from his work with both the men's and women's teams that women tended to play best in an atmosphere that focused on relationships.

Dorrance was able to bring out his players' aggressiveness and competitiveness while also fostering an almost family sense of the team.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.espn.com/college-sports/columns/story?columnist=hays_graham&id=2924051 |title= Numbers tell only half the story of UNC soccer coach's legacy|date= July 3, 2007}}</ref> Regarding the aggressiveness, [[Santa Clara University]] women's soccer coach [[Jerry Smith (soccer)|Jerry Smith]] noted in a 1998 [[Sports Illustrated]] article, "When you watch them, you can see the edge they have. I'll go beyond aggressiveness. It's meanness. Anson has found a way to bring that out of his players." [[Mia Hamm]] added in the same article, "I grew up always good at sports, but being a girl, I was never allowed to feel as good about it as guys were. My toughness wasn't celebrated. But then I got to the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]], and it was OK to want to be the best."<ref name="SI"/> In 2019, the soccer stadium at UNC previously known as Fetzer Field was renamed "Dorrance Field" in his honor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dorrance Announces Retirement After 47 Seasons |url=https://goheels.com/news/2024/8/11/womens-soccer-dorrance-announces-retirement-after-47-seasons |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics |language=en}}</ref>

On August 11, 2024, Dorrance announced his retirement as head coach of the program.<ref name=":0" />

===Head coaching record (women's)===
''Records are shown as Wins-Losses-Draws.''{{CBB Yearly Record Start
|type=coach
|conference=
|postseason=
|poll=no
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
|name=[[North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer|North Carolina]]
|startyear=1979
|conference=[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
|endyear=
|}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 1979
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 10–2–0
| conference = –
| confstanding = –
| postseason = –
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 1980
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 21–5–0
| conference = –
| confstanding = –
| postseason = AIAW Semifinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1981
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 23–0–0
| conference = –
| confstanding = –
| postseason = AIAW Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1982
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 19–2–0
| conference = –
| confstanding = –
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1983
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 19–1–0
| conference = –
| confstanding = –
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1984
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–0–1
| conference = –
| confstanding =-
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 1985
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 18–2–1
| conference = –
| confstanding =-
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1986
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–0–1
| conference = –
| confstanding =-
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1987
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 23–0–1
| conference = 3–0–0
| confstanding = 1st
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1988
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 18–0–3
| conference = 1–0–1
| confstanding = ACC Runner-up
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1989
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–0–1
| conference = 4–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1990
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 20–1–1
| conference = 4–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1991
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–0–0
| conference = 4–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1992
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–0–0
| conference = 4–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1993
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 23–0–0
| conference = 4–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1994
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–1–1
| conference = 5–1–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 1995
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–1–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Semifinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1996
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–1–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1997
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 27–0–1
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 1998
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–1–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 1999
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–2–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2000
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 21–3–0
| conference = 4–3–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2001
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 24–1–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2002
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 21–2–4
| conference = 4–1–2
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Semifinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2003
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 27–0–0
| conference = 7–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = conference
| season = 2004
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 20–1–2
| conference = 9–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Runner-up
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2005
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 23–1–1
| conference = 9–1–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Quarterfinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2006
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 27–1–0
| conference = 10–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2007
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 19–4–1
| conference = 9–1–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2008
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 25–1–2
| conference = 9–0–1
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2009
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 23–3–1
| conference = 7–3–0
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2010
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 19–3–2
| conference = 8–2–0
| confstanding = ACC Semifinals
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2011
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 13–5–2
| conference = 6–3–1
| confstanding = ACC Quarterfinals
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = national
| season = 2012
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 15–5–2
| conference = 6–3–1
| confstanding = ACC Quarterfinals
| postseason = NCAA Champions
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2013
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 20–5–0
| conference = 10–3-0
| confstanding = ACC Semifinals
| postseason = NCAA Quarterfinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = conference
| season = 2014
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 14–4–2
| conference = 9–0–1
| confstanding = ACC Semifinals
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2015
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 15–5–1
| conference = 7–3–0
| confstanding = ACC Finalist
| postseason = NCAA Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2016
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 17–4–3
| conference = 6–2–2
| confstanding = ACC Finalist
| postseason = NCAA Semifinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2017
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 17–3–2
| conference = 8–0–2
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Third Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2018
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 21–4–2
| conference = 10–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Runner-up
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = confboth
| season = 2019
| name = [[2019 North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team|North Carolina]]
| overall = 24–1–2
| conference = 9–0–1
| confstanding = ACC Champions
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = conference
| season = 2020
| name = [[2020 North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team|North Carolina]]
| overall = 18–2–0
| conference = 8–0–0
| confstanding = ACC Runner-up
| postseason = NCAA Semifinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2021
| name = [[2021 North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team|North Carolina]]
| overall = 12–3–3
| conference = 5–2–3
| confstanding = 6th
| postseason = NCAA First Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship = conference
| season = 2022
| name = [[2022 North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team|North Carolina]]
| overall = 20–5–1
| conference = 8–2–0
| confstanding = ACC Runner-up
| postseason = NCAA Runner-up
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| season = 2023
| name = [[2023 North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team|North Carolina]]
| overall = 13–2–8
| conference = 5–0–5
| confstanding = 4th
| postseason = NCAA Quarterfinals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = North Carolina
| overall = 934–87–54
| confrecord = 244–30–20}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
|overall = 1106–152–75
}}

==United States national team coach==
His success at North Carolina led to the [[United States Soccer Federation]] hiring Dorrance as the coach of the [[United States women's national soccer team]] (USWNT) in 1986. In taking the job, Dorrance delivered a letter containing a stark warning to the players he inherited: "If you don't come in fit, I will cut you!"<ref name="Lisi-6">{{harvnb|Lisi|2010|p=6}}</ref> He successfully juggled his duties to both the national team and UNC. In one extreme case, Dorrance left Assistant Coach Bill Palladino to lead UNC to a championship victory in the [[1991 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament|1991 NCAA tournament]] while he led the USWNT to the [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991 World Cup]] championship. In that tournament, the United States won the first [[FIFA Women's World Cup 1991|Women's World Cup]], held in China. When Dorrance ended his tenure in 1994 with the national team, he had accumulated a record of 65–22–5 (.761) record. He has coached some of the finest players in women's soccer history, including [[Michelle Akers]], [[Mia Hamm]] and [[Kristine Lilly]].

==Honors==
In May 2005 Dorrance was elected as a member of the [[North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame]]. In February 2016 he received the ''Werner Fricker Builder Award'', a special award named after [[Werner Fricker]].<ref name="ussoccer.com">[http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/01/29/21/20/160129-us-soccer-names-anson-dorrance-2016-werner-fricker-builder-award-winner U.S. Soccer Names Anson Dorrance 2016 Werner Fricker Builder Award Winner]</ref>

===Coaching===
'''North Carolina Tar Heels women'''
* 21x [[NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship|NCAA Division I]] Tournament Champion (1982, 1983, 1984, 1986–1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012)
* 22x [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] Tournament Champion (1989–2003, 2005–2009, 2017, 2019)
* 23x [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] Regular Season Champion (1987, 1989–1993, 1995–1999, 2001–2008, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020)

'''United States women'''
* [[FIFA Women's World Cup|Women's World Cup]] ([[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]])

===Individual===
* 7x National Coach of the Year (1982, 1986, 1987, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006)
* 12x [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] Coach of the Year (1982, 1986, 1987, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2018, 2019).
* North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame (2002)
* North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame (2005)
* National Soccer Hall of Fame (2008)
* United Soccer Coaches' Hall of Fame (2018)

==Court cases==
In 1998 a former player, Melissa Jennings, sued Dorrance for [[sexual harassment]]. He had just cut her from the team. Initially, it appeared the suit was retaliation against Dorrance. However, Debbie Keller Hill, a former team captain, joined the suit. In October 2004 U.S. District Court Judge N. Carlton Tilley Jr. threw out the six-year lawsuit, stating the "behavior at issue does not constitute severe, pervasive and objectively offensive sexual harassment."<ref>[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=1911734 ESPN – Six-year-old suit dismissed days before trial – College Sports]</ref> In April 2006 a three judge federal appeals panel voted to not reverse the judgement (2–1).<ref name="jennings opinion">{{Cite web |url=http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/042447.P.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219142631/http://pacer.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/042447.P.pdf |archive-date=December 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jennings appealed to the full court with oral arguments taking place in October 2006.<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/122/story/460479.html newsobserver.com | Suit against coach revived] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718214119/http://www.newsobserver.com/122/story/460479.html |date=July 18, 2006 }}</ref> Hill had earlier settled with the university for $70,000.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E1DE1530F936A15750C0A9629C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fS%2fSoccer | work=The New York Times | title=Harassment Case Involving Coach Settled | date=March 25, 2004 | access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref>

The 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, after a rehearing by the full court, vacated summary judgment for defendants in Jennings' lawsuit. The April 9, 2007, decision allowed Jennings to proceed on her [[Title IX]] claim and on sexual harassment civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Dorrance and a university official.

The 4th Circuit Court found in favor of Dorrance, the majority opinion stating, "When the evidence in this case is viewed most favorably to Jennings, the evidence shows that Dorrance used vulgar language and participated in sexual banter at practice with some women that he coached and that he once directed a vulgar question at Jennings. Jennings immediately responded to Dorrance’s vulgar question with her own profane reply and that ended the inquiry. Dorrance never touched, never threatened, never ogled, and never propositioned Jennings. Because no reasonable jury could find that Dorrance sexually harassed Jennings or find that Jennings’ other claims have merit, we affirm the judgment of the district court." The dissenting opinion, authored by Judge M. Blane Michael, said that Dorrance's conduct "went far beyond simple teasing and qualified as sexual harassment."<ref name="jennings opinion" />

On October 1, 2007, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] denied a petition by the state Attorney General's Office for the court to hear a nine-year-old sexual harassment suit against UNC-Chapel Hill and its women's soccer coach, Anson Dorrance.

The refusal by the Supreme Court to hear the case meant that the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruling from 2007 would stand and the case could proceed to trial. On January 14, 2008, the suit was settled out of court and Melissa Jennings received $385,000, mostly used for legal fees. The university also reviewed its sexual harassment policies and procedures, and brought in an outside law professor to help. Dorrance was quoted saying. "I think for everyone concerned, it's a good thing. I really feel like both parties felt it had gone long enough." The coach issued a written apology to the player, her family, and team members saying that his comments were inappropriate.<ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news?slug=ap-dorrancelawsuit&prov=ap&type=lgns Sexual harassment suit settled, North Carolina's Dorrance can move on – World Soccer – Yahoo! Sports] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118125159/https://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news?slug=ap-dorrancelawsuit&prov=ap&type=lgns |date=January 18, 2008 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of college women's soccer career coaching wins leaders]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lisi |first1=Clemente Angelo |title=The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story|publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |location=Plymouth, England |isbn=978-0810874152 |url=https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/uswomenssoccerte0000lisi/page/6 6] }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anson Dorrance}}
*[https://goheels.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1791&path=wsoc Profile]
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/L-0054/menu.html Oral History Interview with Anson Dorrance] from [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/ Oral Histories of the American South]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080927224533/http://national.soccerhall.org/builders/anson_dorrance.htm National Soccer Hall of Fame profile]

{{United States squad 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Awards
|bg=gold
|fg=navy
|list1=
{{National Soccer Hall of Fame members}}
{{Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year navbox}}
{{NSCAA Coach of the Year}}
{{FIFA Women's World Cup Winning Manager}}
{{Mike Berticelli Award}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Managerial positions
|list1=
{{North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer coach navbox}}
{{United States women's national soccer team managers}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorrance, Anson}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:American soccer coaches]]
[[Category:American men's soccer players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Soccer Hall of Fame members]]
[[Category:United States women's national soccer team managers]]
[[Category:1991 FIFA Women's World Cup managers]]
[[Category:FIFA Women's World Cup–winning managers]]
[[Category:St. Mary's Rattlers men's soccer players]]
[[Category:North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer players]]
[[Category:North Carolina Tar Heels men's soccer coaches]]
[[Category:North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer coaches]]
[[Category:American women's soccer coaches]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Women's United Soccer Association commentators]]
[[Category:St. Mary's University, Texas alumni]]
[[Category:Men's association football player-managers]]
[[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]]

St. Mary's Basilica, Mulagumoodu

2026-02-05T22:53:50Z

OdessaProsser28: Created A Pg.

