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Maamla Legal Hai

2026-05-08T02:49:07Z

Nxtleveledit: New new data

{{Short description|2024 Indian television series}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maamla Legal Hai.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| genre = [[Legal drama]] [[Comedy (genre)|Comedy]]
| creator = [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]] Saurabh Khanna Kunal Aneja
| showrunner = Sameer Saxena
| writer = 
| director = Rahul Pandey
| starring = {{ubl | [[Ravi Kishan]]| [[Nidhi Bisht]] | [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]|[[Tanvi Azmi]]|[[Naila Grrewal]]|[[Anant V Joshi]]}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Rohit Sharma (Music Composer) | Rohit Sharma]] Nilotpal Bora
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| executive_producer = Sameera Saxena
| producer = {{ubl|Sameer Saxena|Amit Golani|Saurabh Khanna|[[Biswapati Sarkar]]}}
| cinematography = Milind Prakash Jog
| editor = Chandrashekhar Prajapati Divesh Sonvania
| runtime = 27{{ndash}}42 minutes
| company = Posham Pa Pictures
| channel = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|01}}
| last_aired = present
| opentheme =
}}

'''''Maamla Legal Hai''''' is a [[Hindi]] language [[legal drama]] [[television|comedy]] television series released on [[Netflix]]. It is directed by Rahul Pandey and co-written by Saurabh Khanna and Kunal Aneja. It stars [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Anant V Joshi]], [[Nidhi Bisht]], Naila Grrewal, [[Tanvi Azmi]], and [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Kishan presents 'Maamla Legal Hai': A legal comedy delight|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/ravi-kishan-presents-maamla-legal-hai-a-legal-comedy-delight-1503273511.html|access-date=27 February 2024 |website=The Statesman |date=27 February 2024 |language=en }}</ref> The series premiered on Netflix on 1 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidhi Bisht on Netflix's 'Maamla Legal Hai', practising law: 'A full circle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/nidhi-bisht-on-netflixs-maamla-legal-hai-practising-law-working-with-ravi-kishan-2506269-2024-02-27|access-date=27 February 2024 |website=India Today|date=27 February 2024 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maamla Legal Hai trailer: Ravi Kishan leads a team of 'jugaadu' lawyers in Netflix's workplace sitcom|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/maamla-legal-hai-trailer-ravi-kishan-netflix-workplace-sitcom-9164667/|date=16 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express|language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ravi-kishan-starrer-maamla-legal-hai-trailer-a-hilarious-courtroom-drama-coming-to-netflix|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ravi-kishan-starrer-maamla-legal-hai-trailer-a-hilarious-courtroom-drama-coming-to-netflix/articleshow/107746357.cms|date=16 February 2024 |website=The Times of India|language=en }}</ref> The series was renewed for a second season in April 2024 which premiered on 3 April 2026.

==Premise==
At District Court Patparganj, where eccentric staff members strive to dispense justice but not without a few objections, chaos collides with the letter of the law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maamla Legal Hai Trailer: कोर्टरूम में लगेंगे हंसी के ठहाके, Ravi Kishan की 'मामला लीगल है' का ट्रेलर रिलीज|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-maamla-legal-hai-ravi-kishan-court-drama-comedy-web-series-trailer-released-on-ott-platform-netflix-23654502.html|date=16 February 2024 |website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* '''Season 1'''
* [[Ravi Kishan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Kishan talks politics-acting balance; Maamla Legal Hai cast shares|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/interviews/ravi-kishan-talks-politics-acting-balance-maamla-legal-hai-cast-shares-secrets-video-108039448|date=27 February 2024 |website=Times Now|language=en }}</ref> as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Visheshwar D. Tyagi, Principal District Judge in Season 2
* [[Naila Grrewal]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ananya Shroff
* [[Anant V Joshi]] as Patparganj District Court Manager Vishwas Pandey
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mahendra Phorey
* [[Nidhi Bisht]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Sujata Negi alias "Sujata Didi"
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Adv. PP
* Vijay Rajoria as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Jagdish Gupta alias Munshi Ji
* Anjum Batra as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Lakhmir Singh Balli alias Mintu
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Sarveshwar Tyagi, VD Tyagi's Father
* Vikram Pratap as Order
* Amit Vikram Pandey as Law alias Nikunj
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as Judge Bainsla in a special appearance
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as KM Jaitley in a special appearance
* Pooja Shyam Prabhat as Varsha
* Adithi Kalkunte as SI Shyamali
* Kumar Saurabh as Shambhu
* Sam Mohan as Mangal Dheema
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Narrator
* Ajay Raju as Villager
* Vijayant Kohli as Judge Sunil Pathak
*Sudhir Sangwan as Inspector PEPSU
* '''Season 2'''
*[[Kusha Kapila]] as Naina Arora
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Banaspati
*[[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Judge Shubhkela / Sajjan Patnaik
*Prasanna Bisht as Sonam
*R Badree as Bipin Topo

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #812F09
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2024|3|1|df=y}}

| color2 = #006600
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
}}
=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#812F09 |EpisodeNumber= |EpisodeNumber2= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Egregious
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Darwaza
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Dignity
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Aukaat
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Touch
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Biradari
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Kutai
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Law vs Justice
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Saurabh Khanna, Kunal Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 812F09
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#006600 |EpisodeNumber= |EpisodeNumber2= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Without Fear or Favour
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan, Mohak Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Unbiased
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan, Tatsat Pandey, Mohak Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Balanced
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Emotional Attachment
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan, Mohak Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Juvenile
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan, Mohak Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Act of God
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan, Tatsat Pandey, Mohak Aneja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Compromise
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Beyond Reform
| DirectedBy = Rahul Pandey
| WrittenBy = Kunal Aneja, Syed Shadan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|4|3|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 006600
}}
}}

==Reception==
Reviewing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', critic [[Shubhra Gupta]] wrote "Not all the episodes work; a couple are lax, and in a few of places the jokey tone is either at odds with the seriousness of the case, or doesn’t land."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Maamla Legal Hai review: Ravi Kishan is a revealation in entertaining court-com |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/maamla-legal-hai-review-ravi-kishan-revealation-entertaining-court-com-9189874/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and stated "law and justice are two very different beasts".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anvita |title=Maamla Legal Hai Review: Ravi Kishan sparkles in Netflix's zany courtroom comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/maamla-legal-hai-review-ravi-kishan-sparkles-in-netflixs-zany-courtroom-comedy-2508642-2024-03-01 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]] gave 3.5 stars out of five and said, It is a unique series that transports viewers into the quirky world of the district court of Patparganj.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Maamla Legal Hai Season 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/maamla-legal-hai/season-1/seasonreview/107882586.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Aishwarya Vasudevan of [[OTT Play]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said in her review that "Maamla Legal Hai does plead guilty to charges of tickling the funny bone in the right way, and it's the infamous cases along with the performances that serve as lawful entertainment."<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=Aishwarya |title=Maamla Legal Hai review – The Ravi Kishan-led Netflix series is guilty of delivering justice with hilarity|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maamla-legal-hai-review-the-ravi-kishan-led-netflix-series-is-guilty-of-delivering-justice-with-hilarity/74c6f6da51261|access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[OTT Play]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=31183656}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/title/81480217 ''Maamla Legal Hai''] on [[Netflix]]

{{Netflix original current series}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Television series about lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian legal television series]]

Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

2026-05-06T16:13:12Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding place

{{Infobox official post
|post = Chief Executive Member
|native_name =
|body = the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
|insignia = Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Emblem (2024).png
|insigniacaption =
|incumbent = Runiel Debbarma
|incumbentsince = 5 May 2026
|image =
|style =
|residence = [[Khumulwng]]
|termlength = 5 Years
|appointer = Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
|formation = 1985
|inaugural = [[Aghore Debbarma]]
|website = https://ttaadc.gov.in/
}}

This is a list of '''Chief Executive Members of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council''', the leader of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], the [[autonomous district council]] in [[Tripura]], [[India]].

The Chief Executive Member is the leader of the TTAADC who presides over the executive committee. He is also the leader of the council. Runiel Debbarma is the incumbent Chief Executive Member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Desk |date=2021-04-19 |title=Tripura: Purna Chandra Jamatia sworn-in as new CEM of TTAADC |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/tripura-purna-chandra-jamatia-sworn-in-as-new-cem-of-ttaadc/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cem_em |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/cem_em}}</ref>

== Chief Executive Members of TTAADC ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Portrait
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
|-
| 1
|
|[[Aghore Debbarma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110150713/https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |archive-date=10 Jan 2026}}</ref>
|1985
|1990
|-
|2
|
|[[Harinath Debbarma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Haripada |title='Twipra Land' for whose interest? {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/1228_pd/%E2%80%98twipra-land%E2%80%99-whose-interest |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=peoplesdemocracy.in |date=28 Dec 2014}}</ref>
|1990
|1995
|-
|3
|
|[[Debabrata Koloi]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Mahadev |title=Tripura ADC Election, 2000 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=22 July 2000 |volume=35 |issue=2000 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2000/30/commentary/tripura-adc-election-2000.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=https://tripurainfoways.com/news-details/TN/130715/former-tripura-adc-cem-former-mla-debabrata-kalai-has-passed-away.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=tripurainfoways.com}}</ref>
|3 May 2000
|17 August 2002
|-
|4
|
|Kripamohan Reang<ref>{{cite news |title=ADC chief steps down |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/adc-chief-steps-down/cid/824652 |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|17 August 2002
|21 May 2003
|-
|5
|
|Hirendra Kumar Tripura<ref>{{cite news |title=INPT demands arrest of ADC chief for fraud |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/inpt-demands-arrest-of-adc-chief-for-fraud/cid/750245 |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura ADC chief asked to resign |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tripura-adc-chief-asked-to-resign/cid/734922 |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|2004
|2004
|-
|6
|
|Buddha Debbarma
|2004
|5 March 2005
|-
| '''(1)'''
|
|[[Aghore Debbarma]]
|5 March 2005
|3 May 2008
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Ranjit Debbarma
|5 March 2008
|3 May 2010
|-
|3 May 2010
|4 May 2015
|-
|8
|
|[[Radhacharan Debbarma]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura council gets new chief executive |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tripura-council-gets-new-chief-executive/cid/1530467 |access-date=28 February 2026 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref>
|4 May 2015
|5 May 2020
|-
|–
|
|Vacant (Governor's Rule)
|5 May 2020
|18 April 2021
|-
|9
|[[File:Purna Chandra Jamatia TTAADC CEM.jpg|100px]]
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Purna Chandra Jamatia sworn-in as new CEM of TTAADC |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/tripura-purna-chandra-jamatia-sworn-in-as-new-cem-of-ttaadc/ |work=Northeast Live |date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
|19 April 2021
|5 May 2026
|-
|10
|
|[[Runiel Debbarma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banik |first1=Mrinal |title=Tripura: Tipra Motha reshuffles TTAADC leadership, names Runiel Debbarma as CEM |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-tipra-motha-reshuffles-ttaadc-leadership-names-runiel-debbarma-as-cem.html |work=NorthEast Now |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
|5 May 2026
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]

Niwada

2026-05-04T11:02:07Z

Nxtleveledit: put up new data...

{{Short description|Indian Village}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}

'''Niwada''' is a small village near the [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary]] in the district of [[Jhajjar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It is surrounded by the villages of Dhakla, Kasni, Kanwah, Redhuwas and Kohndrawali. The population is primarily composed of the Jat community with the title "Mor" (Gautra). Decisions in the village are made by the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] Officer, called [[Sarpanch]], on the advice of the Panchayat of the village.

== Geography ==
Niwada is located at 28°31'12.0"N 76°33'06.1"E. It has an average elevation of 220 metres (722 feet).

== Demographics ==
Niwada had 194 households and a population of 1009 of which 541(53.61%) are males while 468(46.38%) are females(2011 Census).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/61911-niwada-haryana.html|title=Niwada Population|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> Literacy rate of Niwada village was 73.71% compared to 75.55% of Haryana and national of 74%.Niwada has an average literacy rate of Male literacy is 484(89.44%), and female literacy is 295(62.86%).

== Language ==
The native language of Niwada is Haryanvi and most people speak Haryanvi. People of Niwada use Hindi & English languages for their official communications.

== Transport ==
Niwada is well connected by road with all parts of the nation.15 km away from Jhajjar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Jhajjar,+Haryana/Niwada,+Haryana+124109/@28.5576734,76.5830659,14804m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d7065f4bdd539:0x45ff34c1baa43611!2m2!1d76.6571775!2d28.6079115!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d645a2924c70d:0x877659bc1216b594!2m2!1d76.579165!2d28.5108343|title=Niwada from Jhajjar|publisher=Google Maps}}</ref>

Jhajjar Railway station is the nearest railway station which is about 15 km away.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Niwada,+Haryana/Jhajjar,+Railway+Colony,+Jhajjar,+Haryana+124103/@28.5539066,76.5793687,14805m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d645a2924c70d:0x877659bc1216b594!2m2!1d76.579165!2d28.5108343!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d7a9e5e7217c5:0xbe19569f9ff31740!2m2!1d76.6388515!2d28.5934567|title=Niwada from Station|publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> The nearest Airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[New Delhi]] at a distance of 83 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Indira+Gandhi+International+Airport,+New+Delhi,+Delhi/Niwada,+Haryana+124109/@28.510473,76.5856733,5156m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1b85fc2a2d89:0xbef376182c43ed9d!2m2!1d77.0999578!2d28.5561624!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d645a2924c70d:0x877659bc1216b594!2m2!1d76.579165!2d28.5108343|title=Niwada from Airport|publisher=Google Maps}}</ref>

==Economy==
Agriculture is the main source of income. Some inhabitants serve in the Army, Navy and Air Force, some serve in the central and state police, and some in the civil service.

==Politics==
People of this village supported the rule of a well-known political leader from Haryana. At one time, he received 100% of the village vote; he responded by developing the village and fulfilled the basic needs of the villagers. After his death, his son Omparkash Chautala emerged as a leader from his party, [[Indian National Lokdal]] and was given the village's support. However, he lost the trust of the people, resulting in a shift in political dynamics. This has led to an erosion of the village's identity.

==Games==
Niwada was well known in [[Haryana]] for playing the game [[kabbadi]] .

== Education ==
There is one government [[middle school]] in the village.

