https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Oantree 2026-08-03T04:09:03Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Contessa&diff=502828 2026-04-29T09:09:33Z

<p>Oantree: </p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|Hino Contessa}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox automobile<br /> |image = Hindustan Contessa Diesel (Goa, 1994).jpg<br /> |caption = 1990s Hindustan Contessa Diesel (facelift model with locally redesigned bumpers) <br /> |name = Hindustan Contessa<br /> |manufacturer = [[Hindustan Motors]]<br /> |production = 1984&amp;ndash;2002<br /> |assembly = India: [[Uttarpara]]<br /> |body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br /> | layout = [[FR layout]]<br /> | platform = [[GM V platform]]<br /> | engine = {{ubl<br /> | 1.5&amp;nbsp;L ''[[BMC B-Series engine|BMC B-Series]]'' OHV [[Straight-four engine|I4]]<br /> | 1.8&amp;nbsp;L ''[[List of Isuzu engines#4ZB1|4ZB1]]'' I4<br /> | 2.0&amp;nbsp;L ''[[List of Isuzu engines#4FC1|4FC1]]'' [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4<br /> | 2.0&amp;nbsp;L ''[[List of Isuzu engines#4FC1|4FC1-T]]'' [[turbodiesel]] I4<br /> }}<br /> | transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] (BMC)&lt;br /&gt;5-speed manual (Isuzu)<br /> | wheelbase = {{convert|2667|mm|1|abbr=on}} <br /> | length = {{convert|4591|mm|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | width = {{convert|1699|mm|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | height = {{convert|1432|mm|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | weight = {{Convert|1200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br /> | related = [[Vauxhall Victor FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Opel Rekord Series D|Opel Rekord D]]<br /> |class = [[Large family car]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Hindustan Contessa''' is an automobile which was manufactured by [[Hindustan Motors]] (HM) of India from 1984 to 2002. It was based on the [[Vauxhall VX Series]] of 1976 to 1978, itself a development of the [[Vauxhall Victor FE]], and in turn ultimately derived from the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Opel Rekord D]]. When introduced in 1983, it was one of the few Indian manufactured luxury cars in the market. One of its few indigenous competitors was the short-lived [[Standard (Indian automobile)#Standard 2000|Standard 2000]] which was based on the [[Rover SD1]] and the Premier 118 NE was based on [[Fiat 124]]. The Contessa was a popular choice amongst government officials. It was nicknamed &quot;The Indian Benz&quot; due to its premium luxury and comfort.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> By the late 1970s, HM was ready to introduce a more modern car in the Indian market after having produced the ageing [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] for three decades. They were successful in acquiring the production tooling and technology of the [[Vauxhall VX Series]], a car that was phased out in the UK in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://vauxpedianet.uk2sitebuilder.com/vauxhall-v72---94000-fe-vx-series-aka-Hindustan-contessa | title = Vauxhall V72 Platform - 94000 FE VX Series aka Hindustan Contessa | work = vauxpedianet | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170213084415/http://vauxpedianet.uk2sitebuilder.com/vauxhall-v72---94000-fe-vx-series-aka-hindustan-contessa | archive-date=2017-02-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The production line was set up alongside the Ambassador at [[Uttarpara]] near Kolkata and the first test cars were ready by 1982. Series production was underway by the spring of 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR87&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = Automobil Revue 1987 | editor-last = Büschi | editor-first = Hans-Ulrich | publisher = Hallwag AG | location = Berne, Switzerland | language = German, French | page = 312 | volume = 82 |date=5 March 1987 | isbn = 3-444-00458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To keep development costs in check, the HM Contessa was introduced to the Indian market with the {{convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1.5&amp;nbsp;L [[BMC B-Series engine]] which also powered the [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] in a slightly modified form along with the Hindustan four-speed gearbox both from the early 1950s.The Contessa was thus a car introduced in 1984 with a 1970 body and 1950 engine and gearbox.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR87&quot;/&gt; The press was upbeat about the roomy interior and plush ride, but was critical about the grossly underpowered engine and equally primitive gearbox. Top speed was only around {{convert|125|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, although there was also a version with higher 8.3:1 compression which offered {{convert|54|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR87&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Isuzu-engine era===<br /> [[File:Hindustan Contessa (Indian built Vauxhall Victor FE lookalike) (16465333065).jpg|thumb|left|Rear of a Contessa Classic 1.8 GL]]<br /> By the late eighties, Hindustan had tied-up with [[Isuzu]] of Japan and started manufacturing their 1.8&amp;nbsp;L [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu Z engine|4ZB1]] petrol engine and matching five-speed gearbox for installation in the Contessa. The new car was called the Contessa Classic with distinctive &quot;CLASSIC&quot; and &quot;1.8GL&quot; badging on the trunk lid. The Isuzu-engined car quickly displaced the BMC-engined model, which was phased out in short order. The car achieved an increased top speed of around 160&amp;nbsp;km/h.<br /> <br /> Even though the Contessa was based on a 1970s design, the interior was quiet and the seats were considered to be extremely comfortable. The basic design of the Contessa remained the same throughout its life, though HM made minor updates throughout the life of the model such as a revised grille during the 1990s. Numerous features like fuel injection, power windows, power steering, bigger bumpers, upgraded headlights, air conditioning, etcetera, were introduced in phases to keep the car appealing to the premium customer.<br /> <br /> In the 1990s, Hindustan started manufacturing the 2.0&amp;nbsp;L [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu Diesel|Isuzu 4FC1]] diesel engine that came to power the Contessa Diesel. The diesel was a reasonably strong seller, considering its high price. A turbo diesel version was introduced a few years later.<br /> <br /> However, after the advent of more modern cars from GM, Ford, Fiat, Tata, etcetera, the demand for the Contessa began to wane. Maruti Suzuki had grabbed the lion's share of the market and intense competition between the new auto manufacturers brought modern fuel-efficient cars to the Indian marketplace in the late 1990s. The constant rise of petrol prices was the final nail in the coffin for the now comparably thirsty Contessa, which was phased out in 2002. Towards the end of production, there were three versions of this car; the 1.8 GLX (Isuzu petrol), 2.0 DLX (Isuzu diesel) and 2.0 TD (Isuzu turbo diesel).<br /> <br /> ==Specification==<br /> The specifications of the petrol engined Contessa are as follows:<br /> <br /> ===Engine (1800 Isuzu)===<br /> *Type: Inline-four, SOHC with carburettor. [[Fuel injection|MPFI]] from 2000 when new pollution norms kicked in, requiring fuel injection <br /> *Fuel: Petrol<br /> *Capacity: 1.8&amp;nbsp;L<br /> *Bore / stroke: 84 / 82&amp;nbsp;mm<br /> *Compression ratio: 8.5:1<br /> *Maximum power: {{cvt|88|bhp|kW|0}} at 5,000&amp;nbsp;rpm for early fully imported assembled engines; {{cvt|75|bhp|kW|0}} for later engines assembled locally by Hindustan Motors<br /> *Maximum torque: {{cvt|13.8|kgm|Nm lbft|0|order=out}} at 3,000&amp;nbsp;rpm<br /> *Cooling: Water-cooled<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Hindustan Motors}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindustan vehicles|Contessa]]<br /> [[Category:Cars of India]]<br /> [[Category:Cars introduced in 1984]]<br /> [[Category:Cars discontinued in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Mid-size cars]]<br /> [[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]<br /> [[Category:Sedans]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ameerin_Aadhi-Bhagavan&diff=485948 2026-04-28T08:25:26Z

<p>Oantree: Starting New Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Ameer Sultan}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]<br /> | producer = [[J. Anbazhagan]]<br /> | writer = Ameer<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Mohan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Neetu Chandra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sudha Chandran]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Saiju Kurup]]<br /> | music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cinematography = [[R. B. Gurudev]]&lt;br /&gt;K. Devaraj<br /> | editing = S. P. Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;Ram Sudharsan<br /> | studio = [[J. Anbazhagan|Anbu Pictures]]<br /> | distributor = [[Ameer (director)|Teamwork Production House]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2013|02|22|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 157 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan''''' ({{translation|Ameer's [[Adi Bhagavan|Aadhi-Bhagavan]]}}) previously known as '''''Aadhi Bhagavan''''', is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2012 |title=From Royapuram to Bangkok – 'Aadhi Bhagavan's backdrop change |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/nov/05/from-royapuram-to-bangkok---aadhi-bhagavans-backdrop-change-422590.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709080326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/nov/05/from-royapuram-to-bangkok---aadhi-bhagavans-backdrop-change-422590.html |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=I'm not saying I have done something unimaginable in 'Aadhi Bhagavan'. It's an action film done in my own way.}}&lt;/ref&gt; written and directed by [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]. Produced by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK politician]] [[J. Anbazhagan]], the film stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi) in the titular [[dual role]] as the [[Protagonist|protagonist]] (Aadhi) and the [[Antagonist|antagonist]] (Bhagavan) along with [[Neetu Chandra]], [[Saiju Kurup]] and [[Sudha Chandran]]. The film follows Aadhi, a Thailand-based gangster living separately from his mother and sister due to his criminal activities. His life changes when he rescues a young waitress from goons and soon finds himself drawn in a violent conspiracy hatched by Bhagavan, his Mumbai-based lookalike.<br /> <br /> The cinematography was handled by [[R. B. Gurudev]] and K. Devaraj, while Ram Sudharsan and S. P. Ahmed both edited the film. The film features a background score from the 2011 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film ''[[Panjaa]]'' composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who composed the music for both the films. It also features a [[Hindi]]-language song ''Agadam Bagadam'' sung by [[Mohit Chauhan]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} It is the second Asian film to make use of [[Auro 3D]] audio technology after ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2013 |title='Ameerin Aadhi Bhagavan' in Auro 3D |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan-in-auro-3d-news-tamil-ncvpLXbcgcbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112192055/https://www.sify.com/movies/ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan-in-auro-3d-news-tamil-ncvpLXbcgcbsi.html |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a formal announcement in February 2010, the film was in production for a period of three years and filmed primarily across Thailand, in the Indian states of Rajasthan and [[Goa]], as well as the locales of [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Toronto]], Ontario and Canada.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> The film had to undergo a title change following protests from [[Hindu]] religious groups. The film also faced censorship issues as the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] gave it an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] in spite of 24 cuts. The film was released theatrically on 22 February 2013 and received mixed reviews from critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 February 2013 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan in trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-trouble/articleshow/18643199.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251117023345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-trouble/articleshow/18643199.cms |archive-date=17 November 2025 |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The action sequences and Ravi's performance were praised, but the writing was criticized. In spite of its moderate box office success, Ameer announced a sequel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2013 |title=Tamil film 'Ameerin Aadhi Bhagavan' to have a sequel |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan-to-have-a-sequel-594383.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710080118/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan-to-have-a-sequel-594383.html |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Neetu Chandra won the award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Tamil) at the [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 February 2014 |title=Neetu Chandra wins accolades for her villainous role in 'Adhi Bhagwan' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/neetu-chandra-wins-accolades-for-her-villainous-role-in-adhi-bhagwan/15621153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112200843/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/neetu-chandra-wins-accolades-for-her-villainous-role-in-adhi-bhagwan/15621153 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Posing as a CBI official, Aadhi Shanmugham robs a Hyderabad politician with the help of his team and flees away from the country as the politician orders his men to hunt him down. Aadhi is a Bangkok-based gangster who is despised by his mother and sister due to his criminal activities. They reject all his offered help despite his attempts to mend their relations. Aadhi comes across a waitress named Karishma and one night sees her getting kidnapped. He fights off the kidnappers, pays them to free her the next day and allows her to stay with him. During a drug deal, Aadhi and the dealer get attacked. The ensuing shootout leaves Aadhi nearly dead, only to be rescued by Karishma, who treats him. Aadhi confesses his love for her, and they plan to depart for Mumbai. At the airport, Karishma is found talking to the man Aadhi paid to get her freed, and it is revealed they've been working together to trap Aadhi. In the meanwhile, it is revealed that Aadhi has a lookalike named Bhagavan, a gangster with slightly feminine behavior. Once Aadhi and Karishma land in Mumbai, she gives him a drink that puts him to sleep. He's taken to a place where his hair is shortened, mustache and beard are shaved. ACP Ranadev Patel, a corrupt officer, publicly announces the capture of Bhagavan. When a politician tries to kill Aadhi, mistaking him for Bhagavan, due to his brother's death, Ranadev stops him, and Aadhi is left alone with an inmate who reveals Karishma is actually Bhagavan's girlfriend, and her real name is Rani.<br /> <br /> When told by the politician to deal with a Tamil Nadu MP, Bhagavan fought off rowdies who told him about the MP's location, following which he killed him and got invited to a party by the politician along with Rani. There, he found out that the politician's brother Sushil was attracted to Rani, and later even tried to force himself on her while drunk. The politician offered Bhagavan money to spare Sushil, but he set the money on fire and killed Sushil for his behavior. The politician enlisted police help to find Bhagavan, who had gone into hiding with Karishma. When Ranadev informed them about the same, Karishma received pictures of Aadhi, clicked by a partner and decided to trap Aadhi in order to get him framed for Bhagavan's crimes. Learning this, Aadhi is shocked and is taken away by the police before Rani personally meets and explains how she trapped him. Ranadev gets paid by the politicians: Sushil's brother and the Hyderabad politician, to kill Aadhi. Despite being wounded, Aadhi fights off the goons and escapes with his inmate. Believing Ranadev to have sold out Aadhi due to greed for money, Bhagavan kills him. Aadhi and his inmate meet a man who arranges a Malaysian passport for Aadhi to flee and also informs him Bhagavan and Rani are still in Mumbai. Aadhi decides to seek revenge and pursues Rani after learning of her location through a source. A shootout ensues, followed by a chase and resulting in a fight between Aadhi and Rani in which both are equally matched but Aadhi manages to get the upper hand and stabs Rani to death. Bhagavan enters and witnesses Aadhi murdering Rani and is heartbroken to see Rani's corpse. Aadhi challenges Bhagavan to a fight. An infuriated Bhagavan brutally beats up Aadhi. But after a lengthy battle Aadhi brutally stabs Bhagavan and tells him that 2 people in a world can't exist with the same face and leaves as a bloodied Bhagavan drags himself near Rani's corpse. After Aadhi leaves, Bhagavan is no longer near Rani's corpse implying that he escaped.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Ravi Mohan]] in [[dual role]] as:<br /> ** Aadhi Shanmugam<br /> ** Bhagavan Bhai<br /> * [[Neetu Chandra]] as Rani Sampatha / Karishma ([[voiceover]] by Krithika Nelson)<br /> * [[Sudha Chandran]] as Indra Sundaramurthy, Aadhi's mother<br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ranadev Patel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br /> * [[Babu Antony]] as Sam<br /> * Karuna as Prabha Sundaramurthy, Aadhi's sister<br /> * [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as photographer (henchman)<br /> * Bagla as Bagla<br /> * [[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]] as Kondal Rao<br /> * Tarjan<br /> * Shyamili Sukumar<br /> * [[Sakshi Shivanand]] in an [[item number]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> === Development ===<br /> [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]] initially wanted to direct a project titled ''Kannabiran''. He later decided to do a &quot;quickie&quot; with [[Ravi Mohan]] (known at the time as Jayam Ravi), with whom he had discussions for nearly two years, and shelved ''Kannabiran''. In February 2010, Ameer officially announced the project at a [[Press conference|press meet]], titled ''Aadhi Bhagavan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 February 2010 |title=Going commercial |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article116101.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204054128/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article116101.ece |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> Early reports suggested that Mohan would enact the role of a gangster;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=P Sangeeta |date=21 April 2011 |title=Jayam Ravi turns gangster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Jayam-Ravi-turns-gangster/articleshow/8045109.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514053043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-21/news-interviews/29458445_1_jayam-ravi-thillalangadi-gangster |archive-date=14 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issue=Mumbai Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt; later he was many-times reported to be playing double roles in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Two roles for Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Two-roles-for-Ravi/articleshow/9539509.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/news-interviews/29867620_1_jayam-ravi-roles-aadhi-bhagavan |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the official announcement, Ameer revealed that the lead actress had not yet been chosen. [[Mamta Mohandas]] to play the role of a modern [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]], with the latter even confirming in May 2010 to be part of the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 May 2010 |title=Mamta Mohandas- Changes tracks! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mamta-mohandas-changes-tracks-news-tamil-kkfq5rhhdeb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235923/http://www.sify.com/movies/mamta-mohandas-changes-tracks-news-tamil-kkfq5rhhdeb.html |archive-date=2012-10-08 |work=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-06-18 |title=I love Devi Sri as a buddy: Mamta |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-18/news-interviews/28280367_1_actress-mamta-guru-en-aalu-love-story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-18/news-interviews/28280367_1_actress-mamta-guru-en-aalu-love-story |archive-date=2012-11-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, almost two months later, she reportedly opted out as she was unwilling to give almost a year of her dates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 July 2010 |title=Is Mamta out of Aadhi Bhagavan? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mamta-out-of-aadhi-bhagavan-news-tamil-kkfqggcbbdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235958/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mamta-out-of-aadhi-bhagavan-news-tamil-kkfqggcbbdc.html |archive-date=2012-10-08 |work=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was eventually replaced by [[Neetu Chandra]], who was approached by Ameer, while working with him in [[Mysskin]]'s ''[[Yuddham Sei]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-09-20 |title=Neetu takes off |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-20/news-interviews/28249199_1_neetu-chandra-ameer-sultan-lucky-oye |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103122741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-20/news-interviews/28249199_1_neetu-chandra-ameer-sultan-lucky-oye |archive-date=2012-11-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being a black belt holder in [[taekwondo]], Chandra performed her own stunts in the film. For a pivotal role as the lead character's mother, television actress [[Sudha Chandran]] was signed up in May 2010.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Malayalam actor [[Saiju Kurup]] was roped in to essay the role of the main antagonist; he would portray a Mumbai-based Assistant Police Commissioner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2011 |title=Saiju Kurup in Ameer's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Saiju-Kurup-in-Ameers-next/articleshow/10518441.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-28/news-interviews/30331931_1_ameer-anti-hero-negative-roles |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sakshi Shivanand]] was selected to perform an [[item number]] alongside 150 foreign dancers at specially erected set in April 2011.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> The first schedule, primarily featuring Mohan, was held in May 2010 in [[Bangkok]], Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 July 2010 |title=Will she, won't she? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Will-she-wont-she/articleshow/6200410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-23/news-interviews/28296554_1_jayam-ravi-aadhi-bhagavan-mamta-mohandass |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the lead actress had been finalized, the film crew returned to Thailand in September that year for the subsequent schedule that took place at the beach resort [[Pattaya]] which was decorated as hero's office by art director [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=29 October 2010 |title=Neetu Chandra goes desi in Thailand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Neetu-Chandra-goes-desi-in-Thailand/articleshow/6829016.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/news-interviews/28257064_1_neetu-chandra-locals-ameer |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; following which couple of scenes were canned in [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot; /&gt; Ameer started the third schedule in early February 2011 with shoots being held in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Bhuj]], [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=14 February 2011 |title=Neetu Chandra is on the move! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Neetu-Chandra-is-on-the-move/articleshow/7487426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-14/news-interviews/28546742_1_jaisalmer-bhuj-neetu-chandra |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohan then moved on to finish his other ongoing project, ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' for that he also sported a different look, as a result of which the filming of ''Aadhi Bhagavan'' came to a halt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivasa Ramanujam, TNN |date=9 September 2011 |title=Jayam Ravi's date with confusion! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Jayam-Ravis-date-with-confusion/articleshow/9920872.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224135309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news-interviews/30134410_1_ravi-and-jiiva-engeyum-kadhal-aadhi-bhagawan |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; it recommenced in December 2011.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} In April 2012, filming was carried out in [[Goa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2012 |title=Jayam Ravi &amp; Adhi Bhagavan unit in Goa |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-adhi-bhagavan-unit-in-goa-news-tamil-me3lGxiadgc.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317192946/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-adhi-bhagavan-unit-in-goa-news-tamil-me3lGxiadgc.html?ref=false |archive-date=17 March 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although filming was supposed to be completed with the Goa schedule,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=26 June 2012 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-Rajasthan/articleshow/14388410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news-interviews/32410172_1_ameer-fight-sequence-shooting |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; the crew moved to Rajasthan by early July 2012 to shoot a couple of climax action sequences in the deserts of [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jaipur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2012 |title=Ameer and Ravi off to Jaipur |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ameer-and-ravi-off-to-jaipur-news-tamil-mg0jgVgghie.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317112817/http://www.sify.com/movies/ameer-and-ravi-off-to-jaipur-news-tamil-mg0jgVgghie.html?ref=false |archive-date=17 March 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which could not be shot during the previous schedule due to Neetu Chandra's absence, who had left to shoot for an international project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Neetu Chandra's action thriller incomplete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Neetu-Chandras-action-thriller-incomplete/articleshow/14845487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-12/news-interviews/32647325_1_jayam-ravi-aadhi-bhagavan-first-greek-film |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fight sequence between both Mohan characters was shot in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] during a 15-day schedule, seven cameras were said to have been used for the scene.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Neetu Chandra finished shooting her portion on 25 July,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=26 July 2012 |title=It's wrap up time for Neetu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Its-wrap-up-time-for-Neetu/articleshow/15140678.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news-interviews/32849670_1_aadhi-bhagavan-jayam-ravi-actress-neetu-chandra |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the entire filming was eventually completed on 31 July 2012, following its final schedule in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 August 2012 |title=Aadhi Bhagawan complete! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aadhi-Bhagawan-complete/articleshow/15311442.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-01/news-interviews/32979766_1_jayam-ravi-aadhi-bhagavan-aadhi-bhagawan |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Post-production works commenced by early 2012, while filming was still carried out, and the first look posters were published in July 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=Aadhi Bhagawan getting ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Aadhi-Bhagawan-getting-ready/articleshow/14896976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/news-interviews/32674712_1_cbi-officer-aadhi-bhagawan-jayam-ravi |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A press statement in June 2012 announced that ''Aadhi Bhagavan'' would become the first Tamil film to feature [[7.1 surround sound]] at standard resolution. The film was recorded at composer [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]], [[Chennai]], India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Aadhi Bhagavan<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cover = Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan (soundtrack).jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | released = 6 October 2012<br /> | recorded = 2010–2011<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 25:37<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = Gemini Audio<br /> | producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Dhenikaina Ready]]<br /> | prev_year = 2012<br /> | next_title = [[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]<br /> | next_year = 2012<br /> }}<br /> As with Ameer's previous directorials, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was assigned to score music for the film, as did lyricist [[Snehan]] who wrote three songs for the album.<br /> In July 2010, Ameer, Yuvan and Snehan left to Singapore for music compositions and finalised the tunes by August.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 July 2010 |title=Is Mamta out of Aadhi Bhagavan? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mamta-out-of-aadhi-bhagavan-news-tamil-kkfqggcbbdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235958/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-mamta-out-of-aadhi-bhagavan-news-tamil-kkfqggcbbdc.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the songs was reported to be a [[club music|club number]], featuring completely Hindi lyrics; [[Mohit Chauhan]] was recruited to lend his voice to this song.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2010 |title=Bollywood bug bites Yuvan and Harris |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-10-01/yuvan-harris-06-08-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806183427/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-10-01/yuvan-harris-06-08-10.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=12 August 2010 |website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2010 |title=Yuvan's experimental tunes |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59167.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806032413/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59167.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=12 August 2010 |website=Indiaglitz}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Oru Thuli Vishamai&quot; was recorded in late November 2010. Yuvan described it as &quot;one of his toughest compositions&quot;, as while usually completing his songs within a couple of days, the track took him more than a week to finish after revising it more than 7–8 times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yuvan's Most Difficult Song |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-10-01/yuvan-shankar-raja-aadhi-bagwan-03-12-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221120958/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-10-01/yuvan-shankar-raja-aadhi-bagwan-03-12-10.html |archive-date=21 December 2010 |access-date=2 January 2011 |website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aadhi Bhagavan's soundtrack took more than a year to be composed and recorded due to Yuvan's commitments on ''[[Avan Ivan]]'', ''[[Mankatha]]'' and ''[[Panjaa]]'' (all 2011). In late July 2012, the composer was working on the final [[Audio mixing|sound mixing]] with Kausikan Sivalingam handling the mixing in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=Yuvan's German link |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Yuvans-German-link/articleshow/15140090.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/news-interviews/32847806_1_saindhu-saindhu-yuvan-shankar-raja-german-link |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also worked with several German instrumentalists and sound engineers for the album.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Tamil Canadian]] rapper Rajeev ThaProphecy collaborated with Yuvan and performed a rap number titled &quot;Bhagavan Rap Song&quot;. A [[Music video|promotional music video]] featuring ThaProphecy and Ameer, was shot in [[Canada]], and edited with stills from the film, released in January 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behindwoods&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan Music Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/oct-12-02/aadhi-bhagavan-music-review.html#:~:text=Aadhi%20Bhagawan%20marks%20the%20fifth,in%20a%20grand%20Yuvan%20concert. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709082716/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/oct-12-02/aadhi-bhagavan-music-review.html#:~:text=Aadhi%20Bhagawan%20marks%20the%20fifth,in%20a%20grand%20Yuvan%20concert. |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Yuvan reused the background score from the Telugu film ''[[Panjaa]]'' (2011), which was also composed by himself. The score was recorded at [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]], in [[Chennai]] with [[7.1 surround sound]] and [[Auro-3D|Auro 3D]] technology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 June 2012 |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' in 7.1 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83210.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628225005/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83210.html |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |work=Indiaglitz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The producers intended to host an event in [[Canada]] on 29 September 2012 to launch the film's music, which would mark the first ever Tamil audio launch event held in North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=2012-09-05 |title=Audio launch abroad? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-launch-abroad/article3862134.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709082714/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-launch-abroad/article3862134.ece |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' audio launch in Canada? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aadhi-bhagavan-audio-launch-in-canada-news-tamil-mjdj42affgfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709155938/https://www.sify.com/movies/aadhi-bhagavan-audio-launch-in-canada-news-tamil-mjdj42affgfsi.html |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event was however held on 6 October 2012 at the [[Powerade Centre]] in [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ameer's Aadhi Bhagavan audio launch on October 6 |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1376/ameers-aadhi-bhagavan-audio-launch-on-october-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712183102/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/1376/ameers-aadhi-bhagavan-audio-launch-on-october-6 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Moviecrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aadhi Bhagavan audio in Toronto on October 6 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/8203aadhi-bhagavan-audio-in-toronto-on-october-6-news-tamil-mjujw0jdeihsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709082715/https://www.sify.com/movies/8203aadhi-bhagavan-audio-in-toronto-on-october-6-news-tamil-mjujw0jdeihsi.html |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It saw the presence of several noted film personalities, along with the film's cast and crew.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2012 |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' trailer set for big launch in Chennai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/oct/06/aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-set-for-big-launch-in-chennai-412822.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711080528/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/oct/06/aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-set-for-big-launch-in-chennai-412822.html |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja's Canadian Date |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-aadhi-bhagavan-27-09-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224000827/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-aadhi-bhagavan-27-09-12.html |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides the live performance of the film's soundtrack as well as popular songs from the director and composer's previous collaborations, the event saw a dance performance by South African dancers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=V Lakshmi, TNN |date=4 September 2012 |title=Yuvan to go live in Canada for Ameer! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Yuvan-to-go-live-in-Canada-for-Ameer/articleshow/16234365.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094914/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-04/news-interviews/33564029_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-music-composer-ameer |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline =Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Eisalaamey Eisalaam<br /> | extra1 = [[Manasi Scott]], [[Rahul Nambiar]]<br /> | length1 = 4:58<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]<br /> | title2 = Kaatriley Nadanthene<br /> | extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shweta Pandit]]<br /> | length2 = 4:55<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Arivumathi]]<br /> | title3 = Yaavum Poithaanaa<br /> | extra3 = [[Madhushree]]<br /> | length3 = 4:20<br /> | lyrics3 = Snehan<br /> | title4 = Oru Thuli Vishamai<br /> | extra4 = Sharib Sabri, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | length4 = 5:36<br /> | lyrics4 = Snehan<br /> | title5 = Agadam Bagadam<br /> | extra5 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]<br /> | length5 = 4:22<br /> | lyrics5 = Manoj<br /> | title6 = Bhagavan Rap Song<br /> | extra6 = Rajeev ThaProphecy, [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]<br /> | length6 = 3:43<br /> | lyrics6 = Rajeev ThaProphecy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ===Theatrical===<br /> ''Aadhi Bhagavan'' was filmed around a span of two years. It was speculated that the film was scheduled to release on the eve of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, which falls on 10 January 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Gearing up for a big release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gearing-up-for-a-big-release/articleshow/16822463.cms |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the film was scheduled to be released on 24 January 2013, to avoid clashing with another delayed film ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' in full swing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-full-swing/articleshow/17830317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-full-swing/articleshow/17830317.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; then postponed to avoid clashing with the [[Kamal Haasan]]-starrer ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013), which was scheduled on the same date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan postponed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-postponed/articleshow/18129673.cms |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, the sudden postponement and the uncertainty prevailing over the release of ''Vishwaroopam'', affected the film's release by pushing towards the end of February.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Vishwaroopam pushes Kadal, Aadhi Bhagavan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishwaroopam-pushes-Kadal-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/17950914.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishwaroopam-pushes-Kadal-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/17950914.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also speculated that the film would be scheduled for a [[Valentine's Day]] release, on 14 February 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan for Valentine's day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-for-Valentines-day/articleshow/18221853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-for-Valentines-day/articleshow/18221853.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; But, the makers confirmed that the film will be released on 22 February 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan release date out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-release-date-out/articleshow/18477708.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722162220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-release-date-out/articleshow/18477708.cms |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was awarded an [[A certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]], citing the action sequences and violence,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Ameer's Aadhi Bhagavan certified 'A' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ameers-Aadhi-Bhagavan-certified-A/articleshow/18495066.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ameers-Aadhi-Bhagavan-certified-A/articleshow/18495066.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 24 cuts.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Ameer criticised the censor board officials, regarding that the film was given A certificate, unnecessarily.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A member from the censor board registered a complaint against Ameer, to the city police commissioner citing that, the officials had asked him for a bribe amount to receive a [[U/A certificate|U/A]] or [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] to the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Ameer in trouble for comment against CBFC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ameer-in-trouble-for-comment-against-CBFC/articleshow/18791212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ameer-in-trouble-for-comment-against-CBFC/articleshow/18791212.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The officials claimed that post the release of ''Vishwaroopam'', the censor board tightened the rules and the film was given an A certificate for the mafia storyline.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> The film faced criticisms from [[Hindus|Hindu]] groups, as the film, as well as its former title, ''Aadhi Bhagavan'', was mentioned as offensive to their religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 January 2013 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan: Not anti-religion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-Not-anti-religion/articleshow/18254631.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709075337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-Not-anti-religion/articleshow/18254631.cms |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), filed a petition against the film, seeking a ban on it, as the title was meant objectionable to the group, and they also demanded a statewide protest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan in trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-trouble/articleshow/18305168.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-in-trouble/articleshow/18305168.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before its release, the censor board officials requested to change its title, by adding a prefix ''Ameerin'', which was named as ''Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 February 2013 |title=Title change for Aadhi Bhagavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Title-change-for-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/18526815.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721012639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Title-change-for-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/18526815.cms |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Reservations for the film were started three days before the release, on 19 February 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 Feb 2013 |title=Ammerin Aadhi Bhagawan reservations start! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ammerin-Aadhi-Bhagawan-reservations-start/articleshow/18588727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ammerin-Aadhi-Bhagawan-reservations-start/articleshow/18588727.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released in 1200 screens worldwide clashing with ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-21 |title=Haridas with Adhi Bhagavan |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12654.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225090134/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12654.html |archive-date=2013-02-25 |access-date=2013-02-21 |publisher=IBN Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan Movie Release Date |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/aadhi-bhagavan-movie-release-date-_52325.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203104122/http://timesofap.com/cinema/aadhi-bhagavan-movie-release-date-_52325.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=timesofap.com |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Marketing ===<br /> As a part of the film's promotions, director Ameer launched an official website and official [[Facebook]] page for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' hits online space |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-hits-online-space/articleshow/17793712.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aadhi-Bhagavan-hits-online-space/articleshow/17793712.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer of the film was released at a grand launch event held in [[Chennai]] on 8 November 2012, with the presence of the film's cast and crew.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-09 |title=Emotion galore at Aadhi Bhagavan trailer launch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/emotion-galore-at-aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-launch-news-tamil-mkzkhMifdhdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712172411/https://www.sify.com/movies/emotion-galore-at-aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-launch-news-tamil-mkzkhMifdhdsi.html |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-10-07 |title='Aadhi Bhagavan' trailer set for big launch |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-set-for-big-launch-515006.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711020241/https://www.news18.com/news/india/aadhi-bhagavan-trailer-set-for-big-launch-515006.html |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The making video of the film's shooting in Thailand was released in December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2012 |title=Aadhi Bhagavan Making |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBu8zIBrqno&amp;feature=youtu.be |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/ZBu8zIBrqno |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; A new trailer was launched on 17 January 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aadhi Bhagavan: Trailer {{!}} Tamil Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/Aadhi-Bhagavan-Trailer/videoshow/16779380.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815134826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/Aadhi-Bhagavan-Trailer/videoshow/16779380.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Home media===<br /> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Sun Network bags Aadhi Bhagavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sun-Network-bags-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/18346738.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722165453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sun-Network-bags-Aadhi-Bhagavan/articleshow/18346738.cms |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-09 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A censored version of the film was released digitally on [[Sun NXT]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADHI BHAGAVAN |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/movie/detail/7142/adhi-bhagavan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117042103/http://www.sunnxt.com/movie/detail/7142/Adhi-Bhagavan |archive-date=17 November 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=[[Sun NXT]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Critical response==<br /> Writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', S. Saraswathi praised the performances and action sequences but felt the film might not appeal to everyone due to the heavy amount of violence and &quot;every second scene being a fight scene&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |title=Review: Ameerin Aadhi Bhagavan is too violent |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan/20130222.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227025945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ameerin-aadhi-bhagavan/20130222.htm |archive-date=27 February 2013 |access-date=25 February 2013 |publisher=rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Malathi Rangarajan praised Ravi's performance and Chandra's martial arts skills showcased in the action scenes, but found the characters and situations predictable. She also criticized the placement of voice-overs translating the Hindi dialogues into Tamil, as they gave the feel of a dubbed film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 February 2013 |title=Film review: Ameerin Aadi Bagavan – Brain drain |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/film-review-ameerin-aadi-bagavan-brain-drain/article4446263.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225102148/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/film-review-ameerin-aadi-bagavan-brain-drain/article4446263.ece |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=25 February 2013 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Ameer Sultan}}<br /> {{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 action films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about criminals]]<br /> [[Category:Films about lookalikes]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ameer Sultan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Gun fu films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavani_Shankar&diff=491067 2026-04-21T12:01:42Z

<p>Oantree: Starting New Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian pakhawaj drum player (1956–2023)}}<br /> {{More footnotes|date=January 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Pandit Bhavani Shankar Kathak<br /> | image = Bhavani Shankar.JPG<br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size = 350px<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | alias =<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text|1956}}<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2023|12|30|1956|df=y}}<br /> | instrument = [[Pakhawaj]]<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[film score]]<br /> | occupation =<br /> | years_active =<br /> | label =<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:A still of Shri Bhawani Shankar Kathak who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani Music- Instrumental (Pakhawaj) by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|A still of Shri Bhawani Shankar Kathak who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani Music- Instrumental (Pakhawaj) by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on 26 October 2004|left]]<br /> <br /> '''Bhavani Shankar''' (1956 – 30 December 2023) was an Indian [[pakhawaj]] drum player.<br /> [[File:Hariprasad Chaurasia Bhavani Shankar.JPG|thumbnail|250px|Hariprasad Chaurasia and Bhavani Shankar performing at Bharat Bhavan Bhopal in Uttar Pradesh Mahotsav]]<br /> Bhavani Shankar was born into a musical family, beginning his study of pakhawaj and tabla at the age of eight. His father Babulalji was a renowned [[Kathak]] performer, a style of Indian classical dance. He played with many Indian artists including bansuri player [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], santoor player [[Shiv Kumar Sharma]] and tabla players [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] and [[Anindo Chatterjee]]. In later years he made his mark as a composer for films and experimental fusion projects.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> Shankar died from a cardiac arrest on 30 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakhawaj maestro Pandit Bhavani Shankar passes away due to cardiac arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pakhawaj-maestro-pandit-bhavani-shankar-passes-away-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/106407388.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://music.apple.com/us/album/pakhawaj-beat/42268544 Itunes.apple.com]<br /> *[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/04/arts/music-review-rhythms-from-a-railway-fireworks-from-a-clay-jar.html Nytimes.com]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-world-language/article660408.ece Thehindu.com]<br /> *[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Festivals-like-these-allow-us-to-connect-with-youth-Pandit-Bhawani-Shankar/articleshow/18557445.cms Timesofindia.indiatimes.com]<br /> * {{discogs artist|Bhavani Shankar}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Bhavani}}<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Pakhavaj players]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian percussionists]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lormi_Assembly_constituency&diff=513594 2026-04-19T19:20:58Z

<p>Oantree: made a article needs work - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Lormi<br /> | constituency_no = 26<br /> | state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | district = [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]<br /> | established = 2003<br /> | reservation = None<br /> |incumbent_image = Arun Sao BJP.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Arun Sao]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:228487}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | map_image = Lormi Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> }}<br /> '''Lormi''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceoMap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]] district.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Gangaprasad<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Yeshwantraj Singh<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |[[Rajendra Prasad Shukla]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Sheo Prasad Gotia<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Phool Chand Jain<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Baijnath Chandra Kar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Bhupendra Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Niranjan Kesharvani<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Muniram Sahu<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |[[Tokhan Sahu]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br /> |[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]] <br /> |[[Arun Sao]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lormi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Arun Sao]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 75,070<br /> |percentage = 47.80<br /> |change = {{increase}}18.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Thaneshvar Sahu<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 29,179<br /> |percentage = 18.58<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.9<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sanjeet Burman<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 25,126<br /> |percentage = 16.00<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sagar Singh Bais<br /> |party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br /> |votes = 15,910<br /> |percentage = 10.13<br /> |change = {{decrease}}37.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 814<br /> |percentage = 0.52<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 45,891<br /> |percentage = 29.22<br /> |change = {{decrease}}11.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,57,052<br /> |percentage = 68.74<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Lormi&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]<br /> |party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br /> |votes = 67,742<br /> |percentage = 47.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Tokhan Sahu]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 42,189<br /> |percentage = 29.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Shatruhan Chandrakar<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 16,669<br /> |percentage = 11.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Lalit Sahu<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 3,706<br /> |percentage = 2.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sanat Kumar Sahu<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 2526<br /> |percentage = 1.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Tirith Ram<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,719<br /> |percentage = 1.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,143<br /> |percentage = 0.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 25,553<br /> |percentage = 17.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 142,744<br /> |percentage = 72.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Mungeli district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mungeli district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]<br /> {{coord|22.27|81.7|display=title}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahapur,_Maharashtra_Assembly_constituency&diff=534256 2026-04-15T23:51:33Z

<p>Oantree: creating details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Other places|Shahpur (disambiguation){{!}}Shahpur}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Shahpur Assembly constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 135-Shahapur, Maharashtra.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | district = [[Thane district|Thane]]<br /> | division = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]<br /> | constituency_no = 135<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Daulat Daroda]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors =291,096 <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> }}<br /> '''[[Shahapur (Thane)|Shahapur]] Assembly constituency''' is one of the twenty-four constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Thane district]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] candidates. There is a '''[[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]''' Assembly constituency in Karnataka as well.<br /> <br /> It is a part of [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency]] (ST) along with five other assembly constituencies, viz Bhiwandi Rural (ST), Bhiwandi East, Bhiwadi West, Kalyan West and Murbad.<br /> <br /> ==List of Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | P. R. Patil<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | Shrirang Shinge<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | Krishnakant Telam<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Mahadu Barora<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Daulat Daroda]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | Mahadu Barora<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | [[Daulat Daroda]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | [[Pandurang Barora]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Rowspan=2|[[Daulat Daroda]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |-<br /> |}&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shahapur.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Shahapur Assembly Constituency}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shahapur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shahapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13135.htm |access-date=24 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224074049/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13135.htm |archive-date=24 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,081 |percentage = 36.20% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pandurang Barora|Barora Pandurang Mahadu]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 71,409 |percentage = 35.37% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjana Kaluram Ughada |party=Independent politician |votes = 42,776 |percentage = 21.19% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra (Harry) Bango Khandvi |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,648 |percentage = 2.80% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,872 |percentage = 2.41% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rama Balu Shende Alias Rupali Ravikant Araj |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,892 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Gopal Wakh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,202 |percentage = 1.09% |change={{increase}}0.01 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaurav Prakash Raje |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,460 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 0.83% |change= {{decrease}}8.75 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 206,772 |percentage = 71.03% |change= {{increase}}6.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,900}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,096|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |swing= {{decrease}}12.05 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,053 |percentage = 48.24% |change={{increase}}10.76 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pandurang Barora|Barora Pandurang Mahadu]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,949 |percentage = 38.66% |change={{increase}}4.84 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krushna Chintu Bhavar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 10,361 |percentage = 6.57% |change={{increase}}4.23 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra (Haresh) Bango Khandavi |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,671 |percentage = 3.60% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,313 |percentage = 2.74% |change={{increase}}0.65 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagdish Govind Gira |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,816 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Mangalu Marade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,710 |percentage = 1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Budha Thombre |party=Bhartiya Tribal Party |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,104 |percentage = 9.58% |change= {{increase}}5.92 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 162,046 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,642}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,313|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.76 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pandurang Barora|Barora Pandurang Mahadu]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,813 |percentage = 37.48% |change={{increase}}5.51 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,269 |percentage = 33.82% |change={{decrease}}6.66 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Mhalu Irnak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,246 |percentage = 12.04% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmakar Namdev Kewari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,688 |percentage = 4.41% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dyaneshwar Nivrutti Talpade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,579 |percentage = 4.34% |change={{decrease}}7.76 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tandel Suresh Bhikal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,553 |percentage = 2.34% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,159 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Kalu Ghute |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,677 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,544 |percentage = 3.66% |change= {{decrease}}4.86 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 154,789 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}0.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,579}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,303|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}3.00 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=25 January 2026|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 58,334 |percentage = 40.48% |change={{increase}}6.40 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pandurang Barora|Barora Pandurang Mahadu]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,065 |percentage = 31.97% |change={{decrease}}7.34 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyaneshwar Nivrutti Talpade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 17,438 |percentage = 12.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Roj Sitaram Dhaklya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,263 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Dattatrai Pilkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,868 |percentage = 2.68% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Dharama Veer |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,046 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmakar Namdev Kewari |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,864 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,269 |percentage = 8.51% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 144,141 |percentage = 65.01% |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,090}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,737|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.65 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.18 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 2004=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 47,895 |percentage = 39.30% |change={{increase}}8.49 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,534 |percentage = 34.08% |change={{decrease}}2.14 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talpade Dnyaneshwar Nivrutti |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,101 |percentage = 15.68% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kewari Ramchandra Kamalu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,303 |percentage = 3.53% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashikant Kashinath Patekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,830 |percentage = 3.14% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandkrant Bhau Shinde |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,778 |percentage = 2.28% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravaji Lahu Bhoye |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,414 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,361 |percentage = 5.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.18 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 121,860 |percentage = 68.50% |change= {{increase}}17.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,855}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,892|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.20 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.08 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1999=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,293 |percentage = 36.22% |change={{decrease}}16.26 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,923 |percentage = 30.82% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kewari Padmakar Namdeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,132 |percentage = 19.95% |change={{decrease}}11.19 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kama Dharma Tabale |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,304 |percentage = 10.27% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajabhau Alias Yogiraj Murlidhar Bhoir |party=Independent politician |votes = 728 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikhade Devram Ananta |party=Independent politician |votes = 679 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pardhi Ramachandra Nago |party=Independent politician |votes = 589 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,370 |percentage = 5.40% |change= {{decrease}}15.93 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 89,873 |percentage = 56.68% |change= {{decrease}}15.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,869}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,554|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.16 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}16.26 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1995=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,441 |percentage = 52.48% |change={{increase}}3.70 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,119 |percentage = 31.14% |change={{decrease}}17.80 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balu Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,901 |percentage = 7.91% |change={{increase}}6.08 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Babu Bhangale |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,231 |percentage = 5.23% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paradhi Ramchandra Nago |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,235 |percentage = 3.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,322 |percentage = 21.34% |change= {{increase}}21.17 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 104,619 |percentage = 70.05% |change= {{increase}}11.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,927}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,355|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.38 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.54 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1990=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,998 |percentage = 48.94% |change={{increase}}14.40 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmakar Namdeo Kewhari |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,880 |percentage = 48.78% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Bhikaji Rama |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,305 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 118 |percentage = 0.17% |change= {{decrease}}17.80 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 73,551 |percentage = 57.31% |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,511}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,336|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.84 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}3.57 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1985=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 25,711 |percentage = 52.51% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Devidas Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,914 |percentage = 34.54% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Chandrakant Lahu |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,029 |percentage = 8.23% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Suresh Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,893 |percentage = 3.87% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,797 |percentage = 17.97% |change= {{increase}}12.46 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 50,617 |percentage = 47.66% |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,966}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,200|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.04 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}8.67 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadu Nago Barora |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 14,156 |percentage = 43.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mule Parshuram Mohaniraj |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,378 |percentage = 38.33% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khande Shankr Balu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,422 |percentage = 13.69% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawari Jagannath Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 4.14% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,778 |percentage = 5.51% |change= {{increase}}1.53 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 33,245 |percentage = 33.51% |change= {{decrease}}12.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,293}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,219|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.80 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}6.15 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1978=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Telam Krishnakant Ramachandra |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,817 |percentage = 49.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Balu Mahadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,162 |percentage = 46.01% |change={{decrease}}20.49 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Chandrakant Lahu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 4.01% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,655 |percentage = 3.97% |change= {{decrease}}34.30 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 43,091 |percentage = 46.38% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,648}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,901|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.08 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.52 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shrirang Rama Shinge |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,983 |percentage = 66.50% |change={{increase}}26.19 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Gunaji Amekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,028 |percentage = 28.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hiralal Mohiniraj Mule |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 5.28% |change={{decrease}}11.89 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,955 |percentage = 38.27% |change= {{increase}}36.05 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 40,605 |percentage = 45.05% |change= {{decrease}}6.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,073}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,124|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.76 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}23.97 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. R. Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,101 |percentage = 42.53% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. J. Songal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,259 |percentage = 40.30% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. J. Viharkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,499 |percentage = 17.17% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 842 |percentage = 2.22% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 41,215 |percentage = 54.77% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,859}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,253|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> [[Shahpur (disambiguation)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{coord|19|27|11.15|N|73|18|17.19|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Thane district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champua_Assembly_constituency&diff=493266 2026-04-14T03:20:38Z

<p>Oantree: created a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Champua}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Champua<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 25<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Northen Division<br /> | district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | mla = [[Sanatan Mahakud]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,35,467{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Champua''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kendujhar district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220103838/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=25 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 February 2014 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Champua (25) District : Keonjhar |accessdate= 3 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Area of this constituency includes [[Joda]], [[Barbil]], Joda block and 17 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Kodagadia, Jamudalak, Rajia, Kalikaprasad, Rimuli, Badanai, Sarei, Champua, Kutariposi, Sunaposi, Karanjia, Rangamatia, Uchabali, Bhanda, Kashipal, Padua and Chandrasekharpur) of Champua block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp142.htm|title= 142 - Champua Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|45.50}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|22.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|34.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|73.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.42}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|35.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|58.65}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1957.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Champua constituency are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Champua Assembly Election Results 2024: Champua Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/champua-constituency-result-18025 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Sanatan Mahakud]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Minakshi Mahanta]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Champua Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/champua-odisha-assembly-constituency#2014 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Sanatan Mahakud]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Champua Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/champua-odisha-assembly-constituency#2009 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Jitu Patnaik<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |Dhanurjay Laguri<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Saharai Oram<br /> |{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Dhanurjay Laguri<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Saharai Oram<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Dhanurjay Laguri<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Saharai Oram<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> |Guru Charan Naik<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |Saharai Oram<br /> |{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Kshetra Mohan Nayak<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> |Guru Charan Naik<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Guru Charan Naik<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |Raj Ballabh Mishra<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> |Guru Charan Naik<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sanatan Mahakud]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Murli Manohar Sharma by a margin of 39,994 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin <br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Champua}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Sanatan Mahakud]]<br /> |votes = 103120<br /> |percentage = 56.45<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Murali Manohar Sharma<br /> |votes = 63,126<br /> |percentage = 34.56<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.04<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Yashwant Laghuri<br /> |votes = 8,649<br /> |percentage = 4.73<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Jayi Munda<br /> |votes = 1,303<br /> |percentage = 0.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,343<br /> |percentage = 0.74<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 39,994<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 182,668<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Minakshi Mahanta]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Murali Manohar Sharma by a margin of 26,408 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Champua&lt;ref name=&quot;TP Ass Cand&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Minakshi Mahanta]]<br /> |votes = 89,525<br /> |percentage = 53.30<br /> |change = {{increase}}46.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Murali Manohar Sharma<br /> |votes = 63,117<br /> |percentage = 37.60<br /> |change = {{increase}}33.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Jadumani Barik <br /> |votes = 4,217<br /> |percentage = 2.50<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 750 <br /> |percentage = 0.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 26,408<br /> |percentage = 15.70<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 168851 <br /> |percentage = 74.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Independent politician<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Sanatan Mahakud]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Kusha Apat by a margin of 14678 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> | title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Champua}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = [[Sanatan Mahakud]]<br /> |votes = 69,635<br /> |percentage = 45.50<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Kusha Apat<br /> |votes = 54,957<br /> |percentage = 35.90<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Papu Pom Pom|Tattwa Prakash Satapathy]]<br /> |votes = 10,233<br /> |percentage = 6.70<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Girish Chandra Mahanta<br /> |votes = 7,070<br /> |percentage = 4.60<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Kshetra Mohan Mahanta<br /> |votes = 2,332<br /> |percentage = 1.50<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 14,678<br /> |percentage = 9.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 156287<br /> |percentage = 78.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Independent politician<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, Independent candidate Jitu Patnaik defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Sanatan Mahakud]] by a margin of 145 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= 2009 Vidhan Sabha Election, Champua&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Jitu Patnaik<br /> |votes = 27,700 <br /> |percentage = ''22.10''<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = Sanatan Mahakud<br /> |votes = 27,555<br /> |percentage = 21.98<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Kusha Apat<br /> |votes = 26,280 <br /> |percentage = 20.96<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |candidate = Murali Manohar Sharma<br /> |votes = 18,881 <br /> |percentage = 15.06 <br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India <br /> |candidate = Bidyadhar Mahanta<br /> |votes = 9,356<br /> |percentage = 7.46<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 145<br /> |percentage = ''0.12''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,25,363<br /> |percentage = 66.55<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Independent politician<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kendujhar district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}<br /> {{coord|22.07|85.66|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kendujhar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anupshahr_Assembly_constituency&diff=487025 2026-04-14T03:15:06Z

<p>Oantree: Starting New Data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Anupshahr<br /> | constituency_no = 67<br /> | map_image = 67-Anupshahr.svg<br /> | mla = [[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Gajendra Singh (politician)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 328,833 (2012)<br /> | type = SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anupshahr Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the &quot;DPACO (1951)&quot; (delimitation order) was passed in 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;DPACO (1951)&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=31 October 2015 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the &quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order&quot; was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 67.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=31 October 2015 |url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=31 October 2015 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from Assembly constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=31 October 2015 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/anupshahr.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Member list&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=31 October 2015 |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wards / Areas==<br /> Extent of Anupshahr Assembly constituency is PCs Fatehpur, Serora, Maujpur, Paharpur, Shikoi, Parli, Anupshahr Bangar, Salamatpur, Anivas, Malakpur, Birauli of Anupshahar KC, PCs Jatpura, Sankhni, Navi Nagar, Tetauta Urf Veergaun, Jahangirabad, Bamanpur, Jaser, Khadana, Khanoda, Ahamadnagar Urf Toli, Bhiroli, Ahar, Khalour, Dungra Jat, Jatvaai, Badar Khan, Moharsa of Jahangirabad KC, Anup Shahr MB &amp; Jahangirabad MB of Anupshahr Tehsil; KC Aurangabad &amp; Aurangabad NP of Bulandshahr Tehsil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=2 |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1951 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf|title=1951 Election Results|date=Oct 2015|access-date=31 October 2015|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Din Dayal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1957 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf|title=1957 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1962 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf|title=1962 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Chunni Lal<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1967 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=1967 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |D. Kumar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1969 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|title=1969 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Khacheru Singh Moharia<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1974 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=1974 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1977 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=1977 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Beni Prasad<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1980 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=1980 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Praveen Kumar Sharma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1985 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=1985 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1989 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=1989 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Hoshiyar Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1991 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=1991 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Naval Kishor<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1993 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=1993 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]&lt;ref name=&quot;1996 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=1996 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Satish Sharma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2002 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=2002 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Hoshiyar Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2007 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|title=2007 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Gajendra Singh (politician)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Election Results2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=2012 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2017 Anupshahr - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results &amp; Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results &amp; Live Election Updates|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/anupshahr/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=India.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2022 Anupshahr - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results &amp; Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results &amp; Live Election Updates|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2022/uttar-pradesh/anupshahr/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=India.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anupshahr&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:125602}}<br /> |percentage = 52.64<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rameshwar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:47979}}<br /> |percentage = 20.11<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = K. K. Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:44180}}<br /> |percentage = 18.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Gajendra Singh (politician)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:13321}}<br /> |percentage = 5.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1345}}<br /> |percentage = 0.56<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77623}}<br /> |percentage = 32.53<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:238600}}<br /> |percentage = 62.87<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Anupshahr&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:112431}}<br /> |percentage = 48.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Gajendra Singh (politician)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:52117}}<br /> |percentage = 22.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Syed Himayat Ali<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:48610}}<br /> |percentage = 21.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Hoshiyar Singh<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11628}}<br /> |percentage = 5.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1620}}<br /> |percentage = 0.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:60314}}<br /> |percentage = 26.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:229765}}<br /> |percentage = 63.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Anupshahr&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Election Results2&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Gajendra Singh (politician)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> |votes = 51,761<br /> |percentage = 26.53<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Syed Himayat Ali<br /> |votes = 48,260<br /> |percentage = 24.73<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> | Independent<br /> |candidate = Hoshiyar Singh<br /> |votes = 41,296<br /> |percentage = 21.17<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remainder 13 candidates<br /> |votes = 53,795<br /> |percentage = 27.6<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 3,501<br /> |percentage = 1.79<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 195,112<br /> |percentage = 59.33<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bulandshahar district]]<br /> *[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> *[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Bulandshahr district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanwalpreet_Singh_(field_hockey)&diff=508362 2026-04-13T06:14:59Z

<p>Oantree: Started Basic Bio Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{For |the actor|Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey player<br /> |name= Kanwalpreet Singh<br /> |image=<br /> |birth_date={{birth date and age|1981|12|28|df=yes}}<br /> |birth_place=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br /> |death_date=<br /> |death_place=<br /> |height=<br /> |position=[[Field hockey#Positions|Defender]]<br /> |currentclub=<br /> |youthclubs1=<br /> |youthyears1=<br /> |clubs1=<br /> |years1=<br /> |caps(goals)1=<br /> |clubs2=<br /> |years2=<br /> |caps(goals)2=<br /> |clubs3=<br /> |years3=<br /> |caps(goals)3=<br /> |nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br /> |nationalyears1=<br /> |nationalcaps(goals)1=<br /> | show-medals = yes<br /> | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003 Kuala Lumpur]]|Team}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2001 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2001 Hobart]]|Team}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kanwalpreet Singh''' (born 28 December 1981) is a former Indian [[field hockey]] player who played as a [[Field hockey#Positions|defender]] for the [[India men's national field hockey team|national team]]. He represented India at the [[2006 Men's Hockey World Cup]], [[2006 Asian Games]] and [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kanwalpreet Singh |url=http://www.stick2hockey.com/View-Bio-Data/Kanwalpreet%20Singh/50.html |publisher=stick2hockey.com |accessdate=26 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823032208/http://www.stick2hockey.com/View-Bio-Data/Kanwalpreet%20Singh/50.html |archivedate=23 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He works for the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hockey player inspector pulls a gun on PGI doctor|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hockey-player-inspector-pulls-a-gun-on-pgi-doctor--------/27462/0|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=26 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/kanvalpreet.htm Player profile] at bharatiyahockey.org<br /> <br /> {{India FH Squad 2002 World Cup}}<br /> {{India FH Squad 2003 Asia Cup}}<br /> {{India FH Squad 2006 World Cup}}<br /> {{India FH Squad 2006 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kanwalpreet}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandru_Lamani&diff=493499 2026-04-10T17:16:12Z

<p>Oantree: created a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> '''Chandru Lamani''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Shirahatti Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Gadag district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Chandru Lamani in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/dr-chandru-lamani-shirahatti-candidate-s10a065c011/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Shirahatti&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Shirahatti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1065.htm?ac=65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420132844/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1065.htm?ac=65 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Lamani is from [[Shirahatti]], Gadag district. He is the son of Kuberappa Lamani. He is a doctor. He completed his M.D. in 2018 at ESI Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research, [[Bangalore]], which is affiliated with [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr.Chandru Lamani(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SHIRAHATTI (SC)(GADAG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8292 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Lamani won from [[Shirahatti Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 74,489 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramakrishna Shidlingappa Doddamani, an independent candidate, by a margin of 28,520 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Shirahatti Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Dr.chandru Lamani Wins From Shirahatti |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/shirahatti-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601784 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|accessdate=17 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231528/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|archivedate=27 September 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chandru Lamani, along with 17 other BJP MLAs, was suspended by [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka's Legislative Assembly Speaker]] [[U. T. Khader]] for a period of six months for allegedly showing disrespect to the speaker's chair and also demonstrating unruly behaviour, while demanding a probe into a purported &quot;honey trap&quot; attempt involving a minister and other politicians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaos in Karnataka assembly: 18 BJP MLAs suspended for six months over ‘disrespecting’ the Chair&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chaos in Karnataka assembly: 18 BJP MLAs suspended for six months over ‘disrespecting’ the Chair |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chaos-in-karnataka-assembly-18-bjp-mlas-suspended-for-six-months-over-disrespecting-the-chair-101742556962076.html |access-date=20 April 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420133911/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chaos-in-karnataka-assembly-18-bjp-mlas-suspended-for-six-months-over-disrespecting-the-chair-101742556962076.html |archive-date=20 April 2025 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; They allegedly climbed up to the speaker's chair and threw papers at him on the last day of the budget session on 22 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Bedlam in Karnataka assembly: BJP MLAs seek probe into ‘honeytrap’ charge, 18 barred for 6 months |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bjp-mlas-suspended-after-protests-on-honey-trapping-allegagtions-9898571/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamani, Chandru}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gadag district]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indians_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area&diff=504273 2026-04-02T05:49:14Z

