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Riya Shibu

2026-05-07T12:59:48Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riya Shibu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|9|25|df=y}}<ref name=.2/>
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2023–present
| father = [[Thameens Films|Shibu Thameens]]
| relatives = [[Hridhu Haroon]] (brother)<ref name=.1>{{Cite web |title=19-ാം വയസ്സിൽ വിക്രം ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ നിർമാതാവ്, നടൻ ഹൃദു ഹാറൂണിന്റെ സഹോദരി; ആരാണ് 'സർവ്വം മായ'യിലെ ഡെലൂലു|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/movie-news/sarvam-maya-actress-riya-shibu-is-winning-hearts |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]|language=ml}}</ref>
}}

'''Riya Shibu''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film actress who works predominantly in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industries.<ref name=.2>{{Cite web |title=How Sarvam Maya Star Riya Shibu Is Carving Her Own Path In Malayalam Cinema|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-cinema/how-sarvam-maya-star-riya-shibu-is-carving-her-own-path-in-malayalam-cinema-aa-ws-l-9793916.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She is known for producing the films ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' (2023), ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' (2023), ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' (2024) and ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=க்யூட்டான டெலுலு... நடிகையான தயாரிப்பாளர் ரியா ஷிபு!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Dec/27/the-cutest-delulu-producer-turns-actor-riya-shibu |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> She made her acting debut in the 2024 Malayalam film ''Cup''. Her breakthrough role came in 2025 through ''[[Sarvam Maya]]'', in which she portrayed the titular character, Maya (Delulu).<ref>{{Cite web |title=നിവിൻ പോളിയുടെ ഡെലൂലു; ‘സർവ്വം മായ’യിലൂടെ തിളങ്ങി ഈ താരപുത്രി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/12/27/who-is-delulu-in-nivin-pauly-sarvam-maya-know-about-riya-shibu.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Manorama Online]]|language=ml}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Riya is the daughter of acclaimed film producer<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Riya Shibu, the 21-year-old producer of Vikram’s actioner, now winning hearts with her performance in Nivin Pauly’s Sarvam Maya? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/who-is-riya-shibu-who-is-now-winning-hearts-with-her-performance-in-sarvam-maya-10444856/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Shibu Thameens, who owns [[Thameens Films]], a [[Chennai]]-based production company, along with Thameens Maax Theatre and Thameens Release, which handle the exhibition and distribution of Tamil and Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വയസ്സ് 20! അഭിനേത്രി, നിര്‍മാതാതാവ്; സര്‍വ്വം മായയില്‍ നിവിനൊപ്പം കൈയ്യടി നേടിയ റിയ ഷിബു ആരാണെന്ന് അറിയാമോ?|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/who-is-riya-shibu-who-is-gaining-attention-through-the-movie-sarvam-maya/articleshow/126173637.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Samayam]]|language=ml}}</ref> Her brother, [[Hridhu Haroon]], is also an actor who appears in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films.<ref name=.1/>

Riya was born on 25 September 2004 and raised in India, attended [[Trivandrum International School]], and pursued a degree in Visual Communication at [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 19-year-old influencer who video-edited her way into Instagram|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jul/04/the-19-year-old-influencer-who-video-edited-her-way-into-instagram |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Production ===
Riya began her career as a producer. In 2023, she produced the Hindi film ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' and the Tamil film ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]''. She is also the producer of the 2024 Malayalam film ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' and 2025 Tamil film ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അസിന്റെ ക്യൂട്ട്നെസ്സ്, നസ്രിയയുടെ വൈബ്; ഈ ഡെലൂലു പൊളിയാണ് |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/riya-shibu-steals-the-spotlight-in-nivin-paulys-sarvam-maya-10947532 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The Indian Express|language=ml}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
Riya made her acting debut in 2024 with the Malayalam film ''Cup'', where she played the character Anna Kurien. Then she appeared in the 2025 film ''[[Sarvam Maya]]'' where her performance received acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇത്രയും പേടിയുള്ള പ്രേതത്തെ ഞാനെന്റെ കരിയറില്‍ കണ്ടിട്ടില്ല, സര്‍വം മായയിലൂടെ ഹൃദയത്തില്‍ കയറിയ ഡെലൂലു|url=https://www.doolnews.com/riya-shibu-s-character-in-sarvam-maya-movie-64-144.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Dool News|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nivin Pauly’s Sarvam Maya: സര്‍വ്വം മായയില്‍ നിവിനൊപ്പം കൈയ്യടി നേടിയ ആ നടി ആരാണെന്ന് അറിയാമോ? ആള് ചില്ലറക്കാരിയല്ല|url=https://www.malayalamtv9.com/photo-gallery/who-is-riya-shibu-actress-gaining-attention-through-nivin-pauly-film-sarvam-maya-2172414.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9 Malayalam]]|language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| 2023 || ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Vikrant Massey and Ranvir Shorey's Mumbaikar teaser out. Film to stream from THIS date|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/vijay-sethupathi-vikrant-massey-and-ranvir-shoreys-mumbaikar-teaser-out-film-to-stream-from-this-date-2384197-2023-05-25 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raw action film 'THUGS' gets associated with the Top music label|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raw-action-film-thugs-gets-associated-with-the-top-music-label/articleshow/95206630.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musthafa’s 'Mura' to hit screens on November 8|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/29/musthafas-mura-to-hit-screens-on-november-8 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Dheera Sooran Part 2 Trailer: The past haunts Vikram's Kaali in SU Arun Kumar's intense actioner 8|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/21/veera-dheera-sooran-part-2-trailer-the-past-haunts-vikrams-kaali-in-su-arun-kumars-intense-actioner |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As actress ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Cup (film)|Cup]]'' || Anna Kurien || rowspan="3"|[[Malayalam]]|| Acting debut<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayasurya releases teaser of ‘Cup’, starring Mathew Thomas|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jayasurya-releases-the-teaser-of-cup-movie-starring-mathew-thomas-9cffc24b |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sarvam Maya]]'' || Maya Mathew Manjooran / Delulu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=നായികയുടെ ഭാരമൊന്നുമില്ലാത്ത, വീട്ടിലെ ഒരംഗത്തെപ്പോലെയാണ് റിയ -അഖിൽ സത്യൻ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sarvam-maya-success-nivin-pauly-riyashibu-akhilsathyan-l9aoacdn |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]]|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|Athiradi}} || Swathi R Krishna || Post-production<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas-Basil Joseph-Vineeth Sreenivasan starrer Athiradi goes on floors|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/20/tovino-thomas-basil-joseph-vineeth-sreenivasan-strarrer-athiradi-goes-on-floors |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm12197637}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shibu, Riya}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:2004 births]]

Brinda Somaya

2026-05-07T10:25:57Z

NydiaTalley110: Done

{{Short description|Indian architect and urban conservationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Brinda Somaya
| image = Brinda Somaya.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Brinda Somaya drawing
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|6|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = Smith College, Mumbai University
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| awards =
| practice = Somaya and Kalappa Consultants Pvt Ltd
| significant_buildings =
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| signature =
| website = 
}}
'''Brinda Somaya''' (born 28 June 1949) is an Indian [[architect]] and urban [[Conservation movement|conservationist]].<ref name="mgsarchitecture">{{cite web|last1=Brinda|first1=Somaya|url=http://mgsarchitecture.in/architects/456-ar-brinda-chinnappa-somaya-somaya-and-kalappa-consultants|website=Modern Green Structures and Architecture|publisher=NBM Media|access-date=13 July 2015|title=Ar. Brinda Chinnappa Somaya, Somaya and Kalappa Consultants}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Somaya was born on 28 June 1949 to K. M. Chinnappa and Ganavati Chinnappa.<ref name=":07">{{Cite book|title=Brinda Somaya : works & continuities : an architectural monograph|last=Somaya, Brinda|others=Parikh, Ruturaj, Sampat, Nandini Somaya, Hecar Foundation, Somaya and Kalappa Consultants Pvt. |isbn=9789385360237|location=Ahmedabad, India|oclc=1030040587|year = 2018|url=https://issuu.com/mapin/docs/brinda_somaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| editor-last = Ruggles| editor-first = D. Fairchild |editor-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles| title = Woman's Eye, Woman's Hand: Making Art and Architecture in Modern India| publisher = Zubaan| date = 2014| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kUqoDAAAQBAJ| isbn = 9789383074785| chapter= Brinda Somaya, Mumbai}}</ref> She later joined the [[Cathedral and John Connon School|Cathedral & John Connon School]]'s science program. In 1966, Somaya won an [[AFS Intercultural Programs|American Field Service International Scholarship]] to study in the [[United States]] ([[North Carolina]]). In 1967, she returned to India and completed her [[Bachelor of Architecture]] from Sir J. J. School of Architecture in [[Mumbai]], graduating in 1971. Somaya chose to return to the U.S. and joined [[Smith College]] in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]], where she graduated in 1973 with a [[Master of Arts|Masters of Arts degree]]. She attended a short design course at [[Cornell University]] in 1972.<ref name=":07"/><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Women architects and modernism in India: narratives and contemporary practices|author=Desai, Madhavi|isbn=9780367177430|oclc=1099865120|date = 17 April 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

== Career ==
Somaya began her architectural practice in 1978 in Mumbai, India. Her firm's first office was in the back of her garden.<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=An emancipated place: the proceedings of the conference and exhibition held in Mumbai, February 2000 : women in architecture, 2000 plus : a conference on the work of women architects: focus South Asia|date=2000|publisher=Hecar Foundation|others=Somaya, Brinda., Mehta, Urvashi., Hecar Foundation.|isbn=81-7525-194-8|location=Mumbai|oclc=48041242}}</ref> From 1978 to 1981 she was joined by her sister Ranjini Kalappa, also an architect.<ref name=":3" /> After her sister left for Holland, she worked on her own.<ref name=":15"/> Somaya has travelled to the rural parts of India, from where she has got knowledge and inspiration for vernacular architecture. One such example is The Nalanda International Schools in Vadodara where she reflects the vernacular architecture by using the locally available resources and techniques, pergolas and courtyard. She reflects the Indian ethos in her architecture, her designs are called both traditional and sustainable<ref name=":15"/> Her work includes corporate, industrial and institutional campuses and extends to public spaces, which she has rebuilt and reinvented as pavements, parks and plazas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/event/building-storeys-an-architects-journey-through-the-indian-landscape/|title=Building Storeys: An Architect's journey through the Indian landscape • The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute|website=The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> Some of these campuses include [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Banyan Park, Mumbai; Nalanda International School, Vadodara; and Zensar Technologies, Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/9967/campuses-brinda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713131905/http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/9967/campuses-brinda|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-13|title=Three Campuses and Brinda: Inside Outside Magazine|date=2015-07-13|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> Her firm won the competition for the Restoration and Enhancement of the historic [[Louis Kahn]] Buildings of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad as well as the new Academic Buildings of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-29/news/49493590_1_restoration-work-ashish-nanda-architect|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144730/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-29/news/49493590_1_restoration-work-ashish-nanda-architect|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-05|title=IIMA appoints consultant to restore historic Louis Kahn - timesofindia-economictimes|date=2016-03-05|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref><ref name="appoints">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iim-a-appoints-master-architects-to-restore-heritage-campus-114081201127_1.html|title=IIM-A appoints master architects to restore heritage campus|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-08-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312092930/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iim-a-appoints-master-architects-to-restore-heritage-campus-114081201127_1.html|archive-date=March 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.iitb.ac.in/deanpl/AE.pdf|title=Empanelment for architects for comprehensive architectural consultancy for upcoming Academic and Residential projects for IIT-B|last=Somaya|first=Brinda|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421030701/http://www1.iitb.ac.in/deanpl/AE.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-21}}</ref>

She is currently the Chairperson of Board of Governors for [[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada]]<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.snkindia.com/|title=Somaya & Kalappa Consultants - Architecture, Interiors, Planning, Conservation And Urban Design|last=gluelagoon.com|first=Glue Lagoon Interactive-|website=www.snkindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> and has built more than 200 projects in a span of 40 years.<ref name=":07" />

In 1999, Somaya was a founder trustee for the HECAR Foundation in India. In 2000, she served as the chairperson and the curator for the Women in Architecture 2000 Plus-Conference and exhibition on the works of the South Asian Women Architects, a global showcase platform for women architects from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Australia and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://realtyplusmag.com/the-hecar-foundation-unveils-women-in-design-2020/|title=The HECAR Foundation unveils Women In Design 2020+|date=2019-10-01|website=Realty Plus Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref><ref name=":07" />

== Awards and honours ==

* 1994, she was awarded the [[Indian Institute of Architects]]' Kitply Award for Conservation for the [[Cathedral and John Connon School|Cathedral and John Connon Middle School]].<ref name="matrix">{{cite magazine|magazine=Design Matrix|url=https://issuu.com/designmatrix/docs/nov-dec-2010|date=November 2010|title=A Creative Journey|page=25}}</ref>
* 1998, she was awarded the Indian Institute of Architects' Kitply Award for Conservation for the [[Cathedral and John Connon School|Cathedral and John Connon Senior School]].<ref name="matrix"/>
* 2004, she was awarded the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage award for the restoration of the [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas' Cathedral]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/Restored-pride/article20056235.ece|title=Restored pride|website=@businessline|date=22 October 2009 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
* 2006, Leading European Architects Forum award winner for the new Nalanda Schools Campus in Baroda<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indian-architects.com/en/somaya-and-kalappa-mumbai|title=Somaya & Kalappa - Mumbai, India - Architects -|website=Indian-Architects|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref><ref name=":15" />
* 2007, she was awarded the Wienerberger Golden Architect Award as first woman ever for lifetime achievement.<ref name=":32" />
* 2008, she was awarded the Vassilis Sgoutas Prize for the rehabilitation of Bhadi Village.<ref name=":07" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mgsarchitecture.in/architecture-design/architects-interior-designers/456-ar-brinda-chinnappa-somaya-somaya-and-kalappa-consultants|title=Ar. Brinda Chinnappa Somaya, Somaya and Kalappa Consultants|website=www.mgsarchitecture.in|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
* 2019, she was awarded the AYA JK Cement Award for Indian State Architecture for the Jubilee Church at Navi, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aya-jkcement.com/index.php/archive/aya-13|title=13th JK AYA - AYA JK Cement|website=www.aya-jkcement.com|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123031044/http://aya-jkcement.com/index.php/archive/aya-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2013, she was chosen as one of the "100 GLOBAL PUBLIC INTEREST DESIGN" persons working at the intersection of design and service globally.<ref name=":32" />
* 2012, she was the recipient of an honorary doctorate from her [[alma mater]], Smith College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/1471/brinda-somaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130255/http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/1471/brinda-somaya|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-13|title=Brinda Somaya : Inside Outside Magazine|date=2015-07-13|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
* 2014, she was awarded the [[Indian Institute of Architects]] – Baburao Mhatre Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement.
* 2015, she was honoured as the Distinguished Professor by the Indian Education Society's College of Architecture, Mumbai.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":07" />
* 2017 she got an honourable mention in the Arcasia Awards for the restoration and the preservation of [[Rajabai Clock Tower]] and University library building, Mumbai.
* 2017, she was awarded the Grohe NDTV Design and Architecture Award for Outstanding Industry Contribution<ref name=":07" />
* 2019, the Somaya and Kalappa Consultants won the competition for the Restoration and Enhancement of the historic Louis Kahn Buildings of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad in 2019.<ref name=":23" />
* She was appointed an [[Andrew Dickson White]] Professor-at-Large at [[Cornell University]] from 2017 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adwhiteprofessors.cornell.edu/2017/08/15/brinda-somaya/|title=Brinda Somaya {{!}} Andrew D. White Professors-at-Large|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>

== Notable projects ==
=== Bhadli Village of Bhuj ===
Bhadli Village is located 40 km northwest of Bhuj. The village was destroyed by 6.9 Richter scale earthquake. Somaya included all the villagers for the reconstruction to restore the unique identity of the village. She involved the Muslims family and assigned them for making intricate Bandhani (tie and dye-a fabric work), Patelbhai who were interested in the ecology of the village and employed skilled engineers to create a water reservoir to collect rain water. Her main focus for this project was to design in a way which promoted a healthy and hygienic environment. She designed the houses in a way which barred the dust and intense heat of the desert. There were minimized openings and concrete jaalis were used for the exchange of air for minimum sunlight and dust. Also, a cluster of 5-6 houses was made to create a close-knit community for the villagers. A separate space was created for the livestock and precious possessions. To restore fear in people, a 3 RCC plinth Beam was placed: one in the sill, one in the lintel and one in the roof base. The project maximized reusing the materials by reusing the debris, doors and windows. The trust agreed to provide materials while the labour was provided by the villagers so that the villagers.<ref name=":07"/>

A school in Bhadli was rebuilt in 2002, a primary co ed school with 194 students and 6 teachers. A temporary school was built initially so that the students could continue their education. Somaya worked closely with villagers and used locally available materials to save money.<ref name=":07"/>

=== St. Thomas Cathedral ===
St. Thomas Cathedral, the oldest Anglican Church in Mumbai was a 298-year structure when Somaya was contacted. The cathedral had a leak on the concrete slab of the flat roof. She did not have many photographs for reference so had to rely on a black and white image of the original roof. A Grade-I Heritage Structure was successfully restored for which Somaya won the [[UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards|UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Award]].<ref name=":07"/><ref name=":15"/>

=== Nalanda International School ===
Built on 12 acres of land near Vadodara in Gujarat, Nalanda International School started its construction in 2003. 4 acres of land was separated for the sports and games facilities. Somaya reflected the tradition of Jaipur in her project by using the local brick produced by the local masons. She designed the projects to ensure peace and tranquillity to the students as well as for sustainability.<ref name=":07"/>

=== Other projects ===
* Nalanda International School, Vadodara<ref name="Three Campuses and Brinda">{{cite web|url=http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/9967/campuses-brinda|title=Three Campuses and Brinda|last1=Brinda|first1=Somaya|website=inside outside|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713131905/http://www.insideoutside.in/inside-outside/issue-magazine/9967/campuses-brinda|archive-date=13 July 2015|access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Goa Institute of Management]], Goa<ref>{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=GOA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT|url=http://www.archinteriornews.com/projectdetails.aspx?prjid=65&cid=6|website=archinteriornews.com|access-date=14 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani<ref>{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=BSBE #2 AN INDIAN ARCHITECT AND AN INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECT – ARUN BABY M WILSON, B090639AR|url=https://creativemindsnitc.wordpress.com/2012/01/16/bsbe-2-an-indian-architect-and-an-international-architect-arun-baby-m-wilson-b090639ar/|website=creativemindsnitc.wordpress.com|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220322/https://creativemindsnitc.wordpress.com/2012/01/16/bsbe-2-an-indian-architect-and-an-international-architect-arun-baby-m-wilson-b090639ar/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Zensar Technology Limited, Pune<ref>{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=Zensar Technologies Limited|url=http://www.indian-architects.com/en/projects/30624_Zensar_Technologies_Limited|website=indian-architects.com|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714164941/http://www.indian-architects.com/en/projects/30624_Zensar_Technologies_Limited|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* TCS House, Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=TCS signs MoU for restoration of Rajabhai Clock Tower and Library at Mumbai University|url=http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/TCS-signs-MoU-Restoration-Rajabhai-Clock-Tower-Library-Mumbai-University.aspx|website=tcs.com|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Cornell">{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=Indian architect is an example of working in many worlds|url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/10/indian-architect-example-working-many-worlds|website=cornell.edu|publisher=Cornell University|access-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607023349/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/10/indian-architect-example-working-many-worlds|archive-date=June 7, 2013}}</ref>
*[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai]]<ref name="Outlook">{{cite web | author=Namrata Joshi | year=2005 | title=She's Got Other Ideas | work=Entrepreneurs | publisher=[[Outlook India]] | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?229423 | access-date=5 February 2012| author-link=Namrata Joshi }}</ref>
* Rehabilitation of Bhadli Village along with its School and community Center, Bhuj<ref name="Cornell" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Somaya|first1=Brinda|title=ARCHITECTURE AS RESOURCE|url=http://download.holcimfoundation.org/1/docs/F13/00_keynotes/F13_Keynote_BrindaSomaya.pdf|website=holcimfoundation|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714161844/http://download.holcimfoundation.org/1/docs/F13/00_keynotes/F13_Keynote_BrindaSomaya.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Restoration of the Indian Institute of Management –Ahmedabad (IIM-A) Louis Kahn Campus<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-29/news/49493590_1_restoration-work-ashish-nanda-architect|title=IIMA appoints consultant to restore historic Louis Kahn|last1=Dutta|first1=Vishal|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144730/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-29/news/49493590_1_restoration-work-ashish-nanda-architect|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="appoints"/>

== Personal life ==
Somaya is married to Anand Somaya, a cardiac surgeon.<ref name=":15"/> They completed 40 years of marriage in 2014.<ref name=":07"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somaya, Brinda}}
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Smith College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Indian women architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]

Sangagiri Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:34:46Z

NydiaTalley110: new initial entry v1.

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 87
| map_image = Constitution-Sangagiri.svg
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[S. Vetrivel]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Sangagiri
| electors = 260,525
| reservation =
}}

'''Sangakiri''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 87. It comprises [[Sangagiri taluk]] and a portion of [[Omalur taluk]]. It is a part of the wider [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref> Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below. The constituency has been in existence since the 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Demographics==
The [[Kongu Vellalar]] community has a large number of people in this constituency, followed by the [[Kongu Vettuva gounder]], [[Vanniyar]], [[Senguntha Mudaliar]], Sozhiya Vellalar, [[Muslim]], and [[Adi Dravida]] communities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-namakkal/news/204874 |author=Dinamalar |author-link=Dinamalar |title= Who will win Sangagiri constituency {{!}} Demographics |year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2016/salem/81366-87.html|title=87 - சங்ககிரி|website=www.hindutamil.in}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. S. Subramania Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Nallamuthu
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Muthur
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| [[P. Dhanapal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| R. Varadarajan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Saroja]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[V. Muthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[P. Dhanapal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[V. P. Duraisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[P. Vijayalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| S. Raja<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=87}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[S. Sundararajan]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[S. Vetrivel]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|70.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.09}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sankari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Vetrivel]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Manikandan |party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Senthil Kumar Kumaravel|party= Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Nithya Arun|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258678|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangagiri Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a087|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sundararajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=115,472 |percentage=49.72% |change=+5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Rajesh |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,427 |percentage=41.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shobana |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,862 |percentage=4.68% |change=+3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sengodan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,175 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chellamuthu |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,471 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,469 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,045 |percentage=8.63% |change= -8.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=232,247 |percentage=84.69% |change= 0.65% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=53|percentage=0.02% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,234 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raja |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,202 |percentage=44.57% |change=-12.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Rajeswaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,828 |percentage=27.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=37,927 |percentage=17.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvakumar |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=5,633 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saravanan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=5,091 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. C. Murugesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,184 |percentage=1.48% |change=+0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,934 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Janaki |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,521 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,374 |percentage=17.31% |change= -1.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=215,863 |percentage=84.04% |change= -2.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,847 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Vijayalakshmi|P. Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=105,502 |percentage=57.07% |change=+21.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,423 |percentage=38.10% |change=-8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Boopathy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Natarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,127 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Venkadachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,103 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohankumar |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,095 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,079 |percentage=18.98% |change= 7.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,859 |percentage=86.13% |change= 17.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,637 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,792 |percentage=46.85% |change=+8.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanthamani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,372 |percentage=35.50% |change=-20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Easwaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=19,109 |percentage=13.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,918 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnusami |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,267 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandhasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=930 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,420 |percentage=11.35% |change= -7.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=144,691 |percentage=68.66% |change= 9.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,731 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,312 |percentage=56.41% |change=+20.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Saravanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,360 |percentage=38.00% |change=-16.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,704 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,263 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,952 |percentage=18.41% |change= 0.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=124,639 |percentage=59.59% |change= -3.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,155 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Muthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,216 |percentage=54.43% |change=+30.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Ramasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,880 |percentage=36.35% |change=-33.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Duraisamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,662 |percentage=3.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,465 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Palani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=993 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,336 |percentage=18.09% |change= -27.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,976 |percentage=62.64% |change= 1.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,150 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. V. Saroja|V. Saroja]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,039 |percentage=70.01% |change=+35.86 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Varadarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,080 |percentage=23.99% |change=-17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramn |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,902 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,959 |percentage=46.02% |change= 38.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,901 |percentage=61.10% |change= 0.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,946 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 28.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Varadarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,365 |percentage=41.72% |change=+0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhanapal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,496 |percentage=34.15% |change=-22.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kolandairaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,431 |percentage=11.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ambedhkhar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,625 |percentage=8.30% |change=-48.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,947 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palaniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Srivnivasn |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=546 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,869 |percentage=7.57% |change= -8.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,953 |percentage=61.07% |change= -7.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,383 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,276 |percentage=56.99% |change=+0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,906 |percentage=40.98% |change=-0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,501 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Lakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,370 |percentage=16.01% |change= 0.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,256 |percentage=68.86% |change= 13.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,258 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,664 |percentage=56.61% |change=+3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Varadarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,109 |percentage=41.04% |change=+21.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kandasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,329 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,555 |percentage=15.56% |change= -18.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,666 |percentage=55.45% |change= 11.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,309 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiari<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,780 |percentage=53.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Paramanandam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,751 |percentage=19.10% |change=-41.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthuswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=9,131 |percentage=14.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Velraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,125 |percentage=8.33% |change=-29.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,224 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,161 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=358 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,029 |percentage=34.18% |change= 11.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,530 |percentage=43.88% |change= -5.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,856 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Muthur |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,741 |percentage=60.73% |change=-0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. T. Seerangan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,422 |percentage=38.14% |change=+2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Palaniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,319 |percentage=22.59% |change= -3.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,677 |percentage=49.13% |change= -4.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,756 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nallamuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,112 |percentage=61.70% |change=+29.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,174 |percentage=35.19% |change=-13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raju |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=753 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,938 |percentage=26.51% |change= 10.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,804 |percentage=53.14% |change= -13.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,558 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Subramania Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,531 |percentage=48.38% |change=-11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Pandarinathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,587 |percentage=32.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Krishnan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=10,123 |percentage=18.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paruvaraji |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,944 |percentage=16.31% |change= -18.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,842 |percentage=66.17% |change= 25.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,673 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sangagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Subramania Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,408 |percentage=60.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thandavan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,064 |percentage=25.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Arthanari |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,974 |percentage=11.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,178 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,344 |percentage=34.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,624 |percentage=41.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,522 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.47|77.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Shrigonda Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:32:45Z

NydiaTalley110: new first details w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shrigonda
| map_image = 226-Shrigonda.svg
| map_caption =
| mla = [[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 226
| electors = 341,040
}}

'''Shrigonda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Shrigonda taluka]] and Chichondi, Walki revenue circles of [[Ahmednagar taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Thorat Shivrao Bhavanrao
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Satha Navshervan Navrozaji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Pawar Ramchandra Devkaji
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="4" | [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Jagtap Rahul Kundlikrao
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shrigonda">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shrigonda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13226.htm |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108153644/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13226.htm |archive-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 99,820 |percentage = 39.57% |change = {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Rahul Kundlikrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 62,664 |percentage = 24.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anuradha Rajendra Nagawade |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 54,151 |percentage = 21.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Sitaram Shelar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 28,070 |percentage = 11.13% |change = {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suvarna Sachin Pachpute |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,725 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,033 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,156 |percentage = 14.73% |change = {{increase}}12.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 253,290 |percentage = 74.27% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 252,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,040 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,258 |percentage = 49.23% |change = {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghanshyam Prataprao Shelar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 98,508 |percentage = 46.97% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Machindra Pandurang Supekar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,175 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,575 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,750 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 211,546 |percentage = 67.80% |change = {{decrease}}5.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 209,736}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 311,992 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Rahul Kundlikrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 99,281 |percentage = 45.97% |change = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,644 |percentage = 39.66% |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gade(sir) Shashikant Madhavrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 22,054 |percentage = 10.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemant Bhujangrao Ogale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,113 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 0.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,637 |percentage = 6.31% |change = {{decrease}}8.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 217,309 |percentage = 73.74% |change = {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,955}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,710 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 80,418 |percentage = 42.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagawade Rajendra Shivajirao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,973 |percentage = 27.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb Sitaram Shelar |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,626 |percentage = 18.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Sahadu Bhos |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 10,543 |percentage = 5.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Namdeo Nimbalkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,695 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sasane Nandu Shravan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,871 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Jaysing Veer |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 1,265 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borude Banshi Baburao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,247 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,445 |percentage = 14.37% |change = {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,208 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,030}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,910 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 61,573 |percentage = 37.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,288 |percentage = 25.48% |change = {{decrease}}21.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Sahadu Bhos |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,190 |percentage = 23.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Jaysing Ghanwat |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 10,772 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borude Nandkumar Sahadu |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 6,347 |percentage = 3.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waghmare Shivaji Nana |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,092 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhade Waman Rohidas |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,396 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Dattatrya Mohan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,286 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,285 |percentage = 11.62% |change = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,965 |percentage = 72.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,944}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,963 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,738 |percentage = 46.80% |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,663 |percentage = 40.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shevale Kailash Shankar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,248 |percentage = 11.02% |change = {{decrease}}11.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pachpute Baban Jagannath |party = Independent politician |votes = 892 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,075 |percentage = 5.84% |change = {{decrease}}6.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,310 |percentage = 74.35% |change = {{decrease}}6.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,327}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,957 |percentage = 43.26% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhos Babasaheb Sahadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 46,433 |percentage = 30.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shelar Ghanshaym Prataprao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,620 |percentage = 22.39% |change = {{increase}}17.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Nandu Bhimrao |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,437 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Amin Husen |party = Independent politician |votes = 941 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,524 |percentage = 12.34% |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,931 |percentage = 81.04% |change = {{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,147}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,936 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 52,738 |percentage = 42.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,920 |percentage = 42.23% |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajinath Baburao Chede |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,376 |percentage = 8.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamdar Bapusaheb Shankarrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,596 |percentage = 4.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolhe Suresh Barsu |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 766 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 818 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}18.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,369 |percentage = 71.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 57,258 |percentage = 57.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajirao Narayanrao Nagwade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,244 |percentage = 38.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anbhule Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,946 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Tukaram Bapourao |party = Independent politician |votes = 911 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedari Haridas Jayaram Kedari Haridas Jayaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 826 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,014 |percentage = 19.17% |change = {{increase}}16.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,822 |percentage = 71.81% |change = {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,185}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,787 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,992 |percentage = 42.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,473 |percentage = 40.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Kundalikrao Ramrao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 11,052 |percentage = 16.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarode Babasaheb Laxman |party = Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 418 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,519 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,153 |percentage = 55.29% |change = {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,264 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,102 |percentage = 58.24% |change = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gade Mohanrao Abaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,054 |percentage = 39.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phadnis Babasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,705 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,048 |percentage = 18.95% |change = {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,518 |percentage = 65.51% |change = {{increase}}17.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,861}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,174 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,853 |percentage = 53.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Prabhakar Bhaurao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,192 |percentage = 41.22% |change = {{decrease}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ohol Wakoba Dagadoba |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,814 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{decrease}}20.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,661 |percentage = 12.65% |change = {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,175 |percentage = 47.54% |change = {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,294 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,263 |percentage = 51.59% |change = {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Shinde |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 7,139 |percentage = 25.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. D. Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,670 |percentage = 9.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Sonagra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,221 |percentage = 8.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. D. Wakchoure |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 4.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,124 |percentage = 25.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,012 |percentage = 43.80% |change = {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,649}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,526 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,961 |percentage = 53.74% |change = {{increase}}21.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Janardhan Rohan |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,429 |percentage = 26.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wakoba Dagadoba Ohol |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,860 |percentage = 11.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrawan Sawaleram Ghodke |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,869 |percentage = 7.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,532 |percentage = 27.08% |change = {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,194 |percentage = 41.13% |change = {{decrease}}33.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,119}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,684 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}38.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}24.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Satha Navshervan Navrozaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,826 |percentage = 29.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Ramchandra Devkaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,703 |percentage = 24.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharaskar Baburao Mahadev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,676 |percentage = 17.61% |change = {{decrease}}24.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nimbalkar Eknath Buvasakele |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,693 |percentage = 15.05% |change = {{decrease}}27.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Manikrao Narsangrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,428 |percentage = 8.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mote Vithal Dada |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,349 |percentage = 5.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,150 |percentage = 11.78% |change = {{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,675 |percentage = 75.00% |change = {{increase}}43.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,570 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shrigonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Mahadeo Bharaskar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,254 |percentage = 23.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Shivrao Bhavanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,633 |percentage = 18.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhingardive Sakharam Balaji |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 13,217 |percentage = 16.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhapkar Prabhakar Kondaji |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 12,919 |percentage = 16.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nimbalkar Eknathrao Buwasaheb |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,433 |percentage = 10.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rupwate Damodar Tatyaba |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,790 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Dagdu Kondaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,165 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shah Rajkumar Rupchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,378 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,037 |percentage = 6.48% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,789 |percentage = 31.93% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,789}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,825 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.62|74.70|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar]]

Shanmuga Pandian

2026-05-05T01:35:15Z

NydiaTalley110: new a stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanmuga Pandian
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1993|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015 – present
| parents = [[Vijayakanth]] (father) [[Premalatha Vijayakanth]] (mother)
}}

'''Shanmuga Pandian Vijayakanth''' (born 6 April 1993) is an Indian actor who has worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films. He is the son of actor and politician [[Vijayakanth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Captain Vijaykanth's son Shanmuga Pandian in 'Sagaptham|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/captain-vijaykanth-s-son-shanmuga-pandian-in-sagaptham-imagegallery-kollywood-pckmt3ejffcei.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213201532/http://www.sify.com/movies/captain-vijaykanth-s-son-shanmuga-pandian-in-sagaptham-imagegallery-kollywood-pckmt3ejffcei.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2015|access-date=3 February 2018|publisher=[[Sify.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Captain's son rises in a couple of days|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/vijayakanths-son-shanmuga-pandian-is-set-to-make-his-debut.html|access-date=3 February 2018|website=Behindwoods|date=9 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Vishal|title=I want to become like my dad, says Vijayakanth's son Shanmuga Pandian|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shanmuga-pandian-on-madura-veeran/article22621964.ece|access-date=3 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Career==

Shanmuga Pandian made his debut as a leading actor in ''[[Sagaptham]]'' (2015), co-starring [[Neha Hinge]] and [[Shubra Aiyappa]], but the film was heavily panned by critics and failed at the box office. Pandian moved on to work on ''Thamizhan Endru Sol'', again co-starring his father [[Vijayakanth]] in a pivotal role, but his father's ill health meant that the project was postponed. Thus, ''[[Madura Veeran]]'' (2018), based on the issues and politics associated with [[jallikattu]], became his second release.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suganth|first1=M|title=Shanmugapandian is now Madura Veeran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shanmugapandian-is-now-madura-veeran/articleshow/58342801.cms|access-date=3 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Karthik|title=Madura Veeran movie review: A decent if not fitting tribute to Tamil pride|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/madura-veeran-movie-review-a-decent-if-not-fitting-tribute-to-tamil-pride/story-B5Lt35hfPa8kGxIKQUfzqJ.html|access-date=3 February 2018|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Subramanian|first1=Anupama|title=Shanmuga Pandian's Madura Veeran is all about Jallikattu|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010218/shanmuga-pandians-madura-veeran-is-all-about-jallikattu.html|access-date=3 February 2018|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2015 || ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || Saga || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Vijay to do a cameo in Shanmugapandian's film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-to-do-a-cameo-in-Shanmugapandians-film/articleshow/27843047.cms |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Madura Veeran]]'' || Durai || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-25 |title=Shanmugapandian is now Madura Veeran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shanmugapandian-is-now-madura-veeran/articleshow/58342801.cms |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Padai Thalaivan]]'' || Velu || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-14 |title=Shanmuga Pandian to feature in an elephant-based action film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shanmuga-pandian-to-feature-in-an-elephant-based-action-film/articleshow/101746493.cms |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kombuseevi]]''|| Paandi || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kombuseevi teaser: Sarath Kumar, Shanmuga Pandiyan turn bomb-makers to save their village |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/12/kombuseevi-teaser-sarath-kumar-shanmuga-pandiyan-turn-bomb-makers-to-save-their-village |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=7120988}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, Shanmuga}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2024–25

2026-05-03T17:24:15Z

NydiaTalley110: Added bio

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{see also|India women's cricket team in Australia in 2024–25}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Australia in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team1_name = Australia
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 22 November 2024
| to_date = 5 January 2025
| team1_captain = [[Pat Cummins]]
| team2_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]

[[Jasprit Bumrah]] (1st and 5th Test) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bgt-bumrah-to-captain-india-as-rohit-steps-aside-in-sydney-1467435|title=Bumrah leads India as Rohit chooses 'to rest' in Sydney|website=ESPNCricInfo|date=2 January 2025}}</ref>
| no_of_tests = 5
| team1_tests_won = 3
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Travis Head]] (448)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (391)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Pat Cummins]] (25)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (32)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured Australia from November 2024 to January 2025 to play five [[Test cricket|Test]] matches and three [[First-class cricket|first-class]] warm-up matches against the [[Australia national cricket team|Australian cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 18 March 2024|title=India vs Australia Test series: Adelaide in the fray to host another pink-ball Test |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-vs-australia-adelaide-pink-ball-test-border-gavaskar-trophy-2024-25-13750078.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref> The Test matches formed part of the [[2023–2025 World Test Championship|2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref name="FTP">{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 18 March 2024|title=Tentative Schedule For India's Tour Of Australia 2024–25 Out, Perth Likely To Host 1st Test |url=https://cricket.one/cricket-news/tentative-schedule-for-indias-tour-of-australia-2024-25-out-perth-likely-to-host-1st-test/65f8756824ec3d2722482804 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=OneCricket |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, the [[Cricket Australia]] (CA) announced the venues for the Test series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket Australia announces venues for 5-match Test series against India |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/143431-cricket-australia-announces-venues-for-5-match-test-series-against-india |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Times of Oman]] |language=en}}</ref> It was the first Test series between India and Australia comprising five matches [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1991–92|since 1992]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border Gavaskar Trophy In WTC 2023–25 Cycle To Be Played Over Five Tests For First Time Since 1992 |url=https://www.india.com/sports/border-gavaskar-trophy-in-wtc-2023-25-cycle-to-be-played-over-five-tests-for-first-time-since-1992-6110697/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> On 26 March 2024, the CA confirmed the full tour itinerary.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 March 2024|title=MCG to host historic women's Ashes Test to mark 90-year anniversary of format |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mcg-to-host-historic-women-s-ashes-test-between-australia-and-england-1426396 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref>

India had retained the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] after defeating Australia 2–1 in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|previous series in 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/mar/13/india-win-series-2-1-after-fourth-test-with-australia-ends-in-a-draw |title=India win series 2–1 after fourth Test with Australia ends in a draw |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/india-retain-border-gavaskar-trophy-after-dull-draw-1199813.html |title=India retain Border–Gavaskar Trophy after dull draw |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> However, this time Australia won the series by 3–1 to win the trophy for the first time since [[2014–15 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|2014-15]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=No Bumrah, no joy: India surrender Border-Gavaskar Trophy after 7 years in Sydney |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ind-vs-aus-india-lose-border-gavaskar-trophy-sydney-test-match-jasprit-bumrah-injury-2659900-2025-01-05 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Border-Gavaskar Trophy: A decade of dominance done and dusted |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/border-gavaskar-trophy-australia-defeat-india-by-6-wickets-in-sydney-win-series-3-1-3341967 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

This was also the last Test series of [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Virat Kohli]] before their Test retirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/cricket-r-ashwin-retirement-border-gavaskar-trophy-press-conference-2651524-2024-12-18 |title=R Ashwin retires from international cricket, ends career midway through Australia tour |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2025 |title=Rohit Sharma announces retirement from Test cricket; will continue to play for India in ODIs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-retires-test-cricket-india-captain-steps-down-9731348 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 May 2025 |title=Virat Kohli retires from Test cricket with immediate effect, bows out as India's fourth-highest run scorer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-retires-from-test-cricket-with-immediate-effect-bows-out-as-indias-fourth-highest-run-scorer-101746855689461.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Venues ==
[[Cricket Australia]] announced their summer cricket schedule in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Five-Test India series, Ashes crown epic summer {{!}} cricket.com.au |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3941978/international-schedule-announced-2024-24-australia-india-england-new-zealand-pakistan-fixture-who-is-touring-this-summer-cricket |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[Cricket Australia]]|language=en}}</ref> The series was played at the main cricket grounds in Australia's five largest cities. It was the first five-match test series to be played between the two nations since [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1991–92|India's tour of Australia in 1991/92.]]{{Image label begin|image=Australia location map.png|width=400|float=right}}
{{Image label small|x=0.195|y=0.487|scale=400|text=[[File:Crosshair.png]] 1st Test [[Perth Stadium|Perth]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.615|y=0.542|scale=400|text=[[File:Crosshair.png]] 2nd Test [[Adelaide Oval|Adelaide]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.730|y=0.595|scale=400|text=[[File:Crosshair.png]] 4th Test [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.830|y=0.522|scale=400|text=[[File:Crosshair.png]] 5th Test [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]}}
{{Image label small|x=0.858|y=0.385|scale=400|text=[[File:Crosshair.png]] 3rd Test [[The Gabba|Brisbane]]}}
{{Image label end}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Test
!Location
!Stadium
!Capacity
!Date
|-
!1st
|[[Perth]]
|[[Perth Stadium]]
|61,266
|22–26 November
|-
!2nd
|[[Adelaide]]
|[[Adelaide Oval]]
|53,500
|6–10 December
|-
!3rd
|[[Brisbane]]
|[[The Gabba]]
|37,000
|14–18 December
|-
!4th
|[[Melbourne]]
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
|100,024
|26–30 December
|-
!5th
|[[Sydney]]
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
|48,000
|3–7 January
|}

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4165555/australia-test-squad-india-tests-border-gavaskar-trophy-mcsweeney-harris-khawaja-cummins-smith-boland-george-bailey |title=McSweeney, Inglis named in Border–Gavaskar Test squad |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |date=10 November 2024}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/N8QHV8Sz |title=Squads for India's tour of South Africa & Border–Gavaskar Trophy announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Pat Cummins]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Travis Head]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sean Abbott]]
* [[Scott Boland]]
* [[Alex Carey]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Brendan Doggett]]
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* <s>[[Josh Inglis]]</s> ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Usman Khawaja]]
* [[Sam Konstas]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
* [[Mitchell Marsh]]
* [[Nathan McSweeney]]
* [[Jhye Richardson]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Beau Webster]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
|}

India named an 18-member squad for the test series along with [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]], [[Navdeep Saini]] and [[Khaleel Ahmed]] as travelling reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132206/abhimanyu-easwaran-harshit-rana-nitish-reddy-picked-for-australia-tests |title=Abhimanyu Easwaran, Yash Dayal, Nitish Reddy picked for Australia Tests |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=25 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

On 17 November, [[Shubman Gill]] was ruled out of the first Test with a fractured thumb of his left hand, during the intra-squad training match at the WACA.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-shubman-gill-set-to-miss-first-test-against-australia-in-perth-1459968 |title=Injured Gill to miss first Test in Perth with fractured thumb |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=17 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Vijay |last1=Tagore |first2=Bharat |last2=Sunderasan |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132446/gill-set-to-miss-perth-test-after-injuring-his-thumb |title=Gill set to miss Perth Test after injuring his thumb |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=16 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> On 20 November, [[Devdutt Padikkal]], who was a part of the India A squad and was asked to stay back as cover with a few injury scares due to several batsmen getting blows during the practice match with India A, was added to the main squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-make-multiple-last-minute-changes-to-squad-before-perth-test-devdutt-padikkal-added-t20-specialist-flown-in-101732099807749.html|title=India make multiple last-minute changes to squad before Perth Test; Devdutt Padikkal added, T20 specialist flown in|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> Additionally, [[Yash Dayal]] was added to the list of travelling reserves as a replacement for the injured Khaleel Ahmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/yash-dayal-replaces-injured-khaleel-ahmed-in-reserves-for-border-gavaskar-trophy/articleshow/115492145.cms|title=Yash Dayal replaces injured Khaleel Ahmed in reserves for Border–Gavaskar Trophy|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2024 |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

On 27 November, [[Beau Webster]] was added to the Australian squad as cover for the possible unavailability of Mitchell Marsh due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4177533/beau-webster-added-to-australia-second-test-squad-india-adelaide-border-gavaskar-mitch-marsh-fitness |title=Webster added to Test squad as Aussies sweat on Marsh fitness |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132568/australia-add-beau-webster-to-test-squad-amid-marsh-fitness-concerns |title=Australia add Beau Webster to Test squad amid Marsh fitness concerns |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref> On 30 November, [[Sean Abbott]] and [[Brendan Doggett]] were added into the Australian squad for the second Test as injury replacement for [[Josh Hazlewood]] who was ruled out due to side strain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-news-josh-hazlewood-ruled-out-of-second-test-vs-india-sean-abbott-brendan-doggett-added-to-squad-1462615 |title=Hazlewood ruled out of second Test; Abbott, Doggett added to squad |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=30 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4178696/josh-hazlewood-ruled-out-of-second-test-adelaide-side-strain-australia-squad-update-day-night-pink-ball-scott-boland-sean-abbott-brendan-doggett |title=Hazlewood ruled out of Adelaide Test, uncapped duo called up |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

On 17 December, Josh Hazlewood was ruled out of the rest of the series after he suffered a calf strain on the fourth day of the 3rd Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132807/calf-strain-set-to-force-hazlewood-out-of-the-remainder-of-india-series |title=Calf strain set to force Hazlewood out of the remainder of India series |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=17 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4187137/josh-hazlewood-injury-concern-side-strain-day-four-australia-india-gabba-test-brisbane-boland |title=Hazlewood likely out for series after suffering calf strain |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

On 18 December, following the 3rd Test, [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] announced his retirement from international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title='My last day' – Ashwin announces retirement from international cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-bgt-3rd-test-ravichandran-ashwin-announces-his-retirement-from-test-cricket-1465671 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref> On 23 December, [[Tanush Kotian]] was added into the squad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai all-rounder Tanush Kotian to join India squad ahead of Melbourne Test |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tanush-kotian-border-gavaskar-trophy-australia-vs-india-squad-mumbai-test-team-call-up-vijay-hazare-trophy/article69018668.ece/ |website=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132879/tanush-kotian-to-join-india-squad-shami-deemed-unfit |title=Tanush Kotian to join India squad; Shami deemed unfit |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

On 20 December, [[Nathan McSweeney]] was dropped from the squad for the last two Tests with [[Jhye Richardson]] and [[Sam Konstas]] added to the squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4189059/australia-test-squad-update-sam-konstas-debut-jhye-richardson-recall-boxing-day-mcg-scg-nathan-mcsweeney-khawaja-labuschagne-border-gavaskar-fourth-fifth-test |title=Konstas, Richardson called up for Boxing Day showdown |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132849/mcsweeney-dropped-for-last-two-bgt-tests-konstas-called-up |title=McSweeney dropped for last two BGT Tests; Konstas called up |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

On 29 December, [[Josh Inglis]] was ruled out from the squad for the last Test due to calf strain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132939/calf-strain-rules-inglis-out-of-border-gavaskar-trophy |title=Calf strain rules Inglis out of Border-Gavaskar Trophy |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-bgt-josh-inglis-leaves-test-squad-after-suffering-calf-strain-with-bbl-return-unknown-1467019 |title=Inglis leaves Test squad after suffering calf strain with BBL return unknown |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>

== Tour matches ==
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=India A Tour of Australia 2024
|partof=India Tour of Australia 2024–25
|date=31 October 2024 – 10 November 2024
|place={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
|team1={{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
|team2={{flagdeco|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
|captain1=[[Nathan McSweeney]]
|captain2=[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
|result = Australia A won the series 2–0
|runs1 = [[Nathan McSweeney]] (166) [[Beau Webster]] (145)
|runs2 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (151) [[Dhruv Jurel]] (148)
|wickets1 = [[Brendan Doggett]] (7) [[Beau Webster]] (7)
|wickets2 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] (11) [[Prasidh Krishna]] (10)
}}

===Squads===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{flagdeco|AUS}} Australia A<ref name=AusA>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-14 |title=Konstas gets the nod as batting showdown looms in 'A' series |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4148585/australia-a-squad-india-a-bolters-mackay-melbourne-konstas-harris-bancroft-mcsweeney-opener-selectors-test-warm-upborder-gavaskar |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[Cricket Australia]]|language=en}}</ref>
!{{flagdeco|IND}} India A<ref name=IndA>{{cite web |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad to lead India A for tour of Australia |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/h1vKzhsA |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Nathan McSweeney]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Cameron Bancroft]]
* [[Jordan Buckingham]]
* [[Scott Boland]]
* [[Cooper Connolly]]
* [[Oliver Davies (cricketer)|Ollie Davies]]
* [[Brendan Doggett]]
* [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]]
* <s>[[Liam Hatcher]]</s>
* [[Sam Konstas]]
* [[Nathan McAndrew]]
* [[Todd Murphy]]
* [[Michael Neser]]
* [[Fergus O'Neill]]
* [[Jimmy Peirson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Josh Philippe]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Corey Rocchiccioli]]
* <s>[[Mark Steketee]]</s>
* [[Beau Webster]]
|
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ricky Bhui]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Baba Indrajith]]
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sai Sudharsan]]
* [[Tanush Kotian]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Manav Suthar]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhishek Porel]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
* [[Yash Dayal]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
|}

The tour was kickstarted by [[India A cricket team|India A]] touring [[Australia]] from 31 October to 10 November, ending just 5 days before the official Test series starts. [[Cricket Australia]] announced their [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] squad in early October 2024, naming [[Nathan McSweeney]] as their captain.<ref name=AusA/> [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] announced [[India A cricket team]]'s squad in October 2024, naming [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] as the side's captain along with [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] as the vice-captain.<ref name=IndA/>

India 'A' played two games against Australia 'A'. The first of those matches was played at the [[Great Barrier Reef Arena]] from 31 October to 3 November while the second was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] from 7 to 10 November. The first Test was played at the new [[Perth Stadium]] from 22 November.

While announcing the international schedule, [[Peter Roach (cricketer)|Peter Roach]], [[Cricket Australia|CA]]'s head of Cricket Operations and Scheduling, had said in May: "The 2024–25 summer is highlighted by the five-Test [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy|Border–Gavaskar]] series, the first five-Test series between the two giants in more than 30 years. To have that running simultaneously with the women's ODIs and preceded by two significant Australia A v India A matches will be terrific for our fans."

Prior to the start of the series, [[Mark Steketee]] and his replacement [[Liam Hatcher]] were both ruled out due to injury and were replaced by [[Brendan Doggett]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGlashan |first1=Andrew |title=Konstas, Bancroft and Harris unable to make an impression against India A |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-a-in-australia-2024-25-1455327/australia-a-vs-india-a-1st-unofficial-test-1455330/match-report-1 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=31 October 2024 |language=en |date=31 October 2024}}</ref> On 3 November 2024, [[KL Rahul]] and [[Dhruv Jurel]] were added to the squad for the second unofficial Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/kl-rahul-dhruv-jurel-to-play-second-india-a-match-at-mcg/articleshow/114917703.cms |title=KL Rahul, Dhruv Jurel to play second India A match at MCG |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/kl-rahul-and-dhruv-jurel-added-to-india-a-squad-will-play-second-unofficial-test-reports-1132024-1730655160322 |title=KL Rahul and Dhruv Jurel added to India A squad, will play second unofficial Test: Reports |work=Cricket.com |date=3 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

=== 1st unofficial Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 31 October – 3 November 2024
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagdeco|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 107 (47.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 36 (77)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Brendan Doggett]] 6/15 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 195 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nathan McSweeney]] 39 (131)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 6/46 (18.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 312 (100 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 103 (200)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Fergus O'Neill]] 4/55 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 3/226 (75 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nathan McSweeney]] 88[[not out|*]] (178)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 1/27 (13 overs)

| result = Australia A won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1455330.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Great Barrier Reef Arena]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]
| umpires = [[Shawn Craig]] (Aus) and Ben Treloar (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia A won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

On the day 4 of the match, Indian [[Wicket-keeper|wicketkeeper]] [[Ishan Kishan]] and the on-field umpire [[Shawn Craig]] could be heard on stump-mic arguing about the condition of the ball as the umpires thought that the ball has been scratched intentionally, putting allegations upon the Indian cricket team for ball tampering, to which the Indian cricket team including the captain [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and wicketkeeper [[Ishan Kishan]] opposed and argued over as they had been maintaining the ball to generate reverse swing in their attempt to make a comeback in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4162041/ball-change-for-deterioration-india-a-keeper-ishan-kishan-cautioned-for-possible-dissent-australia-a-day-four-shawn-craig-umpire |title=CA clarify ball change after Kishan, umpire exchange |work=[[Cricket Australia]]|access-date=12 November 2024 |date=3 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132316/why-the-ball-change-in-mackay-wasnt-probably-a-case-of-ball-tampering |title=Why the ball change in Mackay wasn't probably a case of ball tampering |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=12 November 2024 |date=3 November 2024}}</ref>

=== 2nd unofficial Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 7–10 November 2024
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagdeco|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 161 (57.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 80 (186)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Michael Neser]] 4/27 (12.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 223 (62.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]] 74 (128)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 4/50 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 229 (77.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 68 (122)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Corey Rocchiccioli]] 4/74 (23.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 4/169 (47.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sam Konstas]] 73[[not out|*]] (128)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 2/37 (12 overs)

| result = Australia A won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1455331.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Michael Graham-Smith]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia A won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== India vs India A ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 15–17 November 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match Cancelled<ref name="cancel">{{cite web|title=India shelve intra-squad match in favour of training, centre-wicket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/border-gavaskar-trophy-india-shelve-intra-squad-perth-match-in-favour-of-training-centre-wicket-1457736 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 November 2024 |language=en |date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
| report =
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes = Intrasquad match, which was called off by the BCCI.<ref name="cancel"/>
}}

=== Prime Minister's XI vs Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 November–1 December 2024
| team1 = [[Prime Minister's XI]] {{flagdeco|AUS}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|IND}} [[India A cricket team|Indians]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 240 (43.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sam Konstas]] 107 (97)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Harshit Rana]] 4/44 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 5/257 (46 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 50 (62)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Charlie Anderson 2/30 (6 overs)

| result = Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Simon Lightbody]] (Aus) and Sharad Patel (Aus)
| motm = [[Sam Konstas]] (PM XI)
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No play was possible on Day 1 due to rain. After this, the match was rescheduled as a 50-over contest for the second day, which was later reduced to 46 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = Target achieved at 42.5 overs, 4/241
}}

== Test series ==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–25 November 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 150 (49.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 41 (59)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/29 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 104 (51.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 29 (112)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/30 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 6/487[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (134.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 161 (297)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nathan Lyon]] 2/96 (39 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 238 (58.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Travis Head]] 89 (101)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/42 (12 overs)

| result = India won by 295 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426555.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Perth Stadium]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nathan McSweeney]] (Aus), [[Harshit Rana]] and [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Ind) all made their Test debuts.
* [[KL Rahul]] (Ind) scored his 3,000th run in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/kl-rahul-3000-test-runs-india-vs-australia-perth-border-gavaskar-trophy-2024-stats-records-cricket-news/article68894600.ece |title=KL Rahul crosses 3000 Test runs during Australia vs India match at Perth |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] scored his 7th Test century in Australia, breaking [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s record of most Test centuries for India in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2024 |title=Virat Kohli shatters Sachin Tendulkar's record, roars back to form with blazing century vs Australia to reclaim throne |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-fires-back-to-form-with-30th-test-century-reclaims-throne-by-dominating-australia-101732439485313.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* This was Australia's first loss in a Test match at the Perth Stadium and India became the first visiting team to win a Test match at the ground.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=India creates history with 1st win over Australia at Perth's Optus Stadium |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/india-creates-history-with-1st-win-over-australia-at-perth-s-optus-stadium-ind-vs-aus-124112500458_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest victory in terms of runs in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=AUS vs IND: Bumrah's historic feat, India's biggest win in Australia – Stat Pack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/cricket-australia-vs-india-jasprit-bumrah-perth-test-win-stat-pack-2639670-2024-11-25 |work=India Today|date=25 November 2024 }}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, Australia 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 6–8 December 2024
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 180 (44.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 42 (54)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 6/48 (14.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 337 (87.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Travis Head]] 140 (141)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/61 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 175 (36.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 42 (47)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 5/57 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 0/19 (3.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nathan McSweeney]] 10[[not out|*]] (12)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Australia won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426556.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Travis Head]] (Aus) scored a century off 111 balls, the fastest in [[day-night Test]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bandarupalli |first1=Sampath |title=Stats – Head's pink-ball delight and Rohit's 2024 misery |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2nd-test-day-night-day-2-stats-travis-head-s-pink-ball-delight-and-rohit-sharma-s-2024-misery-1463964 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 December 2024 |date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) played in his last Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-bgt-3rd-test-ravichandran-ashwin-announces-his-retirement-from-test-cricket-1465671 |title=Ashwin announces retirement from international cricket |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ravichandran-ashwin-retirement-from-all-forms-of-cricket-ind-vs-aus-brisbane-1738247 |title=R Ashwin Retirement: Legendary Indian Off-Spinner Calls Time On International Cricket |work=ABP News |date=18 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 12, India 0.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 14–18 December 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 445 (117.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Travis Head]] 152 (160)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 6/76 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 260 (78.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KL Rahul]] 84 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 4/81 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 7/89[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (18 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 22 (10)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/18 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 0/8 (2.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 4[[not out|*]] (6)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426557.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Only 13.2 overs of play was possible on Day 1, 33.1 overs of play was possible on Day 3, and 24.1 overs of play on Day 5 was possible due to rain.
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his 100th international match against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-aus-virat-kohli-on-verge-of-historic-century-at-gabba-only-one-player-has-done-it-before-1737389/|title=IND vs AUS: Virat Kohli On Verge Of Historic 'Century' At Gabba – Only One Player Has Done It Before |work=ABP News |date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] took his 52nd Test wicket in Australia, breaking [[Kapil Dev]]'s record of most Test wickets taken for India in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-leaves-behind-kapil-dev-scripts-all-time-asian-record-with-gabba-heroics-against-australia-101734493657402.html |title=Jasprit Bumrah leaves behind Kapil Dev, scripts all-time Asian record with Gabba heroics against Australia |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 4, India 4.
}}

===4th Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26–30 December 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 474 (122.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 140 (197)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/99 (28.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 369 (119.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 114 (189)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Scott Boland]] 3/57 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 234 (83.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Marnus Labuschagne]] 70 (139)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/57 (24.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 155 (79.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 84 (208)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/28 (18 overs)

| result = Australia won by 184 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426558.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sam Konstas]] (Aus) made his Test debut. His fifty off 52 deliveries was the third fastest by an Australian on debut.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bandarupalli |first=Sampath |title=Teenager Konstas takes Bumrah for record 18 runs in an over |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/teenager-konstas-takes-bumrah-for-record-18-runs-in-an-over-1466615 |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]] |date=26 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Ind) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 December 2024 |title=IND vs AUS: Nitish Reddy hits maiden Test hundred, scripts history in Melbourne |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/cricket-nitish-kumar-reddy-india-vs-australia-century-melbourne-2656590-2024-12-28 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He made the highest score for a batsman batting at 8 or lower at the MCG.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandarupalli |first1=Sampath |title=Nitish Kumar Reddy's MCG century - in numbers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-bgt-test-the-nitish-kumar-reddy-mcg-century-in-numbers-1466943 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=28 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) took his 200th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-fastest-indian-200-test-wickets-ind-vs-aus-mcg-9749109/ |title=Jasprit Bumrah becomes fastest Indian to record 200 Test wickets in 8484 balls during Boxing Day Test |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
* The all-time attendance record for a Test match in Australia was broken (1st day 87,242, 2nd day 85,147, 3rd day 83,073, 4th day 43,867 and 5th day 74,362).<ref>{{cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Alex |title=All-time attendance record for a Test in Australia broken at the MCG |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bgt-boxing-day-test-all-time-attendance-record-for-a-test-in-australia-broken-at-the-mcg-1467148 |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) played in his last Test match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2025 |title=India captain Rohit Sharma announces Test retirement |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-captain-rohit-sharma-announces-test-retirement |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 12, India 0.
}}