== Health Facility ==
There is one dispensary and one veterinary hospital also available in village.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Jhajjar| ]]

Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu

2026-04-30T00:14:56Z

Nxtleveledit: started a info from scratch

{{Short description|2023 Telugu film by Abhinav Dhanda}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu
| image =
| caption = Digital poster
| director = Abhinav Reddy Danda
| writer = Abhinav Reddy Danda
| producer = Naveen Yerneni Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
| starring = [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] Mohana Sree [[Vennela Kishore]] Raj Tirandasu
| cinematography = Vishwanath Reddy Chelumalla
| editing = Abhinav Reddy Danda
| music = Jay Krish
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|05|26|ref1=}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sathi Gani Rendu Ekuralu''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu [[comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film written and directed by Abhinav Reddy Danda and produced by Naveen Yerneni and Ravi Shankar. Y under the banner [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. The film features [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]], Mohana Sree, [[Vennela Kishore ]] and Raj Tirandasu in primary roles. Sathi Gani Rendu Ekuralu was premiered on 26 May 2023 on the streaming service [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title='Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu' movie review: Oddball characters sparkle in this rural Telangana dark comedy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu-telugu-movie-review-oddball-characters-in-a-rural-telangana-dark-comedy/article66892615.ece |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the film "Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu," Sathi an auto driver inherits two acres of land, which becomes the focal point of the story. A mix of humor and heartfelt moments ensues as Sathi faces challenges, including his daughter's medical treatment and the sarpanch's interest in his land. Unexpectedly, Sathi discovers uncut diamonds, leading to a journey filled with mystery.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] as Sathi
* Mohana Sree as Andamma, Sathi's wife
* Raj Tirandasu as Anji, Sathi's friend
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Bithiri Sathi]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Niranjan Reddy
* Aneesha Dama as Sangeetha, Sathi's cousin
* Muralidhar Goud as Sathi's uncle and Sangeetha's father
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] of the film is composed by Jay Krish. The music rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]].{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chinna Chepanu Pedha Chepa
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]] Nikhilesh
| extra1 = Jay krish
| title2 = Rakita Rakita
| length2 = 3:05
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = Jay krish
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu'' was premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 26 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu Review : An interesting Telugu dark comedy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu/ottmoviereview/100518424.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Shanti Nanisetti of [[Telangana Today]] wrote that "It’s difficult to bracket ‘Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu’ in a single genre. The movie is one of those low-budget yet high on entertainment ones set in a Telangana village with its endearing dialect, so it is safe to call it an entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |last2=Nanisetti |first2=Shanti |date=2023-05-29 |title=Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu movie review: Low-budget yet high on entertainment |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu-movie-review-low-budget-yet-high-on-entertainment |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Writing for [[Deccan Chronicle]] Ajit Andhare opined that "Though the story seems to be complete after a hurried end, the title makes it clear that 'Sathi...' is just the first chapter which is considerably mundane and not a laugh riot as intended."<ref>{{Cite web |last=andhare |first=ajit |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu' movie review: With poverty writ large all over |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/290523/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu-movie-review-with-poverty-writ-large-a.html |website=deccanchronicle}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of [[The Times of India]] gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "Director Abhinav Dhanda comes up with a decent Telugu dark comedy, surprisingly, without foul language. However, even though there are several moments in the film which tickle the funny bone, the film could have benefitted from more comedy and better music."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu Review : An interesting Telugu dark comedy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu/ottmoviereview/100518424.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt27048587|title=Satthi Gaani Rendu Yekaralu
}}
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/sathi-gani-rendu-ekaralu ''Sathi Gani Rendu Ekaralu''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]

Follower (film)

2026-04-28T10:49:35Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{Short description|2023 Marathi-language movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Follower
| image = Follower film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harshad Nalawade]]
| writer = Harshad Nalawade
| producer = Vinay Mishra Raghavan Bharadwaj Preety Ali Harshad Nalawade Charulata Maitra Pratik Moitro Anubhav KR Pallavi Rohatgi Maulik Sharma 
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Raghu Prakash
*Donna Munshi
*Harshad Nalawade
}}
| cinematography = Saket Gyani
| editing = Maulik Sharma
| studio = Orangepixel Studios Visica Films A HumaraMovie Causality Films production
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|01|29|[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]|ref1=<ref name=":0" />|2025|03|21|India}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi Hindi Kannada English
| budget = {{INR|22 [[lakh]]}}<ref name=":5" />
}}

'''''Follower''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=Kannada activists stop screening of Marathi film Follower |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-activists-stop-screening-of-marathi-film-follower/article69359567.ece |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Efn|The film is primarily in Marathi, with some dialogues in Kannada, Hindi, and English.<ref name=":1" />}} drama film written and directed by [[Harshad Nalawade]] in his feature film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Tunir |date=2022-12-25 |title=Harshad Nalawade's debut film 'Follower': Glimpses of Dispute |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Dec/25/harshad-nalawades-debut-film-follower-glimpses-of-dispute-2531723.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features Raghu Prakash, Donna Munshi, and Nalawade in leading roles. The film follows a Marathi-speaking youth in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] who becomes increasingly radicalised while working for a Marathi political leader amid the border [[Belagavi border dispute|dispute between Karnataka and Maharashtra]]. His political beliefs eventually create tensions with his close friends.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Film about Kannada-Marathi border row and friendship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/film-about-kannada-marathi-border-row-and-friendship-2756235 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The film was premiered on 29 January 2023 in [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-01-28 |title=Rotterdam Selection ‘Follower’ Tackles Radicalization of Indian Youth |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/festivals/rotterdam-follower-radicalization-indian-youth-1235504199/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and many other domestic and international film festivals and was theatrically released on 21 March 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=बेळगाव सीमा वादावर प्रकाश; ‘फॉलोअर’ चित्रपट २१ मार्चला प्रदर्शित होणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/marathi-movie-follower-to-be-released-on-21st-march-based-on-belgaon-border-dispute-mumbai-print-news-css-98-4901569/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The film was produced on a modest budget of ₹22 lakh but could not recover its investment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Indie Cinema in India Lost Theatres First. Then, Streaming Too |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/indie-cinema-in-india-has-lost-the-support-of-both-streaming-and-theatres |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Raghu, a young Marathi-speaking man living in Belagavi, a city at the center of the long-running border dispute between Karnataka and Maharashtra. Raghu works in the IT cell of a Marathi political leader, spreading online propaganda about the alleged mistreatment of Marathi speakers.

As political tensions and language-based identity issues grow, Raghu becomes increasingly radicalised. His strong ideological beliefs begin to strain his friendship with two close friends, creating emotional and ideological conflicts. The film explores themes of identity, friendship, political polarisation, and the feeling of alienation within one's own homeland.

== Cast ==

*Raghu Prakash as Raghavendra "Raghu" Pawar
*Donna Munshi as Parveen Mujawar
*[[Harshad Nalawade]] as Sachin Sanikop

== Release ==
===Film festivals===
''Follower'' was officially selected for several domestic and international film festivals in 2023. The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], the [[Off Camera International Festival of Independent Cinema|International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Camera in Krakow]], the [[New York Indian Film Festival]], and the Noordelijk Film Festival in the [[Netherlands]]. It was also selected for major Indian festivals including the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023|JIO MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]], the [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]], and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref name=":4" />

===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 21 March 2025.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshad Nalawades Follower to Release on March 21, 2025, Explores Belagavi Border Dispute |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/harshad-nalawades-follower-to-release-on-march-21-2025-explores-belagavi-border-dispute/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Follower is a finely textured, gentle essay, even non-judgmental in a way that such 'argumentative' films rarely are, but the statement that it makes about the perils of radicalisation is unwaveringly firm and pointed."<ref>{{Cite news |title=''Follower'' Review: Insightful Film Maps A Socio-Political Landscape That Breeds Unthinking Intolerance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/follower-review-insightful-film-maps-a-socio-political-landscape-that-breeds-unthinking-intolerance-4-stars-3745771 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250725114925/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/follower-review-insightful-film-maps-a-socio-political-landscape-that-breeds-unthinking-intolerance-4-stars-3745771 |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Sneha Bengani of [[CNBC TV18]] praised ''Follower'' for its sharp social commentary and realistic portrayal of everyday harassment and social hypocrisy, highlighting its multilingual setting and symbolic storytelling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Follower movie review: A thought-provoking origin story of a troll |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/follower-movie-review-belgaum-a-thought-provoking-origin-story-of-a-troll-19577527.htm |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, describing it as a portrayal of contemporary social realities, particularly how youth can be influenced by baseless allegations from those in power. He noted that Harshad Nalawade connects multiple subplots to build a cause-and-effect narrative that culminates in the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Follower Movie Review: Realistic, relatable and hard-hitting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/follower/movie-review/119302126.cms |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Debanjan Dhar of [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, praising Harshad Nalawade's balanced storytelling and Raghu Prakash's nuanced performance, describing Follower as a focused and confident debut that examines the protagonist's ideological transformation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Follower Review: The making of a troll |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/follower-review-the-making-of-a-troll |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Alaka Sahani of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, noting that it portrays how unemployed youth in small towns can be drawn into hate-driven narratives on social media. She praised Harshad Nalawade's mature storytelling, the film's multilingual setting in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], and the performances of Raghu Prakash and Donna Munshi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Follower review: A deep dive into the life of a troll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/follower-review-a-deep-dive-into-the-life-of-a-troll-9898429/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In March 2025, Members of the [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]] halted a screening of Follower at an INOX Cinema in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], alleging that the film could disturb peace due to its depiction of the Kannada–Marathi linguistic dispute. Some activists also demanded a ban on the film, claiming it misrepresented facts and could provoke tensions between Kannada and Marathi-speaking communities. Director Harshad Nalawade and the film's associates responded by urging critics to watch the film before forming an opinion, stating that it is a work of fiction centered on the lives of three friends.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada activists stall screening of Marathi film 'Follower' in Belagavi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-activists-stall-screening-of-marathi-film-follower-in-belagavi-3457442 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=21364060}}
* [https://www.followerthefilm.com/ Official site]

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films about language]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films about social media]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2025 controversies]]

Jenabai Daruwali

2026-04-28T00:03:26Z

Nxtleveledit: New

{{Short description|Indian gangster}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jenabai Daruwali
| birth_name = Zainab Daruwesh Gandhi
| birth_place = [[Dongri]], India
| other_names = Jenabai Chavalwaali; "Maasi"
| occupation = Bootlegger, underworld mediator
| known_for = Mumbai's first female "mafia queen"
}}

'''Jenabai''' (born Zainab Daruwesh Gandhi, c. 1920s – died post‑1993) was a Mumbai's first female "mafia queen". She rose from origins in the [[Dongri]] [[Chawl|chawls]] to become a [[Rum-running|bootlegging]] entrepreneur and mediator among crime dons including [[Haji Mastan]], [[Karim Lala]], [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]], and [[Dawood Ibrahim]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gangubai Kathiawadi & 10 Other Mafia Queens Who Once Ruled Mumbai |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/gangubai-kathiawadi-other-mafia-queens-hussain-zaidi/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=ScoopWhoop}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in the 1920s in a [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Memon people|Memon]] family in [[Mumbai|Mumbai’s]] Dongri area, Jenabai (then Zainab) was one of six siblings. Her formative years were shaped by poverty and the upheaval of the [[Partition of India]]. A Memon by birth, she took to smuggling ration and later liquor after her husband migrated to [[Pakistan]], leaving her alone in [[Mumbai]] with their five children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feature: The 'Ma Bakers' of Mumbai |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1085728 |work=Dawn |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> This trade evolved into smuggling ration during India's post-independence shortages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Underworld Mafia Queen Jenabai Daruwali: Who Managed Dawood, Haji Mastan & Varadarajan |url=https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/underworld-mafia-queen-jenabai-daruwali-who-managed-don-lilke-dawood/1991254/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=Jansatta}}</ref>

== Bootlegging rise ==
Transitioning from grain smuggling to illicit liquor production, she earned the nickname “Daruwali” (liquor‑lady). By the 1960s and 1970s, she was a dominant bootlegger in areas like [[Nagpada]] and Mohammed Ali Road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaidi |first=Hussain |author2=Jane Borges |title=Mafia Queens of Mumbai |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2011 |isbn=9788172235147}}</ref>

== Mediator and underworld influence ==
Jenabai is credited with brokering a peace treaty among rival factions under the [[patronage]] of [[Haji Mastan]]. Her relationships with figures like [[Dawood Ibrahim]] and [[Karim Lala]] made her a powerful intermediary. She was affectionately referred to as "Maasi" or "Apa" (aunt) by underworld members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crazy Things You Didn't Know About Bombay's Feared Mafia Queens |url=https://edtimes.in/crazy-things-you-didnt-know-about-gangubai-sapna-didi-and-jenabai-bombays-feared-mafia-queens/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=ED Times |date=27 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Later life and legacy ==
By the 1980s, her influence declined as drug gangs and violence restructured Mumbai's criminal landscape. Following the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], she reportedly fell ill and died a few years later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai's Most Notorious Lady Don Jenabai Daruwali |url=https://shreshthmaharashtra.com/knowledge_bank/shreshth-maharashtra-mumbai-underworld-lady-don-jenabai-daruwali/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Shreshth Maharashtra}}</ref>

Her legacy lives on in Indian popular culture and journalism. [[S. Hussain Zaidi]] profiles her in ''[[Mafia Queens of Mumbai]]'', and Indian news outlets have acknowledged her as a significant, gender-defying figure in the underworld.<ref name="Zaidi">{{cite book |last=Zaidi |first=S. Hussain |author2=Jane Borges |title=Mafia Queens of Mumbai |publisher=Tranquebar Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80283-77-7}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
A fictionalized version of Jenabai inspired the 2016 Zee TV series ''Amma'', starring [[Shabana Azmi]] as a female underworld figure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amma (TV series) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma_(TV_series) |website=Wikipedia}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Hussain Zaidi & Jane Borges, ''Mafia Queens of Mumbai''. HarperCollins India, 2011.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daruwali, Jenabai}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:1990s deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female gangsters]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

Telangana Board of Secondary Education

2026-04-27T04:05:31Z

Nxtleveledit: started basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Education department in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Directorate of Government Examinations, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Popularly known as SSC Board (Secondary School Certificate)
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2016|05|10}}
| type = Board of Secondary Education, Telangana
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| location = Chapel Road, [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bse.telangana.gov.in/Index.aspx}}
}}

Directorate of Government Examinations is an independent department functioning under ministry of Secondary Education, Government of Telangana. The Department is responsible for conducting the SSC/OSSC Public Examinations and a number of minor examinations as given below.

The Board of Secondary Education, Telangana (BSET), Popularly known as S.S.C Board (Secondary School Certificate) It also known as Telangana Board of Secondary Education, is a Board of education in Telangana, India. It was established on 10 May 2016. It is located at Nampally, Hyderabad.

== Major Examinations ==
DGE's office conducts SSC/OSSC examinations twice in a year. This is the major examination

The board regulates and supervises the system of functioning for the development of education of Secondary Examination for public and private schools under the state [[Government of Telangana]]. The board controls and maintains all the necessary secondary education in the state of [[Telangana]]. Under this board, various courses are offered to students for different occupations and to prepare the students for university.

=== Affiliations ===
The board affiliates all state schools, private schools and colleges in the state of [[Telangana]]. It also established and manages the [[Secondary Board High School]].