{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Basilica
| fullname =
| other name = Basilica of Our Lady of Nativity

| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Mulagumudu Basilica-sep 2020.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

| pushpin map = India#India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| relief =
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.2634811|77.2861904}}
| osgridref = 
| osgraw = 
| location = [[Mulagumudu]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| language(s) =
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| previous denomination =
| tradition =
| religious institute = 
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website ={{URL| https://stmaryschurchmmu.org/}}

| former name = 
| bull date =
| status = [[Basilica]]
| founded date = 
| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| earlydedication =
| otherdedication =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =

| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| previous cathedrals =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style =
| years built =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =

| capacity =
| length = 
| length nave =
| length choir =
| width = 
| width nave = 
| width transepts =
| height = 
| height nave =
| height choir =
| diameter = 
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area = 
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer = 
| dome height inner = 
| dome dia outer = 
| dome dia inner = 
| tower quantity =
| tower height =
| spire quantity =
| spire height = 
| materials =
| bells = 
| bell weight = 

| parish =
| benefice =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Kuzhithurai]]
| diocese start =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =

| archbishop =
| bishop =
| auxiliary bishop =
| cardinal protector =
| abbot =
| prior =
| subprior =
| provost-rector =
| exarch =
| provost =
| viceprovost =
| rector =
| vicar =
| dean =
| subdean =
| archpriest =
| precentor =
| succentor =
| chancellor =
| canonchancellor =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| canonmissioner =
| canontreasurer =
| prebendary =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| honpriest =
| curate =
| asstcurate =
| nonstipendiaryminister =
| minister =
| assistant =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| chaplain =
| archdeacon =
| deacon =
| deaconess =

| reader =
| student intern =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| sessionclerk =
| treasurer =
| warden =
| verger =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| rcia =
| youthmin =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| sacristan =

| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =

| embedded =
}}

'''St. Mary's Basilica''' is a church dedicated to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Our Lady of the Nativity]] in [[Mulagumudu|Mulagumoodu, Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the seventh [[basilica]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the first in [[Kanyakumari district]]. The celebrations from 6 to 15 September every year are very popular.<ref>{{cite news |title=முளகுமூடு தூய மரியன்னை ஆலய திருவிழா 6-ந்தேதி தொடங்குகிறது {{!}}{{!}} annai mariya church festival on 6th |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/09/04090203/1259547/annai-mariya-church-festival-on-6th.vpf |work=Maalaimalar |date=4 September 2019 |language=English|access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> The church has a bell from France and a 300-year-old statue of Mary from Belgium.<ref name='177-year-old' /><ref>{{cite web |title=Church of Our Lady of Nativity, Mulagumoodu |url=https://incredibletn.blogspot.com/2020/05/church-of-our-lady-of-nativity.html |website=Tamil Nadu Holy Places and Tourism |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
There are records of a church and Catholic community existing in Mulagumoodu in 1847. In the year 1862, a priest, Fr. Victor bought {{cvt|40|acre}} of land for the Mulagumoodu parish and started development activities in the area. He built churches, schools, orphanages for boys and girls.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andreas a Santa Maria, OCD |first1=|title=Pater Victor – Een apostel van Zuid-Italië |date=1929}}</ref> The church celebrated its 150th jubilee in 2014.<ref name='177-year-old'>{{cite news |title=177 ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான முளகுமூடு தூய மரியன்னை ஆலயம் {{!}}{{!}} st mary's church mulagumoodu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2021/09/17113250/3016518/st-marys-church-mulagumoodu.vpf |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=Maalaimalar |date=17 September 2021 |language=English}}</ref> The Vatican intimated the raising of the church to the status of a [[minor basilica]] on 7 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=முளகுமூடு தூய மரியன்னை திருத்தல பேராலய திருவிழா: முன்னாள் ஆயர் பீட்டர் ரெமிஜியுஸ் பங்கேற்பு {{!}}{{!}} st mary's church mulagumoodu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/christianity/2020/09/12100556/1876706/st-marys-church-mulagumoodu.vpf |access-date=25 April 2021 |publisher=Maalaimalar |date=12 September 2020 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The formal elevation ceremony which was to be held on 20 April 2021 was postponed due to restrictions related to the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. The ceremony was finally held on 6 September 2021 with the participation of several prelates.<ref>{{cite news |title=முளகுமூடு தூய மரியன்னை ஆலயம் பசிலிக்காவாக அறிவிப்பு விழா இன்று நடக்கிறது {{!}}{{!}} st mary's church mulagumoodu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2021/09/06122750/2984708/st-marys-church-mulagumoodu.vpf |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=Maalaimalar |date=6 September 2021 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=முளகுமூடு தூய மரியன்னை பசிலிக்கா அறிவிப்பு விழா {{!}}{{!}} st mary's church mulagumoodu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2021/09/08101027/2994984/st-marys-church-mulagumoodu.vpf |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=Maalaimalar |date=8 September 2021 |language=English}}</ref> The parish is associated with
the life of [[Devasahayam Pillai]], who was a native of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://stmaryschurchmmu.org/index.php/history |website=stmaryschurchmmu.org |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mulagumoodubasilica.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6518.htm GCatholic.org]

{{Basilicas in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Basilica, Mulagumood}}
[[Category:Basilica churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Kanyakumari district]]

Manisha Anuragi

2026-02-05T04:36:14Z

OdessaProsser28: update references further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manisha Lekhram Anuragi
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] | constituency = [[Rath, Uttar Pradesh|Rath constituency]]
| image =
| caption = Manisha Lekhram Anuragi
| country = India
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 2017
| parents = Brijkishor Varma (father)
| spouse =
| birth_name = Manisha
| birth_date = 1 July 1981
| birth_place = [[Jalaun]], [[Jalaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| children = 1 son
}}
'''Manisha Anuragi''' is an [[Indian politician]] and current [[Member of legislative assembly|Member of the legislative assembly]], belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and representing the [[Rath, Uttar Pradesh|Rath]] [[Electoral district|constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Anuja|last=Jaiswal|date=15 March 2017|title=50% MLAs in UP below 50 years but yet the house more aged than 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/50-mlas-in-up-below-50-years-but-yet-the-house-more-aged-than-2012/articleshow/57644593.cms|access-date=2022-05-22|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हमीरपुर के छिबौली कांड को लेकर सीएम से मिलीं राठ विधायक मनीषा अनुरागी|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-hamirpur-in-chhibauli-case-of-rath-mla-manisha-anuragi-met-to-cm-21053114.html|access-date=2021-12-11|website=m.jagran.com|language=hi}}</ref> In 2012, she won the election of Rath as independent candidate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bhaskar|first=Dainik|date=2017|title=पति की एक बात मान ये महिला बनी कॉमन से VIP, 2 साल में बदली जिंदगी|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-upele-bjp-candidate-from-bundelkhand-rath-seat-manisha-anuragi-news-hindi-5518165-PHO.html|archive-date=12 December 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212000810/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-upele-bjp-candidate-from-bundelkhand-rath-seat-manisha-anuragi-news-hindi-5518165-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manisha is a graduate of [[Bundelkhand University]]. She obtained an [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] degree after completing her [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]], and she planned to become a professor after gaining a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. While preparing for it in 2010, she got married at the behest of her family to Dr Lekhram Anuragi. Lekhram is posted as a [[Forest range officer|Ranger]] in the Forest Department and has a Ph.D. Manisha also planned to get the same degree, but Lekhram advised her to enter politics instead.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manisha Anuragi jeevan parichay : मनीषा अनुरागी पति की सलाह पर पॉलिटिक्स में उतरी और बन गई माननीय|url=https://hindi.pardaphash.com/manisha-anuragijeevan-parichay-wiki-biography-jevani-age-uttar-pradesh-legislative-assembly-mla-instagram-jeevani-state-family-height-photo-family-career-award-weight-facbook-twitter-google/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=पर्दाफाश|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anuragi, Manisha}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Raya, Uttar Pradesh

2026-02-03T21:30:51Z

OdessaProsser28: expand section further and updated info

{{Other uses|Raya (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|34|N|77|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 175
| population_total = 21344
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Additional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Braj Bhasha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Braj Bhasha |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bra |website=Ethnologue |accessdate=26 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 281204
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP]] 85
| website = [http://www.nagarpanchayatraya.in www.nagarpanchayatraya.in]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raya''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in the [[Mathura district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Raya is located at {{Coord|27.57|N|77.78|E|format=dms}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Raya.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Raya]</ref> It has an average elevation of 175 m (574 ft).

== Demographics ==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Raya [[Nagar Panchayat]] had a total population of 21,344, of which 11,202 were males and 10,142 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 2,990. The total number of literates in Raya was 13,551, which constituted 63.5% of the population with male literacy of 69.5% and female literacy of 56.8%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Raya was 73.8%, of which male literacy rate was 80.9% and female literacy rate was 66.0%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 1,624. Raya had 3325 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Raya |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=143189 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=17 December 2020}}</ref>

As of the [[2001 Census of India]], Raya had a population of 17,990. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Raya has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 47%. In Raya, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mathura district|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]

Madanapalle mandal

2026-02-03T06:40:59Z

OdessaProsser28: creating pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madanapalle mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.55|N|78.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Madanapalle]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Chittoor|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=29 November 2015|page=19,328}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 240.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 96768
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madanapalle mandal''' is one of the 25 [[Mandal|mandals]] in [[Annamayya district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Madanapalle revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Madanapalle]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |title = Chittoor District Mandals|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher = Census of India|access-date = 29 November 2015|pages = 468,513–514}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by Kurabalakota, GurramKonda, Valmikipuram, Nimmanapalle, B. Kothakota, Punganur, Ramasamudram and the State of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Chittoor district |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/Chittoor.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 23 villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Chittoor District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913101654/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23|archive-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=map />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
# Basinikonda
# Chinnathippasamudram
# Kasiraopeta
# Kollabylu
# Kothavaripalle
# Madanapalle Rural (part)
# Malepadu
# Molakaladinne
# Penchupadu
# Ponnetipalem (part)
# Pothapalu
# Theneegalavaripalle
# [[Valasapalle]]
# Vempalle
}}

''Note: M-[[Municipality]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm |archive-date=17 June 2007 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Annamayya district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]

India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

2026-01-30T16:08:42Z

OdessaProsser28: new a info

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 2016
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| competitors = 117
| sports = 15
| flagbearer = [[Abhinav Bindra]] (opening)<ref name=flag-bearer/> [[Sakshi Malik]] (closing)<ref>{{cite news|title=Sakshi Malik to be Indian flagbearer at Rio 2016 Olympics closing ceremony|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/sakshi-malik-to-be-indian-flagbearer-at-rio-2016-olympics-closing-2989175/|access-date=21 August 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
| rank = 67
| gold = 0
| silver = 1
| bronze = 1
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Indian athletes have appeared in every edition of the [[Summer Olympics]] since [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], although they made their official debut at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]].