===5th Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–5 January 2025
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 185 (72.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 40 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Scott Boland]] 4/31 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 181 (51 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Beau Webster]] 57 (105)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/42 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 157 (39.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 61 (33)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Scott Boland]] 6/45 (16.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 4/162 (27 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Usman Khawaja]] 41 (45)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/65 (12 overs)

| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426559.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Scott Boland]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Beau Webster]] (Aus) made his Test debut.
* [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind) played in his 100th international match.
* [[Scott Boland]] (Aus) took his 50th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/scott-boland-becomes-first-bowler-since-1975-to-achieve-monumental-test-milestone/ |title=Scott Boland becomes first bowler since 1975 to achieve monumental Test milestone |work=Cricketaddictor |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> He took his first [[ten-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/cricket-news/1076-scott-boland-joins-glenn-mcgrath-after-crushing-india-in-sydney-test/6779deea8b3f5ecada7d81f9 |title=10/76! Scott Boland Joins Glenn McGrath After Crushing India In Sydney Test |work=OneCricket |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus) took his 500th wicket in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/pat-cummins-reaches-to-500-wickets-in-international-cricket |title=Pat Cummins reaches to 500 wickets in international Cricket |work=BDCricTime |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) took his 32nd Test wicket in the series thus, breaking [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]'s record of most Test wickets taken by an Indian in an away series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/jasprit-bumrah-matches-indian-spin-legend-bishan-singh-bedis-record-in-away-tests/articleshow/116915671.cms |title=Jasprit Bumrah matches Indian spin legend's record in away Test series |work=The Times of India|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
* On Day 2 and Day 3, [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the stand-in captain while [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) was off the field due to back spasms.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2025 |title=Virat Kohli takes over as India captain after Jasprit Bumrah leaves SCG for scans: Report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ind-vs-aus-virat-kohli-takes-over-as-india-captain-after-jasprit-bumrah-leaves-scg-for-scans-13849768.html |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
* [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind) took his 100th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/mohammed-siraj-joins-elite-club-of-bowlers-with-100-test-wickets-during-ind-vs-aus-5th-test/ |title=Mohammed Siraj joins elite club of bowlers with 100 Test wickets during IND vs AUS 5th Test |work=InsideSport |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his last Test match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 May 2025 |title=Era over as Virat Kohli retires from Test cricket |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/era-over-as-virat-kohli-retires-from-test-cricket |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
* Australia qualified for the [[2025 ICC World Test Championship final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/australia-qualifies-wtc-final-2025-south-africa-india-knocked-out-world-test-championship-news/article69063796.ece/ |title=AUS vs IND, 5th Test: India knocked out; Australia almost certain to face South Africa in WTC final |work=Sportstar|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 12, India 0.
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-vs-india-2024-25-1426547 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2024–25 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia]]

Vaishno Devi Temple

2026-05-03T02:55:38Z

NydiaTalley110: new some bio initial version.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Katra, Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{About|the temple|the presiding deity|Vaishno Devi|other uses|Vaishno Devi (disambiguation)}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1322671141|This late 2025 edit]] and subsequent content addition by editor; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution, editorializing tone, formatting/listification, etc.}}
{{Unreliable|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vaishno Devi Temple
| image = Snowfall in Vaishno Devi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = View of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Bhavan surrounded by Trikuta Hills in snowfall
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_relief = y
| map_caption = Location of Vaishno Devi in Jammu & Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|33.0299|74.9482|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| location = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = Reasi
| locale =
| elevation_m = 1584.96
| deity = [[Vaishno Devi]]
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Diwali]], [[New Year]]
| architecture = Cave Temple
| temple_quantity = 4
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| temple_board = [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]]
| year_completed = 0028 Vikram Samvat
| website = {{URL|https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/|maavaishnodevi.org}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
|state={{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
{{Saktism}}

'''Vaishno Devi Temple''', also known as the '''Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Temple''' and '''Vaishno Devi Bhavan''',{{efn|The word "Bhavan" translates to "mansion" or "abode" in Hindi and Sanskrit. In the context of the pilgrimage, it refers specifically to the main complex housing the holy cave, distinct from the base camp at Katra.}} is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Dedicated to [[Vaishno Devi]], a manifestation of goddesses [[Mahakali]], [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]], and [[Saraswati|Mahasarasvati]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sciences |first=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEg0AwEACAAJ |title=Holy Places & Pilgrimages: Essays on India |date=2011 |publisher=Shubhi Publications |isbn=978-81-8290-228-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Himalaya: Story of a 100 Visits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHZ5CwAAQBAJ|page=47|first=Kirit|last=Rindani|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1482858860}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kusLzP8H6TQC|page=429|author=S. S. Negi|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1998|isbn = 9788173870798}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mountains of the God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5AaI2PhiV8C|page=15|author=Kuldip Singh Gulia|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2007|isbn = 9788182054202}}</ref> it is on [[Trikuta|Trikuta mountain]] at an elevation of 5,200 feet (1,500 meters).<ref>{{Citation |last=Chaudhary |first=Poonam |title=Religious terrorism -the latest threat (Juxtaposition of Jammu's Heritage - Living and vibrant versus dead and decaying) |date=2002 |pages=311–314 |url=http://international.icomos.org/madrid2002/actas/311.pdf |access-date=2024-02-19 |place=Madrid |publisher=Comité Nacional Español del ICOMOS |language=en}}</ref> The temple is 43 km from the main city of Jammu and 29 km from the district headquarters Reasi town. The temple is governed by the [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]] (SMVDSB) and has been chaired by the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir since August 1986.<ref name="SMVDSB">{{cite web|url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/constitution.aspx|title=Facts about Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board|access-date=2022-06-30|website=SMVDSB Official Site|language=en|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307232907/https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/constitution.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is one of the most popular [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]], with millions of devotees visiting the temple annually.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vaishno Devi pilgrim footfall in 2019 lowest in 3 years: Shrine Board|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vaishno-devi-footfall-in-2019-lowest-in-3-years-shrine-board-120010200678_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 January 2020}}</ref> In 2023 the board reported 9.52 million pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yatra Statistics {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/yatrastatistics |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref>

==History==
=== Early origins and cultural synthesis ===
The shrine originally began as a sacred site for local tribes who worshipped the region's natural geography. The mountain's three prominent peaks were revered as the goddess "Trikuta Devi", a name that was used for centuries. Following migrations into the Jammu region around the 12th century (after the 1192 Battle of Tarain), a cultural synthesis took place. During this period, the local deity Trikuta Devi gradually became identified with the goddess Vaishno Devi. However, the original name remained in common use for a long time; 19th-century European travelers, including G.T. Vigne in 1842 and Sir Richard Temple in 1859, still referred to the deity as "Trikuta Devi" or "Trikuta Mai".{{sfn|Kapoor|2021|pp=38–40}}

=== Medieval period and royal patronage ===
For much of its early history, the pilgrimage to the shrine was largely limited to ascetics and local residents due to the dense forests and difficult terrain. However, historical records indicate that regional rulers occasionally made the journey. According to the 1847 royal chronicle Rajdarshani by Ganeshdas Badehra, Raja Jas Dev of Jammu visited the shrine in 996 CE.{{sfn|Singh|2017}} Traditions also state that the tenth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], visited the site in 1672.{{sfn|Singh|2011}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2001}}

In the 18th century, Maharaja Ranjit Dev of Jammu visited the shrine to seek blessings prior to a political trip to Lahore. Following his visit, he established the first formal facilities for pilgrims, including water stations and temporary shelters.{{sfn|Kapoor|2021|pp=50, 97}}

=== Modern history ===
Although the Vaishno Devi temple is now the most popular Devi shrine in the region, its popularity is relatively recent. In 1971, when Inderjit Bhardwaj did a study of Devi shrines in the [[Sivalik hills|Siwalik mountains]], he did not mention the Vaishno Devi temple as particularly important.. Its popularity increased rapidly after an expansion was done in 1976 so that it could accommodate up to 5,000 visitors per day. By 1981, annual visitors to the shrine were about 900,000; by the early 1990s, the number had increased to over 3 million, and the Vaishno Devi temple had become by far the most popular Devi temple in the region. By 2007, the annual number of pilgrims was about 7.5 million. In June 2007, in order to reduce congestion and improve security, the Shrine Board reduced the limit on the number of visitors allowed per month.<ref name="Foster and Stoddard 2010">{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Georgana |last2=Stoddard |first2=Robert |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Rana P. B. |title=Sacred Geography of Goddesses in South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |pages=109–24 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/6/?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fgeographyfacpub%2F6&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages |access-date=31 May 2024 |chapter=Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks}}</ref>{{rp|110, 16}}

The Vaishno Devi temple was in existence by 1846, when Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] established the [[Dharmarth Trust]] to manage several temples in his territory; the Vaishno Devi temple was part of this trust. The trust remained in the hands of Gulab Singh's descendants after independence, and his descendant [[Karan Singh]] was responsible for administering the temple as the hereditary trustee until 1986, when [[Jagmohan]], then governor of Jammu and Kashmir, passed legislation transferring control of the Vaishno Devi temple from the Dharmarth Trust and the hereditary priests to a separate Shrine Board.<ref name="Foster and Stoddard 2010"/>

==Legends==
The temple, at a height of {{convert|1585|m|ft}} is 12 km from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] on [[Trikuta]] hill. It is about 61 km from [[Jammu]] city.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC|first1=J. C.|page=10|last1=Aggarwal|first2=S. P.|last2=Agrawal|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1995|isbn=978-8170225560}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/six-toughest-treks-that-pilgrims-undertake/vaishno-devi/slideshow/47780586.cms|title=Six toughest treks that pilgrims undertake|publisher=The Economic Times|date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Geological studies show that the Trikuta Hills are primarily made of limestone and formed during the [[Precambrian]] era.{{sfn|Kapoor|2021|p=48}}{{sfn|Kapoor|2021|p=96}} A geological survey cited by the Shrine Board suggests that the holy cave is close to one million years old.{{efn|The Shrine Board cites geological surveys for the age of the physical limestone cave formation, human worship and pilgrimage at the site are historically documented to have begun much later.}} There is also a mention of the [[Trikuta]] hill in [[Rigveda]], the place where the temple is located.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/history_of_the_shrine.aspx | title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board :: Holy Shrine :: History of the Holy Shrine :: History of the Holy Shrine | access-date=19 June 2022 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408052204/https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/history_of_the_shrine.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which gives the account of the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kurukshetra War]], does mention the worship of goddess Vaishno Devi. Before the [[Kurukshetra War]] Arjuna is said to have worshipped [[Durga]] by the advice of [[Lord Krishna]] for the blessings. Pleased by his devotion, Mother Goddess appeared in front of him in the form of Vaishno Devi. When goddess appeared, [[Arjuna]] started praising her with a [[stotra]], in which a [[Shloka]] goes by saying ‘ ''Jambookatak Chityaishu Nityam Sannihitalaye'' ’, the translation refers to the Goddess residing in a mountainside temple in 'Jambhu,' believed to be the ancient name for Jammu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sri-mata-vaishno-devi-shrine/as59557879.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=15 March 2018}}</ref> Former [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Jagmohan]] says, "the Mata Vaishno Devi shrine is an ancient one whose antiquity is pre-Mahabharathan, Lord Krishna is believed to have advised Arjuna to go up in the hills of 'Jambhu' and seek the blessings of Vaishno Devi before taking up arms in the battlefield. 'Jambhu' is identified with present-day Jammu. Arjuna while worshipping Vaishno Devi, calls her highest yogi who is free from decrepitude and decay, who is the Mother of the Vedas and the Science of Vedanta and who is giver of Victory and personification of victory itself".<ref>{{cite book|title=Soul and Structure of Governance in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC|page=334|author=Jagmohan|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-8177648317}}</ref> According to popular belief, the first temples at [[Kol Khandoli]] and Bhawan were established by the Pandavas to express their gratitude to the Mother Goddess. Near Trikuta Mountain, there is also a neighboring peak with five stone structures that traditionally represent the Pandavas.<ref>{{cite news|title=President visits Vaishno Devi, inaugurates two new facilities|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pranab-mukherjee-visits-vaishno-devi-katra-nn-vohra-206873-2014-09-02|publisher=India Today|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-master-plan-for-vaishnodevi-shrine-area/articleshow/58148044.cms|title=Maiden master plan for Vaishnodevi shrine area|date=2017-04-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/vaishno-devi-bhairon-mandir-ropeway-service-starts-from-today/as67227545.cms|title=Vaishno Devi-Bhairon Mandir ropeway service starts from today|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

=== Encounter with Rama ===
As per the temple’s legend, Goddess Vaishnavi once met Lord [[Rama]] in the forests of Trikuta Hills during his exile. She expressed her wish to marry him, but Rama, bound by his vow of having only one wife and already being wedded to [[Sita]], declined. However, he promises that he would return to her in the form of [[Kalki]], the 10th incarnation of [[Vishnu]], who would be born in [[Kali Yuga]], and marry her then. Rama asked her to continue her penance in the cave of Manik (Trikuta) mountains, meditating and blessing devotees until the arrival of Kalki. As per Rama's order, Vaishnavi took residence in the holy cave where [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalakshmi]] Vaishnavi, and [[Mahasaraswati]] reside, where she is now worshipped as Vaishno Devi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=B.K.Chaturvedi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYn7KOkAGR4C&q=ram |title=Vaishno Devi |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-734-3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== The discovery of the shrine by Pandit Shridhar ===
According to one widely circulated local legend, the cave shrine was revealed around the 10th century CE to a Brahmin priest, Pandit Shridhar, who lived in the village of Hansali near present‑day Katra. In this tradition, the deity was venerated as “Trikuta Devi”, named after the three-peaked mountain on which the cave stands, before later being identified more broadly as Vaishno Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/blog/discovery |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2011}}<ref name="WritPetition2020">{{cite web |title=Writ Petition: Before the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir at Jammu |date=August 2020 |url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2020-08/035b547a-33a7-49a0-b5b0-042866066218/Mata_Vaishno_Devi_Writ.pdf }}</ref>

== Pilgrimage ==
Some of the key sacred spots along the route to Mata Vaishno Devi include Ban Ganga, [[Ardhkuwari]], [[Charan paduka]], Ganesh Matha and Sanjichhat, with Bhaironath Temple being another important halt on the return journey. According to popular belief, a pilgrimage to Vaishno Devi is considered incomplete unless devotees visit the Bhaironath Temple while returning from the Bhawan.<ref name="Tomer2011">{{cite thesis |last=Tomer |first=Padmini |title=Pilgrimage tourism in North India: An evaluation |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/4267 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/4267}}</ref> Among devotees, there is a widely held belief that a journey to Vaishno Devi takes place only when the goddess herself calls the pilgrim, a notion often expressed in the saying that the ‘Bulawa’ (divine call) comes from Vaishno Devi. It is commonly said that once this call is received, a person need only take the first step and the rest of the pilgrimage unfolds through her grace. At the same time, many believers hold that without such a call, no one, regardless of status or power, can reach the shrine or receive her blessings. <ref name="SMVDSBGuide">{{cite book |author=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |title=Yatra: A Guide to the Holy Pilgrimage of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board, Katra |pages=8–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/wmsZ_yatra-a-guide-to-the-holy-pilgrimage-of-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shri-mata-vaishno/page/n7/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== The Holy Cave of Vaishno Devi ==
The original holy cave is approximately 98 feet (30 m) long and is characterized by a narrow, watery pathway that pilgrims traverse to reach the inner sanctum.<ref name="BhaktiShakti">Mata Vaishno Devi: The Bhakti of Shakti, ISBN 9357027327.</ref> Pilgrims entering this cave wade through an ankle- to calf-deep stream of clear water known as the Charan Ganga, which is traditionally believed to flow from near the holy [[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|Pindis]].<ref name="YatraGuide" /><ref name="PintchmanMahadevi">Tracy Pintchman, ''Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess'', ISBN 0791450082.</ref>

Further inside the cave, past rock formations identified by devotees as symbols of various deities such as Shesh Nag, and near a havan kund and natural shapes resembling a [[conch]], discus, mace, and lotus, the passage culminates at a platform housing the three holy Pindis.<ref name="PintchmanMahadevi" /><ref name="BhaktiShakti" /><ref name="YatraGuide">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/wmsZ_yatra-a-guide-to-the-holy-pilgrimage-of-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shri-mata-vaishno/mode/2up |title=Yatra: A Guide to the Holy Pilgrimage of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> These three natural, rounded stone formations are revered as manifestations of the goddesses [[Mahakali|MahaKali]], [[Lakshmi|Maha Lakshmi]] (often identified with [[Vaishno Devi]]), and [[Saraswati|Maha Saraswati]].<ref name="PintchmanMahadevi" /><ref name="BhaktiShakti" />
Next to the Pindis is a natural rock formation interpreted by devotees as the full hand of the [[Vaishno Devi|Mother Goddess]] raised in the ardh-hast mudra. Some traditions venerate this as the fallen hand of the goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] and therefore regard the cave as a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]].<ref name="BhaktiShakti" /><ref name="YatraGuide" />

According to devotional literature and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine board, devotees believe that approximately 330 million [[Hindu deities|gods and goddesses ]] have worshipped the Mother Goddess within this holy cave and have left symbolic marks on its walls.<ref name="BhaktiShakti" /> Because of the large number of visitors, often reported as up to about 20,000 pilgrims per day, artificial tunnels have been constructed alongside the original cave to facilitate the darshan of the Pindis.<ref name="BhaktiShakti" /><ref name="YatraGuide" /><ref name="PintchmanMahadevi" />

==Shakta pitha==
{{Short description|One of the 108 Shakta pithas in Hinduism}}
'''Vaishno Devi Gufa''' (also known as '''Vaishno Devi Bhawan''') is one of the 108 [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]], sacred sites dedicated to the worship of [[Shakti]], the divine feminine energy in [[Hinduism]]. According to scholarly articles, two primary traditions circulate regarding the origin of this peetha. The first asserts that the "skull of Mata [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] fell here," establishing the shrine as the "holiest of all Shakta pithas."<ref name="AARF2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Neelam |title=Shakti Peethas: A Study of Vaishno Devi |journal=Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1–12 |date=October 2020 |url=https://www.aarf.asia/current/2020/Oct/m1V1u9rcBN9pvJG.pdf |access-date=2025-11-17 }}</ref> A competing tradition claims that it was Sati's "right arm" that fell at the site.<ref name="AARF2020"/> This "right arm" narrative faces active contestation, with scholarly sources noting that "some scriptures do not agree" and proposing instead that "Gandarbal in Kashmir is the place where the right arm of Sati had fallen."<ref name="AARF2020"/>

For devotees, the "right arm" claim gains strong substantiation from a distinctive physical feature inside the holy cave: "stone remains of a human hand," popularly interpreted as ''Varad Hast'' (the hand that grants boons and blessings) or ''Abhaya Hasta'' (the gesture of succour).<ref name="AARF2020"/> This natural rock formation is viewed as a tangible manifestation of the mythological event, providing material evidence that bolsters the tradition among pilgrims.

==Scholarly analysis==
* '''Diana L. Eck:''' In her 2012 book ''India: A Sacred Geography'', Harvard Indologist [[Diana L. Eck]] portrays the Vaishno Devi shrine as a crucial node in the expansive sacred landscape of India.<ref name="JNUThesis">{{cite thesis |url=http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH27557.pdf |title=The Sacred Geography of Vaishno Devi: A Study in Hindu Pilgrimage |institution=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=2013 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Eck vividly describes the goddess taking residence on "Trikuta, the Triple Peak," where she "hollowed out a cave there with her trident."<ref name="Scribd12">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/264030000/12-pdf |title=Chapter 12: The Goddess of the Triple Peak |publisher=Scribd |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>
* '''Abha Chauhan:''' In her 2011 sociological study ''Sacred Landscape and Pilgrimage: A Study of Mata Vaishno Devi'', Abha Chauhan examines the pilgrimage route as a "sacred landscape" in its own right.<ref name="UnderstandingCultureJammu">{{cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abha |title=Sacred Landscape and Pilgrimage: A Study of Mata Vaishno Devi |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-16-1597-9 |url=https://ebin.pub/understanding-culture-and-society-in-india-a-study-of-sufis-saints-and-deities-in-jammu-region-9811615977-9789811615979.html |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Her analysis highlights the ritualistic and cultural significance of key stops along the trek, such as Himkoti and Sanji Chhat, portraying them as integral elements of a holistic spatial and performative experience that transforms the journey into a profound act of devotion.<ref name="ScribdChauhan">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/746669939/Prof-Abha-Chauhan |title=Prof. Abha Chauhan: Sacred Landscape and Pilgrimage |publisher=Scribd |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

==Deities==
[[File:Vaishno devi.jpg|thumb|right|The icons of Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasaraswati in the temple]]
The three icons and idols — [[Mahakali]] (goddess of destruction), [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] (goddess of wealth) and [[Saraswati|Mahasaraswati]] (goddess of intellect), all images of Vaishno Devi, are worshipped at the temple. The feet of the icons are washed by the water brought from the perennial flowing river Charan Ganga.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC|first1=J. C.|page=11|last1=Aggarwal|first2=S. P.|last2=Agrawal|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1995|isbn=978-8170225560}}</ref><ref name="Kour2017">{{cite thesis |last=Kour |first=Sanmeet |title=An Economic Analysis of Religious Tourism: A case Study of Tourist Influx to Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine |publisher=University of Jammu |year=2017 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/361460 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/361460}}</ref>

==Worship==
[[File:Vaishno Devi Bhawan Facade Lighting.jpg|thumb|Mata Vaishno Devi Bhawan]]
Author Pintchman identifies with great goddess [[Mahadevi]] and says Vaishno Devi contains all powers and is associated with the entire creation as Mahadevi.{{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=63}}<ref name="Chauhan2021" /> The shrine attracts pilgrims from a wide range of social and regional backgrounds, with visitors coming from across India and from overseas, and is not restricted to any single community or caste.<ref name="Sajad2025">Sajad, Iqra (2025). "Exploring the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Model: Religious Tourism, Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development". ''International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage''. 13 (1). Arrow@TU Dublin.</ref>

Historically, the ritual of Aarti at the shrine consisted of traditional elements such as the ringing of bells and the chanting of devotional slogans. In recent years, the [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]] (SMVDSB) has modernized these practices to accommodate increasing pilgrim participation and feedback. To facilitate wider access to the rituals, the Board published an official book of the ''Aarti'' and introduced digital initiatives, including online darshan services. These technological advancements allow devotees to view the shrine's rituals remotely from any location. <ref name="Chauhan2021">{{cite book |editor-last=Chauhan |editor-first=Abha |title=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021 |isbn=978-981-16-1598-6 |location=Singapore}}</ref>

The temple receives an estimated annual $16 million according to some authors<ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Barnett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3NpAgAAQBAJ |title=Sacred Aid: Faith and Humanitarianism |author2=Janice Gross Stein |date=3 July 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199916030 |page=140}}</ref> and has received over 1,800 kg of gold, 4,700 kilos of silver, and {{INRConvert|2000|c}} cash in the last two decades (2000–2020) as donation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/vaishno-devi-temple-received-1800-kgs-of-gold-rs-2000-cr-cash-in-20-years-291573-2021-03-23 | title=Vaishno Devi Temple received 1,800 KGS of gold, Rs 2,000 cr cash in 20 years | date=23 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Festivals==
The most prominent festivals held at Vaishno Devi Temple are [[Navaratri]], a nine nights festival celebrating [[Devi]]'s victory over evil demons and [[Diwali]], a festival of lights symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/vaishno-devi-board-organises-diwali-function-in-katra-157057|title=Vaishno Devi board organises Diwali function in Katra|work=The Tribune|date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maha Yagya at Vaishno Devi shrine as Navratri begins, Vedic hymns fill air|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maha-yagya-at-vaishno-devi-shrine-as-navratri-begins-vedic-hymns-fill-air/story-cNkL9fJ8iARjCmNpXdGzFJ.html|publisher=Hisdustan Times|date=18 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Special arrangements for Navratri at Mata Vaishno Devi temple|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/special-arrangements-for-navratri-at-mata-vaishno-devi-temple-amid-covid-19/articleshow/78695794.cms|publisher=India Times|date=16 October 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Vaishno Devi Navratras.jpg|thumb|Vaishno Devi Bhawan cave area decorated during Navratris]]
The [[Navaratri]] festival is a festival celebrated during the month of [[Ashvin]], which typically falls in the Gregorian months of September and October.{{sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=468–469}}

==Recognition and significance==
The Vaishno Devi shrine is one of the most visited Hindu pilgrimage sites in India, attracting millions of devotees annually. According to official data from the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board, the shrine receives over 8 million pilgrims each year, making it one of the busiest religious destinations in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Yatra Statistics |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/yatra-statistics |website=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

The shrine is also regarded as one of the most prominent pilgrimage centres in the Himalayan region, comparable to other major shrines such as Amarnath and Kedarnath. Its well-developed infrastructure, including paved trekking routes, helicopter services, and digital registration systems, has made it a model for pilgrimage management in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaishno Devi shrine among most visited pilgrimage sites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vaishno-devi-pilgrimage/article |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

In addition, the shrine is among the highest-earning religious institutions in India, receiving substantial donations from devotees, which are utilised for infrastructure development and welfare activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaishno Devi among richest temples in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vaishno-devi-temple-donations |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

==Administration==
=== Historical administration ===
The earliest known administrative documentation regarding the shrine dates to the 11th century. Historical revenue records and official documents indicate that the shrine was managed by the Baridars, who are recognized as the descendants and associates of Pandit Shridhar. In 1007 CE (1064 Bikrami Samvat), Raja Kirpal Dev issued a formal ''patta'' (land deed) to the Baridar community. This document officially established their claim and legal right to manage the shrine and collect its offerings.<ref name="WritPetition2020"/>
=== Modern administration ===
Before 1986, the steep and uneven path, along with the absence of basic facilities, made the pilgrimage difficult for many devotees. In 1986, the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board took over the management of the holy cave to improve administration and upgrade facilities for pilgrims.<ref name="Kour2017" /> The Vaishno Devi Temple was included in the Jammu and Kashmir Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Act No. XVI/1988 and also part of Article 26 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Control of Vaishno Devi Shrine: HC issues notice to J&K, shrine board over Hindu Baridars plea|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/control-of-vaishno-devi-shrine-hc-issues-notice-to-j-k-shrine-board-over-hindu-baridars-plea/story-RSnQyX81RKVcXvQytwGmzO.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=26 August 2020}}</ref> The name of the administrating and governing board is the [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]]. There are nine members in the board; all are nominated by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]], particularly by [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The Governor of Jammu and Kashmir is the ex-officio chairman of the board.<ref>{{cite book|title=THE JAMMU & KASHMIR SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI SHRINE ACT,1988 (Act No. XVI of 1988)|url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/sites/default/files/2151.pdf|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=31 August 1988|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418145221/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/sites/default/files/2151.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1991, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board management also took the control of [[Shiv Khori]], a Shiva temple, {{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=75}} but administration of the Shiv Khori temple has since been handed over to a separate shrine board in 2008, Shiv Khori Shrine Board,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Separate Board for Shiv Khori Shrine constituted - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=146778 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref>
The quantitative impact of the 1986 administrative takeover is shown by:

* Pilgrim growth: The number of pilgrims visiting the shrine grew exponentially. In 1986, the year of the takeover, the number of pilgrims was recorded at 13.96 lakhs (1.396 million). By 2011, this number had increased more than sevenfold to 101.15 lakhs (10.115 million).<ref name="IJRPR739">{{cite web |url=https://www.ijrpr.com/uploads/V2ISSUE7/IJRPR739.pdf |title=Socio-Economic Impact of Vaishno Devi Pilgrimage |publisher=IJRPR |date=2020 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>
* Demographic profile: The nature of this pilgrimage is non-local. Data from the early 2000s (2000-2006) shows a stable demographic ratio of approximately 87% non-local pilgrims (from outside Jammu and Kashmir) to 13% local pilgrims.<ref name="IJRPR739"/>
* Socio-economic impact: The 87% of "outside" pilgrims require multi-day lodging, food, and transportation, fuelling the economy of the town of Katra. The 13% of "local" pilgrims are more likely to be day-trippers who do not contribute to the same economic extent.<ref name="IJRPR739"/><ref name="SciSpace">{{cite web |url=https://scispace.com/pdf/economic-and-environmental-impact-of-pilgrimage-tourism-in-2uzr4l45zy.pdf |title=Economic and Environmental Impact of Pilgrimage Tourism |publisher=SciSpace |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref><ref name="JETIR1912151">{{cite web |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1912151.pdf |title=Impact of Pilgrimage Tourism on Local Economy |publisher=JETIR |date=2019 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref><ref name="ResearchGate350933">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350933363 |title=Socio-Economic Impact on Social Tourism |date=2021 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref><ref name="Core234696">{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234696848.pdf |title=Economic Dimensions of Religious Tourism |publisher=CORE |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

== Activities by SMVDSB ==
The Shrine Board is responsible for governing and administering the entirety of the Mata Vaishno Devi tracks and temples. The temples under the board include the main Bhawan complex, the Ardhkuwari temple, the Bhairon temple, and the other temples on the tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://maavaishnodevi.org/about |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref>
[[File:LG Sinha inugurating Command and Control centre.jpg|alt=SMVDSB chairman inauguration event.|thumb|SMVDSB chairman Manoj Sinha at an inauguration]]

The Shrine Board has set up guest houses and accommodation facilities. These include the Niharika complex, Aashirwad Bhawan, Trikuta Bhawan, and Shakti Bhawan at Katra. A Spiritual Growth Centre is also run by the Shrine Board in Katra, where facilities include an auditorium, conference hall, amphitheatre and library. At Bhawan, the shrine board has developed the Kalika Bhawan, Shridhar Bhawan, Gauri Bhawan, Vaishnavi Bhawan, Manokamana Bhawans, Durga Bhawan, etc. for pilgrim accommodation. Other accommodations are run by the board on the tracks, such as the Shubhra Bhawan at Banganga and Bhawans at Ardhkuwari. In Jammu, the Shrine Board has constructed the Kalika Dham, Saraswati Dham, and Vaishnavi Dham near the Jammu Railway Station. The Shrine Board runs a souvenir and prasad shop at the Jammu airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accommodation {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/causes/accommodation |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rented Accommodation {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/blog/rented-accomodation |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-06-06 |title=LG inaugurates SMVDSB's Prasad-cum-Souvenir Counter in departure area of Jammu Airport |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-inaugurates-smvdsbs-prasad-cum-souvenir-counter-in-departure-area-of-jammu-airport/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-26 |title=President inaugurates Spiritual Growth Centre at Katra |url=https://www.kashmirmediawatch.com/president-inaugurates-spiritual-growth-centre-at-katra/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Kashmir Media Watch |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Shrine Board has also constructed and maintains a sports complex in Katra town, which includes badminton and tennis courts along with a gymnasium and a sports stadium. The sports complex has produced sportspersons like Sheetal Devi and [[Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)|Rakesh Kumar]], both of whom won bronze medals at the Paris Paralympics in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Sports Complex {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/projects/shri-mata-vaishno-devi-sports-complex |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-09-05 |title=Historic Achievement at Paralympics |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/historic-achievement-at-paralympics/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Shrine Board is the patron of the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Super Speciality Hospital in Katra, which is run in collaboration with [[Narayana Health]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Super Specialty Hospital {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/projects/shri-mata-vaishno-devi-narayana-super-specialty-hospital |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref> The Shrine Board also runs a medical college, the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-06-05 |title=PM to launch over Rs 46,000 cr worth projects from Katra tomorrow |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-to-launch-over-rs-46000-cr-worth-projects-from-katra-tomorrow/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> and a nursing institute, the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi College of Nursing at Katra town. The Shrine Board oversees the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University and runs a gurukul for secondary students at Banganga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (The only Official Website) – Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University was established under an Act of J&K State Legislature in 1999 as fully residential and technical university, the first of its kind in J&K. Recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act of 1956, the university receives funding from UGC. The university ranked 26th among Architecture Institutions, 101-150 among Engineering Institutions and 151-200 amongest top Universities in National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF 2023) declared by the MHRD, Govt. of India. |url=https://smvdu.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Gurukul |url=http://www.smvdgurukul.in/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.smvdgurukul.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi College of Nursing |url=https://www.smvdnursing.org/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.smvdnursing.org}}</ref>

The shrine board operates battery vehicle services on the Bhawan-Himkoti-Ardhkuwari route, especially for senior citizens and persons with disabilities who receive special quotas for the service. The shrine board also operates helipads at Sanjhichhat and Panchi on the yatra track and at Katra, allowing pilgrims to reach Bhawan via air. A cablecar service has been in operation since 2018 for transporting pilgrims along the Bhawan-Bhairon route.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-31 |title=Vaishno Devi Board announces helicopter quota for senior citizens, specially-abled pilgrims |url=https://theprint.in/india/vaishno-devi-board-announces-helicopter-quota-for-senior-citizens-specially-abled-pilgrims/2474013/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2014-09-03 |title=Prez visits Vaishno Devi shrine, inaugurates helipad, elevators |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/prez-visits-vaishno-devi-shrine-inaugurates-helipad-elevators/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref>

The shrine board also operates a nursery for plant conservation and undertakes drives for afforestation of the Trikuta hills. The shrine board also publishes a quarterly newsletter, ''Trikuta'', to inform the public of its developmental works and on yatra statistics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Hindustan |date=2024-07-23 |title=Drone-based seed dispersal project rolled out to enhance green cover on Trikuta hills |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/dronebased-seed-dispersal-project-rolled-out-to-enhance-green-cover-on-trikuta-hills-101721755542403.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The primary challenge created by this mass pilgrimage is the extreme environmental stress on the Trikuta Hills, leading to significant geological and safety risks. A series of events in 2025 provides a case study of this central challenge and the Board's multi-pronged response.
On August 26, 2025, a devastating landslide struck at Adhkuwari, a critical juncture on the Vaishno Devi pilgrimage route, killing 35 pilgrims and underscoring the terrain's vulnerability to natural hazards.<ref name="TribuneLandslide">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/katra-court-seeks-action-taken-report-in-vaishno-devi-shrine-landslide-case/ |title=Katra court seeks action taken report in Vaishno Devi shrine landslide case |work=The Tribune |date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> The tragedy prompted swift legal repercussions: a Jammu resident lodged a criminal complaint demanding the filing of a First Information Report (FIR) against officials of the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board (SMVDSB), including CEO Sachin Kumar Vaishya, on charges of "criminal negligence." The allegations centered on the Board's purported failure to issue advisories or halt the yatra despite explicit weather warnings and a "red alert" from the Meteorological Department and the Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory Disaster Management Authority (JKUTDMA).<ref name="TribuneLandslide"/> In response, a Katra court directed the police to submit an "Action Taken Report," intensifying scrutiny on the shrine's disaster preparedness protocols.<ref name="TribuneLandslide"/>

Earlier, on April 8, 2025, the SMVDSB entered into a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aimed at enhancing slope stability along the yatra route. The agreement involved the Shrine Board, THDC India Limited (THDCIL) as the technical consultant for geotechnical evaluations, and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) for comprehensive geological surveys, signaling a forward-looking commitment to engineering safeguards.<ref name="THDCMoU">{{cite web |url=https://www.thdc.co.in/en/media/thdc-india-limited-signs-tripartite-mou-slope-stability-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-yatra-route-jk |title=THDC India Limited Signs Tripartite MoU for Slope Stability of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Yatra Route |publisher=THDC India Limited |date=2025-04-08 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

In June 2025, the Board issued an electronic Notice Inviting Tender (e-NIT) for an afforestation drive leveraging drone technology. The project targets the seeding of 183 hectares across the "hard-to-reach terrains" of the Trikuta Hills, employing aerial seed dispersal to foster vegetation cover, combat soil erosion, and bolster environmental resilience in the ecologically fragile zone.<ref name="DroneNIT">{{cite web |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/e-NIT_for_hiring_the_services_of_DRONE.pdf |title=e-NIT for Hiring the Services of Drone for Afforestation |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |date=2025-06-01 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> These measures reflect the ongoing tension between the shrine's popularity and the need for sustainable management in a changing climate.

== See also ==
*[[Ardhkuwari]]
*[[Charan paduka]]
*[[Deva Mai Temple]]
*[[Kol Khandoli]]
*[[Jhandewalan Temple]]
*[[Kheer Bhawani Temple]]
*[[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]]
*[[Raghunath Temple]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Citation|first=Tracy|last=Pintchman|title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC|year=2001|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5007-9}}
*{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=0-8239-2287-1}}
*{{cite book|title=Understanding Culture and Society in India: A Study of Sufis, Saints and Deities in Jammu Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izQ1EAAAQBAJ|first=Abha|last=Chauhan|publisher=Springer|year=2021|isbn=9789811615986}}
* {{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sindhu |title=Mata Vaishno Devi: Mythology, History And Heritage |year=2021 |publisher=Oberoi Book Service |url=https://archive.org/details/cscm_mata-vaishno-devi-mythology-history-and-heritage-by-sindhu-kapoor-english-hindui}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Singh |first=Ravinder |title=Pilgrimage and the Emerging Challenges in India: A Comparative Study of Vaishno Devi Shrine and Amarnath Shrine in Jammu and Kashmir |type=Ph.D. |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |year=2017 |hdl=10603/407459}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana P.B. |chapter=Holy places and pilgrimages in India: Emerging trends & bibliography |title=Holy Places and Pilgrimages: Essays on India |year=2011 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37777826}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Lakshmi temples]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Reasi district]]
[[Category:Pilgrimages]]

E. Annapoorna Tukaram

2026-04-24T18:27:40Z

NydiaTalley110: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. Annapoorna Tukaram
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sandur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sandur]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[E. Tukaram]]
| successor =
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = [[E. Tukaram]]
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Eregar Annapoorna Tukaram''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sandur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sandur]] in the 2024 By poll as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Congress' E Annapoorna wins Sandur Assembly bypoll in Karnataka">{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Herald |title=Congress' E Annapoorna wins Sandur Assembly bypoll in Karnataka |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/congress-e-annapoorna-wins-sandur-assembly-bypoll-in-karnataka-3288767 |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123155939/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/congress-e-annapoorna-wins-sandur-assembly-bypoll-in-karnataka-3288767 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The bypoll for the Sandur seat was necessitated following the election of [[E. Tukaram|E Tukaram]] of Congress to Lok Sabha in May 2024 elections. The by-election was held on 13 November, E.Annapoorna winning the Assembly bypoll by a margin of 9,649 votes. Annapoorna secured 93,616 votes, Hanumanthu got 83,967 votes.<ref name="Karnataka bypolls results 2024: Congress retains Sandur in close fight with BJP that made all-out efforts to wrest mineral rich constituency">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 November 2024 |title=Karnataka bypolls results 2024: Congress retains Sandur in close fight with BJP that made all-out efforts to wrest mineral rich constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-bypolls-results-2024-congress-candidate-continues-to-lead-in-sandur/article68901381.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123154526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-bypolls-results-2024-congress-candidate-continues-to-lead-in-sandur/article68901381.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Sandur Assembly bypoll 2024 Result">{{cite news |author=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Sandur Assembly bypoll 2024 Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1095.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123155049/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1095.htm |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: Congress retains Sandur Assembly seat">{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |title=Karnataka: Congress retains Sandur Assembly seat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/karnataka-congress-retains-sandur-assembly-seat-1840641 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work= |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123161250/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/karnataka-congress-retains-sandur-assembly-seat-1840641 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Congress wins all three bye-polls, Nikhil Kumaraswamy loses again">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=Karnataka Congress wins all three bye-polls, Nikhil Kumaraswamy loses again |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/karnataka-congress-wins-all-three-bye-polls-nikhil-kumaraswamy-loses-again |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427055423/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/karnataka-congress-wins-all-three-bye-polls-nikhil-kumaraswamy-loses-again |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Annapurna had completed her graduation in Arts in 2014 from [[Kuvempu University]], [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]].<ref name="In Karnataka bypoll fray, a third-gen face from Bommai family, wife of Bellary MP">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=In Karnataka bypoll fray, a third-gen face from Bommai family, wife of Bellary MP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/karnataka-bypoll-bommai-family-bellary-mp-9645757/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123160027/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/karnataka-bypoll-bommai-family-bellary-mp-9645757/ |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tukaram, E. Annapoorna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)

2026-04-20T08:37:05Z

NydiaTalley110: creating the info and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Pradeep Sarkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradip Sarkar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Chairman]] of Kharagpur Municipality
| term_start1 = June 2015
| term_end1 = May 2020
| term_start2 = March 2022
| term_end2 = December 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Political slugfest takes centre stage ahead of West Bengal panchayat polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/political-slugfest-takes-centre-stage-ahead-of-west-bengal-panchayat-polls-101672598676700-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| office3 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 28 November 2019
| term_end3 = 2 May 2021
| constituency3 = [[Kharagpur Sadar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| successor3 = [[Hiran Chatterjee]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| occupation = Businessperson, Politician
| spouse = Papiya Sarkar
| children = Ashmita Sarkar
| alma_mater = [[Vidyasagar University]]
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Pradip Sarkar''' is a politician from [[West Bengal]] belonging to [[Trinamool Congress]]. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Biography==
Sarkar graduated from [[Vidyasagar University]] in 1993.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2192
|title=PRADIP SARKAR
|accessdate=28 November 2019|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was elected as the chairman of Kharagpur Municipality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamul takes Kharagpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-takes-kharagpur/cid/1318449 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 June 2015}}</ref> He was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kharagpur Sadar]] on 28 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/top-stories/story/west-bengal-bypoll-results-tmc-leaders-tapan-deb-singha-pradip-sarkar-win-kaliaganj-kharagpur-sadar-seats-1623310-2019-11-28
|title=West Bengal bypolls: TMC's Tapan Deb Singha, Pradip Sarkar win Kaliaganj, Kharagpur seats
|date=28 November 2019|accessdate=28 November 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-bypolls-trinamool-congress-mamata-banerjee-win-all-three-seats
|title=TMC Wins All 3 Bypoll Seats; Vote Against Arrogance, Says Mamata
|date=28 November 2019|accessdate=28 November 2019|website=The Quint}}</ref> This was the first win for any [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate from [[Kharagpur Sadar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/west-bengal-by-election-2019-bjp-dream-faded-massive-victory-for-tmc/articleshow/72272424.cms
|title=তৃণমূলের হ্যাটট্রিক! সবুজ ঝড়ে ফিকে গেরুয়া স্বপ্ন
|date=28 November 2019|accessdate=28 November 2019|language=bn|website=Ei Samay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/politics/kharagpur-sadar-by-election-result-2019-tmc-won-bjp-lost-dilip-ghosh-mamata-banerjee-165797/
|title=খড়গপুরে ঐতিহাসিক জয় তৃণমূলের, প্রশ্নের মুখে দিলীপ ঘোষের নেতৃত্ব
|date=28 November 2019|accessdate=28 November 2019|language=bn|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Pradip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

M. Srinivas Reddy

2026-04-20T01:30:39Z

NydiaTalley110: Added a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Srinivas Reddy
| birth_name = Madireddy Srinivas Reddy
| caption =
| image = Madireedy Srinivas Reddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Momnoor, [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 2015 - 2021
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = Nominated by Governor
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Pushpalatha
| children =
| parents = Ramakrishna Reddy, Amruthamma
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Madireddy Srinivas Reddy''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] who served as member of the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] from 2015 to 2021.<ref name="Prof Srinivas Reddy takes oath as MLC">{{cite news |last1=Siasat |title=Prof Srinivas Reddy takes oath as MLC |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/prof-srinivas-reddy-takes-oath-as-mlc-776685/ |accessdate=30 May 2021 |work=The Siasat Daily - Archive |date=19 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530075112/https://archive.siasat.com/news/prof-srinivas-reddy-takes-oath-as-mlc-776685/ |archivedate=30 May 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].

He earlier worked as party general secretary and [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party headquarters in-charge.<ref name="KCR felicitates Prof Srinivas Reddy, bids emotional farewell">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |title=KCR felicitates Prof Srinivas Reddy, bids emotional farewell |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-felicitates-prof-srinivas-reddy-bids-emotional-farewell |access-date=2 December 2024 |date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202173433/https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-felicitates-prof-srinivas-reddy-bids-emotional-farewell |archive-date=2 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="BRS leaders bid farewell to party general secretary Madireddy Srinivas Reddy">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=BRS leaders bid farewell to party general secretary Madireddy Srinivas Reddy |url=https://telanganatoday.com/brs-leaders-bid-farewell-to-party-general-secretary-madireddy-srinivas-reddy |access-date=2 December 2024 |date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202172832/https://telanganatoday.com/brs-leaders-bid-farewell-to-party-general-secretary-madireddy-srinivas-reddy |archive-date=2 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, M. Srinivas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

{{Telangana-BRS-politician-stub}}

Hanmanth Shinde

2026-04-19T06:16:29Z

NydiaTalley110: Added entry

{{Short description|Indian politician }}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| predecessor = Soudagar Gangaram
| successor = Himself
| office1 = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014<ref name="PRSIndia-HanmanthShinde">{{cite web |title=Hanmanth Shinde Profile|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/hanmanth-shinde |website=PRSIndia |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="TimesNow-Jukkal2018">{{cite web |title=Jukkal Assembly Constituency Election 2018: TRS' Hanmanth Shinde wins the battle
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/jukkal-assembly-constituency-election-2018-trs-hanmanth-shinde-faces-congress-gangaram-soudagar-telangana-assembly-election/322137 |website=Times Now |publisher=Times Network |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 2023<ref name="BusinessStandard-HanmanthShinde">{{cite web |title=Hanmanth Shinde - 2023 Telangana Elections Candidate |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/hanmant-shinde-candidate-31932 |website=Business Standard |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = Himself
| successor1 = [[Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref name="TheHindu-ShindeTDPExit">{{cite news
| title = MLA Hanmanth Shinde all set to quit TDP
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mla-hanmanth-shinde-all-set-to-quit-tdp/article5469044.ece
| newspaper = The Hindu
| date = 15 March 2014
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}</ref> (2009{{endash}}2013)
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<ref name="TOI-Hanmanth2014">{{cite web
|title=TDP MLA Hanmanth Shinde all set to join TRS
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-mla-hanmanth-shinde-all-set-to-join-trs/articleshow/27439000.cms
|website=The Times of India
|date=16 March 2014
|access-date=21 July 2025
}}</ref> (2013{{endash}}present)
}}

'''Hanmanth Shinde'''<ref name="ECI-Affidavit">{{cite web |title=Hanmanth Shinde Jukkal Candidate Affidavit |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="MyNeta-Hanmanth2018">{{cite web
| title = Hanmanth Shinde - Jukkal Constituency Candidate (2018)
| url = https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4746
| website = MyNeta.info
| publisher = Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)
| date = 2018
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}</ref> is an Indian politician who served as Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Jukkal Assembly constituency]] from 2018<ref name="News18-Jukkal2018">{{cite web |title=Jukkal Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Hanmanth Shinde of TRS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jukkal-election-result-2018-live-updates-hanmanth-shinde-of-trs-wins-1968843.html |website=News18 |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> to 2023. He was a candidate<ref name="NDTVProfit-BRSCandidates">{{cite web |title=Telangana Assembly Elections 2023: KCR Releases 1st List of BRS Candidates (Including Hanmanth Shinde) |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/politics/telangana-assembly-elections-2023-kcr-releases-1st-list-of-brs-candidates-check-names-here-bqc |website=NDTV Profit |publisher=NDTV |date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> for Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly [[Jukkal Assembly constituency]] 2023 Telangana Elections.<ref name="News18-Ekambekar">{{cite web |title=Hanmanth Shinde - Jukkal Telangana Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/telangana/ekambekar-pragna-kumar-s29aed2008a013e2023c004/ |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 Group |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> He lost<ref name="ABPNews-HanmanthProfile">{{cite web
| title = Hanmanth Shinde - Telangana Jukkal Candidate Profile
| url = https://news.abplive.com/elections/hanmant-shinde-telangana-jukkal-candidate-profile.html
| website = ABP News
| publisher = ABP Network
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}
</ref> against congress Candidate [[Thota Laxmi Kantha Rao|Laxmi Kantha Rao Thota]] with margin of 1152 votes, he gained 63337 votes.<ref name="ECI-Telangana2023-Jukkal">{{cite web
| title = Jukkal Constituency Result - Telangana Assembly Election 2023
| url = https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/ConstituencywiseS2913.htm
| publisher = Election Commission of India
| date = 3 December 2023
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}</ref>

==Political career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Electoral performance of Hanmanth Shinde
|-
! Year
! Constituency
! Votes
! Vote %
! Party
! Margin
! Result
|-
| 2009<ref name="IndiaVotes-Jukkal2009">{{cite web
| title = Hanmanth Shinde - Jukkal (Andhra Pradesh) 2009 Election Results
| url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2009/andhra-pradesh/jukkal/27/30424/205
| website = IndiaVotes
| publisher = Datanet India
| date = 2009
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}</ref>
| Jukkal
| 72,971
| 57.1%
| style="background:#FFFF00;" | [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| 25,342
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2014<ref name="LatestLY-Hanmanth2014">{{cite web
| title = Hanmanth Shinde - Jukkal Assembly Election Results 2014
| url = https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/2014/jukkal/hanmanth-shinde/
| website = LatestLY
| date = 2014
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}
</ref><ref name="IndiaVotes-Jukkal2014">{{cite web
| title = Jukkal (Telangana) 2014 Election Results
| url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/telangana/jukkal/61/34740/239
| website = IndiaVotes
| publisher = Datanet India
| date = 2014
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}
</ref>
| Jukkal
| 77,584
| 51.9%
| style="background:#FF69B4; color:white;" | [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 18,756
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2018<ref name="LatestLY-Jukkal2018">{{cite web
| title = Hanmanth Shinde – Jukkal (SC) Assembly Election Results 2018
| url = https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/2018/jukkal-sc/hanmanth-shinde/
| website = LatestLY
| date = 2018
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}</ref><ref name="IndiaVotes-Jukkal2018">{{cite web
| title = Jukkal (SC) Vidhan Sabha Election 2018 Results
| url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/telangana/jukkal/61/42735/266
| website = IndiaVotes
| publisher = Datanet India
| date = 2018
| access-date = 21 July 2025
| quote = Hanmanth Shinde (TRS) retained the seat with 83,016 votes (48.76%), defeating Congress's Gangaram Soudagar by 12,328 votes.
}}
</ref>
| Jukkal
| 83,016
| 48.76%
| style="background:#FF69B4; color:white;" | [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 12,328
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2023<ref name="IndiaToday-Jukkal">{{cite web
| title =Hanmanth Shinde - Jukkal (SC) Constituency Result
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/jukkal-sc-constituency-result-29013
| website = India Today
| publisher = Living Media India Limited
| access-date = 21 July 2025
}}
</ref><ref name="IndiaVotes-Jukkal2023">{{cite web
| title = Jukkal (SC) Vidhan Sabha Election 2023 Results
| url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/jukkal/61/46941/296
| website = IndiaVotes
| publisher = Datanet India
| date = 2023
| access-date = 21 July 2025
| quote = Hanmanth Shinde (BRS) lost to Congress's Laxmi Kantha Rao Thota, securing 65,422 votes (38.91%) with a margin of -12,328 votes.
}}
</ref>
| Jukkal
| 65,422
| 38.91%
| style="background:#FF69B4; color:white;" | [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| -12,328
| {{Lost}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Hanmanth}}
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}
{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

Ataullah Rashidi

2026-04-14T00:59:12Z

NydiaTalley110: New.

{{Short description|17th-century Mughal architect and a mathematics writer}}
[[File:Aurangabad, Bibi Ka Maqbara, mausoleo per la prima moglie di aurangzaeb Dilras Banu Begum, 1660-69 ca., corpo centrale e minareti 04.jpg|thumb|Ataullah designed the [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] at [[Aurangabad]]]]
'''Ataullah Rushdi bin Ahmad Ma'mar'''{{efn|Other transliterations of his name include 'Aṭāullāh Rushdī bin Aḥmad Ma'mār,<ref name="SMRA_2019"/> 'Ata Allāh Rushdī ibn Aḥmad i Nādir,<ref name="CESS"/> Ata Allah Rashidi,<ref name="CD_2016"/> and Ata Allah Rashdi.<ref name="WEBZAD_1989"/>}} was a 17th-century architect and a mathematics writer from the [[Mughal Empire]] of present-day India. He designed the [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] at [[Aurangabad]] and some buildings at [[Shahjahanabad]]. As a mathematics writer, he translated the [[Arabic language|Arabic]]-language ''[[Baha' al-din al-'Amili#Works|Khulasat al-Hisab]]'' and the [[Sanskrit]]-language ''[[Bijaganita]]'' into [[Persian language|Persian]].

== Biography ==

Ataullah was the eldest son of [[Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori]], the architect of [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="WEBZAD_1989">{{cite book |editor1=W.E. Begley |editor2=Z.A. Desai |editor2-link=Z. A. Desai |title=Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb |year=1989 |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (Harvard University / MIT) |isbn=9780295969459 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdAmAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> He had two younger brothers, [[Lutfullah Muhandis]] and Nurullah, who were also involved in architecture.<ref name="CD_2016"/>

Ataullah designed the buildings for emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s' new capital, [[Shahjahanabad]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Nabi Hadi |title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature |year=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=9788170173113 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC }}</ref> The only design attributed solely to him is that of [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], the mausoleum of [[Aurangzeb]]'s wife [[Dilras Banu Begum]], completed in 1660-1661.<ref>{{cite book |author=Khursheed Kamal Aziz |title=The Meaning of Islamic Art: Explorations in Religious Symbolism and Social Relevance |volume=1 |year=2004 |publisher=Adam |isbn=9788174353979 |page=476 }}</ref><ref name="SMRA_2019"/>

Makramat Khan, a collaborator of his father, trained Ataullah in arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy.<ref name="CD_2016">{{cite book |author=Chanchal Dadlani |chapter=Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century |editor1=Gülru Necipoglu |editor2=Alina Payne |title=Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local |year=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691167282 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nACCwAAQBAJ }}</ref> His younger brother Luftullah was also a famous mathematician.<ref name="SMRA_2019"/> Ataullah wrote two works on mathematics in [[Persian language]]:<ref name="SMRA_2019">{{cite book |author=S. M. Razaullah Ansari |chapter=Persian translations of Bhāskara's Sanskrit texts and their impact in the following centuries |editor1=K. Ramasubramanian |editor2=[[Takao Hayashi]] |editor3=[[Clemency Montelle]] |title=Bhāskara-prabhā: Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |series=Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |isbn=9789811360343 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6034-3_18 |pages=384–385 |s2cid=166240155 }}</ref>

* ''Khulāṣat-ul Rāz'' or ''Khulasah-i-Raz'' ("Essence of Mystery [of Arithmetic]") is a book on arithmetic, algebra and mensuration. It is an abridged translation of [[Baha' al-din al-'Amili]]'s Arabic language book ''Khulasat al-Hisab'', which was used as a textbook in [[madrasa]]s of medieval India. The author wrote the book in [[Verse (poetry)|verse]] form, and dedicated it to the Mughal prince [[Dara Shikoh]].<ref name="SMRA_2019"/>

* ''Tarjuma'-i Bījganit'' or ''Tarjamah i Bij ganit'' (1044 [[Hijri year|AH]] / 1634-1635 CE) is a translation of [[Bhaskara II]]'s Sasnkrit language book ''[[Bijaganita]]''.<ref name="CESS">{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |page=39 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref> The author praised Bhaskara as "a discoverer of wonderful truth and nice subtleties" and dedicated the book to the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="SMRA_2019"/> Edward Strachey's English translation of the Ataullah's book was published in London in 1813.<ref name="CESS"/> Manuscripts of this work are available at [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Madrasa Darul Ulum (Deoband)]], Raza Library (Rampur), Saidiyah Library (Hyderabad), [[Osmania University]] Library (Hyderabad), [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Madarasa Nadwatul Ulama]], [[Madrasatul Waizeen]], [[British Museum]], [[India Office Records|India Office (London)]].<ref name="SMRA_2019"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mathematics writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Architects from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Arabic–Persian translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Persian translators]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Ismail Kalebudde

2026-04-10T00:20:52Z

NydiaTalley110: Added a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1937–2024)}}
{{orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ismail Kalebudde
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|11|23}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|10|14|1937|11|23}}
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Member of Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2004
| party = [[Janata Parivar]]
| other_party =
| awards = [[Rajyotsava Award]]
| spouse = Najmunnisa
| children = 5 (4 sons, 1 daughter)
| education =
| known_for =
}}
'''Kale Budde Ismail Sab''' (23 November 1937 – 14 October 2024) was an Indian politician who served as a Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] from 1998 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex- Members List |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/Exmembers6.htm |website=Kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Council]]}}</ref><ref name=kla>{{cite web |title=Sri Kale Budde Ismail Sab Ex - Member, Karnataka Legislative Council (J.D (S), Elected By Legislative Assembly) |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/KaleBuddeIsmailSab.htm |website=Kar.nic.in}}</ref> He was associated with the [[Janata Parivar]] and was closely associated with [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] leader and former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].<ref name=hindu/>

Ismail Kalebudde received the [[Rajyotsava Award]], the [[Karnataka]]'s second-highest civilian honor for promoting communal harmony and was instrumental in resolving the national flag-hoisting dispute at [[Hubli]]'s Idgah Maidan.<ref name=hindu/> He had been a president of Anjuman-E-Islam, Hubballi, and was a director at Anjuman Urban Co-operative Bank.<ref name=kla/>

He was also a Permanent Member of the [[Peace committee|Peace Committee]] for the flag hoisting at the Idgah Ground in 1995. Kalebudde died on 14 October 2024.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Former MLC Ismail Kalebudde is dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-mlc-ismail-kalebudde-is-dead/article68757775.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 October 2024 | accessdate=5 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalebudde, Ismail}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

Odisha FC (women)

2026-04-05T17:27:48Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{Short description|Indian women's association football club based in Bhubaneswar, Odisha}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Odisha FC}}
{{Distinguish|Odisha women's football team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Odisha Women
| image = Odisha FC logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Odisha Football Club Women
| short name = OFCW
| nickname = [[Kalinga (historical region)|The Kalinga Warriors]] [[Juggernaut|The Juggernauts]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2022|07|01|df=yes}}
| owner = GMS Inc.<ref name="gms"/>
| ground = [[Kalinga Stadium]] [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| capacity = 15,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC – Venue|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1499-odisha-fc-profile/venue|website=indiansuperleague.com|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221000/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1499-odisha-fc-profile/venue|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Vacant
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Mitchel Ivan Silva
| league = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| season = [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]
| position = IWL 2, Group stage (relegated)
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _purplecollar
| pattern_ra1 =
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}}

'''Odisha Football Club Women''' ({{IPA|or|oɽiˈsa||Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga}}) is an Indian professional [[Women's association football|women's football]] club based in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], that competes in the [[Indian Women's League 2]], the second tier of [[Indian football league system|Indian women's football]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bala & Co ready to dazzle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bala-co-ready-to-dazzle/articleshow/99780050.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426072932/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bala-co-ready-to-dazzle/articleshow/99780050.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IWL: Tough battle awaits for debutants Churchill Brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |location=Goa |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424053654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Odisha FC Women'' were founded in 2022, when the [[Indian Super League]] side [[Odisha FC]] announced the formation of their women's side.<ref name="OFCW">{{cite web|title=Odisha FC Women's Team: The Road Ahead...|date=1 July 2022|url=https://odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-women-s-team-the-road-ahead|access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404215706/https://odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-women-s-team-the-road-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC announce the launch of senior women's team|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-announce-the-launch-of-senior-womens-team|website=indiansuperleague.com|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817134121/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-announce-the-launch-of-senior-womens-team|url-status=live}}</ref>

Odisha played their first-ever home match on 27 November 2022 at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], registering a 1–0 victory over [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] in the [[Odisha Women's League]], the premier women's football competition in the state. Building on that strong start, the club went on to clinch the [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League]], securing the first silverware in their history and earning qualification to the [[Indian Women's League]], the highest tier of women's professional football in India.

In a remarkable rise, Odisha lifted the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]] title in just their second season at the top level. The triumph also secured their maiden qualification to the inaugural [[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League]], marking the club's historic debut on the continental stage.