=== Examinations ===
The board conducts final examinations every spring for the Higher Secondary Examination, High School Certificate Examinations and examinations of other courses prescribed by the board for Class 10.<ref>{{cite news |title=TS inter 2020 second year results to be released on June 15 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/ts-inter-2020-second-year-results-to-be-released-on-june-15-625444 |agency=The Hans India}}</ref>

=== See also ===
*[[Telangana Board of Intermediate Education]]
*[[List of schools in Hyderabad, Telangana]]

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== External links ===
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{School education in India}}

[[Category: Education in Telangana]]
[[Category: State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category: State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2016]]

Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram

2026-04-22T22:13:22Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Venugopalaswamy Temple
| image = Venugopalsamy temple gopuram,karvetinagaram,AP - panoramio.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.35|79.41|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| location = [[Karvetinagar|Karvetinagaram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Venugopalaswamy ([[Krishna]])
* [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]]
}}
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Skanda Pushkarini
| tower =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| creator =
| website =
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Sri Venugopalaswamy Temple''' is a Hindu-Vaishnavite temple situated at [[Karvetinagar]]am in, [[Chittoor District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, [[India]].<ref name=karvet1>{{cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |title = Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions | year = 2008 |isbn=9780595614523 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&q=karvetinagaram+temple&pg=PT284}}</ref> The Temple is dedicated to [[Krishna]], considered by believers to be the eighth incarnation of [[Vishnu]]'s [[Dasavatharam]], who is referred to as Venugopala.<ref name=karvet2>{{cite book |last=Nair |first=Shantha|title = Sri Venkateshwara | year = 2014 |isbn=9788184954456| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&q=karvetinagaram+temple&pg=PT21}}</ref> It is situated at a distance of 58 km from [[Tirupati]]<ref name=karvet1 /> and 12 km from [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]].<ref name=karvet2 />

==History==
The temple was built by King Venkataperumal of Venkataraja dynasty.<ref name=karvet1 />

==Administration==
The temple is being administered by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]],<ref name=ttd>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/temples-decked-up-for-vaikuntha-ekadasi/article8009465.ece| title=Temples decked up for Vaikuntha Ekadasi | work=The Hindu | date=24 March 2016 | access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> an independent trust that manages operations in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==Presiding deities==
The [[Garbhagriha]] hosts Venugopala swamy along with his consorts [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] at the sides of the main deity.<ref name=karvet1 /> The statues were brought from [[Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam|Narayanavanam Temple]]<ref name=karvet1 /> and there are subshrines dedicated to Rama along with Sita, Lakshmana, Anjaneya, Parthasarathy, Renuka parameshwari, and Avanakshamma. The temple pond is referred to as skanda pushkarini.<ref name=karvet2 />

==Poojas and festivals==
Daily rituals are held as per Vaikanasa Agama. Temple celebrates Krishna Janmastami, Utlotsavam, Brahmotsavams, [[Vaikuntha Ekadasi]], [[Ugadi]], [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]]<ref name=ttd /><ref name=karvet2 />

==Songs and hymns==
[[Sarangapani]], an early 18th century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet, had written many songs in praise of Venugopala swamy of this Temple, in Padam tradition. About 200 of his songs are in survive today in print form.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kṣētrayya |title = When God is a Customer: Telugu Courtesan Songs by Ksetrayya and Others | year = 1994 |isbn = 9780520080690 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Uhix8nKXGnQC&q=karvetinagaram&pg=PA5}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
*[[Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam]]
*[[Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chittoor district]]

The Doon School Old Boys' Society

2026-04-19T22:49:26Z

Nxtleveledit: started first data w/ refs

{{short description|Alumni society of The Doon School, India}}
{{about|the alumni association of The Doon School|the list of former students|List of The Doon School alumni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = [[File:Doon School Old Boys' Society.jpg|300px]]
| image_alt =
| caption =
| established = 1939
| location = [[Defence Colony]], [[New Delhi]], India
| num_members = c. 5,000
| affiliations = Indian Public Schools' Society
| abbreviation = DSOBS
| type = [[Alumni association]]
| status = [[Non-profit organization]]
| purpose =
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Junaid Altaf
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Akash Puri
| website = {{URL|https://dsobs.net/}}
}}

'''The Doon School Old Boys' Society''' (informally '''DSOBS''') is the alumni society of [[The Doon School]], an all-boys [[boarding school]] in [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand, India, founded in 1935.<ref>{{cite news|author=Steven R. Weisman, Special To the New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/12/world/india-s-old-school-tie-harrow-by-the-himalayas.html |title=India'S Old School Tie: Harrow By The Himalayas - The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1985-11-12 |accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/old-boys-clubs-of-doon-school-iits-iims-harvard-and-others-mean-more-than-just-databases/articleshow/9852930.cms |title=Doon School: Old boys' clubs of Doon School, IITs, IIMs, Harvard and others mean more than just databases - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date= 5 September 2011|accessdate=2020-04-15 |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Kamya }}</ref> It is considered to be among the most influential [[Old boy network|old boys' networks]] in India, with its alumni including a former Indian prime minister, politicians, diplomats, officers of the defence forces, writers and artists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114929995090170584|title=The Andover of India? Graduates From Doon Score Top U.S. Jobs|first=Anita|last=Raghavan|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=4 June 2006|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/11/24/where-indias-elite-were-boys-together/0579f3d9-1835-4441-b1b1-a55e3111bdc3/ |title=Where India's Elite Were Boys Together |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1985-11-24 |accessdate=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/how-the-most-influential-alumni-network-in-india-inc-works/articleshow/6872569.cms|title=How the most influential alumni network in India Inc works|date=5 November 2010|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The first president of the society was the Englishman [[Arthur Foot]], who was the first headmaster at Doon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/interview_doon-school-is-popular-for-building-an-aristocracy-of-service_1392063 |title=Doon School is popular for building an 'aristocracy of service' - Academy - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2010-06-05 |accessdate=2012-03-04}}</ref> Alumni of the school are known as [[List of The Doon School alumni|Doscos]] and after graduating gain life-membership to the society.

In the media, it has often been described as "elitist", and in 1985 the ''[[Washington Post]]'' reported: "[It] raises the question of who should run India, and whether it is healthy that a minuscule elite exerts such influence on a democracy whose founders were determined to break from its caste-ridden, imperialist past."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/11/24/where-indias-elite-were-boys-together/0579f3d9-1835-4441-b1b1-a55e3111bdc3/|title=Where India's Elite Were Boys Together|first=Elisabeth|last=Bumiller|date=24 November 1985|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> In another report in ''[[The New York Times]]'', Steven Weisman wrote: "Not surprisingly, Doon School people are sensitive to criticism that they are sharpening the worst tendencies in a country long burdened by caste and social hierarchies." This was followed by a quote from [[Ajit Narain Haksar]], an old boy, who stated: "We are not an elite in the conniving sense...Merit is still the basic criterion."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/12/world/india-s-old-school-tie-harrow-by-the-himalayas.html|title=India's Old School Tie: Harrow by the Himalayas|first1=Steven R.|last1=Weisman|first2=Special To the New York|last2=Times|work=The New York Times |date=12 November 1985|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

==History==
Although the society met ever since the first cohort graduated in 1939, the Memorandum of Association of the Society was formulated in 1945 and it was registered under the Societies Registration Act in 1946, with Arthur E. Foot, the then headmaster of Doon, as the founder president. The second headmaster [[J.A.K. Martyn]] succeeded Foot in the post. After Martyn's retirement, Surender Kandhari became the first 'old boy' president of the society. The society is officially recognised through [[memorandum of association]] under [[Indian Societies Registration Act]]. The motto of the society is ''An Aristocracy of Service'', borrowed from Arthur Foot's statement at the formal opening of the school on 27 October 1935: "Truly, we mean that the boys should leave the Doon School as members of an aristocracy, but it must be an aristocracy of service inspired by the ideals of unselfishness, not one of privilege, wealth or position."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/11/24/where-indias-elite-were-boys-together/0579f3d9-1835-4441-b1b1-a55e3111bdc3/ |title=Where India's Elite Were Boys Together |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1985-11-24 |accessdate=2020-05-05}}</ref>

===Dosco Register===
John Martyn conceptualised the first 'Dosco Register' in the 1970s, inviting responses to a questionnaire from alumni across the world. It was to include details of every Dosco, Doon School Old Boy, graduated ever since the school opened in 1935. The register was first published in 1979 and is still in print today.<ref>Sanjay Srivastava, ''Constructing Post-Colonial India: national character and the Doon School'' (London: Routledge, 1998), Bibliography: "''The Dosco Record: An annual register of Doon School alumni initially compiled by its second headmaster John Martyn and first published in 1979 by the Doon School Old Boys' Society''"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://store.doonschool.com/products|title=DoonSchool|website=store.doonschool.com|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152301/http://store.doonschool.com/products|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is continually updated and the fourth, and latest, edition was published in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/430289070421058/posts/every-single-dosco-that-is-registered-with-the-dosco-record-has-been-sent-his-ds/445474605569171/ |title=Every single Dosco that is registered... - The Doon School Old Boys' Society |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2020-05-05}}</ref>

===''Rose Bowl''===
Named after the Greek-styled amphitheatre on campus, ''Rose Bowl'' is the magazine for alumni of The Doon School. It is distributed to about 4,000 Doscos around the world. Articles cover news about the alumni (births, deaths, obituaries), subjects such as current affairs, history, literature as well as the school itself. Contributors have included many Doon School alumni, such as the writer [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Karan Thapar]] and [[Kobad Ghandy]].

In the February 2014 issue, alumni wrote a letter in the ''Rose Bowl'' campaigning for the release of Kobad Ghandy, who had been imprisoned in [[Tihar Jail]] for four years without a conviction, and charged for being a member of the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Aarefa Johari |url=https://scroll.in/article/656404/doon-school-magazine-speaks-up-for-alumnus-kobad-ghandy-alleged-maoist-lodged-in-tihar-jail |title=Doon School magazine speaks up for alumnus Kobad Ghandy, alleged Maoist lodged in Tihar jail |publisher=Scroll.in |date=2014-02-15 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref> The campaign was reported in the Indian media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dosco-boys-push-for-Kobad-Ghandys-release/articleshow/30646104.cms|title=Kobad Ghandy Release Appeal: Dosco boys push for Kobad Ghandy's release | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Agencies |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/doon-school-classmates-speak-up-for-jailed-kobad-ghandy-190191 |title=Doon School classmates speak up for jailed Kobad Ghandy |publisher=Millenniumpost.in |date= 2 December 2013|accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Today the society plays an important role in keeping ex-Doscos in touch with one another. There are currently some 5,000 members worldwide. It regularly organizes sports and social events for the alumni body around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bonding-over-cricket-yesterday-once-more-at-the-doon-school/story-gsvtTUCwXHQmw0RkcgudmL.html |title=Bonding over cricket: Yesterday once more at The Doon School - dehradun |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2017-12-16 |accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> Places outside India which host regular Dosco meet-ups include: London, Toronto, New York, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney; in India, they are: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Jaipur and Dehradun.

===Fundraising===
The society also raises funds for educational, philanthropic and charitable causes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/at-school-forever/articleshow/322477.cms |title=At school, forever - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2006-11-05 |accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> The funds have helped relief efforts for [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/The-Old-Boy-Networks/08-11-2014-55253/ |title=The Old Boy Networks - BW Businessworld |publisher=Businessworld.in |date=2014-11-08 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref> the [[2013 North India floods]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/good-news-doon-boys-give-up-break-for-uttarakhand-flood-victims-aid-212811-2013-10-01|title=Doon boys give up break for Uttarakhand flood victims' aid|author=Raju Gusain |date=October 1, 2013 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAE0KFNPgIg |title=The School Networks: What Is Done What Is To Be Done | Newsx |publisher=YouTube |date=2016-07-25 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2014, billionaire meat exporter Moin Qureshi, then serving as the president of the society, was charged for tax evasion by the [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-is-moin-qureshi-know-why-agencies-are-after-an-alumni-of-doon-and-stephens/articleshow/60235534.cms?from=mdr |title=Moin Qureshi: Who is Moin Qureshi? Know why agencies are after an alumni[sic] of Doon and St. Stephen's - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2017-08-26 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref> He consequently resigned from his position as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/meat-exporter-qureshi-quits-doon-school-alumni-body/ |title=Meat exporter Qureshi quits Doon School alumni body |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2014-05-02 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref> The DSOBS came under the scanner, along with the alumni society of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] (Qureshi's college), when a senior [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] official told the newspaper ''[[Sunday Guardian]]'': "Qureshi’s political and bureaucratic network is still working for him and most of his friends from his school days, mainly lawyers, are even trying to halt the investigation."<ref>{{cite web|author=Kundan Jha |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/11179-doon-stephen-s-old-boys-networks-try-save-moin-qureshi |title=Doon, StephenБ─≥s old boysБ─≥ networks try to save Moin Qureshi |publisher=The Sunday Guardian Live |date= 7 October 2017|accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref>

In 2017, the society's [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010|Foreign Contribution Regulation Act]]'s licence, which allows an organisation to receive funds from outside the country, was cancelled by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]], due to the failure of filing annual returns for five consecutive years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/education/centre-cancels-fcra-licences-jnu-du-iit-delhi-alleged-non-compliance|title=Centre Cancels FCRA Licences of JNU, DU, IIT Delhi for Alleged Non Compliance|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-delhi-university-among-organisations-that-cant-get-foreign-funds-1750033 |title=JNU, Delhi University Among Organisations That Can't Get Foreign Funds |publisher=Ndtv.com |date= |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref>

In 2018, the society threatened legal action against ''[[The Times of India]]'', after the newspaper reported a rape and murder case in a Dehradun school using the words "Doon school" in its headline, implying a school located in the [[Doon Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/19/doon-school-old-boys-society-threatens-to-take-legal-action-against-toi|title=Doon School Old Boys Society threatens to take legal action against TOI|first=Gaurav|last=Sarkar|website=Newslaundry|date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> The newspaper corrected the headline to mention "Dehradun school", and included a disclaimer stating that the school mentioned in the story had no connection with The Doon School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dehradun-school-covers-up-gang-rape-of-minor-by-seniors-asks-her-to-abort/articleshow/65862425.cms |title=Dehradun school covers up gang rape of minor by seniors, asks her to abort | Dehradun News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2018-09-19 |accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Doon School]]
*[[List of The Doon School alumni]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://dsobs.net/ Official website]
*[http://dsobs.net/RB-Jan-2013/RB-Jan-2013-1.php ''Rose Bowl'' - The Doon School Old Boys' Society newsletter]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=212417538087982680439.0004e36c92f30641dde6d&msa=0&ll=22.105999,-4.746094&spn=95.568625,253.125&source=gplus-ogsb&dg=feature Google Maps - Dosco Chapters]

{{The Doon School |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doon School Old Boys Society}}
[[Category:The Doon School]]
[[Category:Student societies in India]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1939]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Students' unions in India]]
[[Category:Alumni associations of academic institutions]]

Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu

2026-04-17T05:24:58Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{short description|2002 telugu film by A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
{{confuse|Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu
| image = Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kakkakuyil]]''|[[Priyadarshan]]}}
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Mohan Babu
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
*[[Gracy Singh]]
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
*[[Radhika Chaudhari]]
}}
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = Gautham Raju
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|05|22|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu''''' ({{translation|Earning by foul methods}}){{efn|Literally "eating dal (eating well) through bad deeds", playing off of the famous Telugu idiom ''Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu'' (possibly a specific reference to the [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu|1959 film of the same name]]), which translates to "eating well through debt".}} is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] and produced by [[Mohan Babu]] under [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]. The film stars Mohan Babu, [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Gracy Singh]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] and [[Radhika Chaudhari]]. It is a remake of [[Priyadarshan]]{{'s}} 2001 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'', which is in turn based on ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]''.