<p>Oantree: Started A Pg W/ Infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Ethnic group in the United States}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> |header=Indians in the New York City metropolitan region<br /> |image1=India Square JC jeh.JPG|width=275<br /> |caption1=[[India Square]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], New Jersey, United States, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the [[Western Hemisphere]],&lt;ref name=JerseyCityIndians/&gt; and one of at least 24 [[Indian American]] enclaves characterized as a [[Little India]] which have emerged within the [[New York City Metropolitan Area]], with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York City.&lt;ref name=IndianImmNY2014&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014|publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=June 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IndianImmNY2013&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IndianImmNY2012&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152450/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls|archive-date=December 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IndianImmNY2011&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2011/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{ethnic New York City sidebar}}<br /> '''Indians in the New York City metropolitan area''' constitute one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnicities in the [[New York City metropolitan area]] of the United States. The New York City region is home to the largest and most prominent [[Indian American#Demographics|Indian American population among metropolitan areas]] by a significant margin, enumerating 792,367 uniracial individuals at the [[2020 U.S. census]]. The Asian Indian population also represents the second-largest metropolitan Asian national diaspora both outside of Asia and within the New York City metropolitan area, following the also rapidly growing and hemisphere-leading population of the estimated 893,697 uniracial [[Chinese in New York City|Chinese in the New York City metropolitan area]] in 2017.&lt;ref name=NYCChinese&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The U.S. state of [[New Jersey]], where most of the population is situated within the New York City metropolitan region, has by a significant margin the highest proportional Indian population concentration of any U.S. state. According to Census estimates in 2023, 4.6% of New Jersey's population consists of [[person of Indian origin|individuals of Indian origin]]. New Jersey is the state with the highest percentage of individuals with Indian ancestry in the United States, at approximately 5%.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:New India House 003.JPG|thumb|New India House, the home of the Indian [[Consul (representative)|Consulate-General]] in New York, on [[64th Street (Manhattan)|East 64th Street]], in the [[Upper East Side Historic District]] of [[Manhattan]]]]<br /> <br /> An Asian Indian presence in the New York area dates back to the 19th century, with [[Swami Vivekananda]] establishing the first Hindu institution in New York City in 1894 after the 1893 [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in Chicago&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |edition=3rd |title=The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition |editor-last=Houghton |editor-first=Walter Raleigh |publisher=Frank Tennyson Neely |year=1893 |ol=14030155M |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bhide |first=Nivedita Raghunath |year=2008 |title=Swami Vivekananda in America |publisher=Vivekananda Kendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C |isbn=978-81-89248-22-2 |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Dr S.|title=Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC|year=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-9138-1|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swami Vivekananda |url=https://www.vedantany.org/swami-vivekananda |website=Vendanta Society of New York |access-date=2024-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Bengali Muslim peddlers passing through immigration facilities in New York to head to Jersey Shore beach towns such as Asbury Park, Atlantic Park and Long Beach. These peddlers sold &quot;Oriental&quot; items like silks, small trinkets and other curios to tourists. Though most of these peddlers were transient seasonal workers at resorts, a small number of men stayed in New Jersey year-round to renew stocks of goods and shepherd younger traders from India to the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.khyatijoshi.com/Media/pdf/Jersey-Promise-Report_2019-May-13_Khyati-Joshi.pdf|title=A Report on the State of Asian-Americans in New Jersey|publisher=Jersey Promise|date=May 2019|access-date=March 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengali and other South Asian Muslims would also settle in New York City and marry into African American and Puerto Rican communities that they lived close to,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Dizikes |first=Peter |date=2013-01-07 |title=The hidden history of Bengali Harlem|url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107|access-date=March 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; initially living on the [[Lower East Side]] but moving uptown into [[Harlem]], opening some of the first Indian restaurants in New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-01-16 |title=Bengali Harlem: New York|url=http://bengaliharlem.com/new-york/|access-date=March 23, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; After India became independent and partitioned, many of these men formed the Pakistan League of America in 1947.<br /> <br /> The first Indian to become a [[naturalization|naturalized]] [[U.S. citizen]] was [[Bhicaji Balsara]], a resident of New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughey 2016 p. 135&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Hughey | first=M.W. | title=New Tribalisms: The Resurgence of Race and Ethnicity | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | series=Main Trends of the Modern World | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-26403-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alTeCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA135 | access-date=September 20, 2017 | page=135}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, this was after the [[Luce–Celler Act of 1946]] that restored [[naturalization]] rights to Indian Americans in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html |title=Roots in the Sand – the Archives |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of Indian Americans came to the U.S. via [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian communities from other countries]], including the United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa, [[Mauritius]], [[Malaysia]], Singapore, [[Suriname]], [[Guyana]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sflcn.com/guyanese-actress-rhona-fox-to-host-the-indo-caribbean-alliance-gala/|title=Guyanese Actress Rhona Fox to Host the Indo-Caribbean Alliance Gala|publisher=South Florida Caribbean News|date=August 14, 2015|access-date=April 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Fiji]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], and [[Jamaica]]. The quota on Indian immigration was removed in the 1960s, leading to exponential growth in the number of Indian immigrants to the United States.&lt;ref name=IndianOrigin&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/Policy%20Report-24%20Indian%20Bkgrd.pdf|title=The Passage from India|publisher=Migration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation|date=June 2, 2002|access-date=January 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Indians prior to this time were primarily involved in agricultural endeavors or constructing railroads in the western United States,&lt;ref name=IndianOrigin/&gt; by the 1960s, there was a small Manhattan-based Indian community consisting of graduate students in [[Columbia University]] and [[New York University]], diplomatic attachés at the United Nations and Indian corporate workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal|first1=Madhulika|title=Defining Community and Feminism: Indian Women in New York City<br /> |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41674840|journal=Race, Gender &amp; Class|year=1997 |volume=4|issue=3|pages=95–11|doi= |jstor=41674840|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the largest number hereafter came to New York City and its [[affluence|affluent]] [[suburb|suburban environs]], consisting largely of professionals, including physicians, engineers, financiers, scientists, entrepreneurs, and lawyers, as well as businesspeople,&lt;ref name=IndianOrigin/&gt; though there was also small population concentrated along 116th Street and Broadway in Manhattan that was poorer. By 1974, there was a notable Indian population in the greater New York area, with particular concentrations in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]] and [[Flushing, Queens]], though neither was strongly identified as a Little India at this point and there was already a push to move out to the suburbs, especially to [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] on [[Long Island]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fisher|first1=Maxine|title=Creating Ethnic Identity: Asian Indians in the New York City Area|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40552828|journal=Urban Anthropology|year=1978 |volume=7|issue=3|pages=271–285|doi= |jstor=40552828 |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; with houses of worship for Indian religions starting to be built around the larger Indian suburban communities throughout the 1980s and 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/18/nyregion/festival-reflects-indians-growth.html|title=Festival Reflects Indians' Growth |last=Newman |first=Arlene |date=August 18, 1991 |website=The New York Times |publisher= |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During 1960s and 1970s, Indians also set up several cultural and religious institutions based in New York City, though they drew people from the entire metropolitan area. The 1970s would also see the construction of the first houses of worship for Indian religions in New York City, such as the [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]] in Flushing and the Sikh Cultural Society building a gurdwara at a former Baptist church in [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]]. Other religious groups reappropriated other spaces in the city, such as Keralite Christians hosting Malayalam services in a Bronx church and Jains renting Manhattan office space. Indian would also form several associations based around linguistics groups. Indians in the New York-New Jersey area also started to create [[mass media]] organizations in the 1970s, including newspapers such as ''India Abroad'', the first television show targeted towards Indian Americans, and by 1975, 13 half-hour radio shows for New York Indians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Maxine |title=The Indians of New York City: A Study of Immigrants from India |publisher=Heritage Publishers |year=1980 |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Movie theaters in Manhattan and Queens showing Indian movies also started to open.<br /> <br /> A small Little India did already exist in Manhattan on [[Lexington Avenue]], [[27th Street (Manhattan)|between 27th and 30th streets]] around the former Little Armenia spice shop of Kalustyan's, which had become popular among Indian and other South Asian immigrants in the 1960s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/nyregion/rising-rents-threatening-little-india.html |title=Rising Rents Threatening 'Little India'|last=Howe |first=Marvine |date=August 25, 1985 |website=The New York Times |publisher= |access-date=March 31, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and had become notable enough to be featured in the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' as a prime spot for Indian food and groceries by 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1= Brock|first1=Carol |date=August 4, 1976 |title=A fest for Indians |trans-title= |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2302525590 |language= |work= |location=|access-date=July 17, 2022 |id={{ProQuest|2302525590}} |via= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, by the 1980s, the Lexington Avenue Little India was eroding due to increased competition from other Indian districts in Queens which were closer to where the Indian population lived.<br /> <br /> The most famous enclave in the New York City area – [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]] – emerged during the 1970s, with electronics store Sam and Raj, being opened by merchants Subhash Kapadia and Nitin Vora in 1976 and then being quickly followed by a number of Indian stores opening on 74th Street. Though many Indians actually lived in the adjacent, cheaper neighborhood of [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Das |first=Arun Kristian |date=May 24, 2001 |title=Saris and Spices: The Changing Face of New York |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/24usspec.htm |access-date=March 31, 2022 |website=Rediff |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jackson Heights quickly became popular among the regional Indian and South Asian community due to its location near a major subway transfer station and the overall large Indian population in Queens. By 1990, there were already 74 Indian businesses in Jackson Heights and businessowners had formed the Jackson Heights Merchants Association in response to conflict between Indian immigrants and white residents over perceived quality-of-life issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khandelwal |first=Madhulika |title=Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002 |location=Ithaca |pages=12–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other neighborhoods in Queens also became notable South Asian enclaves during the 1980s and 1990s. [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], one of the first destinations for immigrants and home to the borough's first Hindu temple, would have its first Indian grocery store in 1970 and be followed by a small strip of Indian stores. Though now mainly known as one of New York's largest [[Chinatown Flushing|Chinatowns]] and [[Koreatown, Queens|Koreatowns]], Flushing had a similar population of Indians compared to Koreans and Chinese in 1980. Richmond Hill in southeastern Queens would become a major hub for [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean]] immigrants from [[Guyana]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and Sikhs from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], with the Sikh Cultural Society becoming a major gathering point for the latter group. A large concentration of [[Malayali|Malayalees]] would also pop up in eastern Queens neighborhoods near the [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] border.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Starting in the 1990s, following the path of past generations of New Yorkers, many Indian immigrants starting moving eastward from Queens to more suburban areas of Long Island in the 1990s, including Nassau County towns such as [[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]], [[Elmont, New York|Elmont]], [[East Meadow, New York|East Meadow]], and [[North New Hyde Park, New York|North New Hyde Park]] seeking bigger homes, better schools, and more space. During the 1990s, Indians were the fastest growing ethnic group on Long Island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Toy |first=Vivian |date=March 17, 2002 |title=Ever Farther From Queens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/17/nyregion/ever-farther-from-queens.html |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=The New York Times |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This coincided with a change in the businesses and clientele in the older enclaves like Jackson Heights, with establishments being targeted more towards working-class immigrants than the English-speaking professionals who were the main shoppers in Queens, as seen by more signage in Jackson Heights being in vernacular languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]] would become the center of the Indian community on Long Island, with Indian stores concentrating on South Broadway around Route 107 by the 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Melwani |first=Lavina |date=September 5, 2003 |title=Hindsvile |url=https://littleindia.com/hindville/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=Little India |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indians also sprawled further into New Jersey, with growing concentrations of Indians in areas such as [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], where 55,000 Indians lived by 2000 and in [[Jersey City]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chhabra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/28usspec.htm |title=New Jersey is dyed deeper in Indian colours |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=May 28, 2001 |website=Rediff |publisher= |access-date=March 31, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1990s, these two areas would see their main centers of Indian commerce – [[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Oak Tree Road]] in Edison, New Jersey, and [[India Square|Newark Avenue]] in the [[Journal Square]] neighborhood in Jersey City become primarily Indian, compared to the 1970s and 1980s, where there was a more of a mixture of businesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chhabra&quot; /&gt; By 1994, there were already over 100 Indian businesses on Oak Tree Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/garden/a-taste-of-india-via-new-jersey.html |title=A Taste of India Via New Jersey<br /> |last=Louie |first=Elaine |date=July 13, 1994 |website=Rediff |publisher= |access-date=March 31, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As more Indians started to move into the New Jersey enclaves and they grew increasingly more affluent, tensions started to increase between them and prior residents. In the late 1980s, a hate group called the [[Dotbusters]] – named after the bindi that many Hindu women wear – beat up several Indians in Jersey City, including killing a Parsi man, Narvoze Mody.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/in-person-the-festival-man.html|title=In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence |last=Marriott |first=Michel |date=October 12, 1987 |website=The New York Times |publisher= |access-date=September 20, 2023 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same month, a letter threatening to attack Indians in the city was also published in its main newspaper, ''[[The Jersey Journal]]'', and there were several racist messages written on the stores and homes of Indian immigrants. Community leaders accused Jersey City's government of responding slowly to the attacks and at one point invited the [[Guardian Angels]] to patrol the city's streets. Following a series of protests and increased attention from the city government, racist attacks started to decrease by the end of the decade.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/in-person-the-festival-man.html|title=How Indians in Jersey City fought back against the terror of 'Dotbusters' in the 1980s |last=Kaulessar |first=Ricardo |date=March 29, 2023 |website=NorthJersey.com |publisher= |access-date=September 20, 2023 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, the increased racism was a reason for some Indians to move southwards to Edison and Middlesex County,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kaltia |first=S. Mitra |title=Suburban Sahibs |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2005 |location=New Brunswick}}&lt;/ref&gt; though they also faced some resistance there as they started to set up businesses in Edison, with stores on Oak Tree Road being vandalized and proprietors saying that city government did not take them seriously.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chhabra&quot;/&gt; Indians in Edison and Iselin would also get into other conflicts with the city governments, with the Indian Business Association of the area protesting high amounts of traffic tickets and curfews on its Navratri celebration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/in-person-the-festival-man.html|title=IN PERSON; The Festival Man |last=Kannapell |first=Andrea |date=October 19, 1997 |website=The New York Times |publisher= |access-date=September 20, 2023 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:South Asian shopping center in Hicksville New York.jpg|thumb|right|A South Asian shopping center in [[Hicksville, New York]], on [[Long Island]]]]The Indian American population would also surge in the further reaches of Central New Jersey in the 2000s in towns such as [[West Windsor, New Jersey|West Windsor]], [[Plainsboro, New Jersey|Plainsboro]], and [[Montgomery, New Jersey|Montgomery]]. The Indian influence in this area manifested itself with the creation of an annual Indian-American fair in [[Mercer County Park]] and the creation of cricket fields and leagues in the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/mercer/2011/06/asian_population_jumps_in_grea.html|title=Asian populations surge in neighboring West Windsor, Plainsboro, Montgomery communities |last=Rojas |first=Cristina |date=June 13, 2011 |website=NJ.com |publisher= New Jersey Advance Media |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the 2010s, there were pushes to teach [[Hindi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/mercer/2014/03/west_windsor-plainsboro_school_officials_conclude_hindi_instruction_will_not_yet_be_offered.html|title=West Windsor-Plainsboro school officials conclude Hindi instruction will not yet be offered |last=Mulvaney |first=Nicole |date=March 31, 2014 |website=NJ.com |publisher= New Jersey Advance Media |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and have [[Diwali]] off at school districts in Central New Jersey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/mercer/2014/06/few_jersey_local_school_districts_recognize_diwali_as_a_holiday.html|title=Few Jersey local school districts recognize Diwali as a holiday |last=Saad |first=Iman |date=June 2, 2014 |website=NJ.com |publisher= New Jersey Advance Media |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around this time, there were also a series of home invasions apparently targeting Indians and South Asians in New Jersey,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2010/03/thieves_target_indians_and_asi.html|title=Thieves target N.J. Indian-Americans, South Asians for gold jewelry, collections |last=Siriwardane |first=Venuri |date=March 21, 2010 |website=NJ.com |publisher= New Jersey Advance Media |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; which started to prompt questions about a lack of Indian and more broadly Asian representation in New Jersey's local police forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2010/03/thieves_target_indians_and_asi.html|title=After home invasions, questions linger about lack of diversity in Central N.J. police department |last=Amaral |first=Brian |date=November 23, 2014 |website=NJ.com |publisher= New Jersey Advance Media |access-date=July 14, 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who had already been to New York on multiple visits, was welcomed on June 20, 2023, by the Indian diaspora at [[JFK International Airport]] on his first [[State visit]] to the U.S., which also entailed a trip to Washington, D.C.<br /> <br /> ==Geographical distribution==<br /> [[File:New York Metropolitan Area Counties 2013.png|thumb|right|275px|All except the pink/lavender-illustrated counties compose the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island NY–NJ–PA [[Metropolitan statistical area]], the most populous in the US:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{color box|#930}} New York–Jersey City–White Plains, NY–NJ Metropolitan Division&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Dutchess County–Putnam County, NY Metropolitan Division&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Nassau County–Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Newark, NJ–PA Metropolitan Division&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{color box|#c6c}} Remainder of the New York-Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA [[Combined Statistical Area]]]]<br /> The [[New York metropolitan area|New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area]], consisting of New York City, [[Long Island]], and adjacent areas within [[New York State]], as well as nearby areas within the states of [[New Jersey]] (extending to [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]), [[Connecticut]] (extending to [[Bridgeport]]), and including [[Pike County, Pennsylvania]], was home to an estimated 711,174 Indian Americans as of the 2013–2017 [[American Community Survey]] by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]],&lt;ref name=IndiansNYC&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/330M400US408|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005918/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/330M400US408|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; comprising by far the [[Indian American#U.S. metropolitan areas with large Asian Indian populations|largest Indian American population]] of any metropolitan area in the United States.&lt;ref name=IndianCensusref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&amp;prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150104214440/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_DP05&amp;prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2015|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; New York City itself also contains the highest Indian American population of any individual city in the United States, estimated at 246,454 as of 2017.&lt;ref name=IndianCensus&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Asian Indian alone – New York City|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004508/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; At least twenty four Indian American enclaves characterized as a [[Little India]] have emerged in the New York City metropolitan area. As of December 2019, Indian airline carrier [[Air India]] as well as United States airline carrier [[United Airlines]] were offering direct flights from the New York City Metropolitan Area to and from Delhi and [[Mumbai]]. [[Delta Air Lines]] inaugurated non-stop flight service from [[JFK International Airport]] to Mumbai in December 2019.<br /> <br /> The Indian American population in the New York City metropolitan region was second in its population as an [[Asian people|Asian ethnicity]] only to the approximately 893,697 uniracial [[Chinese in New York City|Chinese New Yorkers]] as of 2017.&lt;ref name=IndiansNYC/&gt;&lt;ref name=NYCChinese/&gt; However, while the presence and growth of the Chinese population is focused on New York City and [[Long Island]] in New York State, the gravitas of the Indian population is roughly evenly split between New Jersey and New York State.&lt;ref name=NewJerseyIndians&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0400000US34|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141225190515/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0400000US34|archive-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NewYorkStateIndians&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0400000US36|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141225190455/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0400000US36|archive-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Central New Jersey]], at the geographic heart of the [[Northeast Megalopolis]], has emerged as the largest hub for Indian immigrants to the U.S., followed closely by [[Queens]] and [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] on Long Island. [[Oak Tree Road]] in [[Edison Township, New Jersey|Edison]] and [[Iselin, New Jersey|Iselin]] is known as an Indian dining and shopping destination.<br /> <br /> [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] in New Jersey has the highest proportion of Asian Indians of any major U.S. city, comprising 10.9% of the overall population of Jersey City in 2010,&lt;ref name=JerseyCityQuickFacts&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US3436000|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212135813/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US3436000|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; increasing to 11.4% by 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/DP05/1600000US3436000|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141225190528/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/DP05/1600000US3436000|archive-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] and [[Rockland County, New York]] are home to the highest concentrations of [[Malayali]]s outside of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://40days.homestead.com/Day_22_-_People.pdf|title=Website Disabled|website=40days.homestead.com|access-date=August 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073622/http://40days.homestead.com/Day_22_-_People.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Carteret, New Jersey|Carteret, Middlesex County]]'s [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in New Jersey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/15colnj.html|title=Turbans Make Targets, Some Sikhs Find|author=Kevin Coyne|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2008 |access-date=June 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smaller populations of Asian Indians reside in the Connecticut and Pennsylvania portions of the New York City metropolitan region. [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], in [[central New Jersey]], the geographic heart of the [[Northeast megalopolis]] and ranked the safest small city in the United States,&lt;ref name=MonroeTownshipSafe1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/small-towns-cities-safest-america-study|title=These small towns and cities are ranked the safest in America, study shows|author=Daniel Miller|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=December 20, 2023|access-date=December 12, 2024|quote=Several of the communities that topped the list are in the northeast. According to the study, the safest town in the country is Monroe Township, New Jersey, which ranks first. At number two on the list is Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, followed by Zionsville, Indiana, ranking third. Wallingford, Connecticut, ranks fourth, and Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, rounds out the top five.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MonroeTownshipSafe2&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4366427-these-are-the-safest-small-towns-and-cities-in-every-state-report/amp/|title=These are the safest small towns and cities in every state: report|author=Alix Martichoux|newspaper=The Hill|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=January 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]], increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212094804/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,&lt;ref name=IndiansMonroe&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Monroe township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155409/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; representing a 2,221.5% (a multiple of 23) numerical increase over that period, including many [[affluence|affluent]] professionals and [[senior citizen]]s as well as [[charitable contribution|charitable benefactors]] to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 relief efforts in India]] in official coordination with Monroe Township, in addition to [[Bollywood]] actors with second homes. By 2022, the Indian population was approaching one-third of Monroe Township's population, and the nickname ''[[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Edison]]-South'' had developed, in reference to the [[Little India]] stature of both [[Township (New Jersey)|townships]].&lt;ref name=&quot;m.youtube.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j2t2feSY-iw |title= Monroe swears in 1st officer of Asian-Indian descent during Asian Pacific American Heritage month|website=m.youtube.com |date= May 25, 2022|access-date=May 25, 2022}}{{title missing|date=July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A community named ''Raajipo'' (meaning ''happiness'') has emerged within nearby [[Robbinsville, New Jersey|Robbinsville]], in [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]], New Jersey, home of [[Akshardham (New Jersey)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] ([[Devnagari|Devnagari: स्वामिनारायण अक्षरधाम]]), inaugurated in 2014 as the world's largest [[Hindu temple]].&lt;ref name=&quot;World'sLargestHinduTempleNJ&quot;/&gt; [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] have established significant concentrations in Queens and Nassau County in New York and in Middlesex, Bergen, and Hudson counties in New Jersey.<br /> <br /> In 2014, 12,350 Indians legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014|publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=May 31, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2013, this number was 10,818;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2013 |website=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=January 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2012, 10,550;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2012 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2012 |website=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=January 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152450/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=December 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 11,256 in 2011;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2011/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2011 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2011 |website=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=January 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 11,388 in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2010 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2010 |website=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 |publisher=Department of Homeland Security |access-date=January 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These numbers do not include the remainder of the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. New Jersey is the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India comprised the largest [[foreign born#Metropolitan regions with largest foreign born populations|foreign-born]] nationality, representing approximately 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/whats_the_top_country_of_birth_for_immigrants_in_nj.html#incart_2box_nj-homepage-featured|title=What's the top country of birth for immigrants in N.J.?|author=Erin O'Neill|publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC|date=October 19, 2015|access-date=October 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===New York City boroughs===<br /> As the [[city proper]] with the largest Asian Indian population in the United States by a wide margin, with an estimated 227,994 individuals as of the 2014 [[American Community Survey]],&lt;ref name=NYCIndians&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Asian Indian alone – New York City|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=August 6, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004546/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as the primary destination for [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|new Indian immigrants]],&lt;ref name=2012IndianImmigration&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; New York City is subdivided into official municipal [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]], which themselves are home to significant Asian Indian and other [[South Asian]] populations. Note that this list includes neither the large [[Desi]] populations of [[Pakistani American]]s, [[Bangladeshi American]]s, and [[Sri Lankan American]]s, nor [[Indo-Caribbean Americans]], [[Afghan American]]s, and others of South Asian origin who make their home in New York City. Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), or Little Punjab, has emerged in [[Richmond Hill, Queens]].<br /> {{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text hover-highlight&quot; &quot;style=&quot;font-size: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Borough<br /> ! Indian Americans<br /> ! Indian Americans per square mile<br /> ! Percentage of Indian Americans in Borough's Population<br /> |-<br /> | [[Queens]] (2014)&lt;ref name=QueensIndians&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/0500000US36081/popgroup~013|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Asian Indian alone – Queens County, New York|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003037/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/0500000US36081/popgroup~013|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align=right | {{Nts|144,896}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1,326.5}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|6.2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brooklyn]] (2012)<br /> | align=right | {{Nts|25,270}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|357.9}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1.0}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Manhattan]] (2012)<br /> | align=right | {{Nts|24,359}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1,060.9}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1.5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[The Bronx]] (2012)<br /> | align=right | {{Nts|16,748}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|398.6}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1.2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Staten Island]] (2012)<br /> | align=right | {{Nts|6,646}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|113.6}}<br /> | align=center| {{Nts|1.4}}<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | Total (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;NYCIndians&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! align=&quot;right&quot; | {{Nts|227,994}}<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | {{Nts|753.4}}<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; | {{Nts|2.7}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Medium and small-sized cities, as of 2021 American Community Survey===<br /> <br /> ==== New Jersey ====<br /> [[File:Belmont Court, Monroe, NJ 08831.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of single family homes nestled within natural surroundings of trees and [[greenbelt]]s in affluent [[suburb]]an [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Middlesex County]], [[Indians in New Jersey|New Jersey]], while also maintaining the proximity to both [[New York City]] and top-ranked [[Princeton University]] sought by Indians in this township and the surrounding '''India corridor''' of [[Central Jersey|Central]] [[New Jersey]], with the fastest-growing Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]].]]<br /> <br /> New Jersey, and [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] (in [[Central New Jersey]]), are home to by far the highest per capita Indian American populations of any U.S. state and [[U.S. county]] by 2024, at 4.7% and 16.9%, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;NewJerseyMostIndianState&quot;&gt;[https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP05&amp;g=040XX00US34_050XX00US34023]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Americans with Asian Indian Ancestry by state.svg|thumb|300px|Percent of population with Indian ancestry in 2010. [[New Jersey]] stands alone demographically, comprising a population over 4% Indian in 2020.]]<br /> <br /> {{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col2center col5center hover-highlight&quot; &quot;style=&quot;font-size: 100%&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Community<br /> !County<br /> !Asian Indian %<br /> |-<br /> |[[Carteret, New Jersey|Carteret]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |20.1%<br /> |-<br /> |[[East Windsor, New Jersey|East Windsor]]<br /> |Mercer<br /> |16.6%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |36.2%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey|Franklin]]<br /> |Somerset<br /> |14.6%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Iselin, New Jersey|Iselin CDP]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |45.1%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |17.7%<br /> |-<br /> |[[North Brunswick, New Jersey|North Brunswick]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |16.5%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Parsippany–Troy Hills, New Jersey|Parsippany-Troy Hills]]<br /> |Morris<br /> |25.7%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |20.2%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro Township]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |44.7%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Robbinsville (CDP), New Jersey|Robbinsville CDP]]<br /> |Mercer<br /> |29.2%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]]<br /> |Hudson<br /> |22.9%<br /> |-<br /> |[[South Brunswick, New Jersey|South Brunswick]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |37.2%<br /> |-<br /> |[[West Windsor Township, New Jersey|West Windsor]]<br /> |Mercer<br /> |36.4%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Woodbridge, New Jersey|Woodbridge]]<br /> |Middlesex<br /> |16.7%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== New York ====<br /> *[[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] on [[Long Island]] has become a major suburban destination for Indians:<br /> {{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col2center col5center hover-highlight&quot; &quot;style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Community<br /> !Asian Indian %<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bellerose Terrace, New York|Bellerose Terrace]]<br /> |11.8%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Garden City Park, New York|Garden City Park]]<br /> |18.4%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Herricks, New York|Herricks]]<br /> |23.5%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]]<br /> |18.7%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Manhasset Hills, New York|Manhasset Hills]]<br /> |28.4%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Searingtown, New York|Searingtown]]<br /> |18.1%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===List of Little Indias===<br /> <br /> ====In New Jersey====<br /> * [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]]<br /> ** [[Bombay, Jersey City|Bombay]], Jersey City, home of [[India Square]]<br /> ** [[Newport, Jersey City|Newport]], Jersey City&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://statisticalatlas.com/zip/07310/Ancestry | title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]]<br /> ** [[Robbinsville (CDP), New Jersey|Robbinsville CDP]] (15.7% [[Asian Indian]])&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[West Windsor Township, New Jersey|West Windsor]] (33.8% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], with the highest percentage of Asian Indians of any [[U.S. county]], at nearly 20% in 2020<br /> ** [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], with one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]], increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census&lt;ref name=MonroeIndians2000&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212094804/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; to an estimated 4,204 (10.0%) as of 2015,&lt;ref name=MonroeIndians2014&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2010–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; representing a 1,542% (multiple of 16) numerical increase over that period. By 2022, the Indian population was approaching one-third of Monroe Township's population.&lt;ref name=&quot;m.youtube.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Little India (Edison/Iselin)|Oak Tree Road]], [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] (36.2% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid%3DDEC_10_DP_DPDP1%26prodType%3Dtable |title=American FactFinder – Results |access-date=November 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;prodType=table |archive-date=March 5, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Little India (Edison/Iselin)|Oak Tree Road]], [[Iselin, New Jersey|Iselin]] (45.1% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey|Plainsboro]] (44.7% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Route 27 (New Jersey)|Route 27]], [[North Brunswick Township, New Jersey|North Brunswick]] (16.5% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Route 27 (New Jersey)|Route 27]], [[South Brunswick Township, New Jersey|South Brunswick]] (36.3% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** Stelton Road, [[Piscataway Township, New Jersey|Piscataway]] (18.3% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> ** [[Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Woodbridge Township]] (16.7% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris County]] <br /> ** Route 46, [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey|Parsippany]] (24.8% Asian Indian)&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset County]] <br /> ** [[Bridgewater, New Jersey|Bridgewater]], in the vicinity of a Hindu temple on the central and western parts of the township<br /> <br /> =====Bombay, Jersey City=====<br /> '''[[Bombay, Jersey City|Bombay]]''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiniry, Laura 2006. pg. 34&quot;&gt;Kiniry, Laura. &quot;Moon Handbooks New Jersey&quot;, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 {{ISBN|1-56691-949-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Jersey City, New Jersey, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere,&lt;ref name=JerseyCityIndians&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|title=Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square|author=Laryssa Wirstiuk|newspaper=Jersey City Independent|date=April 21, 2014|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085618/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|archive-date=June 30, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; containing the rapidly growing Indian [[ethnic enclave]] of [[India Square]]. The neighborhood is centered on [[Newark Avenue, Jersey City|Newark Avenue]], between Tonnele Avenue and [[County Route 501 (New Jersey)|JFK Boulevard]], and is considered to be part of the larger [[Journal Square]] District. It has had a large concentration of Indian businesses since the 1970s, with about 15,000 Indians living in Jersey City by 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Courtney|first=Marian|date=May 4, 1986|title=The Cultures of India Thrive In Jersey City|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/04/nyregion/the-cultures-of-india-thrive-in-jersey-city.html|location= |access-date=}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; This area has been home to the largest outdoor [[Navratri]] festivities in New Jersey as well as several [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temples]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thenewjournalsquare.com/html/press/indiasquare.htm &quot;India Square&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015155533/http://www.thenewjournalsquare.com/html/press/indiasquare.htm |date=October 15, 2013 }}. Accessed December 25, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; This portion of Newark Avenue is lined with grocery stores,&lt;ref&gt;Cruz, Vanessa; Pope, Gennarose; Rambay Fernandez, Adriana; Wright, E. Assata (September 9, 2012). &quot;Tired of the same food?&quot; ''[[The Union City Reporter]]''. pp 1, 8, and 11. Accessed December 25, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; [[consumer electronics|electronics vendors]], [[video store]]s, [[international trade|import/export]] businesses, clothing stores, and restaurants, and is one of the busier pedestrian areas of this part of the city, often stopping traffic for hours. According to the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], there were nearly 13,000 Indians living in this two-block stretch of Jersey City, up from 3,000 in 1980, increasing commensurately between 2000 and 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/newspdf/jerseyjournal0814.pdf#search='india%20square%20indian%20population%20jersey%20city' |title=City Attracts People From Around the Globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516142459/http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/newspdf/jerseyjournal0814.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |last=Morrill |first=Jennifer |date=August 14, 2011 |work=The Jersey Journal |access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An annual, color-filled spring [[Holi]] festival has taken place in Jersey City since 1992, centered upon India Square and attracting significant participation and international media attention.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Rogoza | first = Rafael | title = Thousands of colorful revelers partake in 21st Annual Phagwah Parade in Jersey City | newspaper = The Jersey Journal | date = March 30, 2013 | url = http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2013/03/thousands_of_colorful_revelers.html#incart_river_default | access-date = March 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2015/03/indian_festival_in_jersey_city_celebrates_diversit.html#incart_river|title=Colorful Holi Hai festival in Jersey City celebrates rites of spring|author=Matthew Speiser|newspaper=The Jersey Journal|date=March 29, 2015|access-date=March 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although India Square continues to represent the heart of Little India in Jersey City, situated between Tonnele Avenue and John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Little India itself has been expanding further eastward along Newark Avenue, through Jersey City's ''[[Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region#Jersey City: Five Corners, Newark Avenue, and Manila Avenue|Little Manila]]'', to Summit Avenue and the [[Five Corners, Jersey City|Five Corners]] neighborhood. After dark, the businesses light flashing signs, and the street crowds continue.<br /> <br /> =====Oak Tree Road (Edison/Iselin)=====<br /> [[Little India (Edison/Iselin)|Oak Tree Road]] is a rapidly growing South Asian-focused commercial strip in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], the [[U.S. county]] with highest concentration of Asian Indians (nearly 20% in 2020) and the geographic heart of the [[Northeast megalopolis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/11/big_business_in_little_india_c.html|title=Big business in Little India: Commerce flourishes in vibrant ethnic neighborhood|first=Peter|last=Genovese|date=16 November 2012|website=nj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.saveur.com/article/Travels/Oak-Tree-Road-Iselin-NJ|title=Eat Street: Oak Tree Road, Iselin, N.J.|website=SAVEUR|date=31 March 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about one-and-a-half miles through [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] and neighboring [[Iselin, New Jersey]], near the area's sprawling [[Chinese in New York City|Chinatown]] and [[Koreans in New York City|Koreatown]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/travel/indo-chinese-restaurants-edison-new-jersey.html|title=Indo-Chinese Food Is Hard to Find, Except in New Jersey|first=David|last=Shaftel|newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Little India in Edison and Iselin is the largest and most diverse [[South Asian]] cultural hub in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/little-india-thrives-in-central-new-jersey-1506340801|title='Little India' Thrives in Central New Jersey|first=Kate|last=King|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=25 September 2017|via=www.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/06/06/the-ultimate-neighborhood-bank/|title=How Indo-Americans Created The Ultimate Neighborhood Bank|first=Monte|last=Burke|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; The zone is home to over 400 South Asian establishments and businesses, including dining, [[apparel]] and [[consumer electronics|electronics retailing]], and entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oak Tree Road Edison, Iselin NJ Indian Shopping, Food, Restaurants|url=https://www.oaktreeroad.us/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=www.oaktreeroad.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.saveur.com/indian-restaurants-food-edison-new-jersey|title=A One-Day Snacker's Guide to Edison, NJ, One of America's Best Indian Food Destinations|website=SAVEUR|date=28 April 2016 |access-date=16 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/27indianj.html|title=A Place Where Indians, Now New Jerseyans, Thrive|first=Joseph|last=Berger|newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 April 2008|access-date=16 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/edison-brimming-with-indian-culture/|title=Edison Brimming with Indian Culture – Video|access-date=16 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 60 [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]] restaurants alone are found in the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/eat-drink/oak-tree-road-street-of-dreams/|title=Oak Tree Road is a Street of Dreams for Lovers of South Asian Cuisine|date=1 May 2017|website=New Jersey Monthly}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/3/13/14902030/the-best-indian-food-in-new-york-is-in-new-jersey|title=The Best Indian Food In New York Is Actually in New Jersey|first=Robert|last=Sietsema|date=13 March 2017|website=Eater NY}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Middlesex County, election [[ballot]]s are printed in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;State of New Jersey&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.gov/state/elections/voting-information-vote-by-mail.html|title=State of New Jersey Department of State|publisher=State of New Jersey|access-date=May 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edison was, per 2010 [[American Community Survey]] census data, 28.3% ethnic Asian Indian population, the highest percentage for any municipality in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 May 2019 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |website=Census.gov |access-date=8 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 42.6% of Iselin residents identified themselves as being Indian American, the highest percentage for any [[census-designated place]] in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US3434470 {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213094649/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US3434470 |date=2020-02-13 }} Accessed April 28, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====In New York====<br /> {{see also|Curry Row}}<br /> [[File:74th St shopping Jax Hts jeh.jpg|thumb|300px|Little India on 74th Street in [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]], Queens]]<br /> * [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], [[Long Island]]<br /> **[[Bellerose Terrace, New York|Bellerose Terrace]]; Broadway/Route 107, Old Country Road, [[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/li-life/hicksville-li-s-little-india-1.606341|title=Hicksville: LI's LITTLE INDIA|author=Alan Krawitz|newspaper=Newsday|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Garden City Park, New York|Garden City Park]]; [[Herricks, New York|Herricks]]; [[Manhasset Hills, New York|Manhasset Hills]]; [[Searingtown, New York|Searingtown]]<br /> * New York City With over 700,000 [[Indian American|Indo Americans]], the [[New York City Metropolitan Area]] contains the largest metropolitan [[Asian Indian]] population in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<br /> ** [[Manhattan]]<br /> *** [[Lexington Avenue]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/little_india_lexington_avenue_in_manhattan/|title=Barry Popik|first=Barry|last=Popik|website=Barrypopik.com|access-date=April 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the neighborhoods of [[Rose Hill, Manhattan|Rose Hill]] and [[Murray Hill, Manhattan|Murray Hill]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], between [[25th Street (Manhattan)|25th and 30th Streets]] (growing preponderance of [[South Indian cuisine]]), has become known as ''Curry Hill'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://events.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/nyregion/thecity/12rest.html|title=Good Eating Curry Hill More Than Tandoori|author=Kris Ensminger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 2, 2008|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-date=February 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203085147/http://events.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/nyregion/thecity/12rest.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; developing rapidly as Manhattan's Indian population nearly doubled between the 2000 and 2010 Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36061lk.html|title=New York County, New York QuickLinks|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619140250/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36061lk.html|archive-date=June 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has continued to increase, to a Census-estimated 27,289 in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0500000US36061|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141225191430/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05/0500000US36061|archive-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *** [[6th Street (Manhattan)#1st to 7th Streets|East 6th Street]],&lt;ref name=CurryRow&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/little_india/|title=Barry Popik|first=Barry|last=Popik|website=Barrypopik.com|access-date=April 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[East Village (Manhattan)|East Village]] of [[Lower Manhattan]], between [[1st Avenue (Manhattan)|1st]] and [[2nd Avenue (Manhattan)|2nd Avenues]], with many [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian restaurants]], and known as [[Curry Row]].<br /> ** [[Queens]]<br /> *** [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], in the vicinity of the [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]]<br /> ***[[Hillside Avenue]], [[Bellerose Manor, Queens|Bellerose Manor]]<br /> ***Hillside Avenue, [[Floral Park, Queens|Floral Park]]<br /> ***Hillside Avenue, [[Glen Oaks, Queens|Glen Oaks]]<br /> ***Hillside Avenue, [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]]<br /> ***73rd and 74th Streets between [[Roosevelt Avenue (Queens)|Roosevelt]] and 37th Avenues, [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]]<br /> ***Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]] (Little Punjab)<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Language===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible sortable&quot;<br /> |+ South Asian Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over in the New York Metropolitan Area (2016–2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;censuslanguage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=[[United States Census Bureau]] |title= B16001Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=punjabi&amp;g=310XX00US35620&amp;moe=false|access-date=29 April 2025 |website=data.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Language<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Change<br /> |-<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|±|Population change}}<br /> !{{Abbr|±%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | 94,864<br /> | {{Percentage | 94864| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 89,659<br /> | {{Percentage | 89659| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 5,205<br /> | {{Percentage | 5205| 89,659| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi]]<br /> | 129,002<br /> | {{Percentage | 129002| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 119,466<br /> | {{Percentage | 119466| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 9,536<br /> | {{Percentage | 9536| 119466| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Urdu]]<br /> | 102,455<br /> | {{Percentage | 102455| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 88,880<br /> | {{Percentage | 88880| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 13,575<br /> | {{Percentage | 13575| 88880| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | 35,570<br /> | {{Percentage | 35570| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 48,772<br /> | {{Percentage | 48772| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | -13,202<br /> | {{Percentage | -13202| 48772| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bengali Americans|Bengali]]<br /> | 165,106<br /> | {{Percentage | 165106| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 133,242<br /> | {{Percentage | 133242| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 31,864<br /> | {{Percentage | 31864| 133242| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], or other [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]]<br /> | 46,727<br /> | {{Percentage | 46727| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 46,010<br /> | {{Percentage | 46010| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 717<br /> | {{Percentage | 717| 46010| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | 38,135<br /> | {{Percentage | 38135| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 33,084<br /> | {{Percentage | 33084| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 5,051<br /> | {{Percentage | 5051| 33084| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | 33,422<br /> | {{Percentage | 33422| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 30,149<br /> | {{Percentage | 30149| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | 3,273<br /> | {{Percentage | 3273| 30149| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], or other [[Dravidian languages]]<br /> | 40,937<br /> | {{Percentage | 40937| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> | 42,195<br /> | {{Percentage | 42195| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> | -1,258<br /> | {{Percentage | -1258| 42195| 2 }}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> ! Total [[South Asian languages]]<br /> ! 686,218<br /> ! {{Percentage | 686218| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> ! 631,457<br /> ! {{Percentage | 631457| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> ! 54,761<br /> ! {{Percentage | 54761| 631457| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Total responses<br /> ! 18,423,457<br /> ! {{Percentage | 18423457| 18423457| 2 }}<br /> ! 18,933,254<br /> ! {{Percentage | 18933254| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> ! -509,797<br /> ! {{Percentage | -509797| 18933254| 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Business==<br /> Indians have had a long history of commerce in the United States. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Indians in the United States began to focus on tourism as a source of income. Many opened businesses, such as hotels and Indian grocery stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 4, 2022 |title=The History of Indian Groceries in the USA in Under 10 Minutes |url=https://blog.kesargrocery.com/grocery-shopping-tips/the-history-of-indian-groceries-in-the-usa-in-under-10-minutes |website=Kesargrocery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, Indian-owned businesses in the United States include various enterprises, ranging from [[Retailers|small retailers]] and service providers to [[Corporation|large corporations]]. Indian Americans have increasingly taken on [[CEO]] positions of companies in the greater [[New York metropolitan area]].<br /> <br /> [[Patel Brothers]] is the world's large supermarket chain serving the [[Overseas Indians|Indian diaspora]], with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in the New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area, due to its large Indian population, and with the [[East Windsor, New Jersey|East Windsor]]/[[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[New Jersey]] location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India, leading to expansion to nearby [[Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey|Hamilton, New Jersey]], also in [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]] (Greater [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]). HOS Global Foods, one of the largest purveyors of Indian and other [[South Asia]]n foods outside of Asia, is globally [[headquartered]] in [[Lake Success, New York]], in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], on Long Island. Indian [[food truck]]s have set up shop in Manhattan, Queens, and Long Island, and in Jersey City, Edison, and Monroe Township, New Jersey.<br /> <br /> In January 2025, [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]] [[Hackensack Meridian Health|Meridian Health]], New Jersey's largest [[health care]] system, signed a partnership agreement with [[Apollo Hospitals]], India's largest private hospital network, to collaborate and innovate new health care solutions that could be implemented in both countries. Their goal is to leverage both systems' combined resources to improve patient outcomes.&lt;ref name=HackevsackApolloIndia&gt;{{cite web|url=https://njbiz.com/hackensack-meridian-unveils-global-partnership-with-indias-apollo-health-system/|title=Hackensack Meridian unveils global partnership with India's Apollo health system|author=Kimberly Redmond|publisher=NJBIZ|date=January 29, 2025|access-date=January 31, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Food companies===<br /> [[Patel Brothers]] is a supermarket chain serving the [[Overseas Indians|Indian diaspora]], with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states&amp;mdash;primarily located in the New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area]], attributable to its large Indian population, and with the [[East Windsor, New Jersey|East Windsor]]/[[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[New Jersey]] location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India, the store has therefore expanded to nearby [[Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey|Hamilton, New Jersey]].<br /> <br /> [[Deep Foods]], founded in 1977 and based in [[Union Township, Union County, New Jersey|Union Township, New Jersey]], is one of the largest Indian food companies in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Intersimone |first=Jenna |date=2020-01-14 |title=Indian food giant Deep Indian Kitchen had humble beginnings in Union County garage |url=https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2020/01/14/deep-indian-kitchen-union/2848587001/ |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=MyCentralJersey.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specializing in frozen Indian food, their products were sold in around 20,000 stores as of 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=MeiMei |title=4 CEOs Bringing International Flavors To The US Prepared Foods Market |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meimeifox/2024/03/03/4-ceos-bringing-international-flavors-to-the-us-prepared-foods-market/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Biopharma companies===<br /> [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]], [[Aurobindo Pharma]], and [[Biocon Biologics]], all [[biopharmaceutical]] companies based in [[South India]], have established [[North American]] [[headquarters]] in [[Central Jersey|central New Jersey]].<br /> <br /> ===IT Services companies===<br /> [[Tata Consultancy Services]] U.S. [[headquarters]] is based in [[Edison, New Jersey]], with offices in New York City. [[Cognizant]] is headquartered in [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], while [[Wipro]] is based in [[East Brunswick, New Jersey]].<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> [[File:Vidya Balan Insult India Parade or Bollywood Parade.jpg|thumb|New York City's annual India Day Parade, the world's largest [[Indian Independence Day]] parade outside India,&lt;ref name=NYCLargestIndiaParade/&gt; marches down [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. The parade addresses controversial [[topic and comment|themes]], including racism, [[sexism]], corruption, and [[Bollywood]].]]<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | image1 = Hindu Temple Society of North America (Flushing, Queens - exterior).jpg<br /> | width1 = 225<br /> | caption1 = The [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]], representing Sri Maha Vallabha [[Ganapati]] [[Devasthanam]] is the oldest [[Hindu temple]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]], in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], Queens, above. Further east on [[Long Island]], in [[Melville, New York|Melville]], one of the world's largest [[BAPS]] temples opened in October 2016;&lt;ref name=LongIslandBAPS/&gt;<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | image2 = BAPS Robbinsville Mandir - mandir interior.jpg<br /> | width2 = 225<br /> | caption2 = [[Akshardham (New Jersey)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] ([[Devnagari|Devnagari: स्वामिनारायण अक्षरधाम]]) in [[Robbinsville, New Jersey|Robbinsville]], [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]], New Jersey, inaugurated in 2014 as the world's largest Hindu temple,&lt;ref name=&quot;World'sLargestHinduTempleNJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/worlds-largest-hindu-temple-being-built-new-jersey-n166616|title=World's Largest Hindu Temple Being Built in New Jersey|author=Frances Kai-Hwa Wang|author-link=Frances Kai-Hwa Wang|date=July 28, 2014 |publisher=NBC News|access-date=July 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; above.<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | image3 = Flushing Sikh Center jeh.JPG<br /> | caption3 = [[Sikhism|Sikh Center]] in Flushing, Queens<br /> | width3 = 225<br /> | alt3 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Attraction to Education===<br /> Indians have been attaining school board membership positions on various [[board of education|boards of education]] in New Jersey and on Long Island. Indian parents are attracted to settling in cities and towns in the New York metropolitan area that have highly performing school districts; there is especially an allure for Indian parents to settle in the proximity of top-ranked [[Princeton University]], in the [[central New Jersey]] communities near [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], including most of [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex]], and [[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset]] counties.<br /> <br /> ====Deepavali/Diwali, Eid/Ramadan as school holidays====<br /> Momentum has been growing to recognize the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] holy day Deepavali (Diwali) as a holiday on [[school district]] calendars in the New York City metropolitan region.&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/02/nj_districts_weigh_new_holiday.html|title=N.J. districts weigh new holiday, Diwali, for school year|author=Eugene Paik|newspaper=The Star-Ledger|date=February 5, 2012|access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; New York City announced in October 2022 that Diwali would be an official school holiday commencing in 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/nyc-schools-will-officially-close-for-diwali-starting-2023-102122|title= NYC schools will officially close for Diwali starting 2023|author=Anna Rahmanan|publisher=TimeOut New York|quote=The mayor declared Diwali a public school holiday in New York City beginning next year.|date=October 21, 2022|access-date=October 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and this was codified into New York State law in 2023.&lt;ref name=DiwaliNYCSchoolHolidayStateLaw&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2023/11/14/governor-kathy-hochul-diwali-bill-law-legislation-mayor-eric-adams-jenifer-rajkumar|title=Governor signs bill into law making Diwali a city public school holiday|author=David Lazar|publisher=<br /> Spectrum News|date=November 14, 2023|access-date=November 16, 2023|quote=The law mandates all city public schools close on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Indian calendar each year, also known as Diwali.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Passaic, New Jersey]] established Diwali as a school holiday in 2005.&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1/&gt;&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/&gt; [[South Brunswick, New Jersey]] in 2010 became the first of the many school districts with large Indian student populations in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] in New Jersey to add Diwali to the school calendar.&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/&gt; [[Glen Rock, New Jersey]] in February 2015 became the first municipality in [[Bergen County, New Jersey#Indian American|Bergen County]], with its own burgeoning Indian population post-2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder2.census.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Bergen County, New Jersey |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=February 24, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 24, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212085158/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; to recognize Diwali as an annual school holiday.&lt;ref name=BergenCountyDiwali2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/glen-rock-schools-to-close-for-diwali-1.1276918|title=Glen Rock schools to close for Diwali|author=Chris Harris|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 24, 2015|access-date=February 24, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224221006/http://www.northjersey.com/news/glen-rock-schools-to-close-for-diwali-1.1276918|archive-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BergenCountyDiwali1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/community-news/community-events-and-announcements/glen-rock-residents-seek-diwali-observance-at-district-schools-1.1144470|title=Glen Rock residents seek Diwali observance at district schools|author=Richard De Santa|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=December 1, 2014|access-date=December 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035458/http://www.northjersey.com/community-news/community-events-and-announcements/glen-rock-residents-seek-diwali-observance-at-district-schools-1.1144470|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Efforts have been undertaken in [[Millburn, New Jersey|Millburn]],&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/hindus-in-new-jersey-school-district-want-a-day-off-for-diwali/2014/02/25/db4726a0-9e51-11e3-878c-65222df220eb_story.html|title=Hindus in New Jersey school district want a day off for Diwali|author=Katherine Davis, Religion News Service|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monroe Township, [[West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District|West Windsor-Plainsboro]], [[Bernards Township, New Jersey|Bernards Township]], and [[North Brunswick, New Jersey]],&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/&gt; Long Island, as well as in New York City,&lt;ref name=EidDiwali/&gt;&lt;ref name=DiwaliEid&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O8jsxj9Dqo|title=Coalition urges NYC Mayor to add Diwali as public school holiday|date=October 7, 2009 |publisher=The Indian Eye.net|access-date=February 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; among other school districts in the metropolitan region, to make Diwali a holiday on the school calendar. According to the ''[[Star-Ledger]]'', [[Edison, New Jersey]] councilman Sudhanshu Prasad has noted parents' engagement in making Deepavali a holiday there; while in Jersey City, the four schools with major Asian Indian populations mark the holiday by inviting parents to the school buildings for festivities.&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/&gt; [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Elementary School is located in [[Passaic, New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://njbiz.com/passaic-city-cuts-ribbon-on-241m-educational-campus/|title=Passaic City cuts ribbon on $241M educational campus|author=Matthew Fazelpoor|publisher=NJBIZ|date=August 23, 2022|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efforts are also progressing toward making Diwali and Eid official holidays at all 24 school districts in Middlesex County.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/opinion/2022/08/all-24-middlesex-county-school-districts-should-close-on-the-diwali-holiday-opinion.html?outputType=amp|title=All 24 Middlesex County school districts should close on the Diwali holiday|author=Rajan Zed|publisher=New Jersey Advance Media|date=August 23, 2022|access-date=September 29, 2022|quote=Hindus seek holiday status for Diwali in all 24 school districts of Middlesex County. Rajan Zed is the president of the Universal Society of Hindus. He says establishing a holiday on Diwali in all Middlesex County school districts will be a step in the right direction to meet the religious and spiritual needs of Hindu students, who make up a significant portion of the population in the county.}}&lt;/ref&gt; At least 12 school districts on Long Island closed for Diwali in 2022,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.yonkerstribune.com/2022/05/12-long-island-school-districts-to-close-on-diwali-in-2022-hindus-call-for-diwali-holiday-in-all-long-island-schools|title= 12 Long Island School Districts to Close on Diwali in 2022: Hindus Call for Diwali Holiday in all Long Island Schools|newspaper=Yonkers Tribune|access-date=October 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and over 20 in New Jersey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://nj1015.com/new-school-holiday-23-nj-districts-have-diwali-off-in-2022/|title=New School Holiday: 23 NJ Districts Have Diwali Off In 2022|author=Erin Vogt|publisher=New Jersey 101.5|date=April 29, 2022|access-date=June 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2015, New York City [[Bill de Blasio|Mayor Bill de Blasio]] officially declared the [[Muslim]] holy days [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] holidays on the school calendar.&lt;ref name=EidDiwali&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/nyregion/new-york-to-add-two-muslim-holy-days-to-public-school-calendar.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;module=second-column-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news|title=New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar|author=Marc Santora and Sharon Otterman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 4, 2015|access-date=March 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; School districts in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] and South Brunswick, New Jersey observe [[Ramadan]].&lt;ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Beaches===<br /> The beaches of the [[Jersey Shore]] and [[Long Island]] have become popular recreational destinations for Indians in the New York City metropolitan region.<br /> <br /> ===Indian Independence Day Parade===<br /> The annual New York City India Day Parade, held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981, is the world's largest [[Indian Independence Day]] parade outside of India&lt;ref name=NYCLargestIndiaParade&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.us/new-york/thousands-celebrate-at-india-day-parade-along-madison-avenue/zsJohp---ZhpiKKDmo0HtI/|title=Thousands celebrate at India Day Parade along Madison Avenue|author=Karina Cuevas|publisher=Metro International|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is hosted by The Federation of Indian Associations (FIA). According to the website of [[Baruch College]] of the [[City University of New York]], &quot;The FIA, which came into being in 1970 is an [[umbrella organization]] meant to represent the diverse Indian population of NYC. Its mission is to promote and further the interests of its 500,000 members and to collaborate with other Indian cultural organization. The FIA acts as a mouth piece for the diverse Indian-Asian population in United States, and is focused on furthering the interests of this diverse community. The parade begins on [[38th Street (Manhattan)|East 38th Street]] and continues down [[Madison Avenue]] in Midtown Manhattan until it reaches [[28th Street (Manhattan)|28th Street]]. At the review stand on 28th Street, the grand marshal and various celebrities greet onlookers. Throughout the parade, participants find themselves surrounded by the saffron, white and green colors of the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]]. They can enjoy Indian food, merchandise booths, live dancing and music present at the Parade. After the parade is over, various cultural organizations and dance schools participate in program on [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]] and Madison Avenue until 6PM.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/uniquely_nyc/india.html|title=New York City (NYC) India Day Parade|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business – Baruch College/City University of New York|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The New York/New Jersey metropolitan region's second-largest India Independence Day parade takes place in [[Little India, Edison/Iselin]] in Middlesex County, New Jersey, annually in August. [[Governor of New York]] [[Kathy Hochul]] officially declared August 15, 2022 to be India Independence Day in New York; the governor lauded the accomplishments of Indian Americans in a speech that began with &quot;Namaste&quot; and concluded with &quot;Jai Hind&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/leaders-like-gandhi-nehru-inspired-others-about-democracy-8094175/lite/|title=Leaders like Gandhi, Nehru inspired others about democracy, non-violence: New York State Governor Kathy Hochul|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=August 16, 2022|accessdate=August 16, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Sikh Day Visakhi Parade====<br /> The world's largest Sikh Day Parade outside India celebrating [[Vaisakhi]] and the season of renewal is held in [[Manhattan]] annually in April. The parade is widely regarded as being one of the most colourful parades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/midtown-streets-close-weekend-sikh-persian-day-parades |title=2022 NYC Sikh, Persian Day Parades: Street Closures, Locations |website=patch.com |date= April 22, 2022|access-date=April 23, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Arts, entertainment, and media===<br /> In September 2014, approximately 19,000 Indian Americans attended a speech delivered onstage by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] in Midtown Manhattan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/nyregion/at-madison-square-garden-chants-cheers-and-roars-for-modi.html?_r=0|title=At Madison Square Garden, Chants, Cheers and Roars for Modi|author=Vivian Yee|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 28, 2014|access-date=January 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2014/09/28/india-prime-minister-madison-square-garden-modi/|title=India's Prime Minister Gets Glowing Reception at Madison Square Garden|author=Colin Daileda|publisher=Mashable|date=September 28, 2014|access-date=January 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This appearance was televised live worldwide and was estimated to have been watched by a billion-strong global audience of Indians in India and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|overseas]]. The annual [[Miss India USA]] pageant is headquartered in New York City and is often held in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]] or on [[Long Island]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidepageants.com/upcoming-events/|title=Upcoming Events|website=Worldwidepageants.com|access-date=August 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2022, an [[digital billboard|electronic billboard]] in [[Times Square]] sponsored by the Binder Indian Cultural Center featured a tribute to the late singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]], known as &quot;The Nightingale of India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lata-mangeshkar-tribute-makes-it-to-times-square-billboard-in-new-york/articleshow/89467942.cms] ''[[The Economic Times]]''. Accessed February 10, 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2023 film ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]'', the fictional world of ''Mumbattan'' ([[portmanteau]] of ''[[Mumbai]]'' and ''[[Manhattan]]'') is introduced.&lt;ref name=MumbattanMumbaiManhattan&gt;{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2023/05/mumbattan-first-look-across-the-spider-verse-mw1/|title=First Look at Mumbattan in New 'Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse' Trailer|author=Melanie Weir|publisher=ITM|date=May 13, 2023|access-date=June 3, 2023|quote=Yesterday, however, we got a sneak peek at one of the most interesting promised worlds: Mumbattan, a hybrid of Manhattan and Mumbai, where Pavitr Prabhakar lives.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====News publications in English====<br /> * ''[[India Abroad]]''<br /> * ''[[Little India (magazine)|Little India]]''<br /> * ''News India Times''<br /> * ''The Indian American''<br /> * ''The South Asian Times''<br /> * ''Tiranga in New Jersey''<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> Indians in New York and New Jersey, as in the United States as a whole, are highly fluent in English. However, [[Hindi|Hindi (हिन्दी)]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati (ગુજરાતી)]], [[Marathi language|Marathi (मराठी)]],&lt;ref&gt;Alagiakrishnan, K. and Chopra, A., 2001. Health and health care of Asian Indian American elders. Curriculum in ethnogeriatrics: Core curriculum and ethnic specific modules [Internet].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)]], [[Bengali language|Bengali (বাংলা)]], [[Tamil language|Tamil (தமிழ்)]], [[Telugu language|Telugu (తెలుగు)]], [[Malayalam|Malayalam (മലയാളം)]], [[Kannada language|Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ)]], and [[Maithili Language|Maithili (मैथिली)]] languages are spoken at home and with local media incorporating these languages available for viewership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/usa/nj/nj/showtimes.htm|title=Indian Movies now running in nj|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=August 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], election [[ballot]]s are printed in English, Spanish, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;State of New Jersey&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> Indian cuisine is very popular in the New York City metropolitan region, bolstered by the growth of the Asian Indian populace and accompanied by growth in the number of Indian restaurants, located both within and outside of traditional Indian enclaves; such that within New York City proper alone, there are hundreds of Indian restaurants.&lt;ref name=IndianRestaurantFlagships&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/28/travel/indian-chains-in-new-york-worthy-of-their-flagships.html?_r=0|title=Indian Chains in New York, Worthy of Their Flagships|author=David Shaftel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 25, 2014|access-date=December 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to David Shaftel of ''[[The New York Times]]'' in December 2014, the food at New York City's many [[chain restaurant|Indian chain restaurants]] is worthy of their flagships in India; the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood south of [[Murray Hill, Manhattan|Murray Hill]], namely [[Rose Hill, Manhattan|Rose Hill]], has been nicknamed ''Curry Hill'', and provides an abundance of [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] India-based chains specializing in [[South Indian cuisine]].&lt;ref name=IndianRestaurantFlagships/&gt; In 2020, [[CNN|CNN Travel]] claimed that the best Indian food in the United States could be found in Jersey City's India Square.&lt;ref name=CNNIndianFood&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/best-indian-food-united-states-new-jersey/index.html?_r=0|title=The best Indian food in the United States? It's in New Jersey|author=Brad Japhe|newspaper=CNN|date=September 17, 2020|access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1968, a family of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] brothers inaugurated the restaurant Shah Bag at 320 East 6th Street in the East Village of Lower Manhattan, followed by others, with the intention of &quot;making an Indian street&quot;.&lt;ref name=CurryRow/&gt; In time, this stretch of East 6th Street between [[First Avenue (Manhattan)|First]] and [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|Second Avenues]] evolved the nickname ''Curry Row'', with a dense collection of [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian restaurants]].<br /> <br /> By 2000, Indian food had become ubiquitous in the New York metropolitan area, both inside and outside of Little Indias, with ''dhabas'' popping up around the metro area. These dhabas would serve a quickly growing niche of Indian quick-service food, with a particular appeal to Indians working in professions such as a trucking, taxi-driving, importing, and garment dealers. Indian was also getting more attention from the mainstream American press, with some of these dhabas getting reviews from outlets such as ''[[The New York Times]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/23us2.htm|title=Dhabas, New York Style|author=Lavina Melwani|newspaper=Rediff|date=November 23, 1999|access-date=March 31, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> [[File:Das Lakshana (Paryusana) celebrations, New York City Jain temple.JPG|thumb|[[Das Lakshana]] (Paryushana) celebrations at the [[Jain Center of America]] in [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]], Queens, the oldest [[Jain temple]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]]&lt;ref name=QueensOldestJainTempleWesternHemisphere&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/the-oldest-temple-in-the-hemisphere-its-in-queens/|title=The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere? It's In Queens!|publisher=Queens Gazette|date=May 21, 2020|access-date=August 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Parallelling India's religious constituency, most Indians in the New York City metropolitan region practice [[Hinduism]], followed by [[Islam]], Christianity, [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and irreligion. On October 30, 2024, the State of New Jersey legally designated October of every year to be Hindu Heritage Month.&lt;ref name=HinduHeritageMonthNewJersey&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/news/562024/approved/20241030d.shtml|title=Governor Murphy Takes Action on Legislation|date=October 30, 2024|access-date=November 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]] in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], Queens, is the oldest [[Hindu temple]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]], and its [[cafeteria|canteen]] feeds 4,000 people a week, with as many as 10,000 during the [[Diwali|Diwali (Deepavali)]] holiday.&lt;ref name=FlushingHinduTempleCanteen&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/nyregion/in-line-for-blessings-and-sweets-at-hindu-temple-canteen.html?_r=1|title=In Line for Blessings and Sweets at Hindu Temple Canteen|author=Shivani Vora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2016|access-date=October 29, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further east on [[Long Island]], in [[Melville, New York|Melville]], one of the world's largest [[BAPS]] temples opened in October 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;LongIslandBAPS&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/nyregion/hindu-temple-long-island-melville-new-york.html?hpw&amp;rref=nyregion&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;module=well-region&amp;region=bottom-well&amp;WT.nav=bottom-well|title=For Hindus on Long Island, a New Temple 3 Decades in the Making|author=Arielle Dollinger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 11, 2016|access-date=October 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Central New Jersey]] has large temples of [[Venkateswara]] and [[Guruvayurappan]] in [[Bridgewater Township, New Jersey|Bridgewater]] and [[Morganville, New Jersey|Morganville]], respectively; and [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] [[mandir]]s abound throughout the metropolitan area, the two largest both being in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], in [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]] (also the largest Sai mandir in the [[Western Hemisphere]]) and in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]], bookending the southern and northern ends of Middlesex County, respectively.<br /> <br /> BAPS also built the world's largest Hindu temple in [[Robbinsville, New Jersey|Robbinsville]], [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]], in Central New Jersey.&lt;ref name=NewJerseyBAPSFBI&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/worlds-largest-hindu-temple-being-built-new-jersey-n166616|title=World's Largest Hindu Temple Being Built in New Jersey|author=Frances Kai-Hwa Wang|publisher=NBC News|date=July 28, 2014|access-date=October 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous mosques, churches (geared significantly toward a [[Keralite]] membership), [[gurudwara|Sikh gurudwaras]], and [[Jain temple]]s are also situated in the New York City metropolitan area. The [[Jain Center of America]] in [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]], Queens is the oldest Jain temple in the [[Western Hemisphere]]&lt;ref name=QueensOldestJainTempleWesternHemisphere/&gt; Many retailers now market Diwali fireworks in the New York City metropolitan region and especially in New Jersey. In September 2021, the State of New Jersey aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. while thousands in Bergen County celebrated the first [[County (United States)|U.S. county]]-wide [[Mela|Diwali Mela]] festival under a unified [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsorship]] banner in 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/thousands-attend-countywide-celebration-of-diwali-the-hindu-festival-of-lights-1.1681840|title=Thousands attend countywide celebration of Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=NorthJersey.com, part of the USA TODAY network|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=October 24, 2016|quote=“This is the first time in Bergen County that all religious organizations and community organizations are participating under this banner, the Indian Heritage Center,” said Dinesh Khosla, president and one of the founders of the temple in Mahwah. “Ten families started the temple 20 years ago and we have over 3,000 members now.”}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Fair Lawn, New Jersey|Fair Lawn]] in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] has celebrated an internationally prominent annual [[Holi]] celebration since 2022,&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1bVWT3IvurI&amp;feature=youtu.be] Accessed April 3, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.northjersey.com/picture-gallery/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2023/03/20/photos-fair-lawn-community-celebrates-holi/11508128002/|title=Photos: Fair Lawn community celebrates Holi|author=Danielle Parhizkaran, photographer|publisher=northjersey.com|date=March 20, 2023|access-date=March 22, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fairlawn.org/holi |title=Holi Celebration- Registration CLOSED &amp;#124; Fair Lawn, NJ |website=www.fairlawn.org |access-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121045218/https://www.fairlawn.org/Holi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2023 declared October to be acknowledged as Hindu-American Awareness and Appreciation Month.&lt;ref name=FairLawnOctoberHinduAwarenessMonth&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/borough-of-fair-lawn_at-the-october-24-2023-council-meeting-activity-7125436496051888129-GIwQ|title=Borough of Fair Lawn's Post|publisher=Borough of Fair Lawn, New Jersey|date=October 24, 2023|access-date=November 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diwali/Deepavali is also recognized by many other municipalities throughout the metropolitan area. The largest [[Lord Hanuman]] statue in the US arrived in Monroe Township in January 2024.&lt;ref name=LargestHanumanMonroeTownshipNewJersey&gt;{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ram-temple-pran-pratistha-from-london-to-new-jersey-indian-diaspora-celebrates-ayodhya-event/videoshow/107043338.cms|title=Ram Temple 'Pran Pratistha': From London to New Jersey, Indian diaspora celebrates Ayodhya event|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=January 22, 2024|access-date=January 24, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cricket===<br /> [[Cricket]] is one of the fastest-growing sports in the New York City metropolitan region. In 2016, a public park was expanded in [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township, Middlesex County]] in [[central New Jersey]] to accommodate a designated [[cricket pitch]], among other recreational facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.monroetwp.com/polimage.cfm?doc_Id=24873&amp;size_code=Doc|title=Veterans Park Ready for Expansion|publisher=The Monroe News|access-date=April 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are similar facilities available in [[Mercer County Park]] in [[West Windsor, New Jersey|West Windsor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buxton |first1=Dave |title=Mercer County Park |url=https://www.mercercountyparks.org/#!/parks/mercer-county-park/ |website=Mercer County Parks |access-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230023718/http://mercercountyparks.org/#!/parks/mercer-county-park/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, there are 56 cricket grounds in New Jersey&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cricclubs.com/CLNJ/viewGrounds.do?clubId=49|title=Grounds - Cricket League of New Jersey (CLNJ)|website=cricclubs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and fields in all five boroughs of New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/cricket|title=Cricket Fields : NYC Parks|website=www.nycgovparks.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, [[Monroe Township High School]] launched the first high school cricket team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/highschoolsports/2023/05/nj-high-schooler-launches-historic-cricket-team-signaling-the-sports-growth.html?outputType=amp|title=N.J. high schooler launches historic cricket team, signaling the sport's growth|author=Corey Annan|date=May 25, 2023|access-date=June 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economic developments==<br /> {{further|Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area|Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area}}<br /> Indian [[Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area|pharmaceutical]] and technology companies are coming to New Jersey to gain a foothold in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/n-j-s-high-costs-don-t-deter-texas-manufacturer-from-bergen-county-move-1.1447020|title=N.J.'s high costs don't deter Texas manufacturer from Bergen County move|author=Hugh R. Morley|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=November 2, 2015|access-date=November 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]], based in [[Hyderabad]], set up its [[North America]]n [[headquarters]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. [[Biocon Biologics]], based in [[Bengaluru]], has established its North American headquarters in [[Bridgewater, New Jersey]] in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.drreddys.com/contact-us/global-locations.aspx|title=Global Offices – USA|publisher=Dr. Reddy's Laboratories|access-date=November 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kitex Garments, based in [[Kerala]] and India's largest children's clothing manufacturer, opened its first U.S. office in [[Montvale, New Jersey]] in October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/indian-baby-clothes-maker-opens-montvale-office-to-target-u-s-1.1428531|title=Indian baby clothes maker opens Montvale office to target U.S.|author=Hugh R. Morley|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=October 9, 2015|access-date=November 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pharmaceutical company [[Aurobindo Pharma|Aurobindo]], also headquartered in Hyderabad, has established its U.S. headquarters in the [[Dayton, New Jersey|Dayton]] section of [[South Brunswick, New Jersey|South Brunswick]], Middlesex County, New Jersey, and has implemented a multimillion-dollar expansion of these [[Central New Jersey]] operations.&lt;ref name=AurobindoIndiaNJ&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aurobindo.com/contact-us/reach-us|title=Aurobindo Pharma India – Contact Details|publisher=Aurobindo Pharma India|access-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304092554/http://www.aurobindo.com/contact-us/reach-us|archive-date=March 4, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2023, [[Bengaluru]]-based technology services and consulting company [[Wipro]] opened its American international headquarters in [[East Brunswick, New Jersey|East Brunswick]], Middlesex, County, New Jersey.&lt;ref name=WiproNewJerseyHeadquarters&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/money/business/2023/03/11/east-brunswick-nj-wipro-limited/69985257007/|title=East Brunswick welcomes international tech firm's Americas HQ to township|author=Brad Wardlow|publisher=mycentraljersey.com|date=March 11, 2023|access-date=March 11, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Much like other immigrant groups in the US, Indians have established themselves in a variety of different small businesses in the New York area, with South Asians owning 40% of the gas stations in New York City by the early 1990s&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/12/nyregion/an-ethnic-road-to-riches-the-immigrant-job-specialty.html|title=An Ethnic Road to Riches: The Immigrant Job Specialty|author=Donatella Lorch|work=The New York Times|date=January 12, 1992|access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also owning many of New York's newsstands by the mid-1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/03/nyregion/for-south-asian-immigrants-newsstands-fulfill-a-dream.html|title=Fou South Asian Immigrants Newsstands Fulfill A Dream|author=Martin Gottlieb|work=The New York Times|date=January 3, 1986|access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; South Asians also make up 50% of New York's taxicab drivers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/taxi-drivers-navigate-nyc|title=Taxi Drivers Navigate a City Stacked Against Them|author=Samira Sadeque|publisher=The Juggernaut|date=April 23, 2019|access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Indians such as [[Bhairavi Desai]] playing a prominent role in organizing cabbies from the 1990s to the present.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/taxi-drivers-navigate-nyc|title=The Thin Yellow Line|author=Lizzie Widdicombe|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 11, 2011|access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2021/11/02/40-of-striking-new-york-taxi-drivers-are-south-asians-jaslin-kaur-city-council-candidate-447588/|title=40% of striking New York taxi drivers are South Asians: Jaslin Kaur, city council candidate<br /> |author=Zofeen Maqsood|publisher=The American Bazaar|date=November 2, 2021|access-date=January 24, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Airline connections with India and the Indian diaspora==<br /> A majority of Indian Americans in the New York region are recent immigrants or children of such from India. In that context, travel between the United States and India has developed strong cultural connections, and, in more recent years, business traffic for expatriates. Air India operates [[nonstop flight]]s from [[JFK International Airport|New York JFK]] and [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark EWR]] to both Delhi and Mumbai. United Airlines also operates a nonstop flight from Newark to Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.airindia.in/time-table.htm|title=Time Table|website=Airindia.in|access-date=December 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, [[Singapore Airlines]] flies to [[Changi International Airport]] in Singapore, where [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is one of the official state languages, both from Newark and New York (with two of the longest non-stop flights in the world&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2018/10/11/worlds-new-longest-flight-from-singapore-to-newark-launches-today/#1c49c8432aca|title=World's New Longest Flight From Singapore to Newark Launches Today|author=Eric Rosen|work=Forbes|date=October 11, 2018|access-date=April 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/11/worlds-longest-non-stop-flight-from-singapore-to-new-york-set-for-take-off.html|title=The world's longest non-stop flight from Singapore to New York has landed|author=David Reid|publisher=CNBC|date=October 11, 2018|access-date=April 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;). In May 2019, [[Delta Air Lines]] announced non-stop flight service between JFK and Mumbai, to begin on December 22, 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2019/05/01/delta-picks-new-york-over-atlanta-for-mumbai-route.html|title=Delta picks New York City over Atlanta for nonstop Mumbai route|author=Alex Gailey|publisher=Atlanta Business Chronicle|date=May 1, 2019|access-date=May 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; but suspended the route in March 2020 at the start of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ftnnews.com/aviation/39026-delta-reduces-u-s-europe-flying-suspends-jfk-to-mumbai | title=Delta Reduces U.S.-Europe Flying, Suspends JFK to Mumbai | date=March 14, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[American Airlines]] started operating nonstop service from JFK to Delhi in November 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.myticketstoindia.com/travel-news/updated-list-of-non-stop-flights-between-usa-india/|title=Updated List Of Non-Stop Flights Between USA &amp; India|author=Heena Ganotra|work=My Tickets To India|date=November 19, 2021|access-date=June 6, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[American Airlines]]' non-stop flight service [[codeshare]]s with [[IndiGo]] between New York JFK and Delhi, which began in June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-09 |title=IndiGo, American Airlines launch codeshare agreement |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-american-airlines-launch-codeshare-agreement/articleshow/92096958.cms |access-date=2023-03-22 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2021, [[Vistara]] secured [[slot (aircraft)|aircraft landing slots]] at Newark.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://paxex.aero/vistara-newark-gatwick-slots/ |title=Vistara secures slots for Newark service |website=paxex.aero |date= October 27, 2021|access-date=October 31, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, United Airlines announced it would be doubling its non-stop flight service between Newark and Delhi with two daily non-stop flights beginning in October 2023.&lt;ref name=UnitedAirlinesDiscontinuingSFOIndiaService&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/sfo-loses-big-route-asian-tech-hub-18199593.php|title=Routes: SFO loses big route to Asian tech hub|author=Jim Glab|publisher=SF Gate|date=July 5, 2023|access-date=July 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!--- Please do not add yourself or non-notable or fictional characters. ---&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Arts and culture===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Nmacc-20230401-Waris_Ahluwalia.jpg|[[Waris Ahluwalia]]<br /> File:Aziz Ansari 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Aziz Ansari]]<br /> File:Sarita Choudhury by David Shankbone.jpg|[[Sarita Choudhury]]<br /> File:Nina Davuluri.jpg|[[Nina Davuluri]]<br /> File:Rohit Gupta at Symbiosis International University (cropped).jpg|[[Rohit Gupta]]<br /> File:Poorna Jagannathan in 2015.jpg|[[Poorna Jagannathan]]<br /> File:Norahjonesongma (cropped).jpg|[[Norah Jones]]<br /> File:Vikas Khanna in Doctorate ceremony (2018).jpg|[[Vikas Khanna]]<br /> File:Dapever01a.jpg|[[Ashok Kondabolu]]<br /> File:Hari Kondabolu.png|[[Hari Kondabolu]]<br /> File:Jhumpa Lahiri (2015).png|[[Jhumpa Lahiri]]<br /> File:Hasan Minhaj performs in May 2016.JPG|[[Hasan Minhaj]]<br /> File:Fashion Designer, Bibhu Mohapatra.jpg|[[Bibhu Mohapatra]]<br /> File:Mira Nair.jpg|[[Mira Nair]]<br /> File:Kal Penn, Office of Public Engagement.jpg|[[Kal Penn]]<br /> File:RachelRoyFeb05.jpg|[[Rachel Roy]]<br /> File:Salman Rushdie 2018.jpg|[[Salman Rushdie]]<br /> File:Rakesh Satyal.jpg|[[Rakesh Satyal]]<br /> File:Suraj sharma life of pi.jpg|[[Suraj Sharma]]<br /> File:Heems in Atlanta 2011.jpg|[[Himanshu Suri]]<br /> File:Raveena 2019.png|[[Raveena Aurora|Raveena]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Arts and culture'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> * [[Waris Ahluwalia]] – fashion designer, actor, and model&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/08/travel/aeromexico-sikh-turban-waris-ahluwalia/index.html|title=Sikh actor Waris Ahluwalia: Aeromexico kicked me off flight for wearing turban|author=Darius Johnson and Catherine E. Shoichet|publisher=CNN|date=February 8, 2016|access-date=February 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Aziz Ansari]] – actor, comedian<br /> * [[Devika Bhise]] - actor, producer<br /> * [[Bala Devi Chandrashekar]] – [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer<br /> * [[Sarita Choudhury]] – actress<br /> * [[Nina Davuluri]] – [[Miss America 2014]]<br /> * [[Sameer Gadhia]] – lead singer of alternative rock band [[Young the Giant]]<br /> * [[Terry Gajraj]] – singer<br /> * [[Rohit Gupta]] – filmmaker<br /> * [[Poorna Jagannathan]] – actress and fashion model&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1567198 |title=Poorna Jagannathan|work=IMDb|access-date=May 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sunny Jain]] – musician<br /> * [[Norah Jones]] (Geetali Norah Jones Shankar)&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Dilworth|first=Thomas J.|title=What's Next for Norah Jones?|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=July 6, 2007|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/SummerConcert/story?id=3342169|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; – singer-songwriter, musician, and actress<br /> * [[Vikas Khanna]] – Michelin Star Chef, Restaurateur, author, Filmmaker and Humanitarian. <br /> * [[Ashok Kondabolu]] – [[internet celebrity|internet personality]]<br /> * [[Hari Kondabolu]] – comedian<br /> * [[Jhumpa Lahiri]] – author<br /> * [[Utsav Lal]] – pianist, composer, and educator<br /> * [[Arun Luthra]] – musician<br /> * [[Mathai (singer)|Mathai]] – singer-songwriter<br /> * [[Hasan Minhaj]] – actor and comedian<br /> * [[Bibhu Mohapatra]] – fashion designer<br /> * [[Mira Nair]] – filmmaker<br /> * [[Kal Penn]] – actor<br /> * [[Raveena Aurora|Raveena]] – singer-songwriter<br /> * [[Rachel Roy]] – fashion designer<br /> * [[Salman Rushdie]] – historical fiction novelist<br /> * [[Rakesh Satyal]] – novelist<br /> * [[Suraj Sharma]] – actor<br /> * [[Himanshu Suri]] – [[rapper]]<br /> <br /> ===Business===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Ajaypal Singh Banga, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2016 (cropped).jpg|[[Ajaypal Singh Banga]]<br /> File:Sant Singh Chatwal.jpg|[[Sant Singh Chatwal]]<br /> File:Vishal Garg 2021.jpg|[[Vishal Garg (businessman)|Vishal Garg]]<br /> File:Anshu Jain World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|[[Anshu Jain]]<br /> File:HEADSHOT -- MATHRANI.jpg|[[Sandeep Mathrani]]<br /> File:IndraNooyiDavos2010ver2.jpg|[[Indra Nooyi]]<br /> File:Vikram Pandit in WEF, 2011.jpg|[[Vikram Pandit]]<br /> File:RuchirSharma.jpg|[[Ruchir Sharma]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Business'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> <br /> * [[Anu Aiyengar]] – global co-head of North American [[mergers and acquisitions]] at [[JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-24/jpmorgan-heralds-m-a-bonanza-as-companies-seek-new-ways-to-grow|title=JPMorgan Heralds M&amp;A Bonanza as Companies Seek New Ways to Grow |author=Melissa Mittelman|publisher=Bloomberg L.P|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=October 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ajaypal Singh Banga]] – CEO, [[MasterCard]]<br /> * [[Sant Singh Chatwal]] – founder of numerous hotel brands including The Chatwal, Dream Hotels, and Time Hotels.<br /> * [[Vishal Garg (businessman)|Vishal Garg]] – CEO, [[Better.com]]<br /> * [[Ajit Jain]] – president, [[Berkshire Hathaway]] Reinsurance Group&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2015/03/04/359448.htm|title=A Closer Look at Berkshire Hathaway's Insurance Operations|date=March 4, 2015|website=Insurancejournal.com|access-date=August 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.omaha.com/money/buffett/meet-ajit-jain-the-man-in-charge-of-warren-buffett/article_4cfe2a0a-f897-5bd3-ad8a-35f935a5baba.html|title=Meet Ajit Jain, the man in charge of Warren Buffett's profit machine|author=Steve Jordon|newspaper=Omaha World-Herald|date=May 2, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Anshu Jain]] – president at [[Cantor Fitzgerald]]<br /> * [[Arvind Krishna]] – CEO, [[IBM]]<br /> * [[Sandeep Mathrani]] – CEO, [[WeWork]]<br /> * [[Laxman Narasimhan]] – former CEO of [[Starbucks Corporation]]<br /> * [[Indra Nooyi]] – former CEO of [[PepsiCo]]<br /> * [[Vikram Pandit]] – former CEO of [[Citigroup]]<br /> * [[Ruchir Sharma]] – economist, chief global strategist of [[asset management]] and [[emerging markets]] [[equity (finance)|equity]], [[Morgan Stanley and Company Inc.|Morgan Stanley]] Investment Management<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Viral Acharya (2014).jpg|[[Viral Acharya]]<br /> File: Jagdish N. Bhagwati Professor Jagdish pa Columbia University talar vid invigningen av Nordiskt globaliseringsforum i Riksgransen 2008-04-02.jpg|[[Jagdish Bhagwati]]<br /> File:Manjul_Bhargava_FieldsMedal.jpg|[[Manjul Bhargava]]<br /> File:Upmanu Lall at World Economic Forum.jpg|[[Upmanu Lall]]<br /> File:Mahmood Mamdani.png|[[Mahmood Mamdani]]<br /> File:Geeta Menon at Podium.jpg|[[Geeta Menon]]<br /> File: Arvind Panagariya.jpg|[[Arvind Panagariya]]<br /> File:Prf Krsreenivasan Lecture (33895076442).jpg|[[Katepalli R. Sreenivasan|Katepalli Sreenivasan]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Education'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> * [[Viral Acharya]] – professor of finance, [[New York University Stern School of Business]]<br /> * [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] – [[Columbia University Law School]]<br /> * [[Manjul Bhargava]] – [[professor of mathematics]], [[Princeton University]]<br /> * [[Upmanu Lall]] – professor, [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering]], [[Columbia University]]<br /> * [[Mahmood Mamdani]] – professor of [[political science]], Columbia University<br /> * [[Geeta Menon]] – professor and previously Dean Emeritus at [[New York University Stern School of Business]]<br /> * [[Arvind Panagariya]] – professor, Columbia University, School of International and Public Affairs<br /> * [[Katepalli R. Sreenivasan|Katepalli Sreenivasan]] – [[academic dean]] of [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]]<br /> * [[Raghu Sundaram]] – Dean of New York University Stern School of Business<br /> <br /> ===Entrepreneurship and technology===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:RoopaUnnikrishnan.jpg|[[Roopa Unnikrishnan]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Entrepreneurship and technology'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> * [[Dhairya Dand]] – inventor, artist, and designer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30/dhairya-dand-blending-imagination-and-reality/39559/1|title=Dhairya Dand: Blending imagination and reality – Forbes India|website=Forbes India|access-date=August 17, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Roopa Unnikrishnan]] – [[innovation]] consultant<br /> <br /> ===Health===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Dave Chokshi (cropped).JPG|[[Dave Chokshi]]<br /> File:Deepak Chopra.jpg|[[Deepak Chopra]]<br /> File:Dr._Siddhartha_Mukherjee_2011.jpg|[[Siddhartha Mukherjee]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Health'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> * [[Dave A. Chokshi|Dave Chokshi]], former [[Commissioner of Health of the City of New York]]<br /> * [[Deepak Chopra]] – physician, [[alternative medicine]] advocate, public speaker, and author&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web|url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2014/02/26/deepak_chopra_drops_145m_on_healthcentric_delos_condo.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314104856/http://ny.curbed.com/2014/2/26/10139186/deepak-chopra-drops-14-5m-on-health-centric-delos-condo|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 14, 2016|title=Deepak Chopra Drops $14.5M on Health-Centric Delos Condo|author=Zoe Rosenberg|publisher=Curbed NY|date=February 26, 2014|access-date=December 25, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Siddhartha Mukherjee]] – [[hematologist]] and [[oncologist]], scientist, and [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner for [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|General Nonfiction]]<br /> * [[Ashwin Vasan]] – Commissioner of Health of the City of New York<br /> <br /> ===Law, politics, and diplomacy===<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:ENX 3241 (40944254083).jpg|[[Rohit Aggarwala]]<br /> File:Syed Akbaruddin.jpeg|[[Syed Akbaruddin]]<br /> File:12.19.17RaviBhallaByLuigiNovi2.jpg|[[Ravinder Bhalla]]<br /> File:Bharara, Preet Headshot.jpg|[[Preet Bharara]]<br /> File:GreenNewDeal Presser 020719 (3 of 85) (cropped 2).jpg|[[Saikat Chakrabarti]]<br /> File:Bhairavi Desai on October 20, 2011.jpg|[[Bhairavi Desai]]<br /> File:Gurbir-S-Grewal Official.jpg|[[Gurbir Grewal]]<br /> File:Shekar Krishnan.jpg|[[Shekar Krishnan]]<br /> File:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25.jpg|[[Zohran Mamdani]]<br /> File:Vramaswamy americafest 2022.jpg|[[Vivek Ramaswamy]]<br /> File:2018-prathamusa-reshma-saujani.jpg|[[Reshma Saujani]]<br /> File:Raj_Shah_-_Briefing.png|[[Raj Shah]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Law, Politics, and Diplomacy'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> * [[Rohit Aggarwala]] – Commissioner, [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] and the chief [[climate change|climate officer]] of New York City<br /> * [[Bhicaji Balsara]] – first Indian to become a [[naturalized U.S. citizen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughey 2016 p. 135&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Ravinder Bhalla]] – mayor, [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], first [[Sikh]] mayor in New Jersey<br /> * [[Preet Bharara]] – former [[U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]]<br /> * [[Saikat Chakrabarti]] – U.S. Congressional aide<br /> * [[Upendra J. Chivukula]] – Commissioner, [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]] <br /> * [[Bhairavi Desai]] – founder and executive director, [[Taxicabs of New York City|New York Taxi Workers Alliance]]<br /> * [[Vin Gopal]] – [[New Jersey State Senate|New Jersey State Senator]], representing the [[New Jersey's 11th legislative district|11th District]] in [[Monmouth County, New Jersey|Monmouth County]]<br /> * [[Gurbir Grewal]] – New Jersey's 61st [[New Jersey Attorney General|State Attorney General]]<br /> * [[Mayor of Edison, New Jersey|Sam Joshi]] – mayor, [[Edison, New Jersey]]<br /> * [[Kris Kolluri]] – interim president and CEO of [[NJ Transit]], the largest [[mass transit]] agency in New Jersey, appointed in December 2024 to serve through the remainder of [[New Jersey Governor]] [[Phil Murphy]]'s term in office ending in January 2026&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://njbmagazine.com/njb-news-now/kolluri-to-head-nj-transit-through-2025/|title=Kolluri to Head NJ TRANSIT Through 2025|publisher=[[New Jersey Business magazine]]|date=December 10, 2024|access-date=December 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shekar Krishnan]] – New York City councilman, elected in November 2021, representing [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]] and [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]], Queens<br /> * [[Zohran Mamdani]] – [[Mayor of New York City]] and member of the [[New York State Assembly]], representing the 36th District, in Queens<br /> * [[Raj Mukherji]] – member, [[New Jersey General Assembly]], representing the [[New Jersey's 33rd legislative district|33rd District]] in [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]]<br /> * [[Jenifer Rajkumar]] – member, New York State Assembly, representing the 38th District, in Queens<br /> * [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] – [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate for [[2024 U.S. presidential election]]<br /> * [[Reshma Saujani]] – attorney and politician, founder of [[high tech|tech]] organization Girls Who Code<br /> * [[Raj Shah]] – former [[White House Deputy Press Secretary]]<br /> * [[Sterley Stanley]] – [[New Jersey General Assembly|Assemblyman]]<br /> * [[Balvir Singh]], Assemblyman – first Sikh State Legislator in New Jersey [[New Jersey General Assembly]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Balvir Singh - District 7 &amp;#124; New Jersey Legislative Assembly Democrats, NJ | url=https://www.assemblydems.com/389/Balvir-Singh---District-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Media===<br /> {{further|New Yorkers in journalism|Media in New York City}}<br /> {{Image frame|width=354|content =<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=100 style=&quot;width:350px;font-size:85%; line-height:130%; background:#fafafa;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Rhona fox.jpg|[[Rhona Fox]]<br /> File:Vin_Gopal.jpg|[[Vin Gopal]]<br /> File:Padma Lakshmi at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.JPG|[[Padma Lakshmi]]<br /> File:TNW Con EU15 - Seema Mody - 1.jpg|[[Seema Mody]]<br /> File:Rajshahtrump.jpg|[[Raj Shah]]<br /> File:Simran-Headshot-Wall St.jpg|[[Simran Jeet Singh]]<br /> File:Hari_Sreenivasan.jpg|[[Hari Sreenivasan]]<br /> File:Sree Sreenivasan in New York, July 2016. Photo by Lia Chang.jpg|[[Sreenath Sreenivasan]]<br /> File:Ali_Velshi_MSNBC_Newsman_(48121523598).jpg|[[Ali Velshi]]<br /> File:RohitVyas.jpg|[[Rohit Vyas]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |caption='''Indian New Yorkers and New Jerseyans – Media'''<br /> |max-width=}}<br /> Indian Americans have emerged prominently in the New York City journalism sphere. This [[Media in New York City|media]] subsection has been created to acknowledge this professional prominence.<br /> * [[Rhona Fox]] – founder, [[soca music]] record label [[Fox Fuse]] <br /> * [[Neeraj Khemlani]] – executive, [[Hearst Communications]], ''[[CBS]]''<br /> * [[Priya Krishna (journalist)|Priya Krishna]] – food writer, ''The New York Times''<br /> * [[Sukanya Krishnan]] – [[News presenter|news anchor]], [[WNYW]] <br /> * [[Padma Lakshmi]] – television host, [[cookbook]] author, actress, and model<br /> * [[Sapna Maheshwari]] – business journalist, ''The New York Times''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/by/sapna-maheshwari |title=Sapna Maheshwari – the New York Times |website=www.nytimes.com |access-date=April 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Apoorva Mandavilli]] – [[healthcare|health]] and science journalist, ''The New York Times''<br /> * [[Ved Mehta]] – late, blind staff writer, ''[[The New Yorker]]''<br /> * [[Seema Mody]] – journalist, ''[[CNBC]]''<br /> * [[Vinita Nair]] – television journalist<br /> * [[Raju Narisetti]] - publishing director at [[McKinsey &amp; Company]]<br /> * [[Simran Jeet Singh]] – journalist, ''[[Religion News Service]]''<br /> * [[Hari Sreenivasan]] – journalist, anchor, ''[[PBS NewsHour|PBS NewsHour Weekend]]''<br /> * [[Sreenath Sreenivasan]] – technology journalist<br /> * [[Ali Velshi]] – journalist, ''[[MSNBC]]''<br /> * [[Arun Venugopal]] – ''[[WNYC]]'' and ''[[Gothamist]]''<br /> * [[Rohit Vyas]] – journalist<br /> * [[Fareed Zakaria]] – journalist, author, and television host, [[CNN]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|New York City|New York (state)|New Jersey|Connecticut|India}}<br /> * [[Asian Americans in New York City]]<br /> *[[Indians in Britain]]<br /> * [[Chinese people in New York City]]<br /> * [[Curry Row]]<br /> * [[Bangladeshi Americans#New York City|Bangladeshis in New York City]]<br /> * [[Demographics of New York City]]<br /> * [[Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area]]<br /> * [[Fuzhounese Americans#New York City|Fuzhounese in New York City]]<br /> * [[Japanese in New York City]]<br /> * [[Koreans in New York City]]<br /> * [[Russians in New York City]]<br /> * [[Taiwanese people in New York City]]<br /> * [[Caribbean immigration to New York City]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Americans by location}}<br /> {{ethnicity in New York City}}<br /> {{Indian diaspora}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in New York City]]<br /> [[Category:Indian-American culture in New York (state)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian-American culture in New York City| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indian-American history]]<br /> [[Category:Asian-American culture in New York (state)]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Islam in New York (state)]]<br /> [[Category:Jainism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Indian-American culture in New Jersey]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumki_(soundtrack)&diff=511117 2026-04-02T05:32:56Z