== History ==
With an aim to have a professional women's team from [[Odisha]], one of the major hotbeds of Indian women's football, [[Odisha FC]] club brought in an experienced football administrator, Randeep Baruah, as their Head of academy & Women's Football, to structure the women's football department. In 2022, on the holy occasion of [[Ratha Yatra]], the Indian Super League (ISL) club [[Odisha FC]] announced the launch of their senior women's team. On the same day, the club announced the appointment of AFC A-Licensed coach and former player, [[Crispin Chettri]], as team's first Head Coach.<ref name="OFCW"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-odisha-fc-womens-team-history-202406|title=All you need to know about history of Odisha FC women's team|work=Khel Now|date=24 June 2024|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref name = "Crispin">{{cite tweet |author=Odisha FC |author-link=Odisha FC |user=OdishaFC |number=1542797468710371329 |date=1 July 2022 |title=#WelcomeCrispin ✍🏻🟣 |language=en |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC">{{cite web|title=Odisha FC launch women's team; Crispin Chettri named new coach|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/92613341.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405145031/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertagids&topUrl=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Odisha FC Women'' kicked-off their professional football journey with participating in the [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League]], the top division women's football league of [[Odisha]]. Odisha played their first ever match on 27 November 2022, with a 1–0 win against [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]. The club went on to win their first regional siverware with winning the [[Odisha Women's League]] title with a perfect record of with 10 wins from 10 games, to qualify for the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League]]. [[Pyari Xaxa]] ended up as the top scorer for the side with 11 goals in 10 games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzUyNQ==|title=Odisha FC crowned OWL champions; ECoR runners-up |work=Orisports.com |date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-women-s-team-ambitious-for-maiden-hero-iwl-2023-campaign|title=Odisha FC Women's Team Ambitious for Maiden Hero IWL 2023 Campaign|work=[[Odisha FC]]|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League]] season, Odisha finished third in the [[2022-23 Indian Women's League#Group stage|group stage]] of the competition, qualifying for the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] with a total of 16 points with 5 wins, 1 draw, and 1 loss. Odisha faced defending champions [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] in the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]], which ended up 1–1 at the end of regular time, however, Odisha lost 0–3 on penalties, bowing out of the league. Despite ending up on the losing side in the quarter-final, Odisha directly qualified for the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]] season, as direct qualification was awarded to teams which qualified for the knockout round and finished in the top eight positions in the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-lost-in-the-iwl-quarter-finals-to-gokulam-kerala-on-penalties|title=Odisha FC lost in the IWL quarter-finals to Gokulam Kerala on penalties|work=[[Odisha FC]]|date=18 May 2023|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/beatrice-heroics-in-penalty-shootout-as-10-women-gokulam-kerala-see-off-odisha|title=Beatrice heroics in penalty shootout as 10-women Gokulam Kerala see off Odisha|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=16 May 2023|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

In their second season in top-flight football since inception, Odisha won their first-ever national division silverware by winning the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]] title. Odisha ended up with 31 points from 12 games, qualifying for the [[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League]], Asia's premier club [[women's association football|women's football]] tournament organized by the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC). [[Pyari Xaxa]] ended up as the top scorer for Odisha with 8 goals, followed by [[Win Theingi Tun]] with 7 goals to her name. Later in [[FIFA]] also congratulated the Odisha FC Women side for their outstanding performance in the [[Indian Women's League]], crowning them as the ''Champions of India''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-the-newly-crowned-queens-of-indian-womens-football|title=Odisha FC: The newly-crowned queens of Indian women's football|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=27 March 2024|access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/39800099/odisha-fc-crowned-champions-iwl-2023-24|title=Odisha FC crowned champions of IWL 2023-24|work=[[ESPN]]|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/odisha-fc-to-play-in-inaugural-afc-womens-champions-league-2024-25-format-teams/article68148269.ece|title=IWL winner Odisha FC to represent India in inaugural AFC Women's Champions League|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=7 May 2024|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/fifa-congratulates-odisha-fc-women-s-team|title=FIFA congratulates Odisha FC Women's Team|work=[[Odisha FC]]|date=2 May 2024|access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League]] season, Odisha began as defending champions after winning the title in 2023–24, but endured a difficult campaign marked by inconsistent form and a long winless run. Odisha ended up with 12 points from 14 games, ultimately finishing in 7th in the league resulting in relegation from the top flight, a rare fall for reigning champions in Indian women's club football. [[Lynda Kom]] ended up as the top scorer for Odisha with 7 goals to her name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianfootballleague.in/defending-champions-odisha-fc-relegated-from-iwl-2024-25/|title=Defending champions Odisha FC relegated from IWL 2024-25|work=[[Indian Football League]]|date=16 April 2025|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/odisha-fc-relegated-from-indian-womens-league-2024-25-iwl-news-odisha-fc-women-vs-sreebhumi-fc/article69456934.ece|title=IWL 2024-25: Defending champion Odisha FC relegated|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=16 April 2025|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
=== Crest ===
{{multiple image
| align = centre
| image1 = Closeup of the center of a stone wheel - Konark Sun Temple, Orissa, India.jpg
| width1 = 270
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Center of a stone wheel engraved in the 13th-century-built [[Konark Sun Temple]], a [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]] in [[Odisha]], [[India]].
| image2 = Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = A stone wheel engraved in the walls of the temple which is designed as a chariot consisting of 24 such wheels.
| footer =
}}
On 15 September 2019, Odisha unveiled their official logo embodying the heritage and the culture of the state of [[Odisha]] and the vision and the ideology of its parent company, GMS Inc.<ref name="official logo"/> The design for the crest is inspired from the [[Dharmachakra#Hindu and modern Indian usages|Chakras]] or the chariot wheels of the famous [[Konark Sun Temple]], a [[World Heritage Site]] in Odisha which represents movement and development; the ship design represents GMS, the world's largest buyer of ships and offshore assets, and the owner of the club.<ref name="gms">{{cite web |title=ISL newbies Odisha FC unveil official logo |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/isl-newbies-odisha-fc-unveil-official-logo/1619486 |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922183618/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/isl-newbies-odisha-fc-unveil-official-logo/1619486 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="official logo">{{cite web |title=Odisha FC unveil official logo |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/odisha-fc-unveil-official-logo |website=.indiansuperleague.com |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527110013/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-unveil-official-logo |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2022–23
| rowspan="3" |Trak-Only<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha FC launch new kits ahead of upcoming ISL 2022-23 season|date=13 August 2022 |url=https://sportslightmedia.com/odisha-fc-launch-new-kits-ahead-of-upcoming-isl-2022-23-season|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827042401/https://sportslightmedia.com/odisha-fc-launch-new-kits-ahead-of-upcoming-isl-2022-23-season/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Government of Odisha|Odisha Tourism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC - Partners|url=https://www.odishafc.com/#partners|website=OdishaFC.com|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823062420/https://www.odishafc.com/#partners|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Serajuddin & Co.
|-
|2023–24
|-
|2024–25
|iServeU
|-
|2025–26
|–
|Leela Worldwide Lila Worldwide
|}

=== Kit evolution ===
{| style="margin:0 auto"
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _purpleborder
| pattern_b = _thinnavystripes
| pattern_ra = _purpleborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 000000
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| rightarm = 000000
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 000000
| title = 2022−23
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blackborder
| pattern_b = _ofc2324h
| pattern_ra = _blackborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = 000000
| rightarm = A349A4
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 000000
| title = 2023−24
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _ofc2425h
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = 000000
| rightarm = 000000
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 000000
| title = 2024−25
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _purplecollar
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = A349A4
| body = 000000
| rightarm = A349A4
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 000000
| title = 2025−26
}}
|}

==Stadium==
{{Main|Kalinga Stadium}}
[[File:Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg|thumb|An elevated view of the Kalinga Stadium in 2019]]
Established in 1978, the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], is the home ground of Odisha. The 12,000-capacity stadium has hosted several national and international tournaments including the [[Indian Super League]], [[I-League]], [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], and [[2019 Gold Cup (India)|2019 Gold Cup]]. It was one of the venues to host the [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]]. The stadium also serves as the home base for the [[India women's national football team]] and youth national teams.

==Support==
[[File:The Juggernauts - Odisha FC Supporters.jpg|thumb|''The Juggernauts'' in full voice at the [[Kalinga Stadium]].]]
Odisha FC had immediately grown its popularity post its inception which resulted in the formation of its supporters group, known as '''The Juggernauts'''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Srijandeep |title=ISL 2019-20: Odisha FC CEO Ashish Shah talks about shifting base from Delhi, tapping local talent, building fanbase and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2019-20-odisha-fc-ceo-ashish-shah-talks-about-shifting-base-from-delhi-tapping-local-talent-building-fanbase-and-more-7534881.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Firstpost |date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225021/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2019-20-odisha-fc-ceo-ashish-shah-talks-about-shifting-base-from-delhi-tapping-local-talent-building-fanbase-and-more-7534881.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jena |first1=Suryakant |last2=Biswas |first2=Ramakant |title=Odisha FC Gears Up For Debut In Indian Super League 2019-20 |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-fc-gears-up-for-debut-in-indian-super-league-2019-20-407017 |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Odisha Tv |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025083027/https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-fc-gears-up-for-debut-in-indian-super-league-2019-20-407017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="orissadiary.com">{{cite news |title=Team Odisha FC arrives in Bhubaneswar and gets warm welcome from fans |url=https://orissadiary.com/team-odisha-fc-arrives-bhubaneswar-gets-warm-welcome-fans/ |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=orissadiary.com |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025083028/https://orissadiary.com/team-odisha-fc-arrives-bhubaneswar-gets-warm-welcome-fans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The name of the group is derived from {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Jagannath|Jagannātha]]}} i.e. the "world-lord", combining {{lang|sa-Latn|jagata}} ("world") and {{lang|sa-Latn|natha}} ("lord"). [[Juggernaut]] is defined as a large powerful force or organization that cannot be stopped.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of juggernaut in English |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/juggernaut |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211817/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/juggernaut |url-status=live }}</ref> After the club entered into a 3-year technical affiliation with the [[Premier League]] side [[Watford F.C.|Watford]], the Juggernauts became the first Indian football supporters' group to get into an international alliance with supporters' group of a foreign club on September 3. They partnered with [[Watford F.C.|Watford]]'s largest supporters' group, i.e. ''The 1881 Movement'', for a cross-cultural fan exchange programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2021|title=Odisha FC Supporters Juggernauts Partner With Watford FC Fanclub For Cross-Cultural Fan Program|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-fc-supporters-juggernauts-partner-with-watford-fc-fanclub-for-cross-cultural-fan-program/|access-date=12 September 2021|website=[[Sambad]]|language=en-US|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140139/https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-fc-supporters-juggernauts-partner-with-watford-fc-fanclub-for-cross-cultural-fan-program/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2021|title=Odisha FC Supporters, Juggernauts, Partner With Watford FC's Fan Club For Cross-Cultural Fan Programme|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/odisha-fc-supporters-juggernauts-partner-with-watford-fcs-fan-club-for-cross-cultural-fan-programme/|access-date=12 September 2021|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912101818/https://www.odishabytes.com/odisha-fc-supporters-juggernauts-partner-with-watford-fcs-fan-club-for-cross-cultural-fan-programme/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Squad==
{{updated|20 March 2026|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League 2 Squad |url=https://indianfootballleague.in/match-details/?mid=65349 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=20 March 2026 }}</ref>}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=1|pos=GK|name=Manassvi Rani}}
{{fs player|nat=IND|no=2|pos=DF|name=Kajal}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=3|pos=DF|name=Sadhika Shyam}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=5|pos=MF|name=Harleen Kaur Sokhi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=6|pos=MF|name=Kanchan Rawat}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=7|pos=FW|name=Muskan Khan}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=8|pos=MF|name=Megan Leah Gamage}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=9|pos=MF|name=Irom Priyadashini Devi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=10|pos=MF|name=Muriel Adam|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=11|pos=FW|name=Isabel D'Souza}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=12|pos=MF|name=Nim Lhamu Tamang}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=13|pos=DF|name=Ashwathi P.}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=14|pos=MF|name=Monisha D.}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=15|pos=DF|name=Annu Gupta}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=16|pos=MF|name=Aanshi Khanna}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=17|pos=FW|name=Fatima Yar Mohammed Khan}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=21|pos=FW|name=Aysha Sartape}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=22|pos=DF|name=Rakhee Sawant}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=23|pos=MF|name=Anuska Rai}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=25|pos=GK|name=Aarti Banwari}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=31|pos=GK|name=Sunita Chettri}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=75|pos=DF|name=Vijayajeyanthi}}
{{Fs end}}

==Records and statistics==
{{updated|28 March 2026|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League Points Table |url=https://i-league.org/points-table/iwl/ |publisher=AIFF |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Overall records
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=9 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Odisha Women's League|OWL]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[AFC Women's Champions League|AWCL]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
!{{tooltip|Tier|Division}}
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lossed}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
! {{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
|bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]]
|7
|5
|1
|1
|28
|2
|16
|[[2022–23 Indian Women's League#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finalists]]
|style="background:gold;"| '''[[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|Champions]]'''
|–
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|11
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
|bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]]
|12
|10
|1
|1
|31
|4
|31
|bgcolor="gold" | '''[[2023–24 Indian Women's League|Champions]]'''
|–
|–
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pyari Xaxa]]
|8
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
|bgcolor="gold"| [[Indian Women's League|1]]
|14
|3
|3
|8
|16
|25
|12
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League#League table|7th]]
|–
|[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Group stage|Group Stage]]
|align=left|{{flagicon|India}} [[Lynda Kom]]
|9
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]
|bgcolor="silver"| [[Indian Women's League|2]]
|4
|0
|1
|3
|1
|6
|1
|[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|Group Stage]]
|–
|–
|align=left|{{flagicon|India}} Aswathi P.
|1
|}

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mitchel Ivan Silva
|-
| Assistant coach
| Vacant
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| Vacant
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Cedric Williams
|-
| Team Physio
| Vacant
|}

===Managerial history===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!Period
!Ref.
|-
|[[Crispin Chettri]]
|{{IND}}
|2022–2025
|<ref name="CC"/>
|-
|Mitchel Ivan Silva
|{{IND}}
|2026–
|
|}

===Football Sport Management===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
! Ref.
|-
| Technical Assistant
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joy Gabriel
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/OdishaFC/status/1808375427876245738 |title=We're thrilled to announce the appointment of Joy Gabriel as our new Technical Assistant. |date=3 July 2024 |publisher=@OdishaFC |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Management==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!text-align:center;|Position
!text-align:center;|Name
!text-align:center;|Refs.
|-
| Club Owner & Advisor
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rohan Sharma
| <ref name="RSh">{{cite web|title=Odisha FC announce Raj Athwal as new Club President|date=14 January 2021|url=https://odishafc.medium.com/odisha-fc-announce-raj-athwal-as-new-club-president-c48495147fda|access-date=27 January 2021|website=medium.com|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115064642/https://odishafc.medium.com/odisha-fc-announce-raj-athwal-as-new-club-president-c48495147fda|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Club President & CEO
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashish Shah
|
|-
| General Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ravi Khedar
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/OdishaFC/status/1895721067643355443|title=Happy Birthday to the powerhouse of #OdishaFC, our General Manager, Ravi Khedar.|date=1 March 2025 |publisher=@OdishaFC |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Head of Finance
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ajit Panda
| <ref name="Heads">{{cite tweet |author=Odisha FC |author-link=Odisha FC |user=OdishaFC |number=1813805999910011144 |date=18 July 2024 |title=Sending warm birthday wishes to our Head of Finance - Mr. Ajit Panda and the Commercial Manager - Mr. Asish Hota. 🎉🎂 Your contributions behind the scenes are crucial to the Club's growth.📈 #OdishaFC |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Senior Manager - Club Operations
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bishes Panda
| <ref>{{Cite web |title= Odisha FC Grassroots & Community (@OdishaFCGC) on X|work=X (formerly Twitter) |url=https://x.com/OdishaFCGC/status/1792760057505124766}}</ref>
|-
| Commercial Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashis Hota
| <ref name="Heads"/>
|-
| Technical Assistant
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joy Gabriel
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/OdishaFC/status/1808375427876245738 |title=We're thrilled to announce the appointment of Joy Gabriel as our new Technical Assistant.|date=3 July 2024 |publisher=@OdishaFC |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Senior Club Photographer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prateek Pattanayak
|
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
* '''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
** Winners (1): [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|archive-date=18 June 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref>

===Regional===
* '''[[Odisha Women's League]]'''
** Winners (1): [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]]

===Recognitions===
* '''[[Indian Women's League|IWL Roll of Honours]]'''
** Best Media Operations (1): [[2023–24 Indian Women's League#Awards|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/iwl-2023-24-roll-of-honours-announced|title=IWL 2023-24 Roll of Honours announced|date=28 March 2024|access-date=28 March 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref>

==Performance in Asian competitions==
{{Further|Indian football clubs in Asian competitions}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Club
! Result
! Position
! Top scorer(s)
! Goals
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League|2024–25]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[AFC Women's Champions League|AWCL]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Preliminary stage|Preliminary Stage]]
|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Lion City Sailors FC|Lion City Sailors]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|4–1
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Preliminary stage|Group B Winners]]
|rowspan="5"|{{flagicon|GHA}} Jennifer Kankam Yeboah
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|3
|-
|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Etihad Club]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|2–1
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Group stage|Group Stage]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|Urawa Red Diamonds]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–17
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |[[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Group stage|Group C]]
|-
|{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hồ Chí Minh City I W.F.C.|Hồ Chí Minh City]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|1–3
|-
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Taichung Blue Whale]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–4
|}

==Affiliated clubs==
The following clubs are affiliated with Odisha FC:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Watford FC]] (2021–present)<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Watford & Odisha FC Sign International Club Partnership|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/news-watford-odisha-fc-sign-international-club-partnership|date=1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|website=WatfordFC.com|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901120817/https://www.watfordfc.com/news/news-watford-odisha-fc-sign-international-club-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha FC signs International Club Partnership with Premier League club Watford FC|url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-signs-international-club-partnership-with-premier-league-club-watford-fc|date=1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|website=OdishaFC.com|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901135727/https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/odisha-fc-signs-international-club-partnership-with-premier-league-club-watford-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Avai FC]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC announce strategic partnership with Brazil's Avai FC|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/87540746.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha FC partners with Brazil's Avaí Futebol Clube expanding OFC's global presence|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-partners-with-brazils-ava-futebol-clube-expanding-ofcs-global-presence|website=indiansuperleague.com|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124073941/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-partners-with-brazils-ava-futebol-clube-expanding-ofcs-global-presence|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Odisha FC]]
*[[Odisha women's football team]]
*[[Odisha football team]]
*[[Odisha Women's League]]
*[[Football Association of Odisha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
*{{Official website|http://www.odishafc.com}}

{{Odisha FC}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Odisha FC| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2022]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri

2026-03-29T07:28:42Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Award for Dogri
| awardname = Sahitya Akademi Award for Dogri literature
| image = Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to Dogri literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l}}
| firstawarded = 1970
| lastawarded = 2023
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 51
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Narendra Khajuria
| award3_type = Most Recent winner
| award3_winner = Vijay Verma
| website = {{URL|http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
| previous =
| next =
}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' is given by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's national academy of letters, to one writer every year in each of the languages recognized by it, as well as for translations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/ |title=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi :: |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527144519/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/ |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Sahitya Akademi Award is the second highest literary award of India after the [[Jnanpith Award]], and is annually conferred on writers of outstanding works in one of the twenty four major Indian languages that the Sahitya Akademi supports.

The Sahitya Akademi Award to Dogri writers is awarded to [[Dogri language|Dogri]] writers for works in Dogri and English. The award for Dogri language started in 1970. No awards were given in 1973, 1993 and 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981229/36351574.html|accessdate=1 January 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=29 December 1998}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref> The award may also be given to translations from [[Dogri literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.literatureindia.com/2010/01/27/sahitya-akademi-dogri/ |title=Sahitya Akademi – Dogri |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002070558/http://www.literatureindia.com/2010/01/27/sahitya-akademi-dogri/ |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Book
! Portrait
! Author
! Category of Books
|-'''
|1970
|''Nila Ambar Kale Badal''
| —
|Narendra Khajuria
|[[Short stories]]
|-
|1971
|''Meri Kavita Mere Geet''
| [[File:Padma_Sachdev_bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG_0781_May_12,_2018.jpg|90x90px|center]]
|[[Padma Sachdev]]
|[[Poetry]]
|-
|1972
|''Phull Bina Dali''
| —
|Srivats Vikal
|[[Novel]]
|-
|1974
|''Duddh, Lahoo, Zahar''
| —
|Madan Mohan Sharma
|Short stories
|-
|1975
|''Mere Dogri Geet''
| —
|Kishan Smail Puri
|Poetry
|-
|1976
|''Badnami Di Chhan''
| —
|[[Ram Nath Shastri]]
|Short stories
|-
|1977
|''Main Mele Ra Janun''
| —
|Kehri Singh ‘Madhukar’
|Poetry
|-
|1978
|''Sanjhi Dharti Bakhle Mahnu''
| —
|[[Narsingh Dev Jamwal]]
|Novel
|-
|1979
|''Nanga Rukh''
| —
|O. P. Sharma ‘Sarathi’
|Novel
|-
|1980
|''Ghar''
| [[File:Kunwar_Viyogi_Poet.png|90x90px|center]]
|[[Kunwar Viyogi]]
|Poetry
|-
|1981
|''Ek Shehr Yaaden Da''
| —
|[[Jitendra Udhampuri]]
|Poetry
|-
|1982
|''Qaidi''
| —
|Deshbandhu Dogra ‘Nutan’
|Novel
|-
|1983
|''Aale''
| —
|[[Ved Rahi]]
|Short stories
|-
|1984
|''Gamlen De Cactus''
| —
|Shiv Ram ‘Deep’
|Poetry
|-
|1985
|''Ayodhya''
| —
|Dinoo Bhai Pant
|Play
|-
|1986
|''Sunne Di Chiree''
| —
|Om Goswami
|Short stories
|-
|1987
|''Beddan Dharti Di''
| —
|Prakash Premi
|Epic
|-
|1988
|''Rattu Da Chanan''
| —
|Ram Lal Sharma
|Poetry
|-
|1989
|''Sodh Samundaren Di''
| —
|Mohanlal Sapolia
|Poetry
|-
|1990
|''Jeevan Lehran''
| —
|Tara Smailpuri
|Poetry
|-
|1991
|''Apni Daphli Apna Raag''
| —
|Mohan Singh
|Plays
|-
|1992
|''Jo Tere Man-Chitta Laggi Ja''
| —
|Yash Sharma
|Poetry
|-
|1994
|''Buddh Suhagan''
| —
|Jitendra Sharma
|Plays
|-
|1995
|''Lalsa''
| —
|Abhishap
|Poetry
|-
|1996
|''Baddali Kalave''
| —
|Gianeshwar
|Poetry
|-
|1997
|''Bakhre Bakhre Sach''
| —
|Shiv Dev Singh Sushil
|Novel
|-
|1999
|''Mangwi Pashakri''
| —
|Kuldeep Singh Jindhrahia
|Poetry
|-
|2000
|''Meel Patthar''
| —
|[[Deen Bandhu Sharma]]
|Short stories
|-
|2001
|''Nighe Rang''
| —
|Verinder Kesar
|Poetry
|-
|2002
|''Trip Trip Chete''
| —
|Om Vidyarthi
|Travelogue
|-
|2003
|''Jhull Bada Dea Pattara''
| —
|(Late) Ashwani Magotra
|Poetry
|-
|2004
|''Cheten Di Chitkabri''
| —
|Shiv Nath
|Essays
|-
|2005
|''Dhaldi Dhuppe Da Sek''
| —
|Krishan Sharma
|Short Stories
|-
|2006
|''Kore Kaakal Korian Talian''
| —
|Darshan Darshi
|Poetry
|-
|2007
|''Mahatma Vidur''
| —
|Gian Singh Pagoch
|Epic
|-
|2008
|''Cheten Di Rhol''
| —
|Champa Sharma
|Poetry
|-
|2009
|''Geet Sarovar''
| —
|Praduman Singh Jindrahia
|Lyrics and songs
|-
|2010
|''Pandran Kahaniyan''
| —
|Manoj
|Short stories
|-
|2011
|''Cheten Diyan Ga’liyan''
| —
|Lalit Magotra
|Essays
|-
|2012
|''Tim-Tim Karde Tare''
| —
|Bal Krishan Bhaura<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231833/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf |date=28 September 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
|Poetry
|-
|2013
|''Doha Satsai''
| —
|Sitaram Sapolia<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
|Poetry
|-
|2014
|''Hashiye Par''
| —
|Shailender Singh
|Novel
|-
|2015
|''Parchhamen Di Lo''
| —
|Dhian Singh
|Poetry
|-
|2016
|''Cheta''
| —
|Chhatrapal
|Short Stories
|-
|2017
|''Banna''
| —
|Shiv Mehta
|Short Stories
|-
|2018
|''Bhagirath''
| —
|Inderjeet Kesar
|Novel
|-
|2019
|''Bandaralta Darpan''
| —
|[[Om Sharma Jandriari]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces annual SahityaAkademi Awards in 23languages today |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195962 |accessdate=23 December 2019 |agency=PIB}}</ref>
|Essays
|-
|2020
|''Baba Jitamal''
| —
|Gian Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibpsguide.com/sahitya-akademi-awards-2020/?_ga=2.116647686.1089308468.1639406841-1926018835.1639406841|title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2020 Winners List : Check Here|date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
|Play
|-
|2021
|''Namme Tunnel''
| —
|[[Raj Rahi]]
|Short Stories
|-
|2022
|''Chhe Roopak''
| —
|[[Veena Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|Drama
|-
|2023
|''Daun Sadiyan Ek Seer''
| —
|[[Vijay Verma (Author)|Vijay Verma]]
|Poetry
|-
|2024
|''Ik Hor Ashwatthama''
| —
|[[Chaman Arora]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Chaman Arora awarded Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 in Dogri for his book "Ik Hor Ashwthama" |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2099736 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|Short Stories
|-
|2025
|Khajur Singh Thakur
|
|Khajur Singh Thakur
|Poetry, Couplets
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sahitya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri}}
[[Category:Dogri language]]
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Dogri]]
[[Category:Lists of books]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Dogri|*]]

Porinju Veliyath

2026-03-26T20:11:40Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{short description|Indian investor and fund manager (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Porinju Veliyath
| image = Porinju Veliyath at an Investor Conference, Jan 2021.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|06|06}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Porinju Veliyath Portfolio Holdings – Success Story of Porinju Veliyath|url=http://moneyexcel.com/15198/porinju-veliyath-portfolio-holdings-success-story|website=moneyexcel.com|date=2 September 2016 |publisher=MoneyExcel – Personal Finance Website Blog|accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{cite news|title=One only needs common sense to make money in stock market: Porinju Veliyath, Equity Intelligence |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/one-only-needs-common-sense-to-make-money-in-stock-market-porinju-veliyath-equity-intelligence/articleshow/50475099.cms|accessdate=8 July 2017|agency=ET Bureau|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] (LLB)
| occupation = Fund manager
| other_names = Francis
| spouse = Litty Porinju
| children = 3
}}

'''Porinju Veliyath''' (born 6 June 1962) is an Indian [[investor]] and fund manager.<ref>{{cite web|title=The secret sauce of smart investing|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/column/column/the-secret-sauce-of-smart-investing/40535/1|website=www.forbesindia.com|publisher=Forbesindia.com|accessdate=9 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wealth wizards: Follow the 'keep it simple' policy for investments|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/wealth-wizards-follow-the-keep-it-simple-policy-for-investments/40603/1|website=www.forbesindia.com/|publisher=Forbesindia.com|accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref> He manages his own portfolio and the portfolios of investors in his fund management firm ''Equity Intelligence India Private Limited''. He has been called a small-cap [[czar]] by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inside Porinju Veliyath's portfolio: Top stocks that helped this maverick make 42% return |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/inside-porinju-veliyaths-portfolio-top-stocks-that-helped-this-maverick-make-42-return/articleshow/57935843.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=31 March 2017 |accessdate=8 July 2017 |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Porinju Veliyath's firm buys 4 lakh shares in Archies, shares surge |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/porinju-veliyaths-firm-buys-4-lakh-shares-in-archies-shares-surge/articleshow/58121412.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=11 April 2017 |accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Porinju's Equity Intelligence buys 1 lakh shares in Shalimar Paints; stock surges |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/porinju-veliyaths-firm-buys-1-lakh-shares-of-shalimar-paints-shares-surge/articleshow/58273385.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=20 April 2017 |accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Staking it high in the stock markets|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jun/24/staking-it-high-in-the-stock-markets-1620192--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627041313/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jun/24/staking-it-high-in-the-stock-markets-1620192--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2017|website=www.newindianexpress.com|publisher=New Indian Express|accessdate=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Archies stock on fire as Porinju buys stake amid turnaround news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/market/archies-stock-on-fire-as-porinju-buys-stake-amid-turnaround-news/624370/|website=www.financialexpress.com|date=11 April 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd.|accessdate=9 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Porinju was born in a lower-middle-class family<ref>{{cite web |title=Porinju Veliyath's Early Life, Success Story And Latest Portfolio |url=https://www.niveza.in/stock-news/porinju-veliyath/porinju-veliyaths-latest-portfolio-holdings-news-march |website=niveza.in |publisher=Niveza Editorial Desk |accessdate=14 May 2019}}</ref> in Chalakudy village, Thrissur near to [[Kochi]] city and [[Athirappilly Falls]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Too much market information is not always good: Porinju Veliyath |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/too-much-market-information-is-not-always-good-porinju-veliyath/articleshow/49780173.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2015 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref>

== Career ==
Porinju Veliyath started his career in Mumbai as a floor trader with [[Kotak Securities]] in 1990.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800110200.htm|title=Equity relaxes him|date=28 July 2003|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref> Later he joined Parag Parikh Securities in 1994 where he worked as research analyst and fund manager until 1999, when he moved back to Kochi.<ref name=":0" /> In 2002, he founded Equity Intelligence, a fund management firm focused on [[Value investing|Value Investing]] in Indian Equites.

He is also a director with Arya Vaidya Pharmacy, which with [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]] (HUL) has created a range of [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] personal care products under the ‘Lever Ayush’ brand.

Porinju Veliyath expresses his views and ideas on Value Investing and opines on current affairs actively on [[Twitter]] and has over 1,000,000 followers.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/porinju|title=Porinju Veliyath|website=Twitter|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Staking it high in the stock markets|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jun/24/staking-it-high-in-the-stock-markets-1620192--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627041313/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jun/24/staking-it-high-in-the-stock-markets-1620192--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2017|accessdate=8 January 2018|publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''Ohariyiloode Engane Nettam Koyyam'' (Complete step-by-step guide to share market and investing) - 2008 by Dhanam Publications<ref>{{cite book|title=ഓഹരിയിലൂടെ എങ്ങനെ നേട്ടം കൊയ്യാം?|date=January 2008|publisher=Dhanam Publications|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24653896|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He has 3 children, Shilpa,<ref>{{twitter|porinju/status/872043034875228161}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Porinju buys Inditrade, Ginni Filaments shares|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/porinju-buys-inditrade-ginni-filaments-shares/article9727073.ece|agency=The Hindu Business Line|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=14 June 2017}}</ref> Joshua and Sunny Porinju.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wealthy Kerala Investor Porinju Veliyath shows the way, holds simple wedding for son|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wealthy-kerala-investor-porinju-veliyath-shows-way-holds-simple-wedding-son-69477|agency=The News Minute|publisher=www.thenewsminute.com|date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lesson for us all? Kerala Millionaire Holds Registered Marriage For His Son|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/117597/kerala-millionaire-porinju-veliyath-simple-wedding-son/|agency=The Better India|publisher=Vikara Media Pvt Ltd|date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter | porinju | Porinju Veliyath }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veliyath, Porinju}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:Indian stock traders]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian financial analysts]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Jahangirpur, Firozabad

2026-03-26T14:55:27Z

NydiaTalley110: Added new pg

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Jahangirpur (disambiguation){{!}}Jahangirpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jahangirpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Jahangirpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Jahangirpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0419|N|78.6301|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.002
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 924
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jahangirpur''' ({{IAST|Jahāṃgīrpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 972, in 140 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Jahangirpur had a population of 972, in 140 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 54.3% male (480) and 45.7% female (444). The 0–6 age group numbered 159 (84 male and 75 female), making up 16.4% of the total population. 177 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 18.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jahangirpur as having a population of 460 people (240 male and 220 female), in 88 households and 87 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jahangirpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 345 people (189 male and 156 female), in 70 households and 54 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 248 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Jahangirpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Parvej Khan

2026-03-22T21:27:35Z

NydiaTalley110: creating some article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Parvej Khan
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|12|26}}
| birth_place = [[Nuh district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[800 metres]], [[1500 metres]]
| club = [[Florida Gators track and field|Florida Gators]]
| pb = {{Unbulleted list
|1 mile: 3:55.41 ([[Boston]], 2024)
|1500m: 3:36.21 ([[Portland, Oregon]], 2024)
|800m: 1:46.12 ([[Florida]], 2024)
}}
}}

'''Parvej Khan''' (born 26 December 2004) is an Indian track athlete from [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvej KHAN {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/parvej-khan-14921197 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=800 मीटर दौड़ में नूंह के परवेज खान ने बनाया नेशनल रिकॉर्ड |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/parvez-khan-makes-nationnal-record-in-athletics-mewat-news-noi4714921163 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He won the 1500m race at the 2024 [[SEC Track and Field Championships|SEC]] Outdoor Track & Field Championships in Florida. He also won the gold medal in the 800m at the U-16 nationals in [[Mangalagiri|Mangalgiri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2024-03-04 |title=From Mewat in Haryana to Gainesville in Florida, Parvej Khan’s journey to the NCAA finals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/parvej-khan-story-journey-to-ncaa-finals-mile-run-born-mewat-haryana-university-of-florida-first-indian-record-history/article67912327.ece |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-10-31 |title=Parvej breaks Ghamanda’s 20-year-old junior National record |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/parvej-breaks-ghamandas-20-year-old-junior-national-record/article66078561.ece |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In August 2025, he was banned from competition for six years due to [[Doping in sport|doping]] and rules violations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Top mile runner Parvej Khan gets a six-year ban for doping |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/top-mile-runner-parvej-khan-gets-a-six-year-ban-for-doping/articleshow/123378827.cms |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==
He hails from Chahalka village in the [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]]. He is the son of a farmer, Nafees Ali, who cultivated wheat and cattle fodder on their five acres of land.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=WATCH: Parvej Khan Clinches Gold Medal In Men's 1500m Event at SEC Championships 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/athletics/parvej-khan-clinches-gold-medal-in-mens-1500m-event-at-sec-championships-2024-article-110049601 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He began running at a young age, initially inspired by his desire to prepare for army recruitment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khan Bestowed with SEC Men’s Freshman of the Week Honors |url=https://floridagators.com/news/2024/2/20/track-and-field-khan-bestowed-with-sec-mens-freshman-of-the-week-honors.aspx |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Florida Gators |language=en}}</ref> Recognizing his talent,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Florida track and field comes out strong on Day 1 of SEC Indoor Championships |url=https://www.alligator.org/article/2024/02/florida-track-and-field-comes-out-strong-on-day-1-of-sec-indoor-championships |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=The Independent Florida Alligator |language=en-US}}</ref> he sought better opportunities and moved to New Delhi at the age of 13. In New Delhi, he trained at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and later at the Sports Authority of India (SAI) in Bhopal under coach Anupama Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-12 |title=Nuh boy on dream run in US, enters finals of varsity track championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/nuh-boy-on-dream-run-in-us-enters-finals-of-varsity-track-championship/articleshow/110043967.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Parvej Khan? All you need to know about the Indian athlete |url=https://khelnow.com/athletics/parvej-khan-profile-202403 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Diptarko |date=2024-02-11 |title=David Hemery Valentine Invitational: Florida Gators Track and Field Star Steals the Spotlight, Shattering 13-Year-Old Record |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-track-and-field-news-david-hemery-valentine-invitational-florida-gators-track-and-field-star-steals-the-spotlight-shattering-thirteen-year-old-record/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=EssentiallySports |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
* World Rankings: Parvej Khan has achieved a personal best world ranking of 187th in the Men’s 1500m and 292nd in the Men’s 800m.
* Boston University DMR Challenge: He ran the mile short track in 3:55.41 on February 16, 2024, placing second.
* NCAA Division I Indoor Championships: Parvej finished the mile short track in 3:57.13 on March 8, 2024, securing second place in his category.
* Pepsi Florida Relays: He completed the 800m with a time of 1:46.12 on March 30, 2024, coming in second.
* SEC Indoor Championships: Parvej was crowned the SEC Individual Champion in the Men’s Mile with a time of 4:00.18, becoming the first Gator to win the SEC Indoor Championship in the Men’s Mile since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Parvej Khan becomes first Indian to qualify for NCAA track event final in USA |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/parvej-khan-becomes-first-indian-to-qualify-for-ncaa-track-event-final-in-usa-13747153.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
* National Records: He set a personal and Indian national record in the Men’s Mile at the David Hemery Valentine Invitational with a time of 3:56.642.
* Indian National Games: At the Indian National Games in Gujarat, he won the 1500m with a time of 3:40.89 on September 30, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvej Khan - Track and Field |url=https://floridagators.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/parvej-khan/16563 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Florida Gators |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=Nuh running hero Parvej Khan wins 1500 gold at US college event, with a bit of Steve Ovett sass in the heats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/parvej-khan-runner-1500-gold-us-college-event-9324103/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Doping ban ==
In August 2024, Khan was provisionally suspended from competition by the [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency]] after testing positive for [[erythropoietin]] (EPO).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=G |date=30 Aug 2024 |title=Teenager Parvej Khan attracts provisional suspension after positive EPO test |url=https://circleofsport.com/teen-track-sensation-parvej-khan-attracts-provisional-suspension-after-positive-epo-test/ |access-date=30 Aug 2024 |website=Circle of Sport}}</ref> In August 2025, he was banned from competition for six years due to the positive test and rules violations.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/top-mile-runner-parvej-khan-gets-a-six-year-ban-for-doping/articleshow/123378827.cms Top mile runner Parvej Khan gets a six-year ban for doping through 2030] [[The Times of India]]</ref>

==Professional==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="6" |representing [[Athletics Federation of India]]
|-
|2024 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:42.95 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
|rowspan=2 |2023 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:56.95 || 25th
|-
| 800 m || 1:56.81 || 7th
|-
|2022 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:46.41 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
|rowspan=2 |2022 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships|Indian National U23 Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:51.79 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
| 800 m || 1:47.96 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
|2021 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:42.64 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
|2019 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships|Indian National U16 Championships]] || 800 m || 1:54.78 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|}

==NCAA==
Khan is a 2-time SEC middle distance running champion.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="6" |representing [[South Carolina Gamecocks]]
|-
|[[2024 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships]] || 1500 m || 3:40.10 || 17th
|-
|rowspan=2 |2024 [[Southeastern Conference]] Outdoor Track and Field Championships || 1500 m || 3:42.73 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
| 800 m || 1:46.80 || {{Bronze3}} 3rd
|-
|[[2023 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships]] || Mile || 4:03.05 || 7th
|-
|2023 [[Southeastern Conference]] Indoor Track and Field Championships || Mile || 4:00.18 || {{Gold1}} 1st
|-
|[[2023 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships]] South Region || 10 km || 31:00.5 || 66th
|-
|2023 [[Southeastern Conference]] Cross Country Championships || 8 km || 24:22.8 || 34th
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/parvej-khan-14921197 Parvej Khan] on [[World Athletics]]
* [https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/8626156/Florida/Parvej_Khan.html Parvej Khan] [[University of Florida]] TFRRS
* [https://floridagators.com/sports/cross-country/roster/parvej-khan/16345 Parvej Khan UF profile] [[University of Florida]]
* {{Instagram}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Parvej}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Sports}}

[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Nuh district]]
[[Category:Indian men middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Meo people]]
[[Category:Florida Gators men's track and field athletes]]
[[Category:Florida Gators athletes]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Lok Bhavan, Kohima

2026-03-22T02:24:56Z

NydiaTalley110: Added a pg

{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Nagaland}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Nagaland
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|25.666531|94.100363|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Nagaland]]
|current_tenants = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|references = [http://www.rajbhavan.nagaland.gov.in/ Website]
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Nagaland|governor of Nagaland]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]].

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.rajbhavan.nagaland.gov.in/ Official website of Raj Bhavan, Nagaland]

{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Nagaland}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Kohima]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

C. Ashwath

2026-03-17T01:20:06Z

NydiaTalley110: cleaned up information for clarity

{{Short description|Indian composer and singer}}
{{for|the actor|K. S. Ashwath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = C. Ashwath
| native_name =
| image = C Ashwath.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = C. Ashwath
| birth_name = Ashwatha Narayana
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1939|12|29}}
| birth_place =
| origin = Channarayapatna
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|29|1939|12|29}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]]
| genre = [[Bhavageete]], [[Jaanapada|Janapada Geete]] (Traditional Indian light and folk music)
| occupation = lyricist, Singer, composer
| years_active = 1969–2009
| label =
| website =
| honorific_prefix =
}}

'''Channarayapatna Ashwath''' ('''''{{langx|kn|ಸಿ. ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥ್ |lit=C. Ashwath}}'''''; 29 December 1939 – 29 December 2009) was an Indian [[music composer]] and exponent of [[Bhavageete]] ("expressive poetry") in the [[Kannada]] language. He was also a singer, and sang many of his own compositions. He was credited with singing Bhavageete songs and making sure that they reached the common man.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-30 |title=Ashwath passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/43977/ashwath-passes-away.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 29 December 1939, in Channarayapatna near Devanahalli. He was born into a family rich in traditional and cultural influences. He grew up in the Chamarajpete area of Bangalore. After completing his higher education in Acharaya Pathashala School of NR Colony, he graduated in Science from National College, [[Basavanagudi]] and later worked in Indian Telephone Industries for 27 years before retiring as an Executive Engineer in 1992. He started his musical career as a disciple of Devagiri Shankara Joshi in [[Hindustani music]].<ref name=":0" />

==Movies==
The first film he independently scored music was [[Kakana Kote]]. Later followed [[Chinnari Mutha]], [[Shishunala Sharif|Santha Shishunala Sharief]], Mysoora Mallige, [[Kotreshi Kanasu]], [[Nagamandala]] and few other films in Kannada.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

Some of his notable compositions include the composition of music for [[Mysooru Mallige]] – a classic work of noted poet [[K.S. Narasimhaswamy]] and his compositions of Kannada saint [[Shishunala Sharif|Santa Shishunala Sharifa]]'s works.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

[[L. Vaidyanathan]] met C. Ashwath during the recording of the film ''[[Kakana Kote]]'' in 1976. This meeting led them on to a strong relationship of almost three decades. [[L. Vaidyanathan]] provided the orchestra for many of Ashwath's compositions, but it was with the film ''Yene Barali Preeti Irali'' that the Ashwath-Vaidi duo became collaborators of great music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=2018-10-17 |title=Exalted meanings |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/exalted-meanings/article25247765.ece |access-date=2023-03-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]] (Olume Poojegende, Bartaale Bartaale, etc.)
*[[Aalemane]] (Nammoora Mandaara Hoove)
*[[Kaanchana Mruga]] (ee savidina endendu)
*[[Baadada Hoo]] (Hoova Nodu Aaaha Entha)
*[[Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja|Bhoolokadalli Yamaraaja]] (Endoo kaanada belaka kande)
*[[Narada Vijaya]] (Idu entha lokavayya)

==Discography==

===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film title !! Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Kakana Kote]]'' || Arrangement by [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|-
| 1977 || ''Anuroopa'' || Guest composer along with [[Rajeev Taranath]]
|-
| 1978 || ''Lakshmi'' || Unreleased film
|-
| 1978 || ''Spandana'' || Arrangement by L. Vaidyanathan '''Won''' [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 1979 || ''Bhoolokadalli Yamaraja'' ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Doddamane Estate'' ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Ene Barali Preethi Irali'' || Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1980 || ''Anurakthe''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Narada Vijaya]]''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Aalemane]]''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1981 || ''Kanchana Mruga''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Baadada Hoo]]''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1983 || ''Simhasana''
|Credited as "Ashwath - Vaidi"
|-
| 1986 || ''Shanka Naada'' || Arrangement by Guna Singh
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Aasphota]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' || '''Won''' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' || '''Won''' [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Nagamandala]]'' ||
|-
|1998
|[[Mayamruga]]
|Titletrack of [[Kannada]] language teleserial directed by [[T. N. Seetharam]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2021-05-28 |title=23 ವರ್ಷವಾದರೂ ಮಾಸದ 'ಮಾಯಾಮೃಗ' ಹಾಡು ಕಂಪೋಸ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದು ಲಂಚ್ ಬ್ರೇಕ್ನ ಕೆಲವೇ ನಿಮಿಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/mayamruga-kannada-serial-director-tn-seetharam-talks-about-title-song-and-c-ashwath-mdn-227837.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Mathadana]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Singaaravva]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Desi'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Hongirana]]'' ||
|}

[[File:C Ashwath singing.jpg|thumb|right|C. Ashwath singing on stage]]

== Style ==
A pioneer of Kannada "Sugama Sangeetha" (light music), the versatile singer had over 75 albums to his credit.

C. Ashwath is a household name in Karnataka. He is, perhaps the only music director in Karnataka, to have carved a niche of his own in all three fields that demand music as an element of expression: [[Theatre]], [[Sugama Sangeetha]] and movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=Karnataka's defining moments: A music genre that takes poetry to the people |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/special-features/karnatakas-defining-moments-a-music-genre-that-takes-poetry-to-the-people-927836.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Ashwath has also brought out an album titled "Nesara Noodu" which consists of 21 drama songs of his direction.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nesara Nodu (Ranga Geethegalu) Vol – 01 {{!}} Kannada Audio Jukebox 2018 {{!}} C.Ashwath Musical {{!}} Kannada | date=7 May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMOINSq1Pw8 |access-date=2023-03-09 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1990s, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] had sung [[Kuvempu]]'s 'Elladaroo Iru Entadaroo Iru' under the music direction of C.Ashwath, which became very popular.<ref>{{Citation |title=Elladaru Iru Enthadaru Iru Lyrical Video Song {{!}} Dr Rajkumar, Kuvempu, C Ashwath {{!}} Kannada Songs | date=31 October 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXPnnroHEOE |access-date=2023-03-09 |language=en}}</ref>

==Performance ==
The '''Kannadave Sathya''' live concert, which was held in Palace Grounds, Bengaluru on 23 April 2005, headed by Ashwath, was the great success which witnessed around a lakh audience for the show. This was the first time a Kannada Musical event was taken place here, while many western and other Indian language programs taken place in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Harsha Bhat|date=3 March 2014 |title=An evening of lyrical beauty |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/c-ashwath-sugama-sangeetha-light-music-md-pallavi/articleshow/31350130.cms |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 29 December 2009 <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/43919/end-came-his-70th-birthday.html | title=End came on his 70th birthday | date=29 December 2009 | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 July 2018 }}</ref> on his 70th birthday. He was suffering from [[renal failure|renal]] and [[liver failure]]s.<ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/29/south-ashwath-dead.htm Kannada composer C Ashwath dies] [[Rediff.com]]. Retrieved on 29 December 2009.</ref> His friends and well wishers had planned to celebrate his 70th birthday in a special way and Swamiji of Suttur Mutt and Virendra Hegde were to facilitate him followed by singing his popular songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The song lingers on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/dec/30/the-song-lingers-on-117392.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1986: [[Rajyotsava Award]] by Government of Karnataka<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Rajyotsava awardees |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=Karnataka Govt website |publisher=Govt of Karnataka}}</ref>
* 2003: Kavyaganga Award by Attimabbe Foundation<ref>{{cite news |title=Awards for Kannada singers |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/10/stories/2003121011470300.htm |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014044800/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/10/stories/2003121011470300.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://archive.today/20130217233023/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/c-ashwath-passed-away-291209.html One India]

{{FilmfareAwardBestKannadaMusicDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashwath, C.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver failure]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Striped hyena

2026-03-13T23:28:49Z

NydiaTalley110: adjust intro based on references

{{short description|Species of hyena}}
{{redirect|Hyaena}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Striped hyena
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|2.0|0|[[Early Pleistocene]] – Recent}}
| image = Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - cropped.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Hyaena hyaena'' |author=AbiSaid, M. |author2=Dloniak, S.M.D. |date=2015 |article-number=e.T10274A45195080 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A3
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite Species+ |id=10154 |title=''Hyaena hyaena'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Hyaena
| parent_authority = Brisson, 1762
| species = hyaena
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) <ref>{{cite book |last=Linnæus |first=C. |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |year=1758 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Holmiæ (Stockholm) |edition=Tenth |language=la |page=40 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/50/mode/1up |access-date=2018-01-14 |archive-date=2012-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108003214/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/50/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list
|''Canis hyaena'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
|''Hyaena antiquorum'' (Temminck, 1820)
|''Hyaena barbara'' de Blainville, 1844
|''Hyaena bergeri'' Matschie, 1910
|''Hyaena bilkiewiczi'' Satunin, 1905
|''Hyaena bokcharensis'' Satunin, 1905
|''Hyaena dubbah'' Meyer, 1793
|''Hyaena dubia'' Schinz, 1821
|''Hyaena fasciata'' Thunberg, 1820
|''Hyaena hienomelas'' Matschie, 1900
|''Hyaena hyaenomelas'' (Bruce In Desmarest, 1820)
|''Hyaena indica'' de Blainville, 1844
|''Hyaena orientalis'' Tiedemann, 1808
|''Hyaena rendilis'' Lönnberg, 1912
|''Hyaena satunini'' Matschie, 1910
|''Hyaena schillingsi'' Matschie, 1900
|''Hyaena striata'' Zimmermann, 1777
|''Hyaena suilla'' Filippi, 1853
|''Hyaena sultana'' Pocock, 1934
|''Hyaena syriaca'' Matschie, 1900
|''Hyaena virgata'' Ogilby, 1840
|''Hyaena vulgaris'' Desmarest, 1820
|''Hyaena zarudnyi'' Satunin, 1905
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 | id=14000687 | heading = ''Hyaena hyaena''}}</ref>
| range_map = Striped Hyaena area.png
| range_map_caption = {{align|left|{{color box|#4E7F2A}} Striped hyena range}}
}}

The '''striped hyena''' ('''''Hyaena hyaena''''') is a species of [[hyena]] native to [[North Africa|North]] and [[East Africa]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is the only extant species in the genus '''''Hyaena'''''. It is listed by the [[IUCN]] as [[Near-threatened species|near-threatened]], as the global population is estimated to be under 10,000 mature individuals which continues to experience deliberate and incidental persecution along with a decrease in its prey base such that it may come close to meeting a continuing decline of 10% over the next three generations.<ref name=iucn/>

It is the smallest of the bone-cracking hyenas and retains many primitive [[viverridae|viverrid]]-like characteristics lost in larger species,<ref name="k66"/> having a smaller and less specialised skull.<ref name="r348" /><ref name="h16" /> Though primarily a scavenger, large specimens have been known to kill their own prey,<ref name="m22"/> and attacks on humans have occurred in rare instances.<ref name="h46"/> The striped hyena is a [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs.<ref name="h40"/> A [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] animal, the striped hyena typically only emerges in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise.<ref name="h36"/> Although it has a habit of [[Apparent death|feigning death]] when attacked, it has been known to stand its ground against larger predators in disputes over food.<ref name="p72"/>

The striped hyena features prominently in [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] and [[Asia|Asian]] folklore. In some areas, its body parts are considered magical, and are used as [[Spell (paranormal)|charms]] or [[talisman]]s.<ref name="magic" /> It is mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], where it is referred to as ''tzebua'' or ''zevoa'', though it is absent in some [[Bible translations into English]].<ref name="BOTF" /> Ancient Greeks knew it as ''γλάνος'' (glános) and ''ύαινα'' (húaina) and were familiar with it from the Aegean coast of [[Asia Minor]].<ref>Αριστοτέλης 4th century BCE: Των περί τα ζώα ιστοριών.</ref> The striped hyena is the [[List of national animals|national animal]] of [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-national-animal-of-lebanon.html|title=What is the National Animal of Lebanon?|website=WorldAtlas|date=20 August 2018|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318041744/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-national-animal-of-lebanon.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the [[Early Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Patterson, D.B.|author2=Faith, J.T.|author3=Bobe, R.|author4=Wood, B.|year=2014|title=Regional diversity patterns in African bovids, hyaenids, and felids during the past 3 million years: the role of taphonomic bias and implications for the evolution of ''Paranthropus''|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=96|pages=9–22|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.011 |bibcode=2014QSRv...96....9P }}</ref> The species may have evolved from ''Hyaenictitherium namaquensis'' of [[Pliocene]] [[Africa]]. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean region]], it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extirpation of [[spotted hyena]]s from Asia at the end of the [[last glacial period]]. The striped hyena occurred for some time in [[Europe]] during the Pleistocene, having been particularly widespread in [[France]] and [[Germany]]. It also occurred in [[Montmaurin]], [[Hollabrunn]] in [[Austria]], the Furninha Cave in [[Portugal]], and the [[Genista Caves]] in [[Gibraltar]]. The European form was similar in appearance to modern populations, but was larger, being comparable in size to the [[brown hyena]].<ref name="k66">{{Harvnb|Kurtén|1968|pp=66–68}}</ref>

== Description ==
===Build===
[[File:Animaldentition hyaenahyaena.png|200px|left|thumb|Dentition, as illustrated in Knight's ''Sketches in Natural History'']]
[[File:Die vergleichende Osteologie (1821) Hyaena hyaena.jpg|200px|thumb|Skeleton]]
The striped hyena has a fairly massive, but short [[torso]] set on long legs. The hind legs are significantly shorter than the forelimbs, thus causing the back to slope downwards. The legs are relatively thin and weak, with the forelegs being bent at the [[carpal bones|carpal region]]. The neck is thick, long and largely immobile, while the head is heavy and massive with a shortened facial region. The eyes are small, while the sharply pointed ears are very large, broad and set high on the head. Like all hyenas, the striped hyena has bulky pads on its paws, as well as blunt but powerful claws. The tail is short and the [[terminal hair]]s do not descend below the [[achilles tendon]].<ref name="h11">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=11–14}}</ref> The female striped hyena's genitalia are transiently masculinized,<ref>Wagner, Aaron Parker. [https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/2485/WagnerA0506.pdf?sequence=1&sa=U&ei=TkBQU9mhMarOygPXmILwAw&ved=0CEQQFjAI&usg=AFQjCNFclCGZG5nDY8_cHYctTP0YZf1Jhg&sa=U&ei=BEhsU6eLMtKysAT-z4HYDw&ved=0CCoQFjAD&usg=AFQjCNEVMW5KputRdDnMToT65jPDYxTg7g Behavioral ecology of the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927045638/https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/2485/WagnerA0506.pdf?sequence=1&sa=U&ei=TkBQU9mhMarOygPXmILwAw&ved=0CEQQFjAI&usg=AFQjCNFclCGZG5nDY8_cHYctTP0YZf1Jhg&sa=U&ei=BEhsU6eLMtKysAT-z4HYDw&ved=0CCoQFjAD&usg=AFQjCNEVMW5KputRdDnMToT65jPDYxTg7g |date=2021-09-27 }}. Diss. Montana State University-Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2006.</ref> although it lacks the enlarged clitoris and false scrotal sack noted in the [[female genitalia of the spotted hyena]].<ref name="h8">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=8}}</ref> The female has 3 pairs of [[nipple]]s.<ref name="p67">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|p=67}}</ref> Adult weight can range from {{cvt|22|to|55|kg}}, averaging at about {{cvt|35|kg}}. Body length can range from {{cvt|85|to|130|cm}}, not counting a tail of {{cvt|25|to|40|cm}}, and shoulder height is between {{cvt|60|-|80|cm}}.<ref name="m21">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=21}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-striped_hyena.html Mammals: Striped Hyena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130131612/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-striped_hyena.html |date=2012-11-30 }}. San Diego Zoo</ref><ref>Boitani, Luigi, ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals''. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984), {{ISBN|978-0-671-42805-1}}</ref><ref>Awad, Simon (February 2008). [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2384&ed=150&edid=150 Myths and Facts about Hyenas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301222009/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2384&ed=150&edid=150 |date=2014-03-01 }}. thisweekinpalestine.com #118</ref> {{anchor|Scent glands}}The male has a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. Large anal glands open into it from above the [[anus]]. Several [[sebaceous gland]]s are present between the openings of the anal glands and above them.<ref name="p62">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|pp=62–63}}</ref> The anus can be everted up to a length of 5 cm, and is everted during social interaction and mating. When attacked, the striped hyena everts its rectum and sprays a pungent smelling liquid from its anal glands.<ref name="h38">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=38}}</ref> Its sense of [[Olfaction|smell]] is acute, though its [[eyesight]] and sense of [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] are weak.<ref name="p73" />
[[File:Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles (Hyaena hyaena skull).jpg|thumb|Views of the skull]]
The [[skull]] is entirely typical of the genus, having a very high [[sagittal crest]], a shortened facial region and an inflated [[frontal bone]].<ref name="h14">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=14}}</ref> The skull of the striped hyena differs from that of the brown<ref name="h16">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=16}}</ref> and spotted hyena by its smaller size and slightly less massive build. It is nonetheless still powerfully structured and well adapted to anchoring exceptionally strong jaw muscles<ref name="r348" /> which give it enough bite-force to splinter a [[camel]]'s thigh bone.<ref name="p73" /> Although the dentition is overall smaller than that of the spotted hyena, the upper molar of the striped hyena is far larger.<ref name="r348">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|p=348}}</ref> The [[dental formula]] is {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.0–1|lower=3.1.3.{{0}}1{{0}}}}.