The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. ''Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu'' released on 22 May 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2002 |title=Movie review - Tappuchesi Pappukoodu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tappuchesi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131063645/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tappuchesi.html |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sivaji is an unemployed person who is in a dire need of money for his mother's medical treatment. Lying to his family that he is leaving for the United States, Sivaji arrives in [[Mumbai]] instead to find a job. However, he loses his luggage immediately after arriving in the city but finds Ramesh, his old friend who makes a living by cheating people.

With no option left, Sivaji joins Ramesh in the cheating business to make easy money. Together with Pedda Koteswara Rao and Cheecha, the gang carries out a bank robbery. Planning to steal the entire share of the money, Cheecha anonymously informs the police about the robbery. She informs that it was Koteswara Rao who carried out the entire plan. Before being arrested, Koteswara Rao puts all the money in the locker of another bank and nobody has any idea about where the money is hidden.

Meanwhile, a blind old couple, [[Zamindar]] Bhupati (also called Raju) and his wife are rich [[Telugu people|Telugus]] living in Mumbai. Their son and daughter-in-law are deceased and they lost their eyesight due to an accident. Their grandson Bujji is studying in the United States but they have not seen him in several years. The old couple takes the help of a [[paan]] seller to read any letters they receive. One day, they get a telegram. Because the paan seller cannot read English, they ask Ramesh to read out for them. While it is written that Bujji would visit Mumbai after six months, Ramesh senses an opportunity in it and tells them that Bujji would be arriving the following day.

Ramesh introduces Sivaji as Bujji to the old couple in order to take cover from the police. The old couple has the ability to remember the voice and touch of any person they meet. As things turn out, they register Ramesh's body and Sivaji's voice as Bujji. While this is going on, they happen to tell that Bujji has a girlfriend in the US. Much to their astonishment, Radhika Rani arrives at their house and introduces herself as Bujji's girlfriend. She acts as an impediment to the plans of Ramesh and Sivaji. When Radhika Rani realizes that Ramesh and Sivaji are not actually cheating the old couple for money, she reveals to them that Bujji has died in an accident back in the states and she had come to Mumbai to deliver the news of Bujji's death to Raju. As the couple seemed happy and cheerful while seeing Bujji in Ramesh and Sivaji, she decided not to tell the truth and tag along.

Ramesh, however, gets desperate for money. He steals a valuable idol from the old couple's house and decides to sell it. Sivaji confronts Ramesh about the same but he leaves angrily. When a guilty Sivaji confesses the same to Raju, he requests them to continue the drama as his wife would not digest that her grandson has died. Raju's wife arrives calling for Bujji and Ramesh arrives just in time after feeling remorse over his actions. Feeling elated, Raju hugs Ramesh and Sivaji affectionately.

== Cast ==
{{cast list|* [[Mohan Babu]] as Sivaji
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Kappaganthula Ramesh
* [[Gracy Singh]] as Radhika Rani
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Zamindar Bhupati's wife
* [[Radhika Chaudhari]] as Cheecha
* [[M. Balayya]] as Zamindar Bhupati alias Raju
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Pedda Koteswara Rao
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Koteswara Rao's brother
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Ramya Sri]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Sivaji's mother
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Brahmaji]]
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Ananth Babu]]
* Baby Navya
* Master Vamsi}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album consists of five singles composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = ''Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Brundavanamali
| lyrics1 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| length1 = 4:57
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title2 = Intannadantannade Gangaraju
| extra2 = [[Mohan Babu]], Nithya Santoshini
| lyrics2 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Govinda Govinda
| extra3 = [[M.M. Keeravani]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics3 = Chirravuri Vijaykumar
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Vaana Kodtandi
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], K. S. Chitra
| lyrics4 = Guru Charan
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Yaa Alla Hare Krishna
| extra5 = Udit Narayan
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| length5 = 5:03
| total_length = 23:07
}}

== Reception ==
In his review for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', Griddaluru Gopalrao opined that Kodandarami Reddy had succeeded in creating an entertaining film, though the humour felt too slap stick at times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=7 June 2002 |title='తప్పు చేసి పప్పు కూడు' తో నవ్వొచ్చు |language=te |trans-title=Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu is enjoyable |pages=9 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2002/Jun/7-Jun-2002.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118100352/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2002/Jun/7-Jun-2002.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> Reviewing the performances, Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Mohanbabu and Srikanth set themselves well in the roles. Gracy singh makes her presence interesting towards the end of the film. Balayya and Sujata live in their roles." On the technical front, he stated that Keeravani's music and Jayaram's cinematography "accentuate the dramatic impact of the film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=2002-05-27 |title=Fun-filled fare |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fun-filled-fare/article28371880.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131040706/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/fun-filled-fare/article28371880.ece |archive-date=31 January 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'', who rated the film 3/5, wrote: "The film sags due to its weak script and buffoonery passing off as a comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2003 |title=Tappuchesi Pappukoodu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tappuchesi-pappukoodu-review-telugu-pclur2eajhchb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131132135/https://www.sify.com/movies/tappuchesi-pappukoodu-review-telugu-pclur2eajhchb.html |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "This may perhaps add to the string of flops Mohan Babu and Srikanth have been adding to their credit.Lack of substance in the story , unimaginative screen-play take its toll on the movie.Kodanda Rami Reddy's direction after a long gap doesn't seem to be in tune with the times.A story that should have been driven by humor is totally devoid of it, and sometimes even defy logic".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/thappuchesi.HTM|title=THAPPU CHESI PAPPU KOODU|website=Andhra Today|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020604064729/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/thappuchesi.HTM|archive-date=4 June 2002}}</ref> ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote "In an effort to make an out and out comedy all the characters starting from heroes to villains were reduced to mere comic figures and story got last in the endless series of trivial scenes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/thappuchesipappukoodu.html|title=Thappu Chesi Pappu Koodu|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601184244/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/thappuchesipappukoodu.html|archive-date=1 June 2002|access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0925131}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

Krishna Burugula

2026-04-15T08:19:08Z

Nxtleveledit: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actor and writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Burugula
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishna Teja Reddy Burugula
| birth_date = November 1996
| birth_place = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| occupation = Actor, writer
| years_active = 2008—present
| known_for = ''[[Jigris]]''
}}

'''Krishna Teja Reddy Burugula''', professionally known as '''Krishna Burugula''', is an Indian actor and writer who works in Telugu-language films and web series. He made his lead acting debut with the film ''[[Crrush]]'' and is known for his performance in ''[[Jigris]]'', which is considered his breakthrough role<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-15 |title=Ravi Babu’s Crrush is the first Telugu film to resume shoot post lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-babus-crrush-is-the-first-telugu-film-to-resume-shoot-post-lockdown/articleshow/76385945.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and won Best Comedian award at Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025.

== Career ==

Krishna Burugula started his career with minor and supporting roles. He appeared as a child artist in ''[[Ashta Chamma]]'' and later worked as a background artist in ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''.

He made his debut as a lead actor with the Telugu film ''[[Crrush]]'' directed by Ravi Babu. He subsequently appeared in the films ''Maa Nanna Naxalite''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-08 |title=‘Maa Nanna Naxalite’ social media review: Check out what social media has to say about this P. Sunil Kumar Reddy’s action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maa-nanna-naxalite-social-media-review-check-out-what-social-media-has-to-say-about-this-p-sunil-kumar-reddys-action-drama/articleshow/92744370.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and played a lead role in the ZEE5 web series [[ATM (TV series)|''ATM'']] produced by Dil Raju Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2022-07-09 |title=Young Actor Krishna Burugula Getting Promising Roles |url=https://industryhit.com/t/young-actor-krishna-burugula-getting-promising-roles/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Krishna Burugula draws praise for his performance in Maa Nanna Naxalite, to be seen next in ZEE5's ATM |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/actor-krishna-burugula-draws-praise-for-his-performance-in-maa-nanna-naxalite-to-be-seen-next-in-zee5s-atm/b91b88e438733 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he featured in the film [[Krishnamma (film)|''Krishnamma'']], presented by director Koratala Siva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-09 |title=Actor Krishna Burugula gets busy with different roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-krishna-burugula-gets-busy-with-different-role/articleshow/92768397.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His performance in the film ''[[Jigris]]'' marked a turning point in his career, gaining him wider visibility in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-16 |title=Krishna Burugula shines bright: ‘Jigris’ becomes his long-awaited reakthrough moment |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/krishna-burugula-shines-bright-jigris-becomes-his-long-awaited-reakthrough-moment-1023872 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=Krishna Burugula: టాలీవుడ్ లో హీరోగా దూసుకుపోతున్న కృష్ణ బూరుగుల.. జిగ్రీస్ మూవీతో సత్తా చాటిన హీరో.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/krishna-burugula-now-emergings-as-hero-in-tollywood-now-he-become-success-of-jigris-movies-ta-266567 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Ashta Chamma]]''
|Young Anand
|Child artist
|-
|2018
|''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''
|
|Uncredited
|-
|2021
|''[[Crrush]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-10 |title=Ravi Babu releases the teaser of his upcoming film Crrush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-babu-releases-the-teaser-of-his-upcoming-film-crrush/articleshow/78034770.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Vamsi
|
|-
|2022
|''Maa Nanna Naxalite''
|
|
|-
|2023
|[[ATM (TV series)|''ATM'']]
|Karthik
| [[Zee5]] Web series
|-
|2024
|[[Krishnamma (film)|''Krishnamma'']]
|Shiva
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Jigris]]''
|Karthik
|
|}
== Awards ==

"In 2026, Krishna Burugula received critical acclaim for his performance in the film Jigris(2025). His portrayal earned him the Best Comedian award at the Telangana Gaddar Film Awards (TGFA), where he was presented the honor by veteran actor Akkineni Nagarjuna and producer Dil Raju.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-03-27 |title=Krishna Burugula turns bold promise into reality |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/krishna-burugula-turns-bold-promise-into-reality-1060203 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Award'''
|'''Category'''
|'''Film'''
|'''Result'''
|-
|2025
|Telangana Gaddar Film Awards
|Best Comedian
|''Jigris''
|Won
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|12290507}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burugula, Krishna}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]

Aruna Devi

2026-04-14T10:58:53Z

Nxtleveledit: added new bio v1

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Aruna_Devi.jpg
| caption = Aruna Devi with [[Giriraj Singh]] (Right) on her nomination in 2020 election
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1976|01|01}}
| birth_place = Kochgaon,[[Warisaliganj]], [[Nawada]], [[Bihar]], India
| spouse = {{URL|https://arisepedia.org/wiki/Akhilesh_Singh_Sardar|Akhilesh Sardar}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2015-present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2005-15) [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (before 2005)
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2025
| predecessor2 = [[Pradeep Mahto]]
| successor2 = [[Anita Mahto]]
| constituency2 = [[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2005
| predecessor1 = Ramashray Prasad Singh
| successor1 = [[Pradeep Mahto]]
| constituency1 = [[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]]
}}

'''Aruna Devi''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]] who is former Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]] of [[Nawada district]]. She was elected as the Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for the first time in [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]]. She emerged victorious for the second time in [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|February 2005]] as [[Lok Janshakti Party]] candidate. She later joined [[Indian National Congress]] and contested as Congress candidate in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October 2005]] & [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] but lost to [[Pradeep Mahto]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARUNA DEVI (Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Warsaliganj (Nawada ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=300|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aruna Devi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Warsaliganj(NAWADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=2089|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref> She later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2015 and emerged victorious in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] as well as [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-21 |title=Warisaliganj Election Result Live: वारिसलीगंज से भाजपा की अरुणा देवी ने कांग्रेस के सतीश कुमार को 9,030 वोट से हराया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/nawada-bjp-candidate-aruna-devi-wins-warisaliganj-seat-defeats-congress-satish-kumar-in-bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-3303884.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Her spouse is [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Akhilesh_singh_sardar# Akhilesh singh sardar].

== See also ==
* [[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]]
* [[Vivek Thakur]]
* [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Aruna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Biswan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:23Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding a data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Biswan
| constituency_no = 149
| map_image = 149-Biswan.svg
| mla = [[Nirmal Verma (politician)|Nirmal Verma]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 1956
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 286,793 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Biswan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 149.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 15 Jun 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/biswan.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards and areas==
Extent of Biswan Assembly constituency is KCs Biswan, Manpur, PCs Ahamdabad, Kankarkui, Kauwakhera, Aruwa, Konsar, Kotra, Gurera, Tedawakalan, Nakaila, Belwa Basahia, Puraini, Bagahadhak, Murthana, Lalpur, Sukhawa Kala, Sanda of Jahangirabad KC & Biswan MB of Biswan Tehsil; PCs Saraiyan, Patara Kalan, Daudpur, Mahotepur, Maholi, Lalawa, Saraurakala & Bhithauli of Peer Nagar KC of Sidhauli Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 02 || rowspan="2" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Ganeshi Lal || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Apr-1957 || rowspan="2" | Mar-1962 || rowspan="2" | 1,800 || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Suresh Prakash Singh
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Gaya Prasad Mehrotra || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kripal Dayal || [[Indian National Congress]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Gaya Prasad Mehrotra || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Kumar Bhargava || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | Padma Seth || rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sunder Pal Singh || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ajit Kumar Mehrotra || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rampal Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Nirmal Verma (politician)|Nirmal Verma]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rampal Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=15 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mahendra Singh || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Nirmal Verma (politician)|Nirmal Verma]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Biswan<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nirmal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:106014}}
|percentage = 44.77
|change = +8.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Afzaal Kausar
|votes = {{formatnum:95536}}
|percentage = 40.35
|change = +8.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hashim Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:24086}}
|percentage = 10.17
|change = -18.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vandana Bharrgava
|votes = {{formatnum:4665}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1581}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10478}}
|percentage = 4.42
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236786}}
|percentage = 70.1
|change = -1.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Biswan<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:81907}}
|percentage = 35.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Afzaal Kausar
|votes = {{formatnum:71672}}
|percentage = 31.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirmal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:65040}}
|percentage = 28.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2080}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10235}}
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228054}}
|percentage = 71.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Biswan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rampal Yadav]]
|votes = 74,441
|percentage = 38.19
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nirmal Verma
|votes = 67,092
|percentage = 34.42
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vijay Shanker Misra
|votes = 21,886
|percentage = 11.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 31,484
|percentage = 16.17
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,349
|percentage = 3.77
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 194,903
|percentage = 67.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Sitapur district]]
*[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Anastacio Almeida