117 Indian athletes participated in Rio 2016, 63 men and 54 women, across 15 sports at the Games. It was one of the nation's largest ever delegations sent to the Olympics, due to the historic comeback of the women's field hockey squad after 36 years and the proliferation of track and field athletes making the cut.<ref name=IND-olympics>{{cite news|first=Harpal|last=Singh Bedi|title=India's biggest contingent faces biggest challenge at Rio|url=http://www.abplive.in/sports/indias-biggest-contingent-faces-biggest-challenge-at-rio-olympics-2016-389678|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[ABP News]]|date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Narsingh Yadav under provisional suspension, 119 athletes to represent India at Rio 2016 Olympics|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/narsingh-yadav-under-provisional-suspension-119-athletes-to-represent-india-2934820/|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Among the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's artistic gymnastics.

The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London, including badminton star [[Saina Nehwal]], freestyle wrestler and four-time Olympian [[Yogeshwar Dutt]], and rifle shooter [[Gagan Narang]]. Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist [[Leander Paes]] topped the roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics, while air rifle marksman [[Abhinav Bindra]], who became the nation's first and only individual gold medalist in history (2008), led the Indian delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony at his fifth consecutive Games.<ref name=flag-bearer>{{cite news|title=Abhinav Bindra chosen as India's flagbearer at Rio 2016 Olympics|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/abhinav-bindra-chosen-as-indias-flagbearer-at-rio-2016-olympics-2845696/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 July 2016|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ursin|last1=Caderas|first2=Motez|last2=Bishara|title=Rio 2016: Indian ace Leander Paes competing in record seventh Olympics|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/01/sport/rio-2016-olympics-leander-paes/|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Other notable Indian athletes also included tennis player [[Sania Mirza]] in the women's doubles, artistic gymnast and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist [[Dipa Karmakar]], and multiple-time world medalist [[Jitu Rai]] in men's pistol shooting.<ref name=IND-olympics/>

India left Rio de Janeiro with two medals.<ref name=IND-medals>{{cite news|title=India's Olympics report card: Sindhu, Sakshi save the blushes|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/india-olympics-report-card-sindhu-sakshi-save-the-blushes-games-brazil/20160822.htm|access-date=30 November 2016|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rio Olympics: Sindhu, Sakshi shine as India end campaign with two medals|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/miscellaneous/Rio-Olympics-Sindhu-Sakshi-shine-as-India-end-campaign-with-two-medals/articleshow/53799569.cms|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=22 August 2016}}</ref> These medals were won only by female athletes for the first time in history, a silver to badminton player [[P. V. Sindhu]] in the [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|women's singles]], who became India's youngest individual Olympic medallist and the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver, as well as a bronze to freestyle wrestler [[Sakshi Malik]] in the [[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 58 kg|women's 58 kg]], who became the first female wrestler from India to win an Olympic medal. Several Indian athletes came close to increasing the medal haul, finishing in fourth place, including tennis tandem Mirza and [[Rohan Bopanna]] in the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|mixed doubles]]; Bindra, who narrowly missed out the podium by a half-point in the [[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|men's 10 m air rifle]] before retiring from the sport; and Karmakar, who surprised the global audience with her high-risk Produnova routine in the [[Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's vault|women's vault]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Abhinav Bindra misses 10m air rifle medal by 0.5, settles for fourth position at Rio 2016 Olympics|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/live-india-shooting-day-3-abhinav-bindra-gagan-narang-manavjit-kynan-10m-air-rifle-trap-2961707/|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dipa Karmakar narrowly misses medal in Rio 2016, best Indian gymnast in Olympic history|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/dipa-karmakar-misses-medal-by-a-whisker-in-rio-2016-best-indian-gymnast-in-olympic-history-2956162.html|access-date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=15 August 2016}}</ref> For the first time, the Indian shooters failed to earn a single medal since [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], and the boxers since [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]].<ref name=IND-medals/>

==Medalists==

{{Further information|2016 Summer Olympics medal table}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
! Date
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || {{sortname|P. V.|Sindhu}} || [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Badminton]] || [[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]] || {{dts|August 19}}
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || {{sortname|Sakshi|Malik}} || [[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 58 kg|Women's freestyle 58 kg]] || {{dts|August 17}}
|}

{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:center;"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by sport
|-
|'''Sport'''
| width=40 style="background:gold;"|'''Gold '''
| width=40 style="background:silver;"|'''Silver '''
| width=40 style="background:#c96;"| '''Bronze '''
| width=60 | '''Total'''
|-
|align=left|[[File:Badminton pictogram.svg|25px]] [[Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Badminton]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |1
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |0
|1
|-
|align=left|[[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|25px]] [[Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
|1
|-
!Total
!style="background:gold;"|0
!style="background:silver;"|1
!style="background:#c96;"|1
!2
|}

{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right;"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by gender
|-
|'''Gender'''
| width=40 style="background:gold;"|'''Gold '''
| width=40 style="background:silver;"|'''Silver '''
| width=40 style="background:#c96;"| '''Bronze '''
| width=40 | '''Total'''
|-
|Male||style="background:#F7F6A8"|0||style="background:#DCE5E5"|0||style="background:#FFDAB9"|0||0
|-
|Female||style="background:#F7F6A8"|0||style="background:#DCE5E5"|1|| style="background:#FFDAB9"|1||2
|-
|'''Total'''||style="background:#F7F6A8"|'''0''' ||style="background:#DCE5E5"|'''1''' ||style="background:#FFDAB9"|'''1'''||'''2'''
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==Competitors==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets Indian Contingent for Rio Olympics.jpg|thumb|Athletes representing India with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 4 July 2016.]]
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=180|Sports
! width=45|Men
! width=45|Women
! width=45|Total
|-
| align=left|[[Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Archery]] || 1 || 3 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] || 17 || 17 || 34
|-
| align=left|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Badminton]] || 3 || 4 || 7
|-
| align=left|[[Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Boxing]] || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| align=left|[[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]] || 16 || 16 || 32
|-
| align=left|[[Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Golf]] || 2 || 1 || 3
|-
| align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]] || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Judo]] || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Rowing]] || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] || 9 || 3 || 12
|-
| align=left|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Swimming]] || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Table tennis]] || 2 || 2 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Tennis]] || 2|| 2 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]] || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || 4 || 3 || 7
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total !!63
!54!!117
|}

==Archery==
{{main article|Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
Three Indian women's archers & One Indian men's archer qualified after having secured top eight finishes in the women's team recurve event & men's individual event at the [[2015 World Archery Championships]] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/archery/2016/aug/05/rio-2016-indian-women-archers-disappoint-deepika-kumari-finishes-20-th-as-india-take-seventh-spot|title=Rio 2016 {{!}} Indian Women archers disappoint; Deepika Kumari finishes 20th as India take seventh spot|date=2016-08-05|access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Archery: Women's recurve team seals qualification for Rio 2016, enters final of World Championships|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/archery-womens-recurve-team-seals-qualification-for-rio-2016-enters-final-of-world-championships-2367872.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rio 2016 team quota places awarded in Copenhagen|url=http://worldarchery.org/news/125067/rio-2016-team-quota-places-awarded-copenhagen|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]|date=28 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India adds Atanu Das to Rio squad|url=https://worldarchery.org/news/142000/india-adds-atanu-das-rio-squad|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]|date=27 June 2016|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Ranking round
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Seed
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Atanu Das]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|Men's individual]]
|683
|5
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jitbahadur Muktan|Muktan]]|NEP|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–0
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adrián Puentes|Puentes]]|CUB|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lee Seung-yun|Lee S-y]]|KOR|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 4–6{{0}}
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Bombayla Devi]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|Women's individual]]
|638
|24
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laurence Baldauff|Baldauff]]|AUT|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lin Shih-chia (archer)|Lin S-c]]|TPE|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alejandra Valencia|Valencia]]|MEX|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 2–6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Deepika Kumari]]
|640
|20
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kristine Esebua|Esebua]]|GEO|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–4{{0}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Guendalina Sartori|Guendalina]]|ITA|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–2
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tan Ya-ting|Tan Y-t]]|TPE|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Laxmirani Majhi]]
|614
|43
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alexandra Longová|Longová]]|SVK|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–7
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Deepika Kumari]] [[Bombayla Devi]] [[Laxmirani Majhi]]
|align=left|[[Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team|Women's team]]
| 1892
| 7
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|{{flagIOC|COL|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 5–3
|{{flagIOC|RUS|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 4–5
|colspan=7|Did not advance
|}

==Athletics==
{{main article|Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
Indian athletes have been able to achieve qualifying standard in the following athletic events (up to maximum of 3 athletes in each event) <ref>{{cite web|title=iaaf.org – Top Lists|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/index.html|publisher=IAAF|access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IAAF Games of the XXX Olympiad – Rio 2016 Entry Standards|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/media/file/559/IAAF%20Rio%202016%20standards.pdf|publisher=[[IAAF]]|access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref>

Indian shot putter [[Inderjeet Singh]] and 200 metres sprinter [[Dharambir Singh]] were suspended from participating in the Olympics after having failed both of the administered doping tests.<ref name=dope_suspend>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/rio-2016-olympic-bound-sprint-runner-dharambir-singh-allegedly-fails-dope-test-2931398.html|title=Dharambir Singh, Olympic-bound sprinter, faces life ban after failing second dope test|website=firstpost.com|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>

;Key
*'''Note'''–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
*'''Q''' = Qualified for the next round
*'''q''' = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser ''or'', in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
*'''NR''' = National record
*'''SB''' = Seasonal best
*N/A = Round not applicable for the event
*Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round}}

;Track & road events
;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Muhammad Anas]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|400 m]]
|45.95
|6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Jinson Johnson]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|800 m]]
| 1:47.27
| 5
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mohammad Anas]] [[Ayyasamy Dharun]] [[Lalit Mathur]]* [[Kunhu Muhammed]] [[Mohan Kumar Raja]]* [[Arokia Rajiv]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DSQ|Disqualified}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Thonakal Gopi]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|2:15:25 '''PB'''
|25
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Kheta Ram]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|2:15:26 '''PB'''
|26
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Nitender Singh Rawat|Nitendra Singh Rawat]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|2:22:52
|84
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Ganapathi Krishnan]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DSQ|Disqualified}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manish Singh]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|1:21.21
|13
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Gurmeet Singh (racewalker)|Gurmeet Singh]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DSQ|Disqualified}}
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Sandeep Kumar (racewalker)|Sandeep Kumar]]
| align="left" |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km walk]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|4:07:55
|35
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Reserves in the relay team.

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Dutee Chand]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]]
|11.69
|7
|colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Srabani Nanda]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]]
|23.58
|6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Nirmala Sheoran]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|53.03
|6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Tintu Lukka]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|800 m]]
|2:00.58
|6
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Lalita Babar]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m steeplechase]]
|9:19.76 '''[[Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''
|4 '''q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|9:22.74
|10
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sudha Singh]]
|9:43.29
|9
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Ashwini Akkunji]]* [[Tintu Lukka]] [[Jisna Mathew]]* [[Debashree Mazumdar]]* [[M. R. Poovamma]] [[Nirmala Sheoran]] [[Anilda Thomas]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:29.53
|7
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[O. P. Jaisha]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon|Marathon]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|2:47:19
|89
|- align=center
| align="left" |[[Kavita Raut]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|2:59:29
|120
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Khushbir Kaur]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|1:40:33
|54
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Sapna Punia]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
| colspan="2" |Did not finish
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Reserves in the relay team.