<p>Oantree: Started Some Data W/ Infobox!</p> <hr /> <div>{{use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kumki<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | cover = Kumki Audio Cover.jpg<br /> | border = yes<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = CD cover<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=y|2012|08|01}}<br /> | recorded = 2011–2012<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 41:18<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Sony Music India]]<br /> | producer = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Saattai]]<br /> | prev_year = 2012<br /> | next_title = [[Desingu Raja]]<br /> | next_year = 2013<br /> }}<br /> '''''Kumki''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Kumki (film)|2012 film of the same name]] directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]], starring [[Vikram Prabhu]] (in his film debut) and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]. The ten-song soundtrack consisted of seven musical numbers composed by [[D. Imman]] and written by [[Yugabharathi]], and [[karaoke]] versions of three songs. ''Kumki'' is Imman's second collaboration with Solomon after ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' (2007) and ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010).<br /> <br /> The soundtrack which mostly consisted of folk and melody numbers, released at a launch event in Chennai on 1 August 2012, with the album being distributed by [[Sony Music India]]. It received generally positive critical response with praise directed towards its compositions and lyrics and fetched Imman his maiden [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] amongst other accolades.<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Solomon and Imman considered the film's music to have a significant importance as it was a [[musical film]], and they believed music would help in enriching the visuals and story.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2012-08-11 |title=Audio Beat: Kumki |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kumki/article3753926.ece |access-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123413/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kumki/article3753926.ece |archive-date=2018-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The director and with lyricist Yugabharathi met often at Imman's studio to discuss about the song situation and thereby work on the tunes and lyrics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-07-21 |title=The bird, and now the elephant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-bird-and-now-the-elephant/article3665703.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260218084002/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-bird-and-now-the-elephant/article3665703.ece |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being reminiscent of the 1960s and 1970s where [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[Kannadasan]] would work on a song together, Imman added &quot;today each is in a different place, one composes the tune and sends it and the other gives the words for it. The director could be in any corner of the globe listening in and giving the green signal. But for ''Kumki'', the three of us were physically present at the studio to decide on the music.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The composing sessions were held at a stretch as Solomon would often meet Imman to discuss about ideas for a new song and would improvise any tunes and compositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Imman had further experimented on variety of genres and instrumentations as the soundtrack encompasses folk and tribal music. For the song &quot;Onnum Puriyala&quot;, the track was initially recorded with three singers,{{efn|name=singer}} but Solomon dissatisfied with the vocals zeroed on Imman after he hummed few lines of the track, which satisfied their expectations.{{efn|name=singer|The name of the singer(s) were undisclosed by Solomon}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For &quot;Ayayayoo Aananthamey&quot;, Solomon initially wanted to bring two popular singers giving huge remuneration in advance and had recorded in [[Mumbai]], but he was not satisfied as Solomon wanted the feel and expression of a mahout in the voice that should scream of jubilation and should not be digressed. Solomon then narrated the story to [[Haricharan]], who was brought in for recording the track, and eventually sang the song like how a mahout would.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Alphons Joseph]] sung the track &quot;Nee Yeppo Pulla&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While most of the album consisted of melodic numbers, the film had two tracks &quot;Yella Oorum&quot;—a travel song and &quot;Soi Soi&quot;—a folk number, which were considered to be &quot;racy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &quot;Soi Soi&quot;, according to Imman, was in the same lines of &quot;Jingi Jingi&quot; from ''Mynaa''. Imman used a [[Pipe (instrument)|pipe]] to reproduce the trumpeting of the elephants in particular intervals, as well as roping the [[Vedanthangal]]-based [[Buddhar kalaikuzhu]] troupe for performing local percussions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2012-08-24 |title=Showbitz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article3815943.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260218084101/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article3815943.ece |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Magizhini Manimaaran]], the troupe's founder was also introduced as the lead singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=2013-03-03 |title=Drummer-woman makes it big |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/drummerwoman-makes-it-big/article4471623.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201023128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/drummerwoman-makes-it-big/article4471623.ece |archive-date=2024-02-01 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-04-10 |title=‘Super Singers’ croon for films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Apr/10/super-singers-croon-for-films-357327.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260218093022/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Apr/10/super-singers-croon-for-films-357327.html |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Kumki''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s soundtrack was distributed by [[Sony Music]] in digital and physical formats on 1 August 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-01 |title=Kumki (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kumki-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/547596327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102011936/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kumki-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/547596327 |archive-date=2021-01-02 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release coincided with an event held at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]], where [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Suriya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Superstar and Ulaganayagan to launch Kumki audio? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jul/12/superstar-and-ulaganayagan-to-launch-kumki-audio-385921.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227110932/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jul/12/superstar-and-ulaganayagan-to-launch-kumki-audio-385921.html |archive-date=2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; amongst other celebrities in the film's cast and crew, participated in the function.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2012-08-01 |title=In pics: Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan at 'Kumki' audio launch: South Cinema Photos |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7040.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903132349/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7040.html |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2012-12-19 |website=IBN Live |publisher=[[CNN-News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamal Haasan unveiled the audio CD and handed the first copy of the album to Rajinikanth and Suriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-01 |title=Kumki's grand audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumkis-grand-audio-launch/articleshow/15040460.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709204509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumkis-grand-audio-launch/articleshow/15040460.cms |archive-date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2012 |title=Kumki -The mother of all audio launches! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kumki-the-mother-of-all-audio-launches-news-tamil-mh0q17chidh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829042613/http://www.sify.com/movies/kumki-the-mother-of-all-audio-launches-news-tamil-mh0q17chidh.html |archive-date=29 August 2012 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> {{track listing<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Yugabharathi]]<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Yella Oorum<br /> | note1 = <br /> | length1 = 2:42<br /> | writer1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[D. Imman]]<br /> | title2 = Onnum Puriyala<br /> | note2 = <br /> | length2 = 4:19<br /> | writer2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[D. Imman]]<br /> | title3 = Ayayayoo Aananthamey<br /> | note3 = <br /> | length3 = 4:24<br /> | writer3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | title4 = Sollitaley Ava Kaadhala<br /> | note4 = <br /> | length4 = 4:33<br /> | writer4 = <br /> | extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K. G. Ranjith]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | title5 = Soi Soi<br /> | length5 = 3:42<br /> | extra5 = [[Magizhini Manimaaran]]<br /> | title6 = Nee Yeppo Pulla<br /> | length6 = 4:00<br /> | extra6 = [[Alphons Joseph]]<br /> | title7 = A Lady and the Violin<br /> | length7 = 4:17<br /> | extra7 = Aditi Paul, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | title8 = Sollitaley Ava Kaadhala<br /> | length8 = 4:33<br /> | extra8 = Instrumental<br /> | title9 = Ayayayoo Aananthamey<br /> | length9 = 4:24<br /> | extra9 = Instrumental<br /> | title10 = Onnum Puriyala<br /> | length10 = 4:19<br /> | extra10 = Instrumental<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | total_length = <br /> | note8 = Karaoke<br /> | note9 = Karaoke<br /> | note10 = Karaoke<br /> }}<br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' said that &quot;Imman is firmly consolidating his form through Kumki&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2012-08-01 |title=Kumki (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/07/27/kumki-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819092136/https://milliblog.com/2012/07/27/kumki-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=2020-08-19 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave 7 out of 10 to the album and called it as an &quot;impressive soundtrack&quot; despite &quot;couple of damp squibs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2012-08-07 |title=Kumki – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2012/08/03/kumki-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128201856/https://www.musicaloud.com/2012/08/03/kumki-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |archive-date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=Music Aloud}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote &quot;The songs are chartbusters and Imman must be a happy composer. His RR and the telling silences in between are worthy of appreciation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-12-15 |title=Kumki: Close encounters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kumki-Close-encounters/article12373956.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228061120/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kumki-Close-encounters/article12373956.ece |archive-date=2024-12-28 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote &quot;D Imman scores with melodious songs such as ''Onnum Puriyalai, Sollitaale Ava Kaadhala'' and ''Ayyayyyayo Anandhame'', which work perfectly with the movie and linger on in memory.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2012-12-14 |title=Review: Kumki is brilliant |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kumki-is-brilliant/20121217.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020644/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kumki-is-brilliant/20121217.htm |archive-date=2012-12-31 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N. Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote &quot;After his good work in Prabu Solomon’s earlier hit ''Mynaa'', Imman does one better in ''Kumki'' with one melody after another. ''Ayayyayyo Aanandame...'' (Haricharan) and ''Sollitaley Ava Kaadhala...'' (K J Ranjith and Shreya Ghoshal) are the pick of the lot, though the other songs also impress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=N. |date=2012-12-14 |title=Kumki Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kumki/movie-review/17728648.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210021213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kumki/movie-review/17728648.cms |archive-date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 16 January 2013<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html | title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 |trans-title=Vikatan Awards 2012 | work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | date=16 January 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053627/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2013-jan-16/exclusive/28485.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html | title=Winners List 2012 | work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705053936/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2012.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Female<br /> | {{sort|Manimaaran|[[Magizhini Manimaaran]]}} for &quot;Soi Soi&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Lyricist<br /> | [[Yugabharathi]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 4 November 2013<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms | title=Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 nominations | work=The Times of India | date=6 July 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705054901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-nominations/articleshowprint/20930588.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms | title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... | work=The Times of India | date=4 November 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705054859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshowprint/25170374.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Singer&amp;nbsp;– Male<br /> | [[Haricharan]] for &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Singer&amp;nbsp;– Female<br /> | {{sort|Manimaaran|[[Magizhini Manimaaran]]}} for &quot;Soi Soi&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 10 February 2013<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite episode | title=6th Edison Awards | series=Edison Awards | date=10 February 2013 | network=[[Astro (television)|Astro]] | location=[[Chennai]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=6th Edition Edison Award gets bigger and grander |url=https://sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917051101/https://sulekha.com/tamil-movie-thuppaki-news-6th-edition-edison-award-gets-bigger-and-grander |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=16 July 2013 |website=[[Sulekha]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2013&amp;nbsp;– Winners|url=http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217121352/http://araciyal.com/edison/vote.html |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Folk Song<br /> | &quot;Soi Soi&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[60th Filmfare Awards South|20 July 2013]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Music Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 July 2013 |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093043/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Lyricist&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> | [[Yugabharathi]] for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}} for &quot;Onnum Puriyale&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> | {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | 26 August 2013<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Song of the Year<br /> | &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Introduction | publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094729/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/index.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Nominations | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094922/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | title=Mirchi Music Awards 2012 Winners | publisher=Radio Mirchi | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094940/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/winners.html | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Album of the Year<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Male Vocalist of the Year<br /> | [[Haricharan]] for &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Music Composer of the Year<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}} for &quot;A Lady and the Violin&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}} for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Lyricist of the Year<br /> | [[Yugabharathi]] for &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year<br /> | {{sort|Manimaaran|[[Magizhini Manimaaran]]}} for &quot;Soi Soi&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mannin Kural Male Vocalist of the Year<br /> | {{sort|Joseph|[[Alphons Joseph]]}} for &quot;Nee Yeppo Pulla&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mannin Kural Female Vocalist of the Year<br /> | {{sort|Manimaaran|[[Magizhini Manimaaran]]}} for &quot;Soi Soi&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Song of the Year&amp;nbsp;– Listener's choice<br /> | &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Technical&amp;nbsp;– Sound Mixing of the Year<br /> | &quot;Yella Oorum&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<br /> | 24{{ndash}}28 April 2013<br /> | Best Music Director<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-sweeps-Norway-Film-Festival/articleshowprint/19815060.cms | title='Kumki' sweeps Norway Film Festival | work=The Times of India | date=1 May 2013 | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705055441/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kumki-sweeps-Norway-Film-Festival/articleshowprint/19815060.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ntff.no/program/Program%20scheduled%20for%20NTFF%202013 | title=NTFF 2013: Program scheduled for 27th.April | publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] | access-date=5 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705055619/http://www.ntff.no/program/Program%20scheduled%20for%20NTFF%202013 | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|12{{ndash}}13 September 2013]]<br /> | Best Music Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title=2nd South Indian International Movie Awards |series=South Indian International Movie Awards |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |year=2013 |location=[[Emirate of Sharjah]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners List&amp;nbsp;– 2013 |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705101950/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=18 February 2026 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2013 |title=Stars in Sharjah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Lyricist&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | [[Yugabharathi]] for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Male Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | [[Haricharan]] for &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Female Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Dance Choreographer&amp;nbsp;– Tamil<br /> | Noble for &quot;Ayyayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 13 July 2017<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ | title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners | work=The Indian Express | date=14 July 2017 | access-date=21 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ | archive-date=21 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece | title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years | work=The Hindu | date=14 July 2017 | access-date=21 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece | archive-date=21 July 2017 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Vijay Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | [[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Imman|[[D. Imman]]}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5eoO3MBxo |title=Vijay Awards 05/31/13 |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-31-05-13 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513210318/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards/2013/05/13/article1588000.ece |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | [[Haricharan]] for &quot;Ayayayo Aananthamey&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | [[Yugabharathi]] for &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]<br /> | &quot;Solitaley&quot;<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Other versions ==<br /> The song &quot;Soi Soi&quot; was reused in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Carry On Maratha]]'' (2015) as &quot;Yuvarani (Soi Soi)&quot;, with new lyrics by Kashmira Kulkarni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 July 2015 |title=Imman's Soi Soi, now in a Marathi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Immans-Soi-Soi-now-in-a-Marathi-film/articleshow/48223529.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712204353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/immans-soi-soi-now-in-a-marathi-film/articleshow/48223529.cms |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{D. Imman}}<br /> [[Category:2012 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:D. Imman soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto&diff=458126 2026-03-29T05:51:18Z