=== Fur ===
The winter coat is unusually long and uniform for an animal its size, with a luxuriant mane of tough, long hairs along the back from the [[occiput]] to the base of the tail. The coat is generally coarse and bristly, though this varies according to season. In winter, the coat is fairly dense, soft, and has well-developed underfur. The [[guard hair]]s are 50–75 mm long on the flanks, 150–225 mm long on the mane and 150 mm on the tail. In summer, the coat is much shorter and coarser, and lacks underfur, though the mane remains large.<ref name="h11"/>

In winter, the coat is usually of a dirty-brownish grey or dirty grey colour. The hairs of the mane are light grey or white at the base, and black or dark brown at the tips. The muzzle is dark, greyish brown, brownish-grey or black, while the top of the head and cheeks are more lightly coloured. The ears are almost black. A large black spot is present on the front of the neck, and is separated from the chin by a light zone. A dark field ascends from the flanks ascending to the rear of the cheeks. The inner and outer surface of the forelegs are covered with small dark spots and transverse stripes. The flanks have four indistinct dark vertical stripes and rows of diffused spots. The outer surface of the thighs has 3–4 distinct vertical or oblique dark bands which merge into transverse stripes in the lower portion of the legs. The tip of the tail is black with white underfur.<ref name="h11"/>

=== Geographic variation ===
{{As of|2005}},<ref name="MSW3" /> no [[subspecies]] are recognised. The striped hyena is nonetheless a geographically varied animal. Hyenas in the Arabian peninsula have an accentuated blackish dorsal mane, with mid-dorsal hairs reaching 20 cm in length. The base colour of Arabian hyenas is grey to whitish grey, with dusky grey muzzles and buff yellow below the eyes. Hyenas in Israel have a dorsal crest which is mixed grey and black in colour, rather than being predominantly black.<ref name="m21"/> The largest striped hyenas come from the Middle East, Asia Minor, Central and the Indian subcontinent, while those of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula are smaller.<ref name="m22">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=22}}</ref><ref name="o427">{{Harvnb|Osborn|Helmy|1980|p=427}}</ref>

== Behaviour ==

=== Social and territorial behaviours ===
[[File:Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena).jpg|thumb|Striped hyena in [[Gir National Park]], India]]
The striped hyena is a primarily [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] animal, which typically only leaves its den at the onset of total darkness, returning before sunrise.<ref name="h36">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=36–37}}</ref> Striped hyenas typically live alone or in pairs, though groups of up to seven animals are known in [[Libya]]. They are generally not territorial, with [[home range]]s of different groups often overlapping each other. Home ranges in the [[Serengeti]] have been recorded to be {{cvt|44-72|km2}}, while one in the [[Negev]] was calculated at {{cvt|61|km2}}.<ref name="p73"/>

When marking their territory, striped hyenas use the paste of their anal pouch called [[hyena butter]] to [[scent mark]] grass, stalks, stones, tree trunks, and other objects. The composition of hyena butter differs based on the individual’s age and population of origin, and is partly determined by the [[Fermentation|fermentative]] bacterial composition of the hyena’s scent pouch, which include many [[anaerobic bacteria]] in the phylum [[Bacillota]] (also called [[Firmicutes]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Theis |first=K. R. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=A. |last3=Dycus |first3=J. A. |last4=Koonter |first4=K. D. |last5=Schmitt-Matzen |first5=E. N. |last6=Wagner |first6=A. P. |last7=Holekamp |first7=K. E. |last8=Schmidt |first8=T. M. |date=2013 |title=Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=49 |pages=19832–19837 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1306477110 |doi-access=free |pmc=3856825 |pmid=24218592}}</ref> While the composition of juvenile scent pouch bacteria is variable, adult striped hyenas have more uniform bacterial communities in their scent pouches, with specific types and amounts of each taxon present.<ref>{{Cite conference |editor-last=Schulte |editor-first=B. A. |editor2-last=Goodwin |editor2-first=T. E. |editor3-last=Ferkin |editor3-first=M. H.|conference=Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13 |date=2016 |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |last=Theis |first=K. R. |last2=Venkataraman |first2=A. |last3=Wagner |first3=A. P. |last4=Holekamp |first4=K. E. |last5=Schmidt |first5=T. M. |title=Age-Related variation in the scent pouch bacterial communities of Striped Hyenas (''Hyaena hyaena'') |pages=87–103 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22026-0_7}}</ref>

In aggressive encounters, the black patch near the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is erected. When fighting, striped hyenas will bite at the throat and legs, but avoid the mane, which serves as a signaling device. When greeting each other, they lick the mid-back region, sniff each other's noses, extrude their anal pouch, or paw each other's throats.<ref name=m24/> The species is not as vocal as the spotted hyena, its vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.<ref name=p73/>

=== Reproduction and development ===
The striped hyena is [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], with the male establishing the den with the female, helping her raise and feed when cubs are born. The [[Breeding season|mating season]] varies according to location; in [[Transcaucasia]], striped hyenas breed in January–February, while those in southeast [[Turkmenistan|Turkmenia]] breed in October–November. In captivity, breeding is non-seasonal. [[Mating]] can occur at any time of the day, during which the male grips the skin of the female's neck.<ref name="h40">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=40–42}}</ref>
[[File:Striped Hyena, Delhi Zoo.jpg|alt=A striped hyena at the zoo with its tongue out|thumb|A captive striped hyena at the [[National Zoological Park Delhi|Delhi Zoo]]]]
The [[gestation period]] lasts 90–91 days. Striped hyena cubs are born with adult markings, closed eyes, and small ears. This is in marked contrast to newborn spotted hyena cubs which are born almost fully developed, though with black, unmarked coats.<ref name="r350">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|p=350}}</ref> Their eyes open after 7–8 days, and the cubs leave their dens after one month. Cubs are weaned at the age of 2 months, and are then fed by both parents. By autumn, the cubs are half the size of their parents. In the wild, striped hyenas can live for 12 years, while in captivity they have been known to reach 23.<ref name="h40"/>

=== Burrowing behaviours ===
The striped hyena may dig its own dens, but it also establishes its lairs in caves, rock fissures, erosion channels, and burrows formerly occupied by [[Porcupine|porcupines]], [[Wolf|wolves]], [[Warthog|warthogs]], and [[Aardvark|aardvarks]]. Hyena dens can be identified by the presence of bones at their entrances. The striped hyena hides in caves, niches, pits, dense thickets, reeds, and plume grass during the day to shelter from predators, heat, or winter cold. The size and elaboration of striped hyena dens varies according to location. Dens in the [[Karakum Desert|Karakum]] have entrances 0.67–0.72 m wide and are extended over a distance of 4.15–5 m, with no lateral extensions or special chambers. In contrast, hyena dens in [[Israel]] are much more elaborate and large, exceeding 27 m in length.<ref name="m24"/><ref name="h33">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=33–36}}</ref>

=== Diet ===
[[File:Hyena 6.jpg|thumb|Striped hyena scavenging in [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]] forest division, India]]
The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger which feeds mainly on [[ungulate]] (such as [[zebra]], [[wildebeest]], [[gazelle]] and [[impala]]) carcasses in different stages of [[decomposition]], fresh bones, [[cartilage]]s, [[ligament]]s, and [[bone marrow]].<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hyaena_hyaena/ | title=ADW: Hyaena hyaena: INFORMATION | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> It crushes long bones into fine particles and swallows them, though sometimes entire bones are eaten whole.<ref name="h31">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=31–33}}</ref> The striped hyena is not a fussy eater, though it has an aversion to [[Old World vultures|vulture]] flesh.<ref name="r349">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|p=349}}</ref> It will occasionally attack and kill any animal it can overcome, like hare, rodents, reptiles and birds.<ref name="p72">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|p=72}}</ref><ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hyaena_hyaena/ | title=ADW: Hyaena hyaena: INFORMATION | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> It hunts prey by running it down, grabbing its flanks or groin and inflicting mortal wounds by tearing out the [[viscera]].<ref name="h39">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=39}}</ref> In [[Turkmenistan]], the species is recorded to feed on [[wild boar]], [[Mongolian wild ass|kulan]], [[porcupine]]s, and [[tortoise]]s. A seasonal abundance of [[Elaeagnus|oil willow fruit]]s is an important food source in [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]], while in the [[Caucasus]], it is [[grasshopper]]s.<ref name="h31"/> In Israel, the striped hyena feeds on garbage, carrion, and fruits. In eastern [[Jordan]], its main sources of food are feral horse and water buffalo carcasses and village refuse. It has been suggested that only the large hyenas of the Middle East, Asia minor, central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent attack large prey, with no evidence of the smaller Arabian and east African populations doing so.<ref name="m22"/> Because of its scavenging diet, the striped hyena requires more water to survive than most other carnivores.<ref name="h31"/> When eating, the striped hyena gorges itself until satisfied, though hyenas with cubs will transport food to their dens.<ref name="r349"/> Because of the high content of [[calcium]] in its diet, the [[feces]] of the striped hyena becomes white very rapidly, and can be visible from long distances.<ref name="h33"/>

=== Relationships with other predators ===
[[File:Indian Wolves eating Blackbuck Kill.png|thumb|Striped hyena observing [[Wolf|wolves]] consuming a [[blackbuck]] carcass]]
The striped hyena competes with the [[Wolf|grey wolf]] in the Middle East and central Asia. In the latter area, a great portion of the hyena's diet stems from wolf-killed carcasses. In Israel the striped hyena is dominant over the wolf on a one-to-one basis, though wolves in packs can displace single hyenas from carcasses.<ref name="m24">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|pp=24–25}}</ref> Both species have been known to share dens on occasion.<ref name="johnson">[[Daniel Johnson (surgeon)|Daniel Johnson]] (1827) ''[https://archive.org/stream/sketchesofindian00johnrich#page/46/mode/2up/search/hyena Sketches of Indian Field Sports: With Observations on the Animals; Also an Account of Some of the Customs of the Inhabitants; with a Description of the Art of Catching Serpents, as Practised by the Conjoors and Their Method of Curing Themselves when Bitten: with Remarks on Hydrophobia and Rabid Animals]'' p. 45-46, R. Jennings, 1827</ref> Rarely, striped hyenas have been known to travel with and live amongst wolf packs, with each species doing the other no harm. Both predators may benefit from this unusual alliance, as the hyenas have better senses of smell and greater strength, and the wolves may be better at tracking large prey.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogenboom |first=Melissa |url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160324-the-hyena-that-lives-with-wolves |title=Earth – The hyena that made its home in a wolf pack |publisher=BBC |date=2016-03-26 |access-date=2017-01-03 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227175409/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160324-the-hyena-that-lives-with-wolves |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Red fox]]es may compete with striped hyenas on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh which is too tough for foxes. Foxes may harass hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, foxes seem to deliberately torment hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some foxes may mistime their attacks, and are killed.<ref name="fox">Macdonald, David (1987) ''Running with the Fox'', p.77-79, Guild Publishing, London, {{ISBN|0-8160-1886-3}}</ref>

The species frequently scavenges from the kills of [[felid]]s such as [[tiger]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[cheetah]]s, and [[caracal]]s. A caracal can drive a subadult hyena from a carcass. The hyena usually wins in one-to-one disputes over carcasses with leopards, cheetahs, and tiger cubs, but is dominated by adult tigers.<ref name="p72"/><ref name="m24"/> In addition, the hyena is [[Sympatry|sympatric]] with the [[Asiatic lion]] in [[Gir Forest National Park]],<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite journal |url=http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |author=Singh, H. S. |author2=Gibson, L. |year=2011 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S |access-date=2017-07-18 |archive-date=2017-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105532/http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[sloth bear]] in [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary]], in the Indian State of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="BalaramAmbaji2016">{{cite web |url=http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/national-park/wildlife-balaram.htm |title=Balaram Ambaji Wild Life Sanctuary |publisher= Forests & Environment Department |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160120214309/http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/national-park/wildlife-balaram.htm |archive-date=20 January 2016 }}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Striped Hyena Adult.jpg|thumb|A wild individual at [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]], [[Gujarat]] state, India]]
The striped hyena's historical range encompassed [[Africa]] north of and including the [[Sahel]] zone, eastern Africa south into [[Tanzania]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and the [[Middle East]] up to the [[Mediterranean Sea]], [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], the [[Caucasus]] ([[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]] (excluding the higher areas of [[Hindukush]]), and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Today the species' distribution is patchy in most ranges, thus indicating that it occurs in many isolated populations, particularly in most of west Africa, most of the Sahara, parts of the Middle East, the Caucasus, and central Asia. It does however have a continuous distribution over large areas of [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], and Tanzania. Its modern distribution in [[Pakistan]], Iran, and Afghanistan is unknown with some sizable large number in [[India]] in open areas of [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name=m44>{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=44}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Country
! Population
! Status
! Threats/Protection
|-
|[[Afghanistan]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=67}}</ref>
|[[Data deficient]]<ref name="m68">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|pp=68–71}}</ref>
|Striped hyenas are caught, either for [[hyena-baiting]] or for medicinal purposes<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Algeria]]
|50–100<ref name="m67"/>
|[[Threatened]]<ref name="m68"/>
|Although protected by décret no. 83-509, striped hyenas are declining in Algeria due to poaching, forest fires and the disturbance of den sites<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Burkina Faso]]
|100-1,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Burkina Faso's striped hyena population is low but stable, with hunting only being permitted outside national parks and in retaliation to livestock losses<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Cameroon]]
|100-1,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Cameroon's striped hyenas are afforded no protection or special attention outside of national parks and reserves<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Caucasus]] ([[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
|150–200<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Declining in all three countries due to hunting for fur and in retaliation to attacks on humans. Other factors include habitat loss, a reduction in large herbivore populations and changes in livestock management<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Chad]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|1,000–2,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Striped hyenas are offered no protection outside of national parks and reserves, and are hunted and poisoned as pests. There is also a reduced availability of animal carcasses for them to feed on<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|[[Lower risk]] in Ethiopia and data deficient in Eritrea, with no records in Djibouti<ref name="m68"/>
|Ethiopian hyenas are specially protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Amendment Regulations (1974), though they may be hunted under special permit for EtBirr 40 (equivalent to US$20) for science, education or zoology<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[India]]
|1,000–3,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Although India's hyenas are protected, this is given only within conservation areas, and the population is in decline outside national parks due to poaching, competition with leopards over shelter and diminishing food stocks.<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Iran]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Striped hyenas are protected by law<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Iraq]]
|100-1,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Iraqi hyena population is decreasing, though wildlife laws regulate their hunting<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Israel]]
|100–170<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Although hyenas have largely recovered from the strychnine poisoning campaigns of 1918–1948, and are protected by law, the current nature reserves housing them may be too small to ensure a viable population. Road accidents are their most serious threat<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Jordan]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Hyenas are actively hunted, as they are considered threats to human life.<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Kenya]]
|1,000–2,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Lower risk<ref name="m68"/>
|Striped hyenas are likely to decrease in Kenya because of accelerated habitat destruction and poaching.<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Kuwait]]
|0<ref name="m67"/>
|Probably [[extinct]]<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Lebanon]]
|4,000-4,500<ref name="m67"/>
|low risk<ref name="m68"/>
|The striped hyena is protected by law and culture they thrive in Lebanon's rich biomes risk of extinction is low but recognition is a must
|-
|[[Libya]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Mali]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Mauritania]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Morocco]]
|50–500<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Though protected by law, the hyena population is in drastic decline, with the remaining individuals now having withdrawn to the southern mountains<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Nepal]]
|10–50<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Although a small population of hyenas is confirmed, it is not considered a priority for protection by the government outside of national parks and reserves<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Niger]]
|100–500<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Declining due to officially sanctioned hunting and persecution campaigns, as well as habitat loss and overgrazing<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Nigeria]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Oman]]
|100-1,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Although not protected, striped hyenas are not officially persecuted, and are considered useful scavengers<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Pakistan]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|''Hyaena hyaena'' is included in the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] (CITES) Appendix III by request of Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|title=Appendices|website=CITES|publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|date=21 May 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=3 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203100154/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|100-1,000<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Though not officially persecuted, Arabian hyenas are not offered protection outside of national parks and reserves, and are severely poached<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Senegal]]
|50–100<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Somalia]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Sudan]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Syria]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Tajikistan]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Tanzania]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|Striped hyenas can be hunted, though they are not usually a target species. Roadkills are the most frequently recorded cause of mortality<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Tunisia]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|Small isolated populations<ref name="iberianature.com">[http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-and-nature-of-turkey/striped-hyena-in-turkey/ Striped hyena in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075433/http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-and-nature-of-turkey/striped-hyena-in-turkey/ |date=2011-06-08 }}. Iberianature.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</ref>
|Threatened<ref name="lcie.org">Ö. Emre Can, Yıldıray Lise [http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Turkey/EMRE_striped_hyaena_note.pdf Striped hyena (''Hyaena hyaena'') trapped in Hatay, Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424225954/http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Turkey/EMRE_striped_hyaena_note.pdf |date=2012-04-24 }}. WWF Turkey</ref><ref name="kasparek">{{cite journal |url=http://www.kasparek-verlag.de/PDFs/Striped%20Hyena%20Turkey.pdf |doi=10.1080/09397140.2004.10638068 |title=On the status and distribution of the Striped Hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, in Turkey |year=2004 |last1=Kasparek |first1=Max |last2=Kasparek |first2=Aygün |last3=Gözcelioğlu |first3=Bülent |last4=Çolak |first4=Ercüment |last5=Yiğit |first5=Nuri |journal=Zoology in the Middle East |volume=33 |page=93 |s2cid=84975624 |access-date=2011-09-27 |archive-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424225954/http://www.kasparek-verlag.de/PDFs/Striped%20Hyena%20Turkey.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Özgün Emre Can (October 2004) [http://www.tigerforum.de/attachments/00000000001/lciTurkey.pdf Status, Conservation and Management of Large Carnivores in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220832/http://www.tigerforum.de/attachments/00000000001/lciTurkey.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, WWF-Turkey, p. 11.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Turkmenistan]]
|100–500<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Declining from hunting, though listed in the Red Data Book of Turkmenia<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data defictient <ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Uzbekistan]]
|25–100<ref name="m67"/>
|Threatened<ref name="m68"/>
|Striped hyena populations have declined over decades from active hunting and habitat loss, though they are listed in the Red Data Book of Uzbekistan and are protected<ref name="m68"/>
|-
|[[Western Sahara]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|-
|[[Yemen]]
|Unknown<ref name="m67"/>
|Data deficient<ref name="m68"/>
|
|}

== In culture ==
=== In folklore, religion, and mythology ===
[[File:Hyenamosaic.jpg|thumb|A striped hyena, as depicted on the [[Nile mosaic of Palestrina]].]]
Striped hyenas are frequently referenced in Middle Eastern literature and folklore, typically as symbols of treachery and stupidity.<ref name="ABI">{{Cite thesis |last=Abi-Said |first=Mounir R. |title=Reviled as a grave-robber: the ecology and conservation of striped hyaenas in the human-dominated landscapes of Lebanon |date=2006 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Kent (Biodiversity management) |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/86346 |doi=10.22024/UNIKENT/01.02.86346}}</ref> In the Near and Middle East, striped hyenas are generally regarded as physical incarnations of [[jinn]].<ref name="magic">{{cite journal |author=Frembgen, J. W. |year=1998 |title=The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=57 |issue= 2|pages=331–344 |doi=10.2307/1178757 |jstor=1178757 |url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a1246.pdf |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921163352/https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a1246.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]] (1204–1283) wrote in [[Arabic]] of a tribe of people called "Hyena People." In his book ''Marvels of Creatures and the Strange Things Existing'' ({{lang|ar|عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات}}), he wrote that should one of this tribe be in a group of 1,000 people, a hyena could pick him out and eat him.<ref name="ABI" /> A [[Persian language|Persian]] medical treatise written in 1376 tells how to cure cannibalistic people known as ''kaftar'' who are said to be "half-man, half-hyena".<ref name="magic" /> Al-Doumairy in his writings in ''Hawayan Al-Koubra'' (1406) wrote that striped hyenas were [[vampire|vampiric creatures]] that attacked people at night and sucked the blood from their necks. He also wrote that hyenas only attacked brave people. Arab folklore tells of how hyenas can mesmerize victims with their eyes or sometimes with their [[pheromone]]s.<ref name="ABI" /> Until the end of the 19th century, the [[Greeks]] believed that the bodies of [[Werewolf|werewolves]], if not destroyed, would haunt battlefields as vampiric hyenas which drank the blood of dying soldiers.<ref name="Woodward">{{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Ian |url=https://archive.org/details/werewolfdelusion0000wood |title=The Werewolf Delusion |year=1979 |isbn=0-448-23170-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/werewolfdelusion0000wood/page/150 150] |publisher=Paddington Press |url-access=limited}}</ref> The image of striped hyenas in [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Palestine]] is more varied. Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic of love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. Among the [[Baloch people]], witches or magicians are said to ride striped hyenas at night.<ref name="magic" />

The Arabic word for striped hyenas is alluded in a valley in Israel known as Shaqq al-Diba (meaning "cleft of the hyenas") and Wadi Abu Diba (meaning "valley of the hyenas"). Both places have been interpreted by some scholars as being the Biblical Valley of [[Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)|Zeboim]] mentioned in [[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel]] 13:18. The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word for hyena is ''tsavoa'', which literally means "colored creature" (compare {{wikt-lang|he|צבע|לִצְבֹּעַ}} ''litzboa'' "to color, to paint, to dye"). Though the [[King James Version]] of the Bible interprets this word (which appears in the [[Book of Jeremiah]] 12:9) as referring to a "speckled bird," [[Henry Baker Tristram]] argued that it was most likely a hyena being mentioned.<ref name="BOTF">{{cite book | author=Bright, Michael | title=Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible | year=2006 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/127 127–129] | publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn=1-86105-831-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/127 }}</ref>

In [[Gnosticism]], the [[Archon]] Astaphaios is depicted with a hyænid face.<ref>[http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn.html The Apocryphon of John] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211013408/http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn.html |date=2013-02-11 }}. Gnosis.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</ref>

=== Predation on livestock and crops ===
[[File:Striped Hyena - Dahod, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Striped hyena scavenging on [[poultry]] waste in [[Dahod district]], [[Gujarat]], India]]
The striped hyena is sometimes implicated in the killing of [[livestock]], particularly [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], [[dog]]s and [[poultry]]. Larger stock is sometimes reportedly taken, though it is possible that these are cases of [[Scavenger|scavenging]] being mistaken for actual [[predation]]. Although most attacks occur at low densities, a substantial number reputedly occur in [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Iraq]], and possibly [[Morocco]].

In [[Turkmenistan]], striped hyenas kill dogs, while they also kill sheep and other small animals in the [[Caucasus]]; there were even reports that striped hyenas have killed [[horse]]s and [[donkey]]s in Iraq during the mid-twentieth century. [[Sheep]], dogs, horses, and [[Goat|goats]] are also preyed upon in [[North Africa]], [[Israel]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], and [[India]].<ref name="m23">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|pp=23–24}}</ref>

Striped hyenas also cause damage on occasion to [[melon]] fields and to [[date palm]]s in [[Date (fruit)|date]] plantations in Israel and Egypt, and to plantations of [[watermelon]]s and plantations of [[Honeydew (melon)|honey melon]]s in Turkmenistan.<ref name="m23"/>

=== Attacks on humans and grave desecration ===
[[File:Striped hyena shot.jpg|thumb|Engraving of a striped hyena attacking a man in ''The Naturalist's Cabinet'' (1806)]]
In ordinary circumstances, striped hyenas are extremely timid around humans, though they may show bold behaviours toward people at night.<ref name="h36"/> On rare occasions, striped hyenas have preyed on humans. In the 1880s, a hyena was reported to have attacked humans, especially sleeping children, over a three-year period in the [[Erivan Governorate]], with 25 children and 3 adults being wounded in one year. The attacks provoked local authorities into announcing a reward of 100 rubles for every hyena killed. Further attacks were reported later in some parts of [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasia]], particularly in 1908. Instances are known in [[Azerbaijan]] of striped hyenas killing children sleeping in courtyards during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1942, a guard sleeping in his hut was mauled by a hyena in Golyndzhakh. Cases of children being taken by hyenas by night are known in southeast Turkmenistan's [[Bathyz Nature Reserve]]. A further attack on a child was reported around [[Serakhs]] in 1948.<ref name="h46">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=46}}</ref> Several attacks have occurred in India; in 1962, nine children were thought to have been taken by hyenas in the town of [[Bhagalpur]] in the [[Bihar]] State in a six-week period<ref name="BOTF"/> and 19 children up to the age of four were killed by hyenas in [[Karnataka]] and [[Bihar]] in 1974.<ref name="m25">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=25}}</ref> A census on wild animal attacks during a five-year period in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] showed that hyenas had only attacked three people, the lowest figure when compared to deaths caused by [[Indian wolf|wolves]], [[gaur]], [[boar]], [[Asian elephant|elephants]], [[Bengal tiger|tigers]], [[Indian leopard|leopards]], and [[sloth bear]]s.<ref name="Attacks">{{cite book|url=http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf |title=The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans |publisher=Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning |author=Linnel, J.D.C. |date=January 2002 |isbn=82-426-1292-7 |access-date=2008-06-26 |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211205659/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf |archive-date=February 11, 2005 }}</ref>

Though attacks on live humans are rare, striped hyenas will scavenge on human corpses. In [[Turkey]], stones are placed on graves to stop hyenas digging the bodies out. In [[World War I]], the Turks imposed [[conscription]] (''safar barlek'') on [[Lebanon]]; people escaping from the conscription fled north, where many died and were subsequently eaten by hyenas.<ref name="ABI" />

=== Hunting ===
[[File:OudryHyena.jpg|thumb|''Hyena'' (1739) by [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]].]]
Striped hyenas were hunted by [[Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egyptian]] peasants for duty and amusement along with other animals that were a threat to crops and livestock.<ref name="o431">{{Harvnb|Osborn|Helmy|1980|p=431}}</ref> [[Algerian people|Algerian]] hunters historically considered the killing of striped hyenas as beneath their dignity, due to the animal's reputation for cowardice.<ref name="standard">Kingsley, John Sterling (1884) ''The Standard Natural History, Vol. V: Mammals'', Boston: S. E. Cassino and Co.</ref> A similar attitude was held by British sportsmen in [[British India]].<ref name="p72"/> Although striped hyenas are capable of quickly killing a dog with a single bite,<ref name="johnson"/> they usually [[Apparent death|feign death]] when escape from hunting dogs is impossible, and will remain in this state for long periods, even when badly bitten.<ref name="p73">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|p=73}}</ref> On some rare occasions, hyenas were ridden down and speared by men on horseback. Although hyenas were generally not fast enough to outrun horses, they had the habit of doubling and turning frequently during chases, thus ensuring long pursuits. Generally though, hyenas were hunted more as pests than sporting quarries. Their scavenging damages skulls, skins and other articles from hunter's camps, which made them unpopular among sportsmen.<ref>Lydekker, Richard (1907), ''[https://archive.org/details/gameanimalsofind00lyde The game animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet]'', p. 354, London, R. Ward, limited</ref> In the [[Soviet Union]], hyena hunting was not specially organised. Most hyenas were caught incidentally in traps meant for other animals.<ref name="h45"/> Some hunters in southern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Kandahar]], and [[Quetta]], catch striped hyenas to use them in [[hyena-baiting]]. The hyenas are pitted against specially trained dogs, and are restrained with ropes in order to pull them away from the dogs if necessary.<ref name="magic" /> In Kandahar, hunters locally called ''payloch'' (naked foot) hunt striped hyenas by entering their dens naked with a noose in hand. When the hyena is cornered at the end of its lair, the hunter murmurs the magic formula "turn into dust, turn into stone," which causes the animal to enter a hypnotic state of total submission, by which point the hunter can slip a noose over its forelegs and, finally, drag it out of the cave.<ref name="magic"/> A similar method was once practised by [[Mesopotamia]]n [[Arab people|Arab]] hunters, who would enter hyena dens and "flatter" the animal, which they believed could understand [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. The hunter would murmur "you are very nice and pretty and quite like a lion; indeed, you are a lion". The hyena would then allow the hunter to place a noose around its neck and pose no resistance on being dragged out of its lair.<ref name="standard" />

The fur is coarse and sparse, with the few skins sold by hunters often being marketed as poor quality dog or wolf fur. Hyena skins were however once used in preparing [[chamois leather]]. The selling price of hyena pelts in the Soviet Union ranged from 45 [[Ruble|kopeks]] to 1 ruble, 80 kopeks.<ref name="h45">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=45}}</ref>

=== Striped hyenas as food ===
[[File:Tomb of Mereruka, vizier of Teti, 6th dynasty, ca. 2330 BCE; Saqqara (hyenas).jpg|thumb|Relief of striped hyenas being force-fed at the tomb of [[Mereruka]]]]
A mural depicted on [[Mereruka]]'s tomb in [[Sakkara]] indicates that [[Old Kingdom]] Egyptians [[force-feeding|forcefed]] hyenas in order to fatten them up for food,<ref name="o431"/> though archaeologist Burchard Brentjes argued that the depicted animals represent an extinct population of Egyptian [[Aardwolf|aardwolves]].<ref>Brentjes, B. 1966. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45434859#page/332/mode/1up "Einige Bemerkungen zur Darstellung der Hyänen, Erdwölfe und Hyänenhunde in den Kulturen des Alten Orients"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729075107/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45434859#page/332/mode/1up |date=2022-07-29 }}, Zeitschr. Säugetierkunde 31, 308-314.</ref> European writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries recorded that striped hyenas were eaten by some Egyptian peasants, Arabian [[Bedouin]]s, [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] laborers, [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] Bedouins, [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]s,<ref name="o431"/> and in [[Somalia]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170353/http://www.somalilandpress.com/islamists-authorise-hyena-meat-in-southern-somalia/ Islamists authorise hyena meat in Southern Somalia]. ''SomalialandPress'' (12 August 2012)</ref> Among some Bedouins of Arabia at the beginning of the 20th century, hyena meat was generally considered medicine, rather than food.<ref name="magic" />

=== Striped hyenas in folk magic ===
The [[Ancient Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] believed the blood, excrement, rectum, genitalia, eyes, tongue, hair, skin, and fat, as well as the ash of different parts of the striped hyena's body, were effective means to ward off evil and to ensure love and fertility. The Greeks and Romans believed that the genitalia of a hyena "would hold a couple peaceably together" and that a hyena anus worn as an amulet on the upper arm would make its male possessor irresistible to women.<ref name="magic" />

In West and South Asia, hyena body parts apparently play an important role in [[love magic]] and in the making of amulets. In Iranian folklore, it is mentioned that a stone found in the hyenas body can serve as a charm of protection for whoever wears it on his upper arm. In the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]], the local Muslims place the tooth of a striped hyena over churns in order not to lose the milk's ''[[Luck|baraka]]''. In Iran, a dried striped hyena pelt is considered a potent charm which forces all to succumb to the possessors attraction. In Afghanistan and Pakistan striped hyena hair is used either in love magic or as a charm in sickness. Hyena blood has been held in high regard in northern India as potent medicine, and the eating of the tongue helps fight [[tumor]]s. In the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber]] area, burned striped hyena [[fat]] is applied to a man's genitals or sometimes taken orally to ensure virility, while in India the fat serves as a cure for [[rheumatism]]. In Afghanistan, some [[mullah]]s wear the vulva (''kus'') of a female striped hyena wrapped in silk under their armpits for a week. If a man peers through the vulva at the woman of his desire, he will invariably get hold of her. This has led to the proverbial expression in [[Dari (Persian)|Dari]] of ''kus-e kaftar bay'', as well as in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] of ''kus-e kaftar'' which literally mean "it happens as smoothly as if you would look through the vulva of a female striped hyena". In the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]], the [[Pakhtun]] keep the vulva in [[vermilion]] powder, itself having aphrodesic connotations. The rectum of a freshly killed striped hyena is likewise used by [[homosexual]]s and [[bisexual]]s to attract young men. This has led to the expression "to possess the anus of a [striped] hyena" which denotes somebody who is attractive and has many lovers. A striped hyena's penis kept in a small box filled with vermilion powder can be used for the same reasons.<ref name="magic" />

=== Tameability ===
[[File:Striped hyena at Jungle Cat World 1.jpg|thumb|A [[Tame animal|tame]] striped hyena.]]
The striped hyena is easily [[Tame animal|tame]]d and can be fully [[Animal training|train]]ed, particularly when they are young. Although the Ancient Egyptians did not consider striped hyenas sacred, they did supposedly tame them for use in hunting. When they are raised with a firm hand, they may eventually become affectionate and as amenable as well-trained dogs,<ref name="o431"/><ref name="r351">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|pp=351–352}}</ref> though they emit a strong odour which no amount of bathing will cover.<ref>Smith, A. Mervyn (1904), ''[https://archive.org/details/sportadventurein00smitrich Sport and adventure in the Indian jungle]'', p. 292, London : Hurst and Blackett</ref> Although they kill dogs in the wild, striped hyenas raised in captivity can form bonds with them.<ref name="p73" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov221992gept|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=1992}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kurtén|first=Björn|title=Pleistocene mammals of Europe|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1968}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mills|first1=G. |last2=Hofer|first2=H. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Striped hyaena: country accounts |pages=68–71 |chapter-url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1998-013.pdf#page=76 |title=Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group |location=Gland |year=1998 |isbn=2-8317-0442-1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Osborn|first1=D.. J.|last2=Helmy|first2=I. |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryland05osbo|title=The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |year=1980}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=R. I.|url=https://archive.org/details/PocockMammalia2 |title=The Fauna of British India |volume=2 Mammals |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |year=1941}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rosevear|first=D. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofwest00rose |title=The carnivores of West Africa |publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) |location=London |year=1974 |isbn=0-565-00723-8}}

== External links ==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Hyaena hyaena}}
*{{Commons-inline|Hyaena hyaena}}
*Anderson, Steven C. (2004), ''[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hyena Hyaena hyaena]'' entry on [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]
*[https://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-150-01-0001.pdf Rieger, Ingo (1981) ''Hyaena hyaena'', Mammalian Species, No. 150, pp.1–5, 3 figs. American Society of Mammalogists]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415002758/http://www.feelthewild.com/galleries/mammals-photography/striped-hyena/ Striped Hyena Pictures]

{{Carnivora|F.}}
{{Feliformia|Hya.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q188657|from2=Q1417638}}

[[Category:Hyenas]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Africa]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Necrophages]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Mammals of West Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of North Africa]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Sahara]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:National symbols of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Extant Pleistocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]

Bariwali

2026-03-10T08:37:41Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{Short description|2000 Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bariwali
| image = Bariwali.gif
| starring = [[Kirron Kher]] [[Chiranjeet]] [[Roopa Ganguly]] [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| producer = [[Anupam Kher]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = Vivek Shah
| budget =
| runtime =
}}
'''''Bariwali''''' (''LandLady'') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film released in 2000 directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]]. The film features [[Kirron Kher]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], and [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]].

== Synopsis ==
The film is a quiet drama about a lonely, sad, unfortunate middle-aged woman. Banalata ([[Kiron Kher]]) has lived a solitary existence since her husband-to-be died the night before their wedding from a snake bite. Never having quite gotten over the tragedy, she rarely ventures out and is clearly very lonely. This changes when she agrees to allow a film production unit to shoot in a wing in her sprawling estate. Suddenly her house is filled with movie stars and glamorous people, including the beautiful actress Sudeshna (Roopa Ganguly) and charming director Deepankar ([[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]). Though she knows that not only is Deepankar married but that his former lover Sudeshna still holds a torch for him, the lonely woman finds herself drawn to the director. He is exactly the sort of worldly character whom she has always longed to meet. The rakish man flirts back and even persuades Banalata to appear in a [[bit part]] in the movie. Yet once the film crew decamps, things at the estate return to the same grinding tedium as before, though the woman feels her isolation all the more acutely. The letters that Banalata writes to Deepankar go unanswered, and her bit part in the movie ends up on the cutting-room floor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.aol.com/movie/bariwali/1142850/synopsis?date=20061022 |title=Movies | Movie Times | Tickets | Movies Now Playing | Moviefone.com |publisher=Movies.aol.com |date=1964-01-20 |access-date=2012-07-08 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Banalata{{efn-la|Voice dubbed by [[Rita Koiral]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/recognising-behind-the-voice-actors/article8457780.ece|title=Recognising 'behind the voice actors'|newspaper=The Hindu|publisher=thehindu.com|date=2016-04-10|access-date=2020-06-18|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Radha}}</ref>}}
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] as Deepankar{{efn-la|Voice dubbed by [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]}}
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Sudeshna Mitra
* [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] as Malati
* [[Surya Chatterjee]] as Prasanna
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Abhijeet Chatterjee
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] as Debashish
* [[Sudeshna Roy]]
* [[Rukkmini Ghosh]]

== Awards ==
*[[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for Kirron Kher
*[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
*[[Berlin International Film Festival|Netpac Award]] for [[Rituparno Ghosh]] (tied with [[Yuji Nakae]] for ''[[Nabbie's Love]]'')
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] 2001 – ''[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]]'' for the film 'Bariwali' for [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]

== Controversy ==
[[Rita Koiral]], an Indian actress in the [[Bengali language]], in a 2017 TV show, claimed, she was asked to withhold to the media, the fact that she had dubbed the voice of actress [[Kirron Kher]]. Her contribution was not declared in the national awards nominations for the movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/the-old-dubbing-controversy-resurfaces-to-embarrass-bjps-poster-boy-anupam-kher-and-his-wife-bjp-mp-kirron-kher|title=When Anupam Kher threatened to ruin the career of an actor|publisher=nationalheraldindia.com|date=2017-06-29|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0239251|title=Bariwali}}
* [https://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/jul2000/sff2-j07.shtml Critical look at ''Bariwali''] – Sydney Film Festival

{{Rituparno Ghosh}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:2000 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films scored by Debojyoti Mishra]]

Akakede

2026-03-05T20:39:21Z

NydiaTalley110: Pg.

{{Short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language of India}}
{{redirect|akx|other uses|AKX (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kede
| nativename = ''Aka-Kede''
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; central and north central Middle Andaman island.
| extinct = between 1931 and 1951
| ref = <ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...''}}</ref>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Northern Andamanese – Kede
| iso3 = akx
| linglist = akx.html
| glotto = akak1252
| glottorefname = Akakede
| ethnicity = [[Kede people|Kede]]
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#00ab2b|Aka-Kede}}
}}

The '''Kede language''', '''''Aka-Kede''''', is an extinct [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] language, of the Northern group. It was spoken in the Northern section of [[Middle Andaman]] island (Justin 2000).

==History==
{{Off topic|date=March 2026}}
The Kede were one of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], one of the ten or so [[Great Andamanese]] tribes identified by [[British Empire|British]] colonials in the 1860s. Their language was closely related to the other [[Great Andamanese languages]]. They disappeared as a distinct group sometime after 1931.<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...''}}</ref>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as ''k-'' and ''t-''.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

==Sources==
*Justin, Anstice (2000). "Who Are the Jarawa?". ''A discussion of public nomenclature'', published at andaman.org. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20100608094507/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/originals/Justin/art-justs.htm

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Aka-Kede, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

{{lang-stub}}

Death by Fire (book)

2026-03-04T03:20:06Z

NydiaTalley110: Article

{{Short description|2002 book by Mala Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death and Female Infanticide in Modern India
| image = File:Death_by_Fire,_Sati,_Dowry_Death_and_Female_Infanticide_in_Modern_India.jpeg
| caption =
| alt =
| author = [[Mala Sen]]
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]]
| pub_date = 2002
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 0-8135-3081-4
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| wikisource =
}}
'''''Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry Death and Female Infanticide in Modern India''''' is a book authored by [[Mala Sen]], and published by [[Rutgers University Press]] in 2002. It begins with the story of [[Roop Kanwar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Katherine |author-link=Katherine Frank (biographer) |title=A Woman’s Lot |url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/a-womans-lot |website=Literary Review |access-date=29 January 2025 |language=en |date=29 January 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhugra |first1=D |title=Death by fire: Sati, dowry death and female infanticide in modern India |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/death-by-fire-sati-dowry-death-and-female-infanticide-in-modern-i |website=Journal of Forensic Psychiatry |access-date=29 January 2025 |pages=455–457 |date=2002|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Death by Fire |url=https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/death-by-fire/9780813531021/ |website=Rutgers University Press |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Mala |title=Death by fire : sati, dowry, death, and female infanticide in modern India |date=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick |isbn=0-8135-3081-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/deathbyfiresatid0000senm/page/n7/mode/2up}}

{{India-book-stub}}

[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about women in India]]
[[Category:Works about infanticide]]

Mirch Masala

2026-03-03T23:50:29Z

NydiaTalley110: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mirch Masala
| image = Mirch Masala.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ketan Mehta]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| writer = [[Chunilal Madia]] [[Ketan Mehta]]
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Om Puri]] [[Suresh Oberoi]] [[Deepti Naval]] [[Dina Pathak]] [[Mohan Gokhale]] [[Paresh Rawal]]
| music = [[Rajat Dholakia]]
|cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir_Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite news|title =Mirch Masala on YouTube|url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfyrRWPIiY0}}</ref>
| editing= Sanjiv Shah<ref>{{Cite news|title =Mirch Masala on YouTube|url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfyrRWPIiY0}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1987|02|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| budget = 
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Mirch Masala''''' (Translation: Hot Spice) is a 1987 Hindi [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Ketan Mehta]]. It stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Smita Patil]] in the lead roles. On the centenary of [[Indian cinema]] in April 2013, ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]'' included Smita Patil's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]|first1=Shishir|last1=Prasad|first2=N. S.|last2=Ramnath|first3=Sohini|last3=Mitter|date=27 April 2013 |accessdate = 27 January 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the early 1940s,<ref>[http://imgur.com/vRi4j As seen here]</ref> an arrogant ''[[subedar]]'' ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]) (local tax collector in colonial India) and his henchmen ride into a village, scaring a group of women fetching water. Sonbai ([[Smita Patil]]) alone stands her ground and politely asks them not to let horses into the village's potable water source.

Subedar settles into his camp and the ''Mukhi'' (trans. the chieftain) of the village visits him to pay respect. Subedar's [[Phonograph|gramophone]] is an object of fascination for the men of the village. Mukhi's frequent absence from home is resented by his wife. The schoolmaster ([[Benjamin Gilani]]), tries to get her to enrol her only daughter in the school. When she does, other women ridicule her. ''Mukhi'' pulls his daughter out and beats his wife for disobeying him. The ''mukhi's'' younger brother ([[Mohan Gokhale]]) is in love with a lower caste girl, but dares not mention it. When their liaison is found out, the girl's father beats her and tries get the ''mukhi'' to agree to a marriage. The ''mukhi'' rejects the proposal as unsuitable.

The subedar's men routinely loot the village for food, livestock, and supplies. When Mukhi brings a woman to him, he is disappointed that she is not Sonbai, but beds her nonetheless. He persists in wooing Sonbai, but when his demands turn forceful, she slaps him across the face and runs away. Enraged, he orders his soldiers to bring her. Sonbai takes refuge in a masala karkhana (a spice factory where red chillies are ground into powder). Abu Mian ([[Om Puri]]), the wizened old Muslim gatekeeper and factory guard shuts the factory doors keeping the soldiers out. The ''subedar'' attempts to get the gates open through the factory owner and the ''mukhi'' fail. Abu Mian refuses to compromise on his job of providing security to the factory employees.

Subedar's threats of destroying the village prompt the ''mukhi'' to convene the [[Gram panchayat|village panchayat]]. The villagers hold Sonbai responsible for inciting the subedar and decide that she should yield to him. The schoolmaster points out that once they give in for one, there will be nothing to stop the ''subedar'' from demanding others, even perhaps the ''mukhi''{{'}}s own wife. ''Mukhi'' thrashes him and throws him out. ''Mukhi'' reports back to the ''subedar'' that they will hand over Sonbai on the condition that the ''subedar'' will not make further demands of this nature. The ''subedar'' laughs off this condition and has the schoolmaster tied up to a post.

The ''mukhi'' brings pressure on Sonbai, but she stands firm. Within the factory, the women who once supported Sonbai now turn upon her. They fear that if she does not yield, the ''subedar'' may send his men to indiscriminately molest the womenfolk. Sonbai nearly relents, but is stopped by Abu Mian. She resolves to stand firm. Abu Mian chides the ''mukhi'' and the villagers; they may lord it over their wives at home, but are not man enough to face the ''subedar''.

The ''subedar'' orders his soldiers to charge the factory, and they smash down the door. Abu Mian manages to shoot one of the soldiers, but he is shot dead immediately after. The ''subedar'' enters the factory and tries to grab Sonbai. The women of the factory mount a sudden and surprising defense. They attack the ''subedar'' with bagfuls of lal mirch masala (fresh ground red chilli powder) in teams of two. The film ends with the ''subedar'' on his knees, screaming in pain as the chilli burns his face and eyes.

==Cast==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Subedar/Sarkar, the villain
* [[Smita Patil]] as Sonbai
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Sonbai's husband, guest appearance
* [[Om Puri]] as Abu Mian, the factory watchman
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Mukhi, the village headman
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Saraswati -Mukhi's wife
* [[Benjamin Gilani]] as the school master
* [[Harish Patel]] as the priest
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as a villager
* [[Amol Gupte]] as a villager
* [[Dina Pathak]] as the old village woman inside the factory
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Pallavi, a village woman inside the factory
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Radha, a village woman inside the factory
* [[Mohan Gokhale]] as Mukhi's younger brother and lover of Radha
*[[Deep Dhillon]] as soldier of Subhedar/Sarkar
*Ahmed Khan as soldier of Subhedar/Sarkar
*[[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] as Jeevan Thakkar, owner of pepper factory
*Vipin sharma as villager

==Awards and nominations==
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|1986
| Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]; Director: [[Ketan Mehta]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| {{won}}<ref>[[34th National Film Awards]]</ref>
|-
| [[Suresh Oberoi]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Sanjiv Shah
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 1987
| [[Ketan Mehta]]
| ''Golden Prize'' at [[15th Moscow International Film Festival]]<ref name="Moscow1987">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |title=15th Moscow International Film Festival (1987) |accessdate=2013-02-18 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194338/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |archivedate=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1988
| [[Suresh Oberoi]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111042153/http://www.gomolo.in/Awards/Awards.aspx%3FAwardCode%3D7%26YearCode%3D1988 1988 BFJA Awards]</ref>
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actor Award]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0089599}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1980s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1980s feminist films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ketan Mehta]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]

Mere Dad Ki Maruti

2026-03-02T10:01:45Z

NydiaTalley110: small improved content to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mere Dad Ki Maruti
| image = Mere Dad Ki Maruti promotional poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ashima Chibber
| producer = Ashish Patil
| story = Neeraj Udhwani
| screenplay = {{ubl|Neeraj Udhwani|Pooja Desai|Ashima Chibber}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saqib Saleem]]|[[Rhea Chakraborty]]|[[Ram Kapoor]]|[[Prabal Panjabi]]|[[Ravi Kishan]]}}
| music = [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| cinematography = Adil Afsar
| editing = Antara Lahiri
| studio = [[Y-Films]]
| distributor = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|15}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}12.54 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mere-dad-ki-maruti/box-office/|title=Mere Dad Ki Maruti Box Office Collection|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 March 2013|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828042934/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mere-dad-ki-maruti/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mere Dad Ki Maruti''''' ({{translation|My dad's [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]]}}) is a 2013 Indian [[comedy film]] directed by Ashima Chibber, featuring [[Saqib Saleem]], [[Ram Kapoor]] and [[Prabal Panjabi]] in lead roles. It also features newcomer [[Rhea Chakraborty]] in a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mere-dad-ki-maruti-watch-the-trailer-of-yrfs-next-film/306874-8-159.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128052922/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mere-dad-ki-maruti-watch-the-trailer-of-yrfs-next-film/306874-8-159.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-28 |title=Mere Dad Ki Maruti release |publisher=ibnlive.com |date=2012-11-22 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot is set in [[Chandigarh Tricity]], where a wedding is about to take place at the [[Khullar]] House, and father Tej Khullar has bought a new [[Maruti Ertiga]] car as a wedding gift for his daughter and would-be son-in-law. A few days before the wedding, his college-going son, Sameer, who the father thinks is good for nothing, secretly takes the car out to impress the hottest girl in college, Jasleen. After dropping Jasleen at her hostel and in a drunk state, he loses the car by accidentally giving the keys to a person who Sameer thinks is a valet. As soon as he realises that the valet doesn't have the keys and he has lost his car, he and his best friend Gattu go on an all-night search to find the car.

The next day they get an Ertiga model (test drive) to the house to show Sameer's father that the car was still in the garage. They also meet a car dealer, Pathan, and agree to purchase a stolen Ertiga from him. Pathan promises them to give the car the very next day. To ensure that there is a car in the garage in the night, they take another Ertiga on rent from a [[Dahiya Jat]] family from [[Panchkula]] and heading to [[Mohali]] and bring it home. The day before the wedding, Sameer returns Ertiga and in the night, goes to meet Pathan along with Gattu and Jasleen. While at Pathan's place, a police raid happens and the three barely manage to escape. Pathan's assistant calls Sameer, telling him to take the car, but it's a trap set by the police, and Sameer ends up in jail.

On the morning of the wedding, Sameer explains to the cops what happened, but the cops insist on meeting his father. Sameer informs his sister, who sends her fiancé to bail out Sameer. While this is happening, a cop informs the police control room that an Ertiga is being stolen by a gang using a tow truck. A chase ensues, and police catch the thieves and hand the car back to Sameer.

After the wedding ceremony, Sameer manages to get the car back decorated and behaves as if nothing has happened. But a few minutes later, Gattu brings another Ertiga to Sameer's home, and so does Jasleen, leaving everyone shocked and confused as there are three Ertigas. Sameer then confesses to his father in the presence of everyone what happened over the past few days. His father loses his temper, chides him, but then forgives him, and all are happy.

It is revealed that Gattu had won a contest where the first prize was a Maruti Ertiga, and since Jasleen had saved a [[Jat]] family member's life by taking him to the hospital on time, the [[Dahiya Jat]] family gifts the car to her in gratitude.<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review Mere Dad Ki Maruti: Post interval, plot catches speed |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-mere-dad-ki-maruti-post-interval-plot-catches-speed/1088603/0 |publisher=Indian Express |date=17 Mar 2013 |accessdate=19 March 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319023158/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-mere-dad-ki-maruti-post-interval-plot-catches-speed/1088603/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Saqib Saleem]] as Sameer Khullar
*[[Rhea Chakraborty]] as Jasleen
*[[Ram Kapoor]] as Tej Khullar, Sameer and Tanvi's father
*[[Prabal Panjabi]] as Gattu
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as Pathan
*[[Benazir Shaikh]] as Tanvi Khullar
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Raj, Jasleen's brother, Tanvi's fiancé
*[[Karam Rajpal]] as Daljeet
*Savita Bhatti as Guest at wedding
*[[Wilhelmina McFadden]] as Lady Trustee
*[[Sanjay Chaudhury]] as Garage Boy
*[[Rani Kochhar]]

==Music==
The music of the film has been composed by [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]] with lyrics penned by [[Kumaar]] and [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]. The film also has a second music album which includes only background scores and is one of the first to have two such albums.

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Punjabiyan Di Battery
| extra1 = [[Mika Singh]] & [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Main Senti Hoon
| extra2 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]] & [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Haaay
| extra3 = [[Panjabi MC]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Hip Hip Hurrah
| extra4 = [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Mere Dad Ka Mash Up
| extra5 = [[DJ Shadow]], DJ Raamji
| length5 =
| title6 = Mere Dad Ki Maruti
| note6 =
| extra6 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Sachin Gupta
| length6 =
}}

==Reception==
Raja Sen of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 3.5 out of 5, calling it "fresh and fun."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mere-dad-ki-maruti-is-fun/20130315.htm|title=Review: Mere Dad Ki Maruti is fresh and fun|first=Raja|last=Sen|website=Rediff|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828071343/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mere-dad-ki-maruti-is-fun/20130315.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] also gave the film 3.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, MERE DAD KI MARUTI is a joyride. Mazedaar, masaledaar, full-on entertainer. Hitch a ride on this one instantly!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mere-dad-ki-maruti/critic-review/mere-dad-ki-maruti-movie-review/|title=Mere Dad Ki Maruti Movie Review: Mere Dad Ki Maruti (MDKM), it’s an outrageous comedy set against the backdrop of a loud Punjabi wedding in Chandigarh. MDKM tells the story of a boy who sneaks his dad’s fancy new car out to impress the college hottie and how all hell breaks loose when he loses it!|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|date=15 March 2013|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828071342/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mere-dad-ki-maruti/critic-review/mere-dad-ki-maruti-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2323964}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|551525}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

Sihor

2026-02-28T20:56:06Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{For|Biblical Sihor|Brook of Egypt}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sihor
| other_name = Shihor
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Cross Section of one of Sihor Hill Ranges, from Sukhnath.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of a small portion of old Sihor town from Sukhnath with one of hill ranges in the surrounding
| nicknames = Saraswatpur, Sinhpur, Chhote Kashi
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.7|N|71.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =

| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 60
| population_total = 54547
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 364240
| registration_plate = GJ-04
| unemployment_rate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Sihor''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: સિહોર {{IAST|Sihor}}) is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Bhavnagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. It is placed along the river Gautami, and this erstwhile capital of the [[Gahlot|Gohil]] Rajputs, which is surrounded by hills, is situated about 20 km from Bhavnagar. The name 'Sihor' is a corruption of its earlier names, including Saraswatpur, Sinhalpur, Sinhpur, Sinhor, and Shihor.

Regionally, Sihor is famous for its hills, their rock pattern, Gautameshwar Mahadev & Lake, Sihor's Festivals, Navnath Pilgrimage (Navnath Yatra) of Shiva Temples, [[Brahma Kund]], 'Sihori Rajwadi Penda' ([[Peda|Peda or chocolate cake]]), the old town's ascends and descends, its walled city and fort, narrow lanes, [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Sahib Peshwa]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 revolt]], its food and delicacy, Copper-ware & Brass-ware, Pottery, snuff manufacturing factories, Rolling Mills and Industrial Plants.

Known as 'Saraswatpur' during the [[Mahabharata]] period and 'Sinhpur', and 'Sinhalpur' after that, locally in Gujarat, it is often regarded as ''''Chhote Kashi'''' (sub-version or model of '''''Kashi''''' - [[Varanasi]] - [[Banaras]]). This may be due to the numerous temples and Shivalayas in and around this medium-sized town, its religious activities and the resemblance of the town's architecture in particular. The town exhibits a definite texture and architecture through its numerous ancient temples and buildings.

==Etymology==
The etymology of Sihor suggests its name evolved over centuries from older Sanskrit forms.

According to [[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia]], the name ''Sihor'' is derived from ''Siṁhapura'', a name attested in inscriptions from the [[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka]] and [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] eras. ''Siṁhapura'' is believed to be either a reference to the lion (''[[Singh|siṁha]]''), which is native to Gujarat, or to an individual named Siṁha. The name reached its present form though several sounds changes: the root ''siṁha'' became ''sīha'', and the suffix ''-pura'' was shortened to ''-or''.<ref name="Sankalia 1949">{{cite book |last1=Sankalia |first1=Hasmukh Dhirajlal |author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College |location=Pune |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16229 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|71–2, 91}}

The name Sihor has also evolved through the intermediate forms of Saraswatpur, Sinhalpur, Sinhpur, Sinhor, and Shihor. Ancient texts ([[Purana]]), rishis (sages), and scholars regarded the place as a Pavitra [[Kshetra]] (secret territory), reflecting the presence of scholarship, spirituality, and a highly regarded class of society in the area.

=== Mythology, progression and Saraswatpur ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
According to [[Hinduism]], Saraswatpur the name itself may suggest and support the active power and significance of this place, as a place of knowledge, scholarship, and spirituality. Deriving from [[Saraswati]], the name of Saraswatpur should have been bestowed upon it by those responsible. There are references of Saraswatpur in Purana, its references and references of Lord [[Krishna]]'s visits are found in the [[Mahabharata]] and peculiarly in the texts related to [[Krishna]], as he spent the remaining half of his life at [[Dvārakā]] / [[Dwarka]].{{clarify|More references on antiquity of Sihor may be anticipated|date=September 2011}}

Another remarkable reference is ''Gautameshwar Temple'', known for its ''Swayambhu'' [[Shivling]] in the cave, a proclaimed secret tunneled trek to [[Somnath]] from Gautameshwar, an inscription and the legend of [[Gautama Maharishi]], [[Ahalya]] and Lord [[Rama]]. According to the legend and ancient inscription, Rishi Gautam's mention of the tranquility, vibrations and holiness of this place, its old name as Saraswatpur, and the detailed account of his stay, experiences and penance, are found. Even today, the Gautameshwar Mahadev Temple remains a frequently visited place for its tranquil ambiance, in and around Sihor and in Saurashtra / Gujarat.

=== Transition and quest ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
The names Sinhpur and Sinhalpur are the next in the historical record. The historical period between Saraswatpur and Sinhpur is not well documents, and the amount of historical information available is in scattered form, specifically the era between 5000 BC and 3000 BC. Considering the west coast of India and the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula, the obvious influence of the [[Indus Civilization]] on this region can be mapped through further archaeological explorations and insights. This mapping requires processing existing archaeological and geological data of the Sihor region along with a prime focus on study of the [[Vallabhi]] and [[Maitraka]] era, including exploration, survey and excavations targeting the submerged city of Vallabhi, which may have been critically responsible for Aryan Colonization across the continent, given the significance of Buddhism and Jainism during that period.

=== Vedic, Buddhist and Maitraka periods ===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Periodic excavations and findings, along with few existing ruins and monuments, already ask for thorough validation of their age. Eventually a large portion of [[Bhavnagar]] district falling under tectonically unstable zone, possibility of a major natural calamity in form of earthquake, tsunami or volcanic eruption can not be ruled out too. And therefore, the relics and old Vedic civilization may have been a matter of disappearance especially when the [[Vallabhi]] and [[Maitraka]] dynasty struggled to exist further, either a natural calamity or attacks by [[barbarians]] and/or later the known and frequent attacks by Mongols and Turks have to be the reasons behind the diminishing of a flourishing era of this region.

Sihor is considered to be a prominent '''Buddhist circuit''' from about 5th-6th Centuries BC through [[Maitraka]] dynasty (till 8th century). Geologists are of opinion that rocks and the pattern of Sihor hills are unique and the age of this region would be older than that of [[Himalayas]] mountain range. The hill range is often observed as an outcome of volcanic activity.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

While efforts from historians and scholars for validating the research on [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka]] and his origin for his voyage to [[Ceylon]] in 543BC, the kingdom and dominance of Sinhapur need a greater attention. Its significance and mentions come out evident since early [[Vedic Period]] and [[Gupta Empire]] through [[Maitraka]] dynasty during the peak of [[Vallabhi]] with its significance as Sinhapur, it should be the period post 6th century, the name Sinhapur would have transformed into Shihor / Sihor.

=== Lions the identity and, Sinhpur to Sihor ===

However, the presence of Lions in this region (Sihor hills) from olden times to very much till mid of 20th Century and therefore the gradual social transformation of this piece of civilization into Sinhpur or Sinhalpur may be understandable where the lion is called as 'Sinh' or 'Sinha' in a Sanskrit variant. Adding to the aesthetics of Sinhpur, King Sinhavarma is equally regarded for the Saraswatpur became Sinhpur. There is one more research task in asking toward bridging Sinhpur and Sinhalpur as both of these names have existed, either concurrently or at different points of time.

Over the time with varying pronunciations and dialects, it has been found corrupting itself as Sinhor - Shihor and finally Sihor. Interesting to note while Sinhpur becomes Sihor in a few thousand years and lions are returning again to the Sihor hills gradually since last couple of decades and increasing off late, as in the year of 2011.

===Prince Vijaya, Sinhala, and the Sri Lanka and Buddhism===

The first king of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya the Conqueror]], may have been born in ancient Sihor as a prince before being ousted and banished from the region. Other sources however claim he was from [[Bengal]], but after some rectification and cross-verification of all research works covering, Buddhism, Pali/Sanskrit Language, many linguistic-traditional references and connections, [[Vallabhi]], Vijaya's documented route, Geo-political evidences and, documentation and references post Vijaya's settlement in Sri Lanka, all these almost establish that he hailed from Sihor. Period somewhere 600-500BCE through [[Maitraka]] dynasty in [[Vallabhi]] represents the peak of Buddhism along with Jainism in the region of Sihor and [[Vallabhi]] where the rulers were following Vedas and Hinduism but these philosophies co-existed and rather flourished, to the extent, to cross the shores and borders across Indian sub-continent.

This is how, Sihor offers some exciting chapters of its connection with [[Sri Lanka]], Sri Lanka's early history and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] people/culture. Sihor while significantly claiming the credits, as Prince Vijaya (later known as [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka]] ) exiled from Sihor settled in Lanka, reaching there via sea-route and became medium for introduction of Aryan/Vedic culture and [[Buddhism]] in Lanka. This thriving, periodically accomplished research and ancient, popular story is often termed as "Lanka Ni Laadi Ne Ghogha No Var" meaning "Bride of Lanka and the Groom from [[Ghogha]]" in local culture and literature since very old times. There are couple of films also made on this subject as the title itself and there are few songs woven in folklore depicting the story of Prince Vijay and his succeeding march to Lanka. Ghogha, an all-weather port near Sihor-Bhavnagar, from where prince Vijay set off with his army to Lanka, after he was exiled by his father King Sinhavarma / Sinhabahu from Sinhpur. In ancient times, the region of Gujarat was known as Lata or Lala or Laldesa, which suggests to be Gujarat. Mahavamsa and various references mention of this.

Confusion and issues still must be prevailing in settling Vijaya's origin either to North-East or North-West, a significant hindsight is Sinhabahu's who established the Kingdom of Sinhapura in Gujarat west coast, he (Sinhabahu) hailed from Eastern part of Indian subcontinent and thus two different and in fact real historical accounts must create confusion. However, scholars and historians have agreed and reckoned for the evidences to point to Vijaya having come from western coast. Let alone, locally in the present-day Saurashtra and Gujarat region, there has been a long carrying telltale and story for several hundred years now about a local Prince called Vijaya to reach Sri Lanka with an army of 700, marry and settle there.

Two immigration events, one that is Sinhabahu coming and settling in Sinhapura, Kathiawar - Gujarat from the Northeastern coast of India, and his son from Sinhapura, western coast, settling in Sri Lanka, these two different events, the mixed ancestry has influenced the fact of history.

== Nana Sahib Peshwa, India's 1857 revolt and after that ==
A critical fact and secret remains intact, that is Nana Sahib's remnants in Sihor.{{citation needed|reason=Needs a citation, is oddly worded and has no references!!!|date=December 2011}} Undocumented material also suggests Nana Sahib would keep changing his location between Sihor and interior [[Shatrunjaya]] Hills around Palitana periodically. However, references, mentions and evidences of Nana Sahib's consistent stay in Sihor have been more dominant and documented in regional records and articles at regular intervals since many decades, for he spent his rest of the life in Sihor, initially as a sage. There were some active freedom fighters and volunteers from Sihor during British rule, and one of them, had he been associated with Nana Sahib is often anticipated to have facilitated Nana Sahib's hideout and his group's safe passage to Sihor during early 60s (1860s), while he would leave Nepal and striving to settle out against British aggression in North India and Kanpur which became evident post 1857.

Sihor was a place still quiet, serene, surrounded by hills, with difficult passages and forests stretching up to [[Girnar]] range. Religiously to interview the land and region of [[Kathiawar]] or the [[Saurashtra (region)]], this province often known for its nobility, bravery, sacrifice and spirituality, the place of Sihor in Bhavnagar, Kathiawar, its dormant hills and the jungle surrounding the town may have been a better option and success for Nana Sahib and his allies to settle out there post [[1857 revolt]] and after leaving Nepal. Also with the fact Sihor and its people had continuing connections with Mumbai and various parts of now Maharashtra, which in turn seemed to have helped Nana Sahib to keep a regular touch with few his allies down in Mumbai and Maharashtra. This may be seen from the correspondence, people who kept coming to meet him in Sihor.

As per the records of Sihor history, Nana Sahib died in 1909 in Sihor, but curiosity, facts and revelations had started emerging peculiarly post 1947 across the region (Sihor) and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], with some official efforts starting toward the 70s (1970s). Subsequently, opening of more links, correspondence, his writings, a few empirical archives, documents with the then state of [[Bhavnagar]], few his rare photographs, some events, altogether a reasonable span of his stay of 45 years in Sihor, and Nana Sahib's local as well as national allies & revolutionaries found reference, nearly to establish without efforts in an unbiased manner, the most probable account of disappearance of this historical figure. Most critically when all these secrets were rather for keeping them as secret and not for the claims, either to prove a personality as Nana Sahib or reveal if it was Sihor which was marked by Nana Sahib's remainder of life, which almost carried along for 45–46 years.

Among the locals, very interesting piece of history referring the remainder, Nana Sahib's life in Sihor, his character, his thoughts and deeds, his subtle nature and identity, his local and general involvement, all these conveyed by those who were close to him directly or indirectly in Sihor, periodically got published in the region. Adding to that, some steps and initiatives taken by him, and the belongings & remnants, these all when acknowledged and realized later, post 1947, eventually to acknowledge they were just Nana Sahib, are all a serious subject of learning and retrospection. This account poses re-evaluation of an incomplete task, a structured approach and serious initiative in asking for the state government of [[Gujarat]] and the Central Government, [[India]].

Presently, there is a house signified to Nana Sahib in old town of Sihor, remnants and materials, an old tomb as a tribute to him by the locals, a few existing connections/references and recently a recreational park named after Nana Sahib Peshwa in Sihor.

Sihor is a Chunval village, about twelve miles north of Viramgam, where, in 1825, were the well-marked remains of an old city. The line of walls could be clearly traced, bricks much larger than those now in use were found, and many bracelets and other ornaments were often dug up. Like Kangavati and Patan, Sihor is, about 300 years ago, said to have been overwhelmed in a storm of dust and sand from the Rann of Kutch. A ruined temple of a Mata bears the date Samvat 1625 (1569).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad (Public Domain text)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA356|year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|page=353}}</ref>

==Geography==
Sihor is located at {{Coord|21.425277|N|71.573604|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Sihor.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sihor]</ref> It has an average elevation of 60 metres (196 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802552-sihor-gujarat.html|title= Sihor City Population Census 2011|accessdate=11 August 2017|publisher= Census 2011 India}}</ref> Sihor had a population of 26000. Males constitute 13000 of the population and females 13000. Sihor has an average literacy rate of 81.11%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 87.81%, and female literacy is 73.62%. In Sihor, 12.51% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Transportation==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
===Air===
The nearest airport to Sihor is [[Bhavnagar Airport]] which has direct flights to Mumbai.

===Railway===
Sihor is a railway junction.(SOJN)

Sihor is connected to major parts of Saurashtra, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and rest of India by rail. As a Railway Junction in Bhavnagar Division, Sihor got the first rail access ([[Meter gauge]]) in form of [[Bhavnagar State Railway]] in year 1880 after the Princely state of Bhavnagar became the first in the province and third (after [[Baroda]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]) in the country to construct their own railway line.

There is direct connection from Sihor to Bhavnagar, Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Somnath, Okha, Dwarka, Palitana, Botad, Mahuva, Ahmedabad, Surendranagar, Surat, Mumbai, Delhi, Jaipur, Kakinada, Kochuveli and many intermediate stations. The line has been converted into [[Broad gauge]] now.

===Road===
By Road, Sihor is connected with all major cities of Gujarat with some direct routes connecting Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, and with another access to Saurashtra's coastal route via Bhavnagar and access to Vadodara, Mumbai and South India via Dholera Highway. These routes extend and connect to distant places and big centers of Saurashtra and Gujarat.

As a popular approach for local and regional transport, people prefer road over rail as the mode of transportation to reach the town quickly. Private public transport is also available frequently to access nearby centers.

==Places of Historical, Archaeological and Religious significance==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Shree Gautameshwar Mahadev Temple complex-Sihor-Gujarat.JPG|thumb|Gautameshwar Mahadev Temple]]

A medium-sized town drawing a large number of historical and religious places and monuments, many of them religious structures and temples, is something interesting and worth studying; it catches one by surprise. There may be many reasons for this, influenced by sociocultural transitions, various events, and different time periods in history.