;Field events
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualification
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Distance
!Position
!Distance
!Position
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Ankit Sharma (athlete)|Ankit Sharma]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|Men's long jump]]
|7.67
|24
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Renjith Maheshwary]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|Men's triple jump]]
|16.13
|30
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Vikas Gowda]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Men's discus throw]]
|58.99
|28
|colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manpreet Kaur]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Women's shot put]]
|17.06
|23
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Seema Antil]]
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Women's discus throw]]
|57.58
|20
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|}

==Badminton==
{{main article|Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
Seven badminton players from India qualified for the Olympics for each of the following events based on their [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]] World Rankings as of 5 May 2016:<ref>{{cite news|first=Dev|last=Sukumar|title=Provisional List of Olympic Qualifiers Published|url=http://bwfbadminton.com/2016/05/05/provisional-list-of-olympic-qualifiers-published/|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|date=5 May 2016|access-date=5 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508130917/http://bwfbadminton.com/2016/05/05/provisional-list-of-olympic-qualifiers-published/|archive-date=8 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Elimination
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{tooltip|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Srikanth Kidambi]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lino Muñoz|Muñoz]]|MEX|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–11, 21–17)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Henri Hurskainen|Hurskainen]]|SWE|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–6, 21–18)
|{{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jan Ø. Jørgensen|Jørgensen]]|DEN|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–19, 21–19)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lin Dan|Lin D]]|CHN|2016 Summer}} {{0}}'''L''' (6–21, 21–11, 18–21)
| colspan="3" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manu Attri]] [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mohammad Ahsan|Ahsan]] / [[Hendra Setiawan|Setiawan]]|INA|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (18–21, 13–21)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chai Biao|Chai B]] / [[Hong Wei|Hong W]]|CHN|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (13–21, 15–21)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hiroyuki Endo|Endo]] / [[Kenichi Hayakawa|Hayakawa]]|JPN|2016 Summer}} {{0}}'''W''' (23–21, 21–11)
|4
|{{n/a}}
|colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!Elimination
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{tooltip|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Saina Nehwal]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lohaynny Vicente|Vicente]]|BRA|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–17, 21–17)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marija Ulitina|Ulitina]]|UKR|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (18–21, 19–21)
|{{n/a}}
| 2
| colspan="5" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|'''[[P. V. Sindhu]]'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Sárosi|Sárosi]]|HUN|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–8, 21–9)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michelle Li|Li]]|CAN|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (19–21, 21–15, 21–17)
|{{n/a}}
|1 '''Q'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tai Tzu-ying|Tai T-y]]|TPE|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–13, 21–15)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wang Yihan|Wang YH]]|CHN|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (22–20, 21–19)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nozomi Okuhara|Okuhara]]|JPN|2016 Summer}} '''W''' (21–19, 21–10)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carolina Marín|Marín]]|ESP|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (21–19, 12–21, 15–21)
|{{silver2}}
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Jwala Gutta]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|align=left|[[Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Misaki Matsutomo|Matsutomo]] / [[Ayaka Takahashi|Takahashi]]|JPN|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (15–21, 10–21)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Eefje Muskens|Muskens]] / [[Selena Piek|Piek]]|NED|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (16–21, 21–16, 17–21)
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Puttita Supajirakul|Supajirakul]] / [[Sapsiree Taerattanachai|Taerattanachai]]|THA|2016 Summer}} '''L''' (17–21, 15–21)
|4
|{{n/a}}
|colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

==Boxing==
{{main article|Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has entered three boxers to compete in each of the following classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. London 2012 Olympian [[Shiva Thapa]] had claimed his Olympic spot with a semifinal victory at the [[2016 Asia & Oceania Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament|2016 Asia & Oceania Qualification Tournament]] in [[Qian'an, Hebei|Qian'an]], [[China]], while [[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]] and [[Vikas Krishan Yadav]] secured additional places on the Indian roster with their quarterfinal triumphs at the [[2016 AIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2016 AIBA World Qualifying Tournament]] in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Golden day for Uzbekistan as boxers win four golds in China while Kyrgyzstan claims its first Rio 2016 qualification spot|url=http://www.aiba.org/blog/golden-day-for-uzbekistan-as-boxers-win-four-golds-in-china-while-kyrgyzstan-claims-its-first-rio-2016-qualification-spot/|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]]|date=2 April 2016|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World Olympic Qualifier Quarter-finals see Haiti, Iraq, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan among 23 nations to confirm quota places at Rio 2016|url=http://www.aiba.org/blog/world-olympic-qualifier-quarter-finals-see-haiti-iraq-tajikistan-turkmenistan-among-23-nations-confirm-quota-places-rio-2016/|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]]|date=24 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Shiva Thapa]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's bantamweight|Men's bantamweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Robeisy Ramírez|Ramírez]]|CUB|2016 Summer}} {{0}}'''L''' 0–3
| colspan="5" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's light welterweight|Men's light welterweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Evaldas Petrauskas|Petrauskas]]|LTU|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Fazliddin Gaibnazarov|Gaibnazarov]]|UZB|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Vikas Krishan Yadav]]
|align=left|[[Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's middleweight|Men's middleweight]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles Conwell|Conwell]]|USA|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Önder Şipal|Şipal]]|TUR|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–0
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bektemir Melikuziev|Melikuziev]]|UZB|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

==Field hockey==
{{main article|Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

;Summary
{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* FT – After [[Full-time (sports)|full time]].
* P – Match decided by [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty-shootout]].
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=6|Group stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[India men's national field hockey team|India men's]]
|align=left|[[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Men's tournament]]
|{{fh|IRL}} '''W''' 3–2
|{{fh|GER}} '''L''' 1–2
|{{fh|ARG}} '''W''' 2–1
|{{fh|NED}} '''L''' 1–2
|{{fh|CAN}} '''D''' 2–2
|4
|{{fh|BEL}} '''L''' 1–3
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|8
|-align=center
|align=left|[[India women's national field hockey team|India women's]]
|align=left|[[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Women's tournament]]
|{{fhw|JPN}} '''D''' 2–2
|{{fhw|GBR}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{fhw|AUS}} '''L''' 1–6
|{{fhw|USA}} '''L''' 0–3
|{{fhw|ARG}} '''L''' 0–5
|6
|colspan=3|Did not advance
|12
|}

===Men's tournament===
{{main article|Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament}}
India men's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by receiving a berth and earning the gold medal from the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games: India beat Pakistan to clinch gold, qualify for Rio Olympics|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141002/sports-other-sports/article/asian-games-it-1-1-india-vs-pakistan-mens-hockey-final|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

;Team roster
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads|IND}}

;Group play
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B}}
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B2}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B5}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B7}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B10}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|B13}}
----
;Quarterfinal
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|C2}}

===Women's tournament===
{{main article|Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament}}
India women's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by having achieved a top five finish at the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals, signifying its historic Olympic comeback after 36 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian women hockey team bags 2016 Rio Olympic berth|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Indian-women-hockey-team-bags-2016-Rio-Olympic-berth/articleshow/48718900.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 August 2015|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

;Team roster
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team squads|IND}}

;Group play
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B}}
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B3}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B5}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B7}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B11}}
----
{{#section:Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|B13}}

== Golf ==
{{main article|Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has entered three golfers into the Olympic. [[Anirban Lahiri]] (Rank 62), [[Shiv Chawrasia]] (Rank 207), and [[Aditi Ashok]] (Rank 444) qualified directly among top 60 players for their respective individual events based on IGF World Rankings as of 11 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Rankings – Men|url=http://www.igfgolf.org/olympic-games/qualification-system/ogr-men/|publisher=[[International Golf Federation]]|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824190021/http://www.igfgolf.org/olympic-games/qualification-system/ogr-men/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Rankings – Women|url=http://www.igfgolf.org/olympic-games/qualification-system/ogr-women/|publisher=[[International Golf Federation]]|date=11 July 2016|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824190909/http://www.igfgolf.org/olympic-games/qualification-system/ogr-women/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/rio-2016-olympics/anirban-lahiri-ssp-chawrasia-aditi-ashok-india-golf-2907894/|title=Anirban Lahiri, SSP Chawrasia, Aditi Ashok to fly Indian flag in golf at Rio Olympics|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!Round 4
!colspan=3|Total
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Score
!Score
!Score
!Score
!Score
!Par
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shiv Chawrasia]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|Men's]]
|71
|71
|69
|78
|289
| +5
|=50
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Anirban Lahiri]]
|74
|73
|75
|72
|294
| +10
|57
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Aditi Ashok]]
|align=left|[[Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|Women's]]
|68
|68
|79
|76
|291
| +7
|41
|}

== Gymnastics ==
{{main article|Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

===Artistic===
India has qualified one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition for the first time since [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]. [[Dipa Karmakar]] became the first Indian female ever to book an Olympic spot in the apparatus (vault, balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise) events and all-around event at the [[2016 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event|Olympic Test Event]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rio 2016 Olympic qualifiers in the Women's Artistic Gymnastics: See the updated list!|url=http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/site/figNews/view?id=1515|publisher=[[International Federation of Gymnastics|FIG]]|date=17 April 2016|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=3|Athlete
!rowspan=3|Event
!colspan=6|Qualification
!colspan=6|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!colspan=4|Apparatus
!rowspan=2|Total
!rowspan=2|Rank
!colspan=4|Apparatus
!rowspan=2|Total
!rowspan=2|Rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}
!{{Tooltip| UB | Uneven bars}}
!{{Tooltip| BB | Balance beam}}
!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}
!{{Tooltip| V | Vault}}
!{{Tooltip| UB | Uneven bars}}
!{{Tooltip| BB | Balance beam}}
!{{Tooltip| F | Floor}}
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Dipa Karmakar]]
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic individual all-around|All-around]]
|15.100
|11.666
|12.866
|12.033
|51.665
|51
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's vault|Vault]]
|14.850
|colspan=3 {{n/a}}
|14.850
|8 '''Q'''
|15.066
|colspan=3 {{n/a}}
|15.066
|4
|}

==Judo==
{{main article|Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has qualified one judoka for men's middleweight category (90 kg) for the olympic. [[Avtar Singh (judoka)|Avtar Singh]] earned a continental quota from the Asian region, as the highest-ranked Indian judoka outside of direct qualifying position in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.intjudo.eu/News/cikk3913|title=IJF Officially Announces Qualified Athletes for Rio 2016 Olympic Games|date=23 June 2016|publisher=[[International Judo Federation]]|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804171231/http://www.intjudo.eu/News/cikk3913|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Kamaljit|last=Singh Kawal|title=Gurdaspur judoka Avtar makes it to Rio Olympics 2016|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/gurdaspur-judoka-avtar-makes-it-to-rio-olympics-2016-sports-brazil-judo-punjab/story-bfHoRWrsbGwqMubTTKGixN.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=19 May 2016|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round of 64
!Round of 32
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!Repechage
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Avtar Singh (judoka)|Avtar Singh]]
|align=left|[[Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 90 kg|Men's −90 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Popole Misenga|Misenga]]|ROT|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 000–001
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|}

==Rowing==
{{main article|Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has qualified one boat in the men's single sculls for the Olympics at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in [[Chungju]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India rower Dattu Bhokanal qualifies for Rio Olympics 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-rower-dattu-bhokanal-qualifies-for-rio-olympics-2016-2769488/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 April 2016|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan="2"|Heats
!colspan="2"|Repechage
!colspan=2|Quarterfinals
!colspan="2"|Semifinals
!colspan="2"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Dattu Baban Bhokanal]]
|align=left|[[Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls|Men's single sculls]]
|7:21.67
|3 '''QF'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Bye}}
|6:59.89
|4 '''SC/D'''
|7:19.02
|2 '''FC'''
|6:54.96
|13
|}
Qualification Legend: '''FA'''=Final A (medal); '''FB'''=Final B (non-medal); '''FC'''=Final C (non-medal); '''FD'''=Final D (non-medal); '''FE'''=Final E (non-medal); '''FF'''=Final F (non-medal); '''SA/B'''=Semifinals A/B; '''SC/D'''=Semifinals C/D; '''SE/F'''=Semifinals E/F; '''QF'''=Quarterfinals; '''R'''=Repechage