<p>Oantree: small fix lead based on references additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan (1928–1979)}}<br /> {{not to be confused with|text=[[Zulfiker Ali Bhutto]], the Bangladeshi politician}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]]<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]<br /> | nickname = ''[[Qaid|Quaid]]-e-Awām'' (&quot;the People's Leader&quot;)&lt;br /&gt;''[[Shahid|Shahīd]]-e-Āzam'' (&quot;The Great Martyr&quot;)<br /> | native_name = {{No bold|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذُو الفِقار علی بُھٹّو}}}}<br /> | image = Z A Bhutto (President of Pakistan).jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1971}}<br /> | office = 9th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br /> | predecessor = ''Himself'' (as [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Nurul Amin]] (1971)<br /> | president = [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]<br /> | successor = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] (as Chief Martial Law Administrator)&lt;br /&gt;[[Muhammad Khan Junejo]] (1985)<br /> | term_start = 14 August 1973<br /> | term_end = 5 July 1977<br /> | constituency = [[NA-194 Larkana-I|Larkana-I]]<br /> | office1 = 4th [[President of Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;3rd [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Yahya Khan]]<br /> | successor1 = Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry<br /> | vice_president1 = Nurul Amin<br /> | term_start1 = 20 December 1971<br /> | term_end1 = 14 August 1973<br /> | constituency1 = [[NA-194 Larkana-I|Larkana-I]]<br /> | office2 = 1st [[Deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br /> | prime_minister2 = Nurul Amin<br /> | predecessor2 = ''Position established''<br /> | successor2 = [[Nusrat Bhutto]] (1989)&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(as Senior Minister)}}<br /> | term_start2 = 7 December 1971<br /> | term_end2 = 20 December 1971<br /> | constituency2 = [[NA-194 Larkana-I|Larkana-I]]<br /> | deputy3 = Muhammad Hanif Khan<br /> | office3 = 7th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Abdul Jabbar Khan (20th-century politician)|Abdul Jabbar Khan]]<br /> | term_start3 = 14 April 1972<br /> | term_end3 = 15 August 1972<br /> | successor3 = [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Ministerial positions|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes<br /> | deputy5 = S. K. Dehlavi&lt;br /&gt;[[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]&lt;br /&gt;S. M. Yusuf&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Foreign Secretary]])}}<br /> | deputy4 = [[Sultan Mohammed Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;Iftikhar Ali&lt;br /&gt;Mumtaz Ali Alvie&lt;br /&gt;[[Agha Shahi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Foreign Secretary]])}}<br /> | president5 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office4 = 8th and 12th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]<br /> | term_start5 = 15 June 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 31 August 1966<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Sharifuddin Pirzada]]<br /> | prime_minister4 = ''Himself''<br /> | term_start4 = 20 December 1971<br /> | term_end4 = 28 March 1977<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Yahya Khan]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]<br /> | office6 = 13th [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]<br /> | deputy6 = Ghias Uddin Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;Fazal Muqeem Khan&lt;br /&gt;[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Defence Secretary (Pakistan)|Defence Secretary]])}}<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Yahya Khan]]<br /> | successor6 = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]<br /> | term_start6 = 20 December 1971<br /> | term_end6 = 5 July 1977<br /> | prime_minister6 = ''Himself''<br /> | president8 = ''Himself''<br /> | office7 = 17th and 19th [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]<br /> | predecessor8 = [[Abdur Rashid Khan (politician)|Abdur Rashid Khan]]<br /> | successor8 = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]]<br /> | term_start8 = 24 December 1971<br /> | term_end8 = 1 May 1972<br /> | prime_minister7 = ''Himself''<br /> | predecessor7 = [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]]<br /> | successor7 = [[Inamul Haque Khan]]<br /> | term_start7 = 13 January 1977<br /> | term_end7 = 28 March 1977<br /> | prime_minister9 = ''Himself''<br /> | office9 = 12th [[Ministry of Industries and Production|Minister of Industries]]<br /> | predecessor9 = A. K. M. Hafizuddin<br /> | successor9 = Rafi Raza<br /> | term_start9 = 13 May 1972<br /> | term_end9 = 22 October 1974<br /> | prime_minister10 = ''Himself''<br /> | office10 = 1st [[Ministry of Inter Provincial Coordination|Minister of Provincial Coordination]]<br /> | predecessor10 = ''Position established''<br /> | successor10 = [[Abdul Hafeez Pirzada]]<br /> | term_start10 = 24 December 1971<br /> | term_end10 = 6 March 1972<br /> | office11 = 1st [[Ministry of Energy (Pakistan)|Minister of Fuel, Power and Natural Resources]]<br /> | president11 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | predecessor11 = ''Position established''<br /> | successor11 = [[Abdullah al Mahmood]]<br /> | term_start11 = 23 April 1960<br /> | term_end11 = 4 September 1963<br /> | president13 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office12 = 16th and 18th [[Ministry of Housing and Works (Pakistan)|Minister of Works]]<br /> | predecessor13 = K. N. Sheikh<br /> | successor13 = [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry]]<br /> | term_start13 = 7 September 1961<br /> | term_end13 = 8 June 1962<br /> | president12 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | predecessor12 = [[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry]]<br /> | successor12 = Rana Abdul Hamid<br /> | term_start12 = 31 August 1962<br /> | term_end12 = 3 February 1963<br /> | president15 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office14 = 14th and 17th [[Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]<br /> | predecessor15 = Habibur Rahman<br /> | successor15 = [[Akhter Husain]]<br /> | term_start15 = 16 January 1960<br /> | term_end15 = 1 June 1960<br /> | president14 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | predecessor14 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | successor14 = Habibur Rahman<br /> | term_start14 = 25 November 1960<br /> | term_end14 = 10 April 1961<br /> | president19 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office19 = 13th [[Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)|Minister of Commerce]]<br /> | predecessor19 = [[Abdur Rashid Khan (politician)|Abdur Rashid Khan]]<br /> | successor19 = [[Md. Hafizur Rahman]]<br /> | term_start19 = 28 October 1958<br /> | term_end19 = 16 January 1960<br /> | president17 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office17 = [[Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan|Minister of Kashmir Affairs]]<br /> | predecessor17 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | successor17 = [[Akhter Husain]]<br /> | term_start17 = 23 April 1960<br /> | term_end17 = 1 June 1960<br /> | president18 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | predecessor18 = [[Wajid Ali Khan Burki]]<br /> | successor18 = [[Habibullah Khan Marwat]]<br /> | term_start18 = 3 March 1962<br /> | term_end18 = 8 June 1962<br /> | president16 = [[Ayub Khan]]<br /> | office16 = 8th [[Ministry of Minorities (Pakistan)|Minister of Minority Affairs]]<br /> | predecessor16 = Habibur Rahman<br /> | successor16 = Habibur Rahman<br /> | term_start16 = 16 January 1960<br /> | term_end16 = 23 April 1960<br /> }}<br /> {{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br /> | module =<br /> | party = [[Pakistan People's Party]]<br /> | other_party = [[Convention Muslim League]] &lt;br /&gt; (1962–1966)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/741882/the-multipurpose-muslim-league|title=The multipurpose Muslim League|date=13 August 2012|access-date=23 October 2021|work=Dawn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1928|1|5|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ratodero Taluka|Ratodero]], [[Sind Division|Sind]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1979|4|4|1928|1|5|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[District Jail Rawalpindi|District Jail, Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan<br /> | death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]<br /> | resting_place = [[Bhutto family mausoleum]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Shireen Amir]]|1943|end=sep}}{{marriage|[[Nusrat Ispahani]]|1951}}<br /> | awards = [[File:Nishan-e-Pakistan ribbon bar.svg|45px]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pakistan]] (Posthumous)<br /> | relatives = [[Bhutto family]]<br /> | father = [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]<br /> | mother = Khursheed Begum<br /> | children = {{hlist|[[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]]|[[Murtaza Bhutto|Murtaza]]|Sanam|[[Shahnawaz Bhutto|Shahnawaz]]}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University of California, Berkeley]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Christ Church, Oxford]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Lincoln's Inn]]<br /> | profession = {{hlist|Barrister|diplomat|politician}}<br /> | native_name_lang = ur<br /> | office4 = [[Pakistan Peoples Party#Notable leadership|Chairperson of the Pakistan People's Party]]<br /> | term_start4 = 30 November 1967<br /> | term_end4 = 4 April 1979<br /> | successor4 = [[Nusrat Bhutto]]<br /> | predecessor4 = ''Position established''<br /> | office5 = Head of the [[Bhutto family]]<br /> | term_start5 = 6 December 1965<br /> | term_end5 = 4 April 1979<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Mumtaz Bhutto]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Zulfikar Ali Bhutto'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|ذُوالفِقار علی بُھٹّو}}, {{langx|sd|ذولفقار علي ڀٽو}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|uː|l|f|iː|k|ɑː|ɹ|_|ˈ|ɑː|l|i|_|ˈ|b|u|t|oʊ}}}} {{small|[[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]]}} (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman who served as the fourth [[president of Pakistan]] from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1973 until his [[1977 Pakistani military coup|overthrow]] in 1977. He was also the founder and first chairman of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) from 1967 until [[#Trial and execution|his execution]] in 1979.<br /> <br /> Born in [[Sindh]] and educated at the [[University of Southern California]], [[University of California, Berkeley]] and the [[University of Oxford]], Bhutto trained as a barrister at [[Lincoln's Inn]] before entering [[Pakistani politics|politics]]. He was a cabinet member during president [[Iskandar Mirza]]'s tenure, holding various ministries during president [[Ayub Khan]]'s military rule from 1958. Bhutto became the [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|foreign minister]] in 1963, advocating for [[Operation Gibraltar]] in [[Kashmir]], leading to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war with India]]. Following the [[Tashkent Declaration]], he was dismissed from the government. Bhutto established the PPP in 1967, focusing on a [[Left wing politics|left-wing]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] agenda, and contested the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]], arising as the largest political party in Western Pakistan{{efn|Western Pakistan — comprising [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Areas]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], and [[Sindh]] — here refers to the western half of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971; not the province of [[West Pakistan]] which was dissolved in July 1970. This specific case in the 1970 election only refers to the four provinces of the [[Federation of Pakistan]] in the west — including only Balochistan, North-West Frontier, Punjab, and Sindh.}} with a landslide victory in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and Sindh. The [[Awami League]], victorious with a landslide in [[East Pakistan]], and the PPP were unable to agree on power transfer, leading to [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|civil unrest]] in the east — further intensified by [[Operation Searchlight|military action]] under [[Yahya Khan]]'s military government — followed by a [[Bangladesh Liberation War|civil war]] and a [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|war with India]], resulting in the creation of [[Bangladesh]]. After Pakistan's [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|loss in the east]], Yahya resigned amidst a [[1971 Pakistan Military Officer's Revolt|military revolt against him]] and Bhutto assumed the presidency in December 1971, imposing [[State of emergency|emergency rule]] and securing a [[ceasefire]] on the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971#Western Front|western front]].<br /> <br /> Bhutto secured the release of 93,000 [[Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|prisoners of war]] through the [[Delhi Agreement]], a trilateral accord signed between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh on 28 August 1973, and ratified only by India and Pakistan. He also reclaimed {{convert|5,000|sqmi|spell=in}} of Indian-held territory through the [[Simla Agreement]], signed between India and Pakistan in July 1972. He strengthened diplomatic ties with other [[Islamic world|Muslim countries]], as well as [[China–Pakistan relations|China]]; and recognised Bangladesh in 1974 while hosting the historic [[Islamic Summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Islamic Summit]] in [[Lahore]] — attended by leaders from 37 Muslim countries — marking the largest gathering of top Muslim leaders in modern history.{{efn|included six [[Monarch|monarchs]], twelve [[President (government title)|presidents]], six [[Prime minister|prime ministers]], eight [[Ministry of foreign affairs|foreign ministers]], and the [[chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization]]}} After declaring a [[state of emergency]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] in 1973, he dismissed [[Ataullah Mengal#Political career|Ataullah Mengal's government]] and imposed '[[Governor (Pakistan)|governor’s rule]]', appointing [[Akbar Bugti]] as [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|governor]] and ordering a [[1970s operation in Balochistan|military operation]] to suppress [[Insurgency in Balochistan|insurgency in the province]]. In collaboration with the [[parliamentary opposition]], Bhutto's government drafted and promulgated Pakistan’s [[Constitution of Pakistan|current constitution]] in 1973, with the approval of 97 percent of the parliament — bringing an end to emergency rule and restoring [[parliamentary democracy]] across the country, with Bhutto assuming office [[First Zulfikar Ali Bhutto government|as prime minister]]. He brought in [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]], strengthened the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]], and initiated the [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|country's nuclear program]] which he regarded as a 'national priority'. Bhutto also introduced a policy of extensive [[Nationalisation in Pakistan|nationalisation]] under his socialist agenda.<br /> <br /> Despite winning the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 parliamentary elections]], the Peoples Party faced allegations of [[vote rigging]] by the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA), the [[Populism|populist]] opposition, sparking [[1977 Pakistan uprising|violence across the country]]. Bhutto's government reached an agreement with the opposition to hold fresh elections under a neutral [[Caretaker government of Pakistan|caretaker administration]] in October of the same year, but Bhutto was deposed two days later in a [[Operation Fair Play|military coup]] by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] [[Zia-ul-Haq]] on 5 July 1977. Controversially [[#Trial and execution|tried and executed]] in 1979, his trial — widely described, both in Pakistan and internationally, as a '[[judicial murder]]' — was later declared 'unfair' by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in a ''[[mea culpa]]'', following which he was posthumously awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]], the country's highest civilian award, by the [[government of Pakistan]].{{efn|[[Amnesty International]] criticized the trial for not meeting fair trial standards. The [[International Commission of Jurists]] (ICJ) in [[Geneva]] issued a report in 1979 stating that the trial before the [[Lahore High Court]] and the appeal in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] “did not measure up to the requirements of a fair trial&quot;.}}{{efn|Bhutto's execution prompted widespread international concern and criticism.<br /> *Leaders of several Western countries — including U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]], British Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]], French President [[Valéry Giscard d’Estaing]], and West German Chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]] — had appealed to Zia-ul-Haq for clemency prior to the execution, citing doubts about the fairness of Bhutto’s trial. <br /> *Major international newspapers and broadcasters, including [[BBC]], questioned the independence of judiciary under military rule. <br /> *In the Muslim world, Saudi Arabia reportedly supported exile as an alternative and expressed regret after the execution without open condemnation, while Libya and post-revolutionary Iran openly criticized the hanging.<br /> *The prevailing international view among media, human rights organizations, and many political observers regarded Bhutto’s death as a political execution carried out under the guise of legality under military rule.}}<br /> <br /> Bhutto's legacy remains contentious, praised for [[Pakistani nationalism|nationalist]] and a [[Secularism|secular]] [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] agenda, yet criticised for economic challenges, political repression and human rights abuses. He is often considered one of [[History of Pakistan|Pakistan's greatest leaders]] and referred to as the '''Quaid-e-Awām''' (&quot;the People's Leader&quot;). Today, Bhutto is recognised as a significant figure in [[Democracy in Pakistan|Pakistan’s democratic history]] and continues to be acknowledged across the [[List of political parties in Pakistan|country’s political spectrum]]. His party, the PPP, continues to be a significant political force in Pakistan, with his daughter [[Benazir Bhutto]] serving twice as prime minister, and his son-in-law, [[Asif Ali Zardari]], becoming president.{{Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto sidebar}}<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] family; [[Owen Bennett-Jones]] writes that the family traces its ancestry back to a 9th-century [[Rajput]] prince of the [[Bhati]] clan who ruled the town of Tanot (in current-day [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]]), Bhutto's ancestors later appearing in different Rajasthani chronicles in prominent roles, the family converting to Islam mostly around the 17th century before moving to Sindh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bennett Jones |first=Owen |title=The Bhutto dynasty |date=2020 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25580-5 |location=New Haven London |pages=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was born to [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] and Khursheed Begum near [[Larkana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/from-jinnah-to-benazir-the-misunderstood-shia-sunni-relationship-of-pakistani-society/ |title=From Jinnah to Benazir: The misunderstood Shia-Sunni relationship of Pakistani society |work=Muslim Mirror |date=15 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father was the ''[[dewan]]'' of the [[princely state]] of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]] and enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the [[British Raj]]. His mother, Khursheed Begum, was born Lakhi Bai, and had been a professional dance girl from a [[Hindus|Hindu]] family but [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]] when she married Shah Nawaz. Reportedly, Shah Nawaz Bhutto had seen her dancing and had proposed, eventually marrying her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stanley A. Wolpert |url=http://archive.org/details/zulfibhuttoofpak00wolp |title=Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-507661-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zulfikar was their third child — the first, Sikandar Ali, had died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914, and the second, Imdad Ali, died of [[cirrhosis]] at age 39 in 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a young boy, Bhutto moved to [[Worli Seaface]] in [[Bombay]], where he studied at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] and later at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. He then also became an activist in the [[Pakistan Movement]]. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benazir – a profile&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Benazir – a profile |last=Chitkara |first=M.G. |date=1996 |publisher=APH Publ. Corp. |isbn=978-8170247524 |location=New Delhi |page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1947, Bhutto was admitted to the [[University of Southern California]] to study political science.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPP archived&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) |url=http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028193421/http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 |website=Pakistan Peoples Party}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1949, as a junior, Bhutto transferred to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] from the [[University of Southern California]], where he earned a B.A. (honours) degree in political science in 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPP1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Pakistan Peoples Party |year=2011 |title=Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) |url=http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028193421/http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 |access-date=15 April 2001 |website=PPP |publisher=PPP medial Cell |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later on 8 September 1951, he married a woman of Iranian Kurdish origin—Nusrat Ispahani, popularly known as [[Begum Nusrat Bhutto]]. During his studies at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], Bhutto became interested in the theories of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on their feasibility in Islamic countries. During this time, Bhutto's father played a controversial role in the affairs of Junagadh. Coming to power in a palace coup, he secured the accession of his state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;RJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm |title=Patel: A Life |publisher=Navajivan |year=1991 |location=India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm/page/291 291]–93 |id=ASIN B0006EYQ 0A |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to the United Kingdom to study law at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[jurisprudence]], followed by an LLM degree in law and an M.Sc. (honours) degree in political science.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPP1&quot; /&gt; Upon finishing his studies, he served as a lecturer in international law at the [[University of Southampton]] in 1952, and he was called to the bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Kamaleshwar |date=1972 |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Six Steps to Summit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX4dAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22He+later+joined+the+Lincoln%27s+Inn%22 |location=Delhi, India |publisher=Indian School Supply Depot |pages=40, 49 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> In 1957, Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations. He addressed the [[UN Sixth Committee on Aggression]] that October and led Pakistan's delegation to the first [[UN Conference on the Law of the Sea]] in 1958. That year, Bhutto became Pakistan's youngest cabinet minister, taking up the reins of the [[Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)|Ministry of Commerce]] by President [[Iskander Mirza]], pre-''[[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]]'' government.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPP1&quot; /&gt; Bhutto became a trusted ally and advisor of Ayub Khan, rising in influence and power despite his youth and relative inexperience. Bhutto was a junior minister in Ayub Khan administration at the time of signing the [[Indus Water Treaty|Indus Waters Treaty]] with India in 1960 and was not part of the negotiating team. Bhutto was against this treaty due to yielding too much of water resources to India. Later he vehemently talked publicly against the IWT during his campaign against Ayub Khan regime. Bhutto negotiated an [[Pakistan Oilfields|oil-exploration agreement]] with the Soviet Union in 1961, which agreed to provide economic and technical aid to Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}<br /> === Foreign Minister ===<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F012027-0005, Bonn, BMWi, Westrick empfängt Minister Bhutto.jpg|thumb|Foreign Minister Bhutto meets West German officials in [[Bonn]], 1965]]<br /> [[File:Meeting between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and JFK.jpg|thumb|Meeting between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and [[John F. Kennedy]]]]<br /> [[File:Prince Philip in Lahore Feb 1959.jpg|thumb|Bhutto with [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] of the [[United Kingdom]] at the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] in [[Lahore]], 1959]]<br /> Bhutto, a [[Pakistani nationalist]] and [[socialist]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Fay Willey with Loren Jenkins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pakteahouse.net/2011/04/07/the-ghost-of-bhutto/ |title=The Ghost of Bhutto |last1=Willey, Fay |last2=Jenkins, Loren |date=16 April 1979 |name-list-style= |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112170550/http://pakteahouse.net/2011/04/07/the-ghost-of-bhutto/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; held distinctive views on the democracy required in Pakistan. Upon becoming foreign minister in 1963, his socialist stance led to a [[One-China policy|close relationship]] with neighboring China, challenging the prevailing acceptance of [[Taiwan]] as the legitimate government of China when [[Two Chinas|two governments each claimed to be &quot;China&quot;]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times Group of India&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesofbombay.com/tag/zulfikar-ali-bhutto/ |title=Dealing with a Superpower by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto |last=Suraiya |first=Jug |date=14 May 2011 |work=[[Bombay Times]] |access-date=29 July 2011 |publisher=The Times Group of India |author-link=Jug Suraiya |archive-date=28 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028084314/http://www.timesofbombay.com/tag/zulfikar-ali-bhutto/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1964, the Soviet Union and its [[Soviet bloc|satellite states]] [[Sino-Soviet split|broke off]] relations with Beijing over ideological differences, with only [[Albania]] and Pakistan supporting the People's Republic of China. Bhutto staunchly supported Beijing in the UN and the [[United Nation Security Council|UNSC]], while also maintaining connections with the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Government of China and Government of Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jzr7cd8jdJw | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Jzr7cd8jdJw| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto speaks in support of China for membership of United Nations |last=Government Officials |publisher=Government of China and Pakistan Government |year=1962 |place=Beijing, People's Republic of China |medium=Television Production}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto's strong advocacy for closer ties with China drew criticism from the United States, with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] cautioning him about potential repercussions on congressional support for aid to Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;H. W. Brands, ''The Foreign Policies of Lyndon Johnson: Beyond Vietnam'', Texas A&amp;M University Press (1999), p. 171 {{ISBN|089096873X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto, known for his demagogic speeches, led the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign ministry]] assertively, rapidly gaining national prominence. During a visit to [[Beijing]], Bhutto and his staff received a warm welcome from the Chinese leadership, including [[Mao Zedong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Government of China and Pakistan&quot; /&gt; Bhutto contributed to negotiating trade and military agreements between Pakistan and China, fostering collaboration on various military and industrial projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Government of China and Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OkQnLbGV80 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/0OkQnLbGV80| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's historic visit to China |last=Government Officials |publisher=Government of China and Pakistan |year=1962 |place=Beijing, People's Republic of China |medium=Television Production}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto signed the [[Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement]] on 2 March 1963, transferring 750 square kilometers of territory from [[Gilgit Baltistan]] to Chinese control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Sino-Pakistan boundary agreement |journal=Lamb, A. (1964). &quot;The Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement of 2 March 1963&quot;. Australian Outlook, 18(3), 299–312|doi=10.1080/10357716408444182 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto embraced [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], making Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organisations. Advocating [[Ummah|pan-Islamic unity]], Bhutto developed closer relations with Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Bhutto significantly transformed Pakistan's pro-West foreign policy. While maintaining a role in the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] and the [[Central Treaty Organization]], Bhutto asserted an independent foreign policy for Pakistan, free from [[Pakistan–United States relations|U.S. influence]]. Bhutto also visited [[Poland]] in 1962, establishing diplomatic relations and fostering mutual cooperation, reaching out to the [[Polish people in Pakistan|Polish community in Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/14298/article |title=Friendly Relations: Pakistan and Poland |last=Hancock |first=Ewa |date=21 March 2007 |website=Eva Hancock |publisher=Warsaw Voice |format=JPG |access-date=25 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Using [[Pakistan Air Force]]'s Brigadier-General [[Władysław Turowicz]], Bhutto initiated military and economic links between Pakistan and Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/about/hq/record/14th.html |title=Pakistan in Europe |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |format=JPG |access-date=25 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1962, as territorial differences escalated between India and China, Beijing considered staging [[Sino-Indian War|an invasion]] in northern Indian territories. Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] and Mao invited Pakistan to join the raid to reclaim the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]] from India. Bhutto supported the plan, but Ayub opposed it due to fears of Indian retaliation.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times Group of India&quot; /&gt; Instead, Ayub proposed a &quot;joint defense union&quot; with India, shocking Bhutto, who felt Ayub Khan lacked understanding of international affairs. Bhutto, aware of China's restraint from criticising Pakistan despite its membership in anti-communist western alliances, criticised the U.S. for providing military aid to India during and after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, seen as a breach of Pakistan's alliance with the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm |title=Ayub Khan |last=US Country Studies |access-date=7 November 2006 |format=PHP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On Bhutto's counsel, Ayub Khan launched [[Operation Gibraltar]] in an attempt to [[Kashmir conflict|&quot;liberate&quot;]] Kashmir. The operation failed, leading to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times Group of India&quot; /&gt; This war followed brief skirmishes between March and August 1965 in the [[Rann of Kutch]], Jammu and Kashmir, and Punjab. Bhutto joined Ayub in Uzbekistan to negotiate a [[Tashkent Declaration|peace treaty]] with Indian prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries. The agreement, deeply unpopular in Pakistan, caused significant political unrest against Ayub's regime. Bhutto's criticism of the final agreement created a major rift with Ayub. Initially denying rumors, Bhutto resigned in June 1966, expressing strong opposition to Ayub's regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During his term, Bhutto formulated aggressive geostrategic and foreign policies against India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Federation of American Scientists (FAS)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakOrigin.html |title=Historical Background: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |last=Sublettle |first=Carey |date=15 October 1965 |website=Nuclear weapons archives |publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS) |access-date=25 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1965, Bhutto received information from his friend [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] about the status of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear program]]. Bhutto stated, &quot;Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years. If India builds the (atom) bomb, Pakistan will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry, but we (Pakistan) will get one of our own (atom bomb).... We (Pakistan) have no other choice!&quot; In his 1969 book ''The Myth of Independence,'' Bhutto argued for the necessity of Pakistan acquiring a fission weapon and starting a deterrence program to stand up to industrialised states and a nuclear-armed India. He developed a manifesto outlining the program's development and selected Munir Ahmad Khan to lead it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Federation of American Scientists (FAS)&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Creation of the Pakistan People's Party ==<br /> After resigning as foreign minister, large crowds gathered to hear Bhutto's speech upon his arrival in Lahore on 21 June 1967. Riding a wave of anger against Ayub, Bhutto traveled across Pakistan, delivering political speeches. In October 1966, Bhutto explicitly outlined the beliefs of his new party: &quot;Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our economy. All power to the people.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/19.htm |title=Yahya Khan and Bangladesh |last=US Country Studies |access-date=7 November 2006 |format=PHP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Founding Convention.jpg|thumb|At the Lahore residence of Mubashir Hassan, On 30 November 1967|left|243x243px]]<br /> [[File:Pakistan Peoples Party Flag with arrow.png|thumb|171x171px|&lt;small&gt;Pakistan People's Party flag, commonly used.&lt;/small&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Asghar Khan Visits Bhutto in Larkana,1968-69.jpg|thumb|right|[[Asghar Khan]] (right) visits Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who was on house arrest in [[Larkana]], circa 1968-69]]<br /> On 30 November 1967, at the Lahore residence of [[Mubashir Hassan]], a gathering including Bhutto, political activist Sufi Nazar Muhammad Khan, Bengali communist [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim|J. A. Rahim]], and [[Basit Jehangir Sheikh]] founded the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), establishing a strong base in Punjab, Sindh, and among the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot;&gt;Hassan, Mubashir (2000). ''The Mirage of Power: An Inquiry into the Bhutto Years, 1971–1977''. [[Oxford University Press]]; {{ISBN|0-19-579300-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mubashir Hassan, an engineering professor at [[UET Lahore]], played a pivotal role in the success and rise of Bhutto. Under Hassan's guidance and Bhutto's leadership, the PPP became part of the pro-democracy movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan. PPP activists staged large protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to resign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Asghar Khan]] recalls Bhutto asking him to join his party, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). Asghar Khan declined, stating he had no interest in politics. After Dr. Hassan and Bhutto's arrest on 12 November 1968, Asghar Khan held a press conference in Lahore on 17 November 1968. Asghar Khan led protests calling for Bhutto's release, which ultimately led to his freedom and grew so close to Bhutto that many saw him as a potential successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=asghar%20khan%20committee|page=265|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|first=Hasan Askari|last=Rizvi|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ62tP_5a2AC&amp;q=asghar%20|title=Mission with a Difference|year=1985|first1=(R) Lt Gen KN|last1=Kathpalia|page=16|publisher=Lancer Publishers }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsnwF5v_RO0C&amp;q=Air%20Marshal%20Asghar|title=The International Who's Who, 1974-75|year=1975|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-900362-72-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=My Political Struggle|year=2008|first=Asghar|last=Khan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=3, 4, 5, 6, 34, 501, 502}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6TIagGt_rA&amp;ab_channel=DunyaNews|title=Air Marshal(R) Asghar Khan|date=15 February 2010|publisher=Dunya Tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1381149|date=6 January 2018|title=Asghar Khan: A soldier and an idealist politician|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his release, Bhutto, joined by key leaders of PPP, attended the Round Table Conference called by Ayub Khan in [[Rawalpindi]] but refused to accept Ayub's continuation in office and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s [[Six point movement]] for regional autonomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1970 elections ===<br /> [[File:Ali Bhutto Karachi 1969.jpg|thumb|Bhutto in [[Karachi]] in 1969.]]<br /> Following Ayub's resignation, his successor, General [[Yahya Khan]], promised to hold [[1970 Pakistani general election|parliamentary elections]] on 7 December 1970. Under Bhutto's leadership, the democratic [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialists]], leftists, and [[Marxism|Marxist]]-[[Communism in Pakistan|communists]] gathered and united into one [[party platform]] for the first time in Pakistan's history. The Socialist-Communist bloc, under Bhutto's leadership, intensified its support in Muhajir and poor farming communities in West Pakistan, working through educating people to cast their vote for their better future.&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot; /&gt; Gathering and uniting the scattered socialist-communist groups in one single center was considered Bhutto's greatest political achievement and as a result, Bhutto's party and other leftists won a large number of seats from constituencies in West-Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot; /&gt; However, Sheikh Mujib's [[Awami League]] won an absolute majority in the legislature, receiving more than twice as many votes as Bhutto's PPP. Bhutto strongly refused to accept an Awami League government and infamously threatened to &quot;''break the legs''&quot; of any elected PPP member who dared to attend the inaugural session of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. On 17 January 1971, President Yahya visited Bhutto at his baronial family estate, Al-Murtaza, in Larkana, Sindh, accompanied by Lt. General S. G. M. Pirzada, Principal Staff Officer to President Yahya, and General Abdul Hamid Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Chief [[Martial law|Martial Law]] Administrator. <br /> <br /> On 22 February 1971, the generals in West Pakistan took a decision allegedly to crush the Awami League and its supporters. Capitalising on West Pakistani fears of [[East Pakistan]]i separatism, Bhutto demanded that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman form a coalition with the PPP. And at some stage proposed &quot;''idhar hum, udhar tum''&quot;, meaning he should govern the West and Mujib should Govern the East. President Yahya postponed the meeting of the national assembly which fueled a popular movement in East Pakistan. Amidst popular outrage in East Pakistan, on 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujib called the Bengalis to join the struggle for &quot;[[Bangladesh]]&quot;. According to historical references and a report published by the leading Pakistani newspaper [[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|''The Nation'']], &quot;Mujib no longer believed in Pakistan and is determined to make Bangladesh&quot;. Many also believed that Bhutto wanted power in the West even at the expense of the separation of the East.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Nation&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/16-Dec-2011/ayub-yahya-bhutto-mujib-played-part |title=Ayub, Yahya, Bhutto, Mujib played part |last=Ashraf Mumtaz |date=16 December 2011 |work=The Nation |type=Interview |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222224108/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/16-Dec-2011/Ayub-Yahya-Bhutto-Mujib-played-part |archive-date=22 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Mujib still kept doors open for some sort of settlement in his speech of 7 March.<br /> <br /> === Fall of East Pakistan ===<br /> Yahya started a negotiating conference in Dhaka, presumably to reach a settlement between Bhutto and Mujib. The discussion was expected to be &quot;fruitful&quot; until the president left for [[West Pakistan]] on the evening of 25 March. On that night of 25 March 1971, the army initiated [[Operation Searchlight]], which had been planned by the military junta of Yahya Khan, presumably to suppress political activities and movements by the Bengalis. Mujib was arrested and imprisoned in West Pakistan. Genocide and atrocities by the military against the Bengali population were alleged during the operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;SelectiveGenocide&quot;&gt;Blood, Archer, [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex], Department of State, United States&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA179 |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Six-point Programme |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Six-point_Programme |website=Banglapedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1971.jpg|thumb|Bhutto in 1971]]<br /> Bhutto stayed in [[Dhaka]] on the night of 25 March and commented that Pakistan had been saved by the army before leaving on the 26th. While supportive of the army's actions and working to rally international support, Bhutto distanced himself from the Yahya Khan regime and began to criticise Yahya Khan for mishandling the situation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jang News Group&quot;&gt;{{Cite newsgroup |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/apr2011-daily/18-04-2011/col5.htm |title=Bhutto, Sheikh Mujib, and United States |last=Mir, Hamid |date=18 April 2011 |newsgroup=www.jang.com.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193138/http://jang.com.pk/jang/apr2011-daily/18-04-2011/col5.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He refused to accept Yahya Khan's scheme to appoint Bengali politician [[Nurul Amin]] as prime minister, with Bhutto as deputy prime minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; Soon after Bhutto's refusal and continuous resentment toward General Yahya Khan's mishandling of the situation, Khan ordered Military Police to arrest Bhutto on charges of [[treason]], quite similar to Mujib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; Bhutto was imprisoned in the [[Adiala Jail]] along with Mujib, where he was set to face the charges.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; The army crackdown on the [[Bengalis]] of East Pakistan fueled an armed resistance by the [[Mukti Bahini|Mukti-Bahini (a guerrilla force formed for the campaign of an independent Bangladesh and trained by the Indian army)]]. Pakistan launched an air attack on India in the western border that resulted in the Indian intervention in East Pakistan, which led to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on 16 December 1971. Consequently, [[Bangladesh|the state of People's Republic of Bangladesh]] was born, and Bhutto and others condemned Yahya Khan for failing to protect Pakistan's unity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; Isolated, Yahya Khan resigned on 20 December and transferred power to Bhutto, who became president, commander-in-chief, and the first civilian chief martial law administrator.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto was the country's first civilian chief martial law administrator since 1958, as well as the country's first civilian president.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot; /&gt; With Bhutto assuming control, the leftists and democratic socialists entered the country's politics and later emerged as power players in the country's politics. And, for the first time in the country's history, the leftists and democratic socialists had a chance to administer the country with the popular vote and widely approved exclusive mandate, given to them by the West's population in the 1970s elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS2&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In a reference written by [[Kuldip Nayar]] in his book ''Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present'', Nayar noted that &quot;Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy as in [sic] if there was [sic] no liberation war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;HarperCollins (1 October 2006)&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2006/december/bhuttonmujib.htm |title=Scoop! : Inside Stories from Partition to the Present |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |year=2006 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-643-4 |location=United Kingdom |pages=213 pages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's policy, and even as of today, the policy of Pakistan continues to state that &quot;she will continue to fight for the honor and integrity of Pakistan. East Pakistan is an inseparable and unseverable part of Pakistan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HarperCollins (1 October 2006)&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Leader of Pakistan (1971–1977) ==<br /> <br /> === Presidency (1971-1973) ===<br /> <br /> A [[Pakistan International Airlines]] flight was sent to fetch Bhutto from New York City, where he was presenting Pakistan's case before the [[United Nations Security Council]] on the East Pakistan Crisis. Bhutto returned home on 18 December 1971. On 20 December, he was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi, where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as president and the other as the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus, he was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan. By the time Bhutto had assumed control of what remained of Pakistan, the nation was completely isolated, angered, and demoralised. Bhutto addressing the nation through radio and television said:&lt;blockquote&gt;My dear countrymen, my dear friends, my dear students, labourers, peasants... those who fought for Pakistan... We are facing the worst crisis in our country's life, a deadly crisis. We have to pick up the pieces, very small pieces, but we will make a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan, a Pakistan free of exploitation, a Pakistan envisaged by the [[Quaid-e-Azam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ppp.org.pk/life_legacy.html |title=The Legacy |last=PPP |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110707205707/http://www.ppp.org.pk/life_legacy.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=30 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:NixonBhutto1973.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]] and Bhutto in 1973]]<br /> As president, Bhutto faced mounting challenges on both internal and foreign fronts. The trauma was severe in Pakistan, a psychological setback and emotional breakdown for Pakistan. The [[two-nation theory]]—the theoretical basis for the creation of Pakistan—lay discredited, and Pakistan's foreign policy collapsed when no moral support was found anywhere, including long-standing allies such as the U.S. and China. However, this is disputed even by Bangladeshi academics who insist that the two-nation theory was not discredited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=A. A. |title=Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh's Culture and Politics: Origins, Dynamics and Implications |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=1 May 2012 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=165–198 |doi=10.1093/jis/ets042}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since her creation, the physical and moral existence of Pakistan was in great danger. On the internal front, [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch]], [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi nationalism|Punjabi]], and [[Pashtun nationalism]]s were at their peak, calling for their independence from Pakistan. Finding it difficult to keep Pakistan united, Bhutto launched full-fledged intelligence and military operations to stamp out any separatist movements. By the end of 1978, these nationalist organisations were brutally quelled by Pakistan Armed Forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Langewiesche |first=William |date=November 2005 |title=The Wrath of Khan |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/4333/3/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto immediately placed Yahya Khan under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire, and ordered the release of Mujib, who was being held prisoner by the Pakistan Army. To implement this, Bhutto overturned the verdict of Mujib's earlier court-martial trial, in which Brigadier [[Rahimuddin Khan]] had sentenced him to death. Bhutto aimed to prevent East Pakistan's secession through dialogue and sought to create [[Bangladesh–Pakistan Confederation|a loose confederation]] within the framework of one Pakistan. [[Stanley Wolpert]] writes that he sent Mujib to a bungalow in [[Rawalpindi]], where Mujib swore upon the [[Quran]] to retire and hand over the nation to him. Bhutto also offered him 50,000, which Mujib declined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=Zulfiqar Bhutto of Pakistan |page=224}}{{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mujib informed Bhutto that he would make this decision once he arrived in Bangladesh. On 8 January, he was flown to London, from where he was taken to [[Delhi]], where [[Indira Gandhi]] and her cabinet greeted him. From there, he was taken to [[Dhaka]], as a direct flight to Bangladesh was not possible. There, he delivered a speech at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Ramna Racecourse]], completely rejecting Bhutto's offer and severing ties with West Pakistan, saying, &quot;You live in peace and let us live in peace.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=A leaf from history: Mujib begins a new life – Newspaper – dawn.com |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/725363/a-leaf-from-history-mujib-begins-a-new-life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210203125/https://www.dawn.com/news/725363/a-leaf-from-history-mujib-begins-a-new-life |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2025-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Appointing a new cabinet, Bhutto appointed Lieutenant-General [[Gul Hasan]] as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] in 20 December 1971. On 2 January 1972 Bhutto announced the nationalisation of all major industries, including iron and steel, automobiles, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement, and public utilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=US Country Studies |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |format=PHP |access-date=7 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto had named his economic policies [[Islamic socialism|Islamic Socialism]] or as he called &quot;Mussawat-e Muhammadi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Belokrenitskil |first1=V. IA. |title=A Political History of Pakistan, 1947–2007 |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Vladimir Nikolayevich |pages=215}}&lt;/ref&gt; 31 industries across 10 sectors were nationalised including 13 banks, 10 shipping companies, 26 Vegetable Oil Companies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |date=December 1974 |title=Politics of Decisionmaking During the Bhutto Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643205 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1134–1135 |doi=10.2307/2643205 |jstor=2643205}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two petroleum companies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-12 |title=People who own greatest amount of wealth – Newspaper – dawn.com |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/279413/people-who-own-greatest-amount-of-wealth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612101236/https://www.dawn.com/news/279413/people-who-own-greatest-amount-of-wealth |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-06-12 |access-date=2025-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 43 insurance companies which were tied together into [[State Life|State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Belokrenitskil |first1=V. IA. |title=Political History of Pakistan, 1947–2007 |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Vladimir Nikolayevich |page=215}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayub Khan's [[Ghandhara Industries Limited|Ghandhara Industries]], Sharif owned [[Ittefaq Group|Ittefaq Foundry]], National Bank of Pakistan and [[Habib Bank Limited]] were also nationalised. This wave of nationalisation didn't effect textile production light and food industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Belokrenitskil |first1=V. IA. |title=The Political History of Pakistan, 1947–2007 |last2=Moskalenko |first2=Vladimir Nikolayevich |page=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to foreign owned companies, Such as the British Attock Petroleum Company and American owned Esso Fertilizers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Malcolm W. Browne Special to The New York |date=1972-01-03 |title=Pakistan Orders Nationalization of 10 Industries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/03/archives/pakistan-orders-nationalization-of-10-industries-bhutto-moves-to.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1972, Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and negotiated a formal peace agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani [[prisoners of war]]. The two leaders signed the [[Simla Agreement]], which committed both nations to establish a new-yet-temporary [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt; Bhutto also promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute and pledged to recognise Bangladesh. Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers held by India, Bhutto was criticised by many in Pakistan for allegedly making too many concessions to India. It is theorised that Bhutto feared his downfall if he could not secure the release of Pakistani soldiers and the return of territory occupied by Indian forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/346 |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |last=Frank |first=Katherine |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-395-73097-3 |location=US |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/346 346–347] |author-link=Katherine Frank (biographer)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto established an atomic power development program and inaugurated the first Pakistani [[atomic reactor]], built in collaboration with Canada in [[Karachi]] on 28 November. On 30 March, 59 military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly plotting a coup against Bhutto, who appointed then-Brigadier [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] to head a military tribunal to investigate and try the suspects. The National Assembly approved the [[Constitution of Pakistan|new 1973 Constitution]], which Bhutto signed into effect on 12 April. The constitution proclaimed an &quot;[[Islamic Republic]]&quot; in Pakistan with a parliamentary form of government.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} On 10 August, Bhutto turned over the post of president to [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]], assuming the office of prime minister instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sharif al Mujahid]] has argued that, as the appeal of socialist rhetoric declined, Bhutto increasingly turned to [[Symbols of Islam|Islamic symbolism]] and policies to mobilize public support. His government liberalized the ''[[Hajj]]'' policy, sponsored renovations at major [[Dargah|Sufi shrines]] in Pakistan, and made frequent public displays of religious devotion, including visits to shrines and highly publicized pilgrimages abroad. Bhutto also emphasized Pakistan’s Islamic identity in foreign policy by strengthening ties with Muslim-majority countries and convening the 1974 Islamic Summit in Lahore following the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab-Israeli War]], where a commemorative monument was erected. He publicly presented himself as a proponent of Islamic solidarity and Muslim unity, particularly during the later stages of his political career. Bhutto's Pan-Islamic approach would become clear during the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mujahid |first=Sharif al |title=Ideology of Pakistan |date=2001 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute |isbn=978-969-408-223-3 |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |pages=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Nuclear weapons program ====<br /> {{Main|National Command Authority (Pakistan)#National Command Authority (Pakistan)|l1 = Atomic Command Authority (ATA)|Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction}}<br /> <br /> {{further|Project-706|Minimum Credible Deterrence (Pakistan)}}<br /> [[File:Fpbutto.jpg|thumb|left|Bhutto meeting with Iranian [[Monarch|Empress]] [[Farah Pahlavi]], 1972]]<br /> Bhutto, the founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb program, earned the title &quot;Father of Nuclear Deterrence&quot; due to his administration and aggressive leadership of this program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the 2006 dossier. Initial research and publishing was done by The News International of Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme |first=(IISS) |last=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=3 May 2006 |website=2006 Dossier of the International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies through the 2006 dossier. Initial research and publishing was done by The News International of Pakistan |quote=''Dr. [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] is not the father of the Pakistan atom bomb project. It is [Zulfikar Ali] Bhutto!. Focusing on the efforts of Bhutto since 1958, when he became a minister in the Ayub cabinet. Surprisingly, the dossier has paid rich tributes to the services of Bhutto for developing the nuclear programme. The dossier, in a chapter on Pakistan's nuclear programme and imports, reveals that Dr AQ Khan can only be accorded many epithets, including &quot;founder of Pakistan uranium enrichment programme&quot;.''The First 2006 dossier published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Long Road to Chagai |last=Rehman |first=Shahid-ur |publisher=Printwise Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-969-8500-00-9 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory |pages=21–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's interest in nuclear technology began during his college years in the United States, attending a political science course discussing the political impact of the U.S.'s first nuclear test, [[Trinity (nuclear test)|''Trinity'']], on global politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> While at Berkeley, Bhutto witnessed the public panic when the Soviet Union first exploded their bomb, codenamed [[RDS-1|''First Lightning'']] in 1949, prompting the U.S. government to launch their research on [[Thermonuclear weapon|'hydrogen' bombs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; However, in 1958, as Minister for Fuel, [[Ministry of Water and Power (Pakistan)|Power]], and [[Ministry of Environment (Pakistan)|National Resources]], Bhutto played a key role in setting up the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) administrative research bodies and institutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot; /&gt; Soon, Bhutto offered a technical post to Munir Ahmad Khan in PAEC in 1958 and lobbied for Abdus Salam to be appointed as Science Adviser in 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot; /&gt; Before being elevated to [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]], Bhutto directed funds for key research in nuclear weapons and related science.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1965, as the foreign minister, Bhutto visited Vienna, where nuclear engineer [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] held a senior technical post at the [[IAEA]]. Munir Khan briefed him on the status of the [[Indian nuclear programme]] and the options for Pakistan to develop its own nuclear capability. Both agreed on the necessity for Pakistan to establish a nuclear deterrent against India. Although Munir Khan had failed to convince Ayub Khan, Bhutto assured him, &quot;''Don't worry, our turn will come''.&quot; Shortly after the 1965 war, Bhutto declared at a press conference, &quot;''Even if we have to eat grass, we will make a nuclear bomb. We have no other choice'',&quot; observing India's progress toward developing the bomb.&lt;ref name=&quot;Federation of American Scientists (FAS)&quot; /&gt; In 1965, Bhutto advocated for Salam, successfully appointing him as the head of Pakistan's delegation at the IAEA, and assisted Salam in lobbying for nuclear power plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot; /&gt; In November 1972, Bhutto advised Salam to travel to the United States to avoid the war and encouraged him to return with key literature on [[History of nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons history]]. By the end of December 1972, Salam returned to Pakistan with suitcases loaded with literature on the ''[[Manhattan Project]]''. In 1974, Bhutto initiated a more aggressive diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western world over nuclear issues. Writing to world and Western leaders, Bhutto conveyed:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|text=Pakistan was exposed to a kind of &quot;nuclear threat and blackmail&quot; unparalleled elsewhere.... If the world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constrained to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... Assurances provided by the United Nations were not 'Enough!'... |sign=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, &lt;small&gt;statement written in ''Eating Grass''&lt;/small&gt;|source=source&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford University Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb |last=Khan |first=Feroz Hassan |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7601-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=119–120 |chapter=The Route to Nuclear Ambition}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Roughly two weeks after the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 winter war]], on 20 January 1972, Bhutto convened a conference of nuclear scientists and engineers at [[Multan]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} While at the Multan meeting, scientists wondered why the President, who had much on his hands in those trying days, was paying so much attention to scientists and engineers in the nuclear field. At the meeting, Bhutto slowly discussed the recent war and the country's future, emphasising the great mortal danger the country faced. As the academicians listened carefully, Bhutto stated, &quot;Look, we're going to have the [[Atom bomb|bomb]]&quot;. He asked them, &quot;Can you give it to me? And how long will it take to make a bomb?&quot;{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} <br /> <br /> Before the 1970s, nuclear deterrence was well-established under the government of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], but it was entirely peaceful and dedicated to [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|civilian power needs]]. Bhutto, in his book ''The Myth of Independence'' in 1969, wrote:{{blockquote|text=If Pakistan restricts or suspends her [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear deterrence]], it would not only enable India to [[Nuclear blackmail|blackmail]] Pakistan with her [[Indian nuclear programme|nuclear advantage]] but would impose a crippling limitation on the development of Pakistan's [[Science in Pakistan|science and technology]].... Our problem in its essence is how to obtain such a weapon in time before the crisis begins...|sign=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Myth of Independence |last=Bhutto |first=Zulfikar Ali |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1969 |page=153}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> After India's nuclear test—codenamed [[Pokhran-I|''Smiling Buddha'']]—in May 1974, Bhutto sensed and saw this test as the final anticipation for Pakistan's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt; In a press conference held shortly after India's nuclear test, Bhutto said, &quot;India's nuclear program is designed to intimidate Pakistan and establish &quot;hegemony in the subcontinent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |title=The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), United States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |archive-date=18 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite Pakistan's limited financial resources, Bhutto was so enthusiastic about the nuclear energy project that he is reported to have said &quot;Pakistanis will eat grass but make a nuclear bomb&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Siddiqi, Shahid R. (14 February 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125165337/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/encounter/how-safe-are-pakistans-nuclear-assets-420 How safe are Pakistan's nuclear assets], Dawn newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The militarisation of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was initiated on 20 January 1972 and, in its initial years, was implemented by Pakistan Army's [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[General Tikka Khan and East Pakistan|Tikka Khan]]. The [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant]] (KANUPP-I) was inaugurated by Bhutto during his role as the president of Pakistan at the end of 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-not-khan-was-the-father-of-pak-bomb/?locale=en |title=Bhutto, not A. Q. Khan, was the Father of Pak nuke programme |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Mark |date=3 May 2007 |website=2007 Final Dossier of the International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier. Initial research and publishing was done by the Directorate-General for the News Intelligence of Pakistan's Jang Media Cell |quote=''Dr Abdul Q. Khan, a metallurgical engineer, is not the Father of the Pakistan bomb. It is Zulfi Ali Bhutto. Dr A.Q. Khan should only be accorded many epithets, including &quot;founder of Pakistan uranium enrichment programme&quot;...''The News International, pp. 1–6 |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329031537/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-not-khan-was-the-father-of-pak-bomb/?locale=en |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nuclear weapons program was set up loosely based on the Manhattan Project of the 1940s under the administrative control of Bhutto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Long Road to Chagai |last=Rehman |first=Shahid-ur |publisher=Printwise Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-969-8500-00-9 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory |pages=55–101 |chapter=5 The Theoretical Physics Group: A Cue to Manhattan Project?}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Senior academic scientists had direct access to Bhutto, who kept him informed about every inch of the development. Bhutto's Science Advisor, [[Abdus Salam]]'s office was also set up in Bhutto's prime minister secretariat. On Bhutto's request, Salam had established and led the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) that marked the beginning of the nuclear deterrent program. The TPG designed and developed the nuclear weapons as well as the entire program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; Later, Munir Ahmad Khan had him personally approved the budget for the development of the programme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Wanting a capable administrator, Bhutto sought Lieutenant-General [[Rahimuddin Khan]] to chair the commission, which Rahimuddin declined, in 1971.&lt;ref&gt;[[Maulana Kausar Niazi|Niazi, Maulana Kausar]] (1991) [http://bhutto.org/Acrobat/Last%20Dayf%20of%20Premier%20Bhutto.pdf ''Last Days of Premier Bhutto''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018084903/http://www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/Last%20Dayf%20of%20Premier%20Bhutto.pdf |date=18 October 2017 }}. p. 61&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, in January 1972, Bhutto chose a U.S.-trained [[Nuclear engineering|nuclear engineer]], Munir Khan, as chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Bhutto realised he wanted an administrator who understood the scientific and economic needs of this technologically ambitious program. Since 1965, Munir Khan had developed an extremely close and trusted relationship with Bhutto, and even after his death, Benazir and Murtaza Bhutto were instructed by their father to keep in touch with Munir Khan. In the spring of 1976, [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|Kahuta Research Facility]], then known as [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] (ERL), as part of codename ''[[Project-706]]'', was also established by Bhutto and brought under nuclear scientist [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers]]' [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan|Zahid Ali Akbar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Because Pakistan, under Bhutto, was not a signatory or party to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT), the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG), [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]] (CEA), and [[British Nuclear Fuels]] (BNFL) had immediately cancelled fuel reprocessing plant projects with PAEC. According to [[Maulana Kausar Niazi|Causar Nyäzie]], the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission officials had misled Bhutto, and he embarked on a long journey to try to obtain a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant from France.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maulana Kausar Niazi and Sani Panwjar&quot;&gt;[[Maulana Kausar Niazi|Niazi, Maulana Kausar]] (1991) [http://bhutto.org/Acrobat/Last%20Dayf%20of%20Premier%20Bhutto.pdf ''Last Days of Premier Bhutto''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018084903/http://www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/Last%20Dayf%20of%20Premier%20Bhutto.pdf |date=18 October 2017 }}. Chapter 9: The Reprocessing Plant—The Inside Story&lt;/ref&gt; It was on the advice of A. Q. Khan that no fuel existed to reprocess and urged Bhutto to follow his pursuit of uranium enrichment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maulana Kausar Niazi and Sani Panwjar&quot; /&gt; Bhutto tried to show he was still interested in that expensive route and was relieved when Kissinger persuaded the French to cancel the deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maulana Kausar Niazi and Sani Panwjar&quot; /&gt; Bhutto had trusted Munir Ahmad Khan's plans to develop the programme ingeniously, and the mainstream goal of showing such interest in the French reprocessing plant was to give time to PAEC scientists to gain expertise in building its own reprocessing plants. By the time France's CEA cancelled the project, the PAEC had acquired 95% of the detailed plans of the plant and materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Munir Ahmad Khan and [[Ishfaq Ahmad]] believed that, since PAEC had acquired most of the detailed plans, work, and materials, the PAEC, based on that 95% work, could build the plutonium reprocessing reactors on its own. Pakistan should stick to its original plan, the plutonium route.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt; Bhutto did not disagree but saw an advantage in establishing another parallel programme, the uranium enrichment programme under Abdul Qadeer Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt; Both Munir Khan and Ahmed had shown their concern over Abdul Qadeer Khan's suspected activities, but Bhutto backed Khan when Bhutto maintained that: &quot;No less than any other nation did what Abdul Qadeer Khan (is) doing; the Soviets and Chinese; the British and the French; the Indians and the Israelis; stole the nuclear weapons designs previously in the past and no one questioned them but rather tend to be quiet. We are not stealing what they (illegally) stole in the past (as referring the nuclear weapon designs) but we're taking a small machine which is not useful for making the atomic bomb but for a fuel&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; International pressure was difficult to counter at that time, and Bhutto, with the help of Munir Ahmad Khan and Aziz Ahmed, tackled the intense heated criticism and diplomatic war with the United States at numerous fronts—while the progress on nuclear weapons remained highly classified.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn Newspapers&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/27/us-lobbied-to-stop-pakistan-nuclear-drive-documents.html |title=US lobbied to stop Pakistan nuclear drive: documents |date=27 July 2011 |work=AFP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727073505/http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/27/us-lobbied-to-stop-pakistan-nuclear-drive-documents.html |archive-date=27 July 2011 |location=Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> During this pressure, Aziz Ahmed played a significant role by convincing the consortium industries to sell and export sensitive electronic components before the United States could approach them and try to prevent the consortium industries from exporting such equipment and components.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; Bhutto slowly reversed and thwarted the United States' any attempt to infiltrate the programme as he had expelled many of the [[Henry A. Byroade|American diplomatic officials]] in the country, under ''Operation Sun Rise'', authorised by Bhutto under [[ISI (Pakistan)|''ISI'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; On the other hand, Bhutto intensified his staunch support and blindly backed Abdul Qadeer Khan to quietly bring the [[Urenco]]'s weapon-grade technology to Pakistan, keeping the Kahuta Laboratories hidden from the outside world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; Regional rivals such as India and the Soviet Union had no basic intelligence on Pakistan's [[Kahuta Project|nuclear energy project]] during the 1970s, and Bhutto's intensified clandestine efforts seemed to pay off in 1978 when the programme was fully matured.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In a thesis presented in ''The Myth of Independence'', Bhutto argued that nuclear weapons would enable India to deploy its [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] warplanes with small [[Battlefield range ballistic missile|battlefield nuclear devices]] against the Pakistan Army cantonments, armoured and infantry columns, PAF bases, and nuclear and military industrial facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press&quot;&gt;[[#Bhutto|Bhutto]], pp. 159–359&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian Air Force would not face adverse reactions from the world community as long as civilian casualties could be minimised. This strategy aimed to lead India to defeat Pakistan, compel its armed forces into a humiliating surrender, and annex the [[Northern Areas]] of Pakistan and [[Azad Kashmir]]. Subsequently, India would partition Pakistan into smaller states based on ethnic divisions, marking the resolution of the &quot;Pakistan problem&quot; once and for all.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By the time Bhutto was ousted, this crash programme had fully matured in terms of technical development and scientific efforts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Printwise Publications&quot; /&gt; By 1977, PAEC and KRL had constructed their uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing plants, and the selection for test sites at [[Chagai Hills]] was completed by the PAEC.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} In 1977, the PAEC's Theoretical Physics Group had completed the design of the first fission weapon, and KRL scientists succeeded in [[electromagnetic isotope separation]] of Uranium fissile isotopes.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Despite this, little progress had been made in the development of weapons, and Pakistan's nuclear arsenal was actually created during General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime, overseen by several Naval admirals, Army and Air Force generals, including [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. In 1983, Bhutto's decision was posthumously vindicated when PAEC conducted a cold test near Kirana Hills, evidently made from non-fissioned plutonium. Recent press speculation suggests that Dr. Khan's uranium enrichment designs were exchanged with the Chinese for [[uranium hexafluoride]] (UF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) and some highly enriched weapons-grade uranium. Later, this weapons-grade uranium was offered back to the Chinese as the Pakistanis used their own materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maulana Kausar Niazi and Sani Panwjar&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We (Pakistan)...know that (Israel) and (South Africa) have full nuclear capability — a Christian, Jewish and Hindu civilization have this [nuclear] capability ... the Islamic civilization is without it, but the situation (is) about to change!...|sign=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto—&lt;small&gt;called for a test from his jail cell, 1978&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program—1998: The Year of Testing|website=nuclearweaponarchive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === Prime Minister (1973-1977) ===<br /> {{History of Pakistan}}{{See also|First Zulfikar Ali Bhutto government|Second Zulfikar Ali Bhutto government}}<br /> Bhutto was sworn in as the prime minister of the country on 14 August 1973, after securing 108 votes in a house of 146 members. [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]] was elected as the president under the new constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot;&gt;[[#Raza|Raza]], pp. 15–17&lt;/ref&gt; During his five years of government, the Bhutto administration implemented extensive reforms at every level of governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutto.org/1976_speech6.php |title=Prime Minister's address to the nation over the radio and television networks on December 20, 1975 |publisher=Bhutto.org |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616184758/http://www.bhutto.org/1976_speech6.php |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Capital and Western reforms initiated and built in 1947 were transformed and replaced with a [[socialist]] system throughout the 1970s. Bhutto's policies were perceived as people-friendly but failed to yield long-lasting effects, and civil disorder against Bhutto began to escalate in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Constitutional reforms ====<br /> {{See also|Constitution of Pakistan}}<br /> Bhutto is considered the main architect of the 1973 constitution as part of his vision to lead Pakistan toward parliamentary democracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Malik |first=M.A. |title=PPP sticks to revolutionary culture |work=The Nation |date=2 October 2011 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2011/ppp-sticks-to-revolutionary-culture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016221148/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Opinions/Columns/02-Oct-2011/PPP-sticks-to-revolutionary-culture |archive-date=16 October 2011 |access-date=16 October 2011 |quote=&quot;Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, besides lifting Pakistan from the ashes after the Dhaka debacle and giving the first-ever consensus constitution to the country, revolution through his politics wedded to the emancipation of the downtrodden masses by giving them a voice and introducing radical changes in the economic sphere for their benefit&quot;.... ''M.A. Malik, The Nation''}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the major achievements in Bhutto's life was the drafting of Pakistan's first-ever consensus constitution for the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot; /&gt; Bhutto supervised the promulgation of the 1973 constitution, triggering an unstoppable constitutional revolution through his politics wedded to the emancipation of the downtrodden masses, giving them a voice in Parliament and introducing radical changes in the economic sphere for their benefit.&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During his time in office, the government carried out seven major amendments to the 1973 Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;''Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: An architect of New Pakistan, From Chaos to Stability and The Constitution'', pp. 5–14&lt;/ref&gt; The First Amendment led to Pakistan's recognition of and diplomatic ties with Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot; /&gt; The Second Amendment in the constitution declared the [[Ahmadis]] as non-Muslims and defined the term non-Muslim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html |title=Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974 |access-date=30 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rights of the detained were limited under the Third Amendment, while the powers and jurisdiction of the courts for providing relief to political opponents were curtailed under the Fourth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment, passed on 15 September 1976, focused on curtailing the power and jurisdiction of the Judiciary. This amendment was highly criticised by lawyers and political leaders. The main provision of the Sixth Amendment extended the term of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and the High Courts beyond the age of retirement. This amendment was made in the Constitution to favour the then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who was supposed to be a friend of Bhutto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitution&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Industrial reforms ====<br /> The Bhutto government implemented a series of reforms in the industrial sector, focusing on nationalisation and improving workers' rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot;&gt;[[#Raza|Raza]], pp. 17–20&lt;/ref&gt; The initial phase, in 1972, involved the nationalisation of basic industries such as steel, chemical, and cement.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; A significant move occurred on 1 January 1974, when Bhutto nationalised all banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; The final step in this sequence was the nationalisation of all flour, rice, and cotton mills across the country. However, this nationalisation process didn't meet Bhutto's expectations and faced challenges. Many nationalised units were small businesses that didn't qualify as industrial units, leading to adverse consequences for numerous small businessmen and traders who were either ruined, displaced, or left unemployed. In hindsight, nationalisation resulted in significant losses to both the national treasury and the people of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bhutto government established an extensive network of both rural and urban schools, including approximately 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges, and 21 junior colleges.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt; Departing from the Western education system, Bhutto returned most literature to the Western world and encouraged local academicians to publish books in their respective fields. Although these local books were made more affordable to the public, these reforms stirred controversy. Bhutto's government mandated the inclusion of [[Islamic studies|Islamic]] and [[Pakistan studies]] in school curricula. Book banks were introduced in most institutions, and over 400,000 copies of textbooks were supplied to students.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto is credited with establishing the world-class [[Quaid-e-Azam University]] and [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] in Islamabad in 1974, along with founding Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan in 1973. During his tenure as foreign minister, he collaborated with Abdus Salam in 1967 to set up the Institute of Theoretical Physics. As prime minister, Bhutto made groundbreaking efforts to enhance the education system, founding the [[Allama Iqbal Medical College]] in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allama Iqbal Medical University&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ilm.com.pk/reviews/university-reviews/allama-iqbal-medical-college-lahore/ |title=Allama Iqbal Medical University |last=University Press |newspaper=Pakistan Education News, Universities Admission Scholarships, and Results |date=17 August 2019 |publisher=Allama Iqbal Medical University}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1974, with Abdus Salam's assistance, Bhutto authorised the [[International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics|International Nathiagali Summer College on Contemporary Physics]] (INSC) at Nathiagali. To this day, the INSC conference continues to be held in Pakistan, attracting thousands of scientists worldwide to interact with Pakistan's academic community. In 1976, Bhutto established the [[Pakistan Engineering Council|Engineering Council]], [[Pakistan Institute of Physics|Institute of Theoretical Physics]], [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]], and Cadet College Razmak in North Waziristan. Additionally, he inaugurated four new universities in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Khairpur. The People's Open University, another innovative venture, commenced operations in Islamabad. The government's Education Policy included fee remission and the provision of numerous scholarships for higher education to the children of low-paid employees. After the 1977 election, plans were in place to add seven thousand new hostel seats to the existing accommodation. In 1975, Bhutto acknowledged the challenges and shortcomings faced by college students in many existing hostels. Consequently, he directed the provision of fans, water coolers, and pay telephones in each hostel as quickly as physically possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Land, flood, and agriculture reforms ====<br /> During his tenure as prime minister, several land reforms were introduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; The significant land reforms included the reduction of land ceilings and the introduction of tenancy security for tenant farmers.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; The land ceiling was fixed at {{convert|150|acre|km2}} of irrigated land and {{convert|300|acre|km2}} of non-irrigated land. Another step that Bhutto took was to democratise Pakistan's Civil Service.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; In [[Balochistan]], the pernicious practice of Shishak and Sardari System was abolished. In 1976, the Bhutto government established the Federal Flood Commission (FFC), tasked with preparing national flood protection plans, flood forecasting, and research to harness floodwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn News Papers, 2010/08/24&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2010/08/24/mind-boggling-hard-heartedness.html |title=Mind-boggling hard-heartedness |last=Qureshi, Ali Ahmed |date=24 August 2010 |work=Dawn News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120160524/http://www.dawn.com/2010/08/24/mind-boggling-hard-heartedness.html |archive-date=20 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune Express, 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/39915/floods-in-pakistan--institutional-failures/ |title=The Floods in Pakistan – institutional failures |last=Arshad H Abbasi |date=17 August 2010 |work=Tribune Express, 2010 |access-date=12 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto later went on to upgrade a number of dams and barrages built in [[Sindh Province]].<br /> <br /> Bhutto strongly advocated empowering small farmers, asserting that a weak and demoralised farming community would jeopardise Pakistan's agricultural strength. He believed that farmers needed to feel psychologically secure for the country to achieve self-sufficiency in food.&lt;ref name=&quot;Japanese State Television&quot; /&gt; Consequently, the Bhutto government launched programmes to lead the country towards self-sufficiency in [[Rice huller|rice hulling]], [[Sugar mills|sugar milling]], and wheat husking industries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Japanese State Television&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutto.org/interview22.php |title=Japanese TV interview with Bhutto |last=Asa |first=Akiro Mayashot |website=4 March 1973 |publisher=Japanese State Television |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616165150/http://www.bhutto.org/interview22.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's government increased control over rice hulling, sugar mills, and wheat husking factories, initially believing that public sector involvement would diminish the influence of multinational corporations and prevent monopolies. The government sponsored schemes to address waterlogging and salinity issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Japanese State Television&quot; /&gt; Tax exceptions were introduced for small landowners to promote agricultural growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Japanese State Television&quot; /&gt; While his nationalisation of Sindh-based industries benefited the poor, it caused discontent among influential feudal lords.{{cn|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==== Economic policy ====<br /> {{Main|Nationalization in Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> Bhutto implemented [[socialist economics]] while working to prevent any further division of the country. Major heavy mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering industries were immediately nationalised by Bhutto, and all of the industries came under direct control of government. Industries, such as [[Karachi Electric Supply Corporation]] (KSEC), were under complete government control with no private influence in KESC decision. Bhutto abandoned Ayub Khan's [[Capitalism|state capitalism]] policies and introduced socialist policies in a move to reduce income inequality. Bhutto also established the [[Port Qasim]], [[Pakistan Steel Mills]], the Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), and several cement factories.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Development Policy Institute&quot; /&gt; However, the growth rate of the economy relative to that of the 1960s when East Pakistan was still part of Pakistan and large generous [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|aid]] from the United States declined after the [[1973 oil crisis|global oil crises]] in 1973, which also had a negative impact on the economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal for Socialist Renewal&quot; /&gt; Despite the initiatives undertaken by Bhutto's government to boost the country's economy, the economical growth remained at an equilibrium level.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt; But Bhutto's policy largely benefited the poor and working class when the level of absolute poverty was sharply reduced, with the percentage of the population estimated to be living in absolute poverty falling from 46.5% by the end of 1979–80, under General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule, to 30.8%.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Raza|Raza]], pp. 21–28&lt;/ref&gt; The land reform programme provided increased economic support to landless tenants, and development spending was substantially increased, particularly on health and education, in both rural and urban areas, and provided &quot;material support&quot; to rural wage workers, landless peasants, and urban wage workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Reforms&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Butt, Muhammad Shoaib and Bandara, Jayatilleke S. (2008) [http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/568395328.pdf ''Trade liberalization and regional disparity in Pakistan'']. Taylor &amp; Francis. {{ISBN|0203887182}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.jpg|left|thumb|214x214px|Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]<br /> Bhutto's nationalisation policies aimed to empower workers, giving them control over the means of production and protecting small businesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irfan Siddiqui and the Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; However, economic historians argued that the nationalisation program initially affected small industries and had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy, diminishing Bhutto's credibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irfan Siddiqui and the Jang News Group&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/sep2011-daily/22-09-2011/col1.htm |title=The wavey economy |last=Siddiqui |first=Irfan |website=Irfan Siddiqui |publisher=Irfan Siddiqui and the Jang News Group |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922131319/http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/sep2011-daily/22-09-2011/col1.htm |archive-date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conservative critics believed the nationalisation policies damaged investor confidence, and [[government corruption]] in nationalised industries grew, although no serious corruption cases were ever proven against Bhutto by the military junta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irfan Siddiqui and the Jang News Group&quot; /&gt; In 1974, Bhutto maintained that foreign companies and industries in Pakistan were exempt from nationalisation policies, and his government would welcome foreign investment to establish factories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Grubbve, editor in Chief of Stern&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutto.org/interviews.php |title=Peter Grubbve interviewing Bhutto |last=Grubbve |first=Peter |year=1972 |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |access-date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328062317/http://www.bhutto.org/interviews.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Commenting on his policies in 1973, Bhutto told a group of investors from the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) that &quot;activity of the public sector or state sector prevents the concentration of economic power in a few hands and protects small and medium entrepreneurs from the clutches of giant enterprises and vested interests.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal for Socialist Renewal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://links.org.au/node/278 |title=Pakistan—Social and economic crisis: background and perspectives: The civilian rule of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto |last=Tariq |first=Farooq |publisher=International Journal for Socialist Renewal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto's departure from certain socialist policies greatly displeased his democratic socialist alliance and many in the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. Notably, [[Malik Meraj Khalid]] and other colleagues, resigned from Bhutto and left for the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&amp;q=Pakistan:Between+Mosque+and+Military |title=Pakistan:Between Mosque and Military; §From Islamic Republic to Islamic State |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |location=United States |pages=395 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ongoing disagreements eventually led to the collapse of the government's socialist alliance, which later united with the secular [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal|Independence Movement]] led by [[Asghar Khan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As part of his investment policies, Bhutto established the [[National Development Finance Corporation]] (NDFC) in July 1973, with an initial government investment of 100 million [[Pakistani rupee|PRs]]. Initially aimed at financing public sector industrial enterprises, its charter was later modified to provide finance to the private sector as well. The NDFC is currently the largest development finance institution in Pakistan, engaging in diversified activities in industrial financing and investment banking. Forty-two projects financed by NDFC have contributed Rs. 10,761 million to Pakistan's GDP, generating Rs. 690 million in after-tax profits and creating 40,465 jobs. By the mid-1990s, NDFC had a pool of resources amounting to US$878 million. The Bhutto government increased the level of investment, both private and public, in the economy from less than Rs. 7,000 million in 1971–72 to more than Rs. 17,000 million in 1974–75.<br /> <br /> ===== Banking and Export expansion =====<br /> {{Main|Banking in Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> Banking reforms were introduced to provide more opportunities to small farmers and businesses, such as mandating that 70% of institutional lending should be for small landholders of 12.5 acres or less—a revolutionary idea at a time when banks primarily served privileged classes.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal for Socialist Renewal&quot; /&gt; The number of bank branches increased by 75% from December 1971 to November 1976, rising from 3,295 to 5,727.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Development Policy Institute&quot; /&gt; This move by Bhutto was one of the most radical, expanding bank infrastructure to cover all towns and villages with a population of 5,000, following the nationalisation of banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sustainable Development Policy Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://richpaki.tripod.com/bhutto.htm |title=Bhutto's Nationalization |website=Robber Barons, researcher at the Sustainable Development Policy Institute |publisher=Sustainable Development Policy Institute |quote=The Bhutto government's credit allocation policy made it mandatory on banks to divert credit into areas which otherwise would not have received credit under normal commercial banking. The rationing of credit might look unreasonable in 1997 but it was revolutionary, considering the situation in 1977 when banks were serving only industrial clients of a privileged class... Robber Barons}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the end of Bhutto's government, the concentration of wealth had declined compared to the height of the Ayub Khan era when 22 families owned 66% of industrial capital and controlled banking and 97% of insurance.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Journal for Socialist Renewal&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Measures taken in the first few months of 1972 set a new framework for the revival of the economy. The diversion of trade from East Pakistan to international markets was completed within a short period. By 1974, exports exceeded one billion dollars, showing a 60% increase over the combined exports of East and West Pakistan before separation. This growth was achieved and benefited from during the major [[1973 oil crisis]] and in the middle of a global recession. The national income of Pakistan increased by 15%, and industrial production rose by as much as 20% in four years.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Balochistan ====<br /> {{Main|1970s Operation in Balochistan}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Gul Khan Nasir, Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Khair Bakhsh Marri and Ataullah Mengal.jpg|thumb|Bhutto with Baloch leaders and government officials at the [[Governor's House, Quetta|Governor's House]] in [[Quetta]]]]<br /> Following the secession of East Pakistan, calls for the independence of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] by [[Baloch nationalists]] grew immensely. Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors, and forty-four [[National Assembly of Pakistan|MNAs]] and [[Members of Parliament|MPAs]], obtained an order from the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] banning the [[National Awami Party|National People's Party]] on the recommendation of [[Akbar Bugti]], and charged everyone with high treason to be tried by a specially constituted [[Hyderabad tribunal]] of hand-picked judges.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPP&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.ppp.org.pk/history.html<br /> |title=Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)<br /> |accessdate=15 April 2001<br /> |author=Pakistan Peoples Party<br /> |year= 2011<br /> |work=PPP<br /> |publisher=PPP medial Cell<br /> |quote=.<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 1973, Bhutto ordered the Pakistan Armed Forces to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of Balochistan. He dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] once more.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt; Following the alleged [[Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)|discovery of Iraqi arms in Islamabad]] in February 1973, Bhutto dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan]]. The operation, under General [[Tikka Khan]], soon took shape in a five-year conflict with the [[Balochistan Liberation Army|Baloch separatists]]. The sporadic fighting between the [[insurgency]] and the army started in 1973, with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974. Later on, Pakistan Navy, under Vice-Admiral Patrick Julius Simpson, also jumped into the conflict as it had applied naval blockades to Balochistan's port. The Navy began its separate operations to seize the shipments sent to aid Baloch separatists. Pakistan Air Force also launched air operations, and with the support of navy and army, the air force had pounded the mountainous hidden havens of the Separatists. The [[Iranian military]], also fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran, aided the Pakistani military as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4182151.stm |title=Pakistan risks new battlefront |date=17 January 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 April 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among Iran's contributions were 30 [[Huey cobra]] attack helicopters and $200 million in aid.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120622233047/http://www.balochwarna.com/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=Baluchistan%2C_2006 Waiting for the Worst: Baluchistan, 2006]. balochwarna.com&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Iraqi intervention =====<br /> {{Main|Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)}}<br /> <br /> [[Iraq under Saddam Hussein|Iraq]] under Sunni President [[Saddam Hussein]] sent Iraqi-made weapons to Pakistan's warm water ports.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Study of Revenge: The First World Trade Center Attack and Saddam Hussein's War Against America |last=Laurie Mylroie |publisher=Summary Publishing ltd. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8447-4169-7 |location=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan's navy mounted an effective blockade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Selig Harrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptation |last=Selig Harrison |year=2005 |publisher=Selig Harrison |isbn=978-1-4128-0469-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saddam's government provided support for Baloch separatists in Pakistan, hoping their conflict would spread to rival Iran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot; /&gt; In 1973, Iraq provided the Balochs with conventional arms, and it opened an office for the Baluchistan Liberation Front (BLF) in Baghdad. This operation was supposed to be covert, but in 1973, the operation was exposed by [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|M.I.]] when senior separatist leader [[Akbar Bugti]] defected to Bhutto, revealing a series of arms stored in the Iraqi Embassy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> On the midnight of 9 February 1973, Bhutto launched an operation to seize control of the Iraqi Embassy, and preparation for the siege was hastily prepared. The operation was highly risky, and a wrong step could have started a war between the two countries. The operation was carefully analysed and at 00:00 hrs (12:00 am), the [[Special Service Group|SSG Division]] accompanied by [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Army Rangers]] stormed the Embassy. [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] arrested the Iraqi Ambassador, the military attaché, and Iraq's diplomatic staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot; /&gt; Following the incident, authorities discovered 300 Soviet sub-machine guns with 50,000 rounds of ammunition and a large amount of money that was to be distributed amongst Baloch separatist groups. Bhutto was angered and frustrated. Without demanding an explanation, he ordered the Military Police to immediately expel the Iraqi Ambassador and his staff as [[persona non grata]] on the first available flight. The government announced the Iraqi plan to further dismember the country, and Bhutto's successful diplomatic offensive against Iraq isolated Saddam internationally with global condemnation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot; /&gt; This incident caused Pakistan to support Iran during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in the 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Publishing ltd.&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Passport reforms ====<br /> The Bhutto government granted the right of a [[Pakistani passport|passport]] to every citizen of Pakistan, facilitating millions of skilled and non-skilled Pakistanis to seek employment in Gulf countries through a series of bilateral agreements.&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot; /&gt; From [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], alone, 35,000 workers were given the opportunity to work in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot; /&gt; Bhutto utilised the [[Pakistani community of London]] to [[Lobbying group|lobby]] and influence [[European Union|European governments]] to improve the rights of expatriate Pakistani communities in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;British Broadcasting Corporation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9sbq6dnggs | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/y9sbq6dnggs| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Bhutto's Visit to the United Kingdom|work=Pakistan Television | date=4 July 2009|publisher=PTV}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remittances from overseas Pakistanis, now totaling around $US25 billion per annum, constitute a dependable source of foreign exchange for Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;''The Nation'' and M.A. Malik&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Labour policy and social security ====<br /> Bhutto's government implemented comprehensive labour reforms, introducing conditions on worker dismissals and establishing Labour Courts for swift grievance redressal. A scheme for workers' participation in management was introduced, ensuring 20% participation at the factory level. The government abolished workers' contribution to the Social Security Fund, shifting the burden to employers. Compensation rates under the Worker's Compensation Act were increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1972, the government initially provided old age benefits through group insurance, enhanced compensation rates, and gratuity. To address immediate needs, a pension scheme was introduced, offering Rs. 75 per month after retirement at 55 for men and 50 for women with 15 years of insurable employment. This applied to establishments employing ten or more workers with monthly wages up to Rs. 1,000, including benefits for skilled workers invalid after five years of insurable employment. Contrary to the Western model, Bhutto's government aimed to relieve workers of the financial burden, funding the scheme through a 5% contribution from employers based on the wage bill.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutto.org&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Foreign policy ====<br /> {{main|Foreign policy of Pakistan}}<br /> {{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}<br /> <br /> After assuming power, Bhutto aimed to diversify Pakistan's relations, leading to its exit from [[CENTO]] and [[SEATO]]. He strengthened [[Arab–Pakistan relations|Arab relations]] and developed [[China–Pakistan relations|Sino-Pakistani relations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of Bombay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofbombay.com/?tag=zulfikar-ali-bhutto |title=India's twin obsessions: China and Pakistan |date=15 October 2010 |work=Times of Bombay |access-date=28 April 2011 |archive-date=28 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028095801/http://www.timesofbombay.com/?tag=zulfikar-ali-bhutto |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto believed in an independent Foreign Policy, distinct from Western influence, particularly the United States' [[sphere of influence]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PPPUSA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pppusa.org/zabhutto.htm |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Legacy of Zuli Bhutto |website=PPPUSA |access-date=28 April 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926073458/http://www.pppusa.org/zabhutto.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; With Bhutto as foreign minister and prime minister, Pakistan and Iran formed a special relationship, as Iran provided military assistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPPUSA&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:NixonBhutto1973.jpg|thumb|Bhutto with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]], 1973]]<br /> Sino-Pakistani relations were immensely improved, and Pakistan, under Bhutto, had built a strategic relationship with the People's Republic of China, when PRC was isolated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of Bombay&quot; /&gt; In 1974, Bhutto hosted the second [[Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]] (OIC) in 1974 where he delegated and invited leaders from the [[Muslim world]] to [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] of Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharmila Faruqui&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Sharmila Farooqi]], Member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|PAS]] |year=2011 |title=ZA Bhutto – architect of a new Pakistan |website=Sharmila Farooqi, member of Sindh Provincial Assembly of Pakistan |publisher=Sharmila Faruqui |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\04\04\story_4-4-2011_pg7_27 |access-date=15 April 2001 |quote=''Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the maker of Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the architect of Pakistan''.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto was a strong advocate of Afro-Asian Solidarity and had cemented ties with Afro-Asian and Islamic countries and by 1976 had emerged as the Leader of the Third World.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ariftx.tripod.com/z_a_bhutto.html |title=Z.A. Bhutto |publisher=Ariftx.tripod.com |access-date=9 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Leone Bhutto 1973.jpg|thumb|Bhutto with Italian president [[Giovanni Leone]], 1973]]<br /> Bhutto pursued a peace agreement, the [[Simla Agreement]], with [[Indira Gandhi]], the premier of India. He successfully brought back 93,000 [[Prisoners of War|P.O.Ws]] to Pakistan and secured {{convert|5000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} held by India without compromising on the Kashmir stance or recognising Bangladesh, which were key Indian demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharmila Faruqui&quot; /&gt; Negotiating with a power that had dismembered the country was a significant challenge for Bhutto, but he smoothly convinced India to return the territory and the POWs to Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peacekashmir.org/views-articles/2011/0607-secret-of-shimla-agreement.htm |title=Secret of Shimla Agreement |last=Ajithkumar |first=M P |website=M P Ajithkumar (Lecturer in History, Sanathana Dharma College, Alappuzha) |publisher=M.P Ajithkumar |access-date=27 October 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425113144/http://www.peacekashmir.org/views-articles/2011/0607-secret-of-shimla-agreement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the conference, Bhutto and his colleagues thoroughly prepared, considering that the [[Arab League|Arabs]] had not succeeded in regaining [[Golan Heights|territory lost]] in the [[Six-Day War|1967 war]] with Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt; Bhutto understood that capturing land does not attract the same [[United Nations|international attention]] as the plight of prisoners.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt; According to Benazir Bhutto, Bhutto demanded control of the territory in the first stage of the Agreement, surprising and shocking the Indian delegation.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt; From Bhutto's perspective, the POW problem was more of a [[Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian problem]] that could be addressed at any time, but the [[Territorial claim|territorial problem]] could become integrated into India over time.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt; Indian premier Gandhi was stunned and astonished at Bhutto's demand but eventually agreed to give the territory back to Bhutto in the first stage of the agreement after Bhutto negotiated with economic packages.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt; Bhutto's knowledge and intellectualism impressed Gandhi personally, making this agreement, with Pakistan paying a small price, one of Bhutto's most significant diplomatic successes.&lt;ref name=&quot;M.P Ajithkumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhutto's extensive knowledge, intelligence, and keen awareness of [[post-World War II]] and the [[Manhattan Project|nuclear history]] enabled him to shape foreign policy, resulting in unparalleled unity in Pakistan's foreign policy history.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt; Elements of his policy were continued by successive governments, playing a vital role in world politics.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt; In 1974, Bhutto and his Foreign Minister Aziz Ahmed brought a [[U.N. resolution]], recommending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia. They aggressively criticised the Indian nuclear program. While Abdul Qadeer Khan was tasked with acquiring gas-centrifuge technology through [[atomic proliferation]], the resolution's goal was achieved when Bhutto put India on the [[Defensive fighting position|defensive]] and promoted Pakistan as a [[Nuclear Proliferation Treaty|non-proliferationist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharmila Faruqui&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== East Asia =====<br /> Since the 1960s, Bhutto had been anti-SEATO and preferred a non-aligned policy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jGTWbHC8gwC&amp;q=zulfikar+ali+bhutto+and+north+korea&amp;pg=PA76 |title=Pakistan-Japan Relations: Continuity §Convergence and Divergence (1971–1977) |last=Malik |first=Ahmad Rashid |publisher=Routledge Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89149-0 |location=United States, Canada, and Pakistan |pages=145–190}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after assuming office, Bhutto took a lengthy foreign trip to Southeast Asia, seeking closer relations with [[Vietnam]], Thailand, [[Laos]], Burma, and [[North Korea]]. His policy largely followed tight relations with China, normalised relationships with the Soviet Union, built an Islamic bloc, and advocated the creation of a new economic alliance benefiting third and second world countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> All of these initiatives and implications had disastrous effects on Japan, prompting Japan to oppose Bhutto, although Bhutto was a great admirer of Japan, even though Japan was not a constituent part of Bhutto's foreign policy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt; In the 1970s, Japan made several attempts to get close to Bhutto, sending its military officials, scientists, and parliamentary delegations to Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt; Hence Japan went far by condemning India for carrying out a nuclear test, ''Smiling Buddha'', in 1974, and publicly supported Pakistan's non-nuclear weapon policy and pledged to build several new [[nuclear power plants]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt; In 1970, Bhutto advised Japan not to be a party to NPT, but Japan signed it but later regretted not being properly progressed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Pakistan-Japan Relations: Continuity §Japanese reaction to Indian bomb |last=Malik |first=Ahmad Rashid |publisher=Routledge Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89149-0 |location=United States, Canada, and Pakistan |pages=145–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Bhutto's view, Japan had been under the United States' influence, and a much bigger role of Japan in Asia would only benefit American interests in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt; By the 1970s, Japan completely lost its momentum in Pakistan as Pakistan followed a strict independent policy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt; Bhutto envisioned Pakistan's new policy as benefiting economic relations rather than the military alliance, which also affected Japan's impact on Pakistan. However, much of the foreign policy efforts were reverted by General Zia-ul-Haq, and ties were finally restored after Bhutto's execution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge Publications&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Arab world and Israel =====<br /> [[File:OIC Leaders in Shalimar Gardens, Lahore.jpg|thumb|Bhutto with other Muslim leaders at the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] summit in Lahore, February 1974]]<br /> Bhutto sought to improve Pakistan's ties with the Arab world and sided with the Arab world during the Arab-Israeli conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/31374 |title=Bhutto's foreign policy legacy |last=Khan |first=Iqbal Ahmad |date=5 April 2009 |work=The Dawn News Archives |access-date=27 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Colonel Gaddafi]] of former [[Libya under Gaddafi|Socialist Libya]] considered Bhutto one of his greatest inspirations and was said to be very fond of Bhutto's intellectualism.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt; In 1973, during the [[Yom Kippur War]], Pakistan's relations with the Arab world represented a watershed.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt; In both Pakistan and the Arab world, Pakistan's swift, unconditional, and forthright offer of assistance to the Arab states was deeply appreciated.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt;<br /> In 1974, pressured by other Muslim nations, Pakistan eventually recognised Bangladesh as [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib]] stated he would only go to the OIC conference in Lahore if Pakistan recognised Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Dawn News Archives&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hagerty, Devin T. (2005) ''South Asia in world politics'', Rowman &amp; Littlefield. {{ISBN|0742525872}}. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on 18 January 1976, and relations improved in the following decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPPUSA&quot; /&gt; Bhutto aided the [[Syrian Air Force|Syrian]] and [[Egyptian Air Force]] by sending the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]]'s top fighter pilots, where they flew combat missions against Israel. However, Iraq did not benefit from Bhutto's policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-19 |title=50 years on: Memories of the 1973 Arab-Israeli Conflict<br /> |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/855837/50-years-on-memories-of-the-1973-arab-israeli-conflict |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Tribune PK |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== United States and Soviet Union =====<br /> {{Main|Pakistan–United States relations|Pakistan–Soviet Union relations}}<br /> <br /> In 1974, India carried out a nuclear test, codenamed ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', near Pakistan's eastern border. Bhutto unsuccessfully lobbied for the United States to impose economic sanctions on India. However, at the request of Bhutto, Pakistan's ambassador to the United States convened a meeting with Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]]. Kissinger told Pakistan's ambassador to Washington that the test is &quot;''a fait accompli and that Pakistan would have to learn to live with it''&quot;, although he was aware this was &quot;a little rough&quot; on the Pakistanis.&lt;ref name=&quot;historycommons.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=zulfikar_ali_bhutto_1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184345/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=zulfikar_ali_bhutto_1 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |publisher=History Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1976, ties were further strained as Bhutto had continued to administer the research on weapons, and in 1976, in a meeting with Bhutto and Kissinger, Kissinger had told Bhutto, &quot;that if you [Bhutto] do not cancel, modify, or postpone the Reprocessing Plant Agreement, we will make a horrible example of you&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zee News&quot; /&gt; The meeting was ended by Bhutto as he had replied: For my country's sake, for the sake of the people of Pakistan, I did not succumb to that blackmailing and threats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zee News&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news698531.html |title=Zulfikar Bhutto had blamed US for his 'horrible' fate |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |publisher=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After this meeting, Bhutto intensified Pakistan's foreign policy towards a more neutral stance, aligning with the [[Movement of Non-Aligned Countries]], and sought to develop relations with both the Soviet Union and the United States. Bhutto was keenly aware of [[Foreign relations of the UK|Great Britain's policy]] of &quot;[[divide and rule]]&quot; and [[Foreign policy of the United States|American policy]] of &quot;unite and rule.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of Bombay&quot; /&gt; In 1974, Bhutto, as prime minister, visited the Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1974-10-27 |title=BHUTTO REBUFFED ON MOSCOW VISIT (Published 1974) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/27/archives/bhutto-rebuffed-on-moscow-visit-setback-is-seen.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prime Minister Bhutto deliberately worked to improve relations with the Soviet Union and the [[Communist bloc]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naeem |first=Fatimah |date=2023-07-25 |title=Foreign Policy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |url=https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/zulfikar-ali-bhutto-foreign-policy/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Paradigm Shift |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The foundation stone for [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] was laid on 30 December 1973 by Bhutto. The Soviet Union sent advisors and experts to supervise the construction of the mega-project.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Steel Mills&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paksteel.com.pk/organ_our_history.html |title=Pakistan Steel: Our History |website=Pakistan Steel Mills |access-date=29 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though [[Richard Nixon]] maintained amicable relations with Bhutto, [[Pakistan–United States relations|Pakistan's ties with the United States]] soured during Jimmy Carter's presidency as the US opposed Pakistan's nuclear program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of Bombay&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bhurgri |first=Abdul Ghafoor |author-link=Abdul Ghafoor Bhurgri |year=2002 |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the falcon of Pakistan |url=https://www.scribd.com/panhwar/d/8087285-Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Falcon-of-Pakistan |location=Karachi |publisher=SZABIST |isbn=978-969-8666-01-9 |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928054656/http://www.scribd.com/doc/8087285/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Falcon-of-Pakistan |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carter intensified the embargo on Pakistan and exerted pressure through the [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan]], Brigadier-General [[Henry A. Byroade|Henry Byroade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; Bhutto's socialist orientation irked the United States, concerned about losing Pakistan as an ally in the Cold War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; When Carter was [[1976 United States presidential election|elected in 1976]], he declared in his inaugural speech his intent to pursue a nuclear weapons ban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt; With Carter's election, Bhutto lost the connections to the [[U.S. government|United States administration]] that he had enjoyed during Nixon's term. Despite Carter's embargo on Pakistan, Bhutto persisted in acquiring materials for Pakistan's [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|atomic bomb project]], ultimately contributing to the breakdown of the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Abdul Ghafoor Bugari and Sani Penhwar, Member of Parliament&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Afghanistan =====<br /> [[File:Zulfiqar with Afghan King Zahir Shah.png|thumb|Zulfiqar with Afghan King [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]]]]<br /> In 1972, Bhutto initially attempted to forge friendly ties with Afghanistan, but these efforts were rebuffed in 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.uk&quot; /&gt; By 1974, Afghanistan covertly engaged in Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], causing increasing concern for Bhutto's government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Defence Journal&quot; /&gt; Afghan President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Dawood Khan]]'s controversial [[Pashtunistan|Pashtunisation]] policies led to gruesome violence and civil disturbances in Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Defence Journal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |title=Remembering our Warriors: Major-General Baber and Bhutto's Operation Cyclone |last=Amin |first=Abdul Hameed |year=2001 |website=Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research (DMHR) |publisher=Pakistan Defence Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428172353/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/babar.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ISI highlighted President Daud's support for anti-Pakistan militants, including backing Baloch separatists in the [[Balochistan conflict#Afghanistan|conflict]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title=Foreign Involvement In Balochistan After Bhutto's 1973 Crackdown |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/15-Mar-2025/foreign-involvement-in-balochistan-after-bhutto-s-1973-crackdown |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, Bhutto's government opted to retaliate, launching a covert counter-operation in 1974 under Major-General [[Naseerullah Babar]], then Director-General of the [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|M.I.]] Directorate-General for Western Fronts (DGWI).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Defence Journal&quot; /&gt; General Babar deemed it an excellent idea, with a significant impact on Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Defence Journal&quot; /&gt; The operation aimed to arm Islamic fundamentalists and instigate attacks across Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Defence Journal&quot; /&gt; In 1974, Bhutto authorised a covert operation in [[Kabul]], where the Pakistan Air Force, [[Air Intelligence of Pakistan|AI]], and the [[ISI (Pakistan)|''ISI'']] successfully extradited [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], [[Jan Mohammad Khan]], [[Gulbadin Hekmatyar]], and [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] to [[Peshawar]]. Fearful of Rabbani's potential assassination, this move took place amid heightened tensions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/sep2011-daily/22-09-2011/col6.htm |title=Master Rabbani's Mistake |last=Mir |first=Hamid |author-link=Hamid Mir |date=22 September 2011 |publisher=jang.com.pk |language=ur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922131358/http://jang.com.pk/jang/sep2011-daily/22-09-2011/col6.htm |archive-date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> By the end of 1974, Bhutto had given final authorisation for a covert operation to train Afghan mujaheddin, ultimately proving successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/162348-afghanistan-and-pakistan-relations-the-timeline.html |title=Time line of Pakistan Afghanistan relations |date=2 October 2004 |publisher=Paklinks.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909094718/http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/162348-afghanistan-and-pakistan-relations-the-timeline.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoodbhoy&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez Amerali |author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy |date=23 January 2011 |title=Pakistan's nuclear bayonet |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |magazine=[[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]] |publisher=Dawn Group of Newspapers |access-date=9 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharmila Faruqui&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deposed Pakistani PM is executed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=4 April 1979 |title=Deposed Pakistani PM is executed |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2459000/2459507.stm |access-date=28 December 2007 |quote=sentenced to death for the murder of a political opponent}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1976, Daud grew concerned about his country's overdependence on the Soviet Union and the rising insurgency. Bhutto's three-day state visit to Afghanistan in June 1976 was followed by Daud Khan's five-day visit to Pakistan in August 1976. An agreement on the resumption of air communications between Afghanistan and Pakistan was reached on 2 March 1977, signaling improved relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/162348-afghanistan-and-pakistan-relations-the-timeline.html |title=Afghanistan &amp; Pakistan Relations. The Timeline |date=2 October 2004 |publisher=Paklinks.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909094718/http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/162348-afghanistan-and-pakistan-relations-the-timeline.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto and Daud exchanged official visits to pressure Afghanistan to accept the [[Durand Line]] as the permanent border.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vOQT18zlWUC&amp;pg=PA31 |title=Pakistan's Security after Zia |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |date=1991 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-06067-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these developments were interrupted by Bhutto's removal and Daud Khan's overthrow in a military coup shortly after.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.uk&quot; /&gt; Western experts considered Bhutto's policy astute in addressing the border question, increasing pressure on Afghanistan and likely contributing to the Afghan government's move towards accommodation. Deputy Afghan Foreign Minister Abdul Samad Ghaus also admitted that, before the compromise, Afghanistan had been heavily involved inside Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.uk&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Downfall and overthrow ==<br /> === Popular unrest ===<br /> {{Main|Hyderabad tribunal}}<br /> <br /> {{Further|Federal Security Force}}<br /> Bhutto faced mounting criticism and growing unpopularity during his term. Initially targeting opposition leader [[Abdul Wali Khan]] and his [[National Awami Party]] (NAP), a [[democratic socialist]] party, the socialist and [[communist]] masses under Bhutto's leadership began to disintegrate. Despite ideological similarities, clashes between them became increasingly farcical. The federal government ousted the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&amp;cid=3 |title=Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention |last=Ahmed |first=Eqbal |date=October 1977 |work=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011814/http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view.asp?id=12&amp;cid=3 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |via=Articles by Eqbal Ahmed}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to the ban on the NAP. Subsequently, much of the NAP top leadership was arrested, following the killing of Bhutto's confidant [[Hayat Khan Sherpao]] in a Peshawar bomb blast. Chief Justice [[Hamoodur Rahman]] also died of a cardiac arrest while in office. Between 1974 and 1976, many of Bhutto's original members left due to political differences or natural causes. In 1974, Bhutto's trusted Science Advisor [[Abdus Salam]] left Pakistan when Parliament declared Ahmadis as non-Muslims. Salam's departure slowed down nuclear weapons research as Dr. [[Mubashir Hassan]], now Bhutto's appointed Science Advisor, focused more on politics than scientific research. Many civil bureaucrats and military officers loyal to Bhutto were replaced by new faces, leaving Bhutto with new advisers and collaborators.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143 |title=Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=7 November 2006 |archive-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104094239/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dissidence grew within the PPP, and the murder of dissident leader [[Ahmed Raza Kasuri]]'s father triggered public outrage and intra-party hostility. Bhutto faced accusations of masterminding the crime. Prominent PPP leaders, including [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]], former governor of Punjab, openly condemned Bhutto, urging protests against his regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouster&quot; /&gt; The political crisis in the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan escalated, with civil liberties suspended. An estimated 100,000 deployed troops faced accusations of human rights abuses and large-scale civilian casualties.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 8 January 1977, the opposition coalesced into the [[Pakistan National Alliance]] (PNA),&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt; a nine-party coalition against Bhutto's government. Despite Bhutto calling for fresh elections, the PNA failed to secure a clear majority and disputed the results, accusing their opponents of rigging the election. Claiming that 40 seats in the national assembly were rigged, the dissidents boycotted the provincial elections, leading to low voter turnout. The PNA declared the newly elected Bhutto government illegitimate, with hard-line Islamist leaders like [[Maulana Maududi]] calling for Bhutto's overthrow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouster&quot; /&gt; Bhutto's Science Advisor, Mubashir Hassan, feared a possible coup and unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the PNA.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Mubashir (2000). ''The Mirage of Power: An Inquiry into the Bhutto Years, 1971–1977''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-579300-5}}. &quot;The Final Days of Socialism in Pakistan&quot;, pp. 296 ff.&lt;/ref&gt; A crackdown on the conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League]] followed, initiated by Bhutto's government.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jang.com.pk/jang/jul2011-daily/30-07-2011/col2.htm |title=People's Party and Lahore |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190922/http://jang.com.pk/jang/jul2011-daily/30-07-2011/col2.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The president of the [[Awami National Party|People's National Party]] and former [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Khan Abdul Wali Khan]], viewed Bhutto's actions as his last stand against the PNA, leaving Bhutto and his colleagues isolated.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiquote&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto |title=There is one possible grave for two people ... let us see who gets in first |access-date=29 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=December 2016}} In a public seminar, Vali Khan quoted, &quot;There is one possible grave for two people ... let us see who gets in first.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiquote&quot; /&gt; The [[Federal Security Force]] allegedly arrested or extrajudicially killed members of the Muslim League, leading to protest and civil unrest in [[Lahore]], resulting in the People's Party losing administrative control over the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Military coup ===<br /> {{See also|Operation Fair Play}}<br /> On 3 July 1977, General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif]] secretly met with Bhutto, revealing that a coup was being planned in the General Combatant Headquarters (GHQ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)&quot; /&gt; General Arif urged Bhutto to &quot;rush the negotiation with the PNA before it's too late.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)&quot; /&gt; Growing political and civil disorder led Bhutto to engage in talks with PNA leaders, resulting in an agreement to dissolve the assemblies and hold fresh elections under a government of national unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mazari, Sherbaz (2000) ''A Journey into disillusionment''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0195790766}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, on 5 July 1977, Bhutto and his cabinet members were arrested by troops under the command of General Zia.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt; Despite Bhutto reaching an agreement with the opposition, the coup took place on the pretext of unrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:General Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq.jpg|thumb|193x193px|[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], military general, perpetrator of the [[1977 Pakistani military coup|1977 military coup]]]]<br /> Bhutto had intelligence within the Army, and officers like Major-General [[Tajammul Hussain Malik|Tajamül Hussain Malik]] remained loyal to him until the end.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt; Nevertheless, General Zia-ul-Haq initiated a training program with officers from the [[Special Air Service]] (SAS).&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt; Many of Bhutto's loyal officers were ordered to attend the first course.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt; Senior officers' classes were delayed until midnight, and none were allowed to leave until late in the evening before the coup, during which arrangements were made.&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> General Zia declared martial law, suspended the constitution, dissolved all assemblies, and promised elections within ninety days. Zia ordered the arrest of senior PPP and PNA leaders but assured elections in October. Bhutto was released on 29 July and received a warm welcome from supporters in Larkana. He toured Pakistan, delivering speeches to large crowds and planning his political comeback. Bhutto was arrested again on 3 September and released on bail on 13 September. Fearing another arrest, he appointed his wife, [[Nusrat Bhutto|Nusrat]], as president of the Pakistan People's Party. Bhutto was imprisoned on 16 September, and many PPP leaders, including Mubashir Hassan, were arrested and disqualified from contesting elections. Observers noted that when Bhutto was removed from power in July 1977, thousands of Pakistanis cheered and celebrated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Herald (Published in Dawn News)&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/Articles/Living-with-Bhuttoand8217s-ghost-1529 |title=Living to Bhutto's Ghost |last=Husain, Irfan |date=4 April 2009 |work=Pakistan Herald |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330054534/http://www.pakistanherald.com/Articles/Living-with-Bhuttoand8217s-ghost-1529 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Trial and execution ==<br /> On 5 July 1977, General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] led a military coup, removing Bhutto from power and detaining him for a month. Zia promised new elections within 90 days but continuously postponed them, asserting that Bhutto's party wouldn't return to power if he participated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zia Establishes Martial Law in Pakistan {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1977-10-02 |title=Gen. Zia Cancels Vote in Pakistan Set for Oct. 18 (Published 1977) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/02/archives/gen-zia-cancels-vote-in-pakistan-set-for-oct-18-general-zia-cancels.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon release, Bhutto toured the country, addressing adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. Banned from train travel due to delays caused by these gatherings, Bhutto's last visit to [[Multan]] marked a turning point. Despite administration efforts to block the gathering, the crowd's size led to disorder, providing a pretext for Bhutto's arrest, claiming it was necessary for his safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aziz |first=Shaikh |date=2014-05-25 |title=A leaf from history: Bhutto nabbed |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1108023 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Dawn |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 3 September, Bhutto was arrested again, charged with authorising the murder of [[Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri|Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri]] in March 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/438 |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |last=Frank |first=Katherine |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-395-73097-3 |location=US |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/438 438] |author-link=Katherine Frank (biographer)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The charges were deemed &quot;questionable&quot; by some scholars, including [[Vali Nasr]].&lt;ref&gt;Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 89&lt;/ref&gt; A politician, [[Ahmed Raza Kasuri]], claimed he was the target of the attack orchestrated by Bhutto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-injustice-NYT-14-2-1979&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Ramsey |title=Injustice Against Bhutto In 2 Courts |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/14/archives/injustice-against-bhutto-in-2-courts.html |access-date=25 July 2023 |date=14 February 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's wife, [[Nusrat Bhutto]], assembled a defense team, securing his release after ten days due to contradictory evidence. However, Bhutto was arrested again under martial law, leading to the cancellation of upcoming elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v19/d258 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=history.state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Arraigned before the [[Lahore High Court]], Bhutto was denied a lower court appeal level. The trial, lasting five months, began on 24 October 1977, with key witness testimony from Masood Mahmood, director general of the [[Federal Security Force (Pakistan)|Federal Security Force.]] Irregularities, alleged torture, and inconsistent confessions marred the trial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowk.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chowk.com/Views/History/Judicial-Murder-of-a-Prime-Minister |title=Judicial Murder of a Prime Minister |last=Aqil |first=Tariq |date=7 December 2004 |publisher=Chowk.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903040459/http://www.chowk.com/Views/History/Judicial-Murder-of-a-Prime-Minister |archive-date=3 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[Ramsey Clark]] observed numerous irregularities and lack of corroborating evidence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mirage of Power§ Zulfi Bhutto: a man lives within enemies |last=Hassan |first=Mubashir |publisher=The Oxford University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Bhutto began testifying on 25 January 1978, Chief Justice [[Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain|Maulvi Mushtaq]], presiding over the trial, closed the courtroom to observers. Bhutto, alleging bias, demanded a retrial, but the court refused.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowk.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Death sentence and appeal ===<br /> {{ anchor |Death}}[[File:Mausoleum of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto.jpg|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and other Bhutto family members in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh, Sindh]]<br /> <br /> On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was pronounced guilty of murder and was sentenced to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistan Sentences Bhutto to Death For Murder Plot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/18/archives/pakistan-sentences-bhutto-to-death-for-murder-plot-pakistan.html |website=The New York Times |date=18 March 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;PLD 1978 Lahore 523 (Criminal Original Case No. 60 of 1977)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:8-F45KofrfAJ:ppp.org.au/Downloads/chronology.pdf+abdul+hafiz+pirzada+zulfiqar+ali+bhutto&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgtRU8K1jr6GLjLTZ-aBe8Bci9mwF17RuhqiAI4THyLpKswkT2jucoZtAqlCnDMqvgzT14uY8rkTnSYgubG7FuUADQtKoqONcCMD39ZCPipfH3eT9e_x9GO1bmiVAfmYbYjHGR3&amp;sig=AHIEtbTUmfHU2M4VvhMBgWWGExvp0BFBXA |title=Pakistan Peoples Party: A Past and Present |last=Zaman |first=Fakhar |website=Fakhar Zaman |publisher=Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party's Media Research Cell Directorate |format=Google docs |access-date=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's former Legal Minister, [[Abdul Hafiz Pirzada]] petitioned the Supreme Court for the release of Bhutto's Science Adviser, Mubashir Hassan, and to review Bhutto's death sentence based on the split decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; The Supreme Court denied Hassan's release because he was held by Military Police, but the court agreed to hear the arguments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; After 12 days of proceedings, the Supreme Court concluded that the president of Pakistan can change a death sentence into life imprisonment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; Pirzada filed an application to then-chief martial law administrator.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; However, General Zia-ul-Haq did not act immediately and claimed that the application had gone missing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Devastated, Pirzada relayed the news to Bhutto, disclosing General Zia-ul-Haq's intentions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; Consequently, Bhutto chose not to pursue an appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fakhar Zaman and Pakistan Peoples Party&quot; /&gt; As he was transferred to a cell in [[Rawalpindi]] central jail, his family appealed on his behalf, leading to a Supreme Court hearing in May. Bhutto was granted one week to prepare, issuing a comprehensive rejoinder to the charges, although Zia impeded its publication. Chief Justice [[S. Anwarul Haq]] adjourned the court until the end of July 1978, purportedly because five of the nine appeal court judges were inclined to overturn the Lahore verdict, with one pro-Bhutto judge set to retire in July.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq, despite his close ties to Zia, presided over the trial and even served as Acting President when Zia was abroad. Bhutto's legal team successfully secured his right to conduct his own defense before the Supreme Court. On 18 December 1978, Bhutto appeared in public before a crowded courtroom in Rawalpindi. Having spent 9 months on death row, he had allegedly endured 25 days without fresh water at that point. Bhutto addressed the court for four days, delivering his statements without the aid of notes.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{quote box |quote = I did not kill that man. My God is aware of it. I am big enough to admit if I had done it, that admission would have been less of an ordeal and humiliation than this barbarous trial which no self respecting man can endure. I am a Muslim. A Muslim's fate is in the hands of God Almighty. I can face Him with a clear conscience and tell Him that I rebuilt His Islamic State of Pakistan from ashes into a respectable Nation. I am entirely at peace with my conscience in this black hole of Kot Lakhpat. I am not afraid of death. You have seen what fires I have passed through.|author= — Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ''My Dearest Daughter: A letter from the Death Cell''|source=&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/Dearest_Daughter%5B1%5D.pdf ''My Dearest Daughter: A letter from the Death Cell'' (2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905131659/http://www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/Dearest_Daughter%5B1%5D.pdf |date=5 September 2011 }} My Dearest Daughter: A letter from the Death Cell (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;|bgcolor= #F5FFFA }}<br /> <br /> The appeal concluded on 23 December 1978. On 6 February 1979, the Supreme Court voted 4–3, delivering a guilty verdict.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nasirlawsite.com/historic/pld79.htm PLD 1979 SC 53] (Criminal Appeal No. 11 of 1978)&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto's defender, Ramsey Clark, noted that during the appeal, &quot;not one witness was re‐examined, nor did the court rectify&quot; what he called &quot;the glaring defects of the lower court's proceedings.&quot; Clark also highlighted that two of the Supreme Court's nine justices were absent from the decision, both showing signs of having been forced to not participate. One judge who had earlier remarked that he would not succumb to pressure retired in the fall of 1978 even though judicial propriety demanded that his leaving the Court be deferred until the conclusion of the case. The other judge was prevented from sitting in the Court from November because of an illness pronounced by a government‐appointed medical board.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-injustice-NYT-14-2-1979&quot;/&gt; If they had been present and voted not guilty in a 5–4 decision, Bhutto would have gone free. The Bhutto family had seven days to appeal, and the court granted a stay of execution while studying the petition. Appeals for clemency arrived from many heads of state by 24 February 1979 when the next court hearing began, but Zia dismissed them as &quot;trade union activity&quot; among politicians.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> On 24 March 1979, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, and Zia upheld the death sentence. Bhutto was hanged at [[Central Jail Rawalpindi]] on 4 April 1979,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhutto Hanged In Pakistan Jail For Murder Plot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/04/archives/bhutto-hanged-in-pakistan-jail-for-murder-plot-body-is-reportedly.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 April 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; after enduring severe torture in jail, leading to vomiting and intense chest pain,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Inderjit|last=Badhwar|title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto narrates the torture he suffered in his death cell |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19810615-zulfikar-ali-bhutto-narrates-the-torture-he-suffered-in-his-death-cell-805971-2014-02-24 |access-date=2022-07-06 |date=15 June 1981|website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he was laid to rest at his [[Bhutto family mausoleum|family mausoleum]] in [[Garhi Khuda Baksh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Deposed Pakistani PM is executed&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pakistan, Zia and after. ''Abhinav Publications''. 1989. pp. 20–35. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-253-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Blood, Peter |year=1994 |title=Pakistan – Zia-ul-Haq |url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/21.htm |access-date=28 December 2007 |website=Pakistan: A [[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Study]] |publisher=Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress |quote=... hanging ... Bhutto for complicity in the murder of a political opponent...}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his imprisonment, Bhutto's children [[Murtaza Bhutto|Murtaza]] and Benazir worked tirelessly to garner international support for their father's release.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu)&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jang.com.pk/jang/oct2011-daily/21-10-2011/main.htm |title=Gaddafi made an enormest effort for Bhutto's release |last=Khalil |first=Tahier |website=Tahir Khalil of Jang Media Group |publisher=Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021164217/http://jang.com.pk/jang/oct2011-daily/21-10-2011/main.htm |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Libya]]'s [[Muammar Gaddafi|Colonel Gaddafi]] dispatched his Prime Minister [[Abdessalam Jalloud|Abdus Salam Jalloud]] on an urgent mission to Pakistan for talks with the military establishment to secure Bhutto's release.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu)&quot; /&gt; In a press conference, Jalloud revealed that Gaddafi had proposed to exile Bhutto to Libya, and the [[Air transports of heads of state and government|Presidential aircraft]] awaited Bhutto at the [[Islamabad International Airport]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu)&quot; /&gt; However, after a week at the airport, General Zia rejected Jalloud's request and upheld the death sentence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu)&quot; /&gt; Bhutto's execution shocked much of the [[Muslim world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tahir Khalil, special correspondent to the Middle East Evens (Text only in Urdu)&quot; /&gt; In his final speech before being hanged, Bhutto's last words were: &quot;Oh Lord, help me for... I am innocent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMvL1W_Jgz8 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/XMvL1W_Jgz8| archive-date=2021-10-30|title=Bhutto's Last Words | website=YouTube| date=13 December 2010|access-date=4 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Re-opening of the Bhutto trial ===<br /> On 2 April 2011, 32 years after Bhutto's trial and execution, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] (the [[ruling party]] at that time) filed a petition at the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] (SCP) to reopen Bhutto's trial. Senior journalist [[Iftikhar Ahmad (journalist)|Iftikhar Ahmad]] aired a series of televised interviews on ''[[Geo News]]'' with those who played significant and often controversial roles in Bhutto's death. Prime Minister [[Yusuf Raza Gilani]]'s [[Gillani ministry|cabinet]] organised a legal team to seek the reopening of the trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pakistan8217s-cabinet-seeks-to-reopen-bhutto8217s-murder-case-2011-03-29 |title=Cabinet to seek to re-open the case |date=29 March 2011 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109033813/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pakistan8217s-cabinet-seeks-to-reopen-bhutto8217s-murder-case-2011-03-29 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=9 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] consented to the resulting presidential order under Article 186 of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court took up the petition on 13 April 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[[Constitution of Pakistan|Article 186(a) in the Part VII – The Judicature, Constitution of Pakistan]]&lt;/ref&gt; Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Chaudhry]] eventually presided over the three-judge bench (expanded with law experts from [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] of Pakistan), while [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law]] [[Babar Awan]] counseled Bhutto's case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/13/awan-quits-his-ministerial-post-to-counsel-zab-case.html |title=CJ likely to appoint 10 amici curiae in ZAB reference |date=13 April 2011 |work=Dawn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418221630/http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/13/awan-quits-his-ministerial-post-to-counsel-zab-case.html |archive-date=18 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Immediately, [[Babar Awan]] resigned from his position as [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law Minister]], opting to leave the [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice Ministry]] entirely to independently counsel Bhutto's case. Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Chaudhry]] commended this move by the senior PPP leadership, labeling it as &quot;historic&quot; in his noting remarks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=14074 |title=Babar Awan resigns to plead Bhutto case |date=13 April 2011 |work=The News International |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-date=16 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416203407/http://thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=14074 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a significant development, the Supreme Court transferred the decision on the legal status of Bhutto's execution to a larger bench yet to be formed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/04/14/zab-case-sc-decides-to-form-new-bench/ |title=ZAB case: SC decides to form new bench |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=The News Tribe |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022044054/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/04/14/zab-case-sc-decides-to-form-new-bench/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following a series of hearings at the Supreme Court, the case was adjourned and eventually dismissed after the PPP sanctioned the suspension of Babar Awan on 2 May 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pakistanconstitutionlaw.com/order-in-bhutto-reference-case/ Order], 17 January 2012 (Reference No. 1 of 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 March 2024, a nine-member SCP bench, headed by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], [[Qazi Faez Isa]], in response to the presidential reference provided an opinion that Bhutto was not provided a fair trial as mentioned in Article 4 and 9 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reference by the President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan Under Article 186 of the Constitution to revisit the case of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto reported as PLD 1979 SC Page 38-53 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/downloads_judgements/reference_1_2011_06mar2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> In 1943, he entered into his first marriage with his cousin Shireen Amir Begum, from whom he later separated. On 8 September 1951, Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto married [[Nusrat Ispahani]], also known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto, of [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurdish]] origin in [[Karachi]]. Their first child, [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]], was born in 1953, followed by [[Murtaza Bhutto|Murtaza]] in 1954, Sanam in 1957, and [[Shahnawaz Bhutto|Shahnawaz]] in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/pakistan/story/19771231-husna-sheikh-zulfikar-ali-bhuttos-secret-wife-823982-2014-05-12|title=Husna Sheikh: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's secret wife|author=Outubuddin |date=31 December 1977 |website=India Today |access-date=28 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception and legacy ==<br /> {{See also|:Category:Cultural depictions of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}<br /> [[File:Foundation Stone Gomal University ZABhutto.jpg|thumb|right| The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Gomal University]] in honour of Bhutto.]]<br /> <br /> Bhutto remains a complex and debated figure in [[Pakistan]]. While lauded for his nationalism, he faced criticism for suppressing political opponents. In 1971, when he assumed control, Pakistan was in disarray after a brutal civil war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Anwar Syed, and Daily times&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\04\12\story_12-4-2011_pg3_2 |title=Analysis: The legacy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |last=Syed, PhD |first=Anwar |date=12 April 2011 |work=Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics blamed his socialist policies for economic setbacks, but Bhutto argued he addressed inequality from previous regimes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Controversially, some attribute Bhutto for the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] released General [[Yahya Khan]] in 1977, who accused Bhutto of breaking Pakistan in 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&amp;contentId=5049 |title=Bhutto broke Pakistan, not Mujib |last=Halim |first=Parvez |date=9 March 2011 |work=Probe News Magazine |access-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324203948/http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&amp;contentId=5049 |archive-date=24 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhutto also faces criticism for human-rights abuses in Baluchistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Internationally, Bhutto is viewed positively as a secular [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]]. Despite domestic criticism, he remains Pakistan's most popular leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;USCS&quot; /&gt; Bhutto successfully united parties for the 1973 constitution and pursued nuclear weapons, earning him the title of the father of Pakistan's nuclear program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Anwar Syed, and Daily times&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;International Institute for Strategic Studies through the last 2007 dossier&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While his legacy is contested, Bhutto is hailed for his accomplishments. Some, like former statesman [[Roedad Khan]], commend his early achievements but note a decline later on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/dec98/pakdream.htm |title=Pakistan A Dream Gone Sour |last=Khan |first=Roedad |access-date=27 January 2012 |archive-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052647/http://www.defencejournal.com/dec98/pakdream.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His family, active in politics, faced tragedy with the assassinations of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007 and [[Murtaza Bhutto]] in 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-10-03 |title=Who killed Murtaza Bhutto? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/who-killed-murtaza-bhutto/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |work=The Indian Express |type=Opinion |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tragedy continues to stalk Bhutto clan with mysterious death of Shahnawaz in Cannes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19850815-tragedy-continues-to-stalk-bhutto-clan-with-mysterious-death-of-shahnawaz-in-cannes-770286-2013-12-29 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=India Today |date=30 December 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite criticisms, Bhutto remains a revered figure in Pakistan's collective memory, symbolising influence in public, scientific, and political spheres.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Herald (Published in Dawn News)&quot; /&gt; His family continues its political legacy, with [[Bilawal Bhutto Zardari]] serving as the [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan]] from April 2022 to August 2023.<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> * {{flag|Pakistan}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|Order of Pakistan]] (awarded posthumously in March 2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=iftikhar |first=usama |date=2025-03-23 |title=Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto honoured with Nishan-e-Pakistan posthumously |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2535982/shaheed-zulfiqar-ali-bhutto-honoured-with-nishan-e-pakistan-posthumously?amp=1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-23 |title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto posthumously honoured with highest civil award |url=https://arynews.tv/zulfikar-ali-bhutto-posthumously-honoured-highest-civil-award/amp/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Eponyms ===<br /> These institutions stand as tributes to Bhutto's legacy:<br /> * [[Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology]], Karachi, Sindh.<br /> * [[ZA Bhutto Agricultural College]], Larkana, Sindh.<br /> * [[Zulfiqarabad]], a planned city in Larkana District, named in memory of Bhutto.<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * ''Peace-Keeping by the United Nations'', Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1967<br /> * ''Political Situation in Pakistan'', Veshasher Prakashan, New Delhi, 1968<br /> * ''[[The Myth of Independence]]'', Oxford University Press, Karachi and Lahore, 1969<br /> * ''The Great Tragedy'', Pakistan People's Party, Karachi, 1971<br /> * ''Marching Towards Democracy'', (collections of speeches), 1972<br /> * ''Politics of the People'' (speeches, statements and articles), 1948–1971<br /> * ''The Third World: New Directions'', Quartet Books, London, 1977<br /> * ''My Pakistan'', Biswin Sadi Publications, New Delhi, 1979<br /> * ''[[If I Am Assassinated]]'', Vikas, New Delhi, 1979 [http://bhutto.org/Acrobat/If-I-am-assassinated-by-Shaheed-Bhutto.pdf on-line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061925/http://www.bhutto.org/Acrobat/If-I-am-assassinated-by-Shaheed-Bhutto.pdf |date=18 October 2017 }}<br /> * ''My Execution'', Musawaat Weekly International, London, 1980<br /> * ''New Directions'', Narmara Publishers, London, 1980<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Pakistan|Socialism}}<br /> * [[Ghinwa Bhutto]]<br /> * [[Nusrat Bhutto]]<br /> * [[List of presidents of Pakistan]]<br /> * [[List of prime ministers of Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]]<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |title=The Myth of Independence |last=Bhutto |first=Zulfikar Ali |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1969 |ref=Bhutto}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; The Architect of New Pakistan |last=Raza |first=Syed Rasul |publisher=Printwise publication |year=2008 |isbn=978-969-8500-00-9 |location=Karachi, Sindh Province, Pakistan |ref=Raza}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> {{Wikisource|Author:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto}}<br /> * [http://bhutto.org/ Official web site of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]<br /> * [http://storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P019 Biography with brief video clip from TV address on 18 November 1970]<br /> * [https://sanipanhwar.com/Manifestos%20of%20Pakistan%20Peoples%20Party%201970%20and%201977.pdf Manifestos of Pakistan Peoples Party 1970 &amp; 1977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010225920/https://sanipanhwar.com/Manifestos%20of%20Pakistan%20Peoples%20Party%201970%20and%201977.pdf |date=10 October 2023 }}<br /> * [https://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=ذوالفقار%20علي%20ڀٽو%20شهيد Zulfikar Ali Bhutto] at ''[[Encyclopedia Sindhiana]]''<br /> * {{YouTube|nglYzGOQpyQ|Farewell speech to the UN Security Council on 15 December 1971}}<br /> * {{YouTube|TgPEfq_fW8w|Interview of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-ppo}}<br /> {{s-new|office}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]|years=1967–1979}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Nusrat Bhutto]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1963–1966}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|Sharifuddin Pirzada]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|rows=4|before=[[Yahya Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1971–1973}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]|years=1971–1973}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1971–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1971–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1971–1972}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Qayyum Khan]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Jabbar Khan (20th-century politician)|Abdul Jabbar Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]]|years=1972–1973}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Nurul Amin]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1973–1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Khan Junejo]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Qayyum Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1977}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=Inamul Haq Khan}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Government of Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}{{Navboxes|list1={{Bhuttoism}}<br /> {{Pakistan Peoples Party}}<br /> {{Socialism in Pakistan}}<br /> {{Presidents of Pakistan}}<br /> {{Prime ministers of Pakistan}}<br /> {{Foreign Minister of Pakistan}}<br /> {{Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan}}<br /> {{Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali}}<br /> [[Category:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto| ]]<br /> [[Category:1928 births]]<br /> [[Category:1979 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1974 crimes]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century executions by Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]<br /> [[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Bhutto family|Zulfikar Ali]]<br /> [[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of defence of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Executed Pakistani people]]<br /> [[Category:Executed people from Larkana]]<br /> [[Category:Executed presidents]]<br /> [[Category:Executed prime ministers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1972–1977]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1977]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]<br /> [[Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Army civilians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan People's Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani people convicted of murder]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani socialists]]<br /> [[Category:People convicted of murder by Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:People executed by Pakistan by hanging]]<br /> [[Category:People executed for murder]]<br /> [[Category:People from Larkana District]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress]]<br /> [[Category:Project-706]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Kutchi people]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Trials in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani political party founders]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Heads of state and government who were later imprisoned]]<br /> [[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Inmates of Central Jail Rawalpindi]]<br /> [[Category:Parents of prime ministers of Pakistan]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvester_Turner&diff=475015 2026-03-27T23:01:50Z