2026-04-11T04:04:22Z

Nxtleveledit: added new data w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1929–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anastacio Almeida
| image = Anastacio Almeida.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Anastacio Tomacinho Barnabe de Almeida
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|7|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], [[Salcete taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|5|25|1929|7|12|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| occupation =
| education = [[B. A.]]
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]
| notable_works =
| awards =
| spouse = [[Shashikala Hodarkar]]
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Anastacio Tomacinho Barnabe de Almeida''' (12 July 1929 – 25 May 1978) was an Indian independence activist and trade unionist from [[Goa]]. He was a prominent figure in the National Congress (Goa) and served as a political prisoner during the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=6–7}}</ref><ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/214 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=214–215 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Anastacio Tomacinho Barnabe de Almeida was born on 12 July 1929 in the village of [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], in the [[Salcete taluka]], to Caetano Almeida. He completed his graduation with a Bachelor of Arts degree and also undertook a course in journalism.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

==Independence activism==
In the 1950s, while Almeida was in [[Bombay]], he participated in student movements organized by the [[Praja Socialist Party]]. While employed at the Bank of Baroda, he became active in trade unionism. He joined the National Congress (Goa) (NCG) in early 1953 and was chosen as the secretary of its Bombay branch in 1954. He also worked alongside Felix and Urselino Almeida to establish the NCG branch in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Following the [[Satyagraha]] of 15 August 1954, Almeida resigned from the bank to return to Goa and dedicate himself to the independence struggle. In Goa, he engaged in clandestine political work, which included organizing secret meetings and distributing nationalist handbills. He worked closely with other activists, including Anthony D'Souza, Mark Fernandes, and Nanda Gaitonde.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

==Imprisonment==
Almeida was arrested by the Portuguese colonial authorities at his home in Velim on 15 September 1954. He was tried by the Territorial Military Tribunal (TMT) and received a sentence of eight years of rigorous imprisonment. While held at [[Aguada fort]], he focused on conducting educational classes for fellow inmates who were illiterate and organizing debates. He also produced hand-written news bulletins in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] languages. He was released from prison in September 1958.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

==Post-liberation and trade unionism==
After the [[Liberation of Goa]] in 1961, Almeida continued his involvement in socio-political causes. In 1962, he organized the first Employees' Congress in [[Margao]]. He formed several labour organizations, including the Hotel Employees' Union, the Printing Press Workers' Union, and the Commercial Employees' Union.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Almeida is also credited by locals for taking the responsibility to build a protective wall around the Lohia Maidan in Margao.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-03 |title=Government urged to maintain prominent Lohia Maidan – 3 June 2015 |work=O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/government-urged-to-maintain-prominent-lohia-maidan/241845/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Accolades==
In recognition of his contributions to the freedom struggle, the Central Government awarded him the [[Tamrapatra]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

A road in Margao was named after him in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naming Of Road After Goan Freedom Fighter Late Anastasio D' Almeida Near 'Asro' Building Opp. BPS Club, Pajifond. |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C6iP-jhs_Vv/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Instagram}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Almeida was married to [[Shashikala Hodarkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes {{!}} History Corner {{!}} Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://cmsadmin.amritkaal.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail?3282 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=cmsadmin.amritkaal.nic.in}}</ref> She was also a freedom fighter like him and he supported her in these efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sudas Shenvy |first=Balaji |date=December 2014 |title=The Role of Women in Goa’s Struggle for Freedom |url=https://www.ijar.org.in/stuff/issues/v1-i4/v1-i4-a003.pdf |journal=International Journal of Academic Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=16-22}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 25 May 1978.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, Anastacio}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]

Lalit Kumar Mangotra

2026-03-28T07:53:09Z

Nxtleveledit: New bio

{{Short description|Indian educator and writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalit Kumar Mangotra
| birth_date = 14 April 1944
| education = [[University of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[University of Jammu]]
| occupation = Writer, Physicist, Professor
| known_for = President of Dogri Sanstha, Dogri literature
| title = Professor
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Lalit Kumar Mangotra''', born on 14 April 1944, is an Indian Dogri-language writer and a former professor of physics.<ref name="padmacit">{{cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2025/202579.pdf |title=Prof. Lalit Kumar Mangotra - Padma Awards Citation |publisher=Government of India |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> He has published works in diverse literary genres, including short stories, plays, poetry, essays, and literary criticism. In 2025, the Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions to literature and education.<ref name="gk">{{cite news |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/jks-farooq-ahmad-lalit-kumar-conferred-padma-shri-awards/ |title=J&K's Farooq Ahmad, Lalit Kumar conferred Padma Shri Awards |work=Greater Kashmir |date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Farooq Ahmad Mir, Prof Lalit Mangotra receive Padma Shri |url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/farooq-ahmad-mir-prof-lalit-mangotra-receive-padma-shri/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The News Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Online |date=2025-01-25 |title=J&K Secures Two Padma Awards in Art and Literature |url=https://onlykashmir.in/26631/jk-secures-two-padma-shri-awards-in-art-and-literature/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=onlykashmir.in/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and academic career ==
Mangotra received a Master of Science degree in physics from the [[University of Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1968. He later completed a Doctor of Philosophy degree in High Energy Physics from the [[University of Jammu]] in 1974.<ref name="padmacit"/> He worked as a professor of physics at the University of Jammu until his retirement in 2004. During his academic career, he authored over 300 scientific publications.<ref name="excelsior">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/17th-prakriti-intl-documentary-film-festival-concludes/ |title=17th Prakriti Intl Documentary Film Festival concludes |work=Daily Excelsior |date=February 25, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Mangotra published his first Dogri short story in 1976.<ref name="statetimes">{{cite news |url=https://statetimes.in/lalit-mangotra-mir-get-padma-shri-awards/ |title=Lalit Mangotra, Mir get Padma Shri Awards |work=State Times |date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> He has authored thirteen books spanning fiction, poetry, essays, and literary criticism. Several of his publications are included in the postgraduate syllabus for Dogri literature.<ref name="risingk">{{cite news |url=https://risingkashmir.com/17th-prakriti-international-documentary-film-festival-concludes-at-ju/ |title=17th Prakriti International Documentary Film Festival Concludes at JU |work=Rising Kashmir |date=February 24, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> Mangotra has served as the chairperson of the Dogri Sanstha, a literary organization in Jammu and Kashmir, for thirty years. In this role, he contributed to the technological integration of the Dogri language. His efforts included localizing eleven computer software tools into Dogri, creating an online Dogri-English dictionary, and adapting a computer concepts course for Dogri speakers.<ref name="padmacit"/>

== Awards and administration ==
Mangotra received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2011 and the Jammu and Kashmir State Award for Outstanding Contribution to Dogri Literature in 2009.<ref name="sahitya">{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2020-07-11 |title=Remembering a stalwart of Dogri |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remembering-a-stalwart-of-dogri/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages awarded him Best Book Awards in 2000 and 2010. He also received a Senior Fellowship in Literature from the Ministry of Tourism and Culture and the Kunwar Viyogi Lifetime Achievement Award in 2024.<ref name="padmacit"/>

He has held administrative positions on several national and regional boards. He served two terms as a member of the [[Press Council of India]]. He was a member of the executive board of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] from 2003 to 2007 and again from 2013 to 2017. He also served as the Chairman of the Governing Board of the Government College for Women Parade Ground in Jammu, a member of the Council for Promotion of Indian Languages under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and the Chairman of the North Zone Selection Committee for the Saraswati Samman.<ref name="mha">{{cite web |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/assets/doc/PadmaAwards2025.pdf |title=Padma Awards 2025 Press Note |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=January 25, 2025 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> He has also been a part of official Indian writers' delegations to China and Japan.<ref name="pib">{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=January 25, 2025 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangotra, Lalit Kumar}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Man-Eaters of Kumaon

2026-03-27T08:17:54Z

Nxtleveledit: New entry

{{Short description|1944 book by Jim Corbett}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Maneaters of Kumaon.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Jim Corbett]]
| language = English
| country = [[India]]
| genre = Non-fiction
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| pub_date = 1944
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Man-Eaters of Kumaon''''' is a 1944 book written by hunter-naturalist [[Jim Corbett]].<ref name="Mehrotra2006">{{cite book|author=Arvind Krishna Mehrotra|title=An illustrated history of Indian literature in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HT5h9OV8EV8C&pg=PA351|year=2006|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-151-7|pages=351–|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116081029/https://books.google.com/books?id=HT5h9OV8EV8C&pg=PA351|url-status=live}}</ref> It details the experiences that Corbett had in the [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] region of [[India]] from the 1900s to the 1930s, while hunting man-eating [[Bengal tiger]]s<ref name="iucn, Bengal tiger">{{cite iucn |author=Chundawat, R.S. |author2=Khan, J.A. |author3=Mallon, D.P.\n |date=2011 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''tigris'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T136899A4348945 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T136899A4348945.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Indian leopard]]s.<ref name="iucn, Indian leopard">{{cite iucn |author=Stein, A.B. |author2=Athreya, V. |author3=Gerngross, P. |author4=Balme, G. |author5=Henschel, P. |author6=Karanth, U. |author7=Miquelle, D. |author8=Rostro-Garcia, S. |author9=Kamler, J.F. |author10=Laguardia, A. |author11=Khorozyan, I. |author12=Ghoddousi, A. |date=2020 |title=''Panthera pardus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T15954A163991139 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> [[Champawat Tiger|One tiger]], for example, was responsible for over 400 human deaths. ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon'' is the best known of Corbett's books, and contains 10 stories of tracking and shooting [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]]s in the Indian Himalayas during the early years of the twentieth century. The text also contains incidental information on flora, fauna and village life. Seven of the stories were first published privately as '''''Jungle Stories'''''.

==Book contents==
* Introduction by Sir [[Maurice Garnier Hallett|Maurice Hallett]]
* Preface by [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]
* Authors Note: Causes of Man-eating in Tigers and Leopards
* [[Champawat Tiger|Champawat Man-eater]]: The story of the first man-eating tiger shot by Corbett in 1907. Reportedly the man-eater claimed 436 human victims in [[Nepal]] and [[India]]
* Robin: Stories of Corbett's hunting companion Robin, his faithful [[spaniel]].
* [[Tigers of Chowgarh|The Chowgarh tigers]]: The first of three man-eaters Corbett was to shoot on government request at a 1929 district conference. It turned out to be a pair of two tigers, a mother and its grown cub, which had together killed 64 people between 1925 and 1930. The cub was shot in April 1929 and the mother on 11 April 1930.
* [[Bachelor of Powalgarh|The Bachelor of Powalgarh]]: The exciting tale of how Corbett shot the much sought after trophy tiger (non man-eater) in 1930.
* The Mohan Man-eater: The second of the three man-eaters Corbett was requested to shoot at the 1929 conference. Shot in May 1931.
* Fish of my Dreams: Corbett reflects on the joys of fishing for [[Mahseer]] (Indian river trout) in submontane rivers.
* The Kanda Man-eater: The third of the three man-eaters requested for dispatch at the 1929 conference. Shot in 1933.
* The Pipal Pani Tiger: Corbett traces 15 years of history of a local tiger (non man-eater), from its tracks in the mud as a cub, up until its death 15 years later
* [[Thak man-eater|The Thak Man-eater]]: The last man-eater Corbett shot in November 1938 (aged 63)
* Just Tigers: Corbett talks about the importance of conservation and his love of photographing tigers in the place of shooting them

==Origins==

After much prompting by friends and family in 1935 Corbett finally put to paper seven accounts of his jungle encounters. These were then made into a small book and 100 copies were privately published under the title ''Jungle Stories'' and distributed amongst friends. The stories were titled, "Wild Life in the Village: An Appeal", "The Pipal Pani Tiger", "The Fish of My Dreams", "A Lost Paradise", "The Terror that Walks by Night", "Purnagiri and Its Mysterious Lights", and "The Chowgarh Tigers".

In 1943, whilst Corbett was recovering from typhus fever, his close friend and manager of India's branch of Oxford Press, R.E. Hawkins, convinced him to write a book for publishing. Using the 1935 ''Jungle Stories'' as a basis, Corbett wrote ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon'' (10 stories) which was first published by Oxford University Press in 1944.<ref>Jim Corbett, ''My Kumaon: Uncollected Writings'' (India: Oxford University Press, 2012), vii, xv.</ref>

==Notable editions==
* 1944 – First publication in India by Oxford University Press – with 8 black and white photographs
* 1946 – Published in UK and USA by Oxford University Press – with 5 black and white photographs
* 1948 – Abridged Educational Edition published for schools under the title 'The Mohan Man-Eater and Other Stories' – illustrated by C.H.G. Moorhouse
* 1952 – Published in UK by Oxford University Press – illustrated by Raymond Sheppard (no photographs)
* 1953 – Published in USA by Pennant Paperbacks
* 1955 – Published in Paperback by Penguin
* 1962 – Published in Paperback by Bantam
* 1990–1995 Limited 1,500 Red Leather Bound set of Corbett's Complete works published by John Culler & Sons

==Legacy==

===Sales and success===
[[File:Abramishvili. Man-Eater of Kumaon. 2005.jpg|thumb|250px|''Man-Eater of Kumaon'', 2005 painting by [[Merab Abramishvili]].]]
By May 1946 over half a million copies of ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon'' were in print. The book had been translated into four Western languages (including Spanish, Czech and Finnish) as well as six Indian languages. By 1980 the book went on to sell over four million copies worldwide.<ref>Martin Booth, ''Carpet Sahib; A Life of Jim Corbett'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 230.</ref>

===Chhindwara court case===

In Chhindwara, India 1949 Jim Corbett's ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon'' was read out in court by defense for a murder charge. A villager by the name of Todal was found dead in the forest on 19 September 1949. The police's theory was that the accused conspired to murder the victim as he was in love with his wife, the defense was that the victim was killed by a man-eating tiger. Thus the defense produced Corbett's book and read passages relating relevant wounds and circumstances of an attack. The accused was later found not guilty.<ref>Jim Corbett, ''My Kumaon: Uncollected Writings'' (India: Oxford University Press, 2012), 137–140.</ref>

===Film adaptations===
In 1946 Universal Pictures brought the rights to the book and made the film ''[[Man-Eater of Kumaon]]'' (1948). The movie bore no relation to the book and centred on an American played by Wendell Corey who wounds a tiger and is later killed by it. Corbett saw the movie and claimed that the best actor was the tiger.<ref>Martin Booth, ''Carpet Sahib; A Life of Jim Corbett'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 230.</ref> In 1986, the BBC produced a docudrama titled ''Man-Eaters of India'' with [[Frederick Treves (actor)|Frederick Treves]] in the role of Jim Corbett. An IMAX movie, ''[[India: Kingdom of the Tiger]]'', based on Corbett's books, was made in 2002. Corbett was played by [[Christopher Heyerdahl]].