==Shooting==
{{main article|Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
Indian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finish at the [[2014 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2014]] and 2015 ISSF World Championships, the [[2015 ISSF World Cup]] series and Asian Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by 31 March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issf-sports.org/competitions/ogqualification/quota_places_by_nation_and_number.ashx|title=Quota Places by Nation and Number|date=30 May 2016|website=www.issf-sports.org/|publisher=[[International Shooting Sport Federation|ISSF]]|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

On 19 March 2016, National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) had announced the squad of eleven Indian shooters for the Games, featuring four-time Olympian and Beijing 2008 air rifle champion [[Abhinav Bindra]], London 2012 bronze medalist [[Gagan Narang]], and multiple-time Worlds medalist [[Jitu Rai]]. Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics, [[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]] became the twelfth Indian to join the team, as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions (won by [[Sanjeev Rajput]]) with the men's trap.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manavjit Singh Sandhu in for Sanjeev Rajput in Indian shooting team for Rio Olympic Games|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/manavjit-singh-sandhuin-for-rajput-in-indian-shooting-team-for-rio-olympic-games/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 March 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Abhinav Bindra]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| 625.7
| 7 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|163.8
|4
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Kynan Chenai]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Trap]]
|114
|19
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Mairaj Ahmad Khan]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's skeet|Skeet]]
|121 (+3)
|9
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Prakash Nanjappa]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|50 m pistol]]
|547
|25
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Gagan Narang]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|621.7
|23
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|623.1
|13
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1162
|33
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Jitu Rai]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|580
|6 '''Q'''
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|78.7
|8
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|50 m pistol]]
|554
|12
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Chain Singh]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|50 m rifle prone]]
|619.6
|36
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle 3 positions]]
|1169
|23
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan="2" |Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Gurpreet Singh (sport shooter)|Gurpreet Singh]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|576
|20
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|25 m rapid fire pistol]]
|581
|7
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Trap]]
|115
|16
| colspan="4" |Did not advance
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Apurvi Chandela]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
|411.6
|34
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Ayonika Paul]]
|407.0
|43
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Heena Sidhu]]
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
|380
|14
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2| did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|25 m pistol]]
|576
|20
|colspan=4| did not advance
|}
Qualification Legend: '''Q''' = Qualify for the next round; '''q''' = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)

==Swimming==
{{main article|Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has received a Universality invitation from [[FINA]] to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming World Rankings |url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=805 |publisher=[[FINA]] |access-date=14 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106131744/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=805 |archive-date=6 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rio 2016 – FINA Swimming Qualification System |url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/rio2016/2014-07%20-%20Rio%202016%20-%20Qualification%20System%20-%20FINAL%20-%20Swimming%20-%20EN.pdf |work=[[Rio 2016]] |publisher=[[FINA]] |access-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221025939/http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/rio2016/2014-07%20-%20Rio%202016%20-%20Qualification%20System%20-%20FINAL%20-%20Swimming%20-%20EN.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sajan Prakash]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly|Men's 200 m butterfly]]
|1:59.37
|28
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shivani Kataria]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre freestyle|Women's 200 m freestyle]]
|2:09.30
|41
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==Table tennis==
{{main article|Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian [[Soumyajit Ghosh]] and [[Manika Batra]] secured the Olympic spot each in the men's and women's singles as the highest-ranked player coming from the South Asia zone, while [[Sharath Kamal]] and 2004 Olympian [[Mouma Das]] scored a second-stage draw victory each to take the remaining spots on the Indian team at the Asian Qualification Tournament in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Ian|last=Marshall|title=India Secures Olympic Games Places but Surprise Name En Route to Rio de Janeiro|url=http://ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story1.asp?ID=43972&Competition_ID=2633&|publisher=[[International Table Tennis Federation|ITTF]]|date=13 April 2016|access-date=14 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415181018/http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story1.asp?ID=43972&Competition_ID=2633&|archive-date=15 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round 1
!Round 2
!Round 3
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align="center"
|align=left|[[Sharath Kamal]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adrian Crişan|Crişan]]|ROU|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
| colspan="7" |Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Soumyajit Ghosh]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Padasak Tanviriyavechakul|Tanviriyavechakul]]|THA|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–4
|colspan=7|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Manika Batra]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Katarzyna Grzybowska|Grzybowska]]|POL|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 2–4
|colspan=7|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Mouma Das]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Daniela Dodean|Dodean]]|ROU|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–4
|colspan=7|Did not advance
|}

==Tennis==
{{main article|Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has entered four tennis players into the Olympic tournament. [[Sania Mirza]] (world no. 1) and [[Rohan Bopanna]] (world no. 10) teamed up with their partners [[Prarthana Thombare]] and six-time Olympian [[Leander Paes]], respectively, in the men's and women's doubles by virtue of their top-10 [[ATP Entry Ranking|ATP]] and [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] Ranking as of 6 June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itftennis.com/news/232270.aspx|title=ITF announces entries for Rio 2016 Olympics|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824185413/http://www.itftennis.com/news/232270.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Zenia|last=D'Cunha|title=AITA got it right: Why Leander Paes and Rohan Bopanna are India's best bet for Rio Olympics|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/aita-got-it-right-why-leander-paes-and-rohan-bopanna-are-indias-best-bet-for-rio-olympics-2828914.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=11 June 2016|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Round 32
!Round 16
!Quarterfinals
!Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Rohan Bopanna]] [[Leander Paes]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Łukasz Kubot|Kubot]] / [[Marcin Matkowski|Matkowski]]|POL|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 4–6, 6–7(6–8)
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sania Mirza]] [[Prarthana Thombare]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Peng Shuai|Peng S]] / [[Zhang Shuai (tennis)|Zhang S]]|CHN|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 6–7(6–8), 7–5, 5–7
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sania Mirza]] [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|align=left|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Samantha Stosur|Stosur]] / [[John Peers|Peers]]|AUS|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 7–5, 6–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Heather Watson|Watson]] / [[Andy Murray|Murray]]|GBR|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 6–4, 6–4
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Venus Williams|V Williams]] / [[Rajeev Ram|Ram]]|USA|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 6–2, 2–6, [3–10]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lucie Hradecká|Hradecká]] / [[Radek Štěpánek|Štěpánek]]|CZE|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–6, 5–7
|4
|}

==Weightlifting==
{{main article|Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has qualified one male and one female weightlifter for the Rio Olympics by virtue of a top seven national finish (for men) & top six (for women), respectively, at the [[2016 Asian Weightlifting Championships|2016 Asian Championships]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Continental Qualification current standing|url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/05/02/continental-qualification-current-standing/|access-date=2 May 2016|publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2016/07/Rio2016_List-of-Athletes-by-Event_20160721_Public.pdf|title=Rio 2016 Weightlifting – List of Athletes by Bodyweight Category|publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation]]|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Snatch
!colspan="2"|Clean & jerk
!rowspan="2"|Total
!rowspan="2"|Rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Sathish Sivalingam]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 77 kg|Men's −77 kg]]
|148
|12
|181
|11
|329
|11
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Mirabai Chanu]]
|align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 48 kg|Women's −48 kg]]
|82
|6
|<s>106</s>
|{{abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}
|82
|{{abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main article|Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
India has qualified eight wrestlers for each of the following weight category into the Olympic. One Olympic spot in the men's freestyle 74 kg was earned at the [[2015 World Wrestling Championships|2015 World Championships]], while two more Olympic places were awarded to Indian wrestlers, who progressed to the top two finals at the [[2016 Asian Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament|2016 Asian Qualification Tournament]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestling for Rio 2016|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/rio-2016|access-date=19 September 2015|publisher=[[United World Wrestling]]}}</ref>

Three further wrestlers had claimed the remaining Olympic slots in separate World Qualification Tournaments; one of them in men's freestyle 57 kg at the [[2016 World Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament 1|initial]] meet in [[Ulaanbaatar]], and two more each in women's freestyle 48 & 58 kg at the [[2016 World Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament 2|final]] meet in [[Istanbul]].

On 11 May 2016, [[United World Wrestling]] awarded two additional Olympic licenses to India in men's Greco-Roman 85 kg and women's freestyle 53 kg, after doping violations were discovered among the seven qualified wrestlers

Freestyle wrestler [[Narsingh Pancham Yadav]], who had qualified for the men's 74 kg event, failed both the A and B sample doping tests on 25 June and 5 July. He was provisionally replaced by [[Parveen Rana]], but was later reinstated on 3 August when the [[National Anti-Doping Agency]] of India gave him a clean record on grounds that he had been a victim of sabotage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/narsingh-yadav-gets-clean-chit-from-nada-to-participate-in-rio-olympics-2948031/|title=Narsingh Yadav gets clean chit from NADA, allowed to participate in Rio 2016 Olympics|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> However the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] appealed against this decision to drop the doping charges, following which Yadav was suspended for four years and disqualified from the Olympics by the Court of Arbitration on 18 August.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Narsingh Yadav gets four-year suspension|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/37127297|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* VT – [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* PP – Decision by Points – the loser with technical points.
* PO – Decision by Points – the loser without technical points.
* ST – Technical superiority – the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 8 (Greco-Roman) or 10 (freestyle) points.
* VB – Victory by Injury
}}

;Men's freestyle
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sandeep Tomar]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 57 kg|−57 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Viktor Lebedev|Lebedev]]|RUS|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 PP
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|15
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Yogeshwar Dutt]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 65 kg|−65 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ganzorigiin Mandakhnaran|Ganzorig]]|MGL|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–3 PO
| colspan="6" |Did not advance
|21
|}

;Men's Greco-Roman
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Ravinder Khatri]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 85 kg|−85 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Viktor Lőrincz|Lőrincz]]|HUN|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 0–4 ST
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Hardeep Singh (wrestler)|Hardeep Singh]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 98 kg|−98 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Cenk İldem|İldem]]|TUR|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 PP
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|13
|}

;Women's freestyle
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!Qualification
!Round of 16
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!Repechage 1
!Repechage 2
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Opposition Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Vinesh Phogat]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 48 kg|−48 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alina Vuc|Vuc]]|ROU|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 4–0 ST
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sun Yanan|Sun Yn]]|CHN|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–5 VB
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|10
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Babita Kumari]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 53 kg|−53 kg]]
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Maria Prevolaraki|Prevolaraki]]|GRE|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 PP
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|13
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Sakshi Malik]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 58 kg|−58 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Johanna Mattsson|J Mattsson]]|SWE|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 PP
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mariana Cherdivara|Cherdivara]]|MDA|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 PP
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Valeria Koblova|Koblova]]|RUS|2016 Summer}} '''L''' 1–3 PP
|Did not advance
|{{n/a|Bye}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pürevdorjiin Orkhon|Pürevdorj]]|MGL|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1 PP
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aisuluu Tynybekova|Tynybekova]]|KGZ|2016 Summer}} '''W''' 3–1PP
|{{bronze3}}
|}

==See also==
* [[India at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
* [[2016 Summer Olympics medal table]]
*[[India at the Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{SR/Olympics country at games}}

{{Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian sport|Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|2016]]
[[Category:Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]