These different religious places have, in fact, varying and unique aspects to present, not limited to religion or religious rituals. Some places denote major historical events, spiritual significance, archaeological significance, social and cultural landmarks, architecture, community works, philanthropy, astronomical significance, and environmental messages in the background.

Some of these places are famous and significant locally, while a few are significant on a larger scale as well. Many of these places serve as mediums for recreational activities for locals, various social works, educational activities, yoga, workshops and seminars, and civil works.

Major points of attraction in Sihor are the 12th century [[Brahma Kund]] (a stepped tank surrounded by idols of Hindu deities) - built by Raja [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], Gautameshwar Temple and Lake, Sihor's hills and treks, and the 17th century Vijay Vilas Palace of the Maharajahs, with fine paintings and wood carvings. Another archaeological ancient site of Saat Sheri (a mountaintop or a mound) along with some of the nine major Shiva temples spread around the town are an important pilgrimage worth visiting.

Other tourist interests in and around the town include the famous [[Khodiyar]] Mata Temple and the Sihori Mata Temple – which offers a panoramic view over Gautameshwar Lake and the whole town. The old fort of Sihor with its wall art is worth a visit.

=== Instant look ===
* Sihori Mata Mandir ''(Kuldevi(Goddess) of 'Jani', 'Joshi' and 'Audichya' Brahmins and regarded as Nagardevi(Goddess) as well)''
* At least 20 prominent Hill ranges surrounding Sihor, locally called as "Dungar" each (entire range which boast of flora, fauna, herbs, minerals and metals.)
* Gautmeshwar Lake, Kund & Mandir ''(Pre historic, references of Lord Rama, Gautam Rishi, Ahalya and later with stay of Nanasaheb Peshwa ([[Nana Sahib]]) nearby this place)''[[File:Gotmeshwar Mahadev.jpg|thumb|Gotmeshwar Mahadev]]
* Cave/Tunnel (Gufa) to [[Girnar]] and [[Somnath]] ''(Pre historic and an example of engineering brilliance, now sealed)''
* Navnath Mahadevs ''(Nine main Shivayalas - Shiva Temples, some temples and their surrounding area needing serious conservation)''
* Hanuman Dhara ''(a rare example of community and collective efforts)''
* [[Brahma Kund]] ''(a stepped tank surrounded by idols of Hindu deities)''
* Monghiba and Koyaram Bapu Ni Jagya
* Panch Pir ''(Five Dargahs/Mosques of Pir/Fakir/Saints, such as Gareebshah Pir)''
* Darbargarh & Paintings
* Sihor Fort, Wall and Darwajas in various directions ''(ancient, needing serious attention-revival)''
* Saat Sheri ''(Pre-historic monument)'' A small hill behind Bramhkund. Sihor is basically a village gifted to Bramhins by the rulers. It is believed that in a local war (Dhinganu) many Bramhins were killed. After the war, 'Janoi's of the dead Bramhins were collected and weighted, that was Seven Shers (1 Sher = 500 grams), so say 3.5 kg. In remembrance of that Balidan by Bramhins, a hill was named Saat Sheri and a small monument was built there. Many 'Palia's (sacrifice-stone) can be seen near Bramhkund even today.
* Surka Gate (Surka No Delo) ''(ancient, needing revival)''
* Jodnath Mahadev and Shirdi Sai Nath Baba Temple

=== What more explorable ===
* Some ancient trade/business practices, such as Copper, Brass, Bronze, Steel utensils, pottery, snuff and horticulture, etc.
* Architecture, lanes, temples of old Sihor, houses and town planning
* Archaeological Exploration and insights into almost under-surface pre-historic civilization
*[[File:Brahmkund.jpg|thumb|Brahmakund]]Rocky mountain range/hills of Sihor and their unique rock pattern
* Remnants of [[Nana Sahib]] Peshwa, the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], its legacy and some rare facts
* Secret Tunneled Trek from Sihor to [[Girnar]] - [[Somnath]] (pre historic)
* Ancient Gateway, Trek to [[Shatrunjaya]] Hills from Old Sihor (Hills), the trek overlapped and covered now, although its idea and view of Shatrunjaya Hills can be had during clear weather
* Iron & Steel Rolling Mills
* Delicious and fresh food/fruits/vegetables, Laddu, Sihori-Rajwadi Penda, Namkins(Farsan) and taste of Sihor
* Sihor's typically easy, simple, leisure, introvert, hard-shelled, slow-medium paced lifestyle
* Festivals, Festivities and 'Mela' of Sihor, especially during the month of Shraavan

=== Navnath Mahadevs and other significant landmarks ===
The Navnath Pilgrimage covers some ancient to very ancient Shiva temples of Sihor. These temples are built and/or renovated between 1000 AD - 1600 AD. This pilgrimage is believed to have more significance when undertaken in the month of Shraavan according to Hindu Calendar. There are faith and devotion attached among people in the region. However, devotees generally don't miss a chance to undertake this brief pilgrimage anytime during the year. Making this pilgrimage by foot is basically preferred and celebrated since old times, and those who are in hurry take up vehicle to cover it.

==== The Standard Navnath itinerary ====
* Rajnath Mahadev ''(in the old town)''
* Ramnath Mahadev ''(toward hills)''
* Sukhnath Mahadev ''(close to Saat Sheri)''
* Bhavnath Mahadev ''(en route Brahma Kund)''
* Kamnath Mahadev ''(at Brahma Kund)''
* Jodnath Mahadev & Shree Shirdi Sai Baba Temple ''(in the opposite direction of Brahma Kund)''
* Bhootnath Mahadev ''(adjoining crematorium along the Gautami river)''
* Dharnath Mahadev ''(opposite Bhootnath)''
* Bhimnath Mahadev ''(opposite Pragateshwar or Pragatnath Mahadev)''

==== Along Navnath Yatra and other significant temples and places ====
The following places and temples fall on the way or off the track in Navnath Yatra. Some are close and a few are distant from the Navnath route. Depending on the capacity and convenience, many devotees still pay a visit to following.
* Brahma Kund ''(there are two approaches to Brahma Kund, one from Old Sihor road and one from Kansara Bazar)''
* Hanuman Dhara and Radha Krishna Temple ''(not far from Brahma Kund)''
* Gautmeshwar Mahadev ''(very ancient site)''
* Vishwanath Mahadev ''(near Gautam Kund)''
* Vishe anath Mahadev ''(near patel farm Society)''
* Amareshwar Mahadev ''(near Gautameshwar Temple, rebuilt in 1916)''
* Mukteshwar Mahadev ''(opposite Bhootnath, a nice temple complex with garden and recreational facilities)''
* Pragatnath Mahadev ''(close to Bus Depot)''
* Monghibha Ni Jagya ''(off Pragatnath Road)''
* Panchmukha Mahadev ''(while entering the old town, a little before main gate 'Delo')''

=== Other places===
* Thakur Dwara
* Vaishnav Haveli
* Mahalakshmi Temple
* Mahakali Temple
* '''Dada Vav & Harihar Bapu - Darshan Das Bapu Ashram'''
:Originally a place with historical stepped well, which is now reclaimed and leveled up. There is no 'Vav' now. It had a dedicated section for Yoga and Library with some rare publications and books on Yoga, Meditation, Spirituality, Indian Philosophy, Ayurveda, Psychology, History, etc. This place has been named as 'Dada Vav' after Prince Dadbha Gohil. The 'Dada Ni Vav' remained a unique center of yoga and spiritual activities during the tenure of Swami U. N. Darshandasji, who was a scholar and very knowledgeable [[Sanyasi]]. Simultaneously it also served itself as Udasin Sant Kutir to the disciples of one of the [[Akhara]]s and to Chandravanshi Sadhus till the early 1990s.
* '''Mukteshwar Mandir'''
:Mukteshwar Mandir is a nice temple complex covering large area with garden, lawns, children play area, recreational facilities. Mukteshwar Mahadev sits just opposite Surka Gate and Bhootnath Mahadev.
* Aanandkunj Ashram - Shri Dharmadas Bapu
* Ramdev Pir Mandir
* Tarshingda Khodiyar Mata Mandir
* Saagwadi (Agriculture & Farms)
* Rokadiya Hanuman Mandir
* A Jumma Masjid close to Jodnath Mahadev Temple campus. The mosque is managed by Tablighi disciple and descendant of caliph Umar Marhum Dawood Vali Mohammed Deraiya

==== Panch Pirs ====
* Gareebshah Pir
* Todashah Pir
* Yaqeenshah Pir
* Gebanshah Pir
* Ghoomadshah Pir

==Notable individuals==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
Sihor hosts few notable rulers and many individuals from different sections of governance, society, industry, religion, art, literature, education, and social reforms. However, the revolutionary [[Nana Sahib]] Peshwa made Sihor his home for rest of his life, post 1857 revolt carries greater attention, Prince Vijaya is another distinct figure from Vedic Period or Iron Age who introduced Buddhism to Sri Lanka.

==External links==
* {{cite web
|title=Sihor City Website
|url=http://www.sihor.net/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312125857/http://www.sihor.net/
|archive-date=12 March 2019
|url-status=dead
|access-date=18 August 2025
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhavnagar district]]

Pandu State

2026-02-28T16:37:45Z

NydiaTalley110: creating new details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=May 2025}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Pandu State
|common_name =Pandu
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Pandu
|stat_area1 =23.31
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =2 341
|footnotes =
}}

'''Pandu State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 102,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n111/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 2 341 and an area of 9 sq miles.<ref>. Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 24, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n33/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The state was held by several shareholders (several people sharing the government and revenues of the state).

In 1922 the 5 shareholders of Pandu were:<ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 114, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/114/mode/2up</ref>

* Khanjada Akbarkhan Bahadarkhan (b. 1898)
* Khanjada Ranmastakhan Ahmedkha (b. 1878)
* Khanjada Sikdarkha Tajukhan (b. 1893)
* Sardarbibi, widow of Nathukhan Mansurkhan (b. 1862)
* Khanjada Ayubkhan Hamirkhan

In 1927 the 5 shareholders of Pandu were:<ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 162, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/161/mode/2up</ref>

* Jabarkhan Nijamkhan (b. ca. 1894)
* Usafkhan Ranmatkhan (b. ca. 1913)
* Sardarbibi, widow of Nathukhan Mansurkhan (b. 1862)
* Sikdarkha Tajukhan¨
* Ayubkhan Hamirkhan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{princely states topics}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Vadodara-geo-stub}}

Asian relations with Northeast India

2026-02-25T03:00:40Z

NydiaTalley110: New

{{Short description|none}}
{{Being merged to| Foreign relations of India |discuss=Talk:Foreign_relations_of_India#Delete/merge subversive POV coattail article |date=February 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=September 2025}}
{{Original research|date=September 2025}}
}}
[[File:NortheastIndia.png|thumb|249x249px|A map showing Northeast India bordering China, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, which are East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian respectively.]]
Since India's 1947 independence, 98% of Northeast India's borders have been with other Asian countries, making it a strategic frontier region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shubhankar |date=2018-12-18 |title=Northeast at the heart of India's ASEAN policy |url=https://indbiz.gov.in/northeast-at-the-heart-of-indias-asean-policy/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=IndBiz {{!}} Economic Diplomacy Division |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531211317/https://indbiz.gov.in/northeast-at-the-heart-of-indias-asean-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=Sri Lanka |date=2024-12-31 |title=The Birth and Burden of Northeast India – Sri Lanka Guardian |url=https://slguardian.org/the-birth-and-burden-of-northeast-india/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=slguardian.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109183948/https://slguardian.org/the-birth-and-burden-of-northeast-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> India's [[Act East policy]] seeks to harness this connectivity in the modern day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2024-02-16 |title=Act East policy boosts regional cooperation: Northeast India's economic corridors explored in roundtable conference |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/act-east-policy-boosts-regional-cooperation-northeast-indias-economic-corridors-explored-in-roundtable-conference/articleshow/107757851.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== East Asia ==

=== China ===
{{See also|Five Fingers of Tibet|Greater Yunnan|India–Tibet relations}}
[[File:China India eastern border.jpg|thumb|Arunachal Pradesh (red) is claimed by China]]
China claims the border state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] as part of South Tibet, which has resulted in [[Sino-Indian border dispute|tensions]] between India and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Aadil |date=2024-03-29 |title=Indian state part of China "since ancient times," Beijing says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-india-arunachal-pradesh-zangnan-tibet-territorial-dispute-1884895 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907220540/https://www.newsweek.com/china-india-arunachal-pradesh-zangnan-tibet-territorial-dispute-1884895 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2009, China has issued "stapled visas" to people from Arunachal Pradesh when they wish to travel to China, signaling that they are perceived as having the same right of movement as Chinese citizens throughout China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=28 July 2023 |title=Explained: China issuing 'stapled visas' to Arunachal Pradesh players may concern national security; here's how |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/explained-china-issuing-stapled-visas-to-arunachal-pradesh-players-may-concern-national-security-heres-how-11690521087136.html |work=Livemint |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908210416/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/explained-china-issuing-stapled-visas-to-arunachal-pradesh-players-may-concern-national-security-heres-how-11690521087136.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 19th century, the British sent an [[Sikkim expedition|expedition]] to guarantee suzerainty in Sikkim, aiming to secure it from Tibet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Yi Meng |date=2021 |title=Expedition turned Invasion: The 1888 Sikkim Expedition through British, Indian and Chinese eyes |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/expedition-turned-invasion-the-1888-sikkim-expedition-through-british-indian-and-chinese-eyes/4A6485455608A4472104C5CF872127E9 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=803–829 |doi=10.1017/S1356186321000018 |issn=1356-1863 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126042634/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/expedition-turned-invasion-the-1888-sikkim-expedition-through-british-indian-and-chinese-eyes/4A6485455608A4472104C5CF872127E9 |url-status=live }}</ref> In postcolonial times, China had a dispute over the status of Sikkim, which [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|acceded to India]] in 1975, until 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-12 |title=Back off or China will readjust stance on Sikkim: Chinese daily |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-state-media-warns-india-back-off-border-dispute-or-beijing-will-support-sikkims-independence/articleshow/59468541.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402171622/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-state-media-warns-india-back-off-border-dispute-or-beijing-will-support-sikkims-independence/articleshow/59468541.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, 21st century border clashes have occurred between India and China in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-05 |title=Sikkim impasse: What is the India-China-Bhutan border standoff? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-india-china-bhutan-border-standoff-sikkim-doklam-chumbi-valley-4736620/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
During [[World War 2]], the Japanese military collaborated with the [[Indian National Army]] in the region;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan's Infrastructure Investment in Northeast India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/japans-infrastructure-investment-in-northeast-india/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502020858/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/japans-infrastructure-investment-in-northeast-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> eventually, the westward expansion of the [[Japanese Empire]] was put to a stop in Northeast India in the 1944 [[Battle of Imphal]].

Northeast India is currently being prioritized by India and Japan as part of Japan's [[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]] strategy and as part of India's [[Act East policy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Rupakjyoti |date=9 December 2019 |title=How India and Japan Zoomed in on Northeast India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/how-india-and-japan-zoomed-in-on-northeast-india/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502003925/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/how-india-and-japan-zoomed-in-on-northeast-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with both countries seeing the region as especially important for creating trading routes due to their collective rejection of China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003165026/northeast-india-japan-mayumi-murayama-sanjoy-hazarika-preeti-gill |title=Northeast India and Japan: Engagement through Connectivity |date=2021-09-30 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-16502-6 |editor=Mayumi Murayama |editor2=Sanjoy Hazarika |editor3=Preeti Gill |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781003165026 |archive-date=2024-05-02 |access-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502010211/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003165026/northeast-india-japan-mayumi-murayama-sanjoy-hazarika-preeti-gill |url-status=live }}</ref> Northeast India, in conjunction with the neighboring [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC country]] of [[Bangladesh]], is seen by Japan as an important region in containing China,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Doreen |date=2023-04-21 |title=Locating Bangladesh in Japan's North-East India Ambition |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/21/locating-bangladesh-in-japans-north-east-india-ambition/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502003926/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/21/locating-bangladesh-in-japans-north-east-india-ambition/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> while India seeks to use its northeastern region to increase engagement with [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bhuyan |first=Aroonim |date=31 October 2018 |title=Why Northeast matters for India-Japan collaboration in Indo-Pacific (News Analysis) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/why-northeast-matters-for-india-japan-collaboration-in-indo-pacific-news-analysis-118103100567_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502004322/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/why-northeast-matters-for-india-japan-collaboration-in-indo-pacific-news-analysis-118103100567_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India's guarding of its northeast corner as a sensitive border region that it is unwilling to allow untrusted partner countries to invest in, is a major factor leading to India desiring Japan's involvement in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Rupakjyoti |date=2021-03-14 |title=Japan Shares Good Reasons to Collaborate in Northeast India's Development {{!}} JAPAN Forward |url=https://japan-forward.com/japan-shares-good-reasons-to-collaborate-in-northeast-indias-development/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=japan-forward.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502005828/https://japan-forward.com/japan-shares-good-reasons-to-collaborate-in-northeast-indias-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Doreen |date=2023-04-21 |title=Locating Bangladesh in Japan's North-East India Ambition |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/21/locating-bangladesh-in-japans-north-east-india-ambition/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502003926/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/04/21/locating-bangladesh-in-japans-north-east-india-ambition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== South Asia ==
[[File:Eastern South Asia.png|thumb|Northeast India is part of the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern region of South Asia]].]]
=== Bangladesh ===
Northeast India is dependent on Bangladesh for access to the sea via Bangladesh’s [[Chittagong port]]. Initiatives for connectivity, like the [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]] and the [[Akhaura–Agartala line]], are also relevant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamkang |first=Leivon Albert |date=2024-10-04 |title=The Impact of Bangladesh's Political Shift on North East India's Geopolitics and Security |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/10/05/the-impact-of-bangladeshs-political-shift-on-north-east-indias-geopolitics-and-security/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202200827/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/10/05/the-impact-of-bangladeshs-political-shift-on-north-east-indias-geopolitics-and-security/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh is also part of a proposed railway network that would allow the Northeast to connect with India through a more direct route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=Northeast's New Rail Route Via Bangladesh To Bypass 'Chicken's Neck' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/northeasts-new-rail-route-via-bangladesh-to-bypass-chickens-neck-article-111037797 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714153909/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/northeasts-new-rail-route-via-bangladesh-to-bypass-chickens-neck-article-111037797 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Bangladeshis in India|Immigration from Bangladesh]] has been a concern for indigenous populations in Northeast India, which oppose significant demographic change. This immigration has led to historical movements such as the [[Assam Movement]] of the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Phom |first1=Angshom |last2=Seth |first2=Chan |date=13 September 2024 |title=A Glimpse of Bangladesh's Political Crisis from Northeast India |url=https://morungexpress.com/a-glimpse-of-bangladeshs-political-crisis-from-northeast-india |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[The Morung Express]] |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009131705/https://morungexpress.com/a-glimpse-of-bangladeshs-political-crisis-from-northeast-india |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 21st century, some people in Assam and other states were deported to Bangladesh on suspicion of having illegally immigrated from Bangladesh (see also: [[National Register of Citizens for Assam]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=Assam: 'I was pushed across the border into Bangladesh at gunpoint' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj78v79z9do |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605124553/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj78v79z9do |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, India restricted its imports from Bangladesh after comments by caretaker Prime Minister Muhammad Yunus and others regarding Northeast India were deemed to be a threat, with the reduction in border trade impacting northeastern communities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How border trade restrictions are impacting lives, livelihoods in the northeast |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-border-trade-restrictions-are-impacting-lives-livelihoods-in-the-northeast-101748595604020.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Bhutan ===
{{Main|Bhutan–India relations}}Bhutan helped open up air routes from Northeast India to Southeast Asia in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northeast India Gets Closer to ASEAN, Courtesy of Bhutan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/northeast-india-gets-closer-to-asean-courtesy-of-bhutan/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230230603/https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/northeast-india-gets-closer-to-asean-courtesy-of-bhutan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, Bhutan also opened its second [[List of diplomatic missions of Bhutan|consulate]] in the easternmost portions of India in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's New Gateway to Bhutan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-new-gateway-to-bhutan/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212232212/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-new-gateway-to-bhutan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== India ===
{{See also|Indian Himalayan Region|Inner Line Permit|Insurgency in Northeast India}}

Present-day Northeast India started to be annexed into [[British India]] in the early 19th century to defend the eastern frontier from the incursions of the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese Empire]], with [[British Assam|Assam]] becoming part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] until 1874.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How India's northeast rose against the British |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indias-northeast-rebelled-against-the-british/articleshow/93479614.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815181418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indias-northeast-rebelled-against-the-british/articleshow/93479614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Siliguri Corridor sketch with Asian Highway segment.jpg|thumb|The [[Siliguri Corridor]] connects non-Northeast India and Northeast India]]

The treatment of the Northeast as separate from the [[Mainland India|rest of India]] during the colonial era has continued to negatively impact its integration into the Republic of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |date=2024-12-04 |title=The Northeast dares India to reinvent Itself |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Dec/04/the-northeast-dares-india-to-reinvent-itself |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223051708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Dec/04/the-northeast-dares-india-to-reinvent-itself |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Excerpt|Northeast India#Development and connectivity projects|paragraphs=1}}

=== Nepal ===
[[File:Limbu-people-Limbuwan-Nepal-Sikkim-map.jpg|thumb|The [[Limbu people]] live along the border of Nepal and Sikkim|left]]
Some retired Nepali troops settled in Northeast India (primarily in Sikkim) during the colonial era. In the present day, there has been some indigenous backlash to the Nepali diaspora.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutt |first=Srikant |date=2021-09-10 |title=Migration and Development: The Nepalese in Northeast |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ebhr/?id=182 |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |language=en |issue=56 |doi=10.4000/ebhr.182 |issn=0943-8254|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Sikkim's 1975 [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|accession to India]] was influenced by its ties to Nepal, as its ethnically Nepali population felt discriminated against by the Sikkimese government and sought better treatment by joining India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Nepali |date=2021-07-03 |title=Letting go of Sikkim's ghost |url=https://nepalitimes.com/banner/letting-go-of-sikkims-ghost |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=nepalitimes.com |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126040650/https://nepalitimes.com/banner/letting-go-of-sikkims-ghost |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Southeast Asia ==
India has sought to use Northeast India to connect to Southeast Asia for trading purposes. However, recent conflicts such as the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence]] have reduced the stability of the region for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Manipur Burns, India's Connectivity Plans in Southeast Asia Go Up in Smoke |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/as-manipur-burns-indias-connectivity-plans-in-southeast-asia-go-up-in-smoke/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830155335/https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/as-manipur-burns-indias-connectivity-plans-in-southeast-asia-go-up-in-smoke/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Myanmar ===
{{See also|India–Myanmar relations|Involvement of Northeast Indian insurgents in the Myanmar conflict}}
[[File:Flag Map of British Raj (India).png|thumb|Myanmar (then Burma) was the easternmost part of mainland British India, bordering today's Northeast India and Bangladesh]]
Myanmar is the only Southeast Asian country that [[India–Myanmar border|borders]] Northeast India. Both places were part of [[British India]] for several decades; the dynamics of British rule in the region, which was the first time that a pan-Indian empire had fully conquered the [[Northeastern South Asia|Northeastern South Asian]] space, and Myanmar's 1937 [[Separation of Burma|separation]] from Indian administration, still affect their border regions today.<ref>[https://dkiapcss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/PDFs/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism//PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf Ethnicity, Ideology and Religion: Separatist Movements in India’s Northeast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228135041/https://dkiapcss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/PDFs/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism//PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf |date=2024-12-28 }} Subir Bhaumik</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |date=2021 |title=Tangled Lands: Burma and India's Unfinished Separation, 1937–1948 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/tangled-lands-burma-and-indias-unfinished-separation-19371948/76F4F6EC5CB7E7CC1B4DE7E8730CA788 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=293–315 |doi=10.1017/S0021911820000017 |issn=0021-9118 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226162303/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/tangled-lands-burma-and-indias-unfinished-separation-19371948/76F4F6EC5CB7E7CC1B4DE7E8730CA788 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are substantial cross-border ethnic ties, with the Indian government [[North-East India security fence|having allowed]] a limited amount of unregulated movement across the border from 2018 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title='We're a single village': India seals Myanmar border, dividing families |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/11/were-a-single-village-india-seals-myanmar-border-dividing-families |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830155335/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/11/were-a-single-village-india-seals-myanmar-border-dividing-families |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Thailand ===
[[File:India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway.svg|thumb|The planned [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]], terminus in Manipur]]
The [[Tai peoples]] (Tai-Ahom people) of Northeast India share ethnic and linguistic ties with [[Thai people]].

== See also ==

* [[Eastern Himalayas]]
* [[Pacific Asia]]
* [[Tea Horse Road]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Northeast India}}

[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India|Northeast India]]

Parbhani

2026-02-22T06:29:19Z

NydiaTalley110: creating some article needs work...

{{About|the city in Maharashtra, India|its namesake district|Parbhani district|its namesake municipal corporation|Parbhani Municipal Corporation}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parbhani
| native_name = {{small|{{lang|mr|प्रभावती नगर}}}}
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = File:Marathwada Martyr Monument, Parbhani.jpeg
| image_caption = [[Marathwada Liberation Day|Marathwada Martyr Monument]], Parbhani Coordinates: {{Coord|19|15|33|N|76|46|59|E|type:landmark}}
| nickname = City of Saints
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.27|N|76.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marathwada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Parbhani District|Parbhani]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1610 A.D
| named_for = Goddess [[Parvati|Prabhavati]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Parbhani Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Ramesh Pawar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Transfer-9/speednewsbytopic/keyid-2970138.cms|title=Transfer 9 Rahul Rekhawar, IAS (MH:2011) CEO, ZP, Hingoli has been posted as Municipal Commissioner, Parbhani Municipal Corporation, Parbhani in place of A.A.Mahajan.|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Syed Iqbal ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])
| leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name2 = Ganesh Deshmukh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 57.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 347
| population_total = 307,170<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2717_PART_B_DCHB_%20PARBHANI.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 8128
| population_metro = 651580
| population_rank = India: [[List of cities in India by population|149th]] [[Maharashtra]]: [[List of cities in Maharashtra|29th]]
| population_demonym = Parbhanikar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431401, and 431402
| area_code = +91-2452
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| registration_plate = MH-22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 958/1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Parbhani (Maharashtra) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/parbhani.html|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name4 = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]] Alias Bandu<ref>{{cite web|title= Parbhani Lok Sabha Elections and Results 2014|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/parliamentary-constituencies/parbhani.html|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> ([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]])
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy rate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 77.75%
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1700|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|21.2|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|49|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|02.1|°C|°F}}
| blank6_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank6_info_sec2 = Medium<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/Economic%20Survey%20of%20Maharashtra...pdf |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2014-15 |website=Maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://parbhani.gov.in/|parbhani.gov.in}}
}}

'''Parbhani''' ({{IAST|parbhani}}, {{IPA|mr|pəɾbʰəɳiː|-|LL-Q1571 (mar)-SangeetaRH-परभणी.wav}}) is a city in [[Maharashtra]] state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Parbhani District]]. Parbhani is one of the largest cities in [[Marathwada]] region. Parbhani is around {{convert|200|km}} away from regional headquarters of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] while it is {{cvt|491|km}} away from the state capital [[Mumbai]].

Along with the entire Marathwada region, Parbhani was a part of the erstwhile [[Nizam State]]; later a part of [[Hyderabad State]]; after [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganization of states in 1956]] it became a part of the then-[[Bombay state]]; since 1960, it has been part of the present Maharashtra state.<ref name=pbnnic>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|title=OVERVIEW OF PARBHANI DISTRICT|website=Parbhani.nic.in|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501174845/http://www.parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Parbhani is home to [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth Parbhani Maharashtra India |url=https://www.vnmkv.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.vnmkv.ac.in}}</ref> which is one of [[List of agricultural universities in India#Maharashtra|only four agriculture universities in Maharashtra]]. Moreover, Parbhani also has an annual festival at [[Turabul Haq Dargah]], which attracts lakhs of tourists each year.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |title= Parbhani, India |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Parbhani|website= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name=esakal>{{cite news |title= सय्यद शाह तुराबुल हक साहेब (फोटो फिचर) |url= http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110204/4667279271518338312.htm |access-date= 19 July 2015 |newspaper= [[Sakal]] |language= mr |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002158/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110204/4667279271518338312.htm |archive-date= 24 September 2015}}</ref> Parbhani is named after Goddess Prabhavati.

==Etymology, and history==
In ancient times, Parbhani was known as "''Prabhavati nagari''"<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani at a glance|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|website=parbhani.nic.in|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329033822/http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{langx|mr|प्रभावतीनगरी}}) on account of the existence of a massive temple of Goddess Prabhavati. The name "''Prabhavati''" means goddess [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Meaning of Prabhavati |url=http://www.bachpan.com/Meaning-of-Prabhavathi.aspx |website= bachpan.com |access-date= 23 July 2015}}</ref> Present name Parbhani is a corrupt form of Prabhavati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani District Gazetteers chapter 1|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/parbhani/chapters/general/general.htm|website=Cultural.maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

Parbhani was for over 650 years under Muslim rule, under the [[Deccan sultanates]], the [[Mughals]] and later the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. The town remained a part of the [[Hyderabad State|Princely State of Hyderabad]] under the rulership of the Nizam until [[Operation Polo]] of the Indian Army in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nmnz/S66ueKkrJc8PBO1kw==&ParentID=z2xdy5FtH8G+oZz4hw/CKg== |title=Official Website of Indian Army |website=Indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/maharashtra/history-of-parbhani.aspx |title=History of Parbhani City Maharashtra Origin-Background-Significance |website=Hoparoundindia.com |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Thereafter it became part of the independent Republic of India.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC|year=2006|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521682251}}</ref> Until 1956 the town remained a part of Hyderabad State within India. Under the administrative reforms that year and the break-up of the [[State of Hyderabad]], Parbhani and the adjacent towns were transferred to the multilingual [[Bombay]] State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aurangabad |title=Aurangabad | India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2014-09-18 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Since 1960 it has been a part of [[State of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parbhani, Nizam, and post 1947|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|website=parbhani.nic.in|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329033822/http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, the population of Parbhani city is 307,170. Male and female populations are 157,628 and 149,563 respectively, a ratio of 949 females per 1000 males. The average literacy rate of Parbhani city is 84.34 per cent (225,298 people), with male literacy at 90.71 per cent and female at 77.70 per cent. According to the census report, population of children (aged 0–6 years) in Parbhani city is a total of 40,075 of which 21,187 are males and 18,888 are females, a ratio of 981 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/358-parbhani.html |title=City Population Census 2011 | |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] forms a plurality in Parbhani city with 138,562 followers. [[Islam]] is the second major religion in the city of Parbhani with approximately 126,702 following it and [[Buddhism]] by 36,203, Christianity is followed by 697, Jainism by 2,870.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Parbhani |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/818/download/2921/DH_2011_2717_PART_A_DCHB_PARBHANI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Language in Parbhani City (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 55.04 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 31.51 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 10.41 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 1.04 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = Other |value5 = 2.00 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 55.04% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 31.51% [[Urdu]], 10.41% [[Hindi]] and 1.04% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Cleanliness==
According to the "Swacch Surveskshan 2018" (a cleanliness survey) under [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]], Parbhani city was ranked under "greatest improvement over last year" category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-17 |title=Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings: Mumbai cleanest state capital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/swachh-survekshan-2018-rankings-tags-mumbai-as-cleanest-state-capital-5179690/#:~:text=Bhusaval,%20Bhiwandi%20and%20Parbhani%20have%20been%20ranked,of%20Navi%20Mumbai%20Municipal%20Corporation%20(NMMC)%20Ankush |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Parbhani was one of the three cities of Maharashtra state to get the rank, along with [[Bhusawal]], and [[Bhiwandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/swachh-survekshan-2018-rankings-tags-mumbai-as-cleanest-state-capital-5179690/|title=Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings: Mumbai cleanest state capital |date=17 May 2018 }}</ref> In the same survey Parbhani was declared India's best city in giving citizen feedback.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/surprise-city-ranked-1-in-cleanliness-survey/article23906836.ece|title=Surprise: city ranked #1 in cleanliness survey|date=17 May 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
[[File:Parbhani city, Maharashtra - around dusk.jpg|thumb|left|Parbhani after sunset]]

Parbhani is located at {{Coord|19.27|N|76.78|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Parbhani.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Parbhani, India |website=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 347 metres.

[[Parbhani district]] is uniformly laid by the Deccan lava flows in the form of horizontally bedded sheets, similar to Deccan trap formation of basaltic composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahaforest.gov.in/fckimagefile/Parbhani%20Note.pdf |title=Result of Sample Tree Enumeration of Parbhani Forest Division |website=Mahaforest.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> Being in Godavari Valley, city's soil is very fertile, deep and rich in nutrients.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://mahaagri.gov.in/level3PdfDisp.aspx?Id=5&subid=15&sub2id=21&FileName=chapter+2.pdf |title=EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF PARBHANI DISTRICT |website=Mahaagri.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-19 |archive-date=15 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202050/http://mahaagri.gov.in/level3PdfDisp.aspx?Id=5&subid=15&sub2id=21&FileName=chapter+2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

===Climate===
Parbhani's climate is classified as tropical. The [[Köppen-Geiger]] climate classification is Aw. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/54664/ |title=Climate Parbhani: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Parbhani |website=En.climate-data.org |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Parbhani (1991–2020, extremes 1944–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 38.0
| Feb record high C = 39.8
| Mar record high C = 43.2
| Apr record high C = 47.2
| May record high C = 46.6
| Jun record high C = 45.9
| Jul record high C = 39.3
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 37.9
| Oct record high C = 37.7
| Nov record high C = 36.5
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 46.6
| Jan high C = 30.1
| Feb high C = 33.3
| Mar high C = 37.3
| Apr high C = 40.4
| May high C = 41.9
| Jun high C = 36.9
| Jul high C = 31.7
| Aug high C = 30.8
| Sep high C = 31.7
| Oct high C = 32.7
| Nov high C = 31.3
| Dec high C = 29.9
| year high C = 34.0
| Jan low C = 13.4
| Feb low C = 16.1
| Mar low C = 20.0
| Apr low C = 23.7
| May low C = 26.6
| Jun low C = 25.0
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 22.7
| Sep low C = 22.4
| Oct low C = 20.0
| Nov low C = 16.2
| Dec low C = 13.2
| year low C = 20.1
| Jan record low C = 4.4
| Feb record low C = 6.1
| Mar record low C = 11.6
| Apr record low C = 16.6
| May record low C = 18.8
| Jun record low C = 18.7
| Jul record low C = 13.6
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 15.2
| Oct record low C = 10.0
| Nov record low C = 8.3
| Dec record low C = 4.8
| year record low C = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.9
| Feb rain mm = 4.0
| Mar rain mm = 15.5
| Apr rain mm = 6.7
| May rain mm = 16.6
| Jun rain mm = 150.1
| Jul rain mm = 230.2
| Aug rain mm = 204.7
| Sep rain mm = 161.1
| Oct rain mm = 80.3
| Nov rain mm = 13.8
| Dec rain mm = 2.7
| year rain mm = 890.6
| Jan rain days = 0.5
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 1.2
| May rain days = 1.4
| Jun rain days = 7.9
| Jul rain days = 11.0
| Aug rain days = 10.2
| Sep rain days = 7.7
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 1.2
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 46.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 39
| Feb humidity = 29
| Mar humidity = 23
| Apr humidity = 22
| May humidity = 24
| Jun humidity = 47
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 70
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 57
| Nov humidity = 51
| Dec humidity = 46
|year humidity = 45
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Parbhani Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 593–594
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M150
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Parbhani district}}
In the fields of academics, the city is known mainly for the Agriculture University, and because of the university it is also known for the preparation of competitive exams for civil services like [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission]], and [[Union Public Service Commission]].

===Agricultural University===
{{Main|Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University}}

[[File:University gate Parbhani 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]]

Agricultural research in Parbhani dates back to [[British Raj|pre-independence era]]. It began with the commencement of Main Experimental Farm of [[Hyderabad State|erstwhile Nizam State]] in 1918. Agricultural education was available only at Hyderabad, but crop research centres for sorghum, cotton, fruits among few others existed in Parbhani.<ref name="vnmkv1">{{cite web |url=http://www.vnmkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html|title=General Information |website=Vnmkv.ac.in |access-date=2017-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506141754/http://vnmkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html |archive-date=6 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first college of agriculture was established in this region at Parbhani in 1956 by the Hyderabad State Government just before the Maharashtra State reorganization. The current day [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]] (VNMAU) was established on 18 May 1972 as Marathwada Agriculture University to fulfill the regional aspirations of agrarian growth, with further responsibilities to provide education in agriculture and allied fields, and to undertake research and facilitate technology transfer in Marathwada region.<ref name="vnmkv1"/> It is one of the only four agricultural universities in the State of Maharashtra.

Since the 1970s, Parbhani has proved itself as the hub of educational, research, and extension activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/960|title=Convocation address by Dr Mangala Rai, Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR at Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani – Indian Council of Agricultural Research|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073528/http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/960|archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> The famous 'Gaorani' cotton, a breed of Indian cotton, is the result of research facilities at Parbhani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/marathwada-agricultural-university |title=Marathwada Agricultural University | agropedia |website=Agropedia.iitk.ac.in |date=2009-08-20 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> The university was renamed after the name of former Chief Minister of Maharashta, [[Vasantrao Naik]], in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other//articleshow/20672650.cms |title=Marathwada agriculture university to be renamed after Vasantrao Naik|website=The Times of India |date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>

"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences" is located on the campus of VNMAU which is one of the constituent Veterinary Colleges coming under the authority of [[Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University]], [[Nagpur]] from 2000. Earlier this college was established in 1972 as a part of Marathwada Agriculture University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mkv2.mah.nic.in/doe/maufrgen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210052825/http://mkv2.mah.nic.in/doe/maufrgen.html|title=General Information|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2012|date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

Today, this area is known as 'Kali Kaman,' where many farmers sell their fresh produce outside the gate. The Agriculture University has been a true gift to the people of Parbhani, helping maintain the environment with its vast open lots, acres of land for research and overall greenery. Many residents also make use of the campus for early morning walks and to enjoy the fresh air.

===Colleges===
Notable colleges in the city include Government Medical College and Hospital, Parbhani,
[[P.D. Jain Homoeopathic Medical College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdjainhmcpbn.in |title=P.D.Jain Homoeopathic Medicalcollege, Hospital & Post Graduate Institute, Parbhani |website=Pdjainhmcpbn.in |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> which was established in 1918,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmer.org/dmer/marathwada/parbhani/4338-basic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616095847/http://dmer.org/dmer/marathwada/parbhani/4338-basic.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2006-06-16 |title=P.D. Jain Homoeopathic College – basic info |website=Dmer.org |access-date=2017-04-18 }}</ref> [[Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muhs.ac.in/Upload/Planning/SARASWATI%20DHANVANTRI%20PARBHANI%20OMR.pdf |title=Local Inquiry Committee Report for First Affiliation |website=Muhs.ac.in |access-date=2017-04-19 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104554/http://www.muhs.ac.in/Upload/Planning/SARASWATI%20DHANVANTRI%20PARBHANI%20OMR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi College of Agriculture, and Food Technology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rgcft.org/rgcft/ |title=Home – Rajiv Gandhi College of Food Technology, Parbhani |website=Rgcft.org |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419192201/http://www.rgcft.org/rgcft/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Beleshwar Institute of Nursing, Sitaramji Mundada Marathwada Polytechnic College,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/staticpages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=2198 |title=Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai |website=Dtemaharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419105045/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/staticpages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=2198 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dnyanopasak College of Arts, Commerce, Science, and Technology]], Sharda Mahavidyalaya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shardacollege.co.in/|title=Sharda Mahavidyalaya Arts & Science, Parbhani – Responsive Joomla! template JSN Boot by JoomlaShine.com – Home|website=shardacollege.co.in|access-date=2019-01-27}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeshwant College of Information Technology, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, [[Dr. Zakir Hussain College]], Karmayogi Dada Jr College and Godavari Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's B.Raghunath Arts, Commerce and Science College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brcpbn.in/|title=B. Raghunath Arts Commerce and Science College, Parbhani{{!}}|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927040412/http://brcpbn.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani|Shri Shivaji College]] in the city hosts a multitude of courses including Arts, Commerce, Science,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srtmun.ac.in/en/academics/list-of-affiliated-colleges-parbhani-district.html |title=List of Affiliated Colleges Parbhani District |website=Srtmun.ac.in |date=1994-09-17 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrishivajicollege.org |title=Home | Shri Shivaji College Parbhani |website=Shrishivajicollege.org |date=2016-06-27 |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Law,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mspmslcp.org/ |title=Home |website=Mspmslcp.org |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104816/http://www.mspmslcp.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Diploma in Engineering,<ref>{{cite web|author=Ajinkya Karanjikar |url=http://sspi.net.in |title=Shri Shivaji Polytechnic Institute, Parbhani |website=Sspi.net.in |access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> Engineering and Management,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssiems.org/ |title=Shri Shivaji Institute of Engineering and Management Studies, Parbhani |website=Ssiems.org |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419110009/http://www.ssiems.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Diploma in Pharmacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/staticpages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=2028 |title=Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai |website=Dtemaharashtra.gov.in |date=1982-06-17 |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419102208/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/staticpages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=2028 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Schools===
Some of the prominent junior colleges and schools from the city are: Queen's School, Moidul Muslimeen Urdu School, Dnyansadhna Junior college, [[Gandhi Vidyalaya, Parbhani]], Bal Vidya Mandir High School and Jr. College, NVS Marathwada High school, [[Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani|Shree Shivaji Junior College of Arts, Commerce, Science, and Vocational Science]], [[Dnyanopasak College of Arts, Commerce, Science, and Technology|Dnyanopasak Junior College of Arts, Commerce, and Science]], Dr. Zakir Hussain High School and Jr. College.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.srtmun.ac.in/en/academics/list-of-affiliated-colleges-parbhani-district.html |title= List of Affiliated Colleges Parbhani District |website=Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University |access-date= 20 January 2017}}</ref>

In Parbhani, there are many schools like Bharatiya Bal Vidya Mandir and Mahatma Phule High School, each of which contributes to the educational heritage of the city.

==Religion and culture==
{{Main|Tourism in Marathwada}}

[[File:Parbhani dargah festival at night.jpg|right|thumb|Annual [[Turabul Haq Dargah|Parbhani Dargah Festival]]]]

Temples in Parbhani include Shree Motha Maruti a temple of [[Lord Hanuman]], Shree Supari Hanuman Mandir, Jabreshwar, Ashtbhuja Mandir, Pardeshwar Temple and Beleshwar Temple of Lord Mahadev, Shri Siddhivinayak Ganpati Temple of [[lord Ganesha]], Nagraj Temple, and a temple of [[Hinglaj Mata|Maata Hingulambika.]] There are some more temples in the interior of Parbhani those are, Mudgaleshwar Temple at Mudgal- a village in [[Manwath|Manwat]], Pingaleshwar Temple in Pingli, Dharasur has some ancient temples. [[Gangakhed]] is known for its river and is the birthplace of Sant [[Janabai]].

[[Turabul Haq Dargah]] (Turatpir) is located in Parbhani Town.<ref name="esakal" /> The Dargah consists of the tomb of Turabul Haq Shah, a Muslim saint who lived here during the last days of his life. The Dargah is famous for annual [[Urs]], the death anniversary. Urs is an important festival where people of all religions come together and celebrate for a week (usually start from 2 to 15 February). Dargah of Qurban Ali shah, dargah of Akhund Shah and dargah of many other saints are also situated in the city.

Churches in Parbhani Include Christ Gospel Church, Church of the Nazarene, Good News Church, and New Apostolic Church.

==Healthcare==
===Private hospitals===
Essential basic needs of healthcare are present, as well as high-end facilities. A number of intensive care units and four multi super specialty hospitals are operational as of January 2024.

===Government hospitals===
The city has District Civil Hospital with 412 beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_hospital_suvidha_18_07_2016.pdf |title=sFks vkjksX; fo"k;d ;kstuk dk;ZfUor vkgsr- |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202072402/http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_hospital_suvidha_18_07_2016.pdf|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> City has Government Eye Hospital as well. It also has a separate Government Hospital for Women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/Women_Hospital_Parbhani.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – WH Parbhani |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>

Parbhani Civil Hospital carries out government operations such as [[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana]], National Rural Health Mission for school going kids,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_rbsk_cell_18_07_2016.pdf |title=National Rural Health Mission |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> and National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardio-Vascular Diseases, Cancer and Stroke.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_ncd_18_07_2016.pdf |title=National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardio-Vascular Diseases, Cancer and Stroke |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> It also has a department to prevent and take action against swine flu. Through its workshops of Adolescent Reproductive & Sexual Health the Civil Hospital tries to spread awareness against underage marriages and teen pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_arsh_programme_18_07_2016.pdf |title=Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> Along with these, the Civil Hospital carries out its traditional duties of spreading awareness of basic hygiene, healthcare, and vaccinations. Civil hospital does not charge any individual for acquiring condoms,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/ch_aids_18_07_2016.pdf |title=?? |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> and other contraceptives. It also provides most medicines for free. The Civil Hospital charges a nominal fees for its services like surgeries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/civil_hospital.html |title=Civil Hospital, Parbhani |website=Parbhani.nic.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Rail===
[[File:Parbhani railway junction panorama.jpg|thumb|right|Panoramic photo of Parbhani railway station at dawn]]

The transport system of the city is largely dependent on rails. [[Parbhani railway station]] is a railway junction situated on [[Secunderabad–Manmad section]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/redevelopment_view_details_r.jsp?ID1=PARBHANI%20JN|title=Station : Parbhani Jn |website=Cr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> The town has connectivity to major cities of [[Maharashtra]], such as [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nanded]], [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Nashik]] and [[Kolhapur]]. It is also connected to other Indian cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Ajmer]], [[Bhopal]], [[Amritsar]], [[Allahabad]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Tirupati]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/parbhani-junction-pbn/1674|title=PBN/Parbhani Junction Station – 80 Train Departures SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Parbhani Junction has many facilities, such as baggage check, metal detectors, VIP Lounge, parking, ATMs, ATVM (automatic ticket vending machines), canteen (Rail Aahar), fruit stalls, book stalls, Indian Post (Bhartiya Daak), foot overbridges, water for passengers, milk dairy, television, and wifi network (54 Mbit/s).

===Bus===
Central Bus Station of Parbhani connects Parbhani to other states of India, such as [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].
There are multiple daily buses of private operators and [[MSRTC]] Parbhani Division between Parbhani to other metropolitan cities within Maharashtra, and although at less frequency, there are buses to metropolitan cities from other states mentioned above.

Parbhani Bus Port is under construction in CBS Parbhani.

===Roads===
[[File:Shivaji Statue, Parbhani.jpg|thumb|right|Roundabout at great Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj Statue on National Highway]]
[[File:Stadium road .jpg|thumb|Newly constructed stadium road]]

[[National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 61]] old numbering NH 222, which connects the states [[Telangana]] and Maharashtra, passes through the town, which makes it have connectivity to Mumbai, Nanded. The NH 61 paves its way into [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] at [[Kalyan]]. These highways open further connectivity options for Parbhani, making it to connect with north-eastern cities of Indore, Jhansi, Agra and North-Southern cities like [[Varanasi]], Nagpur, [[Adilabad]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kanyakumari]].

[[File:Parbhani Roads.jpg|alt=Jintur Road, Parbhani|thumb|Parbhani roads]]

===Air===
On 31 December 1998, the State Government approved to construct an airport in Parbhani. Which was later stalled on 1 November 2001. This project is currently shelved. The location for the airport was never decided.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.processregister.com/Parbhani_Airport/Project/pid9710.htm|title=Parbhani Airport Project by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|website=Processregister.com|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

"Auto Rikshaw" (three wheelers) is only public transport available in the city. During the yearly [[Urs|Urus]] of [[Turabul Haq Dargah]], first fortnight of February month, the municipal corporation starts daily city buses across all major areas/neighborhoods of Parbhani city.

==Economy==
The economy of Parbhani largely depends on agriculture and [[agribusiness]].<ref name="auto2"/> It has [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] area for development of industries in the region, but does not have any major industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPS%20Parbhani.pdf |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Parbhani District |website=Dcmsme.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref> It is one of the most backward districts of India and thus have very low per capita income. The city is considered as forsaken as there have been lack of any initiatives by the state and central governments. It also holds the record for having highest fuel prices in the country, which add further backwardness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/backward-forsaken-parbhani-now-pays-among-highest-for-fuel-in-india-7869524/ |title = Backward, forsaken Parbhani now pays among highest for fuel in India |date = 15 April 2022 | access-date=2023-02-15}}</ref>

Parbhani is famous for its cotton produce. Parbhani exports its agriculture products like vegetable and fruits on a large scale.

==Media==
Parbhani's [[All India Radio]] (Ākāshvāṇī) radio station was commissioned and became operational in 1968. With four studios, it produces programmes in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Urdu]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages. It also provides dubbing services. The transmission covers Parbhani, [[Nanded]], [[Hingoli]], [[Latur]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Beed]] and [[Dharashiv]] districts, resulting an audience of approximately 10 lakhs. The frequency of transmission is 1305 kHz (MW).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/PARBHANI/Pages/default.aspx |title=Morning |website=Allindiaradio.gov.in |access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>
Parbhani also has [[Doordarshan]] Relay Centre.

All the major newspapers and electronic news media channels have their offices or representatives in the city.

==Sports==
Many sports establishments are available in Parbhani, such as football, swimming pool, tennis, badminton courts, cricket club, basketball club, baseball club. These clubs are operated by PMC's Department of Sports.

Furthermore, Parbhani has a multi-purpose stadium, the "District Stadium".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbasso.in/img/static/ef-sjrsc-2015-parbhani.pdf|date=June 2015|title=PARBHANI DISTRICT SHUTTLE BADMINTON ASSOCIATION|website=Mbasso.in|access-date=2017-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/blow-by-blow-account-filthy-rooms-stinking-toilets-at-parbhani-maharashtra-boxing-association-backs-women-boxers-into-a-corner|title=Blow by blow account- Filthy rooms, stinking toilets at Parbhani: Maharashtra Boxing Association backs women boxers into a corner|date=8 February 2016}}</ref> It is owned by PMC and operated by Department of Sports.

==Governance==
{{Further|Parbhani Municipal Corporation|Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}

In 2011 [[Maharashtra State]] cabinet decided to elevate Parbhani along with [[Latur]] and [[Chandrapur]] to municipal corporation as city crossed mark of 3,00,000 population in 2011 census. First election for the Municipal Corporation was conducted in 2012, after the predecessor City Council's term ended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Chandrapur-is-now-municipal-corporation/articleshow/10435175.cms|title=Chandrapur is now municipal corporation|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2011 |access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

"Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency" is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency covers the entire [[Parbhani district]] and a part of [[Jalna district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=2017-04-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

Since 1989, Parbhani is stronghold of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] both in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections and in [[Lok Sabha]] elections for [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/parbhani.html |title=Parbhani (Maharashtra) Election Results 2014, Current and Previous MLA |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/parliamentary-constituencies/parbhani.html |title=Parbhani(Maharashtra) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting MP and Party Name |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=2015-05-29}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[Sheshrao Deshmukh]]
*[[Shivajirao Shankarrao Deshmukh]]
*[[Babajani Durrani]]
*[[Mohan Fad]]
*[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
*[[Suresh Jadhav]]
*[[Abdul Rahman Khan Yousuf Khan]]
*[[Fouzia Khan]]
*[[Irfan ur Rahman Khan]]
*[[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
*[[Tukaram Renge Patil]]
*[[Mukundrao Pedgaonkar]]
*[[Mira Renge]]
*[[V. Satish]]
*[[Tryambak Vasekar]]
*[[Meena Warpudkar]]
*[[Suresh Warpudkar]]
*[[Ramrao Narayanrao Yadav]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="centre" heights="160" widths="160">
File:Marathwada Martyrs.jpg|Cross view of the monument, with flag pole in front
File:Parbhani Park1.jpg|View of the park
File:Palm trees in Parbahni garden.jpg|Palm trees in the park
File:Railway Station, Parbhani.jpeg|Railway tracks of Parbhani station
File:University gate Parbhani 1.jpg|alt=Agricultural University gate in Parbhani
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Parbhani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parbhani}}
{{Commons category|Parbhani district}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042440/http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/Parbhanigeneral.jsp Official website of Parbhani Divisional Police]
* [http://www.parbhani.nic.in Official website of Parbhani district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801031838/http://parbhani.nic.in/ |date=1 August 2019 }}
* [http://www.pcmcparbhani.gov.in Official website of Parbhani Municipal Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724061449/http://www.pcmcparbhani.gov.in/ |date=24 July 2018 }}
* [http://ecourts.gov.in/parbhani Official website of Parbhani Session Court]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Parbhani Parbhani] at Encyclopædia Britannica



{{Marathwada}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Parbhani district villages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parbhani| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Parbhani district]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Shark Tank India season 3

2026-02-16T09:41:15Z

NydiaTalley110: created some stub with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{short description|Third season of business reality show Shark Tank India}}
{{External links|November 2024|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolour = #00FFFF
| season_name = Shark Tank India
| season_number = 3
| image = STIseason3.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| first_aired = {{start date|2024|1|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|03|31}}
| num_episodes = 52
| network = [[Sony LIV]] [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| starring = [[#Sharks|See below]]
}}
The third season of ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' aired from 22 January 2024 to 31 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-season-3-live-streaming-when-where-to-watch-shark-tank-online-1657542#:~:text=Shark%20Tank%20India%20Season%203%20is%20all%20set%20to%20begin,from%20January%2022%2C%202024%20onwards | title=Shark Tank India 3: When & Where to Watch the Latest Season | date=18 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-3-promo-new-season-to-have-12-sharks-show-to-start-streaming-from-this-date-9079330/ | title=Shark Tank India 3 promo: New season to have 12 sharks; show to start streaming from this date | date=22 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/shark-tank-india-season-3-net-worth-12-judges-625608.html | title=Shark Tank India Season 3: List of All 12 Judges & Their Net Worths | date=19 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/shark-tank-india-season-3-release-date-judges-where-to-watch-peyush-bansal-tmovb-1861854-2024-01-18 | title=Shark Tank India Season 3: नये तेवर, नये जज के साथ लौट रहा है शार्क टैंक इंडिया 3, जानें कब-कहां देखें शो | date=18 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Format==
Apart from the 6 existing Sharks - [[Aman Gupta]], Amit Jain, [[Anupam Mittal]], [[Namita Thapar]], [[Vineeta Singh]], [[Peyush Bansal]], 6 new Sharks – [[Ritesh Agarwal]], Deepinder Goyal, Azhar Iqubal, Radhika Gupta, Varun Dua and [[Ronnie Screwvala]] were introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Shark Tank India 3 promo: New season to have 12 sharks; show to start streaming from this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-3-promo-new-season-to-have-12-sharks-show-to-start-streaming-from-this-date-9079330/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Shark Tank India 3: New season gets 12 sharks; former shark Ashneer Grover takes jibe |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/shark-tank-india-3-new-season-gets-12-sharks-former-shark-ashneer-grover-takes-jibe-404675-2023-11-06 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Rahul Dua]] continued hosting the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shark Tank India Season 3: Judges, registration and all you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shark-tank-india-season-3-judges-registration-and-all-you-need-to-know-2446977-2023-10-10 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=India Today |date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sony announces third season of 'Shark Tank India'; all you need to know |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/sony-announces-third-season-of-shark-tank-india-all-you-need-to-know-123061500476_1.html |work=Business Standard | first=Sonika Nitin | last=Nimje | date=15 June 2023 | accessdate=31 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Shark Tank India 3 promo out: Here's when it premieres and when to watch the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-3-promo-out-heres-when-it-premieres-and-when-to-watch-the-show/articleshow/106752432.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Sharks ==
Twelve Entrepreneurs were selected as the sharks for this season, with six of them (Azhar Iqubal, Deepinder Goyal, Radhika Gupta, Ritesh Agarwal, [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and Varun Dua) introduced in this edition. Only Five Sharks will be featured in each episode.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/shark-tank-india-3-new-season-gets-12-sharks-former-shark-ashneer-grover-takes-jibe-404675-2023-11-06 | title=Shark Tank India 3: New season gets 12 sharks; former shark Ashneer Grover takes jibe | date=6 November 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
!style="background: #00FFFF;color:black" |Shark
!style="background: #00FFFF;color:black" | Company
|-
|Amit Jain
|CEO and co-founder of CarDekho
|-
|[[Aman Gupta]]
|Co-founder and Chief Marketing Officer of boAt
|-
|[[Anupam Mittal]]
|Founder and CEO of [[Shaadi.com]] and People Group
|-
|Azhar Iqubal
|Co-founder and CEO of [[Inshorts]]
|-
|Deepinder Goyal
|Founder and CEO of [[Zomato]]
|-
|[[Namita Thapar]]
|Executive Director of [[Emcure Pharmaceuticals]]
|-
|[[Peyush Bansal]]
|Co-founder and CEO of [[Lenskart]]
|-
|Radhika Gupta
|Managing Director and CEO of Edelweiss MF
|-
|[[Ritesh Agarwal]]
|CEO and Founder of [[Oyo Rooms|OYO]]
|-
|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]
|Co-founder and chairperson, UpGrad
|-
|[[Vineeta Singh]]
|CEO and co-founder of SUGAR Cosmetics
|-
|Varun Dua
|Founder and CEO of [[Acko General Insurance|ACKO]]
|}