<p>Oantree: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American attorney and politician (1954–2025)}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sylvester Turner<br /> | image = Turner Sylvester 119th Congress (3x4 cropped).jpg<br /> | alt = Official House portrait of Turner smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black jacket, light blue shirt, and floral blue tie.<br /> | caption = Official portrait, 2025<br /> | state = [[Texas]]<br /> | district = {{ushr|TX|18|18th}}<br /> | term_start = January 3, 2025<br /> | term_end = March 5, 2025<br /> | predecessor = [[Erica Lee Carter]]<br /> | successor = [[Christian Menefee]]<br /> | office1 = 62nd [[List of mayors of Houston|Mayor of Houston]]<br /> | term_start1 = January 2, 2016<br /> | term_end1 = January 1, 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Annise Parker]]<br /> | successor1 = [[John Whitmire]]<br /> | state_house2 = Texas<br /> | district2 = [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th]]<br /> | term_start2 = January 10, 1989<br /> | term_end2 = January 2, 2016<br /> | predecessor2 = Clint Hackney<br /> | successor2 = [[Jarvis Johnson]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1954|9|27}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|3|5|1954|9|27}}<br /> | death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<br /> | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Cheryl Gillum|1983|1991|end=div}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | education = [[University of Houston]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])<br /> | signature = Signature of Sylvester Turner.png<br /> | website = {{url|sylvesterturner.house.gov|House website}}<br /> | module = {{Listen<br /> | pos = center<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | filename = Mayor Sylvester Turner on Carrin Patman.ogg<br /> | title = Turner's voice<br /> | type = speech<br /> | description = Turner on [[Carrin Patman]].&lt;br&gt;Recorded February 2022}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sylvester Turner''' (September 27, 1954 – March 5, 2025) was an American politician and attorney who served as the [[U.S. representative]] for {{ushr|TX|18}} from January 2025 until his death in March 2025. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Turner served as the [[List of mayors of Houston|62nd mayor of Houston]] from 2016 to 2024 and as a member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from 1989 to 2016.<br /> <br /> Born and raised in [[Houston]], Turner graduated from the [[University of Houston]] with a bachelor's degree in political science and from [[Harvard Law School]] with a Juris Doctor. He was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1988 and continued to serve in the Texas House until 2016.<br /> <br /> Turner ran unsuccessfully for [[mayor of Houston]] in [[1991 Houston mayoral election|1991]] and again in [[2003 Houston mayoral election|2003]]. Turner won the [[2015 Houston mayoral election]], defeating Bill King by a margin of under two percent in the closest mayoral election in Houston history. On December 14, 2019, Turner [[2019 Houston mayoral election|won his second term as mayor]] over [[Tony Buzbee]].<br /> <br /> In 2024, after the death of [[Sheila Jackson Lee]], Turner announced his candidacy to fill her congressional seat and was nominated at the subsequent convention. He was then [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas#District 18|elected in November 2024]] and took office in January 2025. He served on the [[United States House Committee on Homeland Security|Homeland Security Committee]] and the [[United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|Science, Space, &amp; Technology Committee]]. Turner died in the early morning of March 5, 2025, after attending [[2025 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress|Donald Trump's speech to a joint session of Congress]] on the previous night.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Sylvester Turner was born on September 27, 1954, in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], the sixth of nine children of Eddie Turner, a commercial painter, and Ruby Mae Turner.&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=March 5, 2025 |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/03/05/sylvester-turner-texas-houston-dies/ |first=Jasper |last=Scherer<br /> |title=Congressman and former Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner dies|work=[[Texas Tribune]]|date=March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was raised in the northwest Houston community of [[Acres Homes, Houston|Acres Homes]].&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt; Turner's father died when Turner was 13. After that time, Turner's mother began working as a maid at the [[The Rice (Houston)|Rice Hotel]] in downtown Houston.&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt;&lt;ref name=SylvesterTurner.com&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sylvesterturner.com/about/|website=Sylvester Turner for Mayor|access-date=July 14, 2015|title=About – Sylvester Turner}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner later credited her perseverance and optimism as significant influences on his personal and professional development.&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt;<br /> <br /> Turner attended [[Klein High School]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The Honorable Sylvester Turner&quot; /&gt; which had been an all-white school until Black students, including Turner, were bussed there as part of [[Desegregation busing|desegregation]] efforts.&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt; At Klein, Turner excelled academically, serving as student body president, winning recognition as a debate champion, and graduating as [[valedictorian]].&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt; He went on to study at the [[University of Houston]], where he served as Speaker of the Student Senate and graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1976 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[political science]].&lt;ref name=RotaryHouston&gt;{{cite web|url=https://rotaryhouston.org/stories/mayor-sylvester-turner|title=Mayor Sylvester Turner|work=Rotary Club of Houston, TX |access-date=December 18, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner had been interested in a legal career from a young age, inspired in part by the TV show ''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', and he went on to attend [[Harvard Law School]], where he was a finalist in the [[Ames Moot Court Competition]] and graduated with a [[Juris Doctor]] in 1980.&lt;ref name=TexasTribune-Obit/&gt;&lt;ref name=MootCourt&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hls.harvard.edu/ames-moot-court/ames-moot-court-competition-archive/1979-ames-moot-court-competition/|title=1979 Ames Moot Court Competition|date=November 1, 1979|access-date=December 18, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = WPObit&gt;{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2025/03/05/sylvester-turner-houston-dead/|title = Sylvester Turner, freshman congressman from Texas, dies at 70|date = March 5, 2025|accessdate = March 6, 2025|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|url-access = limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner was a member of the [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity,&lt;ref name=Meeks&gt;{{cite news|last1=Meeks|first1=Flori|title=Black fraternity has outreach, education as top priorities|url=http://www.chron.com/neighborhood/memorial-news/article/Black-fraternity-has-outreach-education-as-top-1649718.php|access-date=January 18, 2016|work=Houston Chronicle|date=August 2, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was initiated into the [[List of Alpha Phi Alpha chapters#Alumni chapters|Alpha Eta Lambda chapter]] in Houston.&lt;ref name=AlphaEtaLamba&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=March 5, 2025<br /> |url=https://www.instagram.com/apa1906network/p/DG05SXJyalK/ |publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.<br /> |title=In Memoriam: Brother Congressman Sylvester Turner|date=March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> Upon completing law school, Turner joined the law firm of [[Fulbright &amp; Jaworski]].&lt;ref name=house.gov-bio&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=March 5, 2025|url=https://sylvesterturner.house.gov/about|title=About|work=Congressman Sylvester Turner, 18th District of Texas |date=January 3, 2025 |publisher=house.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1983, Turner and Barry M. Barnes partnered to found the law firm of Barnes &amp; Turner,&lt;ref name=house.gov-bio/&gt;&lt;ref name=barnespllc&gt;{{cite web|accessdate= March 6, 2025|url=https://www.barnespllc.com/|title=BB &amp; A: About us|publisher=Barry Barnes &amp; Associates, PLLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; where Turner specialized in corporate and commercial law.&lt;ref name=OfficialPressRelease-Death&gt;{{cite press release|accessdate=March 5, 2025 |url=https://sylvesterturner.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/sylvesterturner.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/statement-from-the-office-of-congressman-sylvester-turner-on-his-passing.pdf |title=Statement from the Office of Congressman Sylvester Turner on His Passing|location=Washington, DC|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=March 5, 2025 |publisher=sylvesterturner.house.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/houston/2025/03/05/515275/longtime-houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-dies-at-age-70-representatives-confirm/|title=Longtime Houston Mayor and Congressman Sylvester Turner dies at age 70|first=Sarah|last=Grunau|date=March 5, 2025|website=Houston Public Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner served as an immigration lawyer for many years in Houston.&lt;ref name=legacy.com&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=March 5, 2025 |url=https://www.legacy.com/news/celebrity-deaths/sylvester-turner-1954-2025-freshman-congressman-from-texas/ |first=Linnea|last=Crowther|title=Sylvester Turner (1954–2025), freshman congressman from Texas |date=March 5, 2025|publisher=Legacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He served as an adjunct professor at the [[Thurgood Marshall School of Law]], and as a seminar lecturer at the [[South Texas College of Law]] and the [[University of Houston Law School]]'s Continuing Legal Education Programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Honorable Sylvester Turner&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=UH-obit&gt;{{cite web <br /> |accessdate=March 6, 2025 |url=https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2025/march/03052025-sylvester-turner-obit.php|title=Sylvester Turner, U.S. Congressman, Former Houston Mayor and UH Alumnus, Passes Away |first=Bryan |last=Luhn <br /> |publisher=University of Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> In 1984, Turner ran for Harris County Commissioner, Precinct 1 in the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] primary, but lost to [[El Franco Lee]]. Four years later, he was elected to the [[Texas House of Representatives]] in House District 139 in Harris County and remained in office through 2014. During this time, Turner ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Houston in 1991 and 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37486|title=Our Campaigns – Houston Mayor Race – Nov 04, 2003|access-date=December 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Groogan&gt;{{cite news|last=Groogan|first=Greg|title=Sylvester Turner eyes Houston Mayor job|url=http://www.myfoxhouston.com/story/24688582/sylvester-turner-eyes-houston-mayor-job|access-date=March 27, 2014|newspaper=Fox Houston|date=March 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174334/http://www.myfoxhouston.com/story/24688582/sylvester-turner-eyes-houston-mayor-job|archive-date=December 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OurCampaign Houston Mayor&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web|title=Houston Mayor|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37486|website=OurCampaigns}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During Turner's [[1991 Houston mayoral election|1991 campaign for Houston mayor]], Wayne Dolcefino of [[KTRK-TV]] ran an investigative report questioning Turner's involvement in an elaborate [[life insurance]] [[Insurance fraud#Life insurance|fraud]] scam. The resulting scandal ultimately cost Turner the election. Turner [[Lawsuit|sued]] Dolcefino and KTRK and was initially awarded a $5.5 million [[defamation|libel]] settlement in a [[Jury trial#Civil trial procedure|jury trial]]; the [[trial court]] reduced the award to $3.25 million, in keeping with the legal limit on [[punitive damages]].&lt;ref name=COA-Dolcefino/&gt; Dolcefino and KTRK appealed the verdict to the [[Texas Courts of Appeals|Court of Appeals]], Houston, which reversed the original verdict.&lt;ref name=COA-Dolcefino&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=March 6, 2025 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/tx-court-of-appeals/1021199.html |title=DOLCEFINO KTRK v. TURNER (1998)|publisher=[[Texas Courts of Appeals|Court of Appeals of Texas]], Houston (14th Dist.)|date=December 30, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner brought the case to the [[Supreme Court of Texas|Texas Supreme Court]], which upheld the Court of Appeals decision. Both courts found that Turner had not provided sufficient evidence to prove [[malice (law)|malice]], based on heightened legal protections that the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] affords to the [[Freedom of the press in the United States#U.S. Constitution|press]]. However, both courts found that the KTRK broadcasts were both [[False statement of fact|false]] and [[defamation|defamatory]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/tx-supreme-court/1406447.html|title=Sylvester TURNER, Petitioner, v. KTRK TELEVISION, INC. and Wayne Dolcefino, Respondents.|website=findlaw.com|language=en|access-date=December 2, 2019|date=December 21, 2000|quote=We therefore hold that the broadcast as a whole conveyed a false and defamatory message. ~Supreme Court of Texas}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:01.08 總統過境美國休士頓時，會晤休士頓市長唐納（Sylvester Turner），並與唐納合影 (32080635191).jpg|thumb|Turner with Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] in January 2017.]]<br /> Turner served more than 25 years in the Texas House of Representatives, and throughout his service, he served as a member of the Legislative Budget Board, Vice-Chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Chairman of the Subcommittee of Articles 1, 4 &amp; 5 (General Government, Judiciary, Public Safety &amp; Criminal Justice) and the House State Affairs Committee. He also chaired the Texas Legislative Black Caucus and the Greater Houston Area Legislative Delegation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://house.texas.gov/members/member-page/?district=139|website=Texas House of Representatives|title=Texas House of Representatives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner supported policies to attract doctors to underserved areas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Governor signs historic physician loan repayment bill|url=http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/deer_park/living/governor-signs-historic-physician-loan-repayment-bill/article_e426911d-056d-503b-a7fb-fa1a0d4b909e.html|website=Your Houston News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Terrance |date=2025-03-05 |title=Congressman, former Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner dies at 70 |url=https://defendernetwork.com/people/obituaries/congressman-and-former-houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=DefenderNetwork.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; proposed a measure increasing state funding for mental health services in Harris County from $32 million to $200 million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pinkerton|first1=James|title=As mental illness permeates streets, police, jail struggle|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/As-mental-illness-permeates-streets-police-jail-4237636.php|website=Houston Chronicle|date=January 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and worked to increase funds for legal aid for poor Texans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Texas Legislature Responds to Need for Increased Legal Aid Funding; Texas Equal Access to Justice Foundation Will Manage Additional $3 Million Appropriated by Legislature|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050629005703/en/Texas-Legislature-Responds-Increased-Legal-Aid-Funding#.VY2N-PlViko|website=Business Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[2015 Houston mayoral election|2015]], Turner was elected [[Mayor of Houston]], narrowly winning a runoff against Bill King&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sylvester Turner wins Houston mayoral runoff election |url=http://www.click2houston.com/news/houston-mayoral-results-in-runoff-election |access-date=December 12, 2015 |website=Click2Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Nakia|title=Sylvester Turner announces candidacy for mayor|url=http://www.click2houston.com/news/sylvester-turner-announces-candidacy-for-mayor/31377128|access-date=July 3, 2015|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064124/http://www.click2houston.com/news/sylvester-turner-announces-candidacy-for-mayor/31377128|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Svitek |first1=Patrick |title=Turner Wins Nailbiter of a Mayor's Race in Houston |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2015/12/12/houston-mayoral-runoff-election-night/ |work=Texas Tribune |access-date=March 5, 2025 |date=December 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; after taking 31% of the vote on the first ballot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=KTRK|date=November 4, 2015|title=Turner, King headed for runoff for Houston mayor|url=https://abc13.com/1066658/|access-date=March 5, 2025|website=ABC13 Houston|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was [[2019 Houston mayoral election|re-elected in 2019]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Svitek |first1=Patrick |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner claims easy reelection win in runoff |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2019/12/14/houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-set-claim-easy-reelection-win-runoff/ |access-date=March 6, 2025 |work=Texas Tribune |date=December 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; defeating challenger [[Tony Buzbee]] by a comfortable margin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Svitek |first1=Patrick |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner claims easy reelection win in runoff |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2019/12/14/houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-set-claim-easy-reelection-win-runoff/ |website=The Texas Tribune |access-date=8 November 2025 |date=15 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served in the office for a total of eight years.&lt;ref name=&quot;dire&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, Turner helped victims of [[Hurricane Maria]] in [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Houston Shares Its Relief Bounty With Puerto Rico|url=https://www.meetings-conventions.com/News/Latest-News/Houston-Puerto-Rico-Hurricane-Maria-Harvey|website=www.meetings-conventions.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Turner's eight year tenure as mayor ended on January 1, 2024, the city was in a dire financial state.&lt;ref name=&quot;dire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/houston/article/turner-budget-deficit-18477647.php | title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner defends city's financial state | website=www.houstonchronicle.com | last1=Abby Church | first1=Dylan Mcguinness }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city was spending $100 to $200 million more than what it was bringing in each year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://abc13.com/budget-city-of-houston-finances-mayor-sylvester-turner-the-greater-project/13977404/ | title=Mayor Sylvester Turner pushes back after new budget report cites issues within Houston | date=October 27, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.fox26houston.com/news/mayor-john-whitmire-says-the-city-of-houston-is-broke | title=Houston in Crisis: Mayor drops bombshell on city's financial state – Could tax hikes, budget cuts be on the horizon? | date=March 20, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, Turner endorsed [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] to be his successor in the [[2023 Houston mayoral election]]; she lost the runoff election by nearly 30 percentage points.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/houston-mayor/2023/11/08/469014/mayor-sylvester-turner-endorses-sheila-jackson-lee-in-houston-mayoral-runoff/ | title=Mayor Sylvester Turner endorses Sheila Jackson Lee in Houston mayoral runoff |website=houstonpublicmedia.org|last=Zuvanich | first=Adam|date=November 8, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the death of Sheila Jackson Lee, which vacated [[Texas's 18th congressional district]], Turner announced his candidacy in the Democratic primary to fill her seat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Andrew Schneider, Dominic Anthony |title=Sylvester Turner, Amanda Edwards among candidates vying for Sheila Jackson Lee's open seat |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/2024/08/02/495524/sylvester-turner-amanda-edwards-among-candidates-vying-for-sheila-jackson-lees-open-seat/ |website=Houston Public Media |access-date=August 3, 2024 |date=August 2, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was nominated at the convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Choi |first=Matthew |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Former Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner is the Democrats' pick for Jackson Lee seat in Congress |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2024/08/13/turner-jackson-lee-november-ballot-houston/ |access-date=August 13, 2024 |work=[[The Texas Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the election and took office in January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stylemagazine.com/news/2025/jan/15/congressman-sylvester-turner-swearing-in-ceremony/|title=Congressman Sylvester Turner Swearing-In Ceremony|website=stylemagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Sylvester Turner wins in Texas' 18th Congressional District |url=https://www.fox26houston.com/election/sylvester-turner-wins-texas-18th-congressional-district |accessdate=November 26, 2024 |publisher=Fox 26 Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his tenure, Turner served on the [[United States House Committee on Homeland Security|Homeland Security Committee]] and the [[United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology|Science, Space, &amp; Technology Committee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialPressRelease-Death&quot; /&gt; He served in Congress until his death on March 5, 2025.&lt;ref name = NBC&gt;{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/rep-sylvester-turner-texas-democrat-houston-mayor-dies-70-rcna194875|title = Rep. Sylvester Turner, a Texas Democrat, dies at 70|last1 = Wong|first1 = Scott|last2 = Asghar|first2 = Syedah|date = March 5, 2025|accessdate = March 5, 2025|work = [[NBCNews.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hurricane Harvey===<br /> In the aftermath of [[Hurricane Harvey]], Mayor Turner received criticism for his decision not to suggest any form of evacuation. He responded to the criticism by pointing out the logistics of evacuating &quot;6.5 million&quot; people and the deaths and traffic that occurred during the 2005 [[Hurricane Rita]] evacuation. Critics replied stating that 6.5 million people did not have to be evacuated but instead tens of thousands could have been evacuated who were in flood zones or individuals who were most at risk during emergencies could have been evacuated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Texas Governor, Mayor Split Over Whether Houston Needed Evacuations |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/texas-governor-mayor-split-over-if-houston-needed-evacuations-1503880263 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why was Houston not evacuated before Hurricane Harvey? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41085438 |publisher=BBC News |date=August 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Houston mayor defends decision not to issue evacuation order |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/houston-mayor-defends-decision-issue-evacuation-order/story?id=49453471 |publisher=ABC News |date=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/0af7c31e67ab439b9f23f892d013d418|title=Questions swirl around Houston mayor's evacuation decision|date=August 30, 2017|website=AP NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political positions==<br /> <br /> ===Ride sharing mobile apps===<br /> In 2016, Turner voiced his support for stricter laws regulating [[Uber]] and other ridesharing services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://houston.culturemap.com/news/city-life/04-27-16-uber-sues-houston-over-fingerprints-mayor-says-city-will-not-compromise-on-public-safety/|website=Culturemap|access-date=April 27, 2015|title=Uber threatens exit over fingerprint rules, Mayor says no compromise on public safety}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===LGBT rights===<br /> Turner, while running against Bill King in the [[Houston mayoral election, 2015|2015 Houston mayoral runoff election]], stated he was &quot;100 percent&quot; committed to reenacting [[Houston, Texas Proposition 1, 2015|Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO)]] and attacked Bill King for saying he would not revisit the issue of HERO or his support from the [[Campaign for Houston]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sylvesterturner.com/100-percent-committed-to-a-city-without-discrimination/|title=100 Percent Committed to a City Without Discrimination|work=Sylvester Turner|access-date=December 13, 2015|archive-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824025259/http://www.sylvesterturner.com/100-percent-committed-to-a-city-without-discrimination/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Consumer protections===<br /> [[File:Rebuilding a Smarter City- Lessons From Houston (32997671758).jpg|thumb|Turner discussing Houston's path to becoming a smart city at an event by [[New America (organization)|New America]] in January 2019.]]<br /> In 1999, Turner voted to restructure the electric utility industry in Texas to allow customers competition and [[consumer choice]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/76r/pdf/day78.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106230804/http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/76r/pdf/day78.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2009|title=Texas House Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his time in the legislature, he also worked to continue to protect Texans, voting for bills preventing gas companies from cutting off service during freezing temperatures,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/77r/pdf/day71.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106234510/http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/77r/pdf/day71.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2009|title=Texas House Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; limiting the amount utility companies could raise rates in order to fund certain projects, such as building electric poles and wires, without first getting approval from state regulators,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Galbraith|first1=Kate|title=Bill helps utilities increase rates|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18052249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714195626/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18052249|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2015|website=Downtown El Paso}}&lt;/ref&gt; and authoring legislation that required the Public Utility Commission to conduct cost-benefit analyses of any proposals from utility companies that would add more than $100 million to annual consumer electricity costs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pickrell|first1=Emily|title=Bill would force agency to consider consumer power costs|date=March 20, 2013|url=http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Bill-would-force-agency-to-consider-consumer-4368524.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 84th session, Turner authored legislation that would prohibit electricity companies from charging customers &quot;minimum usage fees&quot; when they used too little electricity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Malewitz|first1=Jim|title=Legislation Would Ban Fees for Conserving Electricity|date=April 2, 2015|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2015/04/02/legislation-would-ban-fees-conserving-electricity/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner also voted to allow the Public Utility Commission to issue emergency cease-and-desist orders, without first going to a court, to companies whose actions threaten the state's electricity supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=House gives utility commission emergency powers|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/house-gives-utility-commission-emergency-powers/nWyfS/|website=Statesman|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709142422/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/house-gives-utility-commission-emergency-powers/nWyfS/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 83rd session, he joined a campaign to encourage low-income Texans to enroll in &quot;LITE-UP Texas&quot;, a program &quot;authorized by the Texas Legislature through which participants could reduce the monthly cost of electric service by 82%.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Turner|first1=Sylvester|title=Rep. Sylvester Turner urge low-income Texans to enroll in state electricity discount program|url=http://www.house.state.tx.us/news/member/press-releases/?id=4643&amp;session=83&amp;district=139&amp;bill_code=4685|website=Texas House of Representatives|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709172859/http://www.house.state.tx.us/news/member/press-releases/?id=4643&amp;session=83&amp;district=139&amp;bill_code=4685|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 84th session, he authored a bill to extend this discount program for another two years, until the end of 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Osborne|first1=James|title=Electricity assistance for low-income Texans close to reprieve|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/business/energy/20150605-electricity-assistance-for-low-income-texans-close-to-reprieve.ece|website=The Dallas Morning News|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709130017/http://www.dallasnews.com/business/energy/20150605-electricity-assistance-for-low-income-texans-close-to-reprieve.ece|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also co-authored a bill to help ensure persons living in multi-family residences are alerted when their electricity bill has not been paid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=George|first1=Cindy|title=New laws provide more protections for Texas tenants|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/columnists/advocate/article/New-laws-provide-more-protections-for-Texas-5133242.php|website=Houston Chronicle|date=January 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Public education===<br /> In 2004, he voted against a measure that would have scaled &quot;back benefits for future public school employees and discourag[ed] early retirement.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/79r/pdf/79rday75final.pdf#page=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223722/http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/79r/pdf/79rday75final.pdf#page=51|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2009|title=House Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also critical of investment managers for the Teachers Retirement Fund for taking over $8.2 million in bonuses while the state was slashing funding for education and the system's investments continued to struggle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Hoppe|first1=Christy|last2=Timms|first2=Ed|title=Texas teacher pension fund gave more in bonuses than all other state agencies combined, analysis shows|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20110423-texas-teacher-pension-fund-gave-more-in-bonuses-than-all-other-state-agencies-combined-analysis-shows.ece|website=The Dallas Morning News|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709234500/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20110423-texas-teacher-pension-fund-gave-more-in-bonuses-than-all-other-state-agencies-combined-analysis-shows.ece|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, Turner voted against a measure that would have implemented a 6 percent cut to education funding for all schools in Texas, a move that equated to a $4 billion education funding cut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SB 1811 – Reduces Funding for State Agencies – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/13418/35617/8018/reduces-funding-for-state-agencies#.VY2EIflViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a member of the legislature, Turner voted against a measure that would allow school districts to lower their salaries, implement furlough days,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SB 8 – Management and Operation of Public Schools – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/13533/35598/8018/management-and-operation-of-public-schools#.VY2EYPlViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; and increase student-teacher classroom ratios.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Morgan|title=House Approves Key Education Bills|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2011/06/16/house-approves-key-education-bills/|website=The Texas Tribune|date=June 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also opposed a corporate tax break that many legislators, in the Texas House of Representatives, believed would hurt public school funding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ficak|first1=Peggy|title=House bill grants businesses $667M in tax relief|work=Chron |date=May 8, 2013|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/House-bill-grants-business-667-million-in-4497130.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Immigration===<br /> During his tenure, Turner emphasized Houston’s identity as a diverse and immigrant-friendly city. In 2016, he signed Houston onto the [[Welcoming America]] network, formally designating it a “Welcoming City” and strengthening the city’s Office of New Americans and Immigrant Communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Office of New Americans and Immigrant Communities|url=https://www.houstontx.gov/na/|website=City of Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt; He partnered with the Mexican Consulate in Houston and local nonprofits to host large-scale citizenship forums, legal clinics, and health fairs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Consulado General de México en Houston|url=https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/houston/|website=Government of Mexico}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he reassured immigrant families during [[Hurricane Harvey]] (2017) and the COVID-19 pandemic that they could access emergency services without fear of immigration enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kriel|first=Lise Olsen and Lomi|title=Houston mayor reassures immigrants they can seek Harvey help|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-mayor-reassures-immigrants-they-can-seek-12011727.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=August 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Houston immigrant advocates call for COVID-19 protections|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Houston-immigrant-advocates-call-for-COVID-19-15322473.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=June 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2021, the City of Houston, through its Office of New Americans and Immigrant Communities, worked with local nonprofits and faith-based groups—including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Catholic Charities, YMCA International Services, and Houston Responds—to establish the city’s first Family Transfer Center for newly arrived migrants. The facility provided short-term shelter, food, medical screenings, hygiene supplies, and travel assistance, and was capable of serving up to 500 asylum-seeking families per day. The opening of the Family Transfer Center came amid what local officials and media described as the largest influx of migrants in Houston’s history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=How the new Houston Family Transfer Center for migrants is an example of the community coming together to ease burdens|url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/2021/6/7/23217708/latter-day-saint-charitiesopen-houston-family-transfer-center-migrants-seeking-asylum/|work=Church News (Deseret News)|date=June 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Houston opens migrant welcome center amid surge|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/immigration/article/houston-opens-migrant-welcome-center-2021-16231691.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=June 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Turner also opposed [[Texas Senate Bill 4]] (2017), which sought to compel local police to enforce federal immigration law, affirming that Houston police would not serve as immigration agents. Although Texas law banned so-called sanctuary cities, Turner stated that Houston would not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Houston mayor: City won't help ICE with immigration raids|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-mayor-City-won-t-help-ICE-with-immigration-11260671.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=July 5, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Livingston|first=Patrick|title=Gov. Greg Abbott signs ban on ‘sanctuary cities’ into law|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/07/texas-gov-greg-abbott-signs-sanctuary-cities-bill-law/|work=The Texas Tribune|date=May 7, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2016, the Obama White House recognized Houston with a presidential letter of recognition for its participation in the Building Welcoming Communities Campaign, highlighting the city’s efforts to promote immigrant inclusion and integration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Welcoming New Americans Deep in the Heart of Texas|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/02/19/welcoming-new-americans-deep-heart-texas|website=White House Archives|date=February 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, Turner received the Ohtli Award, the Mexican government’s highest honor, in recognition of his support for Houston’s Mexican community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=2017 Annual Awards Houston Hispanic Chamber of Commerce|url=https://stylemagazine.com/news/2017/nov/22/2017-annual-awards-houston-hispanic-chamber-commer/|work=Houston Style Magazine|date=November 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Health care===<br /> A supporter of the federal [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA), Turner voted against joining the Interstate Health Care Compact, an alternative to traditional ACA participation,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HB 5 – Interstate Health Care Compact – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/13575/35609/8018/interstate-health-care-compact#.VY17PflViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; and introduced legislation that would expand [[Medicaid]] in Texas pursuant to the ACA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Aaronson|first1=Becca|title=House Panel Debates Medicaid Expansion Proposal|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/16/house-panel-considers-medicaid-expansion-proposal/|website=The Texas Tribune|date=April 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner warned fellow legislators about the potential backlash from constituents if the state chose not to expand Medicaid, which promised a significant return on the state's investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hearing highlights Medicaid expansion rift|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/news/hearing-highlights-medicaid-expansion-rift/nWmg8/|website=The Statesman|access-date=July 12, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155016/http://www.statesman.com/news/news/hearing-highlights-medicaid-expansion-rift/nWmg8/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of his major accomplishments in the House was legislation that expanded access to the children's health insurance program, which was passed in 2007. Turner also passed legislation in 2015 to free up funding for medical trauma care centers.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Honorable Sylvester Turner&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Honorable Sylvester Turner|url=http://www.house.state.tx.us/news/member/press-releases/?id=5192|website=The History Makers|access-date=July 12, 2015|archive-date=July 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705212649/http://www.house.state.tx.us/news/member/press-releases/?id=5192|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 84th Legislature, Turner introduced legislation that would provide care under Medicaid for people with severe and persistent mental illness and who are transitioning from an institution to the community, and who are at risk of institutionalization or re-institutionalization.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> Turner was a regular attendee of various public health programs, including contributions to [[COVID-19]] safety and community-based health care.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rozen |first=Sierra |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Texas Children's Hospital to partner with city of Houston for COVID-19 vaccine event |url=https://communityimpact.com/houston/heights-river-oaks-montrose/coronavirus/2021/12/13/texas-childrens-hospital-to-partner-with-city-of-houston-for-covid-19-vaccine-event/ |access-date=June 15, 2022 |website=impact |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |author=Karya Property Management |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Houston Officially Welcomes the Karya Kares Clinic |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/05/18/2231947/0/en/Houston-Officially-Welcomes-the-Karya-Kares-Clinic.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Abortion====<br /> Turner was long an advocate for [[abortion]] rights. He voted against a measure requiring doctors to perform a sonogram on women seeking an abortion at least 24 hours before the procedures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HB 15 – Requires an Ultrasound Prior to an Abortion – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/12859/34871/8018/requires-an-ultrasound-prior-to-an-abortion#.VY2DxflViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also fought to protect funding for family planning programs and [[Planned Parenthood]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SB 7 – Health Care – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/13545/35505/8018/health-care#.VY1_pflViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner also voted against a Senate version of a measure that banned abortions after 20 weeks and tightened standards on abortion clinics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Grissom|first1=Brandi|title=Abortion, Protests, Transportation as Session Nears End|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2013/06/24/abortion-protests-redistricting-special-session-ne/|website=The Texas Tribune|date=June 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also authored an amendment to the bill that would have required the state to pay the costs abortion clinics would incur on the measure to retrofit facilities so they could be certified as surgical centers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Tuma|first1=Mary|title=Anti-Abortion Bill Officially Advanced by House|url=http://www.sacurrent.com/Blogs/archives/2013/07/09/anti-abortion-bill-officially-advanced-by-house|website=San Antonio Current}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the [[El Paso Times]] described Turner as a &quot;lion of pro-abortion rights.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Schladen|first1=Marty|title=Texas state rep Bryan Hughes focused on abortion message|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_23701512/state-rep-focused-pro-life-message|website=[[El Paso Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041556/https://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_23701512/state-rep-focused-pro-life-message/ |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |date=July 12, 2013 |access-date=November 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Criminal justice===<br /> On gun control, Turner opposed measures to limit lawsuits against gun or ammunition manufacturers,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Galveston Daily News from Galveston, Texas • Page 5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/16961843/|website=The Galveston Daily News|date=May 18, 1999 }}&lt;/ref&gt; allowing concealed handguns on higher education campuses, and rescinding the authority of local governments to ban concealed weapons on public property.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/78r/pdf/day70final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106221920/http://www.journals.house.state.tx.us/hjrnl/78r/pdf/day70final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2009|title=Texas House Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also opposed measures that would reduce the number of training hours required to receive a concealed handgun license.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HB 928 – Prohibits State Funds from Being Used for the Enforcement of Federal Firearm Regulations – Key Vote|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/16907/44886/8018/prohibits-state-funds-from-being-used-for-the-enforcement-of-federal-firearm-regulations#.VY1_b_lViko|website=Vote Smart}}&lt;/ref&gt; He supported a bill that prohibited the use of state funds for the enforcement of federal firearms regulations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vote Smart|url=http://votesmart.org/bill/16877/44770/8018/reduces-required-hours-for-concealed-handgun-license-training#.VY19x_lViko|website=SB 864 – Reduces Required Hours for Concealed Handgun License Training – Key Vote}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner also advocated abandoning the &quot;pick-a-pal system&quot;, where judges appoint commissioners who then can pick whoever they want to serve on grand juries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Barajas|first1=Michael|title=Watch Rep. Sylvester Turner's Cri de Coeur for Grand Jury Reform|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/news/watch-rep-sylvester-turners-cri-de-coeur-for-grand-jury-reform-7438912|website=Houston Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Homelessness===<br /> As mayor of Houston, Turner made it a goal of his administration to end [[Homelessness in the United States#Chronic homelessness|chronic homelessness]] in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kimmelman |first1=Michael |last2=Tompkins |first2=Lucy |last3=Lee |first3=Christopher |title=How Houston Moved 25,000 People From the Streets Into Homes of Their Own |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/14/headway/houston-homeless-people.html?action=click&amp;module=RelatedLinks&amp;pgtype=Article |access-date=June 14, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=June 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turner asked the police to start enforcing an ordinance that limits sharing food with homeless people to specific locations in the city of Houston.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/houston/2023/03/02/445203/group-says-they-will-continue-to-feed-homeless-despite-citys-enforcement-of-anti-food-sharing-ordinance/|last1=Brown|first1=Ashley|title=Group says they will continue to feed homeless despite city's enforcement of anti food sharing ordinance}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, the [[Food Not Bombs]] volunteer group in Houston received 44 tickets issued by the Houston police department for providing food to homeless people in Houston, with each ticket carrying a maximum potential fine of $2,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sainato |first=Michael |date=August 4, 2023 |title=Houston volunteers face thousands in fines for feeding homeless |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/04/texas-volunteers-fined-feeding-homeless-heat |access-date=March 5, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Political endorsements ===<br /> In February 2020, Turner endorsed [[Michael Bloomberg]] in the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samuels |first1=Alex |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner said Mike Bloomberg's apology for &quot;stop and frisk&quot; was key to endorsement |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2020/02/13/houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-endorses-michael-bloomberg-president/ |website=The Texas Tribune |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en |date=February 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HPM-endorseMB&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=March 6, 2025<br /> |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/election-2020/2020/02/13/360499/sylvester-turner-endorses-mike-bloomberg-in-democratic-primary/ |title=Sylvester Turner Endorses Mike Bloomberg In 2020 Democratic Primary |first=Paul |last=DeBenedetto | date=February 13, 2020<br /> |publisher=Houston Public Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March, Bloomberg suspended his campaign and endorsed then-former vice president [[Joe Biden]].&lt;ref name=Politico-MBdrops&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=March 6, 2025|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/04/mike-bloomberg-suspends-2020-campaign-120910<br /> |title=2020 Elections: Bloomberg drops out of presidential race, endorses Biden |first1=Caitlin |last1=Oprysko |first2=Erin |last2=Durkin<br /> |date=March 4, 2020|publisher=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Days after Bloomberg's announcement, Turner endorsed Biden.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner now endorses Joe Biden |url=https://www.fox26houston.com/news/houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-now-endorses-joe-biden |website=FOX 26 Houston |access-date=March 27, 2020 |date=March 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> &lt;!--Turner was a member of [[The Church Without Walls]].&lt;ref name=&quot;texastribune.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.texastribune.org/directory/bio/sylvester-turner/ |title=Personal Profile - Sylvester Turner |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831092234/https://www.texastribune.org/directory/bio/sylvester-turner/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2025}}--&gt;<br /> Turner was married to Cheryl (née Gillum) Turner, a former [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]] assistant district attorney, from 1983 to late 1991.&lt;ref name = WPObit/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Ex-assistant-district-attorney-gets-prison-in-1858620.php |title=Ex-assistant district attorney gets prison in estate theft |website=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=September 7, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |last=Rogers |first=Brian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have one daughter, Ashley Page Turner, who married Jimmie Captain in March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2021/08/06/photos-houstons-first-daughter-ashley-turner-shares-her-engagement-pictures/ |title=PHOTOS: Houston's first daughter Ashley Turner shares her engagement pictures |website=[[KPRC-TV]] Click2Houston |date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |last=Cochran |first=Amanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/lifestyle/article/First-look-Ashley-Turner-daughter-of-Mayor-17001517.php |title=Mayor Turner's daughter Ashley Turner weds in custom gown at Citadel Houston |website=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |language=en-US |last=Elliott |first=Amber}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As mayor, Turner hosted the opening ceremonies of [[Anime Matsuri]] from 2018 to 2023, barring 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-cosplays-every-year/ |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner Cosplays Every Year |last=Davidson |first=Danica |website=[[Otaku USA]] Magazine |date=August 15, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; having made appearances in [[anime]] [[cosplay]] as a member of the [[List of Naruto characters#Akatsuki|Akatsuki]] from ''[[Naruto]]'' in 2018, [[Goku]] from ''[[Dragon Ball]]'' in 2019, [[List of Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba characters#Kyojuro Rengoku|Kyōjurō Rengoku]] from ''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba|Demon Slayer]]'' in 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.chron.com/houston/article/Anime-Matsuri-cosplay-Mayor-Sylvester-Turner-Demon-16303769.php |title=Mayor Sylvester Turner dresses up in 'Demon Slayer' robes for controversial anime festival |last=Carson |first=Dan |date=July 12, 2021 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |language=en-US |website=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ichigo Kurosaki]] from ''[[Bleach (TV series)|Bleach]]'' in 2022, and [[Luffy]] from ''[[One Piece]]'' in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.chron.com/culture/article/houston-mayor-anime-costume-18292244.php |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner channels 'One Piece' for popular anime convention |date=August 12, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |language=en-US |last=Garcia |first=Ariana |website=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Illness and death==<br /> In November 2022, Turner disclosed that during the summer he had been diagnosed with [[osteosarcoma]], a rare type of bone cancer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Mayor Turner diagnosed with bone cancer over the summer |url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/local/mayor-turner-bone-cancer-diagnosis/285-2c1a4390-142e-46b1-bbdb-1ffe141431ea |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=khou.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for which he had surgery and received six weeks of radiation treatment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carson |first=Dan |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner reveals he was treated for bone cancer |url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/houston-mayor-turner-cancer-17553462.php |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=[[Houston Chronicle]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the afternoon of March 4, 2025, Turner fell ill while working in the [[Cannon House Office Building]] complex, but after receiving medical attention was able to attend president [[Donald Trump]]'s [[2025 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress|address to Congress]] that evening.&lt;ref name = NBC/&gt; He later died in the early morning of March 5 at the age of 70.&lt;ref name = AP&gt;{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/sylvester-turner-congressman-houston-mayor-ecc30cd520f77a0699b464b23d3fe3b1|title = US Rep. and former Houston mayor Sylvester Turner dies at 70|last = Lozano|first = Juan A.|work = [[Associated Press]]|date = March 5, 2025|accessdate = March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Svitek |first1=Patrick |last2=Hermann |first2=Peter |last3=Kane |first3=Paul |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Rep. Sylvester Turner of Texas found dead, law enforcement official says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/03/05/trump-presidency-news-speech/#link-M2QOGC66RJDQXLHKZ6JB6VCHDE |url-access=limited |accessdate=March 5, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serving a total of 61 days in the House,&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC&quot; /&gt; Turner became the first member of the [[119th United States Congress|119th Congress]] to die in office and the second incumbent representative for Texas's 18th district to die in a one-year period, after [[Sheila Jackson Lee]].&lt;ref name = WP/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]'s mayor, [[John Whitmire]], ordered flags in the city of Houston to fly at [[Half-mast|half-staff]] in Turner's memory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://people.com/sylvester-turner-congressman-houston-mayor-dead-11691129 |title=Newly Elected Texas Congressman, Who Replaced Late Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, Dies Hours After Attending Trump's Speech |first=Meredith |last=Kile |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=March 5, 2025 |access-date=March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.fox26houston.com/news/rep-sylvester-turner-dies-houston-mayor-reaction|title=Rep. Sylvester Turner remembered: Reaction to former Houston mayor's death|publisher=Fox 26 Houston|date=March 5, 2025|accessdate=March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abc13.com/post/sylvester-turner-former-mayor-houston-filled-sheila-jackson-lees-seat-district-18-has-died-abc13-learned/15980136/|title=Sylvester Turner, former Houston mayor and Congressman for District 18, dead at 70|publisher=KTRK|date=March 5, 2025|accessdate=March 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Texas governor [[Greg Abbott]] ordered flags across the state of Texas to fly at half-staff for Turner until sunrise on March 8, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Rep. Sylvester Turner dies: Texas gov. orders flags to half-staff for former Houston mayor |url=https://www.fox26houston.com/news/rep-sylvester-turner-dies-texas-gov-orders-flags-half-staff-former-houston-mayor |accessdate=March 5, 2025 |publisher=Fox 26 Houston}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Turner lay in state at the [[Houston City Hall]] rotunda on March 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.fox26houston.com/news/longtime-former-houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-honored-city-hall|title=Longtime former Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner honored at City Hall|first=Terrian|last=Spurs|publisher=Fox 26 Houston|date=March 11, 2025|accessdate=March 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=houstonlieinstate&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/houston/article/sylvester-turner-city-hall-20208939.php|title=Residents, elected officials honor former mayor, U.S. Rep. Sylvester Turner at Houston City Hall|first=Abby|last=Church|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=March 11, 2025|accessdate=March 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; From March 13–14, Turner lay in honor at the [[Texas State Capitol]]'s House chamber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=State lawmakers, friends honor former Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner's legacy at Texas Capitol| url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/texas/2025/03/14/515991/state-lawmakers-friends-honor-former-houston-mayor-sylvester-turners-legacy-at-texas-capitol/| first=Sarah| last=Grunau| date=14 March 2025| publisher=Houston Public Radio| access-date=14 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; His funeral took place at The Church Without Walls in Houston on March 15.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/special-reports/remembering-congressman-sylvester-turner/sylvester-turner-funeral-updates-today/285-53e02eb5-c053-48ce-9f16-01a5e76a58e6|title=Final farewell for former mayor, Congressman Sylvester Turner|first1=Michelle|last1=Homer|first2=Jaime E.|last2=Galvin|publisher=KHOU|date=March 15, 2025|accessdate=March 15, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ktsm.com/news/funeral-arrangements-finalized-for-former-houston-mayor-u-s-rep-sylvester-turner/|title=Funeral arrangements finalized for former Houston mayor, U.S. Rep. Sylvester Turner|first=Chad|last=Washington|publisher=KTSM|date=March 8, 2025|accessdate=March 15, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first round of the [[2025–26 Texas's 18th congressional district special election|18th congressional district special election]] was held on November 4, 2025, to elect his successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Birenbaum |first=Gabby |date=2025-11-17 |title=Abbott sets Jan. 31 runoff for 18th Congressional District |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/17/texas-18th-congressional-district-special-election-runoff-date-jan-31-houston/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Christian Menefee]] was elected to succeed Turner in a runoff on January 31, 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AP: Christian Menefee defeats Amanda Edwards in special election runoff for US House District 18|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/politics/elections/results-district-18-amanda-edwards-christian-menefee/285-43f6fce7-6919-4f6e-857a-0aeaedb6844e|website=khou.com|date=2026-01-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> {{Hidden begin|toggle=left|title=Sylvester Turner electoral history}}<br /> ===Texas House of Representatives===<br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=1992 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist1_state.htm|title=1992 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist5_state.htm|title=1992 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 4,112<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 4,112<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 19,542<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 19,542<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=1994 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist7_state.htm|title=1994 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist11_state.htm|title=1994 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 4,278<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 4,278<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 11,944<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 11,944<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=1996 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist53_state.htm|title=1996 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist56_state.htm|title=1996 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 2,522<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 2,522<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 17,194<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 17,194<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=1998 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist62_state.htm|title=1998 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist72_state.htm|title=1998 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 870<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 870<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 12,068<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 12,068<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2000 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist76_state.htm|title=2000 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist82_state.htm|title=2000 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 1,824<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 1,824<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 22,642<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 22,642<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2002 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist88_state.htm|title=2002 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist95_state.htm|title=2002 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 4,504<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 4,504<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 18,559<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 18,559<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2004 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist104_state.htm|title=2004 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist114_state.htm|title=2004 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 3,006<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 3,006<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 30,151<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 30,151<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2006 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist119_state.htm|title=2006 Democratic Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist127_state.htm|title=2006 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 1,221<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 1,221<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 13,969<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 13,969<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2008 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist136_state.htm|title=2008 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist141_state.htm|title=2008 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 17,785<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 17,785<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 35,220<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 35,220<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2010 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist149_state.htm|title=2010 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist154_state.htm|title=2010 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 6,213<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 6,213<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 20,842<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 20,842<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2012 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist161_state.htm|title=2012 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist164_state.htm|title=2012 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 5,231<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 5,231<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 39,022<br /> |percentage = 77.08%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Republican Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sam Brocato<br /> |votes = 11,604<br /> |percentage = 22.92%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 50,626<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change|title=2014 [[Texas House of Representatives]] [[Texas's 139th House of Representatives district|139th district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist170_state.htm|title=2014 Democratic Party Primary Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist175_state.htm|title=2014 General Election|website=[[Texas House of Representatives]]|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 3,847<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 3,847<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 21,802<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 21,802<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Houston Mayor===<br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change<br /> |title=[[1991 Houston mayoral election]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=431809|title=1991 Houston Mayor - Primary|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=265645|title=1991 Houston Mayor|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Bob Lanier (politician)|Bob Lanier]]<br /> |votes = 138,096<br /> |percentage = 43.66%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 113,782<br /> |percentage = 35.98%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Kathy Whitmire]] (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 63,613<br /> |percentage = 20.11%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Willie M. Reid<br /> |votes = 787<br /> |percentage = 0.25%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Bob Lanier (politician)|Bob Lanier]]<br /> |votes = 152,792<br /> |percentage = 53.06%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 135,173<br /> |percentage = 46.94%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 287,965<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin no change<br /> |title=[[2003 Houston mayoral election|2003 Houston mayoral primary]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37486|title=2003 Houston Mayor|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 9, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Bill White (Texas politician)|Bill White]]<br /> |votes = 111,596<br /> |percentage = 38.05%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Orlando Sanchez (politician)|Orlando Sanchez]]<br /> |votes = 98,072<br /> |percentage = 33.44%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 82,225<br /> |percentage = 28.04%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Anthony Dutrow<br /> |votes = 401<br /> |percentage = 0.14%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = John Worldpeace<br /> |votes = 364<br /> |percentage = 0.12%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Jack Terence<br /> |votes = 320<br /> |percentage = 0.11%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Luis Ralph Ullrich, Jr.<br /> |votes = 311<br /> |percentage = 0.11%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 293,289<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change<br /> |title=[[2015 Houston mayoral election]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houston Mayor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mayoral_election_in_Houston,_Texas_(2019)|title=Mayoral election in Houston, Texas (2019)|website=Ballotpedia|accessdate=May 7, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 81,735<br /> |percentage = 31.31%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Bill King<br /> |votes = 65,968<br /> |percentage = 25.27%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Adrian Garcia<br /> |votes = 44,758<br /> |percentage = 17.14%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Ben Hall<br /> |votes = 24,805<br /> |percentage = 9.50%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Chris Bell<br /> |votes = 19,345<br /> |percentage = 7.41%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan<br /> |candidate = Steve Costello<br /> |votes = 17,546<br /> |percentage = 6.72%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Hoc Thai Nguyen<br /> |votes = 2,325<br /> |percentage = 0.89%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Marty McVey<br /> |votes = 1,378<br /> |percentage = 0.53%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Demetria Smith<br /> |votes = 1,234<br /> |percentage = 0.47%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Victoria A. Lane<br /> |votes = 908<br /> |percentage = 0.35%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Rafael Muñoz Jr. <br /> |votes = 515<br /> |percentage = 0.20%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Dale Steffes<br /> |votes = 302<br /> |percentage = 0.12%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Joe Ferreira<br /> |votes = 240<br /> |percentage = 0.09%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 261,059<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 104,639<br /> |percentage = 50.16%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Bill King<br /> |votes = 103,961<br /> |percentage = 49.84%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 208,600<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box open primary begin no change<br /> |title=[[2019 Houston mayoral election]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Houston Mayor&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 111,789<br /> |percentage = 46.38%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Tony Buzbee]]<br /> |votes = 69,361<br /> |percentage = 28.78%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Bill King<br /> |votes = 33,772<br /> |percentage = 14.01%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Dwight Boykins]]<br /> |votes = 14,212<br /> |percentage = 5.90%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Victoria Romero<br /> |votes = 2,933<br /> |percentage = 1.22%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Sue Lovell]]<br /> |votes = 2,932<br /> |percentage = 1.22%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Demetria Smith<br /> |votes = 1,694<br /> |percentage = 0.70%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Roy Vasquez<br /> |votes = 1,556<br /> |percentage = 0.65%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Kendall Baker<br /> |votes = 982<br /> |percentage = 0.41%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Derrick Broze<br /> |votes = 686<br /> |percentage = 0.28%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Naoufal Houjami<br /> |votes = 560<br /> |percentage = 0.23%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Johnny Taylor<br /> |votes = 555<br /> |percentage = 0.23%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 241,032<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box open primary general election no change}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner (incumbent)<br /> |votes = 113,262<br /> |percentage = 56.04%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate no change<br /> |party = Nonpartisan <br /> |candidate = [[Tony Buzbee]]<br /> |votes = 88,844<br /> |percentage = 43.96%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 202,106<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===U.S. House of Representatives===<br /> {{Election box begin no change <br /> |title=2024 [[Texas's 18th congressional district|Texas 18th congressional district]] election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.texas-election.com/races|title=Texas Election Results - Official Results|website=[[Texas Secretary of State]]|accessdate=May 7, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Sylvester Turner<br /> |votes = 151,834<br /> |percentage = 69.42%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Republican Party (United States)<br /> |candidate = Lana Centonze<br /> |votes = 66,810<br /> |percentage = 30.55%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Vince Duncan (write-in)<br /> |votes = 62<br /> |percentage = 0.03%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link no change<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Kevin Dural (write-in)<br /> |votes = 14<br /> |percentage = 0.01%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box total no change<br /> |votes = 218,720<br /> |percentage = 100.00%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing<br /> |winner = Democratic Party (United States)<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> {{Hidden end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (2000–present)]]<br /> * [[List of United States representatives who served a single term]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name| 7374716}}<br /> * {{CongLinks | congbio= | votesmart=8018 | fec= | congress= }}&lt;!--<br /> Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template:<br /> * [http://ballotpedia.org/Sylvester_Turner Biography] at [[Ballotpedia]]<br /> * --&gt;<br /> * [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=5894 Our Candidates page]<br /> * {{URL|sylvesterturner.com|Campaign website}}<br /> * {{C-SPAN|111951}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Annise Parker]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[List of mayors of Houston|Mayor of Houston]]|years=2016–2024}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[John Whitmire]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-par|us-hs}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Erica Lee Carter]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from Texas|U.S. House of Representatives]]&lt;br&gt;from [[Texas's 18th congressional district]]|years=2025}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Christian Menefee]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Mayors of Houston}}<br /> {{USCongRep-start |congresses=119th [[United States Congress]] |state=[[Texas's congressional delegations|Texas]]}}<br /> {{USCongRep/TX/119}}<br /> {{USCongRep-end}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Turner, Sylvester}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century African-American academics]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century African-American lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century African-American politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American academics]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century members of the Texas Legislature]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century African-American lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century African-American politicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century mayors of places in Texas]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century members of the Texas Legislature]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century United States representatives]]<br /> [[Category:Academics from Houston]]<br /> [[Category:African-American legal scholars]]<br /> [[Category:African-American mayors in Texas]]<br /> [[Category:African-American United States representatives]]<br /> [[Category:African-American state legislators in Texas]]<br /> [[Category:Alpha Phi Alpha members]]<br /> [[Category:American legal scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Baptists from Texas]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 2003 United States elections]]<br /> [[Category:Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives]]<br /> [[Category:Democratic Party United States representatives from Texas]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Immigration lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Klein High School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers from Houston]]<br /> [[Category:Mayors of Houston]]<br /> [[Category:South Texas College of Law faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Texas Democrats]]<br /> [[Category:Texas Southern University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:University of Houston alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Houston faculty]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijaygarh_Fort&diff=461004 2026-03-27T18:33:08Z

<p>Oantree: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{no footnotes|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox historic site<br /> | name = Vijaygarh Fort<br /> | location = Sonbhadra<br /> | image = Vijay Garh Fort on the Hill top.jpg<br /> | caption = Vijay Garh Fort on the Hill<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.577708|83.180845|display=inline,title}}<br /> | designation1 = <br /> | designation1_offname = <br /> | designation1_type = <br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_number = <br /> | designation1_free1name = Founder<br /> | designation1_free1value = <br /> | designation1_free2name = Renovated by<br /> | designation1_free2value = Vijay Pal<br /> | designation1_date = 1040 AD<br /> | designation1_free3name = Last King<br /> | designation1_free3value = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vijaygarh Fort''' is a ruined fort located 30&amp;nbsp;km from [[Robertsganj]] in southeast direction in Mau Kalan village in Chatra block near Dhandhraul Dam on Chatra-Siltham road, in Robertsganj in the [[Sonbhadra district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. The Vijaygarh Fort was ruled by Narayan dynasty of Benares, the fort of Vijaygarh wad under the control of Kashi Naresh the of Banaras State [[Ramnagar Fort|Bhumihar]].The Vijaygarh raj became a zamindari under the British era and had around 350 villages.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{unsourced section|date=January 2026}}<br /> The Vijaygarh Fort was ruled the Kashi Naresh of Banaras State. The Maharaja of Ramnagar fort were controlling the fort till arrival of Britishers. In year 1767, Kashi Naresh Maharaja Balwant Singh had captured the fort after defeating Mughal forces. The fort was under control of Kashi Naresh till the arrival of Britishers. Britishers had restored as a form of zamindari to their supporters a chandel family of Vijaygarh area. During the British period in India, the Vijaygarh Raj had 350 villages under they control.<br /> <br /> ==Attractions==<br /> Vijaygarh Fort contains several old temples and red stone pillars bearing inscriptions of Vishnuverdhan feudatory of [[Samudragupta]]. The fort is famous for its rock inscriptions, cave paintings, many statues and its perennial ponds. There are four ponds inside the premises of the fort which never dry. More than half the area of Vijargarh is covered by the steep and rugged hills of the [[Kaimur Range]]. Between the two tanks, there was a palace known as [[Rang Mahal (Vijaygarh Fort)|Rang Mahal]] (Hindi: रंग महल) which had artistic rock carvings and assumed as palace of Princess Chandrakanta.<br /> <br /> There is a fair (Urs) organized every April, and people from different religions and sects attend.<br /> <br /> Vijaygarh Fort has both historical and archaeological importance. The fort and Princess Chandrakanta were pertinently described in the novel ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]<br /> <br /> In the Hindu month of [[Shravana]], [[Kanwar Yatra|Kānvarias (Kanwar Yatra)]] collect water from [[Ram Sagar]] and then start their holy journey to the [[Shivdwar]].<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=220px heights=180px&gt;<br /> File:Ganesha staute at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Ganesha statue at Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:Entrance at a ruined building at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Entrance at a ruined building at Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:Entrance of Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Entrance of Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:Lake 1 on Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Lake 1 on Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:Lake 2 on Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Lake 2 on Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:View from the top of Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|View from the top of Vijay Garh Fort<br /> File:Broken building at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Ruined Building at Vijayagarh Fort<br /> File:Shivalingam at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Shivalingam and Goddess Parvati's Statue at fort<br /> File:Walls of Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Walls of Vijaygarh Fort<br /> File:One of the broken rooms at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Broken rooms at Fort<br /> File:Ruined building complex at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Ruined building complex<br /> File:Pillars of a ruined building at Vijay Garh Fort.jpg|Pillars of ruined building at Vijaygarh Fort<br /> File:Vijaygarh fort.jpg| Wall of Fort and Dhanraul Dam in background<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of forts in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]] a novel by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * http:sonbhadra.nic.in/PrincesChandrakanta.aspx<br /> {{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=http://wikimapia.org/1669138/Vijayghar-chandrakanta-Kila-Nerjaguleri-s-Serial|sourcearticle=Vijayghar(chandrakanta Kila Nerjaguleri's Serial) | fort|revision=671751126}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Sonbhadra district]]<br /> [[Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Sonbhadra district]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha_Mar_Gaya&diff=466657 2026-03-25T19:52:01Z

<p>Oantree: quick cleanup content for consistency and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Buddha Mar Gaya<br /> | image = BuddhaMarGaya.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Rahul Rawail]]<br /> | producer = Rohit Kumar &lt;br&gt; Sunil Lulla &lt;br&gt; [[Rahul Rawail]]<br /> | writer = Raju Saigal &lt;br&gt; Anand Sivakumaran<br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = [[Om Puri]] &lt;br&gt; [[Paresh Rawal]] &lt;br&gt;[[Anupam Kher]]<br /> | music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> | cinematography = Suhass Gujarathi<br /> | editing = [[Rahul Rawail]]<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|8|17}}<br /> | runtime = 92 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget =&lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross =&lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Buddha Mar Gaya''''' ({{Translation|The old man died}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy film]] by Rahul Rawail. It stars [[Om Puri]], [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Anupam Kher]]. Buddha Mar Gaya was released on 17 August 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070817/ttlife1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209050111/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070817/ttlife1.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Laxmikant Kabadiya is one of India's richest industrialists, a [[self-made man]] who's risen from selling scrap to become a construction magnate. His conglomerate is on the verge of a 5000 crore ($1 billion) IPO that should make them one of the largest companies in the country. LK's family - his spinster twin sister Prernahumor, his two sons Ranjeet and Sameer, their wives Shruti and Anju (Mona Ambegaonkar) respectively and Ranjeet's daughters Sanjana and Namrata, and Sameer's son, Pawan, can't stop salivating at the thought of all that money.<br /> <br /> Unfortunately for all of them fate displays a wicked sense of humour. On the night before the IPO opens, LK dies while copulating with a starlet Kim, who's aspiring to become the heroine of a film that LK plans to produce. The family is distraught and horrified. Not because a loved one has died but because now no one will buy their shares. So, on the advice of their family guru - Vidyut Baba, the family decides to hide the death of LK for a period of two days till the shares are all sold out. Little do they realize the crazy series of events that will follow on account of this duplicity.<br /> <br /> After all, hiding the death of a man as famous as LK is a Herculean task. To make matters worse, every time they're ready to announce LK's death, fate intervenes forcing them to keep his death hidden for another couple of days. This results in them having to announce the death of a fictitious friend or relative of LK and stage fake funerals. Which of course means generating dead bodies and, worse, getting the dead LK to make appearances at these funerals.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Om Puri]] as Vidyut 'Vidya' Baba<br /> *[[Paresh Rawal]] as Ramu<br /> *[[Anupam Kher]] as Laxmikant 'LK' Kabadiya<br /> *[[Ranvir Shorey]] as Munna<br /> *[[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Sameer L. Kabadiya<br /> * Mahabanoo Mody-Kotwal as Prerna 'Bua' Kabadiya<br /> *[[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Anju Kabadiya<br /> *[[Murli Sharma]] as Rohan Alexander<br /> *Mannat Kaur as Shruti<br /> *Madhavi Singh as Namrata<br /> *Heenaa Biswas as Sanjana<br /> *[[Jay Soni]] as Pawan<br /> *Jitender Bhargava<br /> *Bobby Parvez as Ranjeet L. Kabadiya<br /> *[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as ACP Ashwini Khandekar<br /> *Birbal as Havaldar<br /> *[[Prem Chopra]] as Prem Chopra<br /> *[[Pratima Kazmi]] as Police Inspector<br /> *[[Vinay Pathak]]<br /> *[[Rakhi Sawant]] as Kim / Vishkanya<br /> * Raj Tilak as Malwankar<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music is composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and lyrics penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]]. The soundtrack of the film contains one Title Track called &quot;Buddha Mar Gaya&quot; sung by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]] and [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].<br /> <br /> == Reception==<br /> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 1.5 stars and described it as a &quot;hyper-VULGAR comedy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |author1-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=Review: Buddha Mar Gaya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-buddha-mar-gaya/story-kJRAddvHts1Np2AV1GVvBI.html |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 August 2007 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107100631/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-buddha-mar-gaya/story-kJRAddvHts1Np2AV1GVvBI.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Syed Firdaus Ashraf of Rediff.com gave the film 1 star out 5, writing, ″Director Rawail's fantasies are appalling; he shows a rocket taking off or injections dripping whenever Rakhi is in bed. The film's tag line, 'You will die laughing' should have been 'You will die crying'. It's about time Rawail, who once made decent films like Betaab, Arjun and Dacait, retires from direction.″&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/17buddha.htm|title=Buddha Mar Gaya: You'll die crying|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603072849/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/17buddha.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, ″The trouble with Rahul Rawail's movie is not its premise: that old men can also have a good time in bed, even though most of us, like good hypocritical Indians, would be horrified at admitting it. It's in the execution, which falls uneasily between crass and classy: the audience doesn't quite know whether to laugh or to cringe. Is this the same man who gave us the polished thrillers, Arjun and Dacait?″&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Buddha Mar Gaya - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/buddha-mar-gaya/211294/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it three stars out of five and concluded that it &quot;has terrific title-value, abundant shock-value and strong entertainment-value as factors going in its favor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |author1-link=Taran Adarsh |title=Buddha Mar Gaya Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/buddha-mar-gaya/critic-review/buddha-mar-gaya-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2022 |date=17 August 2007 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107100922/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/buddha-mar-gaya/critic-review/buddha-mar-gaya-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|1083447|Buddha Mar Gaya}}<br /> <br /> {{Rahul Rawail}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Rahul Rawail]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Connemara&diff=539303 2026-03-24T04:28:05Z