Mangaroda

2026-01-27T18:19:50Z

OdessaProsser28: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangaroda
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.314169|N|75.345591|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 466
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 253/213[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144602
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01822
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-09
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangaroda''' is a village in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|10|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Mangaroda. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Mangaroda has 105 houses with the total population of 466 persons of which 253 are male and 213 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Mangaroda is 78.45%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 53 which is 11.37% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 514,{{clarify|514 is a number, not a ratio|date=April 2019}} lower than the state average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=23435| title= Mangaroda| work=census2011.co.in | accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||105 || - ||-
|-
| Population ||466 ||253 ||213
|-
| Child (0-6) ||53 ||35 ||18
|-
| Schedule Caste ||191 ||102 ||89
|-
| Schedule Tribe ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||78.45 % ||82.57 % ||73.85 %
|-
| Total Workers ||155 ||131 ||24
|-
| Main Worker ||145 ||0 ||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||10 ||2 ||8
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}



==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160915101605/http://punjabdata.com/Villages/Villages-In-Kapurthala-Tehsil-In-Kapurthala-District.html Kapurthala Villages List]

{{Kapurthala district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{KapurthalaTehsil-geo-stub}}

Telhara, Nalanda district

2026-01-21T09:30:36Z

OdessaProsser28: Created A Place

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Telhara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Telhāḍa
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.226334|N|85.181587|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nalanda
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ekangarsarai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Magahi language|Magadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 801306
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-21
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jehanabad]] (22 km) [[Bihar Sharif]] (35 km) [[Patna]] (63 km)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Telhara''' is a village in [[Ekangarsarai]] block of [[Nalanda district]], in [[Bihar]]. It is also the site of the Telhara monastery which dates back to the 1st-century CE.<ref name="Kulshreshtha2017">{{cite book|author=Salila Kulshreshtha|title=From Temple to Museum: Colonial Collections and Umā Maheśvara Icons in the Middle Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJU4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172|date=5 October 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-35609-1|page=172}}</ref>

== Buddhist monastery ==
{{Main|Telhara monastery}}

Telhara was the site of a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in ancient India. It has been mentioned as ''[[Teladhaka]]'' in the writings of the Chinese traveller [[Hiuen Tsang]], who visited the place in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leoshko |first1=Janice |title=Buddhist Images from Telhara, a Site in Eastern India |journal=South Asian Studies |date=1988 |volume=4 |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1988.9628371 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666030.1988.9628371?needAccess=true&journalCode=rsas20|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is mentioned in an inscription found at Nālandā which mentions a temple restored a man named Bālāditya, a Jyāvisa of Telāḍhaka who had emigrated from Kauśāmbī, in the eleventh year of [[Mahipala]] Deva.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_P%C4%81las_of_Bengal/Chapter_4 The Palas of Bengal, R. D. BANERJI, 1915]</ref>

It has been also mentioned in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' as Tiladah, and is shown as one of the 46 mahals (administrative units) of the Bihar [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]. Telhara was shown as a [[pargana]] in the maps prepared by the [[East India Company]] administration during 1842–45.<ref name="Exc_Report_Atul">{{cite web | url = http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | title = Telhara (Nalanda) Excavation - A Brief Report (PDF) | author = Dr. Atul Kumar Verma | accessdate = 2014-01-15 | archive-date = 28 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140628083818/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The ruins of Telhara were mentioned in an 1872 letter by A. M. Broadley, the then Magistrate of Nalanda. Broadley noted that a large number of stone and metal images were often found during the digging of graves at the top of one of the mounds. Metal images found were melted down.<ref>Explored Sculptural Heritage of Telhara, District Nalanda, Bihar: A Recent Visit, Pampa Biswas, Puravritta
Volume 1, 2016, p. 167–182</ref> The State Government of Bihar started a new archaeological excavation of the site in December 2009, and later by the Bihar Heritage Development Society in 2020-2022. The work unearthed ancient pottery, antiques, and the remains of a three-storeyed structure mentioned by Xuanzang. Evidence of prayer halls and residential cells in the monastery has been found. The excavation revealed the following chronological layers:<ref>"Sri Prathamsivapura Mahavihara:Excavating an Early Medieval Buddhist Monastery at Telhara in Magadh (Eastern India) 2020-2022" by Dr. Bijoy Kumar Choudhary, Dr. Arun Kumar, Dr. Oishi Roy, Dr. Amit Ranjan, {{ISBN|9788196122249}}</ref>

[[File:Bodhisattva Lokeshvara Museum Rietberg RVI 106.jpg|thumb|Bodhisattva Lokeshvara from Telhara, new at [[Rietberg Museum]] ]]

# [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] (circa 6th century BCE to 2nd Century BCE)
# [[Sunga-Kushan Empire|Kushan]] (2nd Century BCE to 4th century CE)
# [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] (4th to 6th century CE)
# [[Early Medieval]] (mid 6th century CE to 13th century CE )
# [[Medieval]] (13th century CE to mid-18th century CE )
# [[Colonial India|Colonial]] (18th century to mid-20th century CE)

A number of sculptures from the site had been moved to museums during the [[British Raj]]. The [[Indian Museum]] in [[Kolkata]] houses the [[Maitreya]] and the twelve-armed [[Avalokitesvara|Avalokiteswar]] images from Telhara. A Pala sculpture from the site is present at the [[Rietberg Museum]] in [[Zurich]]. Telhara has a mosque, which is said to have been built with the materials carried from the ruins of the Buddhist monastery.<ref name="Exc_Report_Atul"/> One pillar contained an inscription that mentions the place-name Telāḍhaka.

Remains of an ancient university (Mahavihara) on the site were unearthed in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Another-ancient-university-found-in-Nalanda/articleshow/28807538.cms|title=Another ancient university found in Nalanda | Patna News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80647.jsp#.VzVrEvl97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422190830/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80647.jsp#.VzVrEvl97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2016|title=Telhara university}}</ref>

A state Museum is being established to store the artifacts found.

== Administration ==

Telhara comes under the administration of the [[Ekangarsarai]] [[gram panchayat]]. There are 5 census villages in the Telhara area:<ref name="NPD_2011">{{cite web | url = http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=95566&rlbtype=V | title = Reports of National Panchayat Directory | accessdate = 2014-01-15 }}</ref>

# Hajipur
# Khajepura
# Rasulpur
# Telhara
# Telhara Sani

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://nalanda.bih.nic.in/Biharmaps1/NALANDA_EKANGARSARAI.pdf Map showing Telhara's location within the Ekangarsarai block]

{{Nalanda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalanda district]]

{{Nalanda-geo-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian railways

2026-01-05T02:38:51Z

OdessaProsser28: Created A Details

{{short description|WikiProject improving articles related to Indian railways}}
<div style="border:2px solid #ddd; background:#fcfcfc; box-shadow: 0 6px 15px #999; padding: 1em 2.5em 1.25em; margin: 4em auto 2em auto; color: #000066;">
<div style="font-size:150%; padding: .3em 0 .5em 0; font-weight:bold; font-variant: ; text-align: center;">Welcome to the WikiProject for Indian Railways</div>
[[File:Vande Bharat Express.jpg|frameless|center]]
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=15px
|-
|This WikiProject exists to create, expand and improve upon articles related in any way to the railways in India. You are invited to be a part of this initiative! Please click on any of the links below to get started. <center>{{Clickablebutton2|Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/Opentask|Task List|class=mw-ui-progressive}} {{Clickablebutton2|Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/members|Membership|class=mw-ui-progressive}} {{Clickablebutton2|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian railways|Discussion|class=mw-ui-progressive}}</center>
|}
</div>
<div style="border:2px solid #ddd; background:#ffffff; box-shadow: 0 6px 15px #999; padding: 1em 2.5em 1.25em; margin: 2em auto 2em auto; color: ;">

{{Shortcut|WP:INRW|WP:IRW|WP:INRAIL|WP:INRI}}

==Aim==
This WikiProject aims to, in general, increase the quality of all articles related to Railways in India by expanding them, simplifying them and by adopting a standard and easy structure over them.

==Scope==
The scope of this project fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Railways in India]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under below categories.
{{#tag: categorytree|Rail transport in India}}

==To-do list==
'''Quick Links:'''
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/Opentask|Open task page]] to view tasks and progress
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/to do|To-do list page]] for editing the task list
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/Article alerts|Article Alerts]] for various alerts tagged on articles within our scope
{{to do}}

==Relations with other WikiProjects==
===Parent Projects===
The WikiProject operates under the principles of the following WikiProjects which can be considered parent-WikiProjects of WikiProject Indian Railways. You are invited to join them too!
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains|WikiProject Trains]]

===Sister projects===
The following projects have a similar scope and operate in a similar fashion to ours:
*[[Wikipedia: WikiProject Indian roads|WikiProject Indian Roads]]

== Banners ==
For reasons of maintenance, it is desirable that all the articles that are under the scope of this project be categorized in a simple and easy manner. To do this, most WikiProjects use banners and so does [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways|WikiProject Indian Railways]]. These banners automatically add the talk page of the article to the suitable sub-category of {{Category|Indian railways articles by importance}}. It is highly recommended that whenever one creates or edits an article within the scope of Indian Railways, they check for the following banners on the article's talk page. Doing so will not only help better organise WikiProject Indian railways, but also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains|WikiProject Trains]].
To add an article's talk page within the scope of this WikiProject, place one or both (as per situation) of the given banners by entering the respective code for it:
===WikiProject India banner===
Place '''<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|railways=yes|railways-importance=}}</nowiki>''' at top of the article's talk page and choose railways-importance from either 'top', 'high', 'mid' or 'low'.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject India||railways=yes|category=no}}

===WikiProject Trains banner===
To use this banner, place '''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Trains|India=yes|India-importance=}}</nowiki>''' at the top of the article's talk page (note that the capitalization on the parameter name is significant). It looks like this (with the <tt>class=NA</tt> parameter used for this transclusion):

{{WikiProject Trains|class=na|India=yes|India-importance=na|category=no}}

===Importance rating===
Both of the banners require the user to specify an ''importance'' paramater. The available options to choose from and the condition in which to use them are given below. '''Important: Do not add different/conflicting importance parameters for both the banners. In simple words, if a page has both the banners, they both must have the same importance rating.

Please note that the importance ratings for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains|WikiProject Trains]] is different. It is strongly advised that the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains/Assessment#Importance scale|importance scale of WikiProject Trains]] be consulted with when changing the overall importance rating through the {{template|TWP}} banner.