== Pitches and investments by sharks ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable sticky-header-multi" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:17px; width:auto;"
!rowspan="2" |Ep. no.
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pitch no.
!rowspan="2" |Brand
!rowspan="2" |Idea
!width="100" rowspan="2" |Original ask
!rowspan="2" |Deal
!colspan="12" |Investment by
|-
!{{vert header|[[Aman Gupta]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Ritesh Agarwal]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Vineeta Singh]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Namita Thapar]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Anupam Mittal]]}}
!{{vert header|[[Peyush Bansal]]}}
!{{vert header|Amit Jain}}
!{{vert header|Azhar Iqubal}}
!{{vert header|Radhika Gupta}}
!{{vert header|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]}}
!{{vert header|Varun Dua}}
!{{vert header|Deepinder Goyal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| colspan="2" |1
| The Honest Home
| Eco-friendly daily use products
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3% Equity + 1% royalty until ₹ 1.5 Crores are recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="45" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="72" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |2
| Adil Qadri
| Perfumes and Attar
| ₹ 1 Crore for 0.5% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity + 1% royalty until ₹ 1 Crores are recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |3
| Conscious Chemist
| Skincare Products
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2
| colspan="2" |4
| The Cinnamon Kitchen
| Plant-based healthy snacks
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="18" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |5
| Wtf Gyms
| Gyms service
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |6
| Intervue
| Conducts technical interviews online
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 1% Equity
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 2% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
| colspan="2" |7
| Rodbez
| Taxi-service for Bihar
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 5% Equity + ₹ 30 Lakhs debt @ 12% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="18" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |8
| Blix
| Robotics toys
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 4% Equity, Conditional Offer
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |9
| Homversity
| Student housing
| ₹ 65 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
| colspan="2" |10
| TURMS
| Intelligent Clothing
| ₹ 1.2 Crores for 2% Equity
| ₹ 1.2 Crores for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |11
| Mintree
| Skin care products
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |12
| 80Wash
| Waterless washing machine
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |5
| colspan="2" |13
| Dil foods
| Virtual restaurant service
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 0.5% Equity
| ₹ 2 Crores for 2.67% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |14
| AI Kavach
| Online security app
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1.25% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity + 2.5% Advisory Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |15
| Bartisans
| Cocktail and Mocktail brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |6
| colspan="2" |16
| Aretto
| Kids footwear brand
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="21" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |17
| Kalakaram
| DIY kits
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |18
| Nabhi Sutra
| Ayurvedic oils
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |7
| colspan="2" |19
| Zorko
| Food Brand
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |20
| Tramboo
| Kashmir willow bats
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |21
| WeHear
| Hearing Solutions
| ₹ 2.5 Crores for 1% Equity
| ₹ 2.5 Crores for 1% Equity + 1.5% Advisory Equity, Conditional Offer
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |8
| colspan="2" |22
| Tiggle
| Chocolate mixes
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 20% Equity + 2% royalty until ₹ 1 Crores are recouped
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |23
| WYLD Card
| Customer as Influencer
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 0.5% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |24
| upliance.ai
| Smart Cooker
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |9
| colspan="2" |25
| Pizza Galleria
| 100% Veg Pizza
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="15" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="33" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |26
| AI Cars
| Hydrogen-powered AI Car
| ₹ 2 Crores for 4% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |27
| Rooftop App
| Art Learning platform
| ₹ 2 Crores for 4% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |10
| colspan="2" |28
| Goenchi Feni
| Alcohol brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 5% Equity
| ₹ 2 Crores for 15% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |29
| Arata
| Hair care brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1.25% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1.33% Equity + 0.67% Advisory Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |30
| Vecros
| Spatial AI drone
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 1% Equity + ₹ 80 Lakhs debt @ 10% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |11
| colspan="2" |31
| Gud Gum
| Healthy Chewing Gum brand
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 10% Equity + 4% Royalty until 80Lakhs is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="66" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |32
| Eva Scalp Cooling System
| Post Chemo Scalp Cooling brand
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 1.2% Equity
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 1.8% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |33
| Elitty
| Teenage Make-up Brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 4% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |12
| colspan="2" |34
| HoneyTwigs
| Honey Brand
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |35
| Koparo
| Coconut based Cleaning Products
| ₹ 70 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 70 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |36
| 2Ballz
| Men's Innerwear Brand
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |13
| colspan="2" |37
| JewelBox
| Lab Grown Diamond Jewellery Brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| ₹ 2 Crores for 6% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |38
| DaakRoom
| Letter Writing Services
| ₹ 36 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| ₹ 36 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |39
| Nuvedo
| Mushroom Growing Service
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |14
| colspan="2" |40
| WALK
| Wearable Mobility Aid
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2.3% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |41
| Raja Rani Coaching
| Clothes Tailoring Academy
| ₹ 1.3 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |42
| Decode Age
| Age Longetivity Supplements
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1.25% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.25% Equity + 1% Royalty until 1.5 Crore is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |15
| colspan="2" |43
| A Little Extra
| Hand Made Fabric Jewellery
| ₹ 48 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 7.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| 44
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF }}
| Assembly
| Travel Bags
| ₹ 85 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
|45
| Nasher Miles
| Travel Bags
| ₹ 3 Crores for 0.75% Equity
| ₹ 3 Crores for 1.5% Equity + 1% Royalty until 3 Crore is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |16
| colspan="2" |46
| Alt Co
| Plant-based dairy products
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |47
| Without
| Products made from Waste Plastic
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |48
| Kibo by Trestle Labs
| Optical Character Recognition
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |17
| colspan="2" |49
| VOLD
| Energy Drink
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 10% Equity + 3% Royalty till 40 Lakhs are recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="109" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |50
| Quirksmith
| Jewellery Brand
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |51
| Urban Space
| Home Interior Brand
| ₹ 1.8 Crores for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |18
| colspan="2" |52
| HyperLab
| Sports Tech Brand
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |53
| ECO BioTraps
| Mosquito Breeding Prevention
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |54
| Hoora
| Auto Care App
| ₹ 80 lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |19
| colspan="2" |55
| Yes Madam
| App-based Home Salon Service
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 0.5% Equity
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 2% Equity + 2% Equity till 1.5 Crore is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |56
| ZeroDor
| Waterless Urinals
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |57
| Toffee Coffee Roasters
| Coffee Brand
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 36 Lakhs for 2.33% Equity + 25 Lakhs debt @10% for 3years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |20
| colspan="2" |58
| Push Sports
| Sports Solutions Company
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 4% Equity + 2% Royalty till 1.6 Crores are Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="15" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |59
| ORBO AI
| AI-based Beauty Advisor
| ₹ 1 Crore for 0.75% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |60
| Cannazo India
| Cannabis based Products
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |21
| colspan="2" |61
| Chefling
| DIY Food Products
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 16% Equity
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |62
| Intense Focus
| Designer Eye Wear Brand
| ₹ 5 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |63
| Millet Amma
| Millet based Products
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |22
| colspan="2" |64
| D'chica
| Innerwears for Teenage Girls
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |65
| Refit
| Refurbished Phones brand
| ₹ 2 Crores for 0.5% Equity
| ₹ 2 Crores for 1% Equity + 1% Royalty until 3 Crores are recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |66
| House of Beauty India
| Skin care Products
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |23
| colspan="2" |67
| Artinci
| Zero Sugar Desserts
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1.75% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity + 1% Royalty till 75 Lakhs are Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |68
| The Rage Room
| Anger Management activities
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 30% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |69
| Aastey
| Athleisure Wear Company
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |24
| colspan="2" |70
| Matri
| Period Pain Relieving Devices
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |71
| Rubbabu
| Rubber Foam Toys
| ₹ 2 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |72
| Gulabo Jaipur
| Traditional Jaipur Clothing
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |25
| colspan="2" |73
| Arista Vault
| Smart Luggage Bags
| ₹ 45 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 1% Equity + 25 Lakhs Debt @18% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="12" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |74
| Tohands
| Smart Calculator with Ledger
| ₹ 55 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |75
| Plus Gold
| Gold and Jewellery Savings App
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |26
| colspan="2" |76
| Aroleap
| Smart Home Gym
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 5% Equity
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="30" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="82" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |77
| Cosmix
| Herbal Super Supplements
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity + 1% Royalty till 1 Crore is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |78
| Fabriclore
| Custom Fabric Sourcing
| ₹ 68.10 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |27
| colspan="2" |79
| Polish Me Pretty
| Nail Art Brand
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 25% Equity
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 25% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="21" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |80
| GridMats by PotholeRaja
| Mats for Concrete Road making
| ₹ 5 Crores for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |81
| Uncle Peter Pancakes
| Pancake focused QSR
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2.4% Equity + 3% Royalty till 1.2 Crores is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |28
| colspan="2" |82
| Creative Hatti
| Graphic Sticker Designing Brand
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| 83
| rowspan="2"|{{Vertical text|MATCH OFF }}
| Candid Men
| Fashion Rental Platform for Men
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 5% Equity (3% will be given back to founder if 2Cr PAT is achieved)
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| 84
| Flyrobe
| Fashion Rental Platform for Men and Women
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |29
| colspan="2" |85
| Wiselife
| Yoga Accessories
| ₹ 60 Lakh for 2% Equity
| ₹ 1.2 Crores for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |86
| Cervicheck
| Cervical Cancer Screening Test Kits
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |87
| Eatverse
| Multi brand Cloud Kitchen
| ₹ 1 crore for 1% equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |30
| colspan="2" |88
| Avataar Skincare
| Skincare Services
| ₹ 70 Lakh for 1% Equity
| ₹ 35 Lakhs for 0.5% Equity + 35 Lakhs Debt @14% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |89
| Chalte Firte Mangal-karyalaya
| Portable Wedding Hall
| ₹ 2 Crores for 10% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |90
| Kryzen Biotech
| Hydroponic Farming
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 15% Equity + 2% Royalty till 1.5 Crores is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |31
| colspan="2" |91
| FOMO Brews
| Ice Tea Brand
| ₹ 35 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| ₹ 35 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |92
| Model Verse
| Advance AI based Image Model Wrapper
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |93
| Vikrant Bikes
| Hydrogen Ethanol fuel based bike
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 5% equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |32
| colspan="2" |94
| The Shell Hair
| Hair Extension Brand
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |95
| RIZE
| Energy Bars
| ₹ 45 Lakhs for 6% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |96
| MEPACK
| Custom Gym Subscription
| ₹ 7 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| ₹ 7 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |33
| colspan="2" |97
| Bacca Bucci
| Footwear Brand
| ₹ 2.5 Crores for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |98
| Vobble
| Kids Audio Platform
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| ₹ 25 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |99
| Be U Natural
| Hair Salon
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |34
| colspan="2" |100
| Erotissch
| Lingerie and Swimwear Brand
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="18" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |101
| Niblerzz
| Sugar Free Candy
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 5% Equity + 40 Lakhs debt @10% for 2years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |102
| SORICH
| Guilt free Snacks
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |35
| colspan="2" |103
| Littlebox
| Fast fashion D2C brand
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="42" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |104
| Creme Castle
| Customised Cakes and bakery products
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 1.5% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |105
| Namakwali
| Organic Spices
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| ₹ 10 Lakhs for 5% Equity + 40 Lakhs debt @8% for 3years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |36
| colspan="2" |106
| Karibo Cosmetics
| Customised Lipstick brand
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |107
| Deeva
| Online Saree Platform
| ₹ 2 Crores for 4% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 6% Equity + 1.25 Crores debt @10% for 3years
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |108
| Design Template
| Online Design Marketplace
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 10% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |37
| colspan="2" |109
| Sama
| Online Despite Resolution
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1.5% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="18" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |110
| Golden Feathers
| Fabrics made from Butchery Chicken Waste
| ₹ 5 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |111
| Myracle.io
| 4D Edutainment
| ₹ 1.2 Crores for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |38
| colspan="2" |112
| Cup-ji
| Flavoured Instant Tea in Cups
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |113
| A Toddler Thing
| Baby Clothing and Essentials
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 2% Equity + 40 Lakhs Debt @ 3% Royalty till 40 Lakhs are Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |114
| FlexifyMe
| Body Pain Management Platform
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1.32% Equity + 50 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 2 Years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |39
| colspan="2" |115
| Dharaksha Ecosolution
| Sustainable Material Science Company
| ₹ 1,250 for 1% Equity + 100Hours
| ₹ 1,250 for 1% Equity + 100Hours
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |116
| iDreamCareer
| Career Counseling Platform
| ₹ 1.10 Croresfor 1.28% Equity
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 1% Equity + 50 Lakhs Debt @ 8% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |117
| Rock Paper Rum
| Innovative Indian Rum Brand
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 1% Equity + 30 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |40
| colspan="2" |118
| Fit n Flex
| Healthy Snacking and Cereal Brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="9" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |119
| Sukham
| Mens Sexual Wellness Brand
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3.33% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |120
| Smotect
| Nicotine free tablets to quit smoking
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity + 50 Lakhs Debt @ 15% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |41
| colspan="2" |121
| Katidhan
| Autonomous Light Deterrence System
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 5% Equity + 75 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="18" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |122
| NEMA AI
| AI and Neuroscience based EdTech Platform
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 8% Equity + 40 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |123
| Maple Pods
| Tech Hospitality and Entertainment Company
| ₹ 1.5 Crores for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |42
| colspan="2" |124
| SPEC OPS
| Tactical clothing for Military
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 2% Equity + 40 Lakhs Debt @ 12% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |125
| Kaabil Kids
| Online Chess Training Academy
| ₹ 70 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2 5% Equity + 20 Lakhs Debt @ 12% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |126
| Odd Giraffe
| Journals and Planners for Mental Wellness
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 7.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |43
| colspan="2" |127
| Nemocare Raksha
| Neonatal Wearable Vital Monitor
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5%
| ₹ 20 Lakhs for 0.67% Equity + 80 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 2 years
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="15" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |128
| WhySoBlue
| Clothing Brand
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 40 Lakhs for 3% Equity + 35 Lakhs Debt @ 10% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |129
| Coratia Technologies
| Unmanned Underwater Robots
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |44
| colspan="2" |130
| CoolAnt
| Nature-Based Cooling Technology
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| rowspan="25" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |131
| Xmachines
| Robotics and AI for Agriculture
| ₹ 72 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| ₹ 72 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |132
| Luvottica
| Love-Making Furniture
| ₹ 2 Crores for 10% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |45
| colspan="2" |133
| Farmdidi
| Food Business training App
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 10% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |134
| Popcorn & Company
| Ready to Eat Popcorn
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 7.5% Equity
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 15% Equity + 3% Royalty until 75 Lakhs is Recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |135
| Prorata
| Fractional Car Ownership Platform
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 10% Equity + 50 Lakhs Debt @14% Interest
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |46
| colspan="2" |136
| Indigifts
| Gifts tech company
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |137
| FuelV by Alien Version
| Smart Fuel Caps
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |138
| Rocca
| Premium Chocolate Brand
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 4% Equity
| ₹ 30 Lakhs for 2.5% Equity + 30 Lakhs debt @9% for 3 years
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |47
| colspan="2" |139
| Kiko Live
| Listing and Creating Websites for Kirana Sellers
| ₹ 1 Crore for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="6" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |140
| Melooha
| AI Powered Astrology Platform
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |141
| FUTR Studios
| Virtual Influencer for Businesses
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |48
| colspan="2" |142
| Allter
| Certified Organic Rash-Free Diapers
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 4% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="16" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |143
| First Bud Organics
| Organic Products
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 7% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 10% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |144
| Shararat
| Bedroom Fashion Brand
| ₹ 60 Lakhs for 2% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |49
| colspan="2" |145
| Competishun
| Coaching classes for IIT/JEE
| ₹ 2 Crores for 1% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="13" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |146
| Bombay Closet Cleanse
| Thrift Platform Buy-Sell-Rent
| ₹ 1 Crore for 2.5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="2" |147
| Kiosk Kaffee
| Premium Coffee Brand
| ₹ 90 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |50
| colspan="2" |148
| Neon Attack
| Premium Quality Neon Signs
| ₹ 75 Lakhs for 3% Equity
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 2% Equity + ₹ 25 Lakhs at 2% royalty until ₹ 50 Lakhs are recouped
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="10" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
|-
| colspan="2" |149
| P-Tal
| Copper, Brass, and Bronze Kitchenware
| ₹ 50 Lakhs for 1% Equity
| ₹ 1 Crore for 3.2% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
| colspan="2" |150
| Road Pilot
| App for Truck Drivers and Fleet Owners
| ₹ 80 Lakhs for 5% Equity
| No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="4" |51
| rowspan="4" |GATEWAY TO SHARK TANK INDIA
|151
|Smart Mop by CASPIAN
|Fast mop for Efficient & Quick Cleaning
|₹ 15 Lakhs for 1% Equity
|No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| rowspan="7" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
|152
|Lea Clothing
|Women's Fashion Apparel
|₹ 1 Crore for 2% Equity
|₹ 1 Crore for 4% Equity + 2% Royalty until ₹ 1.5 Crores is recouped
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
|153
|$Krishnarama
|Telugu Movie
|₹ 2 Crore for 30% Equity
|No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
|154
|Rentit4me
|Rental Marketplace
|₹ 1.5 Crore for 5% Equity
|No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| rowspan="3" |52
| rowspan="3" |Ecopreneur Special<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Shark Tank India 3: 'Shocked' Anupam Mittal reacts as founders unsure of investment they need, asks 'aapko badi company banani hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-3-anupam-mittal-shocked-canvaloop-pitch-unsure-of-investment-9244903/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|155
|Cool The Globe
|Carbon Footprint Reduction App
|₹ 25 Lakhs for 5% Equity
|₹ 25 Lakhs for 8% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| rowspan="3" '''{{n/a}}'''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
|156
|Canvaloop Fibre
|Agri-Waste to Fibres & Yarns
|₹ 1 Crore for 1.33% Equity
|₹ 2 Crore for 4
% Equity
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|{{yeac}}
|-
|157
|DigitalPaani
|Wastewater Management Platform
|₹ 70 Lakhs for 1% Equity
|No Deal
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
| bgcolor="lightgrey"| '' ''
|-
| colspan="7" |'''Number of Deals Made'''
|36
|26
|25
|23
|22
|20
|14
|6
|6
|2
|2
|1
|}

==Beyond the Tank==
{|class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:17px; width:auto;"|+
!Ep. No.
!Brand
!Idea
!Previous appearance
!Pre Shark Tank Status
!Post Shark Tank Status
|-
|12
|BluePine Foods (MomoMami)
|Frozen Momos
|Ep 1 (Season 1)
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|19
|COSIQ
|Intelligent Skincare
|Ep 4 (Season 1)
|4 Lakhs Per Month
|1 Crore Per Month
|-
|20
|ABC Fitness Academy
|Sports and Fitness Training
|Ep 11 (Season 2)
|{{n/a}}
|52 Lakhs Per Month
|-
|26
|Dobiee
|Candy Brand
|Ep 15 (Season 2)
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|39
|Padcare
|Menstrual Pad Recycling and Disposal
|Ep 23 (Season 2)
|100 KGS per day and 2,000 services per year
|1,500 KGS per day and 25,000 services per year (1,150% Growth Rate)
|-
|41
|Janitri
|Pregnancy Monitoring Device
|Ep 12 (Season 2)
|80 Rural hosp, 30,000 women monitored, 3,000 lives saved
|180 Rural hosp, 75,000 women monitored, 8,000 lives saved
|-
|46
|Rare Planet
|Handicrafts
|Ep 26 (Season 1)
|4 Stores
|50 Stores, 1st Successful exit for a shark in Shark Tank India in January 2024
|-
|47
|FastBeetle
|Delivery Service in Kashmir
|Ep 15 (Season 2)
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|49
|Haqdarshak
|Availing Government Schemes
|Ep 6 (Season 2)
|6 Lakhs People Impacted, 1,000 Women Entrepreneurs, 5 Physical Centres, 4,000 Crores benefits from Govt schemes
|30 Lakhs People Impacted, 6,000 Women Entrepreneurs, 63 Physical Centres, 15,000 Crores benefits from Govt Schemes
|-
|50
|Flatheads
|Sneakers
|Ep 5 (Season 2)
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shark Tank India}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Shark Tank India seasons]]

Surgana Assembly constituency

2026-02-14T05:23:19Z

NydiaTalley110: new first pg added tags.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surgana
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 1,84,484
| mla = [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Surgana Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Sitaram Savaji Bhoye || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Arjun Tulashiram Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=4 | [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||Harischandra Deoram Chavan || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=73,370 |percentage=53.45% |change={{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Bhaskar Gopal |party=Shiv Sena |votes=58,749 |percentage=42.80% |change={{increase}}33.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Krishna Sitaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,128 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,621 |percentage=10.65% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,269 |percentage=74.40% |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,484 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}13.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=43,758 |percentage=39.68% |change={{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Harischandra Deoram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=32,546 |percentage=29.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Yashwant Mahadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,377 |percentage=15.76% |change={{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Bhaskar Gopal |party=Shiv Sena |votes=10,478 |percentage=9.50% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,212 |percentage=10.17% |change= {{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,272 |percentage=65.86% |change= {{decrease}}8.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Harischandra Deoram |party=Independent politician |votes=65,890 |percentage=54.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=37,086 |percentage=30.82% |change={{decrease}}20.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghere Ananda Gangaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,433 |percentage=9.50% |change={{decrease}}20.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Pandurang Soma |party=Shiv Sena |votes=2,246 |percentage=1.87% |change={{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,804 |percentage=23.94% |change= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,329 |percentage=76.28% |change= {{increase}}21.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,351 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=39,753 |percentage=51.76% |change={{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Sitaram Sayaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,154 |percentage=30.15% |change={{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Laxman Bhikaji |party=Independent politician |votes=7,719 |percentage=10.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Pandurang Soma |party=Shiv Sena |votes=4,192 |percentage=5.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,599 |percentage=21.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,805 |percentage=55.62% |change= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,219 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=27,229 |percentage=49.77% |change={{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kahandole Zamru Manglu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,484 |percentage=26.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Ramchandra Mukunda |party=Independent politician |votes=11,848 |percentage=21.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,745 |percentage=23.29% |change= {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,713 |percentage=49.66% |change= {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,865 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,134 |percentage=35.57% |change={{increase}}19.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Sitaram Sayaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=16,400 |percentage=32.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Harischandra Deoram |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=14,237 |percentage=27.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambait Abaji Ragho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=593 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,734 |percentage=3.40% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,982 |percentage=51.50% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,857 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}19.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,527 |percentage=15.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Harischandra Deoram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,932 |percentage=14.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Sitaram Mahadu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,906 |percentage=14.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Namdeo Vithal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,432 |percentage=9.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Ramchandra Mukunda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,251 |percentage=8.80% |change={{decrease}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahale Bhiva Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=4,019 |percentage=8.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhusare Arjun Bhavdu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,005 |percentage=8.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=595 |percentage=1.23% |change= {{decrease}}34.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,302 |percentage=51.35% |change= {{increase}}10.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |swing= {{decrease}}44.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Tulashiram Pawar |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=20,649 |percentage=60.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Savaji Bhoye |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,201 |percentage=23.85% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Pandu Bagul |party=Independent politician |votes=3,845 |percentage=11.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,448 |percentage=36.20% |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,384 |percentage=41.25% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,258 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |loser=Republican Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Surgana<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Savaji Bhoye |party=Republican Party of India |votes=18,076 |percentage=67.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. R. Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,496 |percentage=24.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,580 |percentage=43.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,631 |percentage=37.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,254 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Republican Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Savita Ambedkar

2026-02-11T07:14:24Z

NydiaTalley110: update

{{short description|Indian social activist and doctor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Savita Ambedkar
| honorific_suffix = [[MBBS]]
| image = Dr. Savita Ambedkar.jpg
| image_upright =
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| caption = Dr Savita Ambedkar
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Sharada Krishnarao Kabir
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|01|27}}
| birth_place = [[Dadar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], India)
| baptised = 
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|05|29|1909|01|27}}
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| other_names = Mai (''mother''), Maisaheb Ambedkar
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| alma_mater = [[Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = social activist, doctor
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| known_for = Social activism
| notable_works = ''Dr. Ambedkaranchya Sahawasat''
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| movement = [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]
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'''Savita Ambedkar''' ({{nee}} '''Kabir'''; 27 January 1909 – 29 May 2003) was an Indian [[physician]], and [[Activism|social activist]]. In 1948, she married [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the [[Constitution of India]] and [[Dalit]] icon. In 1956, both Savita and Bhimrao converted from [[Hinduism]] to [[Buddhism]].

Savita Ambedkar helped her husband by caring for his health. B. R. Ambedkar credited her for this in the preface of his book ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1956|first=B. R.|last=Ambedkar|title=Unpublished Preface|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/00_pref_unpub.html|access-date=28 September 2025|quote=[During the writing of this book] there were many ups and downs in my health. At some stages my condition had become so critical that doctors talked of me as a dying flame. The successful rekindling of this dying flame is due to the medical skill of my wife and Dr. Malvankar. They alone have helped me to complete the work.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lekha-news/the-buddha-and-his-dhamma-dr-b-r-ambedkar-1594868/|title=उपोद्घाताची कथा..|date=3 December 2017|work=Loksatta|access-date=13 November 2018|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-expresses-grief-over-death-of-savita-ambedkar/articleshow/47857884.cms|title=PM expresses grief over death of Savita Ambedkar|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Ramabai Ambedkar]], B. R. Ambedkar's first wife had died in 1935.

==Early life and education==
Ambedkar was born Sharada Krishnarao Kabir on 27 January 1909 in [[Bombay]] in a [[Saraswat Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA394 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2005 |isbn=81-7154-237-9 |location=Mumbai |pages=403–404 |access-date=13 June 2012 |orig-date=1954}}</ref><ref name="l236">{{cite news| last=Vinod | first=Nibandh | title=Savita Ambedkar Birth Anniversary: 10 Things You Must Know About Dr BR Ambedkar's Second Wife | work=News18 | date=27 January 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/savita-ambedkar-birth-anniversary-10-things-you-must-know-about-dr-br-ambedkars-second-wife-8755765.html | access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> Her mother's name was Janaki and her father's name was Krishnarao Vinayak Kabir. Her family hailed from the Dorle village, located in [[Ratnagiri taluka|Ratnagiri Tehasil]] of [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Later, her father migrated from Ratnagiri to [[Bombay]]. On the Sir Rao Bahadur S. K. Bole Road, near the "Kabootarkhana" (pigeon house) in [[Dadar]] West, the Kabir family had rented a house in Sahru's house in Matruchaya.<ref name="Patrika">{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Lokesh |title=जानिये, बाबा साहेब अंबेडकर के दूसरे विवाह पर क्यों फैली थी नाराजगी |url=https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/why-there-was-anger-over-baba-saheb-dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-s-second-marriage-news-in-hindi-1553264/ |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/06/dr-savita-bhimrao-ambedkar-jinake-lie-ambedkar-se-mahatvpurn-kuchh-bhi-n-tha/|title=डॉ. सविता भीमराव आंबेडकर, जिनके लिए आंबेडकर से महत्वपूर्ण कुछ भी न था|date=21 June 2018|work=फॉरवर्ड प्रेस|access-date=13 November 2018|language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/b-r-ambedkars-widow-passes-away/articleshow/47838403.cms|title=B R Ambedkar's widow passes away |last=PTI|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 November 2018 |date=May 29, 2003}}</ref>

Savita's early education was in [[Pune]]. In 1937, she completed her [[MBBS]] degree from [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]], Bombay. When her studies were completed, she was appointed as a first-class medical officer in a hospital in [[Gujarat]]. However, after some months of illness, she left her job and returned home. Six of her eight siblings had [[inter-caste marriage]]s. At that time, it was against the societal norms of India. Savita said, "Our family did not oppose inter-caste marriages, because the whole family was educated and progressive."{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=17}}<ref name="Patrika"/>

==Career and meeting with Ambedkar ==
[[File:Maisaheb and Babasaheb.jpg|thumb|Maisaheb and Babasaheb]]
Sharada Kabir was introduced to B. R. Ambedkar through S. M. Rao, a doctor who lived in Bombay's [[Vile Parle]] and had close links with B. R. Ambedkar. B.R. Ambedkar was then the [[Minister of Labour|Labor Minister]] in the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]. They talked about the empowerment of women and Buddhist philosophy.<ref name="auto1"/>{{sfn|Sukhadeve|pp=17–18}}

They would meet again in the consultation room of Dr. Mavalankar. In 1947, the work of writing the [[Indian Constitution]] had taken a toll on Dr. Ambedkar's health. He was diagnosed with [[diabetes]] and high [[blood pressure]]. While he was under medical treatment, Sharada and Ambedkar wrote to each other. They were both interested in literature, society and religion. Because of his deteriorating health, Ambedkar was advised to employ a carer. In a letter addressed to [[Bhaurao Gaikwad]] dated 16 March 1948, Ambedkar wrote that he feared hiring a female nurse might cause a scandal. After the death of Yashwant's mother ''(Ramabai)'', he had decided not to marry. His health led him to change his mind.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/EDT-babasaheb-ambedkar-column-2481860.html|title=डॉ. आंबेडकरांचा बौद्ध धम्म|work=divyamarathi|access-date=13 November 2018|language=mr}}</ref>{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=19}}

==Marriage==
[[File:Dr. B.R. Ambedkar with wife Dr. Savita Ambedkar in 1948.jpg|thumb|right|Savita and B.R. Ambedkar in 1948]]

On 15 April 1948 Sharda Kabir married Ambedkar, as a Civil Marriage. She was 39 and he was 57. After their marriage, she was called "Mai" (mother) by his followers. After marriage Sharda adopted the name 'Savita', but Ambedkar used to call her "Shārū", a form of "Shāradā".<ref name="patrika">{{Cite news|trans-title=Know why there was anger over Babasaheb Ambedkar's second marriage|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/noida/why-there-was-anger-over-baba-saheb-dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-s-second-marriage-news-in-hindi-1553264/|title=जानिये, बाबा साहेब अंबेडकर के दूसरे विवाह पर क्यों फैली थी नाराजगी|work=Patrika Hindi News|access-date=13 November 2018|language=hi-IN}}</ref>{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=30}} Some of the public and Ambedkar's family were angry about the marriage.<ref name="patrika"/>

After marriage, Ambedkar's health continued to get worse. Savita Ambedkar continued looking after him until his death. Ambedkar mentioned the help he received from her in ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]''. In this preface, he says that Savita Ambedkar increased his life by 8–10 years. After Ambedkar's death, his associates and followers removed this passage. The Bengali Buddhist author [[Bhagwan Das]] published the preface as a "rare preface".{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=33}}

==Conversion to Buddhism==
{{see also|Dalit Buddhist movement|Navayana}}
[[File:Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar with his second wife Dr Savita Ambedkar, holding a statue of the Buddha, during the Dhamma Diksha ceremony in Nagpur. October 14, 1956.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar with his wife, holding a statue of the Buddha, during the Dhamma Diksha ceremony in Nagpur on 14 October 1956]]
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar accepting Dhamma Deeksha - Buddhism from Mahasthavir Chandramani along with Wali Sinha, Rewaramji Kawade and wife Maisaheb on October 14, 1956.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar receiving the [[Five Precepts]] from Mahasthavir Chandramani on 14 October 1956. In the photograph (from right to left): Savita Ambedkar, B. R. Ambedkar, Wali Sinha and Bhikkhu Chandramani.]]

On [[Dhammachakra Pravartan Day|Ashok Vijaya Dashami]] (the day on which Buddhism was accepted by Emperor [[Ashoka the Great]]), 14 October 1956, Ambedkar accepted [[Buddhism]] along with her husband in [[Deekshabhoomi]], [[Nagpur]]. She was given the initiation of Buddha's Dhamma by the Burmese [[Bhikkhu]] Mahastavir Chandramani giving [[Refuge (Buddhism)|Three Jewels]] and [[Five precepts]]. After this, B. R. Ambedkar himself initiated Buddhism by giving 500,000 followers of Three Jewels, Five precepts and twenty-two pledges.{{clarify|date=September 2025}} Ambedkar became the first woman to accept Buddhism in this conversion movement.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Allegations and contradictions ==
Many people from Delhi came to meet B. R. Ambedkar at 26 Alipur Road, where the couple lived. Only a few managed to see him during his sickness. Savita Ambedkar had dual obligations while taking care of him, in addition to being a doctor.{{clarify|reason=what obligations?|date=September 2025}}{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=57}}

After the death of Babasaheb Ambedkar in December 1956, some [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarites]] blamed Savita Ambedkar for killing him. They separated her from the Ambedkarite movement by describing her as a [[Brahmin]]. She moved to his farmhouse in Mehrauli in Delhi, and remained in Delhi until 1972. The then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] formed a committee to investigate the matter, and that committee released her from the charges after investigation.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lekha-news/the-buddha-and-his-dhamma-dr-b-r-ambedkar-1594868/|title=उपोद्घाताची कथा..|date=3 December 2017|website=Loksatta.com|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

== Repatriation with the Dalit movement ==
[[File:Arun Kamble 2.JPG|thumb|right|Ambedkar with [[Arun Kamble]], ]]
[[Republican Party of India]] leader [[Ramdas Athavale]] and [[Gangadhar Gade]] brought her back to the mainstream Ambedkarite movement. The young activists of [[Dalit Panthers]] movement treated Savita Ambedkar with respect and called her Mai, "mother". She played an important role in the controversy about Ambedkar's book ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]''.{{clarify|reason=this is not covered in the linked article about the book|date=September 2025}} This earned her respect and resolved the misunderstanding of Dalits.<ref name=Sanchar>{{Cite news|title=Maisahebanche Aswattha Jeevan|date=15 April 2018|work=Sanchar - Indradhanoo (p. 5)}}</ref> Later on, she was separated from him{{who|date=September 2025}} as she grew older.

Babasaheb Ambedkar was given the '[[Bharat Ratna]]', the highest civilian award, and it was accepted by Savita Ambedkar from the then President [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] on 14 April 1990, the centenary of his birth.{{sfn|Sukhadeve|p=50}}

==Death==
Savita Ambedkar lived alone after her husband's death. Later on, she joined the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]. She died on 29 May 2003 at the age of 94 at [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|J.J. Hospital]] in Mumbai.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053002081300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017053455/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053002081300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2015|title=President, PM condole Savita Ambedkar's death|access-date=13 November 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 May 2003}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>

== Writings ==
She wrote an autobiography in Marathi, titled "Dr. Ambedkaranchya Sahwasat" (English: ''In companionship with Dr. Ambedkar''). She also contributed to the film ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', and was played in it by [[Mrinal Kulkarni]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MAR-AUR-rare-things-about-dr-5297519-PHO.html|title=बाबासाहेब कोलकात्‍याहून विमानाने मागवत मासळीचे पार्सल, हे मांसाहारी पदार्थ आवडायचे|work=divyamarathi|access-date=13 November 2018|language=mr}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ramabai Ambedkar]]
* [[Ambedkar family]]
* [[Yashwant Ambedkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Sukhadeve |first=P. V. |title=Maaisahebanche Agnidivya |language=mr |publisher=Kaushalya Prakashan}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |title=Glory of the Sun. Dr. Maisaheb Ambedkar |first=Valmika Elinje- Ahire |last=Ahire |year=2021 |asin-tld=in |asin=B09P3Q6MXH}}
* {{cite book |title=Dr. Maaisahab Ambedkar kai Sang |trans-title=With Dr. Maisaheb Ambedkar |first=Vaishali |last=Bhalerao |asin-tld=in |asin=B0994KZRKX}}
* {{cite book |title=Maisaheb: Charitra ani Karya |trans-title=Maisaheb: Biography and Work}}
* {{cite book |title=Mahamanvachi Sanjivani |trans-title=[[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevani]] of the Great Man}}
* {{cite book |title=Babasahebanchi Sawali: Dr. Savita Ambedkar (Maisaheb) |trans-title=Babasaheb's shadow: Dr. Savita Ambedkar (Maisaheb) |first= Kirtilata Rambhau |last=Petkar |year=2016}}
* {{cite book |title=Great Self-Sacrifice of Maisaheb Ambedkar |first=P. V. |last=Sukhadeve |asin-tld=in |asin=B094YK9HVN |year=2014}}
* {{cite book |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkaranchya Sawlicha Sangharsh |trans-title=The struggle of the shadow of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar |first=Vijay |last=Sukhdeve}}

== External links==
{{Commons category|Savita Ambedkar}}

* [http://velivada.com/2017/05/13/meet-vijay-surwade-living-encyclopedia-ambedkarism/ Vijay Surwade — living encyclopedia of Ambedkarism]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Savita Bhimrao}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Activists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ambedkar family|Savita]]
[[Category:Buddhist activists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Spouses of Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women from Maharashtra]]

Modadugu Vijay Gupta

2026-02-08T17:45:45Z

NydiaTalley110: Added a pg

{{Short description|Indian biologist}}
{{Hatnote|This is a [[Telugu language|Telugu name]]; the family name is ''Modadugu''.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Modadugu Vijay Gupta
| image = Modadugu Vijay Gupta with Sunhak Peace Prize, 28.08.2015.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|8|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bapatla]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| other_names =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[Biology]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Biologist
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Dr. Modadugu Vijay Gupta''' (17 August 1939) is an Indian biologist and fisheries scientist. He was awarded the [[World Food Prize]] in 2005, for development and dissemination of low-cost techniques for freshwater fish farming (using tilapia species) by the rural poor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050612/nation.htm | title=Indian Gets World Food Prize | newspaper=The Tribune | location=Chandigarh, India | date=11 June 2005 | accessdate=24 October 2018 }}</ref> He is considered a pioneer in the blue revolution of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Modadugu Vijay Gupta interview|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/modadugu-vijay-gupta/227896|website=Outlook|publisher=Outlook|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> In 2015, was selected for the first [[Sunhak Peace Prize]], in recognition of his creating an aquaculture system for the poor, rural populations in Asia, Africa and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peace prize winner urges investment in aquaculture to solve global hunger|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/aug/28/m-vijay-gupta-fisheries-scientist-awarded-first-su/|accessdate=29 August 2015|work=The Washington Times}}</ref>

In 2023, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Padma Shri for 3 from Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/padma-shri-for-3-from-telangana/articleshow/97335388.cms |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Born on 17 August 1939, Modadugu hails from [[Bapatla]] in the State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

Till his recent retirement, Dr. Modadugu served as the Assistant Director General at WorldFish, an international fisheries research institute under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) based at [[Penang]] in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foodmuseum.com/exworldfood.html |title=The Food Museum: world food organisations |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122061606/http://foodmuseum.com/exworldfood.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box | before = [[Yuan Longping]] | title = [[World Food Prize]] | years = 2005 | after = [[Edson Lobato|Lobato]], [[Alysson Paolinelli|Paolinelli]], and [[A. Colin McClung|McClung]]}}
{{S-end}}{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Modadugu Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aquaculture in India]]
[[Category:Winners of the World Food Prize]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]

President's rule

2026-02-04T11:40:16Z

NydiaTalley110: updated formatting as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Indian law of suspension of state government}}
{{redirect|Direct rule in India|direct rule over India in the colonial period|British Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

In [[India]], '''President's rule''' is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct [[Union government]] rule in a [[States of India|state]]. Under Article 356 of the [[Constitution of India]], if a [[State governments of India|state government]] is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed [[Governors of states of India|governor]], who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired [[civil services of India|civil servants]] not native to the state.

When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]). The council is led by the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]], who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either [[Prorogation|prorogued]] or [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]], necessitating a new election.

Prior to 2019, the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|constitution]] of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] had a similar system of ''Governor's rule'', under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the [[President of India]] allowing Governor's rule for up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India could be imposed. After the [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revocation]] of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]], President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]].

Following the 1994 landmark judgment in ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'', the [[Supreme Court of India]] restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.

[[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Telangana]] are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far.<ref name=":6">Das, Anjishnu (29 August 2023). [https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/13-years-in-jk-10-times-in-manipur-up-history-of-presidents-rule-8912688/ "13 years in J&K, 10 times in Manipur, UP: History of President's Rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122614/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/13-years-in-jk-10-times-in-manipur-up-history-of-presidents-rule-8912688/ |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>

==Imposition in state==
In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances:
* A state Assembly is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister for a time prescribed by the Governor of that State, at the Will of Governor.
* Breakdown of a coalition leading to the Chief Minister not having majority support in the Assembly; and the Chief minister fails/will definitely fail to prove otherwise, within a time prescribed by the Governor of that state.
* Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the house.
* Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons like war, epidemic, pandemic or natural disasters.
* On the report of the Governor of the State that the State's constitutional machinery or legislature fails to abide by Constitutional norms.

If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however in extreme rare cases it can be extended repeatedly if the [[Election Commission of India]] recommends that elections are not possible. If the [[Lok Sabha]] is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by [[Rajya Sabha]]. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions:
* There is already a national emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
* The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.

President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval.

Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through the abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'', due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced.

==Imposition in Union territories with a Legislative Assembly==

Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly.

===Jammu and Kashmir===
Until the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocation of special status]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019|bifurcation]] into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|erstwhile state's constitution]] for 6 months.

After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019]], which is used to impose President's rule as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states:
{{blockquote|73. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,—

''(a)'' that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory
of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this
Act, or

''(b)'' that for the proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it
is necessary or expedient so to do,

the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act
for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as
may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of this Act.}}

=== Delhi ===
In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus:

{{blockquote|239AB. – If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—

(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of
that article; or

(b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient
so to do, the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the
provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.}}

===Puducherry===
In the union territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ministry of Law and Justice|first=Legislative Department|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1963-20.pdf|title=Government of Union Territories Act, 1963|publisher=Authority|year=1963|location=New Delhi|page=34|access-date=25 February 2021|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204034549/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1963-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Which thus reads

{{blockquote|51. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. — If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,―

(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or

(b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239.}}

==Misuse and criticism==
Article 356 gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by the ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Limitations of Article 356 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/op/2003/05/06/stories/2003050600010200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919103858/http://hindu.com/thehindu/op/2003/05/06/stories/2003050600010200.htm |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2003-09-19 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashutosh |last2=Sinha |first2=Amitabh |last3=Mohanty |first3=Debabrata |date=29 March 2016 |title=Over 100 blows old, Article 356 is a hammer that all govts love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/over-100-blows-old-article-356-is-a-hammer-that-all-govts-love/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504231745/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/over-100-blows-old-article-356-is-a-hammer-that-all-govts-love/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the [[Federation|federal]] state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.<ref name=":6" />