<p>Oantree: creating new page...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Luxury hotel in Chennai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox hotel<br /> | name = Taj Connemara<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = 125px<br /> | image = Hotel Taj Connemara, Chennai, India.jpg<br /> | caption = Taj Connemara in 2007.<br /> | location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br /> | address = 2, Binny Road, off [[Anna Salai]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 002<br /> | hotel_chain = [[Taj Hotels]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.062809|80.261508|display=inline,title}}<br /> | opening_date = {{Start date and age|1854||}} (as the Imperial Hotel)<br /> | developer = <br /> | architect = <br /> | operator = [[Taj Hotels]]<br /> | owner = <br /> | number_of_rooms = 147<br /> | number_of_suites = 4<br /> | number_of_restaurants = 2<br /> | floor_area = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | height = <br /> | parking = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj/taj-connemara-chennai/|Taj Connemara}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Taj Connemara, Chennai''' is a [[Hotel rating|five-star]] [[hotel]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is a [[Industrial heritage|heritage]] hotel in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title =Deluxe - India Hotels| publisher =Worldwide Tours| url =http://www.worldviewtours.com/hotels-pdfs/deluxehotels.pdf| access-date =6 Oct 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204941/http://www.worldviewtours.com/hotels-pdfs/deluxehotels.pdf| archive-date =3 March 2016| df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Classified under the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group's]] business hotels section, the 127-year-old hotel is considered the oldest hotel in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookOnTheHotelByMuthiah&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Taj Connemara proud symbol of our tradition<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 26 August 2008<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082650450200.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171104/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082650450200.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 28 August 2008<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | access-date = 3 Dec 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The property of Taj Connemara was originally a house bought by John Binny from The Nawab of Arcot in 1799.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; The property was later bought by T. Somasundara Mudalyar&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; and built as the Imperial Hotel in 1854 under the proprietorship of Triplicane Rathinavelu Mudaliar, renamed Albany in 1886 when it was leased to two other Mudaliar brothers, and re-established as The Connemara in 1890,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last = Kataria<br /> | first = Dayanad<br /> | title = Inaugural Session<br /> | work = Seminar on Conservation of Heritage Buildings/Precincts in Chennai Metropolitan Area<br /> | publisher = Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority<br /> | url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Inaugural_Session.pdf<br /> | access-date = 6 Oct 2012<br /> | archive-date = 3 March 2016<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204335/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Inaugural_Session.pdf<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; named after the then Madras Governor during 1881–1886, [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Robert Bourke]], baron of [[Connemara]], a rural area in [[County Galway]] in the west of Ireland,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last = Chacko<br /> | first = Philip<br /> | title = Jewel in the Chennai crown<br /> | publisher = Tata<br /> | date = January 2011<br /> | url = http://www.tata.com/media/interviews/inside.aspx?artid=h7cnitSNKho= <br /> | access-date = 6 Oct 2012<br /> | archive-date = 19 November 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111119100822/http://tata.com/media/interviews/inside.aspx?artid=h7cnitSNKho= <br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; later becoming a Spencer's hotel. In 1891, Eugene Oakshott, owner of Spencer's, then a little shop near Anna Circle, bought the hotel and its nine acres to build a showroom. Oakshott wanted to give Spencer's a facelift, so he decided to build one of Asia's biggest departmental store. In the 1930s, James Stiven, director of Spencer's, modernised the hotel starting in 1934, and the modernisation was completed in 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;TracingItsRoots&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Haripriya<br /> | first = V.<br /> | title = Tracing its roots<br /> | publisher = Ergo 360°<br /> | date = 25 August 2008<br /> | url = http://www.goergo.in/?p=2212<br /> | access-date = 3 Dec 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It sported an [[art deco]] look when it was reopened in 1937.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Sitalakshmi<br /> | first = K. R.<br /> | title = Art Deco buildings in Chennai<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 5 August 2006<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104825/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 4 December 2008<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | access-date = 6 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChennaiArtDecoHaveAFuture&quot;&gt;{{cite journal<br /> | title = Do Chennai's art deco buildings have a future?<br /> | journal = Madras Musings<br /> | volume = XIX<br /> | issue = 6<br /> | date = 1–15 July 2009<br /> | url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%206/do_chennais_art_deco_buildings_have_a_future.html<br /> | access-date = 23 Sep 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a hotel press release, the 1937 renovation, estimated at {{INR}}575,000, boasted about its &quot;cool refreshing air delivered through the newest air conditioning apparatus.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; According to the first published tariff of the hotel, the cost of a room on single occupancy was {{INR}}10 with breakfast and that of a room with all meals was {{INR}}17.80.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Spencer's leased the Connemara to the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group]] in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-story-of-vivanta-by-taj-connemara/article7550586.ece | title=When a house became a hotel | date=17 August 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Shonall | last=Muthalaly | access-date=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tower block and linking pool was designed by architect [[Geoffrey Bawa]] in 1974, and the work was completed in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; The deluxe wing of the hotel was destroyed almost completely in the &quot;Friday the Thirteenth&quot; fire in February 1981, which broke out in the Spencer's building. However, the main building of the hotel remained unharmed because of the high-rise wall in between the two buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; In 1984, the Taj Group of Hotels acquired the hotel for a 100-year lease from the Spencer's Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GMSpeaksAboutTheHotel&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Ramanathan<br /> | first = Malathi<br /> | title = Not just smiles and style<br /> | newspaper = Business Line<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = The Hindu<br /> | date = 5 September 2008<br /> | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550090300.htm<br /> | access-date = 3 Dec 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The hotel saw two renovations in 1990 and 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; The hotel was again renovated in 2004 and 2005, when the hotel was re-designed with the launch of the loud Distil bar and chic pan Asian restaurant Hip Asia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; It is also when 65 rooms in the hotel were renovated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Taj gives a facelift to Connemara<br /> | newspaper = The Times of India<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = The Times Group<br /> | date = 9 February 2004<br /> | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-09/news/27377006_1_taj-business-hotels-jyoti-narang-taj-group<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141019061844/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-02-09/news/27377006_1_taj-business-hotels-jyoti-narang-taj-group<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 19 October 2014<br /> | access-date = 3 Dec 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, historian S. Muthiah wrote a book on the heritage of the hotel, ''A Tradition of Madras that is Chennai—The Taj Connemara'',&lt;ref name=&quot;BookOnTheHotelByMuthiah&quot;/&gt; which reproduces an advertisement from 1880 that states the hotel, called The Imperial Hotel then, promises &quot;extensive premises… cool and fitted with every convenience&quot; and wines from the &quot;celebrated house of Messrs. McDowell &amp; Co.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GMSpeaksAboutTheHotel&quot;/&gt; The book gives a rare collection of photographs of old Madras roads, buildings, interiors of the hotels and the hotel's tariff since 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;TracingItsRoots&quot;/&gt; According to Muthiah, the [[United Kingdom|British]] rated Connemara as one of the best hotels in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Chidambaram's bid to save Chennai's heritage<br /> | newspaper = NDTV Travels Beta<br /> | publisher = Indo-Asian News Service<br /> | date = 25 August 2008<br /> | url = http://www.ndtv.com/ndtvtravels/Story.aspx?pageheader=news&amp;sub_category=&amp;ID=161<br /> | access-date = 3 Dec 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the building was purportedly 200 years old by the turn of the twenty-first century, dating back to the original garden house bought by John Binny, according to Muthiah nothing of the old structure remains. The oldest part of the hotel is that built in the 1880s and 1890s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2010, the hotel was rebranded and renamed as [[Vivanta by Taj]]—Connemara, Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title =19 Taj Hotels migrate to a new brand| work =Introducing a brand new signature in hospitality: Vivanta Hotels &amp; Resorts by Taj| publisher =Taj Hotels| url =http://www.tajhotels.com/vivanta-by-taj/Press-Conference/pdf/Vivanta-by-Taj-Hotels-Resorts-sept-2010.pdf| access-date =6 Oct 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100923010604/http://www.tajhotels.com/vivanta-by-taj/Press-Conference/pdf/Vivanta-by-Taj-Hotels-Resorts-sept-2010.pdf| archive-date =23 September 2010| df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The hotel closed on 1 November 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taj-connemara-turns-back-the-clock/article24928267.ece|title=How Chennai's Taj Connemara rediscovered its past|first=Shonali|last=Muthalaly|date=11 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; for a major makeover to re-create the theme of its early past and reopen as an intimate high-end luxury hotel. Aiming at recreating old menus and cuisines, the renovation would retain only the Verandah and Raintree restaurants, refurbishing all the rooms, lobby and banquet halls to look more like the hotels early years. The renovation would be made by the Mumbai-based engineering consultancy Structwel Designers and Consultants Private Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt; Then, London-based designer Susan Freeman, a specialist in historical renovation was hired to work on the rooms and the restaurants.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> The hotel reopened on 20 October 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article101603.html|title=Taj Connemara Chennai Hotel Reopens|website=www.hotelnewsresource.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as the Taj Connemara. The renovation took 22 months, cost 900 million Rupees, and involved 1400 workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt; The renovation preserved the architectural influences of Classic Colonial, Art Deco and distinctive elements from architect Geoffrey Bawa's &quot;Tropical Modernism&quot; style.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Chennai's Taj Connemara hotel reopens with a new look<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = Kasturi &amp; Sons<br /> | date = 11 September 2018<br /> | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennais-taj-connemara-hotel-reopens-with-a-new-look/article24925696.ece<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Art Deco façade and interiors are the hotel's original features, including wooden carvings sourced from the 16th and 17th century temples of Mahabalipuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes_HotelsReopens&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Coolidge<br /> | first = Carrie<br /> | title = One Of India's Oldest And Most Iconic Hotels Reopens<br /> | newspaper = Forbes<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 14 September 2018<br /> | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/carriecoolidge/2018/09/14/one-of-indias-oldest-and-most-iconic-hotels-reopens/#32b2bdcd3726<br /> | access-date = 6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Given its centuries-old background, the hotel boasts some historical snippets:<br /> *The stone pillars in the hotel's Raintree pathway and the wooden carvings in the grand staircase wall, both of which date back to the 16th and 17th centuries, are from old temples of [[Mahabalipuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> *The lobby has a [[grand piano]] that dates back to 1922, which used to be played in the ballroom in the evenings during the post-war era, and is still played on weekdays.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Nagavelli well, located in the hotel, never dries up even during the peak of summer when all other wells in the city dry up.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> *The Lady Connemara Bar &amp; Lounge is the city's first licensed bar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes_HotelsReopens&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Taj Connemara is located on the eastern banks of [[Cooum|River Cooum]] on Binny Road, off [[Anna Salai]], abutting the [[Spencer Plaza]], one of the most prominent landmarks of Chennai.<br /> <br /> ==The hotel==<br /> Built on a 4.2-acre land,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Muthalaly<br /> | first = Shonali<br /> | title = Taj Connemara to close down for a year<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 21 April 2016<br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennais-taj-connemara-to-close-down-for-a-year/article8505315.ece?homepage=true<br /> | access-date = 13 Aug 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taj Connemara has a total of 147 rooms, which include 143 double rooms and 4 suites. The hotel has 2 meeting rooms which include a ball room that can accommodate up to 400 people in a theatre style and up to 600 people for cocktails. The conference room of the hotel can accommodate up to 30 people in a theatre style. The restaurants in the hotel include The Verandah—a 24-hour coffee shop serving Indian, Continental and Thai food, The Lady Connemara Bar and Lounge—serving exotic cocktails, spirits, wines, beer and light snacks in a colonial ambiance, Raintree—an ethnic, open-air restaurant serving Chettinad cuisine from Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> Greeneries in the hotel include a dramatic old [[raintree]] and two sturdy Nagavalli trees.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable associations==<br /> For decades, the hotel has been integral to the functioning of several clubs and associations in the city. The Rotary Club of Madras has been meeting in the hotel every Tuesday at 1:00&amp;nbsp;p.m. since 10 May 1929, and plaque has been erected past the ballroom to mark this. The Wednesday Club has been gathering in the hotel since 1975, taking &quot;the same table at Verandah every week, and always have the lunch buffet.&quot; The Madras Book Club has been meeting in the hotel since the 2000s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_CloseDownForAYear&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honors==<br /> In 2023, the hotel was recognized with &quot;Top Hospitality Honors&quot; at the 8th International Hospitality Day organised by the International Hospitality Council (IHC) London and the International Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM).&lt;ref name=&quot;IIHM-IHCAward&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Six top IHCL Hotels in Chennai win honours at the IIHM-IHC London International Hospitality Day Awards 2023<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | date = 28 June 2023<br /> | url = https://www.hotelierindia.com/events/six-top-ihcl-hotels-in-chennai-win-honours-at-the-iihm-ihc-london-international-hospitality-day-awards-2023<br /> | newspaper = Hotelier India<br /> | access-date = 28 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Hotels|India}}<br /> * [[Hotels in Chennai]]<br /> * [[Hotel d'Angeli's]]<br /> * [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Taj Connemara}}<br /> *{{Official|https://taj.tajhotels.com/en-in/connemara-chennai/}}<br /> <br /> {{Hotels in Chennai}}<br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hotels established in 1854]]<br /> [[Category:1854 establishments in India]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanpur&diff=466179 2026-03-20T14:39:34Z

<p>Oantree: small refined article per sources additionally and fixed typos based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | official_name = Kanpur<br /> | native_name_lang = &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --&gt;<br /> | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style =<br /> | perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2<br /> | image1 = J.K._Temple_(cropped).jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[JK Temple|Juggilal Kamlapat Temple]]<br /> | image8 = Kanpur Skyscrapers.jpg<br /> | caption8 = City skyline<br /> | image3 = Kanpur Central Railway Station Building (Cant Side View).jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central Railway Station]]<br /> | image4 = Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.jpg<br /> | caption4 = [[IIT Kanpur]]<br /> | image5 = Kanpur Memorial Church.jpg<br /> | caption5 = [[Kanpur Memorial Church]]<br /> | image6 = Green Park International Stadium Kanpur.jpg<br /> | caption6 = [[Green Park Stadium]]<br /> | image7 = CSJM University.jpg<br /> | caption7 = CSJM University<br /> | image2 = Kanpur Boat Club 1.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Ganga Riverfront Kanpur<br /> | image9 = Mohammadan Orphanage.jpg<br /> | caption9 = Mohammadan Orphanage Kanpur<br /> }}<br /> | nicknames = Heart of Uttar Pradesh&lt;br/&gt; Leather City of the World&lt;ref name=&quot;http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/photo-contest/2012/entries/187163/view/&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/kanpur/index.html |title=Kanpur India – Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur City, Kanpur Guide, Kanpur Location |publisher=Iloveindia.com |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112235/http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/kanpur/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt;Manchester of the East&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.facts-about-india.com/nick-name-indian-places.php |title=Nick Name of Indian Places |publisher=Facts-about-india.com |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221230304/http://www.facts-about-india.com/nick-name-indian-places.php |archive-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | map_alt = Kanpur<br /> | map_caption = Kanpur<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Kanpur City<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kanpur in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location of Kanpur in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.449923|N|80.331874|E|display=it}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kanpur Nagar District|Kanpur]]<br /> | founder = Hindu Singh Chandel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=FN |title=Statistical Descriptive And Historical Account Of The North-western Provinces Of India |date=1881 |volume=6 |pages=226}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]<br /> | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Kanpur|Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = Pramila Pandey<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Shivasharanappa G N, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | elevation_m = 126<br /> | total_type = Kanpur Metro<br /> | area_total_km2 = 403<br /> | area_blank1_title = Kanpur City<br /> | area_blank1_km2 = 260<br /> | population_total = 4,581,268 (estimate)<br /> | population_metro = 5,230,000 (estimate)<br /> | population_as_of = 2024<br /> | population_density_km2 = 9800<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/131-kanpur.html|title=Kanpur Population 2023|website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_metro_footnotes = <br /> | population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|12th]]<br /> | population_blank1_title = Metro rank<br /> | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|11th]]<br /> | population_demonym = {{hlist|Kanpuriya}}<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 February 2019 |page=49 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]],&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot; /&gt; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> | demographics1_title3 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info3 = Kanpuri dialect&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]<br /> | postal_code = 2080xx /2092xx<br /> | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-512]]<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = UP-78<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = $11&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;UttarPradesh_gdp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Domestic Product Per Capita |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/sdiaryenglish/files/diary%20eng%202021_merged.pdf |access-date=8 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|Per capita]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = $2,800 ([[₹]]2.45 [[lakh]])&lt;ref name=&quot;UttarPradesh_gdp&quot; /&gt;<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] ([[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar District]])<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = ₹90,172 [[crore]] (2024–25)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=District Domestic Product Estimates Uttar Pradesh Year 2020–21 |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/esd/Book/DDP2020-21(T)MARCH22%20%20new%20web.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics And Statistics Government Of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = 932 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Effective literacy rate (2025)<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = 86.46%<br /> | blank4_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<br /> | blank4_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.675&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Padam|last1=Singh|first2=Satyendra|last2=Keshari|url=https://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf|title=Development of Human Development Index at District Level for EAG States|journal=Statistics and Applications|date=8 March 2016|issn=2454-7395|volume=14|issue=1–2|pages=43–61|access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103221/http://www.ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{color|green|medium}})<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = <br /> | website = {{official website|kanpurnagar.nic.in}}<br /> | unemployment_rate = <br /> | pushpin_label = Kanpur<br /> | name = <br /> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec2 = [[File:UPMRC.svg|20px|UPMRC Logo|alt=UPMRC Logo]] [[Kanpur Metro]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec2 = [[Domestic Airport]]<br /> | blank3_info_sec2 = [[Kanpur Airport]]<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Cricket field|International Stadium]]<br /> | blank_info_sec2 = [[Green Park Stadium|Green Park]]<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kanpur''' ({{IPA|[[Help:IPA/English|/kɑːnˈpʊər/]]|audio=kanpur.ogg}}, {{IPA|hi|kaːn̪.pʊɾ}}), originally named '''Kanhapur'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://kanpurdehat.nic.in/about-district/#:~:text=Name%20Kanpur%20is%20a%20transformed,he%20changed%20it%20to%20Cawnpore | title=About District &amp;#124; Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh Government &amp;#124; India }}&lt;/ref&gt; and formerly anglicized as '''Cawnpore''', is the largest city of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Founded by [[Rajput]] ruler Hindu Singh Chandel, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations of [[British Raj]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://klpl.in/aboutus.html|title=Welcome to Kanpur Logistics Park Pvt. Ltd.|website=klpl.in|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718042102/http://www.klpl.in/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=From Kanhiyapur to Kanpur in 210 years {{!}} Kanpur News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/from-kanhiyapur-to-kanpur-in-210-years/articleshow/19166755.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The city is home to historical monuments such as the Jajmau Ghat which dates back to the 17th century AD. Kanpur is also home to several historical sites such as the [[Kanpur Sangrahalaya|Kanpur Museum]], [[Bhitargaon]] Temple, European Cemetery and [[Nanarao Park]].<br /> <br /> It is the [[List of cities in India by population|12th most populous city]] and the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|11th most populous urban agglomeration]] in India ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]]). Kanpur was an important British [[garrison]] town until 1947, when India gained independence. The urban district of [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur ''Nagar'']] serves as the headquarters of the [[Kanpur division]], Kanpur Range and Kanpur Zone.<br /> <br /> It was the most populous urban city in the 2011 Indian census and the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh, while the population of city and its suburbs were around 5 million, making it the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|eighth-most populous metropolitan area]] in India.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The city of Kanpur is widely believed to have been founded by [[Raja]] Hindu Singh Chandel of the Sachendi state. Its original name was Kanhpur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kanpur History - History of Kanpur City- History of Kanpur India |url=http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-history.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702060614/http://www.journeymart.com/de/india/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-history.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=Journeymart.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Man |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/26681/8/Chapter%207_479-525p.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702143405/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/26681/8/Chapter%207_479-525p.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=Dspace.wbpublisher.gov.in |page=479}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kanpur Nagar, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://kanpurnagar.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; possibly derived from Kanhiyapur or established to commemorate the Kanhaiya Ashtam festival, a day the Raja considered auspicious. An alternative theory suggests the name is a variation of Karnapur, linking it to the [[Mahabharata]] character, [[Karna]]. In its early stages, Kanpur was a collection of smaller villages, including Patkapura, Kuraswam, Juhi, and Seesamau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The strategic importance of the area was recognized by the British following their victory over [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], near [[Jajmau]] in May 1765. Although Kanpur remained part of the [[Oudh State|Oudh Kingdom]] until 1801, a British military camp was established there as early as 1778.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-03-24 |title=From Kanhiyapur to Kanpur in 210 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/from-kanhiyapur-to-kanpur-in-210-years/articleshow/19166755.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The official transfer to British control occurred through the Treaty of 1801 with Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali Khan]]. This marked a turning point in Kanpur's history, as the British began to develop it into a major hub. Leveraging its strategic location on the banks of the [[Ganges]], the [[East India Company]] initiated an [[Indigo dye|indigo trade]]. The city's growth was further accelerated by major infrastructure projects, including the construction of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] in 1832 and the addition of roads connecting it to [[Lucknow]] and Kalpi in 1864.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1857 Uprising===<br /> {{main|Siege of Cawnpore}}<br /> [[File:Kanpur from the river.jpg|thumb|left|Kanpur from the river in 1858]]<br /> In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an important [[Kanpur Cantonment|British garrison]] with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], 900 British men, women and children [[Siege of Cawnpore|were besieged]] in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Sahib]]. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby [[Massacre Ghat|Sati Chaura Ghat]] whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to [[Allahabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;caleb_wright_historic&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Wright | first = Caleb | title = Historic Incidents and Life in India | orig-year = 1863 | url = https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog | publisher = J. A. Brainerd | isbn = 978-1-135-72312-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog/page/n328 239] | year = 1863}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Sati Chaura Ghat and who fired the first shot, it is known that soon afterwards the departing British were shot at by the [[sepoys]] and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the sepoys had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the sepoys to fire upon and to kill all of the English. Although the East India Company later accused Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that he planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Sati Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion and not of any plan implemented by Sahib or his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Sen | first = Surendra Nath | title = Eighteen Fifty-seven | orig-year = 1957 | year = 1995 | publisher = Publications Division, Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting, Government of India | isbn = 978-81-230-0093-0 | page = 145 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the ''Bibighar'' ('House of the Ladies'). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British, under [[James George Smith Neill|General Neill]], retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The [[Cawnpore Massacre]], as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.&lt;ref&gt;[[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, W.]] 2007. ''The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty'': Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Remember Cawnpore&quot; became a British war cry for the rest of the war.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Ganga Barrage Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Kanpur is situated on the right bank of the [[Ganga]]]]<br /> Kanpur is located at {{coord|26.449923|N|80.331874|E}} in the central-western part of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The city lies {{convert|484|km|mi}} southeast of the national capital, [[New Delhi]], and {{convert|80|km|mi}} southwest of the state capital, [[Lucknow]]. It is a part of the historical region of [[Awadh]].<br /> <br /> Situated in the flat [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s, Kanpur has an average elevation of {{convert|318|m|ft}} above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kanpur, India |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Kanpur.html |website=www.fallingrain.com |access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ganga]] flows by the city and several [[ghat]]s are located on its banks, notably the [[Sati Chaura Ghat]] and Sarsaiya Ghat. The Brahmavart Ghat located at [[Bithoor]] (25&amp;nbsp;km northwards) is another ghat of religious importance.<br /> <br /> Several parks and recreational areas are located in Kanpur. [[Nana Rao Park]] and [[Phool Bagh]] are among the prominent parks in city that have existed from the time of the British Raj. The [[Moti Jheel]], a rectangular lake, was originally developed as a drinking water reservoir. The lake has now been developed as a recreational area with a landscaped garden and a children's park. [[Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary]] is also located near Kanpur.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Climate ===<br /> {{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Climate chart|Kanpur|8.5|23.0|15.4|11.0|26.0|16.4|16.2|32.3|7.9|21.9|38.2|5.3|26.5|41.3|8.4|28.5|39.9|66.3|26.7|34.2|244.6|25.9|32.5|273.2|24.9|33.1|161.7|19.6|33.0|40.0|12.7|28.9|4.6|8.8|24.2|7.1|float=left|clear=none|source=[https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1639 WMO]}}<br /> Like most of lowland northern India, Kanpur has a monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') bordering on a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Kanpur sees an annual precipitation of {{Convert|865–900|mm|abbr=on}}. The [[southwest monsoon]] enters around 20–23 June, and total precipitation from the monsoon is {{Convert|750–800|mm|abbr=on}}. Southwest monsoon withdrawal takes place generally between the last week of September and the first week of October. The month of October saw heavy monsoon rains in the years 1971 (133&amp;nbsp;mm), 1985 (367&amp;nbsp;mm), 1999 (137&amp;nbsp;mm), 2013 (143&amp;nbsp;mm), and 2022 (225&amp;nbsp;mm), and 2024.<br /> <br /> Annual precipitation reached at least {{Convert|1000|mm|abbr=on}} in 2008, 2010, 2013, 2018–2022 and 2024.<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> | width = auto<br /> | location = [[Kanpur Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)<br /> | metric first = Yes<br /> | single line = Yes<br /> | temperature colour =<br /> | Jan record high C = 31.1<br /> | Feb record high C = 35.6<br /> | Mar record high C = 42.8<br /> | Apr record high C = 45.6<br /> | May record high C = 47.2<br /> | Jun record high C = 47.3<br /> | Jul record high C = 45.0<br /> | Aug record high C = 40.6<br /> | Sep record high C = 40.0<br /> | Oct record high C = 40.6<br /> | Nov record high C = 36.1<br /> | Dec record high C = 31.3<br /> | year record high C = 47.3<br /> | Jan high C = 22.3<br /> | Feb high C = 25.8<br /> | Mar high C = 30.7<br /> | Apr high C = 37.0<br /> | May high C = 40.3<br /> | Jun high C = 39.2<br /> | Jul high C = 34.7<br /> | Aug high C = 32.9<br /> | Sep high C = 32.8<br /> | Oct high C = 32.9<br /> | Nov high C = 28.3<br /> | Dec high C = 24.1<br /> | year high C = 31.5<br /> | Jan mean C = 15.2<br /> | Feb mean C = 18.3<br /> | Mar mean C = 22.8<br /> | Apr mean C = 28.5<br /> | May mean C = 32.8<br /> | Jun mean C = 33.3<br /> | Jul mean C = 30.8<br /> | Aug mean C = 29.4<br /> | Sep mean C = 28.5<br /> | Oct mean C = 25.4<br /> | Nov mean C = 20.6<br /> | Dec mean C = 16.6<br /> | year mean C = 25.15<br /> | Jan low C = 8.0<br /> | Feb low C = 10.8<br /> | Mar low C = 14.8<br /> | Apr low C = 20.0<br /> | May low C = 25.4<br /> | Jun low C = 27.4<br /> | Jul low C = 27.0<br /> | Aug low C = 26.0<br /> | Sep low C = 24.2<br /> | Oct low C = 18.0<br /> | Nov low C = 13.0<br /> | Dec low C = 9.0<br /> | year low C = 18.3<br /> | Jan record low C = 1.6<br /> | Feb record low C = 0.6<br /> | Mar record low C = 7.2<br /> | Apr record low C = 11.1<br /> | May record low C = 16.4<br /> | Jun record low C = 20.6<br /> | Jul record low C = 21.7<br /> | Aug record low C = 21.7<br /> | Sep record low C = 11.8<br /> | Oct record low C = 4.6<br /> | Nov record low C = 0.5<br /> | Dec record low C = -0.9<br /> | year record low C = -0.9<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 22.7<br /> | Feb rain mm = 14.0<br /> | Mar rain mm = 8.9<br /> | Apr rain mm = 5.9<br /> | May rain mm = 10.3<br /> | Jun rain mm = 84.0<br /> | Jul rain mm = 260.0<br /> | Aug rain mm = 235.0<br /> | Sep rain mm = 166.0<br /> | Oct rain mm = 33.4<br /> | Nov rain mm = 6.0<br /> | Dec rain mm = 4.7<br /> |year rain mm = 864.5<br /> | Jan rain days = 1.9<br /> | Feb rain days = 1.1<br /> | Mar rain days = 1.5<br /> | Apr rain days = 0.7<br /> | May rain days = 1.4<br /> | Jun rain days = 4.7<br /> | Jul rain days = 11.2<br /> | Aug rain days = 10.8<br /> | Sep rain days = 5.9<br /> | Oct rain days = 1.3<br /> | Nov rain days = 0.5<br /> | Dec rain days = 0.3<br /> |year rain days = 41.4<br /> | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 56<br /> | Feb humidity = 53<br /> | Mar humidity = 43<br /> | Apr humidity = 30<br /> | May humidity = 31<br /> | Jun humidity = 45<br /> | Jul humidity = 66<br /> | Aug humidity = 76<br /> | Sep humidity = 70<br /> | Oct humidity = 55<br /> | Nov humidity = 61<br /> | Dec humidity = 60<br /> | year humidity = 54<br /> | source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref name=IMDcityextremes2&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 1 January 2023<br /> | title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | access-date = 1 January 2023<br /> | page = 21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Kanpur has been ranked the fifth best ''National Clean Air City'' in India under Category 1 (cities with populations greater than {{Lakh|10}}) by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sawhney |first=Kriti |date=2025-06-18 |title=Kanpur's Air Gets Cleaner, City Secures Spot In Top 5 Nationwide! |url=https://www.kanpurwants.com/trending-now/kanpurs-air-gets-cleaner-city-secures-spot-in-top-5-nationwide |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=KanpurWants |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{Historical population<br /> | 1901 | 202797<br /> | 1911 | 178557<br /> | 1921 | 216436<br /> | 1931 | 219189<br /> | 1941 | 452495<br /> | 1951 | 646811<br /> | 1961 | 892468<br /> | 1971 | 1160026<br /> | 1981 | 1489301<br /> | 1991 | 1874409<br /> | 2001 | 2551337<br /> | 2011 | 2765348<br /> |2021 | 3104000}}<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Kanpur (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;C-01&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|78.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|19.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.01}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|Black|0.47}}}}<br /> <br /> {{further|Ethnic communities in Kanpur|List of people from Kanpur}}<br /> <br /> As per the provisional results of the 2011 census, [[Kanpur Nagar district]] has a population of 4,581,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanpur City&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kanpursmartcity.org/about-us|title=Kanpur Smart City|website=kanpursmartcity.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cities1Lakhandabove&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2012 | access-date=26 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and the sex ratio was 862.&lt;ref name='Kanpur City'/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kanpuruapop2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|title=Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above|year=2011|work=Provisional population totals, census of India 2011|publisher=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163132/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are 35 [[Parsis]] in Kanpur with their [[fire temple]] at [[The Mall, Kanpur|The Mall]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zoroastrians.net/2014/02/05/appeal-cawnpore-parsee-anjuman-kanpur/ |title=Appeal – Cawnpore Parsee Anjuman, Kanpur &amp;#124; Parsis, Iranis, Zarathushtis - ALL Under One Roof |date=5 February 2014 |publisher=Zoroastrians.net |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220439/http://zoroastrians.net/2014/02/05/appeal-cawnpore-parsee-anjuman-kanpur/ |archive-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hinduism is the majority religion in Kanpur with a sizeable minority of [[Muslims]]. Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2% combined.&lt;ref name=&quot;C-01&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although final 2023 census data is yet to be declared,{{When|date=October 2025}} the population of Kanpur Nagar district is projected to be 6,367,963 in 2023 (per [[aadhaar]] data).<br /> <br /> As per the 2011 census, the population of Kanpur city and its suburbs was 3,015,645, making it the largest urban agglomeration of Uttar Pradesh. Thereafter, the urban area of Kanpur city has expanded to a large extent. However, the official limits of the area are still pending approval by the Government. Tentatively, the population of Kanpur city and Kanpur metropolitan area in 2024 are projected as 3,926,000 and 5,100,000 respectively as per available data.<br /> <br /> [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are the predominant languages in the city. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken by 1.25%, while [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by over 11,000 people in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town level): Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> == Government and politics ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Local officials<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Divisional Commissioner]]<br /> | Amit Gupta<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[District Magistrate]]<br /> | Vishakh G. Iyer&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P.|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=hi:जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|access-date=15 August 2017|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Administrative Officers of Kanpur Nagar|url=http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/Admin.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815045033/http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/Admin.htm|archive-date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|website=Kanpur Nagar District website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Police Commissioner<br /> | Ram Krishna Swarnkar&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zoneknp&amp;cd=NgAxADIA|title=Officers posted at Kanpur Zone|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817041339/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zoneknp&amp;cd=NgAxADIA|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General]], Kanpur Range<br /> | Prashant Kumar&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangeknp&amp;cd=NgAxADkA|title=Officers posted at Kanpur Range|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817042105/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangeknp&amp;cd=NgAxADkA|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Vice Chairman, [[Kanpur Development Authority]]<br /> | Vishakh G. Iyer (addl. charge)&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/contact.aspx|title=Contact Us|website=Kanpur Development Authority|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034724/http://www.kdaindia.co.in/contact.aspx|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Mayor]]<br /> | [[Pramila Pandey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/|title=Home Page|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413165642/http://kmc.up.nic.in/|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> |Shivasharanappa G. N.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/Contacts.htm|script-title=hi:वरिष्ठ अधिकारी|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|language=hi|trans-title=Senior Officers|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817035547/http://kmc.up.nic.in/Contacts.htm|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211210127/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|archive-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|District Judge<br /> |Pradeep Kumar Singh&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/KanpurNagar.htm|title=Judicial Officers in Kanpur Nagar|website=[[Allahabad High Court]]|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817122327/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/KanpurNagar.htm|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Chief Metropolitan Magistrate<br /> | Sushil Kumar Singh&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Urban infrastructure ===<br /> [[File:Kanpur Skyscrapers.jpg|thumb|High-rise buildings of Kanpur]]<br /> [[File:IIT Kanpur 4.jpg|thumb|IIT Kanpur campus]]<br /> [[File:IIT Kanpur metro station.jpg|thumb|Kanpur Metro Station]]<br /> <br /> The metropolitan region includes Kanpur Nagar Nigam (KNN), 8 kilometres around the KNN boundary, and 47 villages of [[Unnao district]]. On the northeastern side it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat]], and the eastern limit has been expanded to the road leading to Fatehpur. The metropolitan region includes the areas of [[Shuklaganj]] Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and [[Bithoor]] Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat).&lt;ref name=&quot;jnnurm.nic.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf |title=Final Report : Kanpur City |publisher=Jnnurm.nic.in |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218194818/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Kanpur.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Administration ===<br /> ====General administration====<br /> [[Kanpur division]] consists of six districts and is headed by the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Kanpur, an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer. The [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in charge of infrastructure development and maintaining law and order in the division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:422&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] of Kanpur reports to the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]]. The current [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is Shri Amit Gupta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kanpur district administration is headed by the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] (DM) of Kanpur, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government, oversees city [[Elections in India|elections]], and is also responsible for maintaining law and order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:53&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}&lt;/ref&gt; The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; and eight city magistrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/WorkDistribution/WorkDistribution.htm|title=Work Distribution :-|website=Kanpur Nagar district website|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213091756/http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/WorkDistribution/WorkDistribution.htm|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The district has four [[tehsil]]s viz. Sadar, Bilhaur, Ghatampur and Narwal, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The current DM is Mr. Rakesh Kumar Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Civic administration====<br /> {{Main|Kanpur Development Authority|Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kanpur Boat Club 2.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[Kannur Municipality|Kanpur municipality]] was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chapter IV: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF KANPUR REGION|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/223280/10/10_chapter%204.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Shodhganga}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, or [[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]], is spread over an area of 403 square km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanpur City&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=District Handbook - Town Amenities - Row 409|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]], who is an IAS officer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Sudhir Kumar,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash, [[Health]], Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment &amp; Cattle Catching Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KMC: Organisational Structure|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/#|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also an executive committee present in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 January 2006|title=Corporators spit fire, officers play truant|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/corporators-spit-fire-officers-play-truant/story-s3YDepYD3HukkIUfcfHWtM.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |author=TNN |title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation's executive panel to discuss new proposals today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Kanpur-Municipal-Corporations-executive-panel-to-discuss-new-proposals-today/articleshow/24693187.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by [[Kanpur Development Authority]] (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Kanpur acts as the ''[[ex-officio]]'' Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About KDA|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/aboutkda.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132436/http://www.kdaindia.co.in/aboutkda.aspx|archive-date=9 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|website=Kanpur Development Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is Shri Madan Singh Garbyal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KDA Website |url=https://www.kdaindia.co.in/en/contact.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, and grants from state government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM (complete document)|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/CDP_Kanpur.pdf|website=India Environment Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Municipal finance ====<br /> According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/kanpur |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=16 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Kanpur Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹931 crore (US$112 million) and total expenditure of ₹805 crore (US$97 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 21.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹670 crore in grants during the financial year.<br /> <br /> ==== Law and order ====<br /> The Kanpur District Court is headed by the [[District Courts of India|district judge]] of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The district judge is Shri Pradeep Kumar Singh,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and the chief metropolitan magistrate was Shri Sushil Kumar Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Police administration====<br /> {{Main|Kanpur Police}}<br /> Kanpur Nagar police administration is headed by a Commissioner of Police which is an IPS officer of the rank of Additional Director General of Uttar Pradesh Police. The present Police Commissioner of Kanpur Nagar is Shri Akhil Kumar, who is assisted by an additional Commissioner, a Joint Commissioner and several Deputy Commissioners, additional Deputy Commissioners, and Assistant Commissioners of Police who are either IPS officers or [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Police Service]] (PPS) officers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Officers posted at KANPUR NAGAR |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?kanpurngr&amp;cd=NgA2ADIA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817042131/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?kanpurngr&amp;cd=NgA2ADIA |archive-date=17 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each of the several police circles is headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Politics===<br /> ==== Local politics ====<br /> The city is divided into six zones and 110 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110 [[Councillor|corporators]] directly elected from each ward.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=mayor_corporators|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/mayor_corporators.htm|access-date=20 October 2020|website=kmc.up.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ward power|url=https://ccs.in/sites/all/books/com_books/ward-power.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225184506/https://ccs.in/sites/all/books/com_books/ward-power.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local elections were last held in 2022, when the mayor, [[Pramila Pandey]] from the BJP, was re-elected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 November 2017|title=Kanpur Municipal Corporation Nagar Nigam elections result 2017: Full List of ward-wise winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kanpur-municipal-corporation-nagar-nigam-elections-result-2017-full-list-ward-wise-winners-2012-this-year/952931/|access-date=20 October 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The previous mayor had been Captain (retired) [[Jagatvir Singh Drona]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/PDF_Files/Chapter%2013%20-%20Part1%20Institutional%20frame%20work.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== State politics ====<br /> Kanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies{{Citation not found|date=October 2020}}. The city of Kanpur has one representative [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]], [[Satyadev Pachauri]].<br /> <br /> ===Civic utilities===<br /> The first development plan of the city was created by the [[Kanpur Development Authority|Kanpur Development Board]] in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962 to 1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=RashmiAshttJJT/61009264 Chapter 5: Land use|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/45951/13/13_chapter%205.pdf|website=Shodhganga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; The most recent masterplan is the Draft Master Plan of 2021 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Town And Country Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, India. / Introduction of Development Area Kanpur|url=http://uptownplanning.gov.in/post/en/introduction-of-development-area-kanpur|access-date=21 October 2020|website=uptownplanning.gov.in|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026083540/http://uptownplanning.gov.in/post/en/introduction-of-development-area-kanpur|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Electricity is supplied to the city by [[Kanpur Electricity Supply Company]] (KESCO), which is under the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited|Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation]] Ltd (UPPCL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=UP: State Power Employees Protest Against Privatisation of PuVVNL|url=https://www.newsclick.in/UP-state-power-employees-protest-against-privatisation-PuVVNL|access-date=21 October 2020|website=NewsClick|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. / About UPPCL / Agencies under the Administrative Control|url=https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.upenergy.in|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024112846/https://www.upenergy.in/uppcl/en/page/agencies-under-the-administrative-control|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fire services are under the state, Uttar Pradesh Fire Service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UP Fire Services|url=http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=upfireservice.gov.in|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919045427/http://upfireservice.gov.in/upfire/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jal Kal|url=https://jalkalkanpur.in/AboutUs|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Jal Kal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} About Department {{!}} About Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh|url=http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|access-date=21 October 2020|website=jn.upsdc.gov.in|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025163004/http://jn.upsdc.gov.in/page/en/about-jal-nigam,-uttar-pradesh|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kanpur City Development Plan|url=https://www.rcueslucknow.org/jnnurm/Kanpur/9%20Chapter%209%20Municipal%20Services.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Rcues Lucknow}}&lt;/ref&gt; After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for the water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 September 2020|title=The water crisis is another alarm bell|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/opinion/the-water-crisis-is-another-alarm-bell/152016/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Avenue Mail|language=en-US|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023033525/https://www.avenuemail.in/opinion/the-water-crisis-is-another-alarm-bell/152016/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make four STPs functional.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first1=Neha |last1=Shukla |agency=TNN |date=21 September 2015 |title=New sewage treatment plants on Ganga in Kanpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/New-sewage-treatment-plants-on-Ganga-in-Kanpur/articleshow/49043905.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city then reported having three STPs for domestic waste.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; In 2017, there was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=15 December 2017|title=New ₹400-cr effluent treatment plant to come up in Kanpur|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-400-cr-effluent-treatment-plant-to-come-up-in-kanpur/article21713861.ece|access-date=21 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sewage treatment plant worth Rs 816.25 cr to come up in Kanpur|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Sewage-treatment-plant-worth-Rs-81625-cr-to-come-up-in-Kanpur|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.projectstoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 August 2020|title=New Ganga law will define cleanliness levels, make polluters pay|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-to-bring-new-law-to-keep-ganga-clean/story-XT0sNAofJAyBiUcF6STg8L.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Solid waste management is handled by the KMC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Workshop organised by CSE and Govt. of UP|url=https://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/kanpur_municipal_corporation.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Centre for Science and Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes of [[hazardous waste]] annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A miserable place to live|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/a-miserable-place-to-live-10170|access-date=21 October 2020|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=30 September 2005 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> [[Image:Kanpur Central Station.jpg|thumb|[[Kanpur Central|Kanpur Central Railway Station]]]]<br /> [[File:Kanpur Airport 2.jpg|thumb|[[Kanpur Airport]]]]<br /> [[Image:IIT Kanpur metro station.jpg|thumb|[[Kanpur Metro|IIT Kanpur metro station]]]]<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> [[File:Kanpur Airport 3.jpg|thumb|Kanpur Airport]]<br /> [[Kanpur Airport]] is a domestic airport and has direct scheduled commercial non-stop flights to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]]. The nearest international airport to the city is the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in [[Lucknow]], which is around {{convert|77.1|km|mi}} away.<br /> <br /> === Rail ===<br /> [[Kanpur Central]] is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station that comes under the [[Prayagraj railway division]] of the [[North Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. Around 300 trains pass through it daily.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Around-300-trains-pass-through-Kanpur-Central-daily/articleshow/6884554.cms|title=Around 300 trains pass through Kanpur Central daily|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2010|access-date=15 April 2018|author=TN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617134415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Around-300-trains-pass-through-Kanpur-Central-daily/articleshow/6884554.cms|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanpur has eleven railway stations in addition to the main Kanpur Central:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#ffd750;&quot;| Station name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#ffd750;&quot;| Station code<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#ffd750;&quot;| Railway zone<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#ffd750;&quot;| Total platforms<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| CNB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 10<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kanpur Anwarganj railway station|Kanpur Anwarganj]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| CPA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rawatpur railway station|Rawatpur]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| RPO<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Eastern Railway Zone|North Eastern Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kalianpur railway station|Kalyanpur]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| KAP<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Eastern Railway Zone|North Eastern Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mandhana Junction railway station|Mandhana Junction]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| MDA<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Eastern Railway Zone|North Eastern Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brahmavart railway station|Brahmavart]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| BRT<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Eastern Railway Zone|North Eastern Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Govindpuri railway station|Govindpuri]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| GOY<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Panki Dham railway station|Panki Dham]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| PKD<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chandari Junction railway station|Chandari Junction]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| CNBI<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chakeri railway station|Chakeri]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| CHK<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2<br /> |-<br /> |Rooma<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Rooma<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[North Central Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kanpur Bridge Left Bank railway station|Kanpur Bridge Left Bank]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| CPB<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 3<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The [[Kanpur Metro]] is a [[Rapid transit|mass rapid transit]] system owned and operated by the [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]] (UPMRC). It consists of two lines, the [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]] and the Blue Line. The priority corridor of the Orange Line, which connects [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] to Motijheel, was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] on 28 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-28|title=PM Modi takes Metro ride in Kanpur after inauguration of first section {{!}} Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/pm-modi-takes-metro-ride-in-kanpur-after-inauguration-of-first-section-watch-101640707860618.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Road ===<br /> The city has the historically important [[Grand Trunk Road]] which serves as the lifeline of the city. There are several important national highways and expressways that pass through and around Kanpur.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !NH/NE number<br /> !Route<br /> !Length<br /> |-<br /> |[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]<br /> |[[Delhi]], [[Mathura]], [[Agra]], Kanpur, [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Mohania]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], [[Palsit]], [[Asansol]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> |1435<br /> |-<br /> |[[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]]<br /> |[[Porbandar]] » [[Udaipur]] » [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] » [[Shivpuri]] » [[Jhansi]] » Kanpur » [[Lucknow]] » [[Darbhanga]] » [[Alipurduar]] » [[Guwahati]] » [[Silchar]]<br /> |3507<br /> |-<br /> |[[National Highway 34 (India)|NH 34]]<br /> |[[Gangotri Dham]] » [[Rishikesh]] » [[Haridwar]] » [[Bijnore]] » [[Ghaziabad]] » [[Aligarh]] » [[Kannauj]] » Kanpur » [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] » [[Mahoba]] » [[Chhatarpur]] » [[Jabalpur]] » [[Lakhnadon]]<br /> |1426<br /> |-<br /> |NH (proposed)<br /> |Kanpur » [[Raebareli]] » [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] » [[Shahganj]] » [[Azamgarh]] » [[Gaura Barhaj]] » [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] » [[Muzaffarpur]]<br /> |581<br /> |-<br /> |NE 6 [[Awadh Expressway]] (Under Construction)<br /> |Kanpur to Lucknow<br /> |62.76<br /> |-<br /> |NE 7 Kanpur-Noida Expressway (Proposed)<br /> |Kanpur to [[Kannauj]] to [[Mainpuri]] to [[Bulandshahr]] to [[Noida]]<br /> Branch [[Hapur]]<br /> |380<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ganga Expressway]]<br /> |[[Haridwar]] » [[Meerut]] » [[Shahjahanpur]] » Kanpur » [[Raebareli]] » [[Prayagraj]] » [[Varanasi]] » [[Ballia]]<br /> |1024<br /> |-<br /> |[[Outer Ring Road, Kanpur|Outer Ring Road Kanpur]]<br /> |[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Metropolitan Area]]<br /> |93<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Outer Ring Road, Kanpur|Ring road]]: In 2011, it was reported by [[The Indian Express]] that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) planned to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which would help heavy vehicles to bypass the city, would be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/ |title=Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues |date=20 January 2011 |publisher=Indianepress.com |access-date=20 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303231012/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/ |archive-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> {{Expand section|date=January 2024}}<br /> Kanpur is an important economic center in India with a GDP of ~$9 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invest UP Kanpur |url=https://invest.up.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Kanpur_250924.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to GDP per capita, it ranks 9th in Uttar Pradesh. [[Noida]] and [[Meerut]] rank first and second,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Statistical Diary |first=Uttar Pradesh |title=Uttar Pradesh Statistical Diary |url=https://updes.up.nic.in/esd/reports/dbank_march21/Diary%202020(English).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the state capital [[Lucknow]] ranks seventh.<br /> <br /> ==Education and research==<br /> {{see also|List of educational institutions in Kanpur}}<br /> <br /> ===Higher education===<br /> [[File:IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|A building at IIT Kanpur]]<br /> <br /> [[IIT Kanpur|The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] (IIT Kanpur) is a public technical and research university located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1959 as one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).&lt;ref&gt;Norman Dahl: Kanpur Indo-American Program; http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812034015/http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf |date=12 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Financial Statements and Performance Indicators. Jump up ^ Kelkar, P.K. (17 March 2006). &quot;IIT Kanpur — History&quot;. IIT Kanpur&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:CSJM University.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]<br /> <br /> Other educational institutions in the city include three state universities. [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] is one of the largest universities in northern India and caters to urban and rural students, offering professional and academic courses in the Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine.<br /> <br /> [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh.<br /> <br /> [[Harcourt Butler Technical University]] (HBTU) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped provides technical education to specially-abled students. Inaugurated by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1997, it is also situated in Kanpur.<br /> <br /> [[National Sugar Institute]] (NSI) is involved in research, training and advisory services to the sugar and allied industry, and functions under the Department of Food and Public Distribution of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.<br /> <br /> There are also private universities in the city such as [[Rama University]], which is part of the Rama Group.&lt;ref&gt;Private University Uttar Pradesh; http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&amp;Unitype=3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080541/http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&amp;Unitype=3 |date=7 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are several private technical and management institutions in the city such as the [[Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology]] and the [[Axis Institute of Technology And Management]], which are affiliated with [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]].<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{Main|List of people from Kanpur}}<br /> <br /> *[[Lala Kamlapat Singhania]], industrialist<br /> *[[Padampat Singhania]], industrialist<br /> *[[Kuldeep Yadav]], cricketer<br /> *[[Harish-Chandra]], mathematician<br /> *[[Giriraj Kishore (writer)|Giriraj Kishore]], novelist<br /> *[[Irshad Mirza]], industrialist<br /> *[[Gaurav Khanna]], actor<br /> *[[Rajeev Shukla]], political commentator and former journalist<br /> *[[Kamal Nath]], politician<br /> * [[Tanmay Srivastava]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population]]<br /> * [[List of engineering colleges in Kanpur]]<br /> * [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]<br /> * [[Second Battle of Cawnpore]]<br /> * [[List of Indian metropolitan areas by GDP]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{EB1911 poster|Cawnpore}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193735/http://kmc.up.nic.in/ Kanpur city portal]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Northwest = GT Amusement Park Town (GTAPT)<br /> |North = Gangotri Township<br /> |Northeast = [[Shuklaganj]]<br /> |West = [[New Kanpur City]]<br /> |Center = Kanpur City<br /> |South = Fazalganj<br /> |Southwest = [[Rawatpur]], shivrajpur, bilhaur, kannuj<br /> |Southeast = [[Govind Nagar]]<br /> |East = [[Kanpur Cantonment]]<br /> |}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |list =<br /> {{Kanpur}}<br /> {{Million-plus cities in India}}<br /> {{Kanpur Nagar district}}<br /> {{Kanpur division topics}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kanpur| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]<br /> [[Category:Smart cities in India]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarika&diff=468774 2026-03-17T06:54:01Z

<p>Oantree: correct intro and corrected details per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress and costume designer}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{BLP primary sources|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox actor<br /> | image = Sarika.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = Thakur in 2010<br /> | name = Sarika Thakur<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|12|5|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | yearsactive = 1967—present<br /> | height = <br /> | birth_name = Sarika Thakur<br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Costume designer]]}}<br /> | spouse = {{marriage | [[Kamal Haasan]]|1988|reason=divorced|2004}}<br /> | children = [[Shruti Haasan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Akshara Haasan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sarika Thakur''' (born 5 December 1960), known [[Mononym|mononymously]] as '''Sarika''', is an Indian actress and [[costume designer]]. In 2005, she won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for the English-language film ''[[Parzania]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards – 2006 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224948/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] for her work in ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2001).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sarika was born on 5 December 1960&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarika: Lesser-known facts and candid photos of the veteran actress |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/Lesser-known-facts-and-candid-photos-of-Sarika-Shruti-Haasans-mother-70823/2 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[New Delhi]] into a family of [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Rajput]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=I get devastated at the idea of marriage: Shruti Haasan |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-get-devastated-at-the-idea-of-marriage-Shruti-Haasan/articleshow/20084486.cms? |access-date=18 January 2014|last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father abandoned the family when she was very young. From then on, she became the breadwinner of the family. She did not attend school.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 July 2010 |title=Girl Interrupted |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/girl-interrupted/story-MZ5FNHd6wjEeWYqGWWe49J.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sarika started her film career as a child actor at the age of 5,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-with-dark-past/articleshow/32908309.cms |title=Celebs with dark past |work=The Times of India |page=6 |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; playing the role of a boy, Master Sooraj, during the 1960s in Hindi language films. Her most notable and popular appearance as a child artist was in the year 1967 in the musical superhit ''[[Hamraaz]]'', where she was seen as the daughter of [[Vimi]] named ''baby Saarika''. She appeared in many children's movies. Later, she moved on to films with [[Rajshri Productions]] ''[[Geet Gaata Chal]]'' with [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], with whom she starred in many Hindi and Marathi films.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> <br /> After separating from her husband, she made a comeback in Hindi films. She played [[Ipsita Ray Chakraverti]] in the film ''[[Sacred Evil – A True Story]]'' which failed at the box office. In year 2000, Sarika won the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] for the film ''[[Hey Ram]]''.<br /> <br /> Her performance in ''[[Parzania]]'' in which she plays the role of a [[Zoroastrian]] woman who loses her child during the 2002 riots of India, [[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Best Film Actress Award for the year 2005 to Ms. Sarika for her role in English Language Film “Parzania”, at the 53rd National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on September 14, 2007.jpg|thumb|236x236px|[[Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Devi Singh Patil]] presenting the Best Film Actress Award for the year 2005 to Ms. Sarika for her role in English Language Film “[[Parzania]]”, at the 53rd [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|National Film Awards function]], in [[New Delhi]] on September 14, 2007]]earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]. [[Khalid Mohamed]] wrote for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' of her performance, &quot;Sarika is marvelously restrained and lifelike, making you care for Parzania straight from the heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Parzania |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1914140,001100030005.htm |access-date=6 June 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223180509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1914140,001100030005.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sarika has starred as Sheetal Thadani in the movie ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]'' (2006), where she played the wife of [[Rajat Kapoor]]. She also had a small but important role in ''[[Manorama Six Feet Under]]''. Her latest movie is ''[[Shoebite]]'', which has been delayed for production, where she stars opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<br /> <br /> Sarika made her television debut in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Yudh (TV series)|Yudh]]'' which stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the lead role. Apart from acting, she also served as the costume designer, sound designer and associate director for [[Kuruthipunal (film)|''Kuruthipunal'']] (1995) under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Sarika and actor [[Kamal Haasan]] began living together in 1985, marrying after the birth of their first child, [[Shruti Haasan|Shruti]] (born 1986).&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=17 May 2013 |title=I get devastated at the idea of marriage: Shruti Haasan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-get-devastated-at-the-idea-of-marriage-Shruti-Haasan/articleshow/20084486.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030124223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-get-devastated-at-the-idea-of-marriage-Shruti-Haasan/articleshow/20084486.cms |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shruti is a singer and a [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood]]-[[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] actress. Their younger daughter, [[Akshara Haasan|Akshara]] (born 1991) is an assistant director and actress. Sarika stopped acting soon after their marriage, Sarika worked as Haasan's costume designer for the movie ''[[Hey Ram]]'' and won the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]]er.&lt;ref name=&quot;47thaward&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm47NFAAward.aspx|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505163411/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm47NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the couple filed for divorce, which was granted in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;sarika&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Jha, Subhash K. |year=2003 |title=My main concern is the kids |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 June 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/my-main-concern-is-the-kids/articleshow/231833.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/231833.cms |archive-date= 3 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film !! Role<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> | ''[[Uunchai]]'' <br /> | Mala Trivedi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-plays-role-tourist-guide-nepal-sooraj-barjatyas-uunchai-film-shot-worlds-dangerous-airport/ |title=Parineeti Chopra plays the role of a tourist guide in Nepal in Sooraj Barjatya's Uunchai; film shot at world's most DANGEROUS airport |date=9 October 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Mr.Kabaadi]]''|| Chando<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''|| Varsha Varma, Jai's mother<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Purani Jeans]]''|| Sherry Lawrence<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013<br /> |''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Club 60]]''|| Dr. Saira Shaikh<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012<br /> |''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''|| Dr. Zoya Ali Khan<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shoebite]]'' (Unreleased) || Aditi<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''[[Society]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |''[[Kaccha Limboo]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008<br /> |''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors]]''|| Hari Puttar's Mother<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yeh Mera India]]''|| Sushma Talreja<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tahaan]]''|| (uncredited) Tahaan's Mother<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007<br /> |''[[Manorama Six Feet Under]]''|| Manorama<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]''|| Sheetal R. Thadani<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006<br /> |''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''|| Pushpa Kapoor<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sacred Evil]]''|| [[Ipsita Roy Chakraverti|Ipsita]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005<br /> |''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]''|| Ira Haksar<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Parzania]]''|| Shehnaz<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''[[American Daylight]]''|| Dolly<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003<br /> |''[[Raghu Romeo]]''|| Party guest<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' (Tamil) || <br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |''[[Aakhri Sanghursh]]''|| Seeta<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1989<br /> |''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]''|| Munni/Sarika<br /> |-<br /> |''Ajeeb Itefaq''|| Aparna/Arpana<br /> |-<br /> |1988<br /> |''Kharidar''|| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1986<br /> |''[[Qatl]]''|| Rohini<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''|| Dancer/Singer<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shart (1986 film)|Shart]]''|| Ruhi<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dilwaala]]''|| Sapna<br /> |-<br /> |''Mangal Dada''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Zinda Laash]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |-''[[Qatl]]'' ||1986|| Rohini<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1985<br /> |''Ek Daku Saher Mein''|| Ranjana<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]''|| (uncredited) Lily (scene from ''Devta'')<br /> |-<br /> |''Ek Bhool''|| (TV)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1984<br /> |''[[Karishmaa]]''|| Neeta<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gangvaa]]''|| Chameli<br /> |-<br /> |''Ram Tera Desh''|| Lily D'Souza<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aasmaan]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Akalmand]]''|| Advocate Shobha<br /> |-<br /> |1984<br /> |''[[Raaj Tilak (1984 film)|Raaj Tilak]]''|| Gypsy<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1983<br /> |''[[Bade Dil Wala]]''|| Juhi Sinha/Juhi V. Gupta<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]''|| (as Baby Sarika) Mala<br /> |-<br /> |''Kalka''|| Gauri<br /> |-<br /> |''Bagga Daku''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1982<br /> |''[[Vidhaata]]''|| Neelima<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Badle Ki Aag]]''|| Asha<br /> |-<br /> |''Meharbaani''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]''|| Rekha<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (film)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''|| Rita Saxena<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shriman Shrimati]]''|| Aruna Gupta<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Satte Pe Satta]]''|| Sheela<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Daulat (1982 film)|Daulat]]''|| Sushma<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dil Hi Dil Mein]]''|| Gulabo/Rani<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1981<br /> |''[[Khara Khota]]''|| With actor Raj Kiran<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik...Tik...Tik]]'' (Tamil) || Miss India Sherley <br /> |-<br /> |''Sannata''|| Sapna<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dahshat]]''|| Kiran<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Paanch Qaidi]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kranti (1981 film)|Kranti]]''|| Sheetal<br /> |-<br /> |''Nai Imarat''|| Ratna <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Plot No. 5]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharada]]''|| Anita Kohli<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1980<br /> |''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]''|| Asha<br /> |-<br /> |''Nazrana Pyar Ka''|| Anuradha<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''Yeh Kaisa Insaaf?''|| Sudha<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1979<br /> |''[[Bin Phere Hum Tere]]''|| Shikha<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]''|| Sapna<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jaan-E-Bahaar]]''|| Kuku Rai<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jaani Dushman]]''|| Bindiya<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raakhi Ki Saugandh]]''|| Paro/Tina<br /> |-<br /> |''Til Til Dalekha''|| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1978<br /> |''[[Dil Aur Deewaar]]''|| Laxmi Rai<br /> |-<br /> | ''tail chitr''||<br /> |-<br /> |Geeta &quot;Anpadh&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devata]]''|| Lily<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Madhu Malti]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |''Paradh''|| Marathi Film ([[Nutan]] [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] [[Shreeram Lagoo]])<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1976<br /> |''[[Bundal Baaz]]''|| (uncredited) TV Newscaster<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raksha Bandhan]]''|| Asha<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Zid (1976 film)|Zid]]''||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1975<br /> |''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]''|| Kali<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Geet Gaata Chal]]''|| Radha<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kaagaz Ki Nao]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vandana (1975 film)|Vandana]]''|| <br /> |-<br /> |1972<br /> |''[[Haar Jeet (1972 film)|Haar Jeet]]''|| Child artist<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1971<br /> |''[[Chhoti Bahu]]''|| (uncredited) Gopi<br /> |-<br /> |''Jawan Muhabat''|| Child artist - Rekha Sareen<br /> |-<br /> |1970<br /> |''[[Devi (1970 film)|Devi]]''|| (as Moppet Suraj) Deepak<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1969<br /> |''[[Beti (1969 film)|Beti]]''|| Little Nanda<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Balak]]''|| Child artist - Deepak &quot;Deepu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Jyoti''|| (as Moppet Suraj) Munna/Nandan<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Satyakam]]''|| Child artist - Kabul S. Archarya<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''|| Child artist - Neena<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1967<br /> |''[[Hamraaz]]''|| Child artist - Sarika<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Majhli Didi]]''|| Uma – Hemangini<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Show !!Role<br /> |-<br /> |2014||[[Yudh (TV series)|''Yudh'']]||Gauri Sekhar<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''|| Miss Consica<br /> |-<br /> |2022||[[Modern Love: Mumbai]]|| Dilbar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=Sarika on Playing Older Woman Attracted to Younger Man in Modern Love Mumbai: It's More Than Just an Affair'Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sarika-on-playing-older-woman-attracted-to-younger-man-in-modern-love-mumbai-its-more-than-just-an-affair-exclusive-5155513.html |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=News 18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award <br /> ! Category <br /> ! Work <br /> ! Result <br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | [[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | ''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharda]]'' <br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=Check out the winners of the Filmfare Awards from 1953 to 2020|accessdate=21 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[47th National Film Awards|2000]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[National Film Awards]]<br /> | [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br /> | ''[[Hey Ram]]'' <br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;47thawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161229/http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005]]<br /> | [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | ''[[Parzania]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br /> | Most Entertaining Actor in a Social Role – Female<br /> | ''[[Club 60]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Star India &amp; Reliance Broadcast Network launch Big Star Entertainment Awards |work=Business of Cinema |date=16 December 2010 |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17466 |access-date=2010-12-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324233310/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17466 |archive-date=2012-03-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> | Best Actress - Drama (OTT)<br /> | ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to 'Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=When Kamal Haasan was shocked to find out Sarika was living alone, facing financial struggle: 'She found it very insulting' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/when-kamal-haasan-was-shocked-to-find-out-sarika-was-living-alone-facing-financial-struggle-she-found-it-very-insulting-9658099/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0045136}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|sarika}}<br /> <br /> {{National Film Award for Best Actress}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian child actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian amateur radio people]]<br /> [[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Amateur radio women]]<br /> [[Category:Amateur radio people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Best Costume Design National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian costume designers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoy_(film)&diff=474596 2026-03-07T06:14:31Z

<p>Oantree: correct citations per standard format and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1996 Indian Bengali film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Bhoy<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Chiranjit Chakraborty <br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|Agnisakshi|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist}}<br /> * [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]]<br /> * [[Debashree Roy]]<br /> * [[Shankar Chakraborty]]<br /> * [[Soumitra Bannerjee]]<br /> * [[Dulal Lahiri]]<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Swapan Nayek<br /> | editing = Jayanta Laha<br /> | music = Anupam Dutta<br /> | studio =<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|1996}}<br /> | runtime = 87 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhoy''''' ({{translation}} fear) is a 1996 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological thriller film]] written and directed by [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mamata-banerjee-to-write-lyrics-for-a-film-446012.html|title=Mamata Banerjee to write lyrics for a film?|date=12 February 2012 |access-date=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This movie was released in 1996 in the banner of ''Dipabali Chitram''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Bhoy (1996) Complete Cast &amp;amp; Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/bhoy-1996-bengali-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This film was loosely based on the English movie ''[[Sleeping with the Enemy]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/24jeet.htm|title=Not quite a babumoshai|last=Chatterji|first=Shoma A|date=24 November 1999|website=rediff.com|access-date=15 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Music direction was made by [[Anupam Dutta]] and [[Kabir Suman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7fd23eb3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628130444/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7fd23eb3|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2018|title=BHOY (1996)|website=bfi.org.uk|access-date=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The songs of the movie were written by Shibdas Bandyopadhyay and Lakshmikanta Roy.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Jaya was compelled to marry the ruthless and criminal Ranjit. Ranjit regularly abuses her physically and mentally. She tries to free herself from her husband but cannot succeed. When Jaya discovers that Ranjit and Jagmohan are involved with immoral trafficking and smuggling, she flies to find refuge in reporter Pallab Chatterjee's house. But Jagmohan identifies her residing with Pallab and informs Ranjit. Ranjit plans to sell Jaya to Jagamohan and remarry. One day their henchmen kidnap Jaya, killing her friend Samir. Pallab follows them and after a sudden fight rescues her from their den.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhoy (1996) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bhoy_1996 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Chiranjit Chakraborty]] as Pallab Chatterjee <br /> * [[Debashree Roy]] as Jaya<br /> * [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Samir<br /> * [[Soumitra Bannerjee]] as Ranjit<br /> * [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Jagamohan<br /> * [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as Pallab's friend<br /> * Satya Bandyopadhyay as Jaya's father<br /> * [[Chitra Sen]] as Jaya's mother<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|7205932}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1996 films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:1996 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1996 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anupam Dutta]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}<br /> {{1990s-crime-thriller-film-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tamil_films_of_2003&diff=452787 2026-03-07T05:25:52Z