{| class="wikitable"
!Importance
!Templates
!Description
!Examples
|-
|top
|<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|railways=yes|railways-importance=top}}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{{WikiProject Trains|India=yes|india-importance=top}}</nowiki>
|Reserved for a few pages of utmost importance that are inseparable from the Indian Railways. Usually used for articles about major and publcily known organisations of Indian Railways and projects that are very popular.
|[[Indian Railways]]

[[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|IRCTC]]
|-
|high
|<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|railways=yes|railways-importance=high}}</nowiki>

<nowiki>{{WikiProject Trains|India=yes|india-importance=high}}</nowiki>
|Used for articles about which even the general public which is not interested in Railways knows about. subsidiary organisations of Railways, major Railways stations and premium trains (Raj, Shatabdi) also come under this category.
|[[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]

[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
|-
|mid
|<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|railways=yes|railways-importance=mid}}</nowiki>

<nowiki>{{WikiProject Trains|India=yes|india-importance=mid}}</nowiki>
|Not so major stations, semi-popular trains and other articles which many people may be unaware of.
|[[Agra railway division]]

[[Lucknow Mail]]
|-
|low
|<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|railways=yes|railways-importance=low}}</nowiki>

<nowiki>{{WikiProject Trains|India=yes|india-importance=low}}</nowiki>
|Must be used for the niche genre of articles which are known only by those who follow the Railways closely. They would be and integral part of railways but not a major one. Most railway stations, trains and routes come under this category. Most locomotives are also classified under this.
|[[Obra Dam railway station|Obra Damn railway station]]

[[Pune–Lucknow Express|Pune-Lucknow Express]]
|}

==Stubs==
*For stubs about the Railways in India, use '''{{tl|India-rail-transport-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:India rail transport stubs]] category and will produce
{{asbox
| icon = [[Image:Flag of India.svg|border|20px|alt=Stub icon 1]] [[Image:Aiga railtransportation 25.svg|15px|link=|alt=Stub icon 2]]
| subject = Indian rail transport related
| qualifier =
| category =
| tempsort =
| note =
| name = Template:India-rail-transport-stub
}}

*For stubs about the Railway Stations in India, use '''{{tl|India-railstation-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Indian railway station stubs]] category and will produce
{{asbox
| image = Train station.svg{{!}}link=
| pix = 50
| subject =
| qualifier = about a railroad station in India
| category =
| tempsort =
| name = Template:India-railstation-stub
}}

*For stubs about the Express trains in India, use '''{{tl|india-express-train-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Indian express train stubs]] category and will produce
{{asbox
| icon = [[Image:Flag of India.svg|border|20px|alt=Stub icon 1]] [[Image:Aiga railtransportation 25.svg|15px|link=|alt=Stub icon 2]]
| subject = Indian express train
| qualifier =
| category = Indian express train stubs
| tempsort =
| note =
| name = Template:India-express-train-stub
}}

*For stubs about the Passenger trains in India, use '''{{tl|india-passenger-train-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:India passenger train stubs]] category and will produce
{{asbox
| icon = [[Image:Flag of India.svg|border|20px|alt=Stub icon 1]] [[Image:Aiga railtransportation 25.svg|15px|link=|alt=Stub icon 2]]
| subject = Indian passenger train related
| qualifier =
| category =India passenger train stubs
| name = Template:India-passenger-train-stub
}}

==Invite==
To invite an editor to our WikiProject, place '''{{tl|WikiProject Indian railways/Invite}}''' on their talk page. This will produce an invitation card asking them to join the WikiProject Indian Railways along with the current To-Do list.

== Participants ==
Go to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian railways/members|membership page]] to add your name. Old members who have become active may place their name in the new list format.
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #AE9F8B;"
|- style="background-color: #E2DDD6;"
! width=25% | User name
! Interests / Comments
! width=17% | Joined
|-
|colspan=4|
<div style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px;text-align: left;" title="Contributions";>
{{/members}}
</div>
|} 

You may place '''{{nobreak|{{tltt|User WikiProject Indian railways}}}}''' on your user page to display the following userbox:
{{User WikiProject Indian railways}}{{clear|left}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian railways}}
[[Category:WikiProject Indian railways| ]]
[[Category:WikiProject India]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Solenoid valve

2025-12-29T22:52:15Z

OdessaProsser28: slightly rework formatting after review additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Electromechanical valve}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Solonoid valves.jpg|thumb|Solenoid valves]]
A '''solenoid valve''' is an [[electromechanical]]ly operated [[valve]] used in heating systems, fuel pipelines, and industrial automation to regulate the flow of liquids or gases. It works by passing electric current through a coil of wire, which creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field attracts a plunger, which operates the valve mechanism, to open or close fluid passages.

Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the specific [[electric current]] in which they use, the strength of the [[electromagnetic field]] that they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate the [[fluid]], and the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies from [[linear actuator|linear action]], plunger-type [[actuator]]s to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators. The valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more port design to switch flows between ports. Multiple [[solenoid]] valves can be placed together on a [[Hydraulic manifold|manifold]].
The valve mechanism operated by the force of the magnetic plunger may be a spool valve, or a poppet-style valve. Simple solenoids may use a spring to return the valve to the idle position; more complex valves may have two or more coils to move a spool valve. Proportional valves allow a varying electrical current to adjust the position of a valve over a range, which can be used to control flow and thus speed of fluid power devices. <ref> Charles S. Hedges (ed), "Electrical Control fo Fluid Power Third Edition", Womack Educational Publications, 1987, ISBN 0-9605644-9-7, ch. 1</ref>

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in [[fluidics]]. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high-reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

== Operation ==
There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is '''open''', then the two ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is '''closed''', then ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed '''normally open''' (N.O.). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed '''normally closed''' (N.C.).<ref name="ASCO 2-way">{{Cite web |url=http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-1%20General%20Service%202-Way%20Valves.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201311/http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-1%20General%20Service%202-Way%20Valves.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also 3-way and more complicated designs.<ref name="controlandpower.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-9%20Engineering%20Information.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225122854/http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-9%20Engineering%20Information.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port).
[[File:Pneumatic Rack and Pinion Actuators.JPG|thumb|The solenoid valve (small black box at the top of the photo) with input air line (small green tube) used to actuate a larger [[rack and pinion]] [[actuator]] (gray box) which controls the water pipe valve]]

Solenoid valves are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can generate a limited force. An approximate relationship between the required solenoid force ''Fs'', the fluid pressure ''P'', and the orifice area ''A'' for a direct acting solenoid valve is:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asconumatics.eu/images/site/upload/_en/pdf1/00022gb.pdf |page=V030-1|title=The relation ignores the dynamic head|website=Asconumatics.eu|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>
:<math>F_s = PA = P \frac{\pi d^2}{4}</math>

where ''d'' is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be {{convert|15|N|abbr=on}}. An application might be a low pressure (e.g., {{convert|10|psi|abbr=on}}) gas with a small orifice diameter (e.g., {{convert|3/8|in|mm|abbr=on}} for an orifice area of {{convert|0.11|in2|mm2|abbr=on}} and approximate force of {{convert|1.1|lbf|N|abbr=on}}).

If the force required is low enough, the [[solenoid]] is able to directly actuate the main valve. These are simply called '''Direct-Acting''' solenoid valves. When electricity is supplied, electrical energy is converted to [[mechanical energy]], physically moving a barrier to either obstruct flow (if it is N.O.) or allow flow (if it is N.C.). A spring is often used to return the valve to its resting position once power is shut off. Direct-acting valves are useful for their simplicity, although they do require a large amount of power relative to other types of solenoid valves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Direct Acting vs. Pilot Operated Solenoid Valve {{!}} ATO.com|url=https://www.ato.com/direct-acting-vs-pilot-operated-solenoid-valve|access-date=2021-07-13|website=ato.com}}</ref>

If fluid pressures are high and orifice diameter is large, a solenoid may not generate enough force on its own to actuate the valve. To solve this, a '''Pilot-Operated''' solenoid valve design can be used.<ref name="ASCO 2-way"/> Such a design uses the pressurized fluid itself to apply the forces required to actuate the valve, with the solenoid as a "pilot" directing the fluid (see subsection below). These valves are used in dishwashers, irrigation systems, and other applications where large pressures and/or volumes are desired. Pilot-operated solenoids tend to consume less energy than direct-action, although they will not work at all without sufficient fluid pressure and are more susceptible to getting clogged if the fluid has solid impurities.<ref name=":0" />

A direct-acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milliseconds. Pilot-operated valves are slightly slower; depending on their size, typical values range from 15 to 150 milliseconds.<ref name="controlandpower.com" />

Power consumption and supply requirements of the solenoid vary with application, being primarily determined by fluid pressure and orifice diameter. For example, a popular {{frac|3|4}}-inch 150 psi sprinkler valve, intended for 24 VAC (50–60 Hz) residential systems, has a momentary inrush of 7.2 VA, and a holding power requirement of 4.6 VA.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.homedepot.com/catalog/pdfImages/d6/d6964dee-5165-4616-b043-0eb0e7a765c6.pdf|title = Orbit 3/4 150 PSI Sprinkler|access-date = 9 December 2015|website = homedepot|publisher = Home Depot}}</ref> Comparatively, an industrial {{frac|1|2}}-inch 10,000 psi valve, intended for 12, 24, or 120 VAC systems in high-pressure fluid and cryogenic applications, has an inrush of 300 VA and a holding power of 22 VA.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.omega.com/green/pdf/SVH-110.pdf|title = Omega High Pressure Solenoid Valve SVH-111/SVH-112 Series|access-date = 9 December 2015|website = omega}}</ref> Neither valve lists a minimum pressure required to remain closed in the unpowered state.
[[Image:Solenoid Valve.svg|thumbnail|right|360px| A- Input side 
B- Diaphragm 
C- Pressure chamber 
D- Pressure relief passage 
E- Electro Mechanical Solenoid 
F- Output side]]

===Pilot-operated===
While there are multiple design variants, the following is a detailed breakdown of a typical pilot-operated solenoid valve. They may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical interfaces to allow for easy control.

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of water in this example. The top half shows the valve in its closed state. An inlet stream of pressurized water enters at '''A'''. '''B''' is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a spring pushing it down. The diaphragm has a pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount of water to flow through. This water fills cavity '''C''' so that pressure is roughly equal on both sides of the diaphragm. However, the pressurized water in cavity '''C''' acts across a much greater area of the diaphragm than the water in inlet '''A'''. From the equation <math>F = P*A</math>, the force from cavity '''C''' pushing downward is greater than the force from inlet '''A''' pushing upward, and the diaphragm remains closed.

Diaphragm '''B''' will stay closed as long as small drain passage '''D''' remains blocked by a pin, which is controlled by solenoid '''E'''. In a normally closed valve, supplying an electric current to the solenoid will raise the pin via magnetic force, and the water in cavity '''C''' drains out through passage '''D''' faster than the pinhole can refill it. Less water in cavity '''C''' means the pressure on that side of the diaphragm drops, proportionately dropping the force too. With the downward force of cavity '''C''' now less than the upward force of inlet '''A''', the diaphragm is pushed upward, thus opening the valve. Water now flows freely from '''A''' to '''F'''. When the solenoid is deactivated and passage '''D''' is closed, water once again accumulates in cavity '''C''', closing the diaphragm once the downward force exerted is great enough.

This process is the opposite for a normally open pilot-operated valve. In that case, the pin is naturally held open by a spring, passage '''D''' is open, and cavity '''C''' is never able to fill up enough, pushing open diaphragm '''B''' and allowing unobstructed flow. Supplying an electric current to the solenoid pushes the pin into a closed position, blocking passage '''D''', allowing water to accumulate in cavity '''C''', and ultimately closing diaphragm '''B'''.

In this way, a pilot-operated solenoid valve can be conceptualized as two valves working together: a direct-acting solenoid valve which functions as the "brain" to direct the "muscle" of a much more powerful main valve which gets actuated [[Pneumatics|pneumatically]] or [[Hydraulics|hydraulically]]. This is why pilot-operated valves will not work without a sufficient pressure differential between input and output, the "muscle" needs to be strong enough to push back against the diaphragm and open it. Should the pressure at the output rise above that of the input, the valve would open regardless of the state of the solenoid and [[pilot valve]].

==Components==
[[File:Solenoid valve core tube produced by deep drawing.jpg|thumb|Example core tubes. Non-magnetic core tubes are used to isolate the fluid from the coil. The core tube encloses the plugnut, the core spring, and the core. The coil slips over the core tube; a retaining clip engages the depression near the closed end of the core tube and holds the coil on the core tube.]]

Solenoid valve designs have many variations and challenges.