==See also==
* [[Bengal tiger#In arts|Bengal tigers in literature]]
* [[Tiger attack]]
* [[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FadedPage|id=20231009|name=Man-Eaters of Kumaon}}
*[https://archive.org/details/maneatersofkumao029903mbp ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon''] at [[Internet Archive]] (scanned books)
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q6746100|title=Man-Eaters of Kumaon}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1944 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Books about tigers]]
[[Category:Environmental non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about hunting]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Man-eating animals in India]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]
[[Category:Bengal tiger]]

Four Friends (2010 film)

2026-03-24T19:46:57Z

Nxtleveledit: minor cleanup

{{Short description|2010 film by Saji Surendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Four Friends
| image = FOURFRIENDS Movie POSTER.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saji Surendran]]
| producer = [[Tomichan Mulakupadam]]
| writer = Krishna Poojapura
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jayaram]]
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Jayasurya]]
* [[Meera Jasmine]]
}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Anil Nair
| editing = Manoj
| studio = [[Mulakuppadam Films]]
| distributor = [[Mulakuppadam Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|10|28|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}5.75 crore<ref name=budget/>
| gross =
}}

'''''4 Friends''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Saji Surendran]]. It stars [[Jayaram]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Jayasurya]], and [[Meera Jasmine]] in the lead roles with [[Kamal Haasan]] appearing in a cameo as himself.

The film was released on 28 October 2010 to negative reviews. It was dubbed into Tamil as ''Anbulla Kamal''.

==Synopsis==
Roy, Surya, Amir, and Gauri come from entirely different backgrounds. One thing they have in common is cancer. Roy is a multi-millionaire; Amir is a small-time [[goonda]] and a die-hard fan of [[Kamal Haasan]]; Soorya is an [[MBA]] student; and Gouri is an [[MBBS]] student. Each of them is dying from the disease (blood, liver, bone, and lung cancer, respectively), and they all come for treatment at a plush hospital, Pratheeksha, run by Dr. Nandakumar. Though they take some time to become friends, they eventually grow close. They decide to go to [[Malaysia]] to meet Surya's girlfriend Vineetha because they want a positive outlook on their lives. This forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jayaram]] as Roy Mathew, a rich businessman and the MD of RM Groups, a multinational company
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Surya, an [[MBA]] student
* [[Jayasurya]] as Amir, a [[Kamal Haasan]] fan who earns a living by selling black tickets in theatres and gang works
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Gauripriya, a brilliant fourth-semester [[MBBS]] student
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Haridas, Surya's father
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as [[Malaysian ringgit|Ringgit]] Sasi
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Kochaousepp, a staff in Pratheeksha
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Dr. Siddharth
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Dr. Nandagopal
* [[Sukumari]] as Amir'a grandmother
* [[Manikuttan]] as Vishnu, Gouri's brother (voiceover by [[Jis Joy]])
* [[Prem Prakash]] as Murali, Gouri's father
* [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] as Vineetha
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Lathika, Surya's mother
* [[Srinda Arhaan|Srinda]] as Ayisha, Amir's sister
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as himself at the airport (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
{{Expand section|date=October 2010}}
The film was shot at locations in [[Kerala]] and [[Malaysia]]. It was produced by [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]] under the company [[Mulakuppadam Films]] on a budget of {{INR}}5.75 crore.<ref name=budget>{{cite news|author1=Chandrakanth Viswanath|title=The Tiger Behind Pulimurugan|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/1047813/The-New-Indian-Express-Kochi/25122016#page/15/1|access-date=16 January 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express|The New Sunday Express]]|date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Four Friends
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = 19 August 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Tomichan Mulakupadam
| prev_title = [[Shikkar]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], with lyrics penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran|Kaithapram]]. It features three original compositions and a remix version of the 1975 hit song "Yeh Dosti" from the film ''[[Sholay]]''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Oru Naal Annorunaal
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Swetha Mohan|Swetha]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kaithapram Damodaran|Kaithapram]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ente Chithira
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Akhila Anand]]
| lyrics2 = Kaithapram
| length2 =
| title3 = Yeh Dosti
| note3 = Hindi Remakeing Song
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| lyrics3 = Arjith singh
| length3 =
| title4 = Parayamo Rappadi
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| lyrics4 = Kaithapram
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 and wrote, "The basic thread of the film is taken from the Hollywood film ''The Bucket List'' starring Jack Nicholson and Morgan Freeman. But the comparison ends there. Four Friends is melodramatic and far from reality".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-four-friends/20101029.htm | title=Four Friends is unreal |work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|date=29 October 2010|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.fourfriendsmovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1820446|Four Friends}}

{{Mulakuppadam Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Four Friends (2010 Film)}}
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saji Surendran]]

Bar Council of Assam

2026-03-24T06:24:59Z

Nxtleveledit: added some details and citations

{{Short description|Statutorily body for lawyers in India}}

[[File:Pranab_Mukherjee_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_National_Seminar-2013_on_Continuing_Legal_Education_&_Children_and_Law;_Juvenile_Justice_System_and_Protection_of_Children_from_Sexual_Offence_Act,_2012.jpg|thumb|alt=A Panel of people talking at a seminar run by this organization in 2013]]

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = Gauhati High Court Building (Old), Guwahati
| chief1_name = Chinmoy Chowdhury<ref name="North East Ref1">{{cite news |title=Bar Council has new Chairman Chinmoy Chowdhury, Vice Chairman Pronab Jyoti Saikia |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/bar-council-has-new-chairman-sailendra-das-vice-chairman-parswajyoti-das-nair-511166 |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=12 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = Pronab Jyoti Saikia
| chief2_position = Vice-Chairman
| website = {{URL|https://www.barcouncilassametc.org}}
}}
'''Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the states of [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Bihar State Bar Council elections to be held on March 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/11/bihar-state-bar-council-elections-to-be-held-on-march-27-1771803.html |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 February 2018}}</ref>
#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="ne bar ref14">{{cite news |last1=Saikia |first1=Ritupallab |title=Bar Council of India election: Advocates vote to elect executive members of Bar Council of 5 NE States |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/bar-council-of-india-election-advocates-vote-to-elect-executive-members-of-bar-council-of-5-ne-states.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=nenow.in |date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Debashish |title=Bihar State Bar Council elected: All 25 members of Bihar State Bar Council elected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/all-25-members-of-bihar-state-bar-council-elected/articleshow/64606272.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref6">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry elects new office-bearers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-elects-new-office-bearers/articleshow/70441005.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref9">{{cite news |title=First elected member of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry bar council named |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-elected-member-of-tn-pondy-bar-council-named/articleshow/65345455.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref10">{{cite news |last1=Subramani |first1=A. |title=Tortuous election process holds up bar council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tortuous-election-process-holds-up-bar-council/articleshow/66928915.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Facilitating the formation of managing committee like chairman, Vice-chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref9">{{cite news |last1=Mathur New |first1=Aneesha |title=Supreme Court comes to the rescue of 2 judge hopefuls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-comes-to-the-rescue-of-2-judge-hopefuls-1849755-2021-09-06 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="Gujarat Bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Gujarat pays Rs 2 crore for Covid treatment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bcg-pays-rs-2-cr-for-covid-treatment/articleshow/82691199.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref4">{{cite news |title=12,000 lawyers hit by Covid-19 to get Rs 4,000 as assistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/12000-lawyers-hit-by-covid-19-to-get-rs-4000-as-assistance/articleshow/75804036.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of TN & Pondy to give Rs 4,000 each to 12,000 needy advocates |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bar-council-of-tn-pondy-to-give-rs-4-000-each-to-12-000-needy-advocates-120050801730_1.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Aneesha |title=Bar Council of Delhi gives over Rs 3.59 crore as financial aid to Covid-affected lawyers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/delhi-bar-council-gives-over-rs-3-59-crore-as-financial-aid-to-covid-affected-lawyers-1804941-2021-05-20 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref10">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Poonam |title=Delhi Bar Council writes to MHA seeking immediate action against police raid at lawyer Mehmood Pracha's office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-bar-council-letter-home-ministry-advocate-mehmood-pracha-raid-office-delhi-police-1753611-2020-12-27 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.<ref name="ne bar ref15">{{cite news |title=Assam-Mizoram border row: Bar Council's appeal people to maintain peace and tranquility |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-mizoram-border-row-bar-councils-appeal-people-to-maintain-peace-and-tranquility-549976 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar council writes to CS about lawyers accessing courts during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-writes-to-cs-about-lawyers-accessing-courts-during-lockdown/articleshow/82493848.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi writes to PM Modi, urges repeal of new farm laws |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bar-council-of-delhi-writes-to-pm-modi-urges-repeal-of-new-farm-laws-120120300045_1.html |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.<ref name="Hima Ref9">{{cite news |title=Himachal HC starts lecture series of "Pursuit of Excellence" |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/himachal-hc-starts-lecture-series-of-pursuit-of-excellence-146578 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council Of Delhi Suspends 10 More Lawyers For Submitting Fake Covid Reports For Financial Help |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/bar-council-of-delhi-suspends-10-more-lawyers-for-submitting-fake-covid-reports-for-financial-help-4813413/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India com News |date=14 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref3">{{cite news |title=HC seeks bar council's response on plea by govt on lawyer benefits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/hc-seeks-bar-councils-response-on-plea-by-govt-on-lawyer-benefits/articleshow/85469037.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref4">{{cite news |title=Govt. appeals against inclusion of NCR lawyers in welfare plan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/govt-appeals-against-inclusion-of-ncr-lawyers-in-welfare-plan/article35988099.ece |access-date=15 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5" />
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref7">{{cite news |title=Delhi Bar Council suspends license of lawyer who performed 'Nikah' at his chamber |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-bar-council-suspends-license-of-lawyer-who-performed-nikah-at-his-chamber20210705163941/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=5 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.<ref name="tamil ref7">{{cite news |title=Suspension of 5,790 Tamil Nadu lawyers kept in abeyance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/suspension-of-5790-tamil-nadu-lawyers-kept-in-abeyance/articleshow/68588757.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref9">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi hikes enrolment fee, new joinees to pay Rs 14,300 |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/bar-council-of-delhi-bcd-enrolment-fee-hike/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref12">{{cite news |title=Delhi: Bar council to hold meeting on reverting to physical mode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-bar-council-to-hold-meeting-on-reverting-to-physical-mode/articleshow/80625873.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.<ref name="tamil ref2" />
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.<ref name="tamil ref5">{{cite news |title=Madras HC stays transfer of complaints against lawyers to Bar Council of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-stays-transfer-of-complaints-against-lawyers-to-bar-council-of-india/articleshow/74420958.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.<ref name="Kerala bar ref3">{{cite news |title=Kerala Bar Council to act against lawyer over FB post against cop Anie Siva |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-bar-council-act-against-lawyer-over-fb-post-against-cop-anie-siva-152524 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref7" /><ref name="tamil ref8">{{cite news |title=Bar Council penalises new lawyers who put up hoardings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/bar-council-penalises-new-lawyers-who-put-up-hoardings/articleshow/67295852.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.<ref name="ne bar ref13">{{cite news |title=AK Goswami is new CJ of Andhra HC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/jan/01/ak-goswami-is-new-cj-of-andhra-hc-2243953.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=1 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kerala bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Kerala organises first-ever online enrolment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/bar-council-of-kerala-organises-first-ever-online-enrolment-2162395.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="ne bar ref12">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Sheikh |title=JK gets new Chief Justice |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/more/jk-gets-new-chief-justice |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Greater Kashmir |date=13 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ne bar ref11">{{cite news |title=Thangkhiew takes oath |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2018/11/20/thangkhiew-takes-oath/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Shillong Times |date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ne bar ref10">{{cite news |title=Thangkhiew takes oath as judge of Meghalaya High Court, second Khasi after Justice Lamare to be appointed as High Court judge |url=https://shillongtoday.com/thangkhiew-takes-oath-as-judge-of-meghalaya-high-court-second-khasi-after-justice-lamare-to-be-appointed-as-high-court-judge/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=shillongtoday |date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ne bar ref9">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends transfer of 5 Chief Justices of High Courts |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-transfer-of-5-chief-justices-of-high-courts/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
#Laying down guidelines to check fake lawyers.<ref name="Magoa bar ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar Council passes resolution to keep fake lawyers out of court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bar-council-passes-resolution-to-keep-fake-lawyers-out-of-court/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 October 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitution ==
The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4" /><ref name="tamil ref6" /> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />

Mr. Chinmoy Chowdhury, Sr. Advocate is the present Chairman of Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.<ref name="North East Ref1" />

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll under The Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2" /> State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==

1. In March 2020, The Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim had set up a financial support scheme for its members with guidelines for those getting affected with COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown imposed providing them monetary support of Rs 5000.<ref name="North East Ref2">{{cite news |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/bar-council-of-north-eastern-states-frame-scheme-for-financial-assistance-of-needy-advocates/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=indialegallive.com |date=1 May 2020|title=Bar Council of North Eastern States Frame Scheme for Financial Assistance of Needy Advocates }}</ref>

2. In August 2020, The Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim members, had planned and agreed in its members meeting a resolution, for resumption of physical court and opening of offices of Bar Associations under [[Gauhati High Court]], Assam, to organise demonstration in every Bar Association in North-Eastern Region.<ref name="North East Ref4">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, & Sikkim stages protest for physical resumption of Courts |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/bar-council-of-assam-nagaland-mizoram-arunachal-pradesh-sikkim-stages-protest-for-physical-resumption-of-courts/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=13 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="North East Ref5">{{cite news |title=Resume 'Physical' Court Functioning: Bar Council |url=https://www.time8.in/resume-physical-court-functioning-bar-council/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |publisher=Time8 News |date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.barcouncilassametc.org/about.php Official website]


[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Manas Mangaraj

2026-03-13T01:36:56Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manas Ranjan Mangaraj
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =

| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha |Odisha]]
| term_start = 2 July 2022
| predecessor = [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| successor =

| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|02|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Berhampur University]]
| profession =
| children = Maneet Mangaraj
| spouse = [[Gayatribala Panda]]
| father = Nrusing Charan Mangaraj
| mother = Sradhanjali Mangaraj
}}

'''Manas Ranjan Mangaraj''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Odisha]] as member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-to-win-all-four-rajya-sabha-seats-unopposed/articleshow/91928028.cms | title=Odisha: BJD to win all four Rajya Sabha seats unopposed | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | date=1 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-bjd-picks-four-young-faces-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/91867684.cms | title=Odisha: BJD picks four young faces for Rajya Sabha | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 May 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=Manas Mangaraj: Manas Mangaraj Seeks Better Infra – Bhubaneswar News | website=The Times of India | date=9 Feb 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/manas-mangaraj-seeks-better-infra/articleshow/97753188.cms | access-date=23 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express 2022">{{cite web | title=Manas Mangaraj seeks better mobile network | website=The New Indian Express | date=21 Dec 2022 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/dec/21/manas-mangaraj-seeks-better-mobile-network-2530292.html | access-date=23 Mar 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mangaraj was born on 19 February 1971 in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family to Nrusing Charan Mangaraj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manas Ranjan Mangaraj(BJD):(ODISHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=990 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Gayatribala Panda, a writer and journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India - Digital Library |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MTkyNDY= |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangaraj, Manas}}
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Uchathula Shiva

2026-03-03T03:06:21Z

Nxtleveledit: started basic details basic info

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Jaypee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uchathula Shiva
| image = Uchathula Shiva poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jaypee
| producer = Devi Karan
| writer =
| starring = [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] [[Neha Ratnakaran]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Harmugg
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| distributor = [[Dream Factory (distributor)|Dream Factory]]
| studio = K Entertainments
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|16|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uchathula Shiva''''' ({{translation|Shiva on top}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] which was directed by Jaypee, starring [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and [[Neha Ratnakaran]] in the leading roles. Featuring music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], the film is produced by Karan's wife, Devi Karan and marks the actor's first home production. The film had a theatrical release on 16 September 2016 to mixed reviews. The film also marked the last featured film for the actor [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], in leading roles and further retirement from the film industry.

== Plot ==
An easy-going taxi driver named Shiva ([[Karan (actor)|Karan]]) gives out advice on hygiene and the need to be "professional" to an idli vendor on street, thus establishing himself as someone with a humanitarian side, in the very first scene. Further, his conversation with a passenger ([[G. Gnanasambandam]]) in a car and the way he talks to his over-concerned mother over phone ([[Kovai Sarala]]'s voice) brings him closer to the audience. However, within no time, things go haywire when the story actually kicks off. Nila ([[Neha Ratnakaran]]) is being chased by a prominent drug dealer named Albert ([[Aadukalam Naren]]) in the town, and Shiva comes to her rescue and offers a lift. He tries to contact people who are close to her to ensure safety. Little does he know that he is inviting trouble, as things start going beyond his control. What follows is an unexpected series of incidents.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Shiva
*[[Neha Ratnakaran]] as Vidya/Nila
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Albert
*[[Ilavarasu]] as V. Ondipuli
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] as Sundarajan
*[[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Passenger
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Accused
*[[Ashwin Raja]] as Accused
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Poovilangu Mohan]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]]
*Yogiram
*[[Kovai Sarala]] (voice) as Shiva's mother
*[[Kanal Kannan]] as Special appearance
}}

== Production ==
The film became Karan's first home production, with the actor revealing that he chose to do a "light-hearted entertainer" rather than a serious film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2016 |title=Karan back with 'Uchathula Shiva' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030916/karan-back-with-uchathula-shiva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507231615/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030916/karan-back-with-uchathula-shiva.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Yashmith was initially considered to feature in the flashback portions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Yashmith plays a key role in Karan's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yashmith-plays-a-key-role-in-Karans-film/articleshow/53929416.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908025839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashmith-plays-a-key-role-in-karans-film/articleshow/53929416.cms |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but he was replaced by Sriram Karthik.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Music ==
The music and background score for the film were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=14 September 2016 |title=Uchathula Shiva (Music review), Tamil – Vidyasagar |url=https://milliblog.com/2016/09/14/uchathula-shiva-music-review-tamil-vidyasagar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913035814/https://milliblog.com/2016/09/14/uchathula-shiva-music-review-tamil-vidyasagar/ |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Director Dharani made his debut as playback singer with this film.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:12
| title1 = Tharu Maru
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], JP
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Pesu Pesu
| extra2 = Balaram, Indulekha Warrier
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Uchathula Shiva Theme
| extra3 = Vidyasagar
| length3 = 2:17
| title4 = Uchathula Shivan Da
| extra4 = V. M. Mahalingam
| length4 = 2:17
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release across Tamil Nadu on 16 September 2016. A critic from [[The Times of India]] wrote "a few scenes appear wacky, as the filmmaker seems to be confused about whether to approach these sequences in a serious or comical manner" and "as a result, the audience, too, are left confused".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uchathula Shiva Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Uchathula-Shiva/articleshow/54388969.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6264506}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Haseena (film)

2026-03-02T09:39:40Z

Nxtleveledit: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Haseena
| image = Haseena_xlg.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Vicky Ranawat
| producer = Jitendra B. Wagadia & Vicky Ranawat
| writer = Rishi Aazad
| starring = Inayat Sharma Arpit Soni Mohit Arora Ankur Verma
| music = Shahid
| cinematography = Gagrin
| editing = Kuckoo ,Vinayak Solanki
| studio =
| distributor = PRF
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|1|5}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Haseena''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[erotic films|erotic]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Vicky Ranawat and jointly produced by Jitendra B. Wagadia and Vicky Ranawat and co-produced by Saral Ranawat.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The principal photography and shooting stated in 2017. In film three friends named Rohit, Rahul and Rajan try to impress a woman.

The film was initially set to release on July 14, 2017, which was reported to clash with the similarly titled ''[[Haseena Parkar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/haseena-vs-haseena-shraddha-kapoors-film-clash-another-movie-same-name-725261|title=Haseena vs Haseena: Shraddha Kapoor's film to clash with another movie with the same name|last=Sen|first=Sushmita|date=May 3, 2017|website=International Business Times|access-date=September 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Arpit Soni as Rohit
* Ankur Verma as Rahul
* Mohit Arora as Rajan
* Inayat Sharma as Haseena

==Production and release==

The film went into production in 2017, and was released on 5 January 2018 domestically and in overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/haseena/movie-review/62415086.cms|title=Haseena Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Haseena by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
There are totally 4 songs in this movie which are as follow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movietet.com/movie-review/m/Haseena|title=Haseena soundtrack - Movietet}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Song name
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|1
|Party Sharty
|Saurabh, viplove, Devraj Naik
|3:16
|-
|2
|London Ghumaede
|Shahid Bawa, Tarannum malik
|3:55
|-
|3
|Roko Na
|Ali Aslam, Shom chanda
|4:12
|-
|4
|Khidki
|Shahid Bawa, Shamila khan
|3:02
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7335176}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy-drama films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

S. N. Balagangadhara

2026-03-02T04:04:48Z

Nxtleveledit: basic rework intro based on references and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Indian philosopher (Born 1952)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = Western & Indian Philosophy
|era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|image =
| caption =
|name = S. N. Balagangadhara
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|01|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]]
|school_tradition = Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap, Comparative Science of Cultures
|main_interests = [[Religious Studies]] [[Cultural Studies]] [[Postcolonial|Post-colonial Studies]] [[Orientalism]] Ethics [[Political Philosophy]] [[History of ideas]] [[South Asian Studies]]
|notable_ideas = Explanatory Intelligible Account, Colonial Consciousness, Indian Renaissance
|influences =
|influenced =
}}

'''S. N. Balagangadhara''' (aka Balu) is a professor emeritus of the [[Ghent University]] in Belgium, and was director of the India Platform and the Research Centre Vergelijkende Cutuurwetenschap (Comparative Science of Cultures).

== Early life and education ==
Balagangadhara was a student of [[National College, Bangalore]] and moved to [[Belgium]] in 1977 to study philosophy at [[Ghent University]], where he obtained his doctorate under the supervision of [[Etienne Vermeersch]].<ref name="hindu2007">{{cite news|last1=Anantharaman|first1=Sudha|title=In search of new idioms|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275799.ece|accessdate=13 September 2014|work=The Hindu|date=December 9, 2007}}</ref> His doctoral thesis (1991) was entitled ''Comparative Science of Cultures and the Universality of Religion: An Essay on Worlds without Views and Views without the World''.

== Career ==
Balagangadhara's research centers on the comparative study of Western culture against the background of Indian culture; the program has been named "Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap / Comparative Science of Cultures".<ref name="hindu2007" /> He analyses western culture and intellectual thought through its representations of other cultures, with a particular focus on the western representations of India and attempts to translate the knowledge embodied by the Indian traditions into western conceptual frameworks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gyaana.eu/ |title=Home Page Gyaana.eu Research Centre Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap |author= |date=2021 |website= |publisher=Research Centre Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap |access-date=27 Oct 2021 |quote=More generally, the current social sciences and humanities present themselves as knowledge about human beings and their societies and cultures. Still, its theorising mistakes the Western cultural experience for a universal human experience and reduces other cultures to (pale and erring) variants of the West. One of the challenges, then, is to understand Western culture by looking at its descriptions of other cultures. One of the next challenges is to understand the Indian culture. How has this culture understood human beings, societies and cultures?}}</ref>

=== Works and reception ===
His first monograph was ''[[The Heathen in his Blindness...]]'' (1994, BRILL).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Almond|first=Philip C.|date=1996-07-01|title='The Heathen in his Blindness'?|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/092137409600800203|journal=Cultural Dynamics|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=137–145|doi=10.1177/092137409600800203|s2cid=144604350 |issn=0921-3740|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trompf|first=Garry|date=1998|title=Review of "The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion. (Studies in the History of Religions 64)|journal=Method & Theory in the Study of Religion|volume=10|issue=2|pages=227–231|doi=10.1163/157006898X00088 |jstor=23555113 |issn=0943-3058|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Gerald|date=1997|title=Review of "The Heathen in His Blindness...": Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399914|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=47|issue=3|pages=433–435|doi=10.2307/1399914|jstor=1399914 |issn=0031-8221|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sutton|first=Deborah Ruth|date=2018-07-03|title='So called caste': S. N. Balagangadhara, the Ghent School and the Politics of grievance|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2018.1498453|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=26|issue=3|pages=336–349|doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1498453|s2cid=150223475 |issn=0958-4935|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996|title=Book Review Essays|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00180|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=98|issue=1|pages=162–163|doi=10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00180|issn=1548-1433|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannan|first=Sushumna|date=2010-12-31|title=Meaningful encounter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Meaningful-encounter/article15613309.ece|access-date=2020-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosemont|first=Henry|date=1996-07-01|title=How do You Learn to be Religious?: A Response to S.N. Balagangadhara|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/092137409600800205|journal=Cultural Dynamics|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=161–169|doi=10.1177/092137409600800205|s2cid=144013198 |issn=0921-3740|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Shah|first=Prakash|date=2014|editor-last=Balagangadhara|editor-first=S. N.|title=Critiquing the Western Account of India Studies within a Comparative Science of Cultures|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24713739|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=67–72|doi=10.1007/s11407-014-9153-y |jstor=24713739 |s2cid=145784795 |issn=1022-4556}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-20|title=Hindutva and historical revisionism|url=https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/hindutva-and-historical-revisionism/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=History Workshop|language=en-US}}</ref>

His second major work, ''Reconceptualizing India Studies'', appeared in 2012 and argues that post-colonial studies and modern India studies are in need of a rejuvenation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Honors ==
He has held the co-chair of the [[Hinduism]] Unit at the [[American Academy of Religion]] (AAR) from 2004 to 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|author=[AAR News]|date=March 2007|title=Religious Studies News|url=https://www.aarweb.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/RSN/Print%20Back%20Issues/2007-03MAR.pdf|volume=22|issue=2|page=5|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> On 1 October 2013, [[University of Pardubice]] ([[Czech Republic]]) awarded him with its honorary doctorate for: (a) the outstanding development of the comparative science of cultures and religions, (b) the development of the collaborations between European and Indian universities, and (c) his contribution to the development of the Studies of religions at the University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vorel|first=Petr|title=LAUDATIO: Prof. Dr. S. N. Bálagangádhara Ráo|url=https://dokumenty.upce.cz/aktualita-priloha/UPa/RPVV/laudatio-rao.pdf|accessdate=9 October 2013|publisher=University of Pardubice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dokumenty Univerzity Pardubice|url=https://dokumenty.upce.cz/Univerzita/tiskove-zpravy/2013/obrad-drhc.html|accessdate=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aktuality|url=http://www.upce.cz/aktuality.html?id=/UPa/aktuality/RPVV/zah-ak-roku.html|accessdate=9 October 2013|publisher=University of Pardubice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of the Ceremony|url=http://www.upce.cz//zazemi/ukc/foto/zah-roku-2013-2014.html|accessdate=9 October 2013|publisher=University of Pardubice}}</ref>

==Projects==

*The development of the [[Centre for the Study of Local Cultures]] (CSLC) at [[Kuvempu University]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=A documentary about the Centre| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7Evbgc8mMM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Z7Evbgc8mMM |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|accessdate=1 February 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*The Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities (ĀSHA).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070819070939/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2007/08/13/stories/2007081350440300.htm The Hindu, Online edition of India's National Newspaper, Monday, Aug 13, 2007]</ref>
*The five-year Rethinking Religion in India conference cluster.

==Selected publications==

===Books===

*''[https://www.routledge.com/Cultures-Differ-Differently-Selected-Essays-of-SN-Balagangadhara/Balagangadhara-Roover-Rao/p/book/9780367639662 Cultures Differ Differently: Selected Essays of S.N. Balagangadhara]''. Edited by Jakob De Roover and Sarika Rao. London and New York: Routledge.
*Balagangadhara, S. N.; Rao, Sarika (2021). ''[https://www.amazon.in/What-does-mean-be-Indian/dp/1685234631 What Does It Mean to be 'Indian'?]'' Chennai: Indic Academy and Notion Press.
*{{Cite book
| publisher = E. J. Brill
| isbn = 978-90-04-09943-2
| last = Balagangadhara
| first = S. N.
| title = "The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion
| location = Leiden, New York
| year = 1994
| page = 563
| title-link = The Heathen in his Blindness
}} | (Second, revised edition, New Delhi, Manohar, 2005, {{ISBN|81-7304-608-5}}) | [https://books.google.com/books?id=ad7EaD7fOL8C&q=9004099433 Preview at Google Books] | [http://worldcat.org/search?q=9789004099432&=Search&qt=owc_search Find in libraries near you]

*{{Cite book
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-808296-5
| last = Balagangadhara
| first = S. N.
| title = Reconceptualizing India Studies
| location = New Delhi
| year = 2012
| title-link = Reconceptualizing India Studies
}} | [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/?view=usa&ci=9780198082965]

*{{Cite book
| publisher = Manohar
| isbn = 978-93-5098-061-3
| last1 = Balagangadhara
| first1 = S. N.
| last2 = Jhingran
| first2 = Divya
| title = Do All Road Lead to Jerusalem?: The Making of Indian Religions
| location = New Delhi
| year = 2014
}} | [http://www.manoharbooks.com/BookDetails.asp?bookid=134842&Page=1&subjec=%20%20Others%20%20%20%20%20(Do%20All%20Road%20Lead%20to%20Jerusalem?:%20The%20Making%20of%20Indian%20Religions)]

===Book chapters===
*Balagangadhara, S. N. & Claerhout, Sarah (2014) "De antieken en het vroege christendom: een heidense visie uit India" in D. Praet & N. Grillaert (Eds.), ''Christendom en Filosofie''. Gent: Academia Press, pp. 51–82
*Balagangadhara, S. N. & De Roover, Jakob (2012) "The Dark Hour of Secularism: Hindu Fundamentalism and Colonial Liberalism in India" in R. Ghosh (Ed.), ''Making Sense of the Secular: Critical Perspectives from Europe to Asia''. New York: Routledge, pp. 111–130
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2010) "Orientalism, Postcolonialism, and the 'Construction' of Religion" in Bloch, Keppens & Hegde (Eds.), ''Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism''. New York: Routledge, pp. 135–163
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2009) "Spirituality in Management Theories: A Perspective from India" in S. Nandram & M. Borden (Eds.) ''Spirituality and Business: Exploring Possibilities for a New Management Paradigm''. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 45–60
*Balagangadhara, S. N.; Bloch, Esther, De Roover, Jakob (2008), "Rethinking Colonialism and Colonial Consciousness: The Case of Modern India." in S. Raval (Ed.), ''Rethinking Forms of Knowledge in India''. Delhi: Pencraft International, pp. 179–212.
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2007), "Foreword." In Ramaswamy, de Nicolas & Banerjee (Eds.), '' [[Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America]] ''. Delhi: Rupa & Co., pp. vii–xi.
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2007), "Balagangadhara on the Biblical Underpinnings of 'Secular' Social Sciences." In Ramaswamy, de Nicolas & Banerjee (Eds.), ''[[Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America]] ''. Delhi: Rupa & Co., pp. 123–31.
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2007), "India and her Traditions: A Reply to Jeffrey Kripal." In Ramaswamy, de Nicolas & Banerjee (Eds.), '' [[Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America]] ''. Delhi: Rupa & Co., pp. 429–447.
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (2006), "Secularisation as the Harbinger of Religious Violence in India: Hybridisation, Hindutva and Post-coloniality." In Schirmer, Saalmann & Kessler (Eds.), ''Hybridising East and West, Tales Beyond Westernisation. Empirical Contributions to the Debates on Hybridity''. Berlin: Lit Verlag, pp. 145–182.
*Balagangadhara, S. N. (1991) "The Reality of the Elusive Man?" In Nispen & Tiemersma (Eds.), ''The Quest of Man: The Topicality of Philosophical Anthropology''. Assen: von Gorcum, pp. 112–116
*Balagangadhara, S. N. & Pinxten, R. (1989), "Comparative Anthropology and Rhetorics in Cultures". In Maier, Robert (Ed.), ''Norms in Argumentation''. Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 195–211.