<p>Oantree: further corrected citations for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 12 June 2000, gross fell to 125 per cent of net.&lt;ref&gt;[http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/topic_10.pdf Government cuts entertainment tax to 25% (from 30%)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/13/stories/04132239.htm Low-budget films gets entertainment tax exemption]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}75.07 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}75.07 crore ET collection in 2003–04]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Tamil films}}<br /> <br /> A list of films released in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry in India in [[2003 in film|2003]]:<br /> <br /> == Box office collection ==<br /> The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films|list of highest-grossing Tamil cinema films]] released in 2003.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+The Highest Worldwide Gross of 2003<br /> |-<br /> ! Rank<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Production company<br /> ! Worldwide gross<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |''[[Saamy]]''<br /> |[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|35 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |''[[Dhool]]''<br /> |Sri Surya Movies<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|27-28 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |''[[Thirumalai]]''<br /> |[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|25 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |''[[Pithamagan]]''<br /> |V Creations<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|20-22 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''<br /> |GJ Cinema<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|18-20 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |''[[Chokka Thangam]]''<br /> |[[GV Films]]<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|16 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |''[[Vaseegara]]''<br /> |Shot N' Stills Ltd<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|15 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]''<br /> |R. K. Productions<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|13 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]''<br /> |Indian Theatre Productions<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|12 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |''[[Anbe Sivam]]''<br /> |[[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |{{INR|10-12 crore}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of Tamil films==<br /> ===January—March===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening <br /> ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref<br /> |- January!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''J&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''10'''<br /> | ''[[Dhool]]'' || [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Jyothika]], [[Reemma Sen]]<br /> | Sri Surya Movies || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''15'''<br /> | ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]] <br /> | [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Annai Kaligambal]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Anu Prabhakar]] <br /> | [[Sri Thenandal Films]] || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || [[K. Bhagyaraj]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Soundarya]], [[Prakash Raj]] <br /> | [[GV Films]] ||<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalatpadai]]'' || J. Ramesh || Jai, [[Vidhya Venkatesh|Vidhu]]<br /> | Chozha Creations || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] <br /> | Kanagarathna Movies || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaseegara]]'' || [[K. Selva Bharathy]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] <br /> | Shots N' Stills Ltd. || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''24'''<br /> | ''[[Pop Corn (2003 film)|Pop Corn]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[Mohanlal]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] <br /> | Kana Film Makers || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''31'''<br /> | ''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' || [[Ravi Mariya]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Sharmilee]] <br /> | [[Super Good Films]] || <br /> |- February!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''F&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;B'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''6'''<br /> | ''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]'' || Thalapathy Raj || [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], Deepu, [[Vadivelu]] <br /> | Udhayageetha Cine Creations || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''14'''<br /> | ''[[Anbu Thollai]]'' || Hayath || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Ravali]] <br /> | Kyoshi Movies ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Jayaram]], [[Saritha]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] <br /> | GJ Cinemaa ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhaludan]]'' || [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] <br /> | Raade Films || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Student Number 1]]'' || [[Selva (director)|Selva]] || [[Sibi Raj]], [[Sherin]] <br /> | Sena Films || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''21'''<br /> | ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]'' || Rajaji || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] <br /> | Bheemaraja Pictures ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''28'''<br /> | ''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|G. Sai Suresh]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] <br /> | Cine Times Entertainment || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pallavan]]'' || [[Padmamagan]] || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] <br /> | Usha Theaters ||<br /> |- March!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''20'''<br /> | ''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || L. C. Selva || [[Deepak Dinkar]], [[Suja Varunee]], [[Vadivelu]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasellam]]'' || Santhosh || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] <br /> | [[Aascar Films]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nilavil Kalangamillai'' || V. Sabrivel || Agnivesh, Malar, Babilona <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pavalakkodi (2003 film)|Pavalakkodi]]'' || Ram-CP Saravanan || Vijay Sarathi, [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]], Paval, Shaama, Nirosha <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''21'''<br /> | ''[[Ennai Thalatta Varuvala]]'' || K. S. Ravindran || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Reshma <br /> | Muthalaya Films || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===April—June===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening <br /> ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref<br /> |- April!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFDEAD; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''A&lt;br /&gt;P&lt;br /&gt;R'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''11'''<br /> | ''[[Magic Magic 3D]]'' || Jose || Suraj Balajee, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balasubramaniam]], [[Pooja Kumar]], [[Tirlok Malik]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''13'''<br /> | ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Rakshita]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || [[V. Z. Durai]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]'' || Sujith || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Rakshita]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''14'''<br /> | ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]] || [[Sarathkumar]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Banda Paramasivam]]'' || [[T. P. Gajendran]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Monica (actress)|Monika]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''25'''<br /> | ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' || [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy|S. D. Sabapathy]] || [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Well Done (2003 film)|Well Done]]'' || [[Ravi Bhargavan|Ravindran]] || Jayanth, Chytra Hallikeri<br /> ||| <br /> |- May!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''M&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;br /&gt;Y'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1'''<br /> | ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Mani Bharathi || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sharmelee]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || M. A. Murugesh || [[Mithun Tejaswi]], [[Daisy Bopanna]], [[Nanditha Jennifer|Nanditha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saamy]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''8'''<br /> | ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' || [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] || [[Jai Akash]], Neha, [[Hamsavardhan]], [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' || [[K. P. Jagannath]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Ameesha Patel]], [[Meera Jasmine]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''16'''<br /> | ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''30'''<br /> | ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]], [[Gayathri Raguram]] <br /> ||| <br /> |- June!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;N'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''12'''<br /> | ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || [[T. S. B. K. Mouli|Mouli]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Geetu Mohandas]], [[Shrutika]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''13'''<br /> | ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Jayaram]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''20'''<br /> | ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || [[M. Raja]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Sadha]] <br /> ||| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===July—September===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening <br /> ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref<br /> |- July!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''J&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;L'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''4'''<br /> | ''[[Ice (2003 film)|Ice]]'' || [[R. Raghuraj|Raghuraj]] || Ashok, [[Priyanka Trivedi]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' || [[Selvaraghavan]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Sonia Agarwal]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]'' || [[K. Rajeswar]] || [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Sherin]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || [[J. D. Jerry|J.D-Jerry]] || [[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramaditya]], [[Sherin]], [[Gayathri Raguram]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''11'''<br /> | ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]'' || [[Vikraman]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi Vijayakumar]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''18'''<br /> | ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || [[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]] || [[Mithun Tejaswi]], [[Charmee Kaur|Charmee]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Charmee Kaur|Charmee]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thayumanavan]]'' || [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] || [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> |- August!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#C2B280; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''A&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;br /&gt;G'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1'''<br /> |''Idhayamae'' || Raviraja|| [[Ishaq Hussaini]], Krishnana, [[Vadivelu]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Suriya]], [[Jyothika]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' || [[Brinda Sarathy]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi Vijayakumar]], [[Shrutika]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vikadan]]'' || [[Arun Pandian]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Arun Pandian]], [[Gayathri Raguram]], [[Radhika Chaudhari]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''8'''<br /> | ''[[Eera Nilam]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Nanditha Jennifer|Nanditha]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''15'''<br /> | ''[[Alaudin]]'' || Ravi Chakravathy || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Ashima Bhalla]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' || Nandakumaran || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Kiran Rathod]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''22'''<br /> | ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' ||[[Surya Prakash (director)|Surya Prakash]] || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Kiran Rathod]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''29'''<br /> | ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || [[S. Shankar]] || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Thaman]], [[Manikandan (actor)|Manikandan]] <br /> ||| <br /> |- September!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''S&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;P'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''5'''<br /> | ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Prashanthshekhar || [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], Nandana <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' || [[Subramaniam Siva]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Chaya Singh]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''12'''<br /> | ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || [[Vikram Kumar]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' || [[V. Sekhar]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Manthra (actress)|Manthra]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''19'''<br /> | ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' || [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy|Saba Kailash]] || [[Prakash Raj]], Reshmi <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' || [[Samuthirakani]] || [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Meera Vasudevan]], [[Santhoshi]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Dhivya Teacher'' || Kuha Jayaraj || Anand, Vinitha, Jagan <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''27'''<br /> | ''[[Bheeshmar]]'' || [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] || [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Galatta Ganapathy'' || Karthik Kumar || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Sanghavi]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaiyodu Kai]]'' || [[Rajan Sarma]] || [[Aravind Akash]], [[Yugendran]], Sona<br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ragasiyamai]]'' || Amuthan || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], Neelan Singh <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Three Roses]]'' || [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameswar]] || [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Jyothika]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]], [[Vadivelu]] <br /> |||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===October—December===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Opening <br /> ! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref<br /> |- October!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFB7C5; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''O&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;br /&gt;T'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''10'''<br /> | ''Vadakku Vaasal'' || B. M. Sundar || Karthik Kumar, Rithana<br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''24'''<br /> | ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || [[N. Maharajan]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Meera Jasmine]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ottran]]'' || Ilankannan || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Tejashree]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Suriya]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || [[Ramana (director)|Ramana]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Jyothika]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] <br /> |||<br /> |- November!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#ACE1AF; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''N&lt;br /&gt;O&lt;br /&gt;V'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''14'''<br /> | ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || [[Saran (director)|Saran]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], [[Priyanka Kothari|Amoga]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''21'''<br /> | ''[[Iyarkai]]'' || [[S. P. Jananathan]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Arun Vijay]], [[Kutti Radhika]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kurumbu]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Diya (actress)|Diya]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''28'''<br /> | ''[[Nadhi Karaiyinile]]'' || [[Ponvannan]] || [[Saranya Ponvannan]] <br /> ||| <br /> |- December!<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B8860B; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''D&lt;br /&gt;E&lt;br /&gt;C'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''5'''<br /> | ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || [[R. Balu]] || Ashwin, [[Rathi Arumugam]], Yogan<br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Mullil Roja'' || Kasthuri Pandian || Vishnu, Lahari, Lakshmi <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''12'''<br /> | ''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]'' || [[B. Lenin]] || Hans Kaushik, Archana, Kripa <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Konji Pesalaam]]'' || R. Kaleeswaran || [[Rajkiran]], Sreeja, Vamsi<br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''19'''<br /> | ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' || [[Jyothi Krishna (director)|Jyothi Krishna]] || [[Tarun Kumar]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], [[Shriya Saran|Shriya]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Joot]]'' || [[Azhagam Perumal]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Meera Jasmine]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Paththikichu'' || S. S. Arasan || Devaguru, Manjari, [[Shakeela]], [[Abhinayashree]] <br /> ||| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov317.asp |title=Pathikichu |website=Chennai Online |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408211705/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov317.asp |archive-date=8 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]'' || Azhagu Rajusundaram || [[Mumtaj]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]'' || Shelvan || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[R. Parthiepan]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''25'''<br /> | ''[[Indru]]'' || Naveen Muthuraman || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Tanu Roy]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || K. A. Shanmugavel || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Nanditha Jennifer|Nanditha]] <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''26'''<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] || [[R. Parthiepan]], [[Richa Pallod]], [[Vineeth]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oruththi]]'' || Amshan Kumar || Ganesh Babu, Poorvaja, [[Bala Singh]] <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The following films also released in 2003, though the release date remains unknown.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110531005846/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2003.asp Article title]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title!! Director !! Cast <br /> !Production !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | ''IPC 215'' || [[Charuhasan]] || [[Ponvannan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]<br /> |||| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/27ipc.htm|title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: To catch a thief}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Adhaanda Idhaanda'' || R. G. Elavalagan || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] <br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cinereporters.com/ajith-come-and-accept-whole-family-expenses-of-director/|title=இக்கட்டான நிலையில் இருந்த இயக்குனர்!.. குடும்ப செலவுகளை ஏற்றுக் கொண்ட அஜித்!.. வலிகளை தாண்டி தல-யின் அந்த எண்ணம்..|last=Rohini|date=13 January 2023|access-date=20 March 2024|work=Cinereporters}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bhayam'' || David || <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oru Thadava Sonna'' || M. Jameenraj || [[Chinni Jayanth]], Swarna, Lavanya <br /> |||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rekkai'' || [[B. Lenin]] || Narayana Rao, M. S. Vishalakshi, N. Madankumar <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Uyirosai'' || Hariram || Bharath, Soni <br /> |||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov312.asp |title=Uyirosai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324062720/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov312.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vaanam Vaazhthattum'' || Raveeshwar || Vimalahasan, Rashmi, Kulkarni <br /> ||| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vani Mahal'' || Jayram || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Suvalakshmi]] <br /> ||| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;| Category/organization !! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| Dinakaran Cinema Awards&lt;br /&gt; 10 April 2004 !! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| [[51st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]&lt;br /&gt;12 June 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms|title = 51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award winners|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=4 June 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:200px;&quot;| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]&lt;br /&gt;13 February 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/13award.htm | title=Tamil Nadu state awards announced | date=13 February 2006 | publisher=Rediff | access-date=18 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Film || ''[[Pithamagan]]'' || ''[[Pithamagan]]'' || ''[[Eera Nilam]]''<br /> |-<br /> | Best Director || [[Bala (director)|Bala]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Karu Pazhaniappan]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actor || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actress || [[Jyothika]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' &lt;br /&gt; ''[[Dhool]]''|| [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]'' || [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Pithamagan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | Best Music Director || [[Dhina]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil cinema|horiz}}<br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> {{2003 films}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Best Tamil Films Of 2003}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2003]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 2003 films by language|Tamil]]<br /> [[Category:2003 in Indian cinema|Tamil]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Tamil-language films| ]]<br /> [[Category:2000s Indian films]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madam_X_(1994_film)&diff=453090 2026-03-03T23:38:14Z

<p>Oantree: small update structure for clarity further</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Madam X<br /> | image = Madam X (1994).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Deepak Shivdasani]]<br /> | producer = Thakur R.S.<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Nusrat Sayyed<br /> | story = K.B. Patel<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|*[[Rekha]]<br /> *[[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]<br /> *[[Shakti Kapoor]]<br /> *[[Raza Murad]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = Anu Malik &lt;br /&gt;Lyrics: Hasrat Jaipuri, Indivar, Sameer<br /> | cinematography = Thomas A. Xavier<br /> | editing = A. Muthu<br /> | studio = Nishita Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1994|02|25|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 119 min<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Madam X''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Exploitation film]] directed by [[Deepak Shivdasani]] and featuring [[Rekha]], [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] and [[Raza Murad]] in important roles.It is Mockbuster of [[Don (1978 film)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Shikha|title=''Hum hai maut ki woh express, duniya jise kehte hai Madam X''|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hum-hai-maut-ki-woh-express-duniya-jise-kehte-hai-madam-x-1752198|accessdate=12 February 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|date=14 October 2012|location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Madam X (1994) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/madam-x-7706/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221010905/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/madam-x-7706/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=21 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Police officer Vijay captures a lady don, Madam X, and sends her into secret custody. He wants to gather the whereabouts of Madam X's gang. He approaches Anjali, a poor girl who looks like Madam X to enter the criminal gang so that she can provide him information about their activities. Things take a turn for the worse when Madam X escapes from custody.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Madam X|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/madam-x|access-date=2022-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Rekha]] as Anjali/Madam X<br /> * [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan (actor)]] as Inspector Vijay<br /> * [[Shakti Kapoor]] (Cameo)<br /> * [[Raza Murad]] as Rai Bahadur<br /> * [[Jagdeep]] as Zankar<br /> * [[Avtar Gill]] as Inspector Rana Deshpande<br /> * [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Police Commissioner Mathur<br /> * [[Kiran Juneja]] <br /> * Jaya Mathur<br /> * [[Pankaj Dheer]] (Guest Appearance )<br /> <br /> == Songs ==<br /> Music: Anu Malik, Lyrics: Hasrat Jaipuri, Indivar, Sameer<br /> #&quot;Shaadi Shuda Mardon Ko&quot; – [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> #&quot;Main Hoon Churi Rampuri&quot; – [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> #&quot;Kaise Dil Jeete Aap Ka&quot; (Male) – [[Anu Malik]]<br /> #&quot;Kaise Dil Jeete Aap Ka&quot; (Female) – [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> #&quot;Madam X Madam X&quot; – [[Alisha Chinai]]<br /> #&quot;Madam X Madam X&quot; – Instrumental<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0363784}}<br /> <br /> {{Deepak Shivdasani}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Deepak Shivdasani]]<br /> [[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Mallige&diff=452332 2026-03-03T22:06:25Z

<p>Oantree: Enhanced content and organization</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = O Mallige<br /> | image = O Mallige.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[V. Manohar]]<br /> | writer = Ramesh Rao (dialogues)<br /> | story = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|K. Ananthu]]<br /> | screenplay = K. Nanjunda<br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = Meera S. Naika<br /> | starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Charulatha]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Zulfi Syed]] <br /> | music = [[V. Manohar]]<br /> | cinematography = Ashok Kashyap<br /> | editing = Prasad<br /> | studio = Sri Siddhivinayaka Arts<br /> | released = {{Film date|1997|04|22|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 147 minutes<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''O Mallige''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama]] film directed by [[V. Manohar]] and written by K. Ananthu. The film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Charulatha]], model-turned-actor [[Zulfi Syed]] and Chaitali (Bina Rajagopal). Syed was credited as Amar Mayur in the film.<br /> <br /> The film, upon release met with very good positive response at the box-office and critics as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://shakreviews.blogspot.com/2006/03/o-mallige-1997.html|title=ShakReviews: O Mallige (1997)|last=Shak|date=25 March 2006|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was one of the highest-grossing films of the year 1997. Singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] was awarded the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for his rendition of a song, actor Ramesh fetched the [[Udaya Film Awards|Best Actor]] award and Chaitali won the best supporting actress award at the [[Udaya Film Awards]].<br /> [[Sadhu Kokila]]'s character of Musthafa was later used in 2013 movie ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Mallige (Charulata) lives in a small village with her uncle (V.Manohar). A heart patient, Manohar has an ambitious wannabe model in his son Nacchi (Zulfi Syed) who is lost in the bliss of the big city. When he suffers another nearly fatal stroke, Nacchi reluctantly returns to be by his dying father's side. Seizing the opportunity, the dying man manages to get the innocent village belle Mallige married to the city chap, Nacchi. As much as Nacchi hates the decision, he goes along considering his father's health. He even manages to consummate the wedlock under the influence of alcohol. A few days later the old man dies leaving the helpless girl to his son. The very next day Nacchi leaves her; she has nowhere to turn to for support.<br /> <br /> Days roll by and soon Mallige realizes she is expecting a baby. To take things under her own control she decides to join her absconding husband in the city. Nachi changing his name to Naresh Patel has shifted base to the city and is shown wooing the rich daughter (Chaitali) of a millionaire (Avinash) to fuel his aspirations of becoming a successful model. Soon the young couple is shown exchanging sweet nothings in parks and restaurants while the pregnant girl is roaming the streets of the city looking for her ignorant husband.<br /> <br /> Krishna Murthy alias Kitti (Ramesh) is also an aspiring model who is in between odd jobs. An accident brings Kitti and Mallige together as she is seriously injured in the mishap and loses all memory of her immediate past. For his convenience, to shoo off the prying landlords, Kitti brings Mallige to his house and christens her Lakshmi since she has no memory of her name. A special bond of affection starts forming between the two. Nacchi continues his casanova ways with the rich girl unaware of any of these happenings.<br /> <br /> Lakshmi bears a child and names him Ganesha. Meanwhile, Kitti manages to get a plum offer from the same firm that works with Mallige's husband. Soon Nacchi has his girlfriend realise that he is married and so starts encouraging Kitti instead to get back at him. Nacchi confronts her and ends up apologizing for his “mistake” but she is firm in her decision and decides not to have anything to do with him.<br /> <br /> Things start falling into place when she sees Mallige at Kitti's place and informs him about the truth. Kitti is heartbroken at the thought of losing Mallige to a stranger. She has been his life for the past few years and this sudden change of events scares him. Nacchi meets his long lost wife in Kitti's house and confronts him to return her to him. In the end, Mallige's memory has revived but pretending to be losing her memory again (fact known only to the doctor) she does not recognize Nacchi and ends up uniting with Kitty.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Ramesh Arvind]] as Kitty (Krishnamurthy)<br /> * [[Charulatha]] as Mallige (Lakshmi)<br /> * [[Zulfi Syed]] as Nacchi (Narasimhamurthy) alias Naresh Patel<br /> * Chaithali as Karishma <br /> * [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]<br /> * [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]<br /> * [[V. Manohar]]<br /> * [[Sadhu Kokila]] as ''Musthafa''<br /> * [[Vaijanath Biradar]] as Tippayya<br /> * [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]<br /> * Ramesh rao as Yenka <br /> * Rathnakar <br /> * Master Santhosh<br /> * [[Srinivas Prabhu]]<br /> ==Production==<br /> Composer V. Manohar originally entered the film industry to become a director but accidentally became a composer. When he decided to make his directorial debut, Ramesh Aravind took him to writer Ananthu who provided him a story which eventually became ''O Mallige''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/metro/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%87-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86-527830.html|website=Prajavani|access-date=16 March 2025|date=23 October 2017|title='ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕನಾದ ಮೇಲೆಯೇ ಸಂಗೀತ ಕಲಿತೆ'}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> All the songs are composed and written by [[V. Manohar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22416-O_Mallige__1998_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22416-O_Mallige__1998_/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232845/http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22416-O_Mallige__1998_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22416-O_Mallige__1998_/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2014|title=O Mallige songs|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The opening tune of the song &quot;Sura Sundara&quot; was re-used in the Hindi song &quot;Dance Basanti&quot; from the 2014 movie ''[[Ungli]]''.<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Sevanthi Sevanthi&quot; || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[V. Manohar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;O Seethakka&quot; || [[B. R. Chaya]], Sujatha Dutt || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;O Mallige Ninnade&quot; || [[K.S. Chithra]] || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || &quot;Sura Sundara&quot; || Rajesh Krishnan, [[Sowmya Raoh]] || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || &quot;Malagu Malagu&quot; || [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]] || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || &quot;Hoodotakkeega&quot; || Narasimha Nayak || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || &quot;Muddada Baale&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || V. Manohar<br /> |-<br /> | 8|| &quot;Giri Siri Nela Hola&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || V. Manohar<br /> |-9 || &quot;O Mallige&quot; || K S Chitra || V. Manohar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]<br /> # [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> <br /> * [[Udaya Film Awards]]<br /> # Best Actor - [[Ramesh Aravind]]<br /> # Best Supporting Actress - Chaitali<br /> # Best Male Playback Singer - [[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:O Mallige}}<br /> [[Category:1997 films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]<br /> [[Category:1997 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1997 romantic drama films]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahanadi_(2013_film)&diff=514746 2026-03-03T21:28:23Z

<p>Oantree: made first article basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mahanadi<br /> | image = Mahanadi (2013 film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name =<br /> | director = Krishnappa Uppuru<br /> | writer = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Sanjjana]]<br /> *Dilip Raj<br /> *Suryakiran<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]<br /> | editing = Srinivas P Babu<br /> | music = A M Neel<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|14}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mahanadi''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language directed by Krishnappa Uppuru. [[Sanjjana]], [[Dileep Raj]] and Suryakiran in lead role, story of the film is written by Krishnappa Uppuru and produce by Jerry Vincent Dias and Glane Dias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-gets-a-u/a-certificate/articleshow/20169021.cms |title=Mahanadi gets a U/A Certificate |date=21 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424063622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-gets-a-u/a-certificate/articleshow/20169021.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was theatrically released on 14 June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-to-release-on-june-14/articleshow/20461055.cms |title=Mahanadi to release on June 14 |date=6 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211063805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-to-release-on-june-14/articleshow/20461055.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sanjjana]] as Minakshi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-promises-to-inspire-women/articleshow/20555548.cms |title=Mahanadi promises to inspire women |date=13 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211083107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mahanadi-promises-to-inspire-women/articleshow/20555548.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Dileep Raj]] as Raj<br /> *Suryakiran as Janna<br /> *[[Rangayana Raghu]]<br /> *[[Loknath]]<br /> *[[Shobaraj]]<br /> *Venkadri<br /> *Padmini Prakash<br /> *Malathi Sardeshpande<br /> *Varshini<br /> *Mini<br /> *Rakesh<br /> *Dharmendra<br /> *Gururaja Hoskote<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> In May 2012, principal photography took place in Keni Village in [[Ankola]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=143800 |title=Udupi: 'Mahanadi' Kannada Movie Captures a Sea of Feminine Emotions |date=16 July 2012|work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607024541/https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=143800 |archive-date=7 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was completed on 20 July 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mahanadi-shooting-completed-in-mangalore/article3661342.ece |title='Mahanadi' shooting completed in Mangalore |date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208212719/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mahanadi-shooting-completed-in-mangalore/article3661342.ece |archive-date=8 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Mahanadi<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = A. M. Neel<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 2013<br /> | recorded = 2013<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 24:17<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | label = <br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = 2012<br /> | year = 2013<br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = 2014<br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|jwZUCk9EP_Y| Mahanadi- Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> |extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> |total_length = 24:17<br /> | title1= Thara Thara<br /> | extra1 =Ritisha and Sarthak<br /> | length1 = 4:44<br /> | title2 = Hoove Hoove<br /> | extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br /> | length2 = 6:03<br /> | title3 = Ambarada Anchali<br /> | extra3 = Kushala and Mohan<br /> | length3 = 5:01<br /> | title4 = Kadalugala Giri<br /> | extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | length4 = 4:16<br /> | title5 = Gaavore Nachore<br /> | extra5 = Chaitra H. G.<br /> | length5 = 4:13<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical response===<br /> A reviewer of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote &quot;The rest of the cast is one long parade and actors like Muni are wasted in inconsequential roles. This Mahanadi is nothing but a monsoon-fed stream&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-journey-undercurrents-stilted-flow-2266578 |title=A journey of undercurrents and stilted flow |date=16 June 2023|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211065408/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-journey-undercurrents-stilted-flow-2266578 |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari from ''[[Kannada Prabha]]'' says &quot;Rangayana Raghu has won the numbers game in spades. Loknath is the support of Mahanadi as an elder grandfather. But, Kashi, Shobharaj's talents are not properly utilized. The question should also be asked whether an actor like Satyajith was needed for a scene&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2013/jun/16/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82-%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87-67589.html |title=ಮಹಾ'ನದಿ ನೀರೂ ಉಪ್ಪುಪ್ಪೇ' |date=16 June 2013|work= [[Kannada Prabha]] |language=kn|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211070309/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2013/jun/16/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82-%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87-67589.html |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charan C.S from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote &quot;The performance of Rangayana Raghu, who plays the role of gambler Ningappa, falls flat. The other characters, played by Malathi Sardeshpande, Loknath, Shobharaj and Satyajit are also average&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mahanadi/movie-review/20600099.cms |title=Mahanadi Movie Review |date=14 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211082755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mahanadi/movie-review/20600099.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Savitri Av from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' wrote &quot;Rangayana Raghu brings color to some situations. Thara Thara Hosa Thara...Song is like life to a movie. The situations in Mumbai are closer to reality. It is reassuring not to over-glorify any situation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/moviereview/20595866.cms#google_vignette |title=ಮಹಾನದಿ: ಸಂಚಿನ ಸುಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚುವ ಮೀನು... |date=15 June 2013|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211072642/https://vijaykarnataka.com/moviereview/20595866.cms#google_vignette |archive-date=11 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|2486260}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yermarus_Thermal_Power_Station&diff=546211 2026-02-21T05:16:33Z

<p>Oantree: creating a entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Building in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox power station<br /> | name = Yermarus Thermal Power station<br /> | name_official = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | location_map_caption = Location of the Yermarus Power station<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16|17|28|N|77|21|9|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_ref = <br /> | country = India<br /> | location = Yegnur, [[Raichur]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | status = O<br /> | construction_began = <br /> | commissioned = Unit 1: May, 2015; Unit 2: Mar, 2017<br /> | cost = <br /> | owner = [[Karnataka Power Corporation]]<br /> | operator = RPCL<br /> | th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]<br /> | th_fuel_tertiary = <br /> | ps_units_operational = 800&amp;nbsp;MW<br /> | ps_units_manu_model = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]]<br /> | th_cogeneration = <br /> | th_combined_cycle = <br /> | ps_electrical_capacity = 1600<br /> | ps_electrical_cap_fac = <br /> | website = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}'''Yermarus Thermal Power Station''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located in Yermarus village in [[Raichur district]], [[Karnataka]]. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The power plant is owned and operated by the [[Karnataka Power Corporation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-labourers-killed-at-ytps-construction-site/article6793983.ece|title=Two labourers killed at YTPS construction site; workers agitate|last=Buradikatti|first=Kumar|date=16 January 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is India's first 800&amp;nbsp;MW super critical thermal power plant and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]] is the EPC contractor for this power project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/general-market-equity/first-800-mw-supercritical-thermal-power-plant-in-karnataka-commissioned-by-bhel-116052500929_1.html|title=First 800 MW Supercritical Thermal Power Plant in Karnataka commissioned by BHEL|work=IIFL News|access-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/country-s-first-bhel-manufactures-indigenous-800-mw-turbo-generator/story-eMM8fQxnf2wbdKIDyC43LN.html|title=Country’s first: BHEL manufactures indigenous 800 MW turbo generator|date=12 March 2015|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Capacity==<br /> The installed capacity of the power plant in 1600&amp;nbsp;MW (2×800&amp;nbsp;MW).<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Stage !! Unit Number !! power ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || 1 || 800 ||2015 MAY || commissioned and commercial operation declared in March 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhel-commissions-800-mw-supercritical-thermal-unit-in-k-nataka-116052500538_1.html|title=BHEL commissions 800 mw supercritical thermal unit in K'nataka|date=25 May 2016|work=Business Standard|access-date=19 May 2018|publisher=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1st || 2 || 800 || 2017 Mar || commissioned&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/brief-bhel-commissions-800-mw-supercriti-idINFWN1H60ZE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030811/http://in.reuters.com/article/brief-bhel-commissions-800-mw-supercriti-idINFWN1H60ZE|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2017|title=BRIEF-BHEL commissions 800 MW supercritical thermal power plant in Karnataka|date=30 March 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and commercial operations started in April 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.myiris.com/news/company-update/bhels-second-800-mw-unit-starts-commercial-ops/20170412103231199|title=BHEL's second 800 MW unit starts commercial ops|date=12 April 2017|work=Myiris News|access-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Energy}}<br /> {{Power Plants of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Raichur district]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2015]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashtasakhi&diff=447799 2026-02-19T17:14:46Z

<p>Oantree: revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Group of eight closest companions of Radha-Krishna}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox deity &lt;!--Bharatpedia:WikiProject Hinduism--&gt;<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | name = Ashtasakhi<br /> | other_names = Ashtagopi<br /> | image = RadhaKrishna with Ashtasakhi2.jpg<br /> | caption = [[Radha Krishna]] at centre with Ashtasakhi<br /> | Sanskrit_transliteration = Aṣṭasakhī<br /> | Devanagari = अष्टसखी<br /> | affiliation = {{bulleted list|[[Gopi]]||[[Avatar]] of [[Radha]]|[[Krishnaism]]}}<br /> | abode = [[Goloka]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Barsana]]<br /> | consort = [[Krishna]]<br /> | festivals = [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kartik Purnima]], [[Lathmar Holi]]<br /> | gender = Female<br /> | dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]-[[Chandravamsha]]<br /> | member_of = [[Gopis]]<br /> | venerated_in = [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Pushtimarg]], Haridasi Sampradaya<br /> | temple = Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, Vrindavan<br /> | region = [[Braj region]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> The '''Ashtasakhi''' ({{langx|sa|अष्टसखी}}, {{IAST3|Ashtāsākhi}}) are a group of eight prominent [[gopi]]s and close associates of the [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] in the [[Braj|Braj region]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=ashtasakhi+tungavidya&amp;pg=PA107 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |pages=107 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In many sub-traditions of [[Krishnaism]], they are revered as goddesses and consorts of Krishna. According to the [[Padma Purana]], the Ashtasakhi are the eternal female companions of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] in the [[Dvapara Yuga]], with whom they descended upon the earth from their celestial abode of [[Goloka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&amp;q=sakhi&amp;pg=PA43 |title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=1994 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03524-8 |pages=59–62 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The popular list of Ashtasakhi include: Lalita, Vishaka, Champaklata, Chitra, Tungavidhya, Induleka, Rangadevi, and Sudevi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Tantra and some Śaiva Thinkers |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |work=An Introduction to Indian Philosophy |access-date=2023-07-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |isbn=978-1-4725-2476-8 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=gaudiya |date=2021-08-07 |title=Ashta Sakhi of Radha - 8 Principal Gopis of Vrindavan |url=https://thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2021/08/07/ashta-sakhi-of-sri-radha-eight-gopis-of-vrindavan/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=The Gaudiya Treasures of Bengal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of these eight prominent gopis are regarded to be an expansion of [[Radha]], the chief consort of [[Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gita Press |url=http://archive.org/details/padma-puran-gita-press |title=Padma Purana (पद्म पुराण) - Gita Press |pages=570–572}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:RadhaKrishna&amp;Ashtasakhis.jpg|thumb|Ashtasakhi with [[Radha Krishna]] at Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, [[Vrindavan]]]]<br /> '''[[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]]''': Out of eight prominent sakhi, Lalita is the foremost sakhi. She is the eldest gopi among Ashtasakhi and is 27 days older than Radha. She was born to her parents Visoka (father) and Saradi (mother) in Unchagaon, near [[Barsana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=Lalita Sakhi- The Guru of Gopis! |url=https://www.mayapur.com/2019/lalita-sakhi-the-guru-of-gopis/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Mayapur.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A temple called ''Sri Lalita Sakhi Temple, Unchagaon'' is situated in her village which is dedicated to her. In Radha-Krishna pastimes, it is the duty of Lalita to pacify Radha when she feels separation from Krishna and then arrange a meeting of Radha-Krishna. In [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]], [[Swami Haridas]], the popular saint and musician of Vrindavan is said to be the incarnation of Lalita. He manifested the idol of [[Banke Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari]] in [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unchagaon |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/page/unchagaon |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=iskcondesiretree.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sri Lalita Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/page/sri-lalita-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=iskcondesiretree.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1cvAAAAYAAJ |title=The Color Guide to Vr̥ndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples |date=2000 |publisher=Vedanta Vision Publication |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Vishaka''': The second prominent gopi is the Vishaka. The service Visakha renders is ''Vastralankara'' or arranging for the clothing and ornamentation of the divine couple. She is exactly the same age as Radha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |date=2010 |title=Sri Vishaka devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-vishaka-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vishakaha is believed to be born in Kamai village to her parents Pavana (father) and Vahika (mother).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Mayapur |date=2016-09-10 |title=Appearance of Srimati Vishakha Devi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-srimati-vishakha-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Kaliyuga, [[Hariram Vyas|Swami Hariram Vyas]] is believed to be the incarnation of Vishakha. A temple dedicated to Vishaka called ''Sri Vishakha Radha Raman Bihariji Temple'' is situated in her village Kamai, [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Champaklata''': Champaklata is the third most senior gopi in group of Ashtasakhi. She is born to her mother Vatika Devi and father Arama in Karahla village in Braj region. Champaklata is one day younger than Radha and her primary service includes collecting fruits and vegetables from forest and then cooking meals for the divine couple Radha-Krishna. A temple dedicated to Chapaklata called, ''Sri Champaklata Sakhi Temple'' is situated in Karhala, Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Mayapur |date=2016-09-10 |title=Appearance of Srimati Champakalata Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-srimati-champakalata-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |date=2018-09-20 |title=Campakalata Devi- The Expert Debater |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/campakalata-devi-the-expert-debater-4 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Pushtimarg]] tradition, Padmanabhdas, disciple of [[Vallabha]]charya, is believed to be the incarnation of Champaklata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winand M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&amp;q=sakhi&amp;pg=PA43 |title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=1994 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03524-8 |pages=58 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Chitra''': Chitra is the fourth prominent gopi, who was born to her mother Carcika and father Catura in Chiksauli village, Uttar Pradesh. She is 26 days older than Radha. She is expert in playing music on pots filled with varying degrees of water. She is well versed in the literature related to astronomy and astrology and is also well versed in the theoretical and practical activities of protecting domestic animals. She is especially expert at gardening. A temple known as ''Sri Chitra Sakhi Temple, Chiksauli'' is present in her village and is dedicated to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |date=2020-09-21 |title=Sri Chitra Sakhi Appearance Day |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/sri-chitra-sakhi-appearance-day |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Shri Radharani Ki Asht Sakhiyon Ki Chitra Sahit Jankari |url=https://shrimathuraji.com/shri-radharani-ki-asht-sakhiyon-ki-chitra-sahit-jankari/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Shri Mathura Ji |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Tungavidhya''': Tungavidya is the fifth prominent companion in group of Ashtasakhi. She is fifteen days older than Radha and is born to parents Medha-devi (mother) and Puskara (father) in Dabhala village, Uttar Pradesh. She is learned in transcendental mellows, morality, dancing, drama, literature and all other arts and sciences. She is a celebrated music teacher and expert at playing the [[Veena]] and singing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-09-08 |title=Divine Appearance of Tungavidya Sakhi |url=https://www.mayapur.com/2012/divine-appearance-of-tungavidya-sakhi/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Mayapur.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A temple called ''Sri Tungavidya Sakhi Temple'' in Dabhala is dedicated to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |date=2010-11-27 |title=Sri Tungavidya devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-tungavidya-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tungavidya |url=http://www.vrindavan.de/tungavidya.htm |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vrindavan.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Indulekha''': Induleka is the sixth prominent sakhi. She is born to her father Sagara and mother Vela Devi in Anjanoka village, Uttar Pradesh. Her main service is to prepare food for Radha-Krishna and some authorities say that another of her primary services is dancing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=ISKCON |date=2022-09-07 |title=Appearance of Sri Indulekha Sakhi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-of-sri-indulekha-sakhi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indulekha is three days younger than Radha. A temple called ''Sri Indulekha Sakhi temple'' in Anjanoka is dedicated to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mataji |first=Padmavati |date=2010-11-27 |title=Sri Indulekha devi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-indulekha-devi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Rangadevi''': Rangadevi is the seventh prominent gopi in Ashtasakhi. She was born to her parents Karuna-devi (mother) and Rangasara (father) in Rakholi. She is seven days younger than Radha. Her characteristics are similar to Champaklata. She is an expert logician and fond of joking with Radha in presence of Krishna. Her services include burning the aromatic incense, carrying coal during the winter and fanning the divine couple in the summer. A temple called ''Sri Radha Manohar Rangadevi Temple'' is present in Rakholi and is dedicated to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=mataji |first=Padmavati |date=2010-11-27 |title=Sri Rangadevi. |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/groups/shriashtasakhiji/forum/sri-rangadevi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rangadevi |url=http://www.vrindavan.de/rangadevi.htm |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vrindavan.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Sudevi''': The last prominent gopi in group of Ashtasakhi is Sudevi. She is the twin sister of Rangadevi Sakhi and is born to mother Karuna-devi and father Rangasara in Rakholi. She is also seven days younger than Radha. In between Rangadevi and Sudevi, Rangadevi is elder than Sudevi by half day. Her main service is to offer water to the divine couple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desire Tree |first=Iskcon |date=2019-09-13 |title=Appearance Day of the Transcendental Twins: Rangadevi and Sudevi |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/appearance-day-of-the-transcendental-twins-rangadevi-and-sudevi |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}&lt;/ref&gt; A temple dedicated to Sudevi is situated in Sunhera village, Radhanagri district, Rajasthan and the temple is called ''Sri Sudevi Sakhi Temple''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=rkwgallery |date=2021-07-16 |title=श्री सुदेवी जी |url=https://radhekrishnaworld.com/sudevisakhi/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=RadheKrishnaWorld |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Symbolism ==<br /> [[File:RadhaKrishna with Ashtasakhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Radha Krishna with Ashtasakhi]]<br /> In [[Vaishnavism]], the gopis are known for their selfless love and dedication towards Krishna. They sometimes symbolize the yearning of the human soul for God. According to the [[Skanda Purana]], the Ashtasakhi are the most prominent eight gopis out of millions of gopis of Radha-Krishna. They are an integral part of [[Raslila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Ashta+Sakhi&amp;pg=PT73 |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Shaktism]], the Ashtasakhi are sometimes considered as the embodiment of the ''[[Ashta siddhi|Ashta Siddhis]]'' (Aṇimā, Mahima, Garima, Laghima, Prāpti, Prākāmya, Iṣiṭva, and Vaśitva).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Traditions ==<br /> [[File:Temple image for Krishna worship.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shrinathji]] (a form of Krishna venerated in Pushtimarg - center) with Ashtasakhis.]]<br /> <br /> In many Krishnaism traditions, Ashtasakhi are worshipped and through them Radha-Krishna are approached. Ashtasakhi play pivotal role in beliefs and practices of [[Vallabha]]charya's [[Pushtimarg|Pushtimarg Sampradaya]], [[Swami Haridas]]'s Haidasi Sampradaya, [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]'s [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnav Sampradaya]], [[Kripalu Maharaj]]'s [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagat Guru Kripalu Parishat]] and [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimabarkacharya]]'s [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Reading the medieval in the modern : the living tradition of hagiography in the Vallabh sect of contemporary Gujarat |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/86520 |date=2014-05-14 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Emilia |last=Bachrach}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goel |first=Swati |date=2016-09-28 |title=Political and Merchant Devotees : Multiple facets of pilgrimage to the medieval region of Braj (16th and 17th centuries) |url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol4/iss6/9 |journal=International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage |volume=4 |issue=6 |doi=10.21427/D7NQ6M |issn=2009-7379}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gosvāmī |first1=Hita Harivaṃśa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOs-G0-VIWQC&amp;q=sakhi&amp;pg=PR15 |title=The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0629-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Temples ==<br /> * Sri Sri Mayapur Dham<br /> * [http://www.ashtasakhimandir.org/ Sri Radha Rasbihari Ashtasakhi Temple, Vrindavan]<br /> * Sri Ashtasakhi Temple, Barsana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ashtasakhi Temple, Barsana |url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/609ccb9f211ba900099a2e1d/ashtasakhi-temple-barsana |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Gopi]]<br /> * [[Radha Krishna]]<br /> * [[Ashtabharya]]<br /> * [[Ashta Lakshmi]]<br /> * [[Goloka]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040906103532/http://naturalnirvana.com/Braja-Mandala/Braja-Spiritual/Gopis.htm The Eight Main Gopis (Ashtasakhi)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:People related to Krishna]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]<br /> [[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu given names]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushpa_Mittra_Bhargava&diff=527456 2026-02-10T02:38:30Z

<p>Oantree: adding a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Pushpa Mittra Bhargava<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|2|22}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|08|01|1928|2|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[British Raj]]<br /> | death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]<br /> | fields = [[Biology]] ([[Biotechnology]])<br /> | workplaces = [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB)<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan<br /> | website = {{URL|http://pmbhargava.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Pushpa Mittra Bhargava''' (22 February 1928 – 1 August 2017) was an Indian scientist, writer, and administrator. He founded the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], a federally funded research institute, in [[Hyderabad]]. He was outspoken and highly influential in the development of [[scientific temper]] in India, and argued that scientific rationalism needed to be cultivated as a civic duty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/jobs/0104/05180014.htm |title=The Hindu Opportunities : An interview with Dr. Pushpa Mittra Bhargava, recipient of the Padma Bhushan |access-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208020036/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/jobs/0104/05180014.htm |archive-date=2012-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_profile.html |title=About CCMB &gt; Profile |publisher=Ccmb.res.in |date=1977-04-01 |access-date=2012-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831194558/http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_profile.html |archive-date=2012-08-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> ===Early life===<br /> Bhargava was born in [[Ajaymeru]] ([[Rajasthan]]) on 22 February 1928 in a middle-class family, to Ram Chandra Bhargava, a medical doctor and public health professional, and his wife, Gayatri Bhargava. At age ten, his family shifted to [[Varanasi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Architect of Modern Biology – BioSpectrumIndia|url = http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/158338/architect-modern-biology|website = www.biospectrumindia.com|access-date = 2015-10-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227065119/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/158338/architect-modern-biology|archive-date = 27 February 2014|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he was formally admitted to Besant Theosophical School directly to class nine. Until then he was [[home educated]] under the tutelage of his grandfather. After school, he completed intermediate from Queen's College, one of the best institutions in Uttar Pradesh at that time.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmbmemoirs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=PMB Memoirs: Nine decades of PM Bhargava|url=http://pmbhargava.com|website=PMB Memoirs|access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received his B.Sc. in 1944 with Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and obtained an M.Sc. degree in 1946 in organic chemistry. He joined [[Lucknow University]] for doctoral programme and earned Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry in 1949, at age 21.&lt;ref name =&quot;pmbmemoirs&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career===<br /> After completing Ph.D. at Lucknow University, Bhargava moved to Hyderabad.&lt;ref name =&quot;kalyane&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kalyane|first1=V.L.|title=Scientometric Portrait of P. M. Bhargava|journal=Lucknow Librarian|volume=27|issue=1–4|pages=42–70|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/4831/1/K-42.pdf|access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1950 and 1953 he worked first at the then Central Laboratories for Scientific and Industrial Research, and then at [[Osmania University]], both at Hyderabad. In 1953, he went to US on a postdoctoral fellowship in the [[McArdle Laboratory|McArdle Memorial Laboratory]] of Cancer Research, [[University of Wisconsin]], Madison (US), working in the laboratory of [[Charles Heidelberger]].&lt;ref name =&quot;kalyane&quot; /&gt; During 1956–57, he worked at National Institute for Medical Research, UK, as a special [[Wellcome Trust]] [[Research Fellow]] and made a transition from chemistry to biology.&lt;ref name =&quot;kalyane&quot; /&gt; In 1958, he returned to Hyderabad and joined the same Central Laboratories for Scientific and Industrial Research which was by now taken over by [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)]] and named Regional Research Laboratory (now known as [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology|url = http://www.iictindia.org/|website = www.iictindia.org|access-date = 2015-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;) as Scientist B.<br /> <br /> Bhargava worked in the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, and travelled in over 50 countries.&lt;ref name =&quot;pmbmemoirs&quot;/&gt; He produced more than 125 scientific publications. Most of his research career was carried out in Hyderabad where he established the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in 1977. He retired from the directorship of CCMB in 1990 to join the newly created CSIR Distinguished Fellowship from which he was relieved in 1993.&lt;ref name =&quot;pmbmemoirs&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Establishment of CCMB====<br /> Bhargava set up the [[Centre of Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in Hyderabad, Telangana. CCMB is a research organization in areas of modern biology. It was set up initially as a semi-autonomous centre on 1 April 1977, with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Hyderabad forming its nucleus and Bhargava heading the new Centre.&lt;ref name =&quot;kalyane&quot; /&gt; During 1981–82, CCMB was accorded the status of a full-fledged national laboratory with its own Executive Committee and Scientific Advisory Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = CSIR Labs |url = http://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs|website = Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research |access-date = 2017-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Policy maker in Indian science====<br /> Bhargava was a well-known critic of Indian governmental policies, and attained the post of vice-chairman in the [[National Knowledge Commission]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=National Knowledge Commission constituted|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=9576|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=2 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as a member in the [[National Security Advisory Board]] and nominee of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee of the Government of India. He opposed the hasty approval of [[GM foods]] in India, and called for more testing and setting up of an independent regulatory body for generation of [[biosafety]] data of GM crops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=PM reconstitutes National Security Advisory Board|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37342|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=11 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cultivation of GM food crops- Prospects and effects|url=http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Agriculture/15_Agriculture_37.pdf|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India|date=August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151958/http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Agriculture/15_Agriculture_37.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also opposed the [[Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India]] (BRAI) Bill, calling it &quot;unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific, self-contradictory, and not people-oriented&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific|url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2752711.ece?homepage=true|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2011-12-28|access-date = 2015-10-29|issn = 0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the only scientist in the CSIR who had the will to support [[Shiva Ayyadurai]], an expatriate scientist who was sacked from the CSIR by [[Samir Brahmachari]] when he authored a report that was critical of the CSIR leadership, alleging corruption, cronyism and nepotism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Koshy|first1=Jacob|title=Ex-Padma Bhushan Pushpa Bhargava's Half A Century Of Dissent|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/29/pushpa_0_n_8415688.html|access-date=20 January 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=29 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 October 2009, he wrote a personal letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh requesting him to meet with Ayyadurai and review his report. He stated in his letter: &quot;I have gone through Dr. Ayyadurai's report ''CSIR Tech: Path Forward'' and find it to be excellent.&quot; He also wrote in his letter that he believed Ayyadurai's criticisms on the functioning of CSIR were valid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyip.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|access-date=23 January 2016|work=SpicyIP|date=20 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Letter from Dr. Pushpa M. Bhargava to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Ayyadurai's report|url=https://drive.google.com/a/vashiva.com/file/d/0Bxi2TzVXul5ZcUxpMW5pNU1MOGs/view|access-date=23 January 2016|date=30 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Rationalism and science popularisation====<br /> Bhargava has long been involved in the promotion of science and rationality and opposing superstition. He has been associated with the Association of Scientific Workers in India (ASWI) which was established in 1946 as a [[trade union]] of scientists, one of the main objectives of which was to develop [[scientific temper]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=International Conference on Science Communication for Science Temper|url=http://www.niscair.res.in/Downloadables/Press_Release_sci_temper.pdf|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1963, Bhargava, along with [[Satish Dhawan]] and Abdur Rahman, the historian of science, felt the need to set up a national society for the promotion of scientific temper. Thus they launched the Society for the Promotion of Scientific Temper at an international symposium on [[nucleic acids]] held in the then Regional Research Laboratory at Hyderabad in January 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Bhargava P.M. and Chakrabarti C. 2008. Angels, Devil and Science. NATIONAL BOOK TRUST, INDIA&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhargava has participated in many debates related to science and superstitions and criticised the deplorable lack of [[scientific temper]] in society. He has been one of a few rationalists in India to raise voice against influential religious priests and gurus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = The phenomenon of Satya Sai Baba|url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-phenomenon-of-satya-sai-baba/article2019362.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2011-05-14|access-date = 2015-10-29|issn = 0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; His book ''The Angels, Devil and Science'' deals with the very subject of scientific temper in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbtindia.gov.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Welcome to National Book Trust India|url = http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__11__popular-science__152__angels-devil-and-science.nbt|website = www.nbtindia.gov.in|access-date = 2015-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; He played an important role in having scientific temper incorporated as a fundamental duty of the citizens of India, in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd constitutional amendment]] in 1976. He was one of the key architects of the widely known '[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ycpCwjyW_C73p4lo4HlqwChVbM3O9RmU-qbxh6W8pjQ/preview Statement on Scientific temper]', issued jointly by a group of liberal, committed and rational high-achievers of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bhargava|first1=PM|title=Scientists without a scientific temper|work=The Hindu|date=17 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statement issued in 1981, has not only been debated and discussed in several forums, but continues to be referred to in writings and speeches even today.<br /> <br /> During the NDA rule in 2000, the Government of India decided to ask universities to introduce academic courses and offer science degrees in astrology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=R|title=Degrees of pseudo-science|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1807/18070990.htm|access-date=29 July 2016|publisher=www.frontline.in|date=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhargava and others, who are not named, filed a writ petition to oppose it. The write petition was dismissed by the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and the Justice Sinha did not impose any punitive costs for bringing this meritless petition to the court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/15849/|title=Dr. P.M. Bhargava And Others vs University Grants Commission, ... on 27 April, 2001|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=24 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Scientists oppose move to introduce astrology courses|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0220000x.htm|archive-url = https://archive.today/20141017151554/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0220000x.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 October 2014|date = 20 April 2001|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 2015-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhargava also challenged the concerned Ministry in the Supreme Court through a [[Public Interest Litigation]] which was dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title=Introduction of Vedic astrology courses in varsities upheld|date=6 May 2004 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050602931400.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625190535/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050602931400.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=25 June 2009| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=26188 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312205612/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=26188 |archive-date=12 March 2005 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Death===<br /> Bhargava died on 1 August 2017, aged 89 at [[Hyderabad, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Pushpa Bhargava, Scientist And Activist, Dies At 89 |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pushpa-bhargava-scientist-and-activist-dies-at-89/article19403218.ece |newspaper = The Hindu |date = August 2017 |access-date = 2017-08-03|last1 = Koshy |first1 = Jacob |last2 = Naninsetti |first2 = Serish }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Bhargava received [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[President of India]] in 1986,&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but returned it in 2015 as an act of protest against the Indian government's active erosion of spaces for dissent within the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Worried over India's future, scientist P.M. Bhargava to return Padma Bhushan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/p-m-bhargava-to-return-padma-bhushan-award-worried-over-indias-future/article7817665.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 October 2015|access-date=29 October 2015|last1=Mallikarjun|first1=Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/scientist-p-m-bhargava-to-return-padma-bhushan-to-protest-govts-attack-on-rationalism-reasoning/|title = Scientist Bhargava to return his Padma award|date = 2 November 2015|work = [[Indianexpress.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> The books co-authored by Bhargava include:<br /> * ''Proteins of Seminal Plasma'', published by John Wiley, New York (1990); co-authors S. Shivaji, Karl Heinz Scheit, {{ISBN|978-0-471-84685-7}}<br /> * ''The Saga of Indian Science since Independence: In a Nutshell'', published by Universities Press (2003); co-author Chandana Chakrabarti, {{ISBN|81-7371-435-5}}<br /> * ''Angels, Devil, and Science: A Collection of Articles on Scientific Temper'', published by National Book Trust (2007); co-author Chandana Chakrabarti, {{ISBN|978-81-237-5184-9}}<br /> * ''Agenda for the Nation: An Untold Story of the UPA Government'', published by Mapin Publishing Pvt.Ltd. (2014); co-author Chandana Chakrabarti, {{ISBN|1-935677-45-4}}<br /> * ''The Two Faces of Beauty: Science and Art'', published by Mapin Publishing Pvt.Ltd. (2014); co-author Chandana Chakrabarti, {{ISBN|1-935677-24-1}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhargava, Pushpa}}<br /> [[Category:1928 births]]<br /> [[Category:2017 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ajmer]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian rationalists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usha_Nagisetty&diff=454769 2026-02-05T04:53:18Z

<p>Oantree: small correct references and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1984)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox boxer<br /> |name = Usha Nagisetty<br /> |image = <br /> |imagesize = <br /> |realname = Usha Nagisetty<br /> |nickname = <br /> |weight = [[Flyweight]]<br /> |height = <br /> |reach = <br /> |nationality = [[Demographics of India|Indian]]<br /> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|08|13}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> |death_date = <br /> |death_place = <br /> |style = <br /> |total = <br /> |wins = <br /> |losses = <br /> |draws = <br /> |no contests = <br /> |KO = <br /> | show-medals = yes<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalComp|[[AIBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|[[2006 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships|2006 New Delhi]]|Featherweight}}<br /> {{MedalSilver|[[2008 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2008 Ningbo City]]|Featherweight}}<br /> {{MedalComp|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2008 Asian Women's Amateur Boxing Championships|2008 Guwahati]]|Featherweight}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Usha Nagisetty''' (born 13 August 1984) is an [[Demographics of India|Indian]] [[Boxing|boxer]] from [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She trains at the Sports Training Center in Visakhapatnam and is supported by [[Olympic Gold Quest]], a [[not-for-profit]] foundation to identify and support Indian athletes.&lt;ref name=&quot;honor&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Subrahmanyam|first=V. V.|title=Rare honour for woman boxer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article175200.ece|access-date=29 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nanao, Suranjoy to sign deal with Olympic Gold Quest|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/boxing/28147201_1_olympic-gold-quest-suranjoy-singh-sanjay-kolte|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/boxing/28147201_1_olympic-gold-quest-suranjoy-singh-sanjay-kolte|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|access-date=29 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; She won the gold medal at the 2008 Asian Women Boxing Championships&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=S.|first=Sabanayakam|title=Sarita and Usha win gold|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092956591900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001034833/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092956591900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2008|access-date=29 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the silver medal at the [[2008 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Medallists by Weight Category |url=http://www.aiba.org/documents/site1/wch_ningbo08/C93.pdf|work=[[World Amateur Boxing Championships]]|access-date=29 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Boxing career ==<br /> Nagisetty has been receiving training at the [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Rare-honour-for-woman-boxer/article16507473.ece Sports Training Centre] in Visakhapatnam, from Her SAI coach Inukurthi Venkateshwara Rao from 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Rare-honour-for-woman-boxer/article16507473.ece|title=Rare honour for woman boxer|date=2009-09-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was the only female boxer who had been invited for demonstration bouts in the World Boxing Championship for men in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;honor&quot; /&gt; On hearing the news, her coach said, “It is a great moment not just for Usha but for Indian boxing itself. Essentially, these bouts are being organised as part of the promotional campaign in view of the move to include women’s boxing in the 2012 London Olympics. Since Usha (57 kg) is already a familiar name, this invitation will help her in a big way,”&lt;ref name=&quot;honor&quot; /&gt; Nagisetty herself commented saying, &quot;This is a great recognition of my ability&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;honor&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Championships and other accomplishments ==<br /> She has won two silver medals at the World Championships and won [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sport/3-golds-for-india-in-boxing/cid/547025) gold]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} in 2008 at the fourth Asian Championship by defeating Imanbayeva Zhuldazay from Kazakhstan, in the 57&amp;nbsp;kg category.&lt;ref name=&quot;honor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/all-archives/40-2008/october44/262-kalpana-choudhury-a-promising-pugilist|title=Eastern Panorama|website=www.easternpanorama.in|access-date=2018-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sport/3-golds-for-india-in-boxing/cid/547025)|title=Telegraph India|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She also [https://web.archive.org/web/20181117192859/http://post.jagran.com/boxer-nagisetty-usha-clinches-gold-in-federation-cup-1321798509 won] a gold medal for Andhra Pradesh at the Federation Cup in 2011. She once again won a gold medal at the All India Police Boxing Meet and at the Inter-Zonal National Boxing Championship.<br /> <br /> In 2011, at the Federation Cup Women’s Boxing Championship, Nagisetty once again struck gold as she fought and won against National Champion Preeti Beniwal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/boxing/womens-boxing-nagisetty-kavita-and-sonia-strike-gold|title=Women's Boxing: Nagisetty, Kavita and Sonia strike gold|date=2011-11-20|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though it seemed like Preeti Beniwal had the advantage in the first three rounds, Nagisetty won in the end.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''“It was not an easy bout to win, Preeti fought well. I was looking to conserve my energy and go all out in the last two rounds. My strategy paid off in the end and I am very happy with my performance”,'' she claimed after winning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She has also won gold medals at the All India Police Boxing Meet and at the Inter-Zonal National Boxing Championship.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> <br /> * [[Dhyan Chand Award]] 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dhyan Chand Award brought me due recognition, says N Usha|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/sep/03/dhyan-chand-award-brought-me-due-recognition-says-usha-2191830.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Nagisetty was born in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], to N V Ramana and N Umamaheswari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=5150|title=Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details|website=www.indiaboxing.in|access-date=2018-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; She claims that her inspiration is her father who was also an athlete.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; She grew up around people who were supportive of her dreams.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NrNnak0xHgLaHvGLP30xsK/Sisterhood-of-the-ring.html|title=Sisterhood of the ring - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=17 February 2012 |access-date=2018-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; She said, “My neighbours were actually thrilled that I was a boxer and I used to love the attention. It really spurred me on.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Her brother Santosh is a boxer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Her husband Ganesh is a football goalkeeper.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/athletes/ushanagisetty.htm Usha Nagisetty] at [[Olympic Gold Quest]]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nagisetty, Usha}}<br /> [[Category:1984 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Flyweight boxers]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women boxers]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Boxers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surendra_Pal_Joshi&diff=538548 2026-02-05T04:50:45Z

<p>Oantree: creating new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian artist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox artist<br /> | name = Surendra Pal Joshi<br /> | image = Surendra_Pal_Joshi_in_2012.jpg<br /> | caption = Surendra Pal Joshi in 2012<br /> | birth_date = 23 July 1955<br /> | birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = 12 June 2018 (aged 62)<br /> | death_place = [[Jaipur]], India<br /> | known_for = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[painting]]<br /> * [[sculpture]] <br /> * [[mural]]<br /> * [[installation art]]<br /> }}<br /> | education = [[Lucknow College of Arts and Crafts]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Sangeeta|1988}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | awards = National Art Award, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Surendra pal Joshi''' was an Indian artist known for his use of experimental techniques in [[paintings]], [[sculptures]] and [[murals]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Renowned artist Surendra Pal dead {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/renowned-artist-surendra-pal-dead/articleshow/64580655.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khimani |first1=Yunus |title=ARTIST COMMUNITY: A spirit that soared, touched so many lives {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/a-spirit-that-soared-touched-so-many-lives/articleshow/64579661.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=नहीं रहे प्रसिद्ध चित्र शिल्पी सुरेंद्रपाल जोशी, जानिए उनकी बुलंदियों का सफर |url=https://www-jagran-com.translate.goog/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-picture-artist-surendra-pal-joshi-no-more-18078972.html?_x_tr_sl=hi&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=sc |work=Dainik Jagran |date=14 June 2018 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; His works are in the collection of [[Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Dehradun]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=नहीं रहे अंतरराष्ट्रीय चित्रकार सुरेंद्र पाल जोशी, जयपुर के अस्पताल में ली अंतिम सांस |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=hi&amp;u=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/international-painter-surendra-pal-joshi-passes-away&amp;prev=search&amp;pto=aue |work=Amar Ujala |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=13 June 2018 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Surendra pal Joshi was born on 23 July 1955 in Dehradun, [[Uttarakhand]]. In 1980, he joined [[Lucknow College of Arts and Crafts]] in Uttar Pradesh and completed his bachelor’s degree in fine arts afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Surendra pal Joshi moved to Jaipur and later in 1988 started working as an assistant professor at the Rajasthan School of Art.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In 2008, he took voluntary retirement (VRS) from work and continued working on paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Joshi had done 22 solo exhibitions in his time and created several murals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; His [[abstract paintings]] and [[Mural|murals]] have received many awards at national and international levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Some of his designed murals are displayed at places like [[Indian Oil Corporation]] in New Delhi, [[Hindustan Unilever]] in Mumbai, and [[Shipping Corporation of India]] in [[Visakhapatnam]]. In 1997, Joshi received fellowship from Britain to design murals in [[Cardiff]], UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Joshi started working at [[Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority]]<br /> building complex in [[Dehradun]] to give shape to the state's first art museum, [[Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art]]. The museum was inaugurated by state’s Chief Minister in late 2017, a few months before Joshi’s demise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> The museum includes his sculptures, paintings, murals, installations, digital-print photographs, and videos constituting his reflections and responses to the devastation and rescue efforts he had witnessed during visits to the ravaged mountains in the aftermath of the [[2013 North India floods]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Arpita |title=Dehradun museum recalls the 2013 floods that wiped out chunks of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/dehradun-museum-recalls-the-2013-floods-that-wiped-out-chunks-of-uttarakhand/article25577352.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> ===Installation Art===<br /> [[File:The-Abode-at-Uttara-Museum-of-Contemporary-Art.jpg|thumb|right|''The Abode'', [[Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art]] (2017)]]<br /> * ''Taana Baana''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Sunny |title=Criss-crossed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/crisscrossed/article3900578.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2012 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''The Abode''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sculpture===<br /> <br /> * ''My Salute (helicopter)''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Music of our Time (helmet)''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Dhol-Damau''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Paani''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Ghilda''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> *National Art Award, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=प्रख्यात चित्रकार सुरेंद्र पाल जोशी का निधन |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=hi&amp;u=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-renowned-painter-surendra-pal-joshi-passes-away-2011535.html&amp;prev=search&amp;pto=aue |work=Hindustan |date=13 June 2018 |language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Asian Cultural Centre for [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Gold Medal, UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> *All India Award, [[Rajasthan]] Lalit Kala Academy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Fellowship for Mural Design by the [[British Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Rajiv Gandhi]] Excellence Award, [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> *All India Award, Tilak Smarak Trust, Pune&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imago Mundi Collection |url=https://imagomundicollection.org/artworks/surendra-pal-joshi-untitled |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=imagomundicollection.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Joshi was married to his wife Sangeeta. They have two children, son Parichay and daughter Tanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Joshi died on 12 June 2018 while battling cancer at a private hospital in Jaipur. It came as a shock for several people in the artist community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Surendra Pal Joshi}}<br /> * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/indias-first-disaster-museum-opens-in-dehradun/articleshow/60944976.cms India's first disaster museum opens in Dehradun, The Times of India, 2017]<br /> * {{WorldCat|oclc=874248914|name=''Art Konsult presents a solo show by Surendra Pal Joshi'' (curated by Uma Nair)}}<br /> * {{WorldCat|oclc=813568528|name=''Surendra Pal Joshi’s paintings &amp; murals'' (Academy of Fine Arts &amp; Literature, New Delhi and Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai)}}<br /> * {{WorldCat|oclc=688644748|name=''Memory Lines paintings by Surendra Pal Joshi'' (Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai)}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Biography|India|Visual arts|Society}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi Pal, Surendra}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:2018 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Dehradun]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male painters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=News18_Assam_North_East&diff=521811 2026-01-17T00:31:16Z

<p>Oantree: adding data</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox television channel<br /> | name = News18 Assam North East<br /> | logo = News18_Assam_North_East_Logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | sister_channels = [[Network18 Group#Owned Channels|Network18 Group channels]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://assam.news18.com/}}<br /> | launch_date = {{start date and age|2016|6|24|df=y}}<br /> | owner = [[Network18 Group]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | area = India and worldwide<br /> | language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], English<br /> | headquarters = Protech Center, [[Ganeshguri]], [[Guwahati]], Assam, India<br /> | online_serv_1 = Live Streaming<br /> | online_chan_1 = [https://assam.news18.com/live-tv/ Watch Live]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''News18 Assam North East'''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lyngsat.com/News-18-Assam.html {{dead link|date=September 2023 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 24-hour satellite channel of [[Assam]], based in [[Guwahati]], Assam. The channel focuses Assam and other [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] states of India, and tagged as News 18 Assam North East. This channel is owned by [[Network18 Group]]. It covers regional as well as national and international news and various other shows in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and English. The channel was launched on 24 June 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/newstopics/assam.html|title = Assam News: Latest News and Updates on Assam at News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:News18AssamNE.jpg|thumb|100px|Previous News18 Assam North East logo from 2016 to 2017]]<br /> <br /> ==Broadcast programs==<br /> <br /> * ''Dintur Xirunam''<br /> * ''Xandhiyar Xirso Xambad''<br /> * ''Ekhontek''<br /> * ''Tirthayatra''<br /> * ''Dintur Bixoi''<br /> * ''Rising Sports Shining Northeast''<br /> * ''Xipa''<br /> * ''Cinema 18''<br /> * ''Gaon Sohor Zilar Khobor''<br /> * ''Bixes 30 Minute''<br /> * ''Druto Xongbaad''<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[CNN-News18]]<br /> * [[List of Assamese-language television channels]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.news18.com News 18]<br /> *[http://www.atzassam.com/news-18-assam-live-watch/ News 18 Assam Live Watch / Streaming]<br /> <br /> {{Television channels of Assam}}<br /> {{Television news in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Television stations in Guwahati]]<br /> [[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]<br /> [[Category:Assamese-language mass media]]<br /> [[Category:Assamese-language television channels]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2014]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Assam]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-tv-station-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HySIS&diff=445218 2026-01-08T18:37:12Z

<p>Oantree: fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Earth observation satellite}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Aspen HYSYS|text=[[Aspen HYSYS]], a software to simulate chemical processes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox spaceflight<br /> | name = HySIS<br /> | image = File:Render of Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite (HySIS) in stowed and deployed configuration 01.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | image_caption = Render of HySIS<br /> | operator = [[ISRO]]<br /> | spacecraft_bus = [[Indian Mini Satellite bus|IMS]]-2<br /> | launch_date = {{start-date|29 November 2018, 04:27:30 UTC|timezone=yes}}<br /> | launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C43]]<br /> | launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]<br /> | mission_duration = Planned: 5 years&lt;ref name=&quot;brochure&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c43-hysis-mission/pslv-c43-hysis-mission-brochure|title=PSLV-C43/HysIS Mission Brochure|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155137/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c43-hysis-mission/pslv-c43-hysis-mission-brochure|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Elapsed: {{time interval|29 November 2018|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br /> | mission_highlight = <br /> | deactivated = &lt;!-- when craft stopped operating --&gt;<br /> | decay = &lt;!-- when craft re-entered the atmosphere --&gt;<br /> | COSPAR_ID = &lt;!-- designations for pre-1963 launches should include a Greek letter, launches that failed to reach any orbit should not have a COSPAR --&gt;<br /> | nolink = &lt;!-- set to anything to prevent linking COSPAR to NSSDC database --&gt;<br /> | satcat = &lt;!-- Satellite Catalog Number --&gt;<br /> | webpage = &lt;!-- Homepage of the craft/mission --&gt;<br /> | launch_mass = {{convert|380|kg}}<br /> | dimensions = 2.158 × 1.387 × 1.157 meters (Stowed)<br /> | power = <br /> | batteries =<br /> &lt;!-- Orbit data --&gt;<br /> | orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]<br /> | orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]]<br /> | orbit_inclination = 97.95°<br /> | orbit_period = 97 minutes 26 seconds<br /> | orbit_repeat = 133 orbits<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''HySIS''' ([[Hyperspectral imaging|Hyperspectral Imaging]] Satellite) is an [[Earth observation satellite]] which will provide hyperspectral imaging services to India for a range of applications in agriculture, forestry and in the assessment of geography such as coastal zones and inland waterways&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.isac.gov.in/publications/upagrah/pdf/Upagrah-July-Sept2018.pdf|title=Upagrah July–September 2018|date=9 November 2018|website=ISAC.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109130116/https://www.isac.gov.in/publications/upagrah/pdf/Upagrah-July-Sept2018.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2018|access-date=9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-develops-optical-imaging-detector-array-hyperspectral-imaging-applications|title=ISRO Develops Optical Imaging Detector Array for Hyperspectral Imaging Applications – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133608/https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-develops-optical-imaging-detector-array-hyperspectral-imaging-applications|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The data will also be accessible to India's defence forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-hyperspectral-imaging-sat-with-30-foreign-satellites-on-nov-29/articleshow/66801810.cms|title=Isro to launch hyperspectral imaging sat with 30 foreign satellites on Nov 29 - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/science/the-militaristic-claims-of-isros-latest-satellite-have-been-greatly-exaggerated/158545/|title=The militaristic claims of ISRO's latest satellite have been greatly exaggerated|date=4 December 2018|work=ThePrint|access-date=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before HySIS, other Indian hyperspectral imaging payloads were HySI (Hyper Spectral Imager) on IMS-1 and [[Chandrayaan-1]] and LiVHySI (Limb Viewing Hyper Spectral Imager) on [[YouthSat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/ertd/Hyper/L_2_Hyper_Spectral_Sensors_for_Airborne_and_Satellite_Based_Imaging_Moumita_Dutta.pdf|title=Hyperspectral remote sensing and {{sic|it|'s|nolink=y}} potential|last=Dutta|first=Moumita|date=27 August 2018|website=SAC.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103094846/https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/ertd/Hyper/L_2_Hyper_Spectral_Sensors_for_Airborne_and_Satellite_Based_Imaging_Moumita_Dutta.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2019|access-date=3 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Payloads==<br /> HySIS carries two payloads, the first is the [[VNIR|Visible Near Infrared (VNIR)]] with spectral range of 0.4 to 0.95 micrometres with 60 contiguous spectral bands and the second is the Shortwave Infrared Range (SWIR) with spectral range of 0.85 to 2.4 [[micrometre]]s with a 10 [[nanometre]] bandwidth and 256 contiguous spectral bands. The satellite will have a spatial resolution of 30 metres and a swath of 30&amp;nbsp;km from its 630&amp;nbsp;km [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. [[Space Applications Centre]] and [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] were responsible for the development and fabrication of the '[[Charge-coupled device#Frame transfer CCD|Frame Transfer CCD]]' for the VNIR imaging payload while [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] supplied the modified [[Indian Mini Satellite bus|IMS-2 bus]] and carried out the final assembly, integration and testing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-develop-full-fledged-earth-observation-satellite/article19458651.ece|title=ISRO to develop full-fledged hyperspectral imaging satellite|last=D.s|first=Madhumathi|date=9 August 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 November 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/241118/nellore-hyperspectral-imaging-satellite-to-be-launched-on-november-29.html|title=Nellore: Hyperspectral Imaging Satellite to be launched on November 29|date=2018-11-24|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Launch==<br /> [[PSLV-C43]] carrying HySIS and 30 secondary payloads was launched at 04:27:30 UTC, 29 November 2018 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad]] of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]. After a flight that lasted 17 minutes and 19 seconds, HySIS was successfully placed in a planned Sun-synchronous polar orbit at around 645&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-nov-2018/pslv-c43-successfully-launches-hysis-and-30-customer-satellites|title=PSLV-C43 successfully launches HysIS and 30 customer satellites - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030359/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-nov-2018/pslv-c43-successfully-launches-hysis-and-30-customer-satellites|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/isro-lines-up-3-rocket-launches-in-two-months/articleshow/66538316.cms|title=Isro lines up 3 rocket launches in two months – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.andhrabhoomi.net/content/nlr-2145|title=29న పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సీ 43 రాకెట్ ప్రయోగం {{!}} Andhrabhoomi – Telugu News Paper Portal {{!}} Daily Newspaper in Telugu {{!}} Telugu News Headlines {{!}} Andhrabhoomi|website=ftp.andhrabhoomi.net|language=en|access-date=18 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Integrated_Space_Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]<br /> * [[EnMAP]]<br /> * [[PRISMA (spacecraft)|PRISMA]]<br /> * [[Integrated Space Cell]]<br /> * [[Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean|HICO]]<br /> *[[Space Based Surveillance project (India)|Space based survelliance project]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{PSLV}}<br /> {{Indian spacecraft}}<br /> {{Orbital launches in 2018}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]<br /> [[Category:Mini satellites of India]]<br /> [[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2018]]<br /> [[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]<br /> [[Category:November 2018 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Earth imaging satellites]]<br /> {{Commons category|HySIS}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharvani_Devasthan&diff=446595 2025-12-25T22:12:44Z