Common components of a solenoid valve:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-0%20Valve%20Terminology.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717190432/http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-0%20Valve%20Terminology.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirai.com/inglese/serieV/parti.php|title=Microelettrovalvole – Asco Numatics Sirai|website=Sirai.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirai.com/inglese/serieD/parti.php|title=Elettrovalvole a separazione totale (DRY) – Asco Numatics Sirai|website=Sirai.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mgacontrols.com/2011/02/24/mm-international-solenoid-valves/ |title=M&M International Solenoid Valves – MGA Controls |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018065932/http://www.mgacontrols.com/2011/02/24/mm-international-solenoid-valves/ |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Solenoid subassembly
**Retaining clip (a.k.a. coil clip)
**Solenoid coil (with magnetic return path)
**Core tube (a.k.a. armature tube, plunger tube, solenoid valve tube, sleeve, guide assembly)
**Plugnut (a.k.a. fixed core)
**Shading coil (a.k.a. shading ring)
**Core spring (a.k.a. counter spring)
**Core (a.k.a. plunger, armature)
*Core tube–bonnet seal
*Bonnet (a.k.a. cover)
*Bonnet–diaphragm–body seal
*Hanger spring
*Backup washer
*Diaphragm
**Bleed hole
*Disk
*Valve body
**Seat

The core or plunger is the magnetic component that moves when the solenoid is energized. The core is coaxial with the solenoid. The core's movement will make or break the seals that control the movement of the fluid. When the coil is not energized, springs will hold the core in its normal position.

The plugnut is also coaxial.

The core tube contains and guides the core. It also retains the plugnut and may seal the fluid. To optimize the movement of the core, the core tube needs to be nonmagnetic. If the core tube were magnetic, then it would offer a shunt path for the field lines.<ref>{{Harvnb|Skinner Valve|1997|p=128}}, stating "The tube is made of non-magnetic material to make certain that the flux is directed through the plunger rather than around it."</ref> In some designs, the core tube is an enclosed metal shell produced by [[deep drawing]]. Such a design simplifies the sealing problems because the fluid cannot escape from the enclosure, but the design also increases the magnetic path resistance because the magnetic path must traverse the thickness of the core tube twice: once near the plugnut and once near the core. In some other designs, the core tube is not closed but rather an open tube that slips over one end of the plugnut. To retain the plugnut, the tube might be crimped to the plugnut. An [[O-ring]] seal between the tube and the plugnut will prevent the fluid from escaping.

The solenoid coil consists of many turns of copper wire that surround the core tube and induce the movement of the core. The coil is often encapsulated in [[epoxy]]. The coil also has an iron frame that provides a low magnetic path resistance.


===Materials===
The valve body must be compatible with the fluid; common materials are brass, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastic.<ref>{{Citation |author=Skinner Valve |title=Two-Way, Three-Way and Four-Way Solenoid Valves |id=Catalog CFL00897 |publisher=[[Parker Hannifin]] |year=1997 |url=http://www.surmaq.com/html/cata/parker/contr/skinner.pdf }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 128</ref>

The seals must be compatible with the fluid.

To simplify the sealing issues, the plugnut, core, springs, shading ring, and other components are often exposed to the fluid, so they must be compatible as well. The requirements present some special problems. The core tube needs to be non-magnetic to pass the solenoid's field through to the plugnut and the core. The plugnut and core need a material with good magnetic properties such as iron, but iron is prone to corrosion. [[Stainless steel]]s can be used because they come in both magnetic and non-magnetic varieties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.controlandpower.com/catalog/PDFs/ASCO/ASCO%2035-9%20Engineering%20Information.pdf|page=450f|title=States, "Internal parts in contact with fluids are of non-magnetic 300 and magnetic 400 series stainless steel."|website=Controlandpower.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> For example, a solenoid valve might use 304 stainless steel for the body, 305 stainless steel for the core tube, 302 stainless steel for the springs, and 430 F stainless steel (a magnetic stainless steel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx?matguid=d1fcb0f0cca340a4aa9068d6af5e6606|title=Crucible Steel 430F Stainless Steel|website=Matweb.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>) for the core and plugnut.<ref name="ASCO 2-way"/>

== Types ==
Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described above:
* one- or two-solenoid valves;
* [[direct current]] or [[alternating current]] powered;
* different number of ways and positions;

==Common uses==
Solenoid valves are used in [[fluid power]] pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves. Automatic [[irrigation sprinkler]] systems also use solenoid valves with an automatic [[Controller (irrigation)|controller]]. Domestic [[washing machine]]s and [[dishwasher]]s use solenoid valves to control water entry into the machine. They are also often used in paintball gun triggers to actuate the {{CO2}} hammer valve. Solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as "solenoids."

Solenoid valves can be used for a wide array of industrial applications, including general on-off control, calibration and test stands, pilot plant control loops, process control systems, and various [[original equipment manufacturer]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valcor.com/scientific-and-industrial/general-purpose-solenoid-valves/|title=General Purpose Solenoid Valves – Valcor Engineering|website=Valcor.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==History and commercial development==
In 1910, [[ASCO Numatics]] became the first company to develop and manufacture the solenoid valve.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.digitalwavepublishing.com/pubs/NWM/maritimereporter/20060202/?pgno=26 | title=Propelling W&O Supply to New Heights | author=Trauthwein, Greg | journal=Maritime Reporter |date=February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A History of ASCO |url=http://valveproducts.net/asco/a-history-of-asco |website=Valveproducts.net |access-date=2013-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625173659/http://valveproducts.net/asco/a-history-of-asco |archive-date=2019-06-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Air-operated valve]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.maritime.org/doc/fleetsub/refrig/chap7.htm pp. 39–40. Solenoid valve illustration; breakaway pin / kick-off]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solenoid Valve}}
[[Category:Valves]]
[[Category:History of technology]]
[[Category:Mechanisms (engineering)]]
[[Category:Automobile transmissions]]
[[Category:Continuously variable transmissions]]

Bhandari

2025-12-03T13:33:34Z

OdessaProsser28: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox surname
|name=Bhandari
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|pronunciation=
|meaning= Treasurer, keeper of a storehouse
|region=[[Indian subcontinent]]
|languageorigin=Sanskrit
|origin=
|footnotes=}}

'''Bhandari''' or '''Bhandary''' is a surname found in various [[Hindu]] [[caste]]s and communities in India and Nepal. Bhandari means ''treasurer'', keeper of a storehouse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJoDDAAAQBAJ&q=bhandari |access-date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In Punjab, Bhandaris belong to [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalia]] and [[Khatri]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |authorlink=J. S. Grewal |title=In the By-lanes of History: Some Persian Documents from a Punjab Town |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFEKAQAAIAAJ&q=bhandari+khatri |access-date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FigAAAAMAAJ&q=bhandari+ahluwalia+caste |title=Chandigarh |last2=Bhalla |first2=V. |last3=Singh |first3=Swaran |date=1997 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-119-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw8wAQAAIAAJ&q=bhandari+ahluwalia+caste |title=People of India: Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-123-5 |language=en}}</ref> In Nepal, the surname is used by both Matwali and [[Tagadhari]] [[Chhetri]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adhikary |first1=Surya Mani |title=The Khaśa Kingdom: A Trans-Himalayan Empire of the Middle Age |date=1997 |publisher=Nirala Publications |isbn=978-81-85693-50-7 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cH5uAAAAMAAJ&q=chhetris+bhandari |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> as well as [[Bahun]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Prakash A. |title=Brahmins of Nepal |date=1996 |publisher=Nabeen Publications |isbn=978-0-7855-7366-1 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Nepali+brahmin+Bhandari+surname |quote=All the Brahmins in Nepal are supposed to have a gotra which ... Surname Acharya Adhikari Aryal Banskota Bastola Badal Baral Basti '''Bhandari''' Bhatta Bhattarai ...}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
Notable people bearing the name '''Bhandari''' or '''Bhandary''' include:


*[[Ajit Bhandari]] (born 1994), Nepalese footballer
*[[Amit Bhandari]] (born 1978), Indian cricketer
*[[Anup Bhandari]] (born 1982), Indian writer, director, music director, lyricist, playback singer and actor
*[[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]] (born 1961), Nepalese politician, President of Nepal
*[[Binod Bhandari]] (born 1990), Nepalese cricketer
*[[Dalveer Bhandari]], (born 1947), judge of the International Court of Justice
*[[Damodar Bhandari]] (born 1973), member of 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly
*[[Dhruv Bhandari]] (born 1985), Indian television actor
*[[Dil Kumari Bhandari]] (born 1949), Indian politician, former president of [[Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh]]
*[[Dinesh Chandra Bhandary]] (1934–2021), [[Group Captain]] in the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Vir Chakra]] awardee
*[[Gagan Singh Bhandari]], Nepalese politician and General
*[[Harry Bhandari]] (born 1977), Nepalese-born American politician
*[[H. Gopal Bhandary]] (1952–2019), MLA in Karnataka
*[[Lalit Bhandari]] (born 1996), Nepalese cricketer
*[[Madan Bhandari]] (1951–1993), Nepalese politician and communist leader
*[[Mohan Bhandari]] (1937–2015), Indian film and television actor
*[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] (1947–2017), Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of Sikkim]] from 1979 to 1994 and founder of [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
*[[Rajendra Bhandari]] (born 1956), Nepalese poet
*[[Rajendra Bahadur Bhandari]] (born 1975), Nepalese athlete
*[[Sabitra Bhandari]] (born 1996), Nepalese footballer
*[[Sujan Rai Bhandari]], Indian Punjabi historian and author
*[[Surjan Singh Bhandari]], Indian [[National Security Guards]] commando
*[[Tika Bhandari]], Nepalese singer

Fictional people bearing the name '''Bhandari''' include:
*[[Sav Bhandari]] and [[Alli Bhandari]], two main characters and siblings on the Canadian teen drama ''[[Degrassi: The Next Generation|Degrassi]]'' (2001–15)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Surname|Bhandari}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{Chhetri communities}}
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]
[[Category:Ahluwalia]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]

Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh

2025-12-01T21:25:03Z

OdessaProsser28:

{{Short description|Latin Catholic diocese in northern India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Simla and Chandigarh
|latin = Dioecesis Simlensis et Chandigarhensis
|local = शिमला और चंडीगढ़ के सूबा
|country = [[India]]
|metropolitan = [[Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]]
|province = [[Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Michael and St Joseph in [[Shimla]]
|cocathedral = [[Christ the King Co-Cathedral|Christ the King Cathedral]] in [[Chandigarh]]
|patron=St. Joseph and St. Michael|area_km2 = 83,566
|population = 18,670,000
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 14,780
|catholics_percent= 0.1
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Sahaya Thatheus Thomas]]
|bishop_title = Bishop-elect
|metro_archbishop = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]
|emeritus_bishops = [[Ignatius Loyola Mascarenhas]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.simlachandigarhdiocese.com/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh''' ({{langx|la| Simlen(sis) et Chandigarhen(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Catholic]] [[diocese]] located in the cities of [[Shimla|Simla]] and [[Chandigarh]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]] in India.

==History==
* 4 June 1959: Established as Diocese of Simla from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Delhi and Simla
* 12 May 1964: Renamed as Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh

==Leadership==
; Bishops of Simla and Chandigarh
* Bishop [[Ignatius Loyola Mascarenhas]] (10 February 2009 – 12 April 2024)
* Bishop [[Gerald John Mathias]] (22 December 1999 – 8 November 2007)
* Bishop [[Gilbert Blaize Rego]] (11 March 1971 – 10 November 1999)
* Bishop [[Alfred Fernández]] (13 April 1967 – 25 June 1970)
* Archbishop [[Joseph Alexander Fernandes]] (Apostolic Administrator 1966 – 13 April 1967)
* Bishop [[John Burke (bishop)|John Burke]] (12 May 1964 – 3 August 1966)
; Bishops of Simla
* Bishop John Burke (4 June 1959 – 12 May 1964)

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/siml0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsiml.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.simlachandigarhdiocese.com/ Website of the diocese]

==See also==
* [[Immaculate Heart Church, (Karnal)]]

{{coord|31.1053|N|77.1690|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simla and Chandigarh}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religion in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1959]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}