The article was used for the first time in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 20 June 1951. It was next used in the state of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU) in 1953, and then in 1959 to dismiss the [[First Namboodiripad ministry|Communist Party of India–led government]] in [[Kerala]] in the aftermath of [[Liberation Struggle (Kerala)|anti-communist protests]]. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarkaria Commission Report – Chapter VI : Emergency Provisions |url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/Sarkaria/CHAPTERVI.pdf |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820195906/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/Sarkaria/CHAPTERVI.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Indira Gandhi]] regime and post-emergency [[Janata government|Janata Party]] were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harriss |first1=John |author-link1=John Harriss |year=2010 |chapter=Political change, political structure, and the Indian state since Independence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |editor-last1=Brass |editor-first1=Paul R. |editor-link1=Paul Brass |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal |edition=ebook |publisher=Routledge |pages=55–66 |doi=10.4324/9780203878187 |isbn=978-0-203-87818-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223204/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |via=Google Books |quote-page=61 |quote=...{{nbsp}}Article 356, authorizing "President's Rule," through which governments at the centre have regularly dissolved state governments{{nbsp}}... Indira Gandhi used this instrument 39 times between 1966 and 1977 }}.</ref> Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'' case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwanath |first=Apurva |date=12 December 2023 |title=What was the SR Bommai judgment, which the SC relied on in its Article 370 ruling? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-was-the-bommai-judgment-which-the-sc-relied-on-in-its-article-370-ruling-9064090/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221307/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-was-the-bommai-judgment-which-the-sc-relied-on-in-its-article-370-ruling-9064090/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Article 356 has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the [[Federalism in India|federal structure]] of government in Indian polity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-5.htm |title=National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution |year=2001 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509030437/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b2-5.htm |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During debates in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] regarding [[emergency provisions of the Constitution of India]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]] argued for their inclusion under the assumption "that such articles will never be called into operation and that they would remain a [[Dead letter law|dead letter]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume 9: 04 August 1949 |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/debates/04-aug-1949/ |website=ConstitutionofIndia.net |publication-place=Bengaluru |publisher=Centre for Law and Policy Research |at=Articles 188, 277-A and 278-contd., sec. 9.111.49 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504233106/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/debates/04-aug-1949/ |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=22 June 2025 }}</ref> The [[Sarkaria Commission]] Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarkaria Commission Report – Chapter VI: Emergency Provisions |url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/Sarkaria/CHAPTERVI.pdf |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820195906/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/Sarkaria/CHAPTERVI.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==List of instances==
{{legend|#9BDDFF|text={{double dagger}}|Denotes currently imposed President rule|border=black}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of instances of President's rule being applied
! scope=row | State
! scope=row | Term
! scope=row | Date of imposition
! scope=row | Date of revocation
! scope=row | Duration
! scope=row | Reason(s) to impose the President's rule
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2"| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|18 January 1973}}
| {{Date table sorting|10 December 1973}}
| {{ayd|18 January 1976|10 December 1976}}
| Breakdown of law & order due to [[1972 Jai Andhra movement|Jai Andhra Agitation]], in CM [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s tenure.<ref>Narayana Rao, K. V. (August 1977). "Mulki agitation in the Telangana and Andhra regions". ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/18321084.pdf Internal migration policies in an Indian state: A study of the Mulki rules in Hyderabad and Andhra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124114/https://core.ac.uk/download/18321084.pdf |date=2 May 2024 }}'' (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[MIT Center for International Studies]]. p. 63. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|1 March 2014}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 June 2014}}
| {{ayd|1 March 2014|8 June 2014}}
| Political impasse following the resignation of CM [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill]] to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate [[Telangana]] state.<ref>{{cite web |title=President's Rule imposed in Andhra Pradesh under Article 356 of Constitution |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/presidents-rule-imposed-in-andhra-pradesh-under-article-356-of-constitution/ |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418081617/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/presidents-rule-imposed-in-andhra-pradesh-under-article-356-of-constitution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706013450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under [[s:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159233.pdf |title=Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh |year=2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041027/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159233.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio |access-date=21 September 2014 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706013450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-mired-in-President-rule-imbroglio/articleshow/33933171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| [[Andhra State]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|15 November 1954}}
| {{Date table sorting|28 March 1955}}
| {{ayd|15 November 1954|28 March 1955}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&article_id=1495,3303156 "When Centre stepped in"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122617/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LmJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&article_id=1495,3303156&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPn8ChqOOFAxXXfWwGHarDDRQQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 17 March 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":0">Dua, Bhagwan D. (Spring 1977). ''[https://archive.org/details/Dua1977/mode/2up?view=theater Presidential rule in India: A study in crisis politics]'' (PhD thesis). [[University of Alberta]]. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>{{Rp|pages=127–133}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2"| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|3 November 1979}}
| {{Date table sorting|18 January 1980}}
| {{ayd|3 November 1979|18 January 1980}}
| Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the centre.<ref>Chawla, Prabhu (30 November 1979). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791130-presidents-rule-brings-to-an-end-political-melodrama-in-arunachal-pradesh-822394-2014-02-22 "President's rule brings to an end political melodrama in Arunachal Pradesh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791130-presidents-rule-brings-to-an-end-political-melodrama-in-arunachal-pradesh-822394-2014-02-22 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|25 January 2016}}
| {{Date table sorting|19 February 2016}}
| 26 days
| 21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and two Independents, making the contemporary government a minority.<ref>{{cite web |title=It's against Constitution: Politicians react to Prez rule in Arunachal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-s-against-constitution-politicians-react-to-prez-rule-in-arunachal/story-rvOfvxYX8A3r7P60hqQGDI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126040716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/it-s-against-constitution-politicians-react-to-prez-rule-in-arunachal/story-rvOfvxYX8A3r7P60hqQGDI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as [[ultra vires]] and reinstated the dismissed Congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Sabha<ref>{{cite web |title=After Arunachal Pradesh debacle, PM Modi must abolish post of governor |date=14 July 2016 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-arunachal-pradesh-debacle-modi-must-abolish-post-of-governor-2892642.html |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717094634/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-arunachal-pradesh-debacle-modi-must-abolish-post-of-governor-2892642.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4"| [[Assam]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|12 December 1979}}
| {{Date table sorting|6 December 1980}}
| {{ayd|12 December 1979|6 December 1980}}
| '[[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]]' against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the [[All Assam Students' Union]] (AASU). The violence fuelled by [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) resulted in breakdown of law and order.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baruah |first1=Sanjib |author-link1=Sanjib Baruah |date=November 1986 |title=Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil—Assam, 1979–1985 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1184–1206 |doi=10.2307/2644315 |jstor=2644315 }}</ref>{{rp|p=1193}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darnell |first1=Alfred T. |last2=Parikh |first2=Sunita |date=July 1988 |title=Religion, ethnicity, and the role of the state: Explaining conflict in Assam |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=263–281 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604 }}</ref>{{rp|p=274}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|30 June 1981}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 January 1982}}
| {{ayd|30 June 1981|13 January 1982}}
| Congress (I) government led by [[Anwara Taimur]] representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.<ref>Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19810731-assam-set-for-another-spell-of-political-uncertainty-after-fall-of-congressi-ministry-773104-2013-11-15 "Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063648/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19810731-assam-set-for-another-spell-of-political-uncertainty-after-fall-of-congressi-ministry-773104-2013-11-15 |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|19 March 1982}}
| {{Date table sorting|27 February 1983}}
| {{ayd|19 March 1982|27 February 1983}}
| Congress (I) government led by [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi|Kesab Gogoi]] representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.<ref>Sen, Sumanta (15 April 1982). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820415-assam-congressi-ministry-led-by-keshab-gogoi-falls-presidents-rule-to-return-771658-2013-10-16 "Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502224620/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820415-assam-congressi-ministry-led-by-keshab-gogoi-falls-presidents-rule-to-return-771658-2013-10-16 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|28 November 1990}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 June 1991}}
| {{ayd|28 November 1990|30 June 1991}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] CM [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta|Prafulla Mahanta]] enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities.<ref>Sengupta, Uttam (15 December 1990). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19901215-assam-crisis-puts-government-in-catch-22-situation-813400-1990-12-14 "Assam crisis puts government in catch-22 situation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503084742/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19901215-assam-crisis-puts-government-in-catch-22-situation-813400-1990-12-14 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> During the president's rule, [[Operation Bajrang]] was launched to flush out ULFA militants.<ref>Ahmed, Farzand (31 March 1991). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910331-three-months-after-army-moved-in-operation-bajrang-makes-little-headway-and-ulfa-remains-potent-force-814242-1991-03-30 "Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502175328/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910331-three-months-after-army-moved-in-operation-bajrang-makes-little-headway-and-ulfa-remains-potent-force-814242-1991-03-30 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="8"| [[Bihar]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|29 June 1968}}
| {{Date table sorting|26 February 1969}}
| {{ayd|29 June 1968|26 February 1969}}
| Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1">Siwach, J. R. (1979). ''[http://14.139.58.199:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/317 Politics of President's Rule in India]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063656/http://14.139.58.199:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/317 |date=13 June 2024 }}. Simla: [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/7583232 7583232]. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>{{Rp|pages=116–117}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=300–301}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|4 July 1969}}
| {{Date table sorting|16 February 1970}}
| {{ayd|4 July 1969|16 February 1970}}
| Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=123–125}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=321–326}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|9 January 1972}}
| {{Date table sorting|19 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|9 January 1972|19 March 1972}}
| Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=129–130}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|24 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|24 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Jagannath Mishra]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2">Borders, William (1 May 1977). [https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/01/archives/constitutional-conflict-ends-in-india-as-acting-president-accepts.html "Constitutional Conflict Ends in India as Acting President Accepts Order Dissolving Nine State Legislatures"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122616/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/01/archives/constitutional-conflict-ends-in-india-as-acting-president-accepts.html |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[New York Times]]''. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Tummala |first1=Krishna K. |date=October 1996 |title=The Indian Union and Emergency Powers |journal=International Political Science Review / Revue Internationale de Science Politique |volume=17 |issue=4, New Trends in Federalism / Les nouvelles formes du fédéralisme |pages=373–384 |doi=10.1177/019251296017004003 |jstor=1601275 }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|8 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Ram Sundar Das]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4">Louis, Arul B.; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1980). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800315-pm-indira-gandhi-dismisses-governments-in-nine-states-looks-to-put-congress-in-power-806503-2014-02-06 "PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122626/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800315-pm-indira-gandhi-dismisses-governments-in-nine-states-looks-to-put-congress-in-power-806503-2014-02-06 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|28 March 1995}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 April 1995}}
| {{ayd|28 March 1995|4 April 1995}}
| President's rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]].<ref>Ahmed, Farzand (15 April 1995). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19950415-stand-off-between-t-n-seshan-and-laloo-prasad-yadav-leaves-trail-of-woes-for-common-man-807148-1995-04-14 "Stand-off between T. N. Seshan and Laloo Prasad Yadav leaves trail of woes for common man"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503085736/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19950415-stand-off-between-t-n-seshan-and-laloo-prasad-yadav-leaves-trail-of-woes-for-common-man-807148-1995-04-14 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|12 February 1999}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 March 1999}}
| {{ayd|12 February 1999|8 March 1999}}
| Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked the president's rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>Zarhani, Seyedhossein (December 2015). ''[https://core.ac.uk/download/79191805.pdf Dynamics of Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124119/https://core.ac.uk/download/79191805.pdf |date=2 May 2024 }} (PDF) (PhD thesis). Heidelberg University. pp. 186–187. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 8
| {{Date table sorting|7 March 2005}}
| {{Date table sorting|24 November 2005}}
| {{ayd|7 March 2005|24 November 2005}}
| Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president's rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and [[mala fide]] act by the president.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1885130/|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=16 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016074238/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1885130/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| [[Delhi]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|16 February 2014}}
| {{Date table sorting|14 February 2015}}
| {{ayd|16 February 2014|14 February 2015}}
| | [[Arvind Kejriwal]] resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi Assembly]].<ref>Kumar, Devesh (17 February 2014). [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-rule-imposed-in-delhi-after-arvind-kejriwals-resignation-551077 "President's Rule imposed in Delhi after Arvind Kejriwal's resignation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122619/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-rule-imposed-in-delhi-after-arvind-kejriwals-resignation-551077 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[NDTV]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3" |[[Goa]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|14 December 1990}}
| {{Date table sorting|25 January 1991}}
| {{ayd|14 December 1990|25 January 1991}}
| C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court – No other Government found viable.<ref>Rahman, M. (15 January 1991). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910115-polls-only-solution-for-confused-goa-assembly-813887-1991-01-14 "Polls only solution for confused Goa assembly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124132/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910115-polls-only-solution-for-confused-goa-assembly-813887-1991-01-14 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|10 February 1999}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1999}}
| {{ayd|10 February 1999|9 June 1999}}
| Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.<ref>Abreu, Robin (22 February 1999). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19990222-credible-rule-becomes-a-thing-of-the-past-in-goa-780220-1999-02-21 "Credible rule becomes a thing of the past in Goa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122637/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19990222-credible-rule-becomes-a-thing-of-the-past-in-goa-780220-1999-02-21 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|4 March 2005}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 June 2005}}
| {{ayd|4 March 2005|7 June 2005}}
| Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM [[Pratapsingh Rane|Pratap Sinh Rane]].<ref>Sharma, Ravi (1 July 2005). [https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30205252.ece "Another government in Goa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122619/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30205252.ece |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa-cong-accept-presidents-rule/articleshow/1042090.cms "Goa Cong accept President's Rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa-cong-accept-presidents-rule/articleshow/1042090.cms |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Times of India]]''. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" |[[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
|1
| {{Date table sorting|3 December 1966}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 April 1967}}
| {{ayd|3 December 1966|5 April 1967}}
|The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubinoff |first1=Arthur G. |date=May 1992 |title=Goa's Attainment of Statehood |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=471–487 |doi=10.2307/2644978 |jstor=2644978 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=476–477}}
|-style="text-align:center"
|2
| {{Date table sorting|27 April 1979}}
| {{Date table sorting|16 January 1980}}
| {{ayd|27 April 1979|16 January 1980}}
|Loss of majority following split in the ruling [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]] Party.<ref>Panchal, Chinu (31 May 1979). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790531-shashikala-kakodkar-toppled-from-chief-ministership-of-goa-by-babu-naik-822064-2014-03-12 "Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124133/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790531-shashikala-kakodkar-toppled-from-chief-ministership-of-goa-by-babu-naik-822064-2014-03-12 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="5"| [[Gujarat]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|13 May 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|13 May 1971|17 March 1972}}
| Loss of majority following vertical split in Congress during [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969 presidential election]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=138–140}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|9 February 1974}}
| {{Date table sorting|18 June 1975}}
| {{ayd|9 February 1974|18 June 1975}}
| [[Chimanbhai Patel]] led Congress government resigned due to [[Navnirman Movement]] Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.<ref>[[Ramachandra Guha|Guha, Ramachandra]] (2007). "The Rivals". ''[https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi0000rama_g6k5/page/476/mode/2up?view=theater India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy]''. New York: [[HarperCollins]]. p. 476. {{ISBN|978-0-230-01654-5}}. {{OCLC|77012193}}. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|12 March 1976}}
| {{Date table sorting|24 December 1976}}
| {{ayd|12 March 1976|24 December 1976}}
| "Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19760331-janta-front-govt-in-gujarat-suffers-a-two-vote-defeat-819106-2015-04-01 "Janta Front govt in Gujarat suffers a two vote defeat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122617/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19760331-janta-front-govt-in-gujarat-suffers-a-two-vote-defeat-819106-2015-04-01 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. 31 March 1976. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|7 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Babubhai J. Patel|Babubhai J Patel]] enjoying majority support in the Assembly<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|19 September 1996}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 October 1996}}
| {{ayd|19 September 1996|23 October 1996}}
| Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of [[Shankersinh Vaghela|Vaghela]] government, supported by Congress.<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30158873.ece "Going by the book, read anew, but large issues remain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063649/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30158873.ece |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''. 1 November 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Haryana]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|2 November 1967}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 May 1968}}
| {{ayd|21 November 1967|21 May 1968}}
| Government [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram|dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=153-155}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|21 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Banarsi Das Gupta|B D Gupta]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|6 April 1991}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 June 1991}}
| {{ayd|6 April 1991|23 June 1991}}
| Rebellion in the ruling party.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eX1lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1026%2C2190952 "Haryana placed under President's rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122614/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eX1lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1026,2190952 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 7 April 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2"| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|22 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|22 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Thakur Ram Lal]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|15 December 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|3 December 1993}}
| {{ayd|15 December 1992|3 December 1993}}
| Government dismissed in the aftermath of the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":5">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2290%2C1141578 "Three BJP govts dismissed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122614/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vp0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2290,1141578 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 16 December 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="7" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (State)
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|27 March 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 July 1977}}
| {{ayd|27 March 1977|9 July 1977}}
| [[Sheikh Abdullah]] led [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=431-432}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|7 March 1986}}
| {{Date table sorting|6 November 1986}}
| {{ayd|7 March 1986|6 November 1986}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>Dubey, Suman (31 March 1986). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19860331-congressi-withdraws-support-from-gm-shah-govt-paves-way-for-governors-rule-in-j-k-800732-1986-03-30 "Congress(I) withdraws support from G.M. Shah govt, paves way for governor's rule in J&K"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502175315/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19860331-congressi-withdraws-support-from-gm-shah-govt-paves-way-for-governors-rule-in-j-k-800732-1986-03-30 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|19 January 1990}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 October 1996}}
| {{ayd|19 January 1990|9 October 1996}}
| Increased [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Militancy]], [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] & breakdown of law & order<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir under Governor's rule for eighth time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-under-governor-s-rule-for-eighth-time-1265259-2018-06-20 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=India Today |date=20 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811143423/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-kashmir-under-governor-s-rule-for-eighth-time-1265259-2018-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|10 July 2008}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 January 2009}}
| {{ayd|10 July 2008|5 January 2009}}
| Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM [[Ghulam Nabi Azad|Gulam Nabi Azad]]'s decision to [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage]] led to [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|PDP]] pulling out of coalition Govt.<ref>Ganguly, Sumit (7 May 2009). "Slow learning: lessons from India's counterinsurgency operations in Kashmir". In Fidler, David P.; Ganguly, Sumit (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HKl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 ''India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned'']. New York: [[Taylor & Francis]]. p. 87. {{ISBN|978-1-134-00809-4}}. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|9 January 2015}}
| {{Date table sorting|1 March 2015}}
| {{ayd|9 January 2015|1 March 2015}}
| Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/governors-rule-imposed-in-jammu-and-kashmir/article6771894.ece|title=Governor's rule in J&K|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 January 2015|access-date=5 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091508/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/governors-rule-imposed-in-jammu-and-kashmir/article6771894.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|8 January 2016}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 April 2016}}
| {{ayd|8 January 2016|4 April 2016 }}
| Death of chief minister [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]].<ref>Ashiq, Peerzada (1 April 2016). [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Jammu-and-Kashmir-political-situation-Mehbooba-to-be-sworn-in-as-JampK%E2%80%99s-first-woman-CM-on-April-4/article60333385.ece "Mehbooba to be sworn in as J&K's first woman CM on April 4"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122627/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Jammu-and-Kashmir-political-situation-Mehbooba-to-be-sworn-in-as-JampK%E2%80%99s-first-woman-CM-on-April-4/article60333385.ece |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 8
| {{Date table sorting|19 June 2018}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 October 2019}}
|{{ayd|19 June 2018|30 October 2019}}
|Resignation of the Chief Minister following loss of coalition partner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-pulls-out-of-alliance-with-pdp-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/64646733.cms|title=Mehbooba Mufti resigns after BJP pulls out of alliance with PDP in Jammu and Kashmir |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-19|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-pulls-out-of-alliance-with-pdp-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/64646733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was split into two union territories, UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.
|-style="text-align:center"
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Union Territory)
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|31 October 2019}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 October 2024}}
| {{ayd|31 October 2019|13 October 2024}}
| Imposed under section 73 of [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] (Article 356 does not apply to Union Territories)
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Jharkhand]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|19 January 2009}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 December 2009}}
| {{ayd|19 January 2009|30 December 2009}}
| Political instability due to CM [[Shibu Soren]]'s resignation following defeat in Tamar bypolls.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidents-rule-imposed-in-jharkhand/articleshow/4002015.cms?from=mdr "President's rule imposed in Jharkhand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502201244/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidents-rule-imposed-in-jharkhand/articleshow/4002015.cms?from=mdr |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[The Economic Times]]''. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|1 June 2010}}
| {{Date table sorting|11 September 2010}}
| {{ayd|1 June 2010|11 September 2010}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Presidents-rule-in-Jharkhand/article16240271.ece "President's rule in Jharkhand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063656/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Presidents-rule-in-Jharkhand/article16240271.ece |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|18 January 2013}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 July 2013}}
| {{ayd|18 January 2013|13 July 2013}}
| Loss of majority BJP's ruling coalition partner [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister [[Arjun Munda]] resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Jharkhand put under President's rule again|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jharkhand/President-s-rule-imposed-in-Jharkhand/Article1-993008.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118182209/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jharkhand/President-s-rule-imposed-in-Jharkhand/Article1-993008.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2013|access-date=18 January 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2013}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="6" | [[Karnataka]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|27 March 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|20 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|27 March 1971|20 March 1972}}
| Loss of majority.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=392, 395–396}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|31 December 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|27 February 1978}}
| {{ayd|31 December 1977|27 February 1978}}
| Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devraj Urs]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=221–225}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|21 April 1989}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 November 1989}}
| {{ayd|21 April 1989|30 November 1989}}
| Loss of majority of CM [[S. R. Bommai]], followed by dissolution of Assembly.<ref>Rajghatta, Chidanand; Chawla, Prabhu (15 May 1989). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19890515-janata-dal-government-in-karnataka-falls-governor-venkatasubbiah-role-faces-severe-flak-816073-1989-05-14 "Janata Dal government in Karnataka falls, Governor Venkatasubbiah's role faces severe flak"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223205/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19890515-janata-dal-government-in-karnataka-falls-governor-venkatasubbiah-role-faces-severe-flak-816073-1989-05-14 |date=25 September 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors.
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|10 October 1990}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 October 1990}}
| {{ayd|10 October 1990|17 October 1990}}
| Government of [[Veerendra Patil]] dismissed by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi|V. P. Singh]] and state was placed under president's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected.<ref>Kumar, Yeshwanth; Awasthi, Dilip (31 October 1990). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19901031-spate-of-communal-violence-hits-karnataka-uttar-pradesh-813195-1990-10-30 "Spate of communal violence hits Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503085734/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19901031-spate-of-communal-violence-hits-karnataka-uttar-pradesh-813195-1990-10-30 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|9 October 2007}}
| {{Date table sorting|12 November 2007}}
| {{ayd|9 October 2007|12 November 2007}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidents-rule-imposed-in-karnataka/articleshow/2444200.cms?from=mdr "President's rule imposed in Karnataka"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411040857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidents-rule-imposed-in-karnataka/articleshow/2444200.cms?from=mdr |date=11 April 2023 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidents-rule-in-karnataka-revoked/articleshow/2528030.cms "President's rule in Karnataka revoked"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidents-rule-in-karnataka-revoked/articleshow/2528030.cms |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[Times of India]]''. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|20 November 2007}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 May 2008}}
| {{ayd|20 November 2007|30 May 2008}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/karnataka-again-under-president-s-rule/story-GIcAU9ce7fzGanaVtnSH7M.html?tagtag_uid=606e39ba96429fa5195df7cfcc966937 "Karnataka again under President's rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503184948/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/karnataka-again-under-president-s-rule/story-GIcAU9ce7fzGanaVtnSH7M.html?utm_source=admitad&utm_medium=442763_3CejPAogEAC0eSZbHqLcRYB4mYpaVRWGp1R3Ds4522Y7rk&utm_campaign=606e39ba96429fa5195df7cfcc966937&tagtag_uid=606e39ba96429fa5195df7cfcc966937 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="6" | [[Kerala]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|31 July 1959}}
| {{Date table sorting|22 February 1960}}
| {{ayd|31 July 1959|22 February 1960}}
| Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|EMS Namboodiripad]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |author-link1=Robin Jeffrey |date=March 1991 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the smoking gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's communist government in 1959? |journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=72–85 |doi=10.1080/14662049108447602 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shefi |first1=A. E. |date=December 2019 |title={{transliteration|ml|Vimochana Samaram}} and First Communist Ministry in Kerala: A Historical Analysis |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=80 |publication-date=2022 |pages=1150–1158 |jstor=27192970 }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|10 September 1964}}
| {{Date table sorting|6 March 1967}}
| {{ayd|10 September 1964|6 March 1967}}
| Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=173–174}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=214–215}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|4 August 1970}}
| {{Date table sorting|3 October 1970}}
| {{ayd|4 August 1970|3 October 1970}}
| Loss of majority.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=194–195}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|5 December 1979}}
| {{Date table sorting|25 January 1980}}
| {{ayd|5 December 1979|25 January 1980}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>Kartha, G. S. (31 December 1979). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791231-political-instability-brings-kerala-under-presidents-rule-again-for-fourth-time-822305-2014-02-11 "Political instability brings Kerala under President's rule again for fourth time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122628/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19791231-political-instability-brings-kerala-under-presidents-rule-again-for-fourth-time-822305-2014-02-11 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|21 October 1981}}
| {{Date table sorting|28 December 1981}}
| {{ayd|21 October 1981|28 December 1981}}
| Loss of majority due to withdrawal of support by [[Congress (Secular)|Congress(S)]] and [[Kerala Congress (M)|Kerala Congress(M)]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varkey |first1=Ouseph |year=2019 |orig-year=first published by Westview Press in 1984 |chapter=The Rise and Decline of the Left and Democratic Front in Kerala |title=State Politics In Contemporary India: Crisis Or Continuity? |editor-last1=Wood |editor-first1=John R. |edition=ebook |publisher=Routledge |pages=109–118 |doi=10.4324/9780429307454 |isbn=978-0-429-30745-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2936435 |title=Revocation of the Proclamation made by the President on the 21st October, 1981, in relation to the State of Kerala under article 356 of the Constitution |date=1981 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |location=New Delhi |page=11 |access-date=4 May 2024 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]] |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613064714/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2936435 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{date table sorting|17 March 1982}}
| {{date table sorting|24 May 1982}}
| {{ayd|17 March 1982|24 May 1982}}
|Loss of majority following defection of [[Lonappan Nambadan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mehar |first1=Rakesh |last2=Balan |first2=Saritha S. |date=19 June 2017 |title=Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/kerala-chronicles-how-assembly-speaker-kept-congress-govt-afloat-3-months-1982-63902 |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231124706/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/kerala-chronicles-how-assembly-speaker-kept-congress-govt-afloat-3-months-1982-63902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kamath |first=P. M. |date=October 1985 |title=Politics of Defection in India in the 1980s |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1039–1054 |doi=10.2307/2644180 |jstor=2644180 }}</ref>{{rp|p=1052}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|23 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Shyama Charan Shukla]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|9 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Sunder Lal Patwa|Sundar Lal Patwa]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|15 December 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 December 1993}}
| {{ayd|15 December 1992|7 December 1993}}
| Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":5" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|9 June 1980}}
| Govt. dismissed in spite of [[Sharad Pawar]] enjoying majority support in the Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|28 September 2014}}
| {{Date table sorting|31 October 2014}}
| {{ayd|28 September 2014|31 October 2014}}
| Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and Others.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidents-rule-imposed-in-maharashtra/articleshow/43713750.cms "President's rule imposed in Maharashtra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidents-rule-imposed-in-maharashtra/articleshow/43713750.cms |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Times of India]]''. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|12 November 2019}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 November 2019}}
| 11 days
| No party could form a government after a fractured election verdict and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] broke the pre-poll alliance it had with the BJP.<ref>Singh, Vijaita (12 November 2019). [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidents-rule-imposed-in-maharashtra/article61620369.ece "Maharashtra placed under President's Rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625070934/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidents-rule-imposed-in-maharashtra/article61620369.ece |date=25 June 2022 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> See also: [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]].
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="10" |[[Manipur]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|25 October 1967}}
| {{Date table sorting|19 February 1968}}
| {{ayd|25 October 1967|19 February 1968}}
| Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19671026&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Centre takes over Manipur rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218053746/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19671026&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=18 December 2022 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 26 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|16 October 1969}}
| {{Date table sorting|20 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|16 October 1969|20 March 1972}}
| Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=206–207}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|28 March 1973}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 March 1974}}
| {{ayd|28 March 1973|4 March 1974}}
| President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=208-209}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|16 May 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|26 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|16 May 1977|26 June 1977}}
| Collapse of Government following defections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yambem |first1=Sanamani |date=11 June 1977 |title=Back to President's Rule |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=12 |issue=24 |page=945 |jstor=4365678 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=213–214}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|14 November 1979}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 January 1980}}
| {{ayd|14 November 1979|13 January 1980}}
| Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhavan |first1=Rajeev |author-link1=Rajeev Dhavan |date=October–December 1989 |title=President's Rule: Recent Trends |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=521–533 |jstor=43951266 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=523–524}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|28 February 1981}}
| {{Date table sorting|19 June 1981}}
| {{ayd|28 February 1981|19 June 1981}}
| Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.<ref>Laithangbam, Swarnalata (31 March 1981). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810331-presidents-rule-imposed-in-manipur-congressi-and-pdf-stake-claim-to-rule-772801-2013-11-25 "President's rule imposed in Manipur, Congress(I) and PDF stake claim to rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122634/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810331-presidents-rule-imposed-in-manipur-congressi-and-pdf-stake-claim-to-rule-772801-2013-11-25 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|7 January 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 April 1992}}
| {{ayd|7 January 1992|8 April 1992}}
| Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. president's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Manipur placed under Delhi rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502175314/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 8 January 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 8
| {{Date table sorting|31 December 1993}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 December 1994}}
| {{ayd|31 December 1993|13 December 1994}}
| 1000 persons died in [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur|Naga-Kuki clashes]] and continued violence.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Manipur placed under Central rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122622/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 1 January 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 9
| {{Date table sorting|2 June 2001}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 March 2002}}
| {{ayd|2 June 2001|5 March 2002}}
| Loss of majority.<ref>Chaudhuri, Kalyan (16 February 2002). [https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30243973.ece "Uncertain in Manipur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122633/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30243973.ece |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 10
| {{Date table sorting|13 February 2025}}
| {{Date table sorting|3 February 2026}}
| {{ayd|13 February 2025|3 February 2026}}
|[[List of chief ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]] [[N. Biren Singh]] resigned following the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]] amidst a crisis of possible no-confidence motion. Assembly put under suspended animation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-13 |title=President’s rule imposed in Manipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/presidents-rule-imposed-in-manipur/article69215923.ece |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[List of chief ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]] [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] appointed new CM & President’s rule finally lifted after nearly 1 year.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-02-03 |title=President’s rule imposed in Manipur |url=https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.economictimes.com/news/newsblogs/february-4-india-us-trade-deal-modi-trump-tariffs-parliament-debate-rahul-gandhi-delhi-weather-iran-bangladesh-icc-t-20-world-cup-ind-pakistan-news/amp_liveblog/127897742.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | [[Meghalaya]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|11 October 1991}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 February 1992}}
| {{ayd|11 October 1991|5 February 1992}}
| The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah|PR Kyndiah]] suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/meghalaya-clamped-under-presidents-rule/15752671.shtml#sthash.lD2Rcimi.dpuf|title=Meghalaya clamped under President's Rule|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092843/http://www.merinews.com/article/meghalaya-clamped-under-presidents-rule/15752671.shtml#sthash.lD2Rcimi.dpuf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Majumdar, Sarbari (15 November 1991). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19911115-biased-rulings-spark-trouble-in-meghalaya-815090-1991-11-14 "Biased rulings spark trouble in Meghalaya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223204/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19911115-biased-rulings-spark-trouble-in-meghalaya-815090-1991-11-14 |date=25 September 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|19 March 2009}}
| {{Date table sorting|13 May 2009}}
| {{ayd|18 March 2009|13 May 2009}}
| Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM [[Donkupar Roy]].<ref>Karmakar, Rahul; Sharma, Nagendar (19 March 2009). [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/president-s-rule-in-meghalaya/story-q8liBCWp9uNUWHYiBrKFlK.html "President's Rule in Meghalaya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/president-s-rule-in-meghalaya/story-q8liBCWp9uNUWHYiBrKFlK.html |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Mizoram]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|11 May 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|2 June 1978}}
| {{ayd|11 May 1977|2 June 1978}}
| [[Mizo Union]] Ministry led by Chief Minister [[C. Chhunga|Chhunga]] resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks.<ref name=sinha2007>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngtgH9RYB0EC |title=Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's|author=S. P. Sinha |access-date= 14 July 2021 |isbn=9788170621621 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |date=2007}}</ref>{{rp|95|quote=Mizo Union Ministry led by Chief Minister Chhunga resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|11 November 1978}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 May 1979}}
| {{ayd|11 November 1978|8 May 1979}}
| Chief Minister [[T. Sailo|Sailo]]'s refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule.<ref name=sinha2007/>{{rp|96–97|quote=Sailo's refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|7 September 1988}}
| {{Date table sorting|24 January 1989}}
| {{ayd|7 September 1988|24 January 1989}}
| Defections reduced the Government to minority.<ref>Menon, Ramesh (30 September 1988). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880930-mizoram-comes-under-president-rule-797758-1988-09-29 "Mizoram comes under President's Rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122616/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880930-mizoram-comes-under-president-rule-797758-1988-09-29 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4"| [[Nagaland]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|22 March 1975}}
| {{Date table sorting|25 November 1977}}
| {{ayd|22 March 1975|25 November 1977}}
| Defections and counter defections led to imposition of president's rule.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=230-231}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|7 August 1988}}
| {{Date table sorting|25 January 1989}}
| {{ayd|7 August 1988|25 January 1989}}
| The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the [[Hokishe Sema]]-led Congress government was reduced to a minority.<ref>Menon, Ramesh (31 August 1988). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880831-presidents-rule-imposed-in-nagaland-under-questionable-circumstances-797609-1988-08-30 "President's Rule imposed in Nagaland under questionable circumstances"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122626/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880831-presidents-rule-imposed-in-nagaland-under-questionable-circumstances-797609-1988-08-30 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994.
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|2 April 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|22 February 1993}}
| {{ayd|2 April 1992|22 February 1993}}
| Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation.<ref>Menon, R. (30 April 1992). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920430-nagaland-manipur-turn-political-hot-spots-766206-2013-06-18 "Nagaland, Manipur turn political hot spots"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503085736/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920430-nagaland-manipur-turn-political-hot-spots-766206-2013-06-18 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|3 January 2008}}
| {{Date table sorting|12 March 2008}}
| {{ayd|3 January 2008|12 March 2008}}
| Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM [[Neiphiu Rio]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/presidents-rule-had-become-necessary-in-nagaland-governor-22030-2008-01-04 "President's Rule had become necessary in Nagaland: Governor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503084727/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/presidents-rule-had-become-necessary-in-nagaland-governor-22030-2008-01-04 |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/presidents-rule-revoked-in-nagaland-23561-2008-03-12 "President's rule revoked in Nagaland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122620/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/presidents-rule-revoked-in-nagaland-23561-2008-03-12 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="6"| [[Odisha]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|25 February 1961}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 June 1961}}
| {{ayd|25 February 1961|23 June 1961}}
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab|Harekrishna Mahtab]] led Congress-[[All India Ganatantra Parishad|Gantantra Parishad]] Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President's rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.<ref>Sethy, Rabindra Kumar (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-2kJusgGxiQC&pg=PA134 ''Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State'']. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Company. pp. 134–135. {{ISBN|978-81-7648-463-3}} Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|11 January 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|3 April 1971}}
| {{ayd|11 January 1971|3 April 1971}}
| Break-up of coalition.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=239–244}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|3 March 1973}}
| {{Date table sorting|6 March 1974}}
| {{ayd|3 March 1973|6 March 1974}}
| Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=245–247}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|16 December 1976}}
| {{Date table sorting|29 December 1976}}
| {{ayd|16 December 1976|29 December 1976}}
| Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]] was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of president's rule.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770115-orissa-chief-minister-nandini-satpathy-resigns-823541-2014-07-10 "Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigns"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502224617/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770115-orissa-chief-minister-nandini-satpathy-resigns-823541-2014-07-10 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|26 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|26 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Binayak Acharya]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|9 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Nilamani Routray]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|4 March 1953}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 March 1954}}
| {{ayd|4 March 1953|7 March 1954}}
| President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU ([[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] ) State when the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] government, led by [[Gian Singh Rarewala]], was dismissed.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HcY-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=gEwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2413%2C278840 "President's Rule for PEPSU"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122615/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HcY-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=gEwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2413,278840 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 6 March 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.epw.in/journal/1953/9/weekly-notes/president-s-rule-pepsu.html "President's rule for PEPSU?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613064655/https://www.epw.in/journal/1953/9/weekly-notes/president-s-rule-pepsu.html |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''. '''5''' (9): 235. 28 February 1953. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="7"| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|18 September 1968}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 March 1969}}
| {{ayd|18 September 1968|17 March 1969}}
| Assembly was dissolved and president's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680919&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "President takes over in Pondy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503084728/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680919&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=3 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 19 September 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=269–270}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|3 January 1974}}
| {{Date table sorting|6 March 1974}}
| {{ayd|3 January 1974|6 March 1974}}
| Assembly dissolved after fall of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=271–272}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|28 March 1974}}
| {{Date table sorting|2 July 1977}}
| {{ayd|28 March 1974|2 July 1977}}
| Fall of coalition government of AIADMK, [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress(O)]] following division of votes by [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress(R)]] and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=272–274}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|12 November 1978}}
| {{Date table sorting|16 January 1980}}
| {{ayd|12 November 1978|16 January 1980}}
| Fall of government due to political instability.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-november-13-1978-5443226/ "Forty Years Ago: November 13, 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122618/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-november-13-1978-5443226/ |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|24 June 1983}}
| {{Date table sorting|16 March 1985}}
| {{ayd|24 June 1983|16 March 1985}}
| Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.<ref>Chatterjee, Sibranjan (1992). "The Dismissal of the Ministry". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQpnoasCDYC&pg=PA136 Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution]''. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 136. {{ISBN|978-81-7099-325-4}}. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|12 January 1991}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 July 1991}}
| {{ayd|12 January 1991|4 July 1991}}
| DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly.<ref>Badhwar, Inderjit; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1991). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910315-president-r-venkataraman-faces-criticism-for-playing-partisan-politics-814152-1991-03-14 "President R. Venkataraman faces criticism for playing partisan politics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613064655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910315-president-r-venkataraman-faces-criticism-for-playing-partisan-politics-814152-1991-03-14 |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7oNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1054%2C3504304 "Pondy Assembly dissolved; uproarious scenes in LS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122616/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7oNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1054,3504304 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 5 March 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|25 February 2021}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 May 2021}}
| {{ayd|25 February 2021|7 May 2021}}
| Congress Government resigned due to loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.<ref>[https://scroll.in/latest/987941/presidents-rule-imposed-in-puducherry "President's Rule imposed in Puducherry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122627/https://scroll.in/latest/987941/presidents-rule-imposed-in-puducherry |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Scroll.in]]''. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="8"| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|20 June 1951}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 April 1952}}
| {{ayd|20 June 1951|17 April 1952}}
|Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] kept the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly]] in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.<ref>[[Baldev Raj Nayar|Nayar, Baldev Raj]] (1968). "Punjab". In [[Myron Weiner|Weiner, Myron]] (ed.). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131635/page/n467/mode/2up?view=theater State Politics in India]''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 463–467. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/501863 501863]. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|5 July 1966}}
| {{Date table sorting|1 November 1966}}
| {{ayd|5 July 1966|1 November 1966}}
| State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=282–283}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|23 August 1968}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1969}}
| {{ayd|23 August 1968|17 February 1969}}
| Break-up of coalition.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=286–287}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|15 June 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|15 June 1971|17 March 1972}}
| Following poor performance in March, [[1971 Indian general election|1971 Lok Sabha Elections]], incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.<ref>Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). "Governor's Whim Prevails – 1971". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=41HYYdO21KQC&pg=PA180 President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab]'' (1st ed.). Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 180–200. {{ISBN|978-81-7099-234-9}}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|20 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|20 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of Giani [[Zail Singh]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|7 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|7 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Parkash Singh Badal]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|6 October 1983}}
| {{Date table sorting|29 September 1985}}
| {{ayd|6 October 1983|29 September 1985}}
| Many [[Khalistan Movement|Khalistani]] separatist groups announced the creation of Khalistan.<ref>[[Shekhar Gupta|Gupta, Shekhar]]; Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1983). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19831031-punjab-crisis-takes-dramatic-turn-darbara-singh-govt-dismissed-presidents-rule-imposed-771128-2013-07-17 "Punjab crisis takes dramatic turn, Darbara Singh govt dismissed, President's Rule imposed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502180204/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19831031-punjab-crisis-takes-dramatic-turn-darbara-singh-govt-dismissed-presidents-rule-imposed-771128-2013-07-17 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 8
| {{Date table sorting|11 May 1987}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 February 1992}}
| {{ayd|11 May 1987|23 February 1992}}
| Breakdown of law and order by several militant groups.<ref>Chawla, G. S. (12 March 1987). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sIJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1723%2C1327693 "Punjab comes under President's rule: Assembly in suspended animation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223310/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sIJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1723%2C1327693 |date=25 September 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4"| [[Rajasthan]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|13 March 1967}}
| {{Date table sorting|26 April 1967}}
| {{ayd|13 March 1967|26 April 1967}}
| Indecisive outcome of elections.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=281, 285–287}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|22 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|22 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Hari Dev Joshi]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|5 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|15 December 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 December 1993}}
| {{ayd|15 December 1992|4 December 1993}}
| Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":5" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2"| [[Sikkim]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|18 August 1978}}
| {{Date table sorting|17 October 1979}}
| {{ayd|18 August 1978|17 October 1979}}
| Loss of majority following split in [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee|Kazi Lhendup Dorji]] led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phadnis |first1=Urmila |author-link1=Urmila Phadnis |date=December 1980 |title=Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1236–1252 |doi=10.2307/2643629 |jstor=2643629 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=1244–1248, 1250}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|25 May 1984}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 March 1985}}
| {{ayd|25 May 1984|8 March 1985}}
| Congress Government formed following induced collapse of [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] [[Sikkim Janata Parishad]] Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.<ref>Claiborne, William (26 May 1984). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/05/26/sikkim-put-under-federal-rule-after-mass-party-shift/623c9f18-ac7e-43a3-bc39-1644b30f138a/ "Sikkim Put Under Federal Rule After Mass Party Shift"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223217/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/05/26/sikkim-put-under-federal-rule-after-mass-party-shift/623c9f18-ac7e-43a3-bc39-1644b30f138a/ |date=25 September 2024 }}. ''[[Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardgrave |first1=Robert L. |date=February 1985 |title=India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=25 |issue=2, A Survey of Asia in 1984: Part II |pages=131–144 |doi=10.2307/2644297 |jstor=2644297 }}</ref>{{rp|p=135}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|31 January 1976}}
| {{Date table sorting|30 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|31 January 1976|30 June 1977}}
| The government headed by former chief minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] was dismissed by former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly, due to charges of corruption while the [[Sarkaria Commission]] was set up to probe the allegations.<ref>Marthandam, Nambi (29 February 1976). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19760229-president-fakhruddin-ali-ahmed-dismisses-dmk-ministry-places-tamil-nadu-under-presidents-rule-819615-2015-04-29 "President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dismisses DMK ministry, places Tamil Nadu under President's Rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903073840/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19760229-president-fakhruddin-ali-ahmed-dismisses-dmk-ministry-places-tamil-nadu-under-presidents-rule-819615-2015-04-29 |date=3 September 2022 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|9 June 1980}}
| The government headed by former chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was dismissed by former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|30 January 1988}}
| {{Date table sorting|27 January 1989}}
| {{ayd|30 January 1988|27 January 1989}}
| The government headed by former chief minister [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] was dismissed by former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi after controversial confidence vote secured by her in the legislative assembly.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880131&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "TN Assembly dissolved: elections soon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502175316/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880131&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 31 January 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|30 January 1991}}
| {{Date table sorting|24 June 1991}}
| {{ayd|30 January 1991|24 June 1991}}
| The government headed by former chief minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] was dismissed by former prime minister [[Chandra Shekhar]] on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]'s report and enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.<ref name="Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-had-no-role-in-dismissing-dmk-govt-in-1991/article8475243.ece | title=Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991 | work=The Hindu | date=14 April 2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=10 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210211324/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-had-no-role-in-dismissing-dmk-govt-in-1991/article8475243.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| [[Travancore-Cochin]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|23 March 1956}}
| {{Date table sorting|5 April 1957}}
| {{ayd|23 March 1956|5 April 1957}}
| Loss of majority following split in Congress Party.<ref>Maheshwari, Shriram (1977). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111304/mode/2up?view=theater President's rule in India]''. New Delhi: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-333-90186-1}} {{OCLC|470784780}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=33–35}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="3"| [[Tripura]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|1 November 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|20 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|1 November 1971|20 March 1972}}
| In the backdrop of refugee influx due to [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, president's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=320}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|5 November 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 January 1978}}
| {{ayd|5 November 1977|4 January 1978}}
| Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=322}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|11 March 1993}}
| {{Date table sorting|10 April 1993}}
| {{ayd|11 March 1993|10 April 1993}}
| Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.<ref>Banerjee, R; Baweja, H (31 March 1993). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930331-prime-minister-narasimha-rao-sacrifices-tripura-government-to-curry-favour-with-the-left-810860-1993-03-30 "Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sacrifices Tripura Government to curry favour with the Left"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502180203/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930331-prime-minister-narasimha-rao-sacrifices-tripura-government-to-curry-favour-with-the-left-810860-1993-03-30 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="9"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|25 February 1968}}
| {{Date table sorting|26 February 1969}}
| {{ayd|25 February 1968|26 February 1969}}
| Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=326–327}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|1 October 1970}}
| {{Date table sorting|18 October 1970}}
| {{ayd|1 October 1970|18 October 1970}}
| [[Charan Singh]] Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=338–341}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|13 June 1973}}
| {{Date table sorting|8 November 1973}}
| {{ayd|13 June 1973|8 November 1973}}
| Chief Minister resigned as a result of the [[1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=44–45}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|30 November 1975}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 January 1976}}
| {{ayd|30 November 1975|21 January 1976}}
| Congress Government of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|H N Bahuguna]] tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=369–370}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|23 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|23 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[N. D. Tiwari|N D Tiwari]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
| {{Date table sorting|17 February 1980}}
| {{Date table sorting|9 June 1980}}
| {{ayd|17 February 1980|9 June 1980}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Banarasi Das]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
| {{Date table sorting|6 December 1992}}
| {{Date table sorting|4 December 1993}}
| {{ayd|6 December 1992|4 December 1993}}
| Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan.<ref name=":5" />
|-style="text-align:center"
| 8
| {{Date table sorting|18 October 1995}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 March 1997}}
| {{ayd|18 October 1995|21 March 1997}}
| Loss of majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections.<ref>Swami, Venkitesh (1 November 1997). [https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160288.ece "A crisis defused"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925223207/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160288.ece |date=25 September 2024 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 9
| {{Date table sorting|8 March 2002}}
| {{Date table sorting|3 May 2002}}
| {{ayd|8 March 2002|3 May 2002}}
| Indecisive outcome of elections.<ref>Mishra, Subhash (18 March 2002). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/states-uttar-pradesh/story/20020318-imposition-of-presidents-rule-in-uttar-pradesh-comes-as-a-boon-to-political-parties-795741-2002-03-17 "Imposition of President's rule in Uttar Pradesh comes as a boon to political parties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/states-uttar-pradesh/story/20020318-imposition-of-presidents-rule-in-uttar-pradesh-comes-as-a-boon-to-political-parties-795741-2002-03-17 |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-put-under-presidents-rule/articleshow/3203812.cms "Uttar Pradesh put under President's rule"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-put-under-presidents-rule/articleshow/3203812.cms |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Times of India]]''. 10 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2"| [[Uttarakhand]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|27 March 2016}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 April 2016}}
| {{ayd|27 March 2016|21 April 2016}}
| Collapse of CM [[Harish Rawat]]'s ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, [[Uttarakhand High Court]] declared the president's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/arunachal-pradesh-verdict-nabam-tuki-harish-rawat-uttarakhand-president-rule-supreme-court-modi-government-2914435/ | title=Lessons from Uttarakhand and Arunachal: What court orders on Central rule say | date=15 July 2016 | access-date=15 July 2016 | archive-date=14 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714202920/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/arunachal-pradesh-verdict-nabam-tuki-harish-rawat-uttarakhand-president-rule-supreme-court-modi-government-2914435/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|22 April 2016}}
| {{Date table sorting|11 May 2016}}
| {{ayd|22 April 2016|11 May 2016}}
| Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the president's rule in the state.<ref>Sinha, Bhadra (23 April 2016). [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sc-stays-uttarakhand-hc-order-which-set-aside-president-s-rule-in-state/story-eDJgkrLFdzLa5GBVeeeczK.html "SC stays Uttarakhand HC order which set aside President's Rule in state"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502224609/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sc-stays-uttarakhand-hc-order-which-set-aside-president-s-rule-in-state/story-eDJgkrLFdzLa5GBVeeeczK.html |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>Pandey, Sidharth (15 May 2016). Singh, Veer Arjun (ed.). [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-result-today-amid-early-celebrations-in-congress-1405033 "President's Rule Lifted From Uttarakhand, Congress Back In Power: 10 Points"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613065340/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-result-today-amid-early-celebrations-in-congress-1405033 |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[NDTV]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="4" |[[West Bengal]]
| 1
| {{Date table sorting|20 February 1968}}
| {{Date table sorting|25 February 1969}}
| {{ayd|20 February 1968|25 February 1969}}
| State placed under president's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680221&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "President takes over West Bengal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122633/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680221&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=2 May 2024 }}. ''[[Indian Express]]''. 21 February 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
|- style="text-align:center"
| 2
| {{Date table sorting|19 March 1970}}
| {{Date table sorting|2 April 1971}}
| {{ayd|19 March 1970|2 April 1971}}
| Collapse of [[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]] Coalition between [[Bangla Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=336–340}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 3
| {{Date table sorting|29 June 1971}}
| {{Date table sorting|20 March 1972}}
| {{ayd|29 June 1971|20 March 1972}}
| Collapse of Democratic Coalition following split in Bangla Congress.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=408–411}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=401–403}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 4
| {{Date table sorting|30 April 1977}}
| {{Date table sorting|21 June 1977}}
| {{ayd|30 April 1977|21 June 1977}}
| Government dismissed in spite of [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Direct rule]]
* [[Federal intervention]] (A similar procedure used in [[Argentina]])
* [[Federalism in India]]
* [[Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India]]
* [[List of state governments dismissed by the Indian National Congress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[s:Constitution of India (2020)/Part XVIII|Article 355 and 356 text from wikisource]]
* [http://www.ejcl.org/81/abs81-4.html Discusses the instances where presidents rule has been invoked]
* [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761237/1/Presidents_Rule_in_St_UT_Eng_9th_ed_2016.pdf Lok Sabha Secretariat's report on President's Rule]

{{DEFAULTSORT:President's rule}}
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Parts and articles of the Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Federalism in India]]

Ravidas

2026-01-31T11:03:43Z

NydiaTalley110: small changes

{{short description|Indian mystic poet-saint of the Bhakti movement}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ravidas
| image = Bhagat Ravidas at work as a shoemaker. Folio from a series featuring Bhakti saints. Master of the first generation after Manaku and Nainsukh of Guler, Pahari region, ca.1800–1810.jpg
| religion =
| alias = Raidas, Rohidas, Ruhi Dass, Robidas, Bhagat Ravidas, Guru Ravidas
| influences = [[Ramananda]], [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Sufism]]
| influenced = [[Meera Bai]], [[Rani]] Jhala, [[Bhagat Pipa|Raja Pipa]], [[Sikandar Lodhi|Raja Sikandar Lodhi]], [[Guru Nanak]], [[Raja]] Bahadur Shah, Rani Ratan Kunwar, Raja Naagar Mall, [[Shardha Ram Phillauri|Pandit Shardha Ram]], Raja Chandar Partap, Bibi Bhanmati, [[Ganga Ram Viakarni|Pandit Ganga Ram]], Ram Lal, Raja Bain Singh, [[Rana Sanga]], Raja Chandrahans, [[Kabir]], [[Bhagat Trilochan]], Guru Sadhna Sehan
| known_for = Venerated as a ''[[Guru]]'' and having hymns included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], central figure of the [[Ravidassia]]
| caption = Ravidas at work as a shoemaker. Folio from a series featuring Bhakti saints. Master of the first generation after Manaku and Nainsukh of Guler, Pahari region, c. 1800–1810
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Banaras]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place = Banaras, Delhi Sultanate (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = Lona Devi
| children = 1
| relatives =
| occupation = Poet, leather craftsman, ''satguru'' (spiritual teacher)
}}
{{Ravidassia}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Ravidas''' or '''Raidas''' was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the [[Bhakti movement]] during the 15th to 16th century CE.<ref name=jameslraidas /><ref name=encyclopediabritraidas /> Venerated as a ''[[guru]]'' (spiritual teacher) in the modern regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], and [[Haryana]], he was a poet, social reformer and spiritual figure.

The life details of Ravidas are uncertain and contested. Some scholars believe he was born in 1433 CE.  He taught removal of social divisions of [[caste system in India|caste]] and gender, and promoted unity in the pursuit of personal spiritual freedom.

Ravidas's devotional verses were included in the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] scriptures known as ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''.<ref name=encyclopediabritraidas /><ref>Callewaert and Friedlander, ''The Life and Works of Ravidass Ji'', Manohar, Delhi, 1992, quoted in Gavin Flood, ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge 1996.</ref> The ''Panch Vani'' text of the [[Dadu Dayal|Dadu Panthi]] tradition within [[Hinduism]] also includes numerous poems of Ravidas.<ref name=jameslraidas /> He is also the central figure within the [[Ravidassia]] [[Panth|religious movement]].

Mainstream Sikhs consider him to be a ''[[bhagat]]'' whilst break-away Ravidassias consider him to be a ''[[guru]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gurus and Media: Sound, image, machine, text and the digital |date=25 September 2023 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=9781800085541 |pages=224–225}}</ref>

== Dates ==
The details of Ravidas's life are not well known. The birth date Ravidas has been a subject of discussion among scholars and devotees, as historical records from the 14th–15th century are limited. Different traditions and sources provide varying years for his birth.Some scholars{{Who|date=January 2023}} state he was born in 1377 CE and died in 1528 CE in [[Banaras]] at the age of 151 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=The Study of Hinduism |year=2003 |publisher=The University of South Carolina Press |isbn=1-57003-449-4 |pages=229}}</ref> Others, such as [[Amaresh Datta]], claim he was born in 1267 and died in 1335.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |pages=79 |quote=}}</ref>

The Rajput princess and Bhakti saint, [[Mira Bai]] (1498–1547 CE), is recorded in multiple traditions as a devoted disciple of Ravidas. This disciple-guru relationship, mentioned in historical and literary sources, indicates that Ravidass must have been alive after 1498 CE and actively guiding his followers when Mirabai reached adulthood, around the time of her marriage in 1516. The connection between Ravidas and Mirabai helps scholars place his lifetime within the late 15th and early 16th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=K. N. |title=Guru Ravidas, Life and Teachings |date=1982 |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RylyAAAAIAAJ&q=death+is+his++disciple+Mirabai |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Regional variation in names==
He is remembered by many names across regions, traditions, and languages. These variations reflect affection, honorifics, and local pronunciations. Ravidas is the most common form, especially in [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-speaking regions]], Ramdas has been used by followers who migrated from [[West Pakistan]].,<ref name=":Term">{{cite book |last1=General |first1=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrfUAAAAMAAJ&q=word+Ravidasia |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Term1">{{cite book |last1=Barstow |first1=A. E. |title=Handbook on Sikhs |date=1989 |publisher=Uppal Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85024-54-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcMKAQAAIAAJ&q=Namabansis |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Raidas is widely used in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Bihar]], Ruhidas/Ruidas is the common pronunciation in [[Bengal]] and [[Eastern India]] and [[Rohidas]] is used in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Darshan |title=Glimpses of Indian History |date=1978 |publisher=Panjab Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sasBAAAAMAAJ&q=raidas,+ruidas+and+rohidas |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The term ''[[Ramdasia]]'' is merely a corruption of the word ''Ravidasia.''<ref name=":Term">{{cite book |last1=General |first1=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrfUAAAAMAAJ&q=word+Ravidasia |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Term1">{{cite book |last1=Barstow |first1=A. E. |title=Handbook on Sikhs |date=1989 |publisher=Uppal Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85024-54-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcMKAQAAIAAJ&q=Namabansis |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Punjab]], both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used interchangeably, although these also have regional context. The word Ramdasia is largely used in [[Puadh]] and [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]], while Ravidasia is predominantly used in [[Doaba]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-dalit-conundrum-a-look-into-sikhs-caste-identity/articleshow/86607310.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ramdasia / Ravidassia Sikhs ( titles which are often used interchangeably to refer to the same people )">{{cite book |last1=Upadhya |first1=Carol |last2=Rutten |first2=Mario |last3=Koskimaki |first3=Leah |title=Provincial Globalization in India: Transregional Mobilities and Development Politics |date=27 June 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-63107-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDBiDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+and+ravidassia+are+also+used+interchangeably&pg=RA1-PT173 |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Followers of Ravidas are known by different names in different regions, depending on history, migration, and local linguistic or social contexts. [[Ravidassias]] is the most common and widely accepted name today, especially after the Vienna incident when many followers began identifying as a distinct religious community, [[Ramdasia]] is for Sikh Chamar followers, Rohidasi is for those in regions like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Rajasthan, who revere Ravidas as their spiritual guide, and [[Ravived]] is mainly for those in [[Mauritius]].

== Biography ==
Ravidas was born in the village of [[Sir Gobardhan]]pur, near [[Varanasi]] in what is now Uttar Pradesh, [[India]]. His birthplace is now known as [[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]]. His birthday is celebrated as [[Ravidas Jayanti]] and important temple is [[Ravidas Temple]]. Mata Kalsi was his mother, and his father was Santokh Dass.<ref name="eosravidas">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Ravidas |author=Hardev Bahri |editor=Harbans Singh |display-editors=etal |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> His parents belonged to a leather-working [[Chamar]] community, an [[Untouchable caste|untouchable]] caste.<ref name="jameslraidas" /><ref name="encyclopediabritraidas">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ravidas: Indian mystic and poet |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350770/Ravidas |access-date=10 August 2009 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> While his original occupation was leather work, he began to spend most of his time in spiritual pursuits at the banks of the [[Ganges]]. Thereafter he spent most of his life in the company of [[Sufi]] saints, [[Sadhu]]s and ascetics.<ref name="eosravidas" /> At the age of 12, Ravidas was married off to Lona Devi. They had a son, Vijay Dass.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trisharan |first1=Dr Vijay Kumar |title=Mahakavi Ravidas Samaj Chetna Ke Agradut |date=2008 |publisher=Gautam Book Center |isbn=978-81-87733-14-0 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53tgHL6a8TkC&dq=Sant+Ravidas+Lona+devi+Vijay+das&pg=PA34 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ji |first1=Jagatguru Ravidaas |title=Amritwani Ravidaas Ji Maharaj |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Mandir Seer Govardhanpur, Varanasi (U.P.) |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEF9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sant+Ravidas+Lona+devi+Vijay+das&pg=PA291 |language=hi}}{{dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The text ''Anantadas Parcai'' is one of the earliest surviving [[Biography|biographies]] of various Bhakti movement poets which describes the birth of Ravidas.<ref name=winnandraidas>{{cite book |last1=Callewaert |first1=Winnand |title=The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-12002-2 |pages=307, 1–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGoyMpvyHbgC&q=The+Hagiographies+of+Anantadas:+The+Bhakti+Poets+of+North+India,+Routledge+raidas |language=en}}</ref>

Medieval era texts, such as the ''[[Bhaktamal]]'' suggest that Ravidas was the disciple of the [[Brahmin]] ''bhakti''-poet [[Ramananda]].<ref name=pande>{{cite book |last1=Pande |first1=Rekha |title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century) |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2525-2 |pages=76–77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYEnBwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=lorenzen>[[David Lorenzen]] (1996), Praises to a Formless God: Nirguni Texts from North India, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791428054}}, page 268</ref> He is traditionally considered as [[Kabir]]'s younger contemporary.<ref name=jameslraidas>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, [[Rosen Publishing]], {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, page 569</ref>

However, the medieval text ''[[Ratnavali]]'' says Ravidas gained his spiritual knowledge from Ramananda and was a follower of the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] tradition.<ref name=pande /><ref name=lorenzen /><ref>{{cite book |title=Sant Ravidas Ratnawali |author=Mamta Jha |year=2013 |publisher=prabhat prakashan |page=12}}</ref>

His ideas and fame grew over his lifetime, and texts suggest Brahmins used to bow before him.<ref name=encyclopediabritraidas /> He travelled extensively, visiting Hindu pilgrimage sites in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], and those in the [[Himalayas]]. He abandoned ''saguna'' (with attributes, image) forms of supreme beings, and focused on the ''nirguna'' (without attributes, abstract) form of supreme beings.<ref name=eosravidas /> As his poetic hymns in regional languages inspired others, people from various background sought his teachings and guidance.<ref name=eosravidas />
[[File:Fresco artwork depicting a lifestory of Bhagat Ravidas from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Fresco artwork depicting a [[Sakhi|lifestory]] of Ravidas from Pothi-Mala, [[Guru Har Sahai]], Punjab]]
Most scholars believe that Ravidas met [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=encyclopediabritraidas /> He is revered in the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] scripture, and 41 of Ravidas' poems are included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. These poems are one of the oldest attested source of his ideas and literary works.<ref name=jameslraidas /><ref name=encyclopediabritraidas /> Another substantial source of legends and stories about the life of Ravidas is the [[hagiography]] in the Sikh tradition, the ''Premambodha''.<ref name=friedlandermyths /> This text, composed over 170 years after Ravidas' death, in 1693, includes him as one of the seventeen saints of Indian religious tradition.<ref name=friedlandermyths /> The 17th-century Nabhadas's [[Bhaktamal]], and the ''Parcais'' of Anantadas, both contain chapters on Ravidas.<ref>Winnand Callewaert (2000), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700713318}}, pages 1-4</ref> Other than these, the scriptures and texts of Sikh tradition and the Hindu Dadupanthi traditions, most other written sources about the life of Ravidas, including by the Ravidasi (followers of Ravidas), were composed in the early 20th century, or about 400 years after his death.<ref name=friedlandermyths /><ref name="Callewaert">Callewaert, Winand. (2003), Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions (Editors: Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara), [[University of British Columbia Press]], {{ISBN|978-0774810395}}, pages 203-223</ref>

Text, called the ''Parcaīs'' (or ''Parchais''), included Ravidas among the [[Sant (religion)|sants]] whose biography and poems were included. Over time new manuscripts of ''Parcais of Anantadas'' were reproduced, some in different local languages of India.<ref name="Callewaert" /> Winnand Callewaert notes that some 30 manuscripts of Anantadas's hagiography on Ravidas have been found in different parts of India.<ref name=winnandintro>Winnand Callewaert (2000), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700713318}}, pages 303-307</ref> Of these four manuscripts are complete, collated and have been dated to 1662, 1665, 1676 and 1687. The first three are close with some morphological variants without affecting the meaning, but the 1687 version systematically inserts verses into the text, at various locations, with caste-related statements, new claims of Brahmins persecuting Ravidas, notes on the untouchability of Ravidas, claims of Kabir giving Ravidas ideas, ridicules of nirguni and saguni ideas, and such text corruption:<ref>Winnand Callewaert (2000), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, [[Routledge]], {{ISBN|978-0700713318}}, pages 316-334</ref> Callewaert considers the 1676 version as the standard version, his critical edition of Ravidas's hagiography excludes all these insertions, and he remarks that the cleaner critical version of Anantadas's ''parcais'' suggests that there is more in common in the ideas of bhakti movement's Ravidas, Kabir and Sen than previously thought.<ref name=winnandintro />

Khare similarly has questioned the textual sources on Ravidas, and mentions there are few "readily available and reliable textual sources on the Hindu and Untouchable treatment of Ravidas."<ref name=khareintro>Ravindra S Khare (1985), The Untouchable as Himself, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521263146}}, pages 41-47</ref>

== Literary works ==
The Adi Granth and the ''Panchvani'' of the Hindu warrior-ascetic group [[Dadu Dayal|Dadupanthi]] are the two oldest attested sources of the literary works of Ravidas.<ref name=jameslraidas /> In the Adi Granth, forty one of Ravidas's poems are included, and he is one of thirty six contributors to this foremost canonical scripture of Sikhism.<ref name=pashaurasingh>Pashaura Singh (2012), Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts (Editor: John Renard), University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520274198}}, pages 202-207</ref><ref name=gschauhan>GS Chauhan (2009), Bani Of Bhagats, Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170103561}}, pages 41-55</ref> This compilation of poetry in Adi Granth responds to, among other things, issues of dealing with conflict and tyranny, war and resolution, and willingness to dedicate one's life to the right cause.<ref name=pashaurasingh /> Ravidas's poetry covers topics such as the definition of a just state where there are no second or third class unequal citizens, the need for dispassion, and who is a real [[Yoga|Yogi]].<ref name=gschauhan /><ref>J Kaur (2005), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856155 The Concept of Peace and the Guru Granth Sahib], The Indian Journal of Political Science, Volume 66, Number 3, pages 649-660</ref>

Jeffrey Ebbesen notes that, just like other Bhakti saint-poets of India and some cases of Western literature authorship, many poems composed by later era Indian poets have been attributed to Ravidas, as an act of reverence, even though Ravidas has had nothing to do with these poems or ideas expressed therein.<ref>Jeffrey Ebbesen (1995), Literary India: Comparative Studies in Aesthetics, Colonialism, and Culture (Editors: Patrick Colm Hogan, Lalita Pandit), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791423950}}, pages 53-55</ref>

=== Ravidas literature on symbolism ===
Peter Friedlander states that Ravidas' hagiographies, though authored long after he died, depict a struggle within the Indian society, where Ravidas' life gives the means to express a variety of social and spiritual themes.<ref name=friedlandermyths /> At one level, it depicts a struggle between the then prevalent heterodox communities and the orthodox Brahminical tradition. At another level, the legends are an inter-communal, inter-religious struggle with an underlying search and desire for social unity. At yet another level, states Friedlander, the stories describe the spiritual struggle of an individual unto self.<ref name=friedlandermyths>Peter Friedlander (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition (Editor: Julia Leslie), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700703036}}, pages 106-114</ref>

There is no historical evidence to verify the [[historicity]] in these hagiographies, which range from Ravidas's struggle with Hindu Brahmins,<ref>Peter Friedlander (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition (Editor: Julia Leslie), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700703036}}, pages 109-110</ref> to his struggle with Muslim Sultan [[Sikander Lodi]].<ref>Peter Friedlander (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition (Editor: Julia Leslie), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700703036}}, pages 108, 112-117</ref> Friedlander states that the stories reflect the social dynamics that influenced the composers of the hagiographies during the 17th- to 20th-century. These are legends where Ravidas is victorious because of divine intervention with miracles such as making a stone float in water, or making river [[Ganges]] to reverse course and flow upstream.<ref name=friedlandermyths />

[[David Lorenzen]] similarly states that poetry attributed to Ravidas, and championed by Ravidasi from the 17th- through the 20th-century, have a strong anti-Brahminical and anti-communal theme.<ref name=lorenzenravidasi /> The legends, suggests Lorenzen, cannot be separated from the power and political situation of this era, and they reflect a strong element of social and religious dissent by groups marginalised during a period when Indian society was under the Islamic rule and later the colonial rule.<ref name=lorenzenravidasi>David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791420256}}, pages 105-116, 292-303</ref><ref name=neeti />

== Philosophy ==
[[File:Manuscript folio painting of Bhagats Ravidas (left) and Kabir (right) seated under a tree.jpg|thumb|Manuscript folio painting of Ravidas (left) and [[Kabir]] (right) seated under a tree]]
The songs of Ravidas discuss ''[[Bhakti movement#Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman|Nirguna-Saguna]]{{Broken anchor|date=25 March 2024|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|reason= The anchor (Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman) [[Special:Diff/1189756029|has been deleted]].}}'' themes, as well as ideas that are at the foundation of Nath [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] philosophy of Hinduism.<ref name=peterheehs /> He frequently mentions the term ''Sahaj'', a mystical state where there is a union of the truths of the many and the one.<ref name=peterheehs />

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Raidas says, what shall I sing?
Singing, singing I am defeated.
How long shall I consider and proclaim:
absorb the [[Atman (Hinduism)|self]] into the Self?

This experience is such,
that it defies all description.
I have met the Lord,
Who can cause me harm?

[[Krishna|Hari]] in everything, everything in Hari –
For him who knows Hari and the sense of self,
no other testimony is needed:
the knower is absorbed.
</poem>
| Ravidas|Translated by Winand Callewaert and Peter Friedlander<ref name=peterheehs />}}

David Lorenzen states Ravidas's poetry is imbued with themes of boundless loving devotion to God, wherein this divine is envisioned as ''Nirguna''.<ref>David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791420256}}, page 107</ref> In the Sikh tradition, the themes of [[Nanak]]'s poetry are very broadly similar to the ''Nirgun bhakti'' ideas of Ravidas and other leading north Indian saint-poets.<ref name=neeti>Neeti M Sadarangani (2004), Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact, Swarup & Sons, {{ISBN|978-8176254366}}, pages i-xv, 115, 55-60, 72-76</ref><ref>Christopher Shackle (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, page 111</ref> Most postmodern scholars, states Karen Pechilis, consider Ravidas's ideas to belong to the ''Nirguna'' philosophy within the Bhakti movement.<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 21</ref>

=== Monistic Brahman or Anthropomorphic God ===
Multiple manuscripts found in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], dated to be from the 18th and 19th centuries, contain a debate between [[Kabir]] and Ravidas on the nature of the Absolute, more specifically whether the [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality, Eternal Truth) is monistic Oneness or a separate anthropomorphic incarnate.<ref name=lorenzenmon /> Kabir argues for the former. Ravidas, in contrast, argues from the latter premise to the effect that both are one.<ref name=lorenzenmon /> In these manuscripts, Kabir initially prevails, Ravidas accepts that Brahman is monistic, but till the end Kabir didn't accept worshipping a divine [[avatar]] (''sagun'' conception).<ref name=lorenzenmon>[[David Lorenzen]] (1996), Praises to a Formless God: Nirguni Texts from North India, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791428054}}, pages 169-170</ref>

=== One man: two divergent claims on his views and philosophy ===
[[File:Detail of Bhagat Ravidas from a mural at Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Detail of Ravidas (wearing green) from a mural at [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] in [[Amritsar]], circa 19th century]]
Ravindra Khare states that there are two divergent versions that emerge from the study of texts relating to Ravidas's philosophy.<ref>Ravindra S Khare (1985), The Untouchable as Himself, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521263146}}, pages 41, 46</ref> The 17th century [[Bhaktamal]] text by Nabhadas provides one version, while the 20th-century texts by [[Dalit]]s provide another.<ref name=khareintro />

According to Bhaktamal text, Ravidas was of pure speech, capable of resolving spiritual doubts of those who held discussions with him, was unafraid to state his humble origins and real caste.<ref name=khare17century /> Further, the Bhaktamal text states that Ravidas' teachings agreed with [[Vedas|Vedic]] and ancient scriptures, he subscribed to [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]], discussed spiritual ideas and philosophy with everyone including Brahmins without gender or caste discrimination, and his abilities reflected an individual who had reached the inner content state of the highest [[Sannyasa|ascetic]].<ref name=khare17century>Ravindra S Khare (1985), The Untouchable as Himself, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521263146}}, pages 41-45</ref>

The 20th-century version, prevalent in the texts of Dalit community, concurs with the parts about pure speech and resolving spiritual doubts.<ref name=khare20century /> However, they differ in the rest. The texts and the prevalent beliefs of the Dalit community hold that Ravidas rejected the Hindu Vedas, he was opposed by the Brahmins and resisted by the caste Hindus as well as Hindu ascetics throughout his life, and that some members of the Dalit community have believed Ravidas was an idol worshipper (saguni bhakti saint) while other 20th century texts assert that Ravidas rejected idolatry.<ref name=khare20century>Ravindra S Khare (1985), The Untouchable as Himself, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521263146}}, pages 46-53, 163-164</ref> For example, the following hymn of Ravidas, present in Guru Granth Sahib, support such claims where he rejects Vedas and the belief that taking a ritualistic bath can make someone pure.

{{Blockquote|<poem>One may distinguish between good and evil actions, and listen to the [[Vedas]] and the [[Purana]]s, but doubt still persists. Skepticism continually dwells in the heart, so who can eradicate [[Hankaar|egotistical pride]]? Outwardly, he washes with water, but deep within, his heart is tarnished by all sorts of vices. So how can he become pure? His method of purification is like that of an elephant, covering himself with dust right after his bath!</poem>|Ravidas|Guru Granth Sahib 346<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=346 |title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib |website=.srigranth.org |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>}}

His spiritual teacher Ramananda was a Brahmin and his disciple Mirabai was a Rajput princess.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macauliffe |first1=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05548-2 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B0JEN2ct94C&dq=gaur+brahman&pg=PA100 |quote=Ramanand, a Gaur Brahman, was born at Maicot}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harlan |first1=Lindsey |title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives |date=21 June 2024 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-41512-6 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEkOEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 |quote=On the other hand, they say that they admire Mira as a Rajput woman because of her exceptionally good character.}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:RavidasiBedford2.JPG|thumb|A procession in Bedford, the United Kingdom by Ravidasias to mark the birthday of Ravidas.]]

=== Ravidassia ===
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939]]
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham]]
[[File:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Temple,_Pittsburgh.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburg, California]]
The difference between the [[Ravidassia]] and Sikhism, as described by a post made by Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in Ontario is as follows:
<blockquote>We, as Ravidassias have different traditions. We are not Sikhs. Even though, we give utmost respect to 10 gurus and Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Ravidass Ji is our supreme. There is no command for us to follow the declaration that there is no Guru after Guru Granth Sahib. We respect Guru Granth Sahib because it has our guru Ji's teachings and teachings of other religious figures who have spoken against caste system, spread the message of NAAM and equality. As per our traditions, we give utmost respect to contemporary gurus also who are carrying forward the message of Guru Ravidass Ji.<ref>Ram, R. (2009). Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab. ''JPS'', ''16''(1), 2.</ref></blockquote>The Ravidassia religion is a spin-off religion from Sikhism, formed in the 21st century, by the followers of Ravidas's teachings. It was formed following a 2009 [[Vienna temple attack|attack on a Ravidassia temple]] in Vienna by Sikh militants leading to the death of deputy head [[Ramanand Dass]] and 16 others injured, where after the movement declared itself to be a religion fully separated from Sikhism.{{refn|<ref name="ravidassiareligion1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=88 |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |year=2014 |quote=Recently, the Sikh radicals' attack on the head of Dera Sachkhand Bhallan and his deputy in Vienna on 24 May 2009 for allegedly violating the Sikh Rehat Maryada at Ravidas gurdwaras across the world culminated in widespread violence in the Jalandhar Doab.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Borup |first1=Jørn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMG0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |title=Religious Diversity in Asia |last2=Fibiger |first2=Marianne Qvortrup |last3=Kühle |first3=Lene |date=1 October 2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-41581-2 |pages=154 |language=en |quote=The Vienna incident of 24th May 2009 became a watershed for the Dera Sachkhand Ballan, when two sants of the Dera, Baba Ramanand Das and Baba Niranjan Das, who were travelling to Europe on their regular tours, were attacked by some radical Sikh group while attending a Ravidassia religious congregation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INdIBAAAQBAJ |title=Religious Radicalization and Securitization in Canada and Beyond |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=177 |isbn=978-1-4426-1436-9 |year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2009 |title=Austrian Sikh temple attack sparks riots in India |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-shooting-idUSTRE54O0WV20090525 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashirwad |first=Ajoy |date=19 June 2009 |title=Inflamed passions |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30187272.ece |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=Frontline |language=en |quote=The riots were sparked off by an attack on Sant Niranjan Dass, the head of the Jalandhar-based Dera Sachkhand, and his deputy Rama Nand on May 24 at the Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara in Vienna where they had gone to attend a religious function. A group of Sikhs armed with firearms and swords attacked them at the gurdwara, injuring both; Rama Nand later died. The Austrian police said the attack that left some 15 others injured had clearly been planned.}}</ref>}} The Ravidassia religion compiled a new holy book, ''[[Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji]]''. Based entirely on the writings and teaching of Ravidas, it contains 240 hymns. Niranjan Dass is the head of Dera Sachkhand Ballan.<ref name="ravidassiareligion1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Punjab-sect-declares-new-religion/articleshow/5521656.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-01/india/28118439_1_dera-head-dera-sachkhand-ballan-sant-ramanand |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Punjab sect declares new religion |date=1 February 2010}}</ref>

Kathryn Lum summarises the dynamics behind the separation of Ravidassia and Sikhism, and its focus on Ravidas, as follows:
{{Blockquote|
Ravidasia believe that the best way forward for Chamars is to claim and assert their own identity. For this more independent camp, Sikhism is viewed as obstructing the full development of the Chamar community as a quam (separate religion and nation), as envisioned by the Ad Dharm (original people) movement. According to these separatist Ravidasias, the only way for Chamars to progress is to pursue an independent religious path focused exclusively on the figure of Guru Ravidas.|Kathryn Lum|''Sikhs in Europe''<ref>Kathryn Lum (2011), Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities, and Representations (Editors: Knut A Jacobsen and Kristina Myrvold), Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-1409424345}}, page 186</ref>}}

=== Places of worship ===
[[File:Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK.jpg|thumb|Guru Ravidass temple, Foleshill, UK.]]
Ravidas is revered as a saint and well respected by his believers. He is considered by his devotees as someone who was the living symbol of religious protest, and not as the spiritual symbol of any ultimate unifying cultural principle.<ref>Ravindra S Khare (1985), The Untouchable as Himself, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521263146}}, pages 48-49, 41-53</ref> The most revered religious shrine of Ravidas is the Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Mandir in Seer Goverdhanpur, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh, India), which is believed to be the birthplace of the saint. The temple, built in the early 20th century with contributions from the Ravidassia community across India and abroad, has grown into the spiritual center of Ravidas’s followers. It houses his memorial, prayer hall, and a museum dedicated to his teachings. Each year, especially on [[Guru Ravidass Jayanti]] (his birth anniversary, celebrated on Magh Purnima), hundreds of thousands of devotees from India and the diaspora gather there for prayers, kirtans, and community celebrations. The shrine symbolises his message of equality, unity, and devotion to God, cutting across caste and social barriers. Apart from Varanasi, other important shrines include gurdwaras and temples dedicated to him in Punjab (such as in Ballan near Jalandhar, the Dera Sachkhand Ballan).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sant Ravidas birthplace turns mini-Punjab as thousands flock city to celebrate saint's b'day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/sant-ravidas-birthplace-turns-mini-punjab-as-thousands-flock-city-to-celebrate-saints-bday/articleshow/118188996.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

Beyond India, Ravidassias have built significant temples in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Europe, including Austria, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, and Italy. These shrines function not only as places of worship but also as cultural and social hubs, hosting religious ceremonies, festivals, educational programs, and community services. They symbolise the global spread of Ravidas’s message of equality, devotion, and social justice, while helping the Ravidassia diaspora maintain their spiritual and cultural identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=The Sikh World |date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-84838-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dem9EAAAQBAJ&dq=ravidass+temples+across+world&pg=PT522 |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sikhs opened their temple doors to Oroville Dam evacuees — and strangers came pouring in |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-sikh-temples-oroville-evacuees-2017-story.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi offers prayers at Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir, Seer Goverdhanpur (2).jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] offers prayers at Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir]]
[[File:Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at Guru Ravidass Temple, Vancouver.jpg|thumb|left|Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] at Guru Ravidass Temple, Vancouver]]
A political party was founded in India in 2012 by the followers of Ravidass, with the word Begumpura (''Be-gam-pura'', or "land without sorrow"), a term coined in a poem by Ravidas. The term means the city where there is no suffering or fear, and all are equal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Seeking Begumpura : The Social Vision of Anticaste Intellectuals |publisher=Navayana |year=2009 |isbn=978-8189059453}}</ref>

The significance of the Guru Ravidass's Jayanti can be identified from the move of the Election Commission of India when they postponed the Punjab general assembly election, which was an unprecedented and rare move in the history of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Political parties welcome EC's decision to postpone Punjab polls |url=https://telanganatoday.com/political-parties-welcome-ecs-decision-to-postpone-punjab-polls |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=Telangana Today |date=17 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

When then-CM [[Mayawati]] attempted to create a beautiful park at the birthplace of Ravidas in Seer Gowardhanpur in 1997, the temple's political significance grew. The BSP leader gave a golden palanquin to the shrine and participated in Ravidas Jayanti festivities while serving as chief minister in 2008.Later, as part of their Dalit outreach efforts, representatives from all parties began to visit the Ravidas temple.In 2016 and 2019, PM [[Narendra Modi]] also participated in the Ravidas Jayanti festivities.Following his attendance at the Ravidas Jayanti festivities in 2018, Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] made numerous visits to the temple to observe its progress.On 6 May 2019, Mayawati and SP chief [[Akhilesh Yadav]] hosted a rally for their SP-BSP grand alliance in preparation for parliamentary elections at the temple's satsang field.<ref>{{cite news |title=Powerhouse of Dalit politics, Ravidas temple to impact polls in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/dalit-politics-powerhouse-ravidas-temple-to-affect-up-punjab-polls/articleshow/89107271.cms |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2022}}</ref>

During the 2022 Punjab Assembly elections, Ravidas's birthplace, Varanasi, became the political capital of India. Leaders from different political parties, such as Rahul Gandhi, Priyanka Gandhi, Yogi Adityanath, Akhilesh Yadav, Charanjit Singh Channi, and many more, paid obeisance to Ravidass at his temple. The prime minister also visited Guru Ravidas Dham Temple, Karol Bagh, amid the political campaign to woo voters from the Ravidassia community.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP, Congress target UP, Punjab elections on the occasion of Guru Ravidas Jayanti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/guru-ravidas-jayanti-temple-visit-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-up-punjab-elections-1913978-2022-02-16 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=16 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the parliamentary elections in Canada, former Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] also paid a visit to the Guru Ravidass Temples in Vancouver and Montreal, where he expressed gratitude for the sacrifices made by the congregation and society members. During his visit, Mr. Trudeau discussed the principles of "equality" that Ravidass advocated, stating that Canada shares these principles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mall |first1=posted by: Rattan |title=Trudeau's historical visit to Guru Ravidass Community Center in Burnaby {{!}} Indo-Canadian Voice |url=https://voiceonline.com/trudeaus-historical-visit-to-guru-ravidass-community-center-in-burnaby/ |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=16 December 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

=== Ravidas and Meera Bai ===
According to hagiographies and oral traditions, Mira Bai, the Rajput princess of Mewar and saint-poetess devoted to Krishna, is often described as a disciple of Ravidas (Raidas). She met Ravidas during her early spiritual quest. She considered him her guru (spiritual teacher) and is believed to have received spiritual initiation (diksha) from him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vishwananda |first1=Paramahamsa |title=Just Love: A Journey into the Heart of God: A Compilation of Talks by Paramahamsa Vishwananda |date=12 July 2021 |publisher=Bhakti Marga Publications |isbn=978-3-96343-080-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGg4EAAAQBAJ&dq=mira+bai+ravidas&pg=PT31 |access-date=17 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

There is a small ''[[chhatri]]'' (pavilion) in front of [[Kumbha Shyam Temple, Chittorgarh|Meera's temple]] in [[Chittorgarh district]] of [[Rajasthan]] which bears Ravidas' engraved foot print.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mahendra |title=Dalit's Inheritance in Hindu Religion |date=2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-517-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xSZqwkA5VwC&dq=ravidas+foot+print+in+chittorgarh&pg=PA126 |access-date=29 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ghumakkar.com/2009/08/24/chittaurgarh-fort-an-enigma-with-a-thin-line-between-history-and-mythology-i/ ''Chittauragarh Fort: An Enigma with a Thin Line between History and Mythology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013173904/http://www.ghumakkar.com/2009/08/24/chittaurgarh-fort-an-enigma-with-a-thin-line-between-history-and-mythology-i/ |date=13 October 2013 }}. 24 August 2009, Ghumakkar.com</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khamesra |first1=Manish |title=Meera Bai : The Saint, poetess and the rebel queen of Chittorgarh |url=https://manishjaishree.com/saint-meera-bai/ |website=Manish Jaishree |access-date=29 August 2024 |date=29 April 2014}}</ref> Legends link him as the ''guru'' of [[Mirabai]], another major Bhakti movement poet.<ref name=peterheehs>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736500}}, pages 368-370</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Ravidas, seer, social reformer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/guru-ravidas-seer-social-reformer/article67884907.ece |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=25 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Queen Mira Bai composed a song dedicated to Ravidas where she mentioned him as her ''guru''.
<poem>
Sadguru sant mile Ravidas
Mira devaki kare vandana aas
Jin chetan kahya dhann Bhagavan Ravidas
</poem>
– "I got a guru in the form of sant Ravidas, there by obtaining life's fulfillment."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shri |first1=Satya |title=Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946515-54-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMf1DQAAQBAJ&dq=mira+and+ravidass&pg=PT533 |access-date=29 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Detail of Bhagat Ravidas from a painting of a gathering of holy men of different faiths, by Mir Kalan Khan, ca.1770–75.jpg|Detail of Ravidas from a painting of a gathering of holy men of different faiths, by Mir Kalan Khan, ca.1770–75
File:Guru Ravidas.jpg|Modern painting of Ravidas
File:Ravidas 2001 stamp of India.jpg|Ravidas on 2001 Indian commemorative stamp.
</gallery>

== Art and films ==
• ''[[Sant Ravidas Ki Amar Kahani]]''

== See also ==
* [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.shrigururavidasji.com/ Shri Guru Ravidas Ji]
* {{cite web |title=Peter Friedlander |url=https://researchportalplus.anu.edu.au/en/persons/peter-friedlander |website=The Australian National University |access-date=28 August 2024}}

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Ravidas}}
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:15th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Dalit Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Sikh Bhagats]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Gayatri Vihar

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NydiaTalley110: further adjusted formatting based on references further and improved wording for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Dehradun]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

Gobindapur, Bhangar

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhangar I]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2.23
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_total = 9763
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743502
| area_code = +91 3218
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhangar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhangar]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gobindapur''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] police station in the [[Bhangar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|29|0|N|88|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Sonarpur, Bhangar I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|5|N|88|28|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Radhanagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|25|10|N|88|21|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Danga | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Danga, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|0|N|88|22|25|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ramchandrapur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|35|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Bidyadharpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bidyadharpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|30|30|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Kalikapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|26|15|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Chak Baria | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Chak Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|29|30|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sahebpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Sahebpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|25|5|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rajpur Sonarpur| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] (M) |shape-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|50|N|88|23|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Narendrapur| numbered9=N| mark-title9= [[Narendrapur]] (N)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|25|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Subhashgram| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Subhashgram]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|30|40|N|88|35|38|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Maricha | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Maricha, Bhangar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|31|10|N|88|30|34|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Bhangar Raghunathpur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|30|20|N|88|37|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gobindapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= Gobindapur, Bhangar (CT)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|27|32|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bantala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bantala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|34|35|N|88|35|12|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Uttar Kasipur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Uttar Kasipur]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|29|30|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Nalmuri| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nalmuri]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|32|48|N|88|38|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jirongachhi| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jirongachhi]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Harinavi| numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Harinavi]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Gobindapur is located at {{coord|22.5097|N|88.6169|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gobindapur had a total population of 9,763, of which 4,992 (51%) were males and 4,771 (49%) were females. There were 1,452 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Gobindapur was 5,980 (71.95% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 October 2019}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Bhangar I CD block are located at Gobindapur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Gobindapur covered an area of 2.2323 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank and service reservoir. It had 789 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had a dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had were 1 primary school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] 1 km away. Among the commodities it produced were: leather bags and embroidery products.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Gobindapur is on the [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Healthcare==
Nalmuri Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Nalmuri]], is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =11 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Nimdih block

2026-01-22T14:35:02Z

NydiaTalley110: creating a post added tags

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nimdih
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0081|N|86.1456|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 234.92
| population_total = 78639
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832401
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06591
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.22%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nimdih block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Chandil subdivision]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The British conquered [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] in 1837 and consequently formed a new district [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] with headquarters at [[Chaibasa]]. In 1854, Singhbhum “became a non-regulation district under the jurisdiction of the Lt. Governor of Bengal”. The Rajas of Porhat/ Singhbhum, Seraikela and Kharswan held sway over their kingdoms under British protection. The native states of [[Seraikela State|Seraikela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] acceded to the Indian Union in 1948. Subsequently, Singhbhum district was divided into three subdivisions – Sadar, Dhalbhum and Seraikela. In 1956, along with the [[States Reorganisation Commission|reorganisation of the states]], three police stations of [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]], namely [[Patamda#Civic administration|Patamda]], [[Ichagarh#Civic administration|Ichagarh]] and [[Chandil#Civic administration|Chandil]] were transferred to Singhbhum district. While Patamda was added to [[Dhalbhum subdivision]], Ichagarh and Chandil to [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]]. Seraikela Kharsawan district was carved out of [[West Singhbhum district]] in 2001. The district has two subdivisions – [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision|Seraikela Sadar]] and [[Chandil subdivision|Chandil]]. The headquarters of the district is at [[Seraikela]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 5-7: History – British Period |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750 | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |first= P.C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |work= Pages 386-391: General Administration| publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| title= District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan| work= Brief Summary of the District| publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date= 23 November 2021| archive-date= 26 November 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
According to a [[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] release in 2018, Seraikela Kharswan was not included in the list of the thirty districts most affected by [[Left wing extremism]] in the country. The list includes thirteen districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181336 | title = Maoist and Naxal activities in the country| work = 1 August 2018| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

Jharkhand Police has mentioned “Nimdih, Chandil, Chowka, Ichagarh, Tiruldih, Kharsawan and Kuchai” police station areas of Seraikela Kharsawan district as [[Naxalite]] affected.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 23 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Hemant Soren]], Chief Minister of Jharkhand, has claimed, in September 2021, that as a result of the effective action against [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]], the “presence of hardcore Maoists has been limited to mainly four regions, namely Parasnath Pahar, Budha Pahar, Tri-junction of Seraikela-Khunti-Chaibasa district in Kolhan division and some of the areas along the Bihar border”.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/sep/26/presence-of-maoists-limited-to-only-four-regions-in-jharkhand-claims-cm-hemant-soren-2364060.html | title= Presence of Maoists limited to only four regions in Jharkhand, claims CM Hemant Soren | publisher = The New Indian Express, 26 September 2021 | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Nimdih is located at {{coord|23.0081|N|86.1456|E|display=inline}}.