<p>Oantree: fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Temple in the Indian state of Goa}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}<br /> [[File:Sharvani temple entrance.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> '''Sharvani Devasthan''' is the temple of Shri Devi Sharvani (Sharavani) and [[Vetoba]] (Vetal). It is located near the town of [[Bicholim]] in [[North Goa district]] in the Indian state of [[Goa]].<br /> Vetoba is worshipped in the form of [[Shiva]] (Siva).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Sharvani Temple, Advalpale in Bicholim, Goa|url=https://goa.app/places/sharvani-temple}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The temple is situated in Salgaonwada of Adavalpal village. <br /> The original temple of Goddess Sharvani was located at Saligaon.<br /> <br /> ==Devotee==<br /> The deity is the patron deity of Salgaonkar, [[Prabhu]]s, Naiks, Shenai/Sinai s ([[Shenoy]]s), Dhonds and Petkars.<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> *[[M. V. Dhond]] (Critic in Marathi Literature)<br /> *[[Jayesh Salgaonkar]] (Housing with Housing Board, RDA, Ports Minister Goa assembly)<br /> <br /> {{coord|15|38|18|N|73|54|9|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=http://www.wikimapia.org/348519/Sharvani-Devastan-Advalpal|sourcearticle=Sharvani Devastan – Advalpal |revision=525515567}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in North Goa district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Chyung&diff=469920 2025-12-21T16:25:50Z

<p>Oantree: cleanup section as per guidelines and improved wording to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|American politician from Indiana}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> |name = Chris Chyung<br /> |state_house = Indiana<br /> |district = 15th<br /> |term_start =2018<br /> |term_end = 2020<br /> |predecessor = [[Hal Slager]]<br /> |successor = Hal Slager<br /> |birth_date =<br /> |birth_place = [[Merrillville, Indiana|Merrillville]], [[Indiana]], U.S.<br /> |death_date = <br /> |death_place = <br /> |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<br /> |spouse =<br /> |alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]<br /> |religion =<br /> |occupation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chris Chyung''' is a real estate businessman who served in the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] from 2018 to 2020. Chyung was the first [[Asian American]] and was the youngest person serving in the Indiana House at the time.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Chyung was born in [[Merrillville, Indiana]] to [[Korean-American|Korean immigrants]] who worked as physicians in the local area.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lange |first1=Kaitlin |title=Meet Rep. Chris Chyung, Indiana's first Asian-American state lawmaker |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/12/26/meet-rep-chris-chyung-indianas-first-asian-american-state-lawmaker/2300048002/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[Indianapolis Star]] |date=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was raised in [[Munster, Indiana]] and attended [[Munster High School]] and later [[Columbia University]], where he studied [[industrial engineering]] and graduated in 2016. After graduation, Chyung completed internships in New York and Chicago before resettling in Indiana and founding a real estate business.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-25|title=Class Notes: Undergraduate Alumni|url=https://magazine.engineering.columbia.edu/spring-2018/class-notes-undergraduate-alumni|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Magazine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> In 2016, Chyung was spurred to run for office following the ongoing debate on immigration in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt; In the 2018 election, Chyung defeated third term incumbent representative [[Hal Slager]] by 82 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt; This was seen as a surprise victory because internal polling had put Chyung behind Slager 54–37.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt; Chyung faced [[Anti-Asian racism in the United States|Anti-Asian racism]] during his campaign and was frequently told &quot;go back to [[China]]&quot;, despite the fact that he is [[Korean American]].&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;trib&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Davich |first1=Jerry |title=A 25-year-old political newcomer in Indiana: 'I'm used to being the only Asian person in the room' |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/opinion/ct-ptb-davich-chris-chyung-hal-slager-house-rep-st-1202-story.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his time in the Indiana House, he proposed lowering the minimum age to serve in the Legislature to 18 from 25 in the Indiana Senate and 21 in the House.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Brandon |title=State Rep. Chris Chyung Proposes Changing Age Limits To Serve In General Assembly |url=https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/state-rep-chris-chyung-proposes-changing-age-limits-to-serve-in-general-assembly |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[WFYI (TV)|WFYI]] |date=15 November 2019 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; With Senator [[Mark Stoops (politician)|Mark Stoops]], Chyung authored a bill attempting to ban [[conversion therapy]] for LGBT youth under age 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wooten |first1=Taylor |title=Two Indiana legislators are fighting to end conversion therapy for LGBT minors |url=http://thestatehousefile.com/44260/two-indiana-legislators-are-fighting-to-end-conversion-therapy-for-lgbt-minors/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=thestatehousefile.com |date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chyung called for increases in the state education budget, crackdowns on [[payday lender]]s, and support for affordable housing and housing vouchers for veterans.&lt;ref name=&quot;rematch&quot;/&gt; In his second campaign, he promised voters that he would not serve for more than eight years in office.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020el&quot;/&gt; In both of his campaigns Chyung did not accept corporate donations.&lt;ref name=&quot;2020el&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2020 election was again a race between Chyung and Slager,&lt;ref name=&quot;rematch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dolan |first1=Bill |title=Race for 15th District a rematch for Slager, Chyung |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/race-for-15th-district-a-rematch-for-slager-chyung/article_39b2aff5-2b6f-5504-afba-65d06e6bd17d.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Northwest Indiana Times |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was held during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2020el&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=Hannah |title=Chyung, Slager adjust campaigns for pandemic in Dist. 15 rematch |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/ct-ptb-chyung-slager-house-race-st-0923-20200922-bn4qwy5cmza3fmq2m25nbx4luu-story.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=chicagotribune.com |date=22 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite an endorsement by South Bend Mayor [[Pete Buttigieg]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carden |first1=Dan |title=Buttigieg backing two NWI candidates for Indiana General Assembly |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/buttigieg-backing-two-nwi-candidates-for-indiana-general-assembly/article_c9400ca2-57af-5fc1-8679-20dfdddd0621.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Northwest Indiana Times |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Slager defeated Chyung on election day.<br /> <br /> Following his defeat, Chyung was critical not only of his own campaign but of Indiana Democratic chair [[John Zody]] and defund the police messaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Importantville: Indiana Democrats Remain In The Wilderness |url=https://www.indianapolismonthly.com/news-and-opinion/importantville-indiana-democrats-remain-in-the-wilderness |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Indianapolis Monthly |date=6 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://votechyung.com/ Official Website]<br /> * [https://twitter.com/chrischyung Twitter]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chyung, Chris}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Democratic Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Merrillville, Indiana]]<br /> [[Category:American politicians of Korean descent]]<br /> [[Category:Asian-American people in Indiana politics]]<br /> [[Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Asian-American state legislators]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century members of the Indiana General Assembly]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaloula_assamensis&diff=507765 2025-12-18T04:14:31Z

<p>Oantree: Started First Entry Nd Citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}<br /> {{Speciesbox <br /> | status = LC <br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 20 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Ahmed, F. |author2=Sengupta, S. |author3=Angulo, A. |date=2009 |title=''Kaloula assamensis'' |volume=2009 |article-number=e.T61850A12567340 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T61850A12567340.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | taxon = Kaloula assamensis<br /> | authority = Das, Sengupta, Ahmed and Dutta, 2005<br /> | synonyms = <br /> | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=Frost/&gt;<br /> | range_map = Kaloula assamensis map-fr.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kaloula assamensis''''', also known as '''Assamese balloon frog''' or '''Assam narrow-mouth toad''', is a [[species]] of [[Microhylidae|narrow-mouthed frogs]] found in [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and [[West Bengal]] in northeastern [[India]].&lt;ref name=Frost/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Range==<br /> In [[Sonitpur District]], [[Assam]], ''Kaloula assamensis'' was recorded in [[Darrang district|Majbat]], [[Nameri National Park]], and [[Orang National Park]]. It was also found in [[Bongaigaon]], western Assam; [[Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[East Kameng District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]; and Bong Basti village, [[Chilapata Forests|Chilapata Range]], [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 20 November 2021&quot; /&gt; It may also be found in southern [[Bhutan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sengupta&quot;&gt;Saibal Sengupta, Abhijit Das, Sandeep Das, Balhtiar Hussain, Nripendra Kumar Choudhury and Sushil Kumar Dutta. 2009. [http://www.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/TNH/archives/v9_no2/7.209-222%20Sengupta.pdf Taxonomy and Biogeography of ''Kaloula'' Species of Eastern India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106013143/http://www.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/TNH/archives/v9_no2/7.209-222%20Sengupta.pdf |date=2017-01-06 }}. ''The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University''. 9(2): 209-222.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=Frost&gt;{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Kaloula/Kaloula-assamensis |title=''Kaloula assamensis'' Das, Sengupta, Ahmed, and Dutta, 2005 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2020 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2016/07/2004-kaloula-assamensis.html ''Kaloula assamensis'' at novataxa.blogspot.com]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q3192247}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaloula Assamensis}}<br /> [[Category:Kaloula|assamensis]]<br /> [[Category:Frogs of India]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]<br /> [[Category:Amphibians described in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Indraneil Das]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Microhylidae-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Hasnat_Muhammad_Qamaruzzaman&diff=450472 2025-11-25T05:58:14Z

<p>Oantree: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|First Home Minister of Bangladesh (1971-1972)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman<br /> | native_name = আবুল হাসনাত মোহাম্মদ কামারুজ্জামান<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman.png<br /> | caption = A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman<br /> | office = [[Minister of Industries (Bangladesh)|Minister of Industries]]<br /> | term_start = 25 January 1975<br /> | term_end = 15 August 1975<br /> | predecessor = [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]<br /> | successor = [[Sultan Mahmud (officer)|Sultan Mahmud]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]<br /> | office1 = 5th [[Awami League#President and general secretary of the AL, 1949–present|President of Bangladesh Awami League]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = General Secretary<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Zillur Rahman]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Syeda Zohra Tajuddin]]<br /> | term_start1 = 18 January 1974<br /> | term_end1 = 24 February 1975<br /> | office2 = Member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]<br /> | term_start2 = 7 April 1973<br /> | constituency2 = Rajshahi<br /> | term_end2 = 18 January 1974<br /> | predecessor2 = ''Constituency established''<br /> | successor2 =<br /> | office3 = 1st [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Home Affairs]] &lt;small&gt;(in exile)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | president3 = {{ubl|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Syed Nazrul Islam (acting)}}<br /> | term_start3 = 10 April 1971<br /> | term_end3 = 12 January 1972<br /> | primeminister3 = [[Tajuddin Ahmed]]<br /> | predecessor3 = ''Office established''<br /> | successor3 = [[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|06|26|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Natore]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1975|11|3|1926|06|26|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Old Dhaka Central Jail|Dacca Central Jail]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br /> | nationality = Bangladeshi<br /> | occupation = Politician, minister<br /> | party = [[Awami League]]<br /> | children = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]<br /> | awards = [[Independence Award]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|আবুল হাসনাত মোহাম্মদ কামারুজ্জামান}}}} (26 June 1926 – 3 November 1975)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=What we lost on November 3, 1975 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/what-we-lost-november-3-1975-1485592 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a Bangladeshi politician, government minister, and one of the founding leaders of Bangladesh. While serving as the Home Minister to [[Mujibnagar Government]], Qamaruzzaman was murdered along with [[Syed Nazrul Islam]], [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]], and [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] in the [[Jail Killing Day|jail killings]] in [[Dhaka Central Jail]] on 3 November 1975 by a group of army officers on the instruction of President [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad|Mostaq]].&lt;ref name=bpedia&gt;{{cite book |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |year=2012 |chapter=Qamaruzzaman, Abul Hasnat Mohammad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qamaruzzaman,_Abul_Hasnat_Mohammad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Qamaruzzaman was born on 26 June 1926 in the city of [[Bagatipara Upazila]], [[Natore]], [[Bengal]] (now in Bangladesh). He obtained degrees in economics from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1946, and a law degree from the [[Rajshahi University]] in 1956. He began practising after his induction into the [[Rajshahi District]] bar association. As a student, Qamaruzzaman became active in the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and worked for the [[Pakistan movement]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Qamaruzzaman joined the [[Awami League]] in 1956. He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1962, 1965, and again in 1970. He rose to national party leadership posts in the late 1960s. During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], Qamaruzzaman served as the minister of relief and rehabilitation in the provisional government of Bangladesh formed at [[Mujibnagar]]. After the creation of Bangladesh, he won election to the national parliament from Rajshahi in 1973. He resigned on 18 January 1974 to serve as president of the Awami League. In 1975, Qamaruzzaman was appointed minister of industries and a member of the executive committee of [[BAKSAL]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Remembering the Four Leaders |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/remembering-the-four-leaders/ |work=The Daily Star |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621172711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/remembering-the-four-leaders/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death and legacy ==<br /> After the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on 15 August 1975, Qamaruzzaman was arrested by the regime of the new president, [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]], and imprisoned in the Dhaka Central Jail with [[Tajuddin Ahmed]], [[Syed Nazrul Islam]], and [[Mansur Ali]]. These four senior Awami League politicians were killed on 3 November 1975, by army officers who were responsible for Mujib's death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |title=Freed of stigma, nation mourns |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=150794 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 August 2010 |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174111/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=150794 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qamaruzzaman's son, [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]], is an Awami League politician and the mayor of [[Rajshahi|Rajshahi City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/als-liton-leads-bnp-s-bulbul-by-huge-margin-in-rajshahi-mayor-race |title=AL's Liton beats Bulbul of BNP in Rajshahi mayor race by huge margin |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2020-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> &lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{commons-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Bangladesh liberation}}<br /> {{Bangladesh Awami League}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Qamaruzzaman, Abul Hasnat Muhammad}}<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:1975 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the Awami League]]<br /> [[Category:All-Pakistan Awami League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of disaster management and relief of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of industries of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of home affairs of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi people who died in prison custody]]<br /> [[Category:Prisoners who died in Bangladeshi detention]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1965–1969]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League executive committee members]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members]]<br /> [[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh independence activists]]<br /> [[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinivasa_Ramanujan_Institute_for_Basic_Sciences&diff=537212 2025-11-21T12:12:11Z

<p>Oantree: creating a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> '''Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute for Basic Sciences&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences|url=http://www.kscste.kerala.gov.in/pgm_sribs.htm|publisher=[[KSCSTE]]|accessdate=28 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' is an institute set up [[Government of Kerala]], [[India]], in [[Trivandrum]] as an [[R&amp;D]] institution under [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] (KSCSTE) for the promotion research in basic sciences. The decision to create the institution was taken by Government of Kerala as part of the 125th birth anniversary celebrations of the legendary Indian mathematical genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] and the formation of the institute was announced by [[Oommen Chandy]], [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], on 13 January 2012. The institute was formally inaugurated on 7 February 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Inaugural Address by Shri Oommen Chandy, Chief Minister of Kerala|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/images/stories/speech/speech_sreenivasinstitute.pdf|accessdate=28 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The institute started functioning in its permanent campus at Pampady, Kottayam from October 2025. Dr. Suresh C. H. was appointed as the first director of SRIBS in April 2024, who is on deputation from [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] (NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram. Since its inception, the institute has been organising various academic programmes like colloquia and workshops on a regular basis. <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Srinivasa Ramanujan]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Kottayam]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 2013]]<br /> [[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Balaiah&diff=468158 2025-11-14T03:34:42Z

<p>Oantree: adjust content per standard format and improved wording after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (1953–2023)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Junior Balaiah<br /> | image = Junior Balaiah resize.jpg<br /> | birth_name = Raghu Balaiah&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.chennailivenews.com/Valentine%27s%20Day%202012/Features/20121314011349/Celebs-and-Valentines-Day---1.aspx |title=Celebs and Valentine's Day – 1 – ChennaiLiveNews.com |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125165958/http://www.chennailivenews.com/Valentine%27s%20Day%202012/Features/20121314011349/Celebs-and-Valentines-Day---1.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1953|6|28}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nadigar-sangam.org/member/junior-balaiya-a-k-a-b-raghu/|work=Nadigar Sangam|access-date=2 July 2023|title=Junior Balaiya}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2023|11|02|1953|6|28|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India 2023 c168&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Junior Balaiah Death News: Actor Junior Balaiah passes away | website=The Times of India | date=2 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-junior-balaiah-passes-away/articleshow/104904223.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India<br /> | occupation = Actor, drama artiste<br /> | years_active =1975–2023 <br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * Suzanna<br /> }}<br /> |children = Niveditha&lt;br /&gt; Rohit <br /> | parents =[[T.S. Balaiah]], Leelavati<br /> | family =[[Manochithra]] (sister)<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | othername = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raghu Balaiah''' (28 June 1953 – 2 November 2023), popularly known as '''Junior Balaiah''', was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. The son of actor [[T. S. Balaiah]], he primarily featured in supporting roles throughout his career, which stretched over 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece|title = Darling of the masses|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 16 August 2014|last1 = Guy|first1 = Randor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Junior Balaiah was born as Raghu Balaiah in [[Chennai]] (then known as Madras) on 28 June 1953. He was the third son of actor [[T. S. Balaiah]]. His home was [[Sundankottai]], now in [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;endeared&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/t-s-balaiah-endeared-himself-to-millions-of-fans-with-a-career-spanning-nearly-four-decades-says-randor-guy/article6324279.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Darling of the masses | date=23 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For personal reasons, he turned to [[Evangelism]] following [[Christianity]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/junior-balaiah | location=Chennai, India | work=nettv4u.com | title=Junior Balaiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Balaiah died from [[suffocation]] on 2 November 2023, at the age of 70.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-actor-junior-balaiah-dies-of-suffocation-at-70-in-chennai-2457014-2023-11-02 Junior Balaiah's death]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[T. S. Balaiah]] died three days into Junior Balaiah's first film as an actor. T. S. Balaiah was to have acted in a movie directed by [[M. R. Radha]] called ''Suttaan Sutten'', in which Radha's son was to be played by Junior Balaiah and Balaiah's son was to be played by M. R. R. Vasu, but his death ended the production. Junior Balaiah then acted in several films but failed to recreate the success of his father. He subsequently became bankrupt and later began to practise [[Christianity]], setting up a healing centre called Healing Stripes Ministry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thaveethinkudaram.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/actor-junior-t-s-balaiahs-testimony.html|title=Actor Junior T. S. Balaiah's Testimony – 05/12/2010|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206215518/http://thaveethinkudaram.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/actor-junior-t-s-balaiahs-testimony.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2010s, Balaiah made rare appearances in films and won acclaim for his portrayal of a headmaster in ''[[Saattai]]'' (2012). He appeared in four films in 2015 including ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' and ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''.&lt;ref name = hindu&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece|title = 100 years of laughter|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 23 August 2014|last1 = Raman|first1 = Mohan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/om-shanti-om-the-ghost-is-clear/article6868916.ece|title=The ghost is clear|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 February 2015|last1=Raghavan|first1=Nikhil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Balaiah revealed his intentions of becoming a film producer to launch his son's acting career.&lt;ref name = hindu/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]'' (1975)<br /> *''[[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]'' (1977)<br /> *''[[Thyagam]]'' (1978)<br /> *''[[Yamanukku Yaman]]'' (1980)<br /> *''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' (1982)<br /> *''[[Dhooram Adhighamillai]]'' (1983)<br /> *''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]'' (1984)<br /> *''[[Karagattakaran]]'' (1989)<br /> *''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' (1991)<br /> *''[[Vigneshwar]]'' (1991)<br /> *''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Amma Vanthachu]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Rasukutty]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Sundara Kandam]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (1993) as Rickshaw driver<br /> *''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' (1993)<br /> *''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994)<br /> *''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]'' (1994)<br /> *''[[Avatharam (1995 film)|Avatharam]]'' (1995)<br /> *''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' (1995)<br /> *''[[Irattai Roja]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]'' (1996)<br /> *''[[Kadhal Palli]]'' (1997)<br /> *''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' (1997)<br /> *''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' (1997)<br /> *''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]'' (1998)<br /> *''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000)<br /> *''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' (2001)<br /> *''Shakalaka Baby'' (2002)<br /> *''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003)<br /> *''[[Sringaram]]'' (2007)<br /> *''Vattapaarai'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Saattai]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Om Shanthi Om]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Sethu Boomi]]'' (2016)<br /> *''Narai'' (2018)<br /> *''[[Koothan]]'' (2018)<br /> *''[[Nerkonda Parvai]]'' (2019)<br /> *''Sanga Thalaivan'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Maara]]'' (2021)<br /> *''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' (2021)<br /> *''B.D'' (2024; Posthumous film)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ===Web series===<br /> * ''[[Mugilan]]''<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> *''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'' (2000–2001) as James<br /> *''Vazhkai'' (2000–2001) as Prabhakar's father<br /> *''Chinna Papa Periya Papa'' (2014) Season 1 as Masanam<br /> *Maya machindra serial(1999) as ginglan swamy<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|1687033}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Balaiah, Junior}}<br /> [[Category:1953 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from asphyxiation]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games&diff=447793 2025-08-02T17:05:07Z

<p>Oantree: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> The '''Gymnastics''' event at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] was held at [[Indira Gandhi Arena]].<br /> <br /> ==Artistic==<br /> <br /> Artistic gymnastics was held from 4–8 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/gymnastics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928232018/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/gymnastics|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2010|title = XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi &amp;#124;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Qualification&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's artistic qualification}}<br /> ;Men's Events<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> | Team all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's artistic team all-around}}<br /> | {{flagCGF|AUS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Samuel Offord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Joshua Jefferis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thomas Pichler]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Luke Wiwatowski]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Prashanth Sellathurai]]<br /> | {{flagCGF|ENG|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Max Whitlock]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Luke Folwell]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Danny Lawrence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Reiss Beckford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Steve Jehu]]<br /> | {{flagCGF|CAN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Jason Scott (gymnast)|Jason Scott]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Robert Watson (gymnast)|Robert Watson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tariq Dowers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anderson Loran]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ian Galvan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Individual all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's artistic individual all-around}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Luke Folwell]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Reiss Beckford]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Joshua Jefferis]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Floor&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's floor}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Thomas Pichler]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Reiss Beckford]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ashish Kumar (gymnast)|Ashish Kumar]]|IND|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pommel horse&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's pommel horse}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Prashanth Sellathurai]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Max Whitlock]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jonathan Chan Thuang Tong]]|SIN|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rings&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's rings}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Samuel Offord]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Luke Folwell]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Herodotos Giorgallas]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vault&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's vault}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Luke Folwell]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ashish Kumar (gymnast)|Ashish Kumar]]|IND|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ian Galvan]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Parallel bars&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's parallel bars}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Joshua Jefferis]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Luke Folwell]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Prashanth Sellathurai]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Horizontal bar&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's horizontal bar}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Dimitris Krasias]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Anderson Loran]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Max Whitlock]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Qualification&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic qualification}}<br /> ;Women's Events<br /> [[File:XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of Women’s Gymnastics Vault progress, Cairns Imogen of England (Gold), May Gabby of Canada (Silver) and Kristin Jana Klarenbach of Canada (Bronze).jpg|thumb|XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of Women’s Gymnastics Vault, Imogen Cairns of England (Gold), Jennifer Mbali Khwela of South Africa (Silver) and Gabby May of Canada (Bronze)]]<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> | Team all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic team all-around}}<br /> | {{flagCGF|AUS|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Emily Little]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ashleigh Brennan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Georgia Bonora]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lauren Mitchell]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Georgia Wheeler]]<br /> | {{flagCGF|ENG|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Charlotte Lindsley]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Laura Edwards]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jocelyn Hunt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Imogen Cairns]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Becky Wing]]<br /> | {{flagCGF|CAN|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Gabby May]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Cynthia Lemieux-Guillemette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kristin Klarenbach]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Emma Willis (gymnast)|Emma Willis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Catherine Dion]]<br /> |-<br /> | Individual all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic individual all-around}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lauren Mitchell]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Emily Little]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Georgia Bonora]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vault&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Imogen Cairns]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Jennifer Mbali Khwela]]|RSA|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Gabby May]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Uneven bars&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's uneven bars}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lauren Mitchell]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Georgia Bonora]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Cynthia Lemieux-Guillemette]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Balance beam&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's balance beam}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lauren Mitchell]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lim Heem Wei]]|SIN|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Cynthia Lemieux-Guillemette]]|CAN|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | Floor&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's floor}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Imogen Cairns]]|ENG|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Lauren Mitchell]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Ashleigh Brennan]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Rhythmic==<br /> <br /> Rhythmic gymnastics was held from 12–14 October 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/gymnastics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928232018/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/sport/gymnastics|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2010|title = XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi &amp;#124;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> | Team all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic team all-around}}<br /> |{{flagCGF|AUS|2010}}<br /> [[Naazmi Johnston]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Janine Murray]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Danielle Prince]]<br /> |{{flagCGF|CAN|2010}}<br /> [[Mariam Chamilova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Demetra Mantcheva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alexandra Martincek]]<br /> |{{flagCGF|ENG|2010}}<br /> [[Rachel Ennis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Francesca Fox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lynne Hutchison]]<br /> |-<br /> | Individual all-around&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual all-around}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Naazmi Johnston]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chrystalleni Trikomiti]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Elaine Koon]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)|Ball]] &lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual ball}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Naazmi Johnston]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Elaine Koon]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chrystalleni Trikomiti]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)|Hoop]] &lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual hoop}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Elaine Koon]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Frankie Jones (gymnast)|Francesca Jones]]|WAL|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chrystalleni Trikomiti]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)|Ribbon]] &lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual ribbon}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chrystalleni Trikomiti]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Naazmi Johnston]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Elaine Koon]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)|Rope]] &lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual rope}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Chrystalleni Trikomiti]]|CYP|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Naazmi Johnston]]|AUS|2010}}<br /> | {{flagCGFmedalist|[[Elaine Koon]]|MAS|2010}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Overall medal table==<br /> {{Medals table<br /> | caption = <br /> | host = IND<br /> | flag_template = flagCGF<br /> | event = 2010<br /> | team = <br /> | gold_AUS = 12 | silver_AUS = 5 | bronze_AUS = 4<br /> | gold_ENG = 4 | silver_ENG = 7 | bronze_ENG = 2<br /> | gold_CYP = 3 | silver_CYP = 1 | bronze_CYP = 3<br /> | gold_MAS = 1 | silver_MAS = 1 | bronze_MAS = 3<br /> | gold_CAN = 0 | silver_CAN = 2 | bronze_CAN = 6<br /> | gold_IND = 0 | silver_IND = 1 | bronze_IND = 1 | host_IND = yes <br /> | gold_SIN = 0 | silver_SIN = 1 | bronze_SIN = 1<br /> | gold_RSA = 0 | silver_RSA = 1 | bronze_RSA = 0<br /> | gold_WAL = 0 | silver_WAL = 1 | bronze_WAL = 0<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Participating nations==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|AUS|2010|13}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|CAN|2010|13}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|CYP|2010|8}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|ENG|2010|13}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|GIB|2010|2}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|IND|2010|13}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|IOM|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|MAS|2010|12}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NAM|2010|1}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NIR|2010|3}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|NZL|2010|11}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SCO|2010|5}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SIN|2010|6}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|RSA|2010|8}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|SRI|2010|5}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|TRI|2010|1}}<br /> * {{flagCGF|WAL|2010|6}}<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Commonwealth Games Gymnastics}}<br /> {{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> {{2010 in artistic gymnastics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gymnastics At The 2010 Commonwealth Games}}<br /> [[Category:Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games| ]]<br /> [[Category:Events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games|2010]]<br /> [[Category:International gymnastics competitions hosted by India]]<br /> [[Category:2010 in gymnastics|Commonwealth Games]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raosaheb_Gogte&diff=529707 2025-07-18T14:49:29Z

<p>Oantree: adding a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1916–2000)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Raosaheb Gogte<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|09|16|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Tembhu]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British&amp;nbsp;India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|2|26|1916|9|16|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Belgaum]], Karnataka, India<br /> | office1 = Founder and Managing Director of the [[Gogte Group]]<br /> | term_start1 = 20 July 1967<br /> | term_end1 = 26 February 2000<br /> | predecessor1 =<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | occupation = Industrialist, philanthropist, [[educationist]], lawyer<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Ushatai Chiplunkar|1943}}<br /> | children = 3<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Balkrishna Mahadev Gogte''' ([[IAST]]: '''Bāḷakr̥shṇa Mahādeva Gogaṭe'''; 16 September 1916 – 26 February 2000), known colloquially as '''Raosaheb Gogte''' (IAST: '''Rāvasāheba Gogaṭe'''), was an Indian lawyer, industrialist, philanthropist and educationist. <br /> <br /> Gogte was the founder of the [[Gogte Group]] of companies, involved in mining, [[minerals]], [[salts]] and textiles. He gave his name to the [[Gogte Institute of Technology]], Gogte College of Commerce, the Gogte Hall at the [[Shivaji Park|Shivaji Park Gymkhana]] in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], the Gogte Suite at the Oberoi Hotel in Mumbai, the Gogte Hall at the [[Belgaum District|Belgaum Chamber of Commerce]], and the Gogte Circle in Belgaum.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> === Early life, family and education: 1916–1936 ===<br /> Gogte was born on 16 September 1916 at [[Tembhu]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=1–2}} at the time a part of the [[Bombay Presidency]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=9}} to Dr. Mahadev Gogte (1891–1953) and Kamlabai Gogte (née Ambutai Latey).{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=8, 10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Gogte Kulavruttant|publisher=Gogte Committee|year=2006|location=[[Pune]]|pages=446|language=mr|trans-title=The [[Gogte (disambiguation)|Gogte]] Family Genealogy Almanac|chapter=Belgav Gharana, Dusra|trans-chapter=The 2nd [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Belgaum]] |ref={{sfnref|Gogte Committee|2006}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their family was [[Chitpavan]] [[brahmin]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=3}} and was established as the ''[[Nobility|gharana]]'' at [[Karad]] since Gogte's grandfather's time.{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=7–8}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Gogte [[Kulavruttanta]]|publisher=Gogte Committee|year=2006|location=[[Pune]]|pages=445|language=mr|trans-title=The Gogte Family Genealogy Almanac|chapter=Belgav Gharana, Dusra|trans-chapter=The 2nd [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Belgaum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gogte's father was a practicing surgeon in Karad, with an [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery|L. M. &amp; S.]] from the [[Calcutta National Medical College|National Medical College]] in [[Calcutta]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=9, 18}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=3}} while his mother hailed from the [[aristocratic]] [[Latey family|Latey (Bhagwat) family]] who had been hereditary [[castellan]]s of the [[:mr:सदाशिवगड (कराड)|Sadashivgad]] in Karad under the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Peshwas]] since the [[Battle of Kharda]] in 1795.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Latey Family Tree and History |location=[[Pune]] |pages=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=3, 4, 170}}<br /> <br /> Gogte was born the eldest of five children, he had two younger brothers and two younger sisters.{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=8}} Through his brother Vaman, Gogte was a paternal uncle to Anjali Dandekar, the first wife of [[Kokuyo Camlin]] head [[Dilip Dandekar]], and to Jayant, husband of academician [[Jyoti Gogte]]. Through his brother Vasudev, Gogte was a paternal uncle to Rekha Agashe, the wife of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] vice-president [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], and thus a great-uncle to [[Mandar Agashe|Mandar]], [[Ashutosh Agashe|Ashutosh]] and [[Sheetal Agashe]]. He was also a great-uncle of poet [[Rashmi Parekh]], the granddaughter of his brother Vasudev through his second daughter Madhuri.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=10}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=173}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Agashe|first1=Trupti|last2=Agashe|first2=Gopal|editor1-last=Wad|editor1-first=Mugdha|title=Agashe [[Kulavruttanta]]|trans-title= The [[Agashe]] Family Genealogy|chapter=Mangdari Gharana|trans-chapter=The [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Mangdari]]|date=2006|publisher=Surbhi Graphics|location=[[Hyderabad]]|edition=2nd|language=mr|isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5|pages=53–62}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beginning in 1925, Gogte began his education at the [[Lokmanya Tilak|Tilak High School]] in Karad, before he was sent to [[Jalgaon]] in 1926, to be educated under his paternal uncle Narayanrao Gogte, who was headmaster at the New English School there.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=12}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=9}} In 1928, he accompanied his uncle to [[Chalisgaon]], where they would be members of the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi Ashram]] there, alongside [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]].{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=111}} In 1929, he returned to Karad to continue his education at the Tilak High School,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=14}} and while there, was a classmate of [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] till 1930.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=16–17}} <br /> <br /> By the early 1930s, both his father and uncle had joined the [[Indian independence movement]] as [[Gandhian]]s.{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=112–113}} By 1931, Gogte's father moved their family to [[Belgaum]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=18}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=11}} where Gogte continued his education at the Chintamanrao High School at [[Shahapur, Ichalkaranji|Shahapur]], then in the [[Sangli State|Princely State of Sangli]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=22}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=20}} While at school at Shahapur, Gogte was distinguished at elocution,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=24}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=21}} was elected as general secretary of the student body,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=27}} and took part in several [[civil unrest]]s as part of the [[Indian freedom movement]] and was once [[citizen's arrest|arrested]] for reading out an [[Indian National Congress]] bulletin in public.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=26}} In early 1932, at sixteen, he survived an assassination attempt from two students at his school, who bombed the venue of the event where Gogte and a few other students were staging [[Govind Ballal Deval]]'s 1916 play ''Samshay Kallol''.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=22–23}}<br /> <br /> Though of [[nobility|noble]] origin as descendants of [[chieftain]]s from the [[Maratha Confederacy|Peshwai]], the family was relatively impoverished,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=19}} and in 1933, Gogte's father abandoned his medical practice to establish a [[flour mill]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=21}} That same year, aged seventeen, he matriculated from school by passing his [[University of Bombay]] examinations,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=35}} and went on to study [[law]], graduating his [[diploma|high court pleader's examination]] in 1935, aged nineteen.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=38}} He then moved to [[Mumbai]] to work at the [[Bombay High Court]] for a year.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=36}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=39}} <br /> <br /> While a guest at his maternal first cousin Laxman &quot;Rajabhau&quot; Bhave's residence in Mumbai in 1936, Gogte became acquainted with Ushatai Chiplunkar. She was the younger sister of his cousin's wife, and they were engaged shortly after their acquaintance.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=37}} The couple married on 7 June 1943,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=39}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=68}} and would go on to have three sons, Arvind (b. 1944), Anand (b. 1946) and Shirish (b. 1950).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Gogte Kulavruttant|publisher=Gogte Committee|year=2006|location=[[Pune]]|pages=446|language=mr|trans-title=The Gogte Family Genealogy Almanac|chapter=Belgav Gharana, Dusra|trans-chapter=The 2nd [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Belgaum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=76–77}}<br /> <br /> === Career as a lawyer: 1936–1943 ===<br /> In 1936, at the age of twenty one, Gogte began his practice as an advocate in Belgaum.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=47}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=44}} One of his first notable cases was that of two [[Cutlery|cutler]] women from [[Baluchistan]] who had been charged with [[cheating]], [[criminal intimidation]] and [[affray]]. His defense got them [[acquitted]], but Gogte's failure to secure the fees for his service led the women to offer him two [[Rampuri]] knives they had made as payment.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=48}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=45–46}} This incident, alongside the moniker the two women addressed him with (''Raosaheb'') was widely circulated in legal circles and press, resulting in the colloquial name by which he would be known the rest of his professional and personal life.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=50–51}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=46}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Lokamānasātīla Yaśavantarāva |date=1985 |publisher=Indrāyaṇī Sāhitya |location=[[University of Michigan]] |page=147 |language=mr |quote=श्री . बा . म . तथा रावसाहेब गोगटे उद्योगपती गोगटे म्हणून प्रसिद्ध आहेत.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Beginning in 1936, Gogte taught law at the Karnatak Law Society,{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=46}} alongside his advocacy work, and would go on to form the [[Belgaum District|Belgaum District Students Conference]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=52}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=47}} Around this time, Gogte was acquitted on a false charge of misappropriating sheets of irons given to him by the Iron and Steel Controller of Belgaum.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=53–54}} When the [[Motor Vehicles Act]] was amended in 1939, he was appointed to be the Honorary Secretary of the Bus Operators' Union of Belgaum by Keshavrao Gokhale of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=56}} where he was involved in several cases of [[accident insurance]], route allocation, and interstate [[road tax]] negotiations with the Princely States of Sangli and [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=48-50}} <br /> <br /> During such a time, when negotiations for route allocations crossing interstate lines, between the [[Dominion of India|union]] and the [[Princely State]]s came to an impasse, Gogte was warranted for arrest by the [[Chief Minister]] of the Kolhapur State, but evaded arrest by boarding a train bound for [[Miraj]] dressed as a woman, after being informed by the [[private secretary]] of [[Shivaji VII]], the [[Maharaja]] of Kolhapur at the time. After this incidence, the negotiations between the union and the States were formally taken up and resolved by the [[Deccan States Agency]] and the [[Government of Bombay]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=59-61}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=57-62}} <br /> <br /> By the end of 1942, Gogte had organised the All India Motor Union Congress and was engaged as the [[General counsel|chief counsel]] for all cases between the union and the Bombay Government.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=62}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=51–52}} By 1943, Gogte was engaged as chief counsel for cases between bus operators' unions in Belgaum, [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] and [[Ahmedabad]] and their respective [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|Regional Transport Authorities]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=63}} He would continue to legally represent various sectors of the [[transport industry]] into the 1950s.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=53}}<br /> <br /> === Venture into business and philanthropy: 1944–1970 ===<br /> By 1944, Gogte had secured loans for his own [[trucking]] business.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=63}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=54}} When [[India in World War II|India's involvement]] in the [[Second World War]] led to petrol rationing, he decided to emulate a [[United Kingdom|British]] company in [[Madras]], and establish a [[Gas-fired power plant]] that used [[charcoal]] to generate fuel for his trucking vehicles. This venture proved unsuccessful.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=70-73}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=54–55}} In between 1945 and 1948, Gogte next ventured, yet again unsuccessfully, into setting up a [[Steel mill|Steel rolling mill]] in Karad.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=74–75}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=55–56}}<br /> <br /> In 1952, Gogte got involved in the business of transporting [[mackerel]] from the coasts of [[Karwar]] to inner [[Maharashtra]] and Karnataka.{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=63}} The need to preserve the catch, led him to seek investment from the [[Raja]] of the [[Kurundvad Junior|Princely State of Kurundwad (Junior)]] for the installment of an ice factory in Belgaum, which was inaugurated by [[Morarji Desai]], then [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Unified Bombay]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=64–65}} On the suggestion of Bombay's [[Government of Maharashtra|Superintendent of Fisheries]], Gogte travelled to [[Aberdeen]] to study [[Cryopreservation|flash freezing]] in order to set his own plant up for the venture, but was ultimately unsuccessful.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=66}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=64-66}}<br /> <br /> In the early 1950s, [[Japan|Japanese]] interest in the [[iron ore|iron]] and [[manganese ore]]s of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese Goa]] led Gogte to explore the possibility of mining for the ores in the districts of [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and [[North Kanara]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=78}} In 1954, he began mining for manganese near Kuveshi,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=79}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=89}} soon banding with other mine owners to form the Association of Manganese Ore Producers, of which he would serve as the inaugural president.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=80}} With financial encouragement from local lenders, Gogte established the [[Gogte_Group#Gogte_Mines|Gogte Mines]] company and began mining for iron ore at [[Redi, Maharashtra|Redi]] in 1957,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=81}} having leased 187 acres and 16 [[guntha]]s for the project, and producing 15,000 tonnes of iron ore within the first four months.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=82}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=90–91}} <br /> <br /> When contractors began demanding higher rates, he commissioned two self-propelled [[barge]]s for the transport of the ore, which were inaugurated by Yashwantrao Chavan and his wife Venutai.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=89–90}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi J. |title=Dare to Dream: A Life of Rai Bahadur Mohan Singh Oberoi |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-84723-5 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_DgAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=raosaheb%20gogte |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=184}} When a flaw in their design was discovered, Gogte won the [[arbitration]] case, counselled by [[H. R. Gokhale]], against the manufacturers of the barges.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=91–92}} Around the same time, Gogte would also go on to assist [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]] with the foundation of his signature [[Oberoi hotel]] in [[Mumbai]]; which Gogte performed the [[Satyanarayan Puja]] for at its inauguration, and subsequently Oberoi had one of the hotel's suites named after Gogte.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=91}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi J. |title=Dare to Dream: A Life of Rai Bahadur Mohan Singh Oberoi |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-84723-5 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_DgAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=raosaheb%20gogte |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Desāī |first1=Mādhavī |title=Nāca ga Ghumā |date=1991 |publisher=Indrāyaṇī Sāhitya |location=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=273, 282, 284 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 1959 and 1960, he further secured funding from the [[Bank of Baroda]] to import sophisticated mining equipment from the [[United States]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=83}} having exported 92,798 tonnes of crude iron ore within that financial year.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=92}} Between 1961 and 1964, the mining company continued to function at a loss, and so Gogte ventured to secure orders from Japan.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=93}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=92–93}} In 1963, he scouted 1500 acres of land near [[Nala Sopara]] for developing a [[salt farm|salt works]].{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=144, 146}} He tasked his brother Vasudev with its management, who would apply [[France|French]] and [[Tunisia|Tunisian]] techniques of salt production at the works.{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=145}} The [[Gogte_Group#Gogte_Salts|Gogte Salts]] company was inaugurated in 1964 at the hands of [[Sadashiv Govind Barve]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=95-97}} In 1966, Gogte was made a patron of the Karnatak Law Society, and the [[Gogte College of Commerce]] was named in his honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History – Karnatak Law Society |url=https://klsbelagavi.org/our-university/ |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turning a profit after a decade of functioning,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=93}} Gogte formally incorporated his mining company on 20 July 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gogte Mines Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U99999MH1967PTC013783 |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=93–94}}<br /> <br /> === Veteran industrialist: 1970–1991 ===<br /> <br /> In 1972, Gogte was elected president of the Belgaum Chamber of Commerce, and would run campaigns across rural and urban Belgaum with the chamber to attract [[entrepreneur]]s to set up [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|small-scale industries]] in their localities.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=127-129}} By 1974, Gogte had secured buyers for his iron ore in [[Romania]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=93}} formally incorporating the [[Gogte_Group#Gogte_Minerals|Gogte Minerals]] company on 23 February 1977,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gogte Minerals Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINERALS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U14100MH1977PTC019505 |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; for promotion of [[ammonium chloride]] [[fertilizer]]s.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=99–100}} <br /> <br /> In 1977, Gogte was the subject of a [[festschrift]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Yaśavantarāva Cavhāṇa: samagra sāhitya sūcī |date=2003 |publisher=Snehavardhana Prakāśana |location=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-85601-79-3 |page=47, 67 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=xxi}} and in 1978, tried to establish a [[paper mill]] in the [[Chandrapur district]] with the help of [[Vasantdada Patil]], but the venture was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=94–95}} Around the same time, Gogte ventured into establishing an [[inner-city]] bus service for Belgaum.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=67}} The controversial scheme conflicted with the [[Belgaum City Corporation]]'s plans to do the same. Gogte controversially won the license from the Regional Transport Authority for the scheme after producing a letter from then [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], Morarji Desai, disapproving of small municipalities having jurisdiction over transport services in cities.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=68}} The city bus service was met with civilian acclaim, but was soon nationalised.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=69}} Around the same time, he was also elected president of the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture|Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=122}} In 1979, Gogte further made financial contributions to the Karnatak Law Society, who in-turn honoured him by naming the [[Gogte Institute of Technology]] after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About – KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgavi |website=[[Gogte Institute of Technology|KLS GIT]] |url=http://www.git.edu/4415/ |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=187–188}}<br /> <br /> On 17 May 1980, Gogte established [[Gogte_Group#Gogte_Textiles|Gogte Textiles]], venturing into [[textiles]].{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=227}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gogte Infrastructure Development Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-INFRASTRUCTURE-DEVELOPMENTCORPORATION-LIMITED/U17115KA1980PLC003828 |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the advisement of [[S. M. Krishna]], he pursued to obtain a license from the [[Government of Karnataka]] under [[Gundu Rao]],{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=102}} to set up a [[textile mill]] in Kakti, acquiring 100 acres for the venture and ordering weaving machinery from [[Switzerland]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=104}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=100–101}} After promises of financial encouragement from the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Industry]] fell through, Gogte appealed to [[R. N. Malhotra]] at the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for provision of [[working capital]]. Financial encouragement came from the [[State Bank of Mysore]] and [[IDBI]], under the advisement of [[Shankarrao Chavan]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=105}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=102–106}} In 1981, Gogte was elected to the first of three terms as [[chairman]] of the [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering|National Institute for Training in Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE),{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=130}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=189}} and in 1982, he became the subject of a biography in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by D. K. Barve.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Yaśavantarāva Cavhāṇa: samagra sāhitya sūcī |date=2003 |publisher=Snehavardhana Prakāśana |location=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-85601-79-3 |page=49 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=xxi-xxiii}} In 1986, he was further appointed chairman of the State Industrial and Investment Corporation of Maharashtra (SICOM).{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=133}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Arvind |title=B. M. Gogte appointed Chairman of SICOM |work=[[The Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier]] |date=September 1986}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1980, Gogte went on to become president of the Indo-Arab Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and worked on developing the [[Konkan]] region with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian]] investment.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=124}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|pp=149–150}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Maṭhakara |first1=Jayānanda |title=Kokaṇa, svapna āṇi vāstava |date=1990 |publisher=Vainateya Prakāśana |location=[[University of California]] |page=41 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the late 1980s, Gogte's son Arvind, and his wife Mangal (née [[Patwardhan dynasty|Patwardhan]], a [[Princess]] of the Princely State of Kurundwad (Junior)),{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=159}} presented samples of their Textile Mills' [[terrycloth]] towels to then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]], whose wife [[Sonia Gandhi]] was said to have enquired after them. When Gandhi requested Gogte to arrange a visit to the mills, the mill workers went on strike.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=107–108}} By 1990, the Gogte Textile Mills was one of the largest exporters of textile goods in Karnataka,{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=106}} and in 1991, Gogte became the subject of another biography by M. V. Kamath.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|loc=Front sleeve}}<br /> <br /> === Later years, death, and legacy: 1991–2000 ===<br /> In the early 1990s, Gogte made donations to the Belgaum Chamber of Commerce, and the chamber responded by naming the conference room at their headquarters in Belgaum the Gogte Hall, after him.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=120}} Gogte served his third consecutive term as chairman of NITIE till 1994. A friend of [[Naval Tata]], he was on the board of directors for three companies of the [[Tata Group]], as well as a director for [[Oberoi hotels]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=159}} He had suffered from [[spondylitis]] since 1976,{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=139}} having undergone successful operation for it.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=143-146}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=M. V. |last2=Karmarkar |first2=Rekha |author1-link=M. V. Kamath |title=Untold Stories of Doctors &amp; Patients |date=1993 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |location=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-85674-18-6 |page=31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A patron of the arts and sciences,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Marāṭhī nāṭyakośa: nāṭaka-raṅgabhūmīvishayaka nivaḍaka māhitī deṇārā grantha |date=2000 |publisher=Niśānta Prakāśana āṇi Abhaya Chājeḍa |location=[[University of Michigan]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; he organised several concerts in Belgaum for [[Bal Gandharva]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], alongside scientific patronages to the research of [[Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare]].{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=147}} He also gave financial support to the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dubhashi |first1=P. R. |title=Pursuing Idealism Through Civil Service: Memories of an Administrator and a Trainer |date=2007 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-291-0 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsBPAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karnatak Drama Conference also honoured his patronage to drama by announcing an annual Gogte Dramatic Award awarded to [[dramatist]]s.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=148}}<br /> <br /> Gogte died in Belgaum, Karnataka, on 26 February 2000, aged 83.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=M. V. |author1-link=M. V. Kamath |title=A Reporter at Large |date=2002 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-7276-270-4 |page=732 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was survived by his wife until her own death in 2007, his three sons and their families: seven grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren at the time; his younger brother Vaman and sister Leela also survived him, as well as the descendants of all his siblings.{{sfn|Gogte Committee|2006|pp=446–447}} He was survived in business by his three sons and three grandsons.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=159–160}}<br /> <br /> Besides the naming of the colleges founded in his honour by the Karnatak Law Society in 1966 and 1979 respectively, a bust of his likeness was installed at the headquarters of the Karnataka Education Society in 1986.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=148}}{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=195}} Today, he is the namesake of the Gogte Hall at the [[Shivaji Park|Shivaji Park Gymkhana]] in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], the Gogte Suite at the Oberoi Hotel in Mumbai, and the Gogte Hall at the Belgaum Chamber of Commerce.{{sfn|Kamath|1991|pp=64, 65, 91, 120}} He is also the namesake of the Raosaheb Gogte College of Commerce,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Inspiration |url=http://www.gogatewalkecollege.com/our_inspiration.php |website=gogatewalkecollege.com |publisher=Gogte Walke College |access-date=11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Gogte Circle in Belgaum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gogte Circle |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gogte+Circle/@15.8481606,74.5048859,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbf6698e1e78621:0x2a2eeaeb3ecf32f0!8m2!3d15.8481555!4d74.5070746 |website=[[Google Maps]] |language=en |access-date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> *{{cite book|last=Kamath|first=M. V.|author-link=M. V. Kamath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QgAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=sheetal+agashe|title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist &amp; Educationist|date=1991|location=[[Mumbai]]|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|language=en|oclc=25633742}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Barve |first1=D. K. |title=सागरमेघ: बा. म. ऊर्फ रावसाहेब गोगटे यांचा भैतिक व आत्मिक आविष्कार|trans-title= Sagarmegh: The Physical and Spiritual Invention of B. M. &quot;Raosaheb&quot; Gogte |date=1982 |publisher=Bombay Book Ḍepot |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=Marathi|oclc=12024875}}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar|d=Q28749439|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Biography|portal4=Business}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gogte, Raosaheb}}<br /> [[Category:Marathi people]]<br /> [[Category:1916 births]]<br /> [[Category:2000 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Belgaum]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Indian industrialists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian company founders]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srivaikuntam_taluk&diff=537247 2025-06-11T16:29:46Z

<p>Oantree: creating a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> '''Srivaikuntam Taluk''' is a [[taluk]] of [[Thoothukudi district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of [[Srivaikuntam]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Srivaikuntam had a population of 202,905 with 100,296 males and 102,609 females. There were 1023 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 76.91. Child population in the age group below 6 was 10,616 males and 10,232 females. <br /> Appanad Maravars are living in large numbers in this region along with Yadav in Mukkani, Velur, Karungulam and Nadars in cheraikulam, Athalikulam and Scheduled Caste . Appanad Maravar Villages are Velur Kasba, Velur Adichehanallur, Vallanadu, Tolappanpannai, Singathakurichi, Seydunganallur, Perur, Padmanabhamangalam, Nanalkadu, Muthulangurichi, Muruppanadukovilpattu, Mukkani, Manakkarai, Kongarayankurichi, Karungulam, Kalvay, Kaliyavur, Cherakulam, Alwarkarkulam, Alikkudi, Alanda, Agaram. Appanad Maravars use Pandian as their surname in this region. <br /> Tiruvaikuntam Taluka - Thoothukkudi<br /> <br /> List of all towns and Villages in Srivaikuntam Taluka of Thoothukkudi district, Tamil Nadu. Complete details of Population, Religion, Literacy and Sex Ratio in tabular format.<br /> <br /> # Town State Population<br /> <br /> 1 Srivaikuntam Town Panchayat Tamil Nadu 15,847<br /> <br /> 2 Sayapuram Town Panchayat Tamil Nadu 12,792<br /> <br /> 3 Eral Town Panchayat Tamil Nadu 9,478<br /> <br /> 4 Perungulam Town Panchayat Tamil Nadu 7,203<br /> <br /> # Villages Administrative Division Population<br /> <br /> 1 Agaram 1,924<br /> <br /> 2 Alanda 2,513<br /> <br /> 3 Alikkudi 797<br /> <br /> 4 Alwarkarkulam 1,902<br /> <br /> 5 Aniyaparanallur 2,843<br /> <br /> 6 Arampannai 3,132<br /> <br /> 7 Arumugamangalam 1,189<br /> <br /> 8 Cherakulam 4,837<br /> <br /> 9 Chettimallanpatti 336<br /> <br /> 10 Deivaseyalpuram 819<br /> <br /> 11 Ellainayakkanpatti 1,682<br /> <br /> 12 Iruvappapuram 1,753<br /> <br /> 13 Kaliyavur 2,378<br /> <br /> 14 Kalvay 3,266<br /> <br /> 15 Karungulam 6,449<br /> <br /> 16 Kilavallanadu 1,165<br /> <br /> 17 Kilpidagai Kasba 1,074<br /> <br /> 18 Kilpidagai Varadarajapuram 1,318<br /> <br /> 19 KilpidagaiAppankovil 875<br /> <br /> 20 Kilputhaneri 1,516<br /> <br /> 21 Kodungani 27<br /> <br /> 22 Kongarayankurichi 3,246<br /> <br /> 23 Korkai 3,986<br /> <br /> 24 Kottarakkurichi 3,858<br /> <br /> 25 Manakkarai 3,474<br /> <br /> 26 Mangalakkurichi 1,248<br /> <br /> 27 Manjanirkayal 1,143<br /> <br /> 28 Maramangalam 3,819<br /> <br /> 29 Meenakshipuram Sekkarakkudi 1,186<br /> <br /> 30 Mukkani 6,851<br /> <br /> 31 Murappanadu Pudugramam 1,045<br /> <br /> 32 Muruppanadukovilpattu 1,566<br /> <br /> 33 Muthulangurichi 1,066<br /> <br /> 34 Nallathi 2,874<br /> <br /> 35 Nanalkadu 619<br /> <br /> 36 Padmanabhamangalam 2,398<br /> <br /> 37 Palayakkayal 5,024<br /> <br /> 38 Parakramapandi 1,597<br /> <br /> 39 Perur 1,419<br /> <br /> 40 Poovani 2,914<br /> <br /> 41 Sekkarakkudi 5,166<br /> <br /> 42 Seydunganallur 7,708<br /> <br /> 43 Singathakurichi 2,624<br /> <br /> 44 Siruthondanallur 4,495<br /> <br /> 45 Sivagalai 4,087<br /> <br /> 46 Srimulakkarai 4,363<br /> <br /> 47 Sriparankusanallur 1,477<br /> <br /> 48 Tannuthu 555<br /> <br /> 49 Terkukariseri 1,236<br /> <br /> 50 Tirupanichettikulam 795<br /> <br /> 51 Tiruppani Chettiyarpatti 229<br /> <br /> 52 Tirupuliyangudi 1,128<br /> <br /> 53 Tolappanpannai 1,611<br /> <br /> 54 Ulakkudi 759<br /> <br /> 55 Vadakkukariseri 1,189<br /> <br /> 56 Vadavallanadu 2,483<br /> <br /> 57 Valavallan 3,553<br /> <br /> 58 Vallakulam 3,313<br /> <br /> 59 Vallanadu 7,160<br /> <br /> 60 Vallanadu R.F. 4<br /> <br /> 61 Vasavappapuram 3,812<br /> <br /> 62 Velur Adichehanallur 1,422<br /> <br /> 63 Velur Kasba 2,923<br /> <br /> 64 Vitthalapuram 3,175<br /> <br /> 65 Vitthalapuram Kovilpattu 1,247<br /> <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|publisher=Census Tamil Nadu|accessdate=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|archivedate=17 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;References/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Thoothukudi district}}<br /> https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5867-srivaikuntam-thoothukkudi-tamil-nadu.html<br /> <br /> [[Category:Taluks of Thoothukudi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Thoothukudi-geo-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishal_Anand&diff=474330 2025-05-09T04:29:59Z

<p>Oantree: small reworked intro for consistency and corrected details for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2020)}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> '''Vishal Anand''' (also known as '''Bhisham Kohli''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gavankar |first=Nilu N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXrxLp3IxbUC&amp;dq=Kismet+1980+film&amp;pg=PA114 |title=The Desai Trio and the Movie Industry of India |date=2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4634-1941-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; died 4 October 2020) was an Indian actor and producer worked in [[Bollywood]] films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Vishal Anand dies at 82|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-vishal-anand-passes-away-6703998/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=Chalte Chalte actor Vishal Anand dies after prolonged illness|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/chalte-chalte-actor-vishal-anand-dies-after-prolonged-illness/story-neW6rkN3VKMIFnCH9mfrNI.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born in [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India, he is known for his roles in ''[[Chalte Chalte (1976 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (1976), Dil Se Mile Dil (1978) and ''[[Taxi Driver (1973 film)|Taxi Driver]]'' (1973). He was born ''Bhisham Kohli'' and was a member of the [[List of Hindi film clans#Anand family|Anand Family]]. He appeared in 11 films in total, producing and directing a few of them by his real name ''Bhisham Kohli''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bhisham Kohli|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1131828/bio|access-date=2020-10-05|publisher=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was nephew to Bollywood Legend Dev Anand. Dev's sister was Vishal's mother. Actor and former [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[Purab Kohli]] is his nephew (brother Harsh's son).<br /> <br /> Major confusion occurred online between Vishal Anand (Hero in Chalte Chalte) and Bhisham Kohli on several websites. They are the same person.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; When Bhisham could not find any success as &quot; Vishal Anand&quot; he started using his real name. <br /> Anand's notable hit was [[Chalte Chalte (1976 film)|Chalte Chalte]], where he stars opposite [[Simi Garewal]] and [[Nazneen]]. This was also a film which he had produced. He is credited with giving music director [[Bappi Lahiri]], his big break in Bollywood when he chose him as Chalte Chalte and Dil Se Mile Dil's [[music director]].&lt;ref&gt;The songs of the film Chalte Chalte were major hit and are listened even today.{{cite web|title=Why 18 July is special for Bappi Lahiri|url=http://www.bollywood.com/why-july-18-special-bappi-lahiri|access-date=21 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Roshmila|title=Oo la la… Bappi da, the superhit at 60!|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/oo-la-la-bappi-da-the-superhit-at-60/article1-964382.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128031042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Oo-la-la-Bappi-da-the-superhit-at-60/Article1-964382.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2012|access-date=21 September 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vishal Anand died on 4 October 2020 due to prolonged illness.<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> * ''[[Hamara Adhikar]]'' (1970)<br /> * ''[[Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa]]'' (1972)<br /> * ''[[Taxi Driver (1973 film)|Taxi Driver]]'' (1973)<br /> * ''Intezaar'' (1973)<br /> * ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]'' (1973)<br /> * ''[[Chalte Chalte (1976 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (1976)<br /> *''[[Aap Ki Khatir (1977 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'' (1977)<br /> * ''[[Dil Se Mile Dil]]'' (1978)<br /> * ''[[Kismet (1980 film)|Kismet]]'' (1980)<br /> * ''[[Maine Jeena Sikh Liya]]'' (1982)<br /> * ''[[Aakheer]]'' (2007)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1131828|name=Vishal Anand}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1339261|name=Bhisham Kohli}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Vishal}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Anand–Sahni family]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitari_art&diff=494314 2025-04-23T12:06:15Z

<p>Oantree: created info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Art created by people from Goa, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> [[File:Chitari art.jpg|thumb|Chitari art]]<br /> '''Chitari art''' is a traditional form of folk art from Goa that is closely associated with local religious and cultural festivities. Characterized by its vibrant colours and intricate designs, Chitari art has played an important role in embellishing public celebrations, particularly during festivals such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GomantakTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=28 August 2022 |title=This Goan art adds more colour to Chaturthi |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/this-goan-art-adds-more-colour-to-chaturthi |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Gomantak Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The trim &quot;Chitari&quot; originates from the Konkani word &quot;chitarop&quot;, which means &quot;to draw&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIChitari&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Chitari art is practiced by some families from the Demani locality of [[Cuncolim]] village in [[South Goa district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GomantakTimes&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Chitari art traces its origins to a time when local artistic traditions flourished in Goa. Despite the cultural suppression and challenges imposed during the Portuguese colonial era, this art form managed to survive and maintain its distinct identity. In recent times, artists and cultural activists have worked to revive and restore the original purity of Chitari art, emphasizing its historical significance and traditional aesthetics.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIChitari&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maad |first=Govind |date=12 September 2024 |title=Chitari art survived Portuguese blitz, now seeks to reclaim purity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chitari-art-survived-portuguese-blitz-now-seeks-to-reclaim-purity/articleshow/113270031.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Technique and themes==<br /> The art form is noted for its bold use of colours and imaginative patterns, which often include floral motifs, mythological figures, and symbolic elements that reflect local beliefs. The artists employ traditional techniques that have been passed down through generations, ensuring that each piece resonates with the cultural and religious ethos of the community. The lively execution of Chitari art not only serves as a decorative element but also tells stories of Goa’s rich heritage and social life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2017-08-19 |title=When Chitari comes alive in Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/when-chitari-comes-alive/article62043921.ece |access-date=2025-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contemporary revival==<br /> In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in preserving Chitari art. Local practitioners and cultural enthusiasts are promoting the art form as a vital part of Goan identity. Efforts to revive its traditional methods have also coincided with modern interpretations, ensuring that while the art remains true to its origins, it continues to evolve in the contemporary cultural landscape.&lt;ref name=&quot;GomantakTimes&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian folk art]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Animal_Biotechnology&diff=468012 2025-02-22T13:32:22Z

<p>Oantree: </p> <hr /> <div>{{For|the Macedonian Institute of Biotechnology|Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food in Skopje}}<br /> {{Advert|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Laboratory<br /> |name = National Institute of Animal Biotechnology<br /> |motto =&quot;''Animal Health for Human Welfare''&quot; <br /> |logo = BRIC-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology logo.png<br /> |image = <br /> |established = 2010<br /> |research_field = Animal Biotechnology<br /> |type = <br /> |director = Dr. G. Taru Sharma<br /> |staff = <br /> |budget = <br /> |operating_agency = [[Department of Biotechnology]]<br /> |affiliations = <br /> |address = <br /> |city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]<br /> |country = [[India]], 500032<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|17.4364107|N|78.3213432|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}<br /> |telephone = <br /> |campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], [[Gachibowli]]<br /> |website = [https://www.niab.res.in// https://www.niab.res.in/]<br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''The National Institute of Animal Biotechnology''' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NIAB Home page|url=http://www.niab.org.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian autonomous research establishment of the [[Department of Biotechnology]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NIAB mandate on DBT Website|url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=421|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429183611/http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=421|archivedate=2014-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]. The NIAB is set up in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]], under the leadership of Prof. [[Pallu Reddanna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. J. Gowrishankar, FNASc, as Officer-on-Special Duty |url=http://www.niab.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=53&amp;Itemid=55 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;''The state of the art of Animal Biotechnology and [[Transgenics]] institute''&quot; is housed in the NIAB Campus in [[Gachibowli]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uohyd.ac.in/index.php/academics/2011-10-27-18-39-44/2011-10-29-17-50-48 National Institute of Animal Biotechnology&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The primary mandate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Mandate and Mission of NIAB|url=http://www.niab.org.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt; of NIAB is towards the development of sustainability and globally competitive [[livestock]] ([[farm animals]]) for public and industry through innovative and cutting edge technology. There will emphasis on showing excellence in production of globally competitive [[livestock]] products, [[pharmaceuticals]] (medicines), nutritional products and other biologicals related to animal health care.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3895433.ece Land from UoH alienated for NIAB – The Hindu&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics and research==<br /> The main focus of NIAB is to nurture the bio-entrepreneurship in the [[animal]] [[biotechnology]] field and to perform [[translational research]] involving [[livestock]] which would be beneficial to mankind. There will be research laboratories of various disciplines e.g. [[Genomics]], [[Nutrition]] enrichment, [[transgenic]] technology, [[infectious diseases]] and [[Reproductive]] [[biotechnology]].<br /> NIAB will conduct teaching and research programs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Academic Programes of NIAB|url= http://www.niab.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120123123626/http://www.niab.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=49&amp;Itemid=56|archivedate= 2012-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[M.Sc.]] and [[Ph.D.]] to train young [[scientist]]s. Dr. G. Taru Sharma took charge as new director since 7 December 2021.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Genome Valley]]<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[Literacy in India]]<br /> *[[List of institutions of higher education in Telangana]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.niab.res.in/ Official Website] NIAB<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Education}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes]]<br /> [[Category:Science education in India]]<br /> [[Category:Biotechnology in India]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Animal research institutes]]</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajni_Devi&diff=462604 2025-02-17T21:43:18Z

<p>Oantree: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=October 2009}}<br /> Mrs '''Rajnigandha Devi''' was the daughter of Raja [[Naresh Chandra Singh]], and former member of [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. Born at Girivilas Palace, Sarangarh on 31 January 1937, she studied in St Joseph's Convent Nagpur and at Lady Amrit Bai College of [[Nagpur University]]. In 1967, she was elected to the [[4th Lok Sabha]] from Raigarh constituency on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] ticket. She was a member till the dissolution of the house for a mid-term poll in 1971. She married Late Colonel (Retd.) Virendra Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The University of Queensland Homepage|url=https://www.uq.edu.au/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.uq.edu.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and lived in [[Jabalpur]], M.P. She has a daughter, Nandita Singh and a son, Chandravir Singh who has a daughter Akshata Veer Singh.<br /> <br /> She expired on 31 August 2019.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Rajni}}<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:1937 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Raigarh district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jabalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sarangarh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Highway_5_(Madhya_Pradesh)&diff=537564 2024-10-19T13:53:55Z

<p>Oantree: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Road in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=January 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | state = Madhya Pradesh<br /> | type = SH<br /> | route = 5<br /> | maint = <br /> | length_km = 116<br /> | direction_a = North<br /> | terminus_a = Gaurihar [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] border<br /> | junction = Chandla, Bachhon, Rajnagar, [[Khajuraho]], Bameetha <br /> | direction_b = South<br /> | terminus_b = Ganjdewra<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madhya Pradesh State Highway 5''' (MP SH 5) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Map of Road |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/map.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |publisher=MPRDC |access-date=28 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a state highway that runs from Gaurihar town near the [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]] - [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] border to Ganjdewra passing through Chandla, Bachhon, Rajnagar, [[Khajuraho]], and Bameetha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of roads declared and classified as State Highway |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/2017-09-15-498.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |access-date=29 January 2022 |date=15 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The highway connects towns in northeastern Madhya Pradesh, with [[Khajuraho]] being an important town for tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Resume flights, urges Khajuraho tourism industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-resume-flights-urges-khajuraho-tourism-industry/articleshow/87750614.cms |access-date=29 January 2022 |agency=TNN |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=17 November 2021 |location=Bhopal |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=80% In Khajuraho, 60% In Pachmarhi Vacant; One Crore Loss To Tourism Business In Mandu In 10 Days |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/hoshangabad/pachmadi/news/80-in-khajuraho-60-in-pachmarhi-vacant-one-crore-loss-to-tourism-business-in-mandu-in-10-days-129293943.html?ref=inbound_More_News |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=bhaskar.com |location=Khajuraho |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:State highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-road-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathiraon&diff=461444 2023-04-27T14:21:35Z

<p>Oantree: cleaned up page for consistency and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kathiraon<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt =<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Village location on [[Varanasi district]] map<br /> | etymology =<br /> | nickname =<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.533179|82.737412|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 =<br /> | subdivision_name2 =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes =<br /> | area_rank =<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_footnotes =<br /> | elevation_m = 87.6<br /> | population_total = 11,994<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank =<br /> | population_density_km2 =<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | population_footnotes =<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]<br /> | postal_code = 221207<br /> | area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]<br /> | area_code = +91-5450<br /> | registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''<br /> | website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}<br /> | footnotes =<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = Village code<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = 208434<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 =<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kathiraon''' is a village in [[Pindra Tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Kathiraon has its own [[gram panchayat]] in the same name as the village. The village is about {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=off}} north-west of [[Varanasi]] city, {{convert|269|km|mi|abbr=off}} south-east of state capital [[Lucknow]] and {{convert|778|km|mi|abbr=off}} south-east of the national capital [[Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot; Village coordinates &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Village coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Elevation &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=Free Map tools|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Population &amp; General info &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Population &amp; General info|publisher=2011 census|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/208434-kathiraon-uttar-pradesh.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Village code &amp; Tehsil &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Village code &amp; Tehsil|publisher=Local Government directory|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demography==<br /> Kathiraon has a total population of 11,994 people amongst 1,823 families. The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of Kathiraon is 1,045 and [[child sex ratio]] is 910. The [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.{{ref|Demography|[note]}}&lt;ref name=&quot; Population &amp; General info &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Number of houses || - || - || 1,823 || rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|(census 2011) &lt;ref name=&quot; Population &amp; General info &quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Adult || 4,898 || 5,249 || 10,147<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Children (0–6 years) || 967 || 880 || 1,847<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Total population || 5,865 || 6,129 || 11,994<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Literacy || 83.73% || 57.02% || 69.91%<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Kathiraon can be accessed by road and does not have a [[Train station|railway station]] of its own. The closest [[Train station|railway station]] to this village is [[Jalalganj]] railway station, which is {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=off}} north-east. The nearest operational airports are [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi airport]], which is {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=off}} south-east, and [[Allahabad Airport]]s, that lies {{convert|126|km|mi|abbr=off}} west.&lt;ref name=&quot; Rail information &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Rail information|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Location &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=4 Mar 2015|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir//Kathiraon,+Uttar+Pradesh,+India/@25.533252,82.7005034,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x39902878cf47977d:0x29de2a295ff1dce5!2m2!1d82.7374115!2d25.5331792}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> * {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br /> {{Villages in Varanasi district}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = '''Kathiraon'''<br /> |North = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Azamgarh]]<br /> |East = [[Ghazipur]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]<br /> |South =<br /> |Southwest = [[Bhadohi]]<br /> |West = [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]<br /> |Northwest =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Varanasi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Varanasi-geo-stub}}</div>

Oantree https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)&diff=464850 2022-07-29T16:59:49Z

<p>Oantree: minor corrected references per standard format per sources</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

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