===Articles===
*{{Cite journal| volume = 61| doi = 10.1163/15685276-12341303| issue = 1| pages = 33–52| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = On the Dark Side of the "Secular": Is the Religious-Secular Distinction a Binary?| journal = Numen| year = 2014| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7124830| hdl = 1854/LU-7124830| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 39| issue = 5| doi = 10.1177/0090591711413545| pages = 571–599| last = De Roover| first = Jakob |author2=Sarah Claerhout |author3=S. N. Balagangadhara| title = Liberal Political Theory and the Cultural Migration of Ideas: The Case of Secularism in India| journal = Political Theory| year = 2011| hdl = 1854/LU-1870111| s2cid = 145178856| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1870111| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 51| issue = 2| doi = 10.1086/660928| pages = 101–128| last = Gelders| first = Raf| author2=S. N. Balagangadhara| title = Rethinking Orientalism: Colonialism and the Study of Indian Traditions| journal = History of Religions| year = 2011| hdl = 1854/LU-946907| s2cid = 161444251| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/946907/file/6828428.pdf| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9760.2009.00336.x| volume = 18| issue = 1| pages = 1–15| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| author2=Jakob De Roover| title = The Saint, the Criminal and the Terrorist: Towards a Hypothesis on Terrorism| journal = The Journal of Political Philosophy| year = 2010}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 30| issue = 1| pages = 111–139| last = De Roover| first = Jakob|author2=S. N. Balagangadhara| title = Liberty, Tyranny and the Will of God: The Principle of Toleration in Early Modern Europe and Colonial India| journal = History of Political Thought
| year = 2009}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/13698010902752731| volume = 11| issue = 1| pages = 50–68| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| author2=Marianne Keppens| title = Reconceptualizing the Postcolonial Project: Beyond the Strictures and Structures of Orientalism| journal = Interventions| year = 2009| s2cid = 142551230}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1177/0090591708317969| volume = 36| issue = 4| pages = 523–549| last = De Roover| first = Jakob| author2=S. N. Balagangadhara| title = John Locke, Christian Liberty, and the Predicament of Liberal Toleration| journal = Political Theory| year = 2008| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/429418| hdl = 1854/LU-429418| s2cid = 145306818| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = XVI| issue = 1| pages = 57–63| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = Comparing India and the West| journal = ASIANetwork Exchange| year = 2008| url = http://asianetwork.org/ane-archived-issues/2008-fall/anex2008-fall-balagangadhara.pdf}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 7| issue = 19| pages = 118–143| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| author2 = Sarah Claerhout| title = Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples from Hinduism Studies| journal = Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies| year = 2008| url = http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf| archive-date = 20 August 2009| access-date = 15 April 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090820023251/http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf| url-status = dead}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9760.2007.00268.x| volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 67–92| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| author2=Jakob De Roover| title = The Secular State and Religious Conflict: Liberal Neutrality and the Indian Case of Pluralism| journal = The Journal of Political Philosophy| year = 2007| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/364874| hdl = 1854/LU-364874| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/jaarel/lfi112| volume = 73| issue = 4| pages = 987–1013| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = How to Speak for the Indian Traditions| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Religion| year = 2005| doi-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1177/092137409801000202| volume = 10| issue = 2| pages = 101–23| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = The Future of the Present: Thinking Through Orientalism| journal = Cultural Dynamics| year = 1998| s2cid = 147360540}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 3| issue = 3| pages = 281–316| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = The Origin of Religion: Why is the Issue Dead?| journal = Cultural Dynamics| year = 1990| doi = 10.1177/092137409000300303| s2cid = 144204300}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 3| issue = 4| pages = 387–405| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = Understanding and Imagination: A Critical Notice of Halbfass and Inden| journal = Cultural Dynamics| year = 1990| doi = 10.1177/092137409000300403| hdl = 1854/LU-735390| s2cid = 144760328| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 1| issue = 1| pages = 98–128| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = Comparative Anthropology and Moral Domains: An Essay on Selfless Morality and the Moral Self| journal = Cultural Dynamics| year = 1988| doi = 10.1177/092137408800100106| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/735393| hdl = 1854/LU-735393| s2cid = 143167470| hdl-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal| issn = 0379-8402| volume = 40| issue = 2| pages = 77–107| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| title = Comparative Anthropology and Action Science: An Essay on Knowing to Act and Acting to Know| journal = Philosophica| year = 1987| doi = 10.21825/philosophica.82484| s2cid = 247442293| url = http://logica.ugent.be/philosophica/fulltexts/40-5.pdf}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cultuurwetenschap.be Website Research Centre Vergelijkende Cultuurwetenschap]
*[https://www.youtube.com/cultuurwetenschap YouTube Channel Rethinking Religion in India]
*[http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_377.shtml Religioscope on Rethinking Religion in India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balagangadhara, S. N.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Ghent University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ghent University]]
[[Category:Belgian Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Belgian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bengaluru]]

Palkuriki Somanatha

2026-02-28T12:11:49Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{Short description|12th century Telugu, Kannada and Sanskrit writer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

'''Palkurike Somanatha''' was a poet in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages and penned several classics in those languages.<ref name="multi"/> He was a Aradhya Brahmin a follower of the 12th century social reformer [[Basavanna]] and his writings were primarily intended to propagate this faith.<ref name="multi">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4133</ref> He was a well acclaimed [[Shaivism|Shaiva poet]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-13/hyderabad/28685273_1_telangana-region-statues-t-region | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105013056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-13/hyderabad/28685273_1_telangana-region-statues-t-region | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=T votaries cry foul over 'neglect' of T contribution to Telugu pride | date=13 March 2011}}</ref> The trio of [[Nanne Choda]], [[Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu|Mallikarjuna Panditaradhya]] and Palkuriki Somanatha are referred as '''{{transliteration|kn|ISO|Śivakavitrayam}}''' (i.e. Trio of Saivite Poets). These trio along with Piduparthi poets and Yathavakkula Annamayya pioneered [[Veerashaivism|Veera Saiva]] movement in Andhra region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYhkAAAAMAAJ|title= Major Genres and Trends in Dravidian Literature|publisher= Dravidian University|year=2003|language=English|editor-last1=R.|editor-first1=Sri Hari|page=49}}</ref>

==Life==
Indication that he was not a Shaiva by birth comes from the fact that he mentions the names of his parents in his very first work, ''[[Basava Purana]]'', as Visnuramideva and Sriyadevi,<ref name=MohanLal>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot Edited by Mohan Lal, Sahitya Akademi, 1992 p. 4133</ref> violating a general practice of Shaiva writers who do not mention their real parents but rather consider the god Shiva as the father and his consort [[Parvati]] as the mother.<ref name="multi"/> However, the scholar Bandaru Tammayya has argued that he was born a ''Jangama'' (devotee of the god Shiva).<ref name="tamma">Bandaru Tammayya in Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4133</ref> The scholar Seshayya places him in the late 13th to early 14th century and proposes that the writer lived during the reign of [[Kakatiya]] king Prataparudra II, whereas the Kannada scholar R. Narasimhacharya dates his writings to the 12th century and claims Somanatha was patronised by Kakatiya king Prataparudra I (1140–1196).<ref name="life">Seshayya in Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4133</ref><ref name="date">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20, p. 68</ref> His place of birth is uncertain because there is a village by the name Palkuriki in the Warangal district of the [[Telangana]] state as well as in the Kannada speaking region ([[Karnataka]]).<ref name="multi"/><ref name="region">Shastri (1955), p. 362</ref> He spent his last days in Karnataka in a village called [[Kalya (Kalyana pura)|Kalya]] located in Magadi Taluk of Ramanagara district in Karnataka, the story goes that Palkuriki Somanatha upon wanting to see the devout nun Sarvashile Chennamma who was residing in Kalya, came to the village and upon the latter's request stayed back in the same village until his death, his ''gaddige'' (tomb) is located in the village and is worshipped by the devout to this day, this information is recorded in the biography of Palkuriki Somanatha published by the [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akamdemi.]]

==Writings==
;Telugu language
Important among his Telugu language writings are the ''[[Basava Purana]]'', ''Panditaradhya charitra'', ''Malamadevipuranamu'' and ''Somanatha Stava''–in ''dwipada'' metre ("couplets"); ''Anubhavasara'', ''Chennamallu Sisamalu'', ''Vrushadhipa Saataka'' and ''Cheturvedasara''–in verses; ''Basavodharana'' in verses and ''ragale'' metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the ''Basavaragada''.<ref name="ragada">Shatiya Akademi (1992), p. 4133</ref>

;Kannada language
His contributions to [[Kannada literature]] are, the ''Basavaragada'', ''Basavadhyaragada'', ''Sadgururagada'', ''Silasampadane'', ''Sahasragananama'', ''Pancharantna''. Several ''[[Vachana]]'' and ''ragale'' poems are also his contributions to Kannada literature. Somanatha's Telugu ''Basavapurana'' was the inspiration for [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] poet Bhimakavi (c. 1369) who wrote a Kannada book by the same name. Somanatha was the protagonist of a 16th-century Kannada ''[[purana]]'' ("epic religious text") written by the Vijayanagara poet Tontadarya.<ref name="ragele">Shastri (1955), p. 362; Shatiya Akademi (1992), p. 4133</ref>

;Sanskrit language
Important among his Sanskrit language writings are the ''Somanathabhashya'', ''Rudrabhashya'', ''Vrushabhastaka'', ''Basavodharana'', ''Basavashtaka'', ''Basava panchaka'', ''Ashtottara satanama gadya'', ''Panchaprakara gadya'' and ''Asharanka gadya''.<ref name="ragada"/>

==Works in translation==
* ''Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha'', Tr. by Velcheru Narayana Rao. Princeton Univ Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0691055912}}.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= Nilakanta K. A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn=81-206-0303-6}}

{{Authority control}}

==See also==
[https://www.palkuriki.blogspot.com/ Web page on Palkuriki Somanatha]
{{Lingayatism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somanatha, Palkuriki}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivites]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Lingayat saints]]
https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Madivala_Machideva
[[Category:Lingayat poets]]

Banka Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-27T20:46:57Z

Nxtleveledit: new...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Banka
| map_image =
| state =[[Bihar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Giridhari Yadav.jpg
| mp = [[Giridhari Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
}}
'''[[Banka, Bihar|Banka]]''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. This comprises the [[Banka district]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahmed|first1=Soroor|title=Voters want the return of the native|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/30bihar1.htm|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=5 October 2017|date=30 September 1999}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Banka Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|-
|157
|[[Sultanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sultanganj]]
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|[[Lalit Narayan Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|159
|[[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Banka district|Banka]]
|[[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]
|-
|160
|[[Dhoraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhoraiya]] (SC)
|[[Manish Kumar]]
|-
|161
|[[Banka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|162
|[[Katoria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katoria]] (ST)
|Puran Lal Tudu
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
|163
|[[Belhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belhar]]
|Manoj Yadav
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this constituency.<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shakuntala Devi (politician)|Shakuntala Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Beni Shanker Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|Shiv Chandrika Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1973^
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhu Limaye]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Manorama Singh]]
|-
|1985^
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
|-
|1986^
|[[Manorama Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2010^
|[[Putul Kumari]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Giridhari Yadav]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Banka<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banka">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0427.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731181857/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0427.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Giridhari Yadav]]
|votes = 506678
|percentage = 49.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|votes = 4,02,834
|percentage = 39.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=34,889|percentage=3.44|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,03,844
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,14,931
|percentage =54.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Banka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Giridhari Yadav]]
|votes = 4,77,788
|percentage = 47.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|votes = 2,77,256
|percentage = 27.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Putul Kumari]]
|votes = 1,03,729
|percentage=10.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Sah
|votes = 44,398
|percentage=4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,00,532
|percentage =20.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,95,860
|percentage =58.60
|change =+0.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=71}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214134/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|votes = 2,85,150
|percentage = 31.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Putul Kumari]]
|votes = 2,75,006
|percentage = 30.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = 2,20,708
|percentage = 24.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Naresh Kumar Priyadarshi
|votes = 30,814
|percentage=3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Alimuddin Ansari
|votes = 12,871
|percentage=1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =10,144
|percentage =1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,99,360
|percentage = 58.04
|change =+9.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2010 By-poll====

{{Election box begin | title=By-elections, 2010: Banka}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Putul Kumari]]
|votes = 2,88,958
|percentage=43.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|votes = 2,19,839
|percentage =33.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = I. R. S. Saini
|votes =57,702
|percentage = 8.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,64,572
|percentage = 48.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 Lok Sabha===
* [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]] [[Independent (politician)|(IND)]] : 185,762 votes
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]) : 157000

===2004 Lok Sabha===
* [[Giridhari Yadav]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]) : 339,880 votes
* [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]] ([[JD(U)]]) : 335,211

===1986 by-election===
The 1986 by-election was held for the Banka seat. The election was won by the INC candidate (Chandrashekhar Singh) with 186237 votes, against [[George Fernandes]] of [[Janata Party]] with 156853 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results52-95.xlsx |publisher=ECI, New Delhi |access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/banka/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Banka lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bhagalpur Division topics}}