The old and undivided Singhbhum district, of which the present Seraikela Kharsawan district was a part, has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract. There are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750 | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

It has an elevation range of {{convert|178-209|m}}. [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]] are important rivers in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/district-at-a-glance/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = District at a Glance - Geography| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>[[Chandil Dam]] has been built across the Subarnarekha, after Karkari River joins it.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/tourist-place/chandil-dam/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Tourist Places – Chandil Dam| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Nimdih block is bounded by [[Balarampur, Purulia (community development block)|Balarampur]] CD block in Purulia district in West Bengal on the north, Boram CD block in East Singhbhum district on the east, [[Chandil block|Chandil]] CD block on the south, and [[Ichagarh block|Ichagarh]] and [[Kukru block|Kukru]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html| title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Puruliya | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Purbi Singhbhum | publisher = Maps of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Nimdih CD block has an area of 234.92 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 0257, Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>[[Nimdih#Civic administration|Nimdih]] police station serves Nimdih CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 21 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Nimdih CD block is located at [[Nimdih]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nimdih CD block had a total population of 78,639, all of which were rural. There were 40,327 (51%) males and 38,312 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 11,263. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 4,053 (5.15%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 29,422 (37.41%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Nimdih CD block was 43,269 (64.22% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 27,057 (78.44% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 16,212 (49.30% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 29.14%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Seraikela Kharsawan district was 68.85%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Nimdih CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 86.31 |color1 = orchid
|label2= [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2= 11.21 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Nimdih subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 67,879 persons forming 86.32% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (774/ 0.98%), [[Hindi]] (774 / 0.98%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (596 / 0.76%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (553/ 0.70%).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=19 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nimdih CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|13.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Nimdih subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 67,113 and formed 85.34% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Muslims]] (576/ 0.73%), Other religious communities (10,714/ 13.62), [[Christians]] (126/ 0.16%), and persons who did not state their religion (110/ 0.14%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Seraikela Kharsawan district, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 255,626 and formed 24.00% of the total population. The larger groups within the scheduled tribes, with percentage of the ST population, were [[Santal people|Santals]] 50.80%, [[Ho people|Ho]] 34.87%, [[Munda people|Mundas, Patars]] 17.60% and [[Kurukh people|Oraons, Bhangar Oraons]] 4.12%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Seraikella-Kharswan, Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 Census | work = Page 30: Note on Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 November 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
70-80% of the population of Seraikela Kharsawan district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Seraikela Kharsawan district came down to 33.6%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html| title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line.” <ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data| publisher = MPRA| accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Nimdih CD block'''
|value1 = 15.84
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 66.59
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.16
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 15.41
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Nimdih CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,833 and formed 15.84%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,520 and formed 66.59%, household industry workers numbered 794 and formed 2.16% and other workers numbered 5,673 and formed 15.41%. Total workers numbered 36,820 and formed 46.82% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 41,819 and formed 53.18% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, pages 50-51, 54 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 62 inhabited villages in Nimdih CD block. In 2011, 45 villages had power supply. 1 village had tap water, 61 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 60 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 9 villages had post offices, 13 villages had sub post offices, 8 villages had telephone (land line), 59 villages had mobile phone coverage. 62 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 8 villages had bus service (public/ private), 6 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 4 villages had taxi/ vans, 30 villages had tractors. 2 villages had bank branches, 2 villages had agricultural credit societies, 9 villages had availability of newspapers, 26 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 6 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 45 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-561, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Seraikela Kharsawan district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is ”designed to redress regional imbalances in development”. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|collapse=yes}}
The [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line]] passes through [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]], [[Chandil block|Chandil]] and Nimdih CD blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district. There are stations at Adityapur, Gamharia, Birajpur, Kandra, Kunki, Manikul, Chandil and Nimdih.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/2973/168/1468 | title = 68056 Tatanagar Asansol MEMU | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Nimdih CD block had 9 villages with pre-primary schools, 62 villages with primary schools, 44 villages with middle schools, 4 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with special school for the disabled, all villages had educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-559, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Nimdih CD block had 3 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 22 villages with primary health subcentres, 22 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 6 villages with allopathic hospitals, 3 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 1 village with family welfare centre, 24 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

Ambalika, a NGO, has been working amongst the [[Sabar people|Sabar]] tribe in Nimdih block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/palash-ke-phool-to-bloom-for-more-children-in-seraikela-kharsawan/cid/1781155|title = Palash ke phool to bloom for more kids |publisher= The Telegraph, 15 June 2020| access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Sudhanshu Mani

2026-01-21T03:52:51Z

NydiaTalley110: new initial details from scratch.

{{Short description|India Railway engineer}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhanshu Mani
| citizenship = India
| image=SudhansuMani.jpg
| occupation=Engineer
| birth_date= {{birth year and age|1958}}
| alma_mater=
}}

'''Sudhanshu Mani''' is an Indian innovator and railway engineer known for his leadership in the development of the [[Vande Bharat Express]], India's first indigenous semi high speed train.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravibabu |first=Sudhanshu Mani & M. |date=2023-10-31 |title=How cargo transport can be improved |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/how-cargo-transport-can-be-improved/article67482100.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=The man behind Vande Bharat Express |url=https://m.rediff.com/money/interview/the-man-behind-vande-bharat-express/20190219.htm |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> He was General Manager of Indian Railways [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Raunak |title=Meet Sudhanshu Mani, father of Vande Bharat Trains: Visionary behind India's semi-high speed train revolution |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-sudhanshu-mani-father-of-vande-bharat-trains-visionary-behind-india-s-semi-high-speed-train-revolution-3030340 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudhanshu Mani Labels Union Budget 2024 As 'Disappointing' For Indian Railways, Highlights Absence Of Key Safety And Project Updates |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/sudhanshu-mani-labels-union-budget-2024-as-disappointing-for-indian-railways-highlights-absence-of-key-safety-and-project-updates |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Mani was born in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and raised in India, He did his schooling at Colvin Taluqdars' College in Lucknow in 1975 and later joined the [[Special Class Railway Apprentice]] (SCRA) program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow News: ...कौन हैं सुधांशु मणि, जिन्होंने सिर्फ 18 महीने में तैयार की थी पहली वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस - Who is Sudhanshu Mani who prepared the first Vande Bharat Express in just 18 months Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-who-is-sudhanshu-mani-who-prepared-the-first-vande-bharat-express-in-just-18-months-jagran-special-23106883.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He held various key positions in Indian Railways, he also known for modernizing train operations and infrastructure. He retired in 2018 from Indian railway services, contributing significantly to the transportation sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=The Weekend |title=Sudhanshu Mani: The Visionary Behind India's Vande Bharat Express and Transforming Indian Railways |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/3204/vande-bharat-visionary.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He was awarded [[NDTV India|NDTV]] Infrashakti Award in 2024 by Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] for his contribution in Indian Railways infrastructure as Infravisionary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDTV Infrashakti Awards: Inspiring Innovation And Excellence - Winners' List |url=https://special.ndtv.com/infra-shakti-awards-2024-143/news-detail/ndtv-infrashakti-awards-inspiring-innovation-and-excellence-winners-list-6019138/3?akamai-rum=off&amp=1 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=special.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
*''My Train 18 Story: India’s First Indigenous Modern Train'', India ISBN 978-81-948974-3-9
*''Shakespeare and Ghalib: A collation by their self-styled nephew'', India ISBN 978-93-91465-27-8
== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Sudhanshu}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Engineers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway engineers]]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

2026-01-01T00:36:52Z

NydiaTalley110: new new entry w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
| org_group = AMC-Medical Education Trust
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad#India Gujarat
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| logo =
| logo_size =
| location = Ellis Bridge
| region = Ahmedabad
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|01|09.8|N|72|34|18.0|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark}}
| healthcare = Government
| type = General
| speciality =
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation =
| patron =
| beds = 1500
| founded = 17 January 2019
| closed =
| website = {{URL|http://www.svphospital.com}}
| other_links =
}}

'''SVP Hospital''' or '''Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Medical Sciences and Research''' is a public hospital and medical college in [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]. It was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], on 17 January 2019. The building, consisting of 17 floors, a ground floor, and two basements, was built at a cost of 750 crores by [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2019-01-17|title=PM Modi inaugurates Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institue [sic] of Medical and Research in Ahmedabad|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-inaugurates-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-institue-of-medical-and-research-in-Ahmedabad-119011701050_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043839/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-inaugurates-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-institue-of-medical-and-research-in-Ahmedabad-119011701050_1.html|archive-date=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-17|title=PM to inaugurate: With rooftop helipad, Gujarat to get its hi-tech Govt Hospital next Jan|url=https://Indianexpress.com/article/cities/Ahmedabad/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-with-rooftop-helipad-Gujarat-to-get-its-hi-tech-Govt-Hospital-next-January-5359596/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043831/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/Ahmedabad/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-with-rooftop-helipad-Gujarat-to-get-its-hi-tech-Govt-Hospital-next-January-5359596/|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-05-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The construction of a new multi-specialty hospital was proposed in 2013 under the Chief Minister's ''Swarnim Shaheri Vikas Yojna'' with funding of Rs. 331 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dave|first=Jitendra|date=2013-04-30|title=After Ellisbridge, old VS Hospital building on AMC radar?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-after-ellisbridge-old-vs-Hospital-building-on-amc-radar-1828747|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043832/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-after-ellisbridge-old-vs-Hospital-building-on-amc-radar-1828747|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-05-23|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AMC wrests control of VS Hospital - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amc-wrests-control-of-vs-Hospital/1094765/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043835/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amc-wrests-control-of-vs-Hospital/1094765/|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-05-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> The proposed location was next to the existing VS Hospital.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

== Facilities ==
The hospital features 1,500 beds, 32 operation theaters, 139 ICU beds, 90 consultation rooms, and a helipad for the air ambulance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM inaugurates SVP Institute of Medical Sciences & Research in Ahmedabad {{!}} DD News|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-inaugurated-svp-institute-medical-sciences-research-Ahmedabad|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708043839/http://ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-inaugurated-svp-institute-medical-sciences-research-Ahmedabad|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-05-22|website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> The hospital utilizes a [[pneumatic tube]] system to send samples to [[laboratories]] in seconds. It has colleges of [[physical therapy|physiotherapy]], medicine, and [[nursing]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:2019 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2019]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

Subrata Thakur

2025-12-26T08:27:21Z

NydiaTalley110: minor cleaned up information for clarity further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subrata Thakur
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gaighata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaighata]]
| predecessor = [[Pulin Bihari Ray]]
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Thakurnagar]]
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = [[Thakurnagar]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = Austech Institute of Further Education
| profession = Social Worker
| education = Diploma of Hospitality Management
| father = [[Manjul Krishna Thakur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| relations = [[Shantanu Thakur]] Brother
}}
'''Subrata Thakur''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gaighata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaighata(constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaighata Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Subrata Thakur of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gaighata-election-result-2021-live-updates-gaighata-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695150.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2 BJP MPs Who Won In Bengal Quit Seats, Party Down To 75 MLAs|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-bjp-mps-who-contested-and-won-in-bengal-resign-2440539|access-date=2021-05-16|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaighata, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gaighata-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797177-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Subrata Thakur (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=991|access-date=2021-05-16|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref> He defeated Narottam Biswas of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by 9,578 votes in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP Banks on Two Former TMC Heavyweights, Matua Voters in Key Sixth Phase of Bengal Polls
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-banks-on-two-former-tmc-heavyweights-matua-voters-in-key-sixth-phase-of-bengal-polls-3664313.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Subrata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Bangaon subdivision]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Punjabi films of 1973

2025-12-10T01:22:02Z

NydiaTalley110: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]] of 1973.

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=10% | Title !! width=10% |Director !!width=30% | Cast !! width=10% |Genre !! width=30% |Notes
|-
|''Man Jeete Jag Jeet''||B.S. Thapa ||[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Radha Saluja]], Harbhajan Jabbal, Sona, Ranjeet ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]], [[Crime]] ||[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070361/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1/ IMDb]
|-
|''Tere Rang Nyare''||Pushp Raj ||[[Som Dutt]], [[Meena Rai]], Yash Sharma, Renu,[[Mehar Mittal]], [[Ram Mohan]], [[Navin Nischol]], [[Deven Verma]], Satish Chabra, Kartar singh (Judges assistant in court), [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]], Manmohan ||[[Drama]] ||[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3266600/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1/ IMDb]
|-
|''Sherni''||Chamann Nillay||[[Subhash Ghai]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Ravindra Kapoor]], [[Mehar Mittal]], [[Prem Nath]], [[Radha Saluja]], [[Tun Tun]] ||[[Action film|Action]] ||[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3266614/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2/ IMDb]
|-
|''[[Ziddi (1973 film)|Ziddi]]'' ||Iqbal Kashmiri ||[[Yousuf Khan (actor)|Yousuf Khan]], Firdous, Nabila, [[Ilyas Kashmiri (actor)|Ilyas Kashmiri]], [[Munawar Zarif]] ||[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama]] ||This film had superb music by '''Master Abdullah''' and film song lyrics by '''Hazin Qadri'''.This was a Golden Jubilee film of 1973.
|-
|''[[Jeera Blade]]'' || Iftikhar Khan ||[[Munawar Zarif]], [[Aasia]], Tanzeem Hassan, Saiqa, [[Aslam Pervaiz]], Afzal Ahmed, [[Bahar Begum]] || [[Social film|Social]] || A Golden Jubilee film of 1974
|}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?title_type=feature&languages=pa&sort=moviemeter,asc&ref_=tt_dt_dt/ Punjabi films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{1973 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 1973}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|1973]]
[[Category:Lists of 1973 films by language|Punjabi]]

Punguk

2025-11-21T14:14:44Z

NydiaTalley110:

{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Punguk
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.7597237|N|78.8911056|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nyoma]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Punguk''' is a small settlement in [[Nyoma]] tehsil, [[Leh district]]. It is located on the west of the [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]], [[Hanle (village)|Hanle]].

== Location ==
The settlement is located near the [[India China border]]. It is accessible from the east via Hanle and from the south via [[Ukdungle]], an [[Indian Army]] base.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punguk in India|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Punguk-81346.htm|access-date=2022-01-26|website=www.india9.com|language=en}}</ref>

According to a report published by [[Geological Survey of India]] in 1980, the area around Punguk is known for [[geothermal springs]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njFSAQAAMAAJ&q=Punguk+Ladakh|title=Special Publication Series|publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]|year=1980|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=206|language=en|issue=15}}</ref>.Moreover,It is known for its dark sky(Bortle 1) as it is a remote village.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Nyoma tehsil]]

{{Ladakh-stub}}

Ramatheertam

2025-10-17T00:24:20Z

NydiaTalley110: quick updated content per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramatheertam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ramatheertam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = historical village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6479|N|80.1445|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nellore District
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nellore
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramathirtham''' or '''Ramatheertam'''<ref>(There is another [[Ramatheertham]] in [[Vizianagaram District]])</ref> is situated in [[Nellore District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.

==History==
Ramathirtham is a Historical Buddhist Remnant site in [[Nellore District]].

===Bodipati Dibba===
Recent Exploration<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/nellore_monuments.html |title=Archeological Survey of India |access-date=16 October 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221755/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/nellore_monuments.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> at a [[mound]] towards east of the Ramalingeswara temple yielded some historical ancient remains. Black and red Polished ware, terracota and brick remnant's were recovered from the site.
This site may contain [[Buddhist]] remains as found at [[Chejerla, Guntur district|Chejarla]] Temple in [[Guntur district]]. Excavations are under progress at this site.

===Temple===
Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple in Ramathirtham. Lord [[Shiva|Siva]] and Kamakshamma are the presiding deities while Vigneswara and Subramanya Swamy are the also worshipped here.
The architecture is reminiscent of the Pallava style with the temple built of bricks, a Dwaja Stambam, Kalyana Mandapam, Alankara Mandapam and Yajnasala for Nithyyagnam.
The main temple is very small and covered with white granite rock.
Mythologically Ramatheertam holds a lot of respect among the devotees as it was the place where, as per the scriptures, Lord Rama was stated to have stopped for a night halt during his search for Sita. At daybreak, Lord [[Rama]] carved out a Shiva Lingam from sand with his hands and offered prayers.

==Map==
Refer wikimapia link for the above described geographies: http://wikimapia.org/#lat=14.6478641&lon=80.1444832&z=15&l=0&m=b&v=8

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

West Indian cricket team in India in 2002–03

2025-10-02T06:40:42Z

NydiaTalley110: new basic stub w/ refs

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indies cricket team in India in 2002–03
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 04 October 2002
| to_date = 24 November 2002
| team1_captain = [[Sourav Ganguly|SC Ganguly]]
| team2_captain = [[Carl Hooper|CL Hooper]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]] (306)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]] (260)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (20)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Mervyn Dillon]] (11)
| player_of_test_series = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 7
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 4
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[VVS Laxman]] (312)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]] (435)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Virender Sehwag]] (8)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Vasbert Drakes]] (10)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
}}
The '''[[West Indies national cricket team]]''' visited India in 2002 for a 3-match test series and followed by 7 one day international matches.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61947.html?template=fixtures Tournament Fixtures]</ref> India won the test series 2–0 and West Indies won the ODI series 4–3.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61947.html Result Summary]</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|{{cr|IND}}<ref>[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/WI_IN_IND/SQUADS/WI_IN_IND_OCT-NOV2002_IND-SQUAD.html Indian Squad]</ref>
!colspan=2|{{cr|WIN}}<ref>[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002-03/WI_IN_IND/SQUADS/WI_IN_IND_OCT-NOV2002_WI-SQUAD.html West Indian Squad]</ref>
|-
! Tests
! ODIs
! Tests
! ODIs
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Shiv Sunder Das]]
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Sanjay Bangar]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Ashish Nehra]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
|
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Sanjay Bangar]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Ashish Nehra]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammed Kaif]]
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai P Yadav]]
* [[Dinesh Mongia]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* [[Murali Karthik]]
* [[Sarandeep Singh]]
* [[Reetinder Sodhi]]
|
* [[Carl Hooper]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gareth Breese]]
* [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Pedro Collins]]
* [[Cameron Cuffy]]
* [[Mervyn Dillon]]
* [[Chris Gayle]]
* [[Ryan Hinds]]
* [[Wavell Hinds]]
* [[Ridley Jacobs]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Daren Ganga]]
* [[Jermaine Lawson]]
* [[Mahendra Nagamootoo]]
* [[Darren Powell]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
|
* [[Carl Hooper]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Pedro Collins]]
* [[Cameron Cuffy]]
* [[Mervyn Dillon]]
* [[Daren Ganga]]
* [[Chris Gayle]]
* [[Ryan Hinds]]
* [[Wavell Hinds]]
* [[Ridley Jacobs]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mahendra Nagamootoo]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
* [[Corey Collymore]]
* [[Vasbert Drakes]]
* [[Ricardo Powell]]
|}

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 09–12 October
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 457 (163.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 147 (206)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mervyn Dillon|M Dillon]] 3/54 (31.2 Overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 157 (74.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]] 54 (159)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan|Z Khan]] 4/41 (16 Overs)
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 = 188 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]] 42 (93)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/48 (28.3 Overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by an innings and 112 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium|Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|DR Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64004.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 17–20 October
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 167 (79.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Carl Hooper|CL Hooper]] 35 (38)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble|A Kumble]] 5/30 (23.3 Overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 316 (106.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 61 (65)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mervyn Dillon|M Dillon]] 3/44 (26 Overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 229 (79.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan|RR Sarwan]] 78 (214)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/79 (30 Overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 81/2 (21.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 33 (30)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Carl Hooper|CL Hooper]] 2/32 (7 Overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 8 wickets
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|DR Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64005.html Scorecard]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = [[Gareth Breese|GR Breese]] and [[Jermaine Lawson|JJC Lawson]] made their Test debuts for West Indies.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 30 October - 3 November
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 358 (101.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sanjay Bangar|SB Bangar]] 77 (201)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mervyn Dillon|M Dillon]] 3/82 (22 Overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 497 (171.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 140 (258)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 5/115 (57.3 Overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 471/8 (159 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]] 176 (298)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Cameron Cuffy|CE Cuffy]] 2/52 (17 Overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match Drawn
| venue = [[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|DR Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64006.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| * [Javagal Srinath] completed his thousand (1000) test runs.
| rain =
| notes = [[Carl Hooper]], [[Cameron Cuffy]], [[Javagal Srinath]] played their final test match.
}}

==ODI Series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 06 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 283/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 285/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajit Agarkar|AB Agarkar]] 95 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Pedro Collins|PT Collins]] 2/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wavell Hinds|WW Hinds]] 93 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra|A Nehra]] 2/50 (9 overs)
| result = {{cr|West Indies}} won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64785.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium|Keenan Stadium, Jamshedpur]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] (West Indies)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| notes = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai P Yadav]] made his ODI debut for India.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 09 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 279/9 (47 overs)
| score2 = 280/3 (46.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 99 (110)
| wickets1 = [[Vasbert Drakes|VC Drakes]] 3/55 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]] 103 (116)
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath|J Srinath]] 2/35 (9.2 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wkts [[Duckworth-Lewis method|(D/L)]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64786.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field
| notes = Crowd interruption at 16.1 overs with the score at 90/2 in India innings, match was further reduced to 47 overs a side according to [[Duckworth-Lewis method]]
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 300/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 200/1 (27.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan|RR Sarwan]] 84 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/59 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 114* (82)
| wickets2 = [[Vasbert Drakes|V Drakes]] 1/36 (6 overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 81 runs [[Duckworth-Lewis method|(D/L)]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64787.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground|Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground, Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| notes = [[Ridley Jacobs|RD Jacobs]] lead the West Indian side in the absence of [[Carl Hooper|CL Hooper]]
* Crowd interruption at 27.1 overs with the score at 200/1 in India innings, India were named winners by 81 runs, by the [[Duckworth-Lewis method]]
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 November
| daynight = yes
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 324/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 325/5 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]] 140 (127)
| wickets1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 1/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid|R Dravid]] 109* (124)
| wickets2 = [[Mervyn Dillon|M Dillon]] 2/65 (10 overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 5 wickets (with 14 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64788.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (IND)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| notes =
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 290/8 (48 overs)
| score2 = 291/5 (46.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 71 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Pedro Collins|PT Collins]] 3/60 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]] 101 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/53 (10 overs)
| result = {{cr|West Indies}} won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64789.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground|Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited Sports Complex Ground, Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field
| notes = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji|L Balaji]] made his ODI debut for India.
* Match delayed by Wet outfield. Each innings, consequently, has been reduced to 48 overs
}}

===6th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 201 (46.3 overs)
| score2 = 202/7 (46.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]] 58 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar|AB Agarkar]] 3/24 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid|R Dravid]] 58 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Vasbert Drakes|VC Drakes]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 3 wickets (with 22 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64790.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barkatullah Khan Stadium|Barkatullah Khan Stadium, Jodhpur]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ajit Agarkar|AB Agarkar]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| notes = [[Rahul Dravid|R Dravid]] lead the India side in the absence of [[Sourav Ganguly|SC Ganguly]]
}}

===7th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 November
| daynight =
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 315/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 180 (36.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marlon Samuels|MN Samuels]] 108* (75)
| wickets1 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 3/59 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 68 (69)
| wickets2 = [[Jermaine Lawson|JJC Lawson]] 4/57 (10 overs)
| result = {{cr|WIN}} won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64792.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Vijayawada]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|EAR de Silva]] (SL) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Marlon Samuels|MN Samuels]] (WI)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| notes = [[Rahul Dravid|R Dravid]] lead the India side in the absence of [[Sourav Ganguly|SC Ganguly]]
}}

==Statistics==

===Tests===

====Batting====
Most runs<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=474;type=series|title=Most Test runs|publisher= ESPNcricinfo | access-date= 1 December 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! !!Player!! Matches !! Innings !! Runs !! HS !! Avg !! Balls Faced
|- style="background:gold" align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || 3 || 5 || '''306''' || 176 || 76.50 || 584
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Virender Sehwag]] || 3 || 5 || '''286''' || 147 || 57.20 || 343
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[VVS Laxman]] || 3 || 4 || '''271''' || 154* || 90.33 || 709
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] || 3 || 5 || '''260''' || 140 || 65.00 || 630
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Wavell Hinds]] || 3 || 5 || '''220''' || 100 || 44.00 || 443
|}

====Bowling====
Most wickets<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=474;type=series|title=Most Test wickets|publisher= ESPNcricinfo | access-date= 1 December 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! !!Player!! Matches !! Wickets !! Runs !! BBI !! BBM !! Econ
|- style="background:gold" align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 3 || '''20''' || 335 || {{sort|7952|7/48}} || {{sort|8915|8/85}} || 2.01
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Anil Kumble]] || 3 || '''16''' || 387 || {{sort|5970|5/30}} || {{sort|7899|7/101}} || 2.52
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Mervyn Dillon]] || 3 || '''11''' || 275 || {{sort|3956|3/44}} || {{sort|5833|5/167}} || 2.51
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Zaheer Khan]] || 2 || '''8''' || 111 || {{sort|4959|4/41}} || {{sort|4956|4/44}} || 2.60
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Cameron Cuffy]] || 2 || '''6''' || 224 || {{sort|2948|2/52}} || {{sort|4864|4/136}} || 3.16
|}

===ODIs===

====Batting====
Most runs<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=857;type=series|title=Most ODI runs|publisher= ESPNcricinfo | access-date= 1 December 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! !!Player!! Matches !! Innings !! Runs !! HS !! Avg !! Balls Faced
|- style="background:gold" align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Chris Gayle]] || 7 || 7 || '''455''' || 140 || 65.00 || 479
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] || 7 || 7 || '''436''' || 99* || 109.00 || 515
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[VVS Laxman]] || 7 || 7 || '''312''' || 99 || 52.00 || 395
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Rahul Dravid]] || 7 || 6 || '''300''' || 109* || 75.00 || 334
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Wavell Hinds]] || 7 || 7 || '''295''' || 93 || 42.14 || 345
|}

====Bowling====
Most wickets<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=857;type=series|title=Most ODI wickets|publisher= ESPNcricinfo | access-date= 1 December 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! !!Player!! Matches !! Wickets !! Runs !! BBI !! Avg !! Econ
|- style="background:gold" align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Vasbert Drakes]] || 7 || '''10''' || 312 || {{sort|3962|3/38}} || 31.20 || 5.70
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Pedro Collins]] || 4 || '''8''' || 198 || {{sort|3940|3/60}} || 24.75 || 5.21
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Virender Sehwag]] || 7 || '''8''' || 321 || {{sort|3941|3/59}} || 40.12 || 5.85
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} || [[Corey Collymore]] || 4 || '''6''' || 163 || {{sort|2970|2/30}} || 27.16 || 5.37
|- align="center"
|{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Ajit Agarkar]] || 5 || '''6''' || 232 || {{sort|3976|3/24}} || 38.66 || 5.65
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2002–03}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in India in 2002-03}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2002–03]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2002 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}

Bobby Cash

2025-08-19T17:46:57Z

NydiaTalley110: Stub

{{for|the wrestler|Porkchop Cash}}
{{distinguish|Johnny Cash}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bobby Cash
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Bobby Cash.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Bobby Cash in 2014
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Bal Kishore Das Loiwal
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|02|13}}
| birth_place = Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| origin = New Delhi, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Country music|Country]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Gospel music|Gospel]], [[Pop music|Indian Pop]]
| occupation = Guitarist, Singer, Songwriter, Composer
| instrument = Vocals, Guitar
| years_active = 1995–present
| label = Magnasound, Archies Music, Universal Music (India), Gobsmacked Television, Gobsmacked Music
| associated_acts = Lawrie Minson
| website = https://bobbycash.org/
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Bobby Cash''' (born 13 February 1961) is an Indian [[country music]] singer, songwriter, [[guitarist]]{{refn|name=lead|1=<ref name=canberra>Graham McDonald
"Act bound to raise a country smile"
''[[The Canberra Times]]''
February 9, 2004</ref><ref name=couriermail/><ref name=australian/><ref name=queanbeyan>"Bobby Cash – the Indian Cowboy"
''[[The Queanbeyan Age]]''
10 February 2004</ref><ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=newidea/><ref name=who/><ref name=panorama/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/>}}and [[composer]]<ref name=ponnu>Ponnu Elizabeth Mathew
"The Indian cowboy...one in a billion"
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' (Bengaluru, India)
19 August 2009
Retrieved April 20, 2016</ref> who lives in [[Clement Town]], a suburb of [[Dehradun]] district in the state of [[Uttarakhand]].{{refn|name=lead1|2=2|<ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=canberra/><ref name=lifentime2008/><ref name=cmcnglobalcowboy/>}}
He is praised by media for being India's first international country music artist who has charted singles in Australia,{{refn|name=lead2|3=3|<ref name=afaqs>[http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/9295-Discover-Krishnas-Dwarka-through-Discovery]
Aditya Chatterjee & Prajjal Saha
"Discover Krishna's Dwarka through Discovery"
agency faqs!
June 22, 2004</ref><ref name=asianagekasmin/><ref name=toi/><ref name=indianexpressfairypardiwalla>Fairy Pardiwalla
"Desi cowboy hits Australian music charts"
''[[The Indian Express]]'', (Mumbai, India)
17 June 2004</ref><ref name=tribunenewsservice>"Discovery to showcase Indian cowboy"
''Tribune News Service''
(New Delhi, India)
June 21, 2004</ref><ref name=freepressjournal>Sandeep Ashar
"One in a billion Desi Cowboy, a rare jewel in India's music crown"
''[[The Free Press Journal]]''
(Mumbai, India)
17 June 2004
pp. 11,13</ref><ref name=hindu>Bindu Shajan Perappadan
"The success story of Indian cowboy"
''[[The Hindu]]'', (India)
June 22, 2004</ref><ref name=indiantv>indiantelevision.com Team (Mumbai)
http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june151.htm
"Discovery goes down country road in latest documentary"
17 June 2004</ref><ref name=lifentime2008/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=queanbeyan/><ref name=newidea/><ref name=panorama/><ref name=indoausbusmag>Colin Bromley
January–February 2005
"Out of India, Made in Australia – Bobby Cash"
''Indo-Australian Business'', Movies
vol 2, issue 1, pp. 18–19</ref><ref name=couriermail/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/>}} and also for being the only Indian country music artist to be featured in a [[documentary]] film, ''The Indian Cowboy...One in a Billion'', aired on [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] Television (Australia) in January 2004 and on [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]] channel in India in June 2004.{{refn|name=lead3|4=4|<ref name=gov/><ref name=abcprogramsummary/><ref name=afaqs/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=ndlindiancowboyisaoneinabillion/><ref name=ndlthelonecowboyinabillion/><ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=canberra/><ref name=australian/><ref name=panoramaupfront/>
<ref name=who/><ref name=dailytelegraphscottjenkins/><ref name=theage/><ref name=sunheraldtvmag/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/><ref name=sydneymorningheraldtheindiancowboy/>}} He is known as "The Indian [[Cowboy]], one in a billion" by media.{{refn|name=lead4|5=5|<ref name=newidea/><ref name=queanbeyan/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=australian/><ref name=ndlindiancowboyisaoneinabillion/><ref name=ndlthelonecowboyinabillion/><ref name=couriermail/><ref name=dailytelegraphscottjenkins>Scott Jenkins
"A country boy at heart", "Tamworthy"
''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]''
(Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)
January 22, 2004</ref><ref name=freepressjournal/>}}

==Early life==
Cash grew up in Clement Town, Dehradun. An aunt of his, who lived in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], regularly sent the latest country music releases of the time to Cash's mother. This was the music he grew up listening to and which he loved so much that he taught himself to play the guitar and sing those songs.{{refn|name=earlylife|6=6|<ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=canberra/><ref name=queanbeyan/><ref name=newidea/><ref name=panorama/><ref name=australian/><ref name=dailytelegraphscottjenkins/>}} Because of the dearth of other country music style [[genre]] musicians, he developed his own [[guitar]] style that encompassed playing [[bass lines]], [[rhythm]], [[finger-picking]] and lead to give a unique sound.{{refn|name=earlylife1|7=7|<ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=panorama/>}}
While in Dehradun, Cash gave music lessons{{refn|name=earlylife2|8=8|<ref name=indianexpressleisure>"Leisure"
''[[The Indian Express]]''
July 23, 1996</ref><ref name=graphiti/>}}and occasionally performed for the armed forces.<ref name=indianexpressthebobbycashshow>Suanshu Khurana, Suanshu Khurana
[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-bobby-cash-show/939023/]
"The Bobby Cash Show"
www.indianexpress.com
April 20, 2012</ref> It was only in 1995, after his father died, that he moved to New Delhi to pursue a career as a solo musical artist.{{refn|name=earlylife3|9=9|<ref name=graphiti/><ref name=cashaccount>Nikita Singh
"Cash Account"
''Times of Chandigarh''
December 12, 2004</ref><ref name=queanbeyan/><ref name=australian/>}}

==Career==

===Early music career (1995–2002)===

Cash's career began performing in [[New Delhi]], at the popular hot spot, Rodeo.{{refn|name=earlymusiccareer|10=10|<ref name=expressnewslineafewgoodfriends>Nasia Bakshi
"A few good friends"
''Express Newsline'' (New Delhi, India)
August 8, 2000</ref><ref name=asianagecashinginonmanyinfluences>Hoihnu Hauzel
"Cashing in on many influences"
''[[The Asian Age]]'', Music Watch
(India)
January 25, 1999</ref><ref name=delhitimescashingonmusic>"Cash-ing On Music"
''[[Delhi Times]]'', ''[[The Times Of India]]''
January 22, 1999
p. 4</ref><ref name=hindustantimescowboyatheartbobbyunplugged>Meenakshi Kumar
"Cowboy At Heart : Bobby Unplugged"
''[[Hindustan Times]]''
(New Delhi, India)
June 23, 2004
p. 2</ref><ref name=hindustantimesiwasborntosing>Jeevan P. Sharma
"I was born to sing"
''[[Hindustan Times]]''
(New Delhi, India)
January 15, 1999</ref><ref name=graphiti/>}}
While in New Delhi, he briefly dabbled in [[Indian pop]] music.
In 1996, he recorded his first Indian pop album ''Yeh Pyaar Hai'' under the [[Magnasound]] (India) label with Indian pop director and producer, [[Jawahar Wattal]].
This was followed by a guitar [[instrumental]] the same year called ''Film Hits on Guitar''{{refn|name=earlymusiccareer1|11=11|.<ref name=hindustantimesiwasborntosing/><ref name=asianagecashinginonmanyinfluences/><ref name=garhwalpostproudtobeanindian>Ashok P. Misra
"Proud to be an Indian"
''Garhwal Post'' (Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India)
June 6–12, 2004
p. 7</ref><ref name=htcityaroundtown>''HT City'', Around Town (India)
30 April 2000</ref><ref name=desicowboy>PKJ
"Desi Cowboy"
''HT Lucknow Live''(India)
December 8, 2002</ref><ref name=panorama/>}} In 1998, Cash recorded ''Ruk Ja Baby'' with Archies Music.{{refn|name=earlymusiccareer2|12=12|<ref name=htcityaroundtown/><ref name=asianagecashinginonmanyinfluences/><ref name=panorama/>}}
Indian pop, however, could not capture Cash's heart and he returned to his first love, country music.{{refn|name=earlymusiccareer3|13=13|<ref name=delhitimescashingonmusic/><ref name=htcityaroundtown/><ref name=panorama/>}}

===2003–present===

A chance meeting with Australian film producer, Colin Bromley while in New Delhi, resulted in Cash being invited to the [[Tamworth Country Music Festival]] in New South Wales, Australia. Having heard him sing, and being impressed by his musicianship, Bromley, producer/director of Sydney-based television production house, Gobsmacked and Gerry O'Leary, Gobsmacked's head of production, decided to make a film on Cash performing in the festival and see what happened there. Thus, in January 2003, Cash went to perform in the Tamworth Country Music Festival.{{refn|name=present|14=14|<ref name=bharattimesindiancowboyexcelsintamworth>"Indian Cowboy Excels in Tamworth"
''Bharat Times'', Local News, (Australia)
February 2003
p. 11</ref><ref name=ndlbobbycashtheindianwhowantstobeacowboy>Anna Rose
"Bobby Cash the Indian who wants to be a cowboy"
''[[Northern Daily Leader]]''
(Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia)
September 6, 2002</ref><ref name=cmcnsoundadvicedeborahminter>Deborah Minter
December 2003
"Cowboy at Heart"
''Country Music Capital News'', Sound Advice, Album Reviews
(Australia)
p. 52</ref><ref name=ndlbobbycashbackintownforhatsoff>Anna Rose (Country Music writer)
"Bobby Cash back in town for Hats Off"
''[[Northern Daily Leader]]''
(Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia)
June 7, 2003
p. 3</ref><ref name=sundaytelegraphtvguide>"The Indian Cowboy: One in a Billion"
''[[The Sunday Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'',
(Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)
January 18–24, 2004
p. 4</ref><ref name=who>"Indian Cowboy: One in a Billion"
''[[Who (magazine)|Who]]'' (Australia)
January 26, 2004</ref><ref name=weekendausmag>Mike Safe
December 13–14, 2003
"Cowboy & Indian"
''[[The Weekend Australian Magazine]]''
p. 30</ref><ref name=couriermail>Alison Rehn
"Hit-singing cowboy is an Indian"
''[[The Courier-Mail]]'', Brisbane
March 27, 2004</ref><ref name=dailytelegraphsydneyconfidentialmurmurs>Peter Holder, Jo Casamento and Naomi Toy
"Sydney Confidential, Murmurs"
''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' (Australia)
January 4, 2003</ref><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot>"Odd Spot"
''[[The Sunday Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]''
(Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)
November 30, 2003</ref><ref name=theage/><ref name=sydneymorningheraldsachamolitoriz>Sacha Molitorisz
"The Indian Cowboy: One in a Billion"
''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' (Australia)
January 22, 2004
''The Guide'', p. 16</ref><ref name=abcprogramsummary>http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/netw/200401/highlights/222464.htm
"ABC Television : Program Summary – The Indian Cowboy: One In A Billion"
ABC T.V. (Australia)
January 22, 2004 at 10 p.m.</ref>}} An unknown, Cash struck a chord with the country music lovers there and grabbed the attention of the media.{{refn|name=present1|15=15|<ref name=abcprogramsummary/><ref name=panorama>Rama Gaind
"Happy trails put an Indian"
''Panorama''
January 24, 2004</ref><ref name=cmcnsoundadvicedeborahminter/><ref name=weekendausmag/><ref name=panoramaupfront>"Cowboy down a country road"
''Panorama Upfront''(Australia)
January 24, 2004
p. 5</ref><ref name=ndlbobbycashbackintownforhatsoff/><ref name=couriermail/><ref name=sydneymorningheraldsachamolitoriz/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion>Susan Jarvis
December 2003
"One in a Billion"
''Country Music Capital News''(Australia)
pp. 22, 23</ref>}} A local wealthy farmer, Roy Eykamp, came forward and offered to finance Cash's debut country music album{{refn|name=present2|16=16|<ref name=sydneymorningheraldtheindiancowboy>Bernard Zuel
"The Indian Cowboy"
''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' (Australia)
January 22, 2004</ref><ref name=theage/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/><ref name=bharattimesindiancowboyexcelsintamworth/><ref name=dailytelegraphsydneyconfidentialmurmurs/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=newidea>November 2004
Interview : "Cowboy Indian"
''[[New Idea]]''</ref><ref name=australian>Susan Kurosawa
"Cash and curry"
''[[The Australian]]''
November 27 – December 3, 2003</ref><ref name=panorama/><ref name=who/><ref name=ndlannacountrymusicnotes>Anna Rose
"Anna's Country Music Notes"
''[[Northern Daily Leader]]'', (Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia)
May 24, 2003</ref>}} What happened at the festival, and Cash rising from being an unknown to celebrity status became the subject of Bromley's documentary film, ''The Indian Cowboy...One in a Billion''.{{refn|name=present3|17=17|<ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=australian/><ref name=ndlbobbycashbackintownforhatsoff/><ref name=who/><ref name=sunheraldtvmag>Brian Courtis
January 18–24, 2004
Review of "The Indian Cowboy: One In A Billion" ABC, 10pm
''[[The Sun-Herald]] Television Magazine'', Critics choice (Australia)</ref><ref name=sundaytelegraphtvguide/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/><ref name=dailytelegraphsydneyconfidentialmurmurs/><ref name=theage>[[Michael Shmith]]
"When Delhi meets Tamworth" (preview ''The Indian Cowboy: One in a Billion'')
''[[The Age]]''
January 22, 2004
p. 20</ref><ref name=panorama/><ref name=panoramaupfront/><ref name=ndlindiancowboyisaoneinabillion>"Indian cowboy is a one in a billion"
''[[Northern Daily Leader]] Festival Update''
(Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia)
January 15, 2004
p. 5</ref><ref name=abcprogramsummary/><ref name=gov>http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/12250151
"The Indian cowboy (videorecording) one in a billion"
Published (Australia) : Gobsmacked Television Pty Ltd
Produced in association with the Australian Film Commission
2003, English, Video Edition</ref>}}

Cash recorded his debut album, ''Cowboy at Heart'', with some of the cream of the Australian music industry. Produced by [[Golden Guitar]] winner, [[Lawrie Minson]], the album also featured duets with [[Smoky Dawson]] and [[Tania Kernaghan]].{{refn|name=present4|18=18|<ref name=panoramaupfront/><ref name=ndlthelonecowboyinabillion>Anna Rose (country music writer)
"The lone cowboy in a billion"
''[[Northern Daily Leader]]''
(Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia)
January 8, 2004
p. 16</ref>
<ref name=ndlbobbycashbackintownforhatsoff/><ref name=sundaytelegraphoddspot/><ref name=cmcnoneinabillion/><ref name=cmcnsoundadvicedeborahminter/><ref name=ndlindiancowboyisaoneinabillion/><ref name=asianagekasmin>Kasmin Fernandes
"The Indian Cowboy"
''[[The Asian Age]]''
(Mumbai, India)
22 June 2004
pp. 1, 20</ref><ref name=bharattimesscg>"Cowboy to sing Indian National Anthem at SCG"
"First Cricket, now Country – Music set to connect India, Australia"
''Bharat Times''
December 2003
p. 2</ref><ref name=dailytelegraphsydneyconfidentialpeterholder>Peter Holder, Naomi Toy and Fiona Connoly
"Sydney Confidential"
''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' (Australia)
May 20, 2003</ref><ref name=bobbycashpressrelease>[http://rec.music.country.old-time.narkive.com]
"Bobby Cash Press Release"
7 November 2003</ref>}}

In June 2005, Cash's music was recognized in the United States by the [[Country Music Association]], Nashville, Tennessee.

India is listed on the country music world map as one of the foreign territories outside the United States with a country music culture and Cash was invited as one of CMA's nominees for Global Artist of the Year Award given in recognition for furthering of country music in a territory other than the United States. While he did not win the Award, Cash's performance at The Stage on [[Broadway (Nashville, Tennessee)|Broadway]] did lead to a standing ovation led by the then chief of CMA, Ed Benson.{{refn|name=present5|19=19|<ref name=zeenews>http://www.zeenews.india.com/entertainment
"Country music spreading among kids in India : Bobby Cash"
June 1, 2012</ref><ref name=top40charts>"Strong Slate of International Candidates Vie For Third Annual CMA Global Country Artist Award"
''Top 40 - Charts.com''
(Nashville, CMA)
January 20, 2005</ref><ref name=cmcnglobalcowboy>Susan Jarvis
"The Global cowboy"
''Country Music Capital News'', May 2006 (Australia)
vol. 31, no. 5</ref><ref name=graphiti>Hoihnu Hauzel
"Outback King" (2006)
''Graphiti'', People, Profile (India)
pp. 10, 11</ref><ref name=wideopencountry>http://www.wideopencountry.com
"9 Foreign Countries with Country Music Culture"</ref><ref name=scroll>Nate Rabe
http://www.scroll.in
"Swing to the country music of Bobby Cash, the Indian Cowboy from Dehradun"
Sunday Sounds
August 17, 2014</ref>}}

The same year, heading back to Australia, he proceeded to record his second album, ''Phoenix to El Paso'', a collection of cover versions of crowd favorites.{{refn|name=present6|20=20|<ref name=cmcnglobalcowboy/><ref name=htcitycashinginonthecountrycall>Jeevanjot Kumedan
"Cashing in on the Country Call"
''HT City'' (India)
12 December 2004</ref><ref name=timesofchandigarhcashaccount>Nikita Singh
"Cash Account", Country Boy
''Times Of Chandigarh''
December 12, 2004</ref><ref name=chandigarhtribunebobbycashperformsatstxaviers>S. D. Sharma
"Bobby Cash performs at St. Xavier's School"
''Chandigarh Tribune''
December 12, 2004</ref><ref name=cmcnhilaryblack>Hilary Black
December 2004
"Capital News"
''Country Music Capital News'' (Australia)
vol. 29, no. 12</ref><ref name=countryragepage>http://www.countryragepage{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Tamworth Rage Page
NSW, Australia</ref>}}
In 2006, he recorded a third album, ''State of My Heart''.{{refn|name=present7|21=21|<ref name=cmcnglobalcowboy/><ref name=stateofmyheartnewsrelease>http://www.countryragepage.com
"''State of my Heart'' – News Release"
Tamworth Rage Page
May 22, 2006</ref><ref name="stateofmyheartabcshop">http://shop.abc.net.au
''State of my Heart'' Music CD/ABC Shop</ref>}}
Both albums, ''Cowboy at Heart'' and ''State of My Heart'' had several tracks from them making it to the Top Ten Australian country music charts. In August 2014, his music single "Ashiyaan" was published by Songdew<ref>{{cite web|title='Ashiyaan' music single on Songdew|url=https://songdew.com/musicpremiere/songdew/ashiyaan/90|publisher=Songdew|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

Cash toured and played extensively in Australia for a number of years.{{refn|name=present8|22=22|<ref name=graphiti/><ref name=toi>"Indian cowboy strikes it big Down Under"
''[[The Times of India]]''
(Mumbai, India)
June 22, 2004</ref>}} Currently, he tours mostly in India playing and promoting country music.{{refn|name=present9|23=23|<ref name=zeenews>http://www.zeenews.india.com/entertainment
"Country music spreading among kids in India : Bobby Cash"
June 1, 2012</ref><ref name=garhwalpostdoctoraldegree>"Bobby Cash receives honorary Doctoral Degree in Music"
''Garhwal Post''
July 6, 2014</ref>}}

==Personal life==

Cash lives with his wife Angelina and two children in [[Clement Town]], Dehradun, India.{{refn|name=pl|24=24|<ref name=garhwalpostdoctoraldegree/><ref name=graphiti/><ref name=lifentime2008>
"The Indian Cowboy"
''Life & Time Magazine'' 2008
issue no. 2, pp. 10, 11</ref>}}

==Discography==

===Hindi pop albums (India)===

*''Yeh Pyaar Hai'' (Magnasound, 1996)
*''Film Hits On Guitar'' (Magnasound, 1996)
*''Ruk Ja Baby'' (Archies Music, 1998)

===Country music albums (Australia)===

*''Cowboy at Heart'' (Gobsmacked Television, Australia, 2003 & Universal Music, India, 2004)
*''Phoenix to El Paso'' (Gobsmacked Music, Australia, 2004)
*''State of My Heart'' (Gobsmacked Music, 2006)

===Singles===

*"World Beneath My Wings" (from the album ''Light of Hope'', Meat Pie Music (APRA), 2008)<ref name=lightofhope>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/store/us/store iTunes]
''Light of Hope'' by various artists (Music CD)
"The World Beneath My Wings", (Artist – Bobby Cash)
Released : 04 July 2008
Meat Pie Music (APRA)</ref>

===Documentary film===

*''The Indian Cowboy...One in a Billion'' (2004)
*''Rockumentary: Evolution of Indian Rock'' (2018)

===Bollywood song===

*"Budhau" (from the Hindi language feature film ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]'' (2020, Rising Sun Productions, Amazon Prime Video)<ref name="IndiaExpress">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-let-us-break-the-rules-6454310/|title=''Gulabo Sitabo'' music review 'let us break the rules'}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gulabo-sitabo-music-review-folk-for-the-win/article31705080.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=''Gulabo Sitabo'' music review}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|https://bobbycash.org/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, Bobby}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian country musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Madhava Observatory

2025-07-27T08:38:45Z

NydiaTalley110: Added new article

{{Short description|Observatory set up University of Calicut}}
[[File:Madhava Observatory at Calicut University.jpg|thumbnail|Madhava Observatory, University of Calicut|300px]]

'''Madhava Observatory''' is an [[observatory]] set up by the [[University of Calicut]] in 2005 in association with the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIA), [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harigovind |date=2016-03-30 |title=Calicut University Observatory to get a facelift |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/300316/calicut-university-observatory-to-get-a-facelift.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the largest observatory at the university level in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhava Observatory |url=https://uoc.ac.in/index.php/the-university/2016-04-27-10-20-26/2018-07-07-09-37-46 |website=University of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224015202/https://uoc.ac.in/index.php/the-university/2016-04-27-10-20-26/2018-07-07-09-37-46 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harigovind |title=Madhava Observatory of Calicut University awaits facelift |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151016/madhava-observatory-of-calicut-university-awaits-facelift.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=An introductory workshop: From stars to the universe |journal=Khagol (published by [[IUCAA]]) |date=October 2005 |volume=64 |url=http://publication.iucaa.in/index.php/khagol/article/download/33/33 |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> The {{convert|6.6|m|ft|adj=on}} hemispherical dome has a {{convert|1.75|m|ft|adj=on}} slit opening, a wheel assembly and a 14-inch [[Meade Instruments|Meade]] (Cassegrain) telescope. The observatory is used by the faculty and staff of the university for study and research purposes. The observatory has also an 18-inch NGT reflector telescope gifted by IIAP, Bangalore, a dedicated computer facility for data collection and analysis.

The observatory is named after [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c. 1340 – c. 1425), who is considered one of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages and was the founder of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2014-03-03 |title=State's Rich Mathematical Heritage to Get 'Faces' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/Mar/03/states-rich-mathematical-heritage-to-get-faces-581858.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}

{{coord|11.13881|75.88833|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]

{{Astronomy-stub}}
{{India-stub}}

National Highway 205 (India, old numbering)

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NydiaTalley110: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 71 (India)]]

P. M. Audikesavalu Naicker

2025-07-13T23:10:41Z

NydiaTalley110: creating new page initial version...

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter & legislator (1898–1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sardar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|9|9|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|9|9|1898|9|9|df=yes}}
| office = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India|Provisional Parliament of India]]
| term_start = 1950
| term_end = 1952
| office2 = Deputy [[Mayor of Madras]]
| term_start2 = 1939
| term_end2 = 1940
| office3 = Member of [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1937
| term_end3 = 1939
| constituency3 = North Madras
| office4 = Municipal Councillor
| term_start4 = 1936
| term_end4 = 1946
| constituency4 = Korukkupet
| birth_place = [[Korukkupet]], [[Madras|Madras (now Chennai)]]
| leader2 = [[S. Satyamurti]]
}}

'''Sardar P. M. Audikesavalu Naicker''' (9 September 1898 – 9 September 1964) was an Indian freedom fighter, and legislator active in the Madras Presidency during the Indian independence movement.

== Early life ==
P. M. Audikesavalu Naicker was born on 9 September 1898 in [[Korukkupet]], [[Madras|Madras (now Chennai)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sardar P.M. Audikesavalu Naicker |url=https://chakrafoundation.org/sardar-p-m-audikesavalu-naicker/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=ChakraFoundation.Org |language=en-US}}</ref> His grandfather, Krishnaswamy Naicker, was a shell lime merchant who had migrated from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] to Madras due to unrest under [[French colonial rule]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sardar P.M. Audikesavalu Naicker |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8647 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> The family established itself in Korukkupet, where Audikesavalu grew up as the third of five sons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SARDAR P. M. AUDIKESAVALU NAICKER |url=https://vanniyarkootamaippu.com/sardar-p-m-audikesavalu-naicker/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Vanniyar |language=en-US}}</ref> Naicker received his early education locally and later attended [[Madras Christian College]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyUNAQAAIAAJ |title=Parliament of India Who's who |date=1950 |publisher=Manager of Publications, Government of India Press |pages=75–76 |language=en}}</ref>

== Labour movement ==
Naicker's involvement in the labour movement began in 1916<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Partha Sarathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnoMAQAAMAAJ |title=Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1943-1944 |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563868-4 |pages=3502 |language=en}}</ref> when he founded and became the president of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras & Southern Mahratta Railway]] Young Men's Trade Union.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0LVAAAAMAAJ |title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency |date=1940 |publisher=Pearl Press |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=W. M. |first=Jai Prasad |date= |title=P.M. AUDIKESAVALU NAICKER'S ROLE IN THE TAMIL NADU LABOUR MOVEMENT |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013663_Proceedings_of_the_Tamil_Nadu_History_congress.pdf |journal=Tamil Nadu History Congress Proceedings |pages=}}</ref> He also organized and led several other unions, including the Massey & Company Employees’ Union and the Madras Kerosene Oil Workers’ Union.<ref name=":4" /> In 1917, he led a strike by the North Madras Workers’ Union, which is considered one of the earliest recorded strikes in Madras.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-17 |title=Madras Miscellany: Discussing the Tamil diaspora |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Discussing-the-Tamil-diaspora/article14003214.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Naicker was also involved with major trade unions such as the Madras Labour Union (established in 1918),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2024-08-19 |title=Madras Labour Union's fiercest battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-labour-unions-fiercest-battle/article68541725.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> considered one of the earliest trade unions in India, and other unions in industries such as tramways, public works, and manufacturing.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Role in the Indian independence movement ==
From 1920 to 1925, he served as Secretary of the Madras District Congress Committee, working to expand the Congress Party's influence in the Madras and Chingleput districts.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

He participated in the 1928 protests against the [[Simon Commission]] and was injured during a police crackdown.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-04 |title=Madras Miscellany: Detailing two pathbreakers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Detailing-two-pathbreakers/article14386283.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During the Civil Disobedience Movement and the [[Salt Satyagraha]] in the 1930s, Naicker faced imprisonment for his involvement in satyagraha demonstrations.<ref name=":1" /> His leadership and courage during these events earned him the honorary title "Sardar," reportedly bestowed by [[Gandhi]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1933, he was the president of the North Madras Harijan Welfare Association when [[M. P. Sivagnanam]] was its secretary.<ref name=":3" /> Naicker was also jailed during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and for opposing India's participation in [[World War II]].<ref name=":1" />

== Legislative career ==
Naicker served as a Municipal Councillor for Korukkupet from 1936 to 1939 and again from 1940 to 1946.<ref name=":1" /> He also held the position of Deputy [[Mayor of Madras]] from 1939 to 1940.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Naidu |first1=R. Janardhanam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG8dAAAAMAAJ |title=Bharani's Madras Handbook |last2=Ramalingam |first2=K. |last3=Subbiah |first3=V. |date=1974 |publisher=Sree Krishna Printers |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> He represented North Madras in the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] from 1937 to 1939.<ref name=":1" />

In post-independence India, Naicker was nominated to the Provisional Indian Parliament (1950–1952) and contributed to the drafting of the Indian Constitution as a member of the Drafting Committee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Subhash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGaPAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Parliament of India: Laying the foundations and building the infra-structure : the golden Nehru era of parliamentary democracy from the provisional parliament to the Second Lok Sabha, 1950-1962 |date=1994 |publisher=Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra |isbn=978-81-85402-53-6 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 9 September 1964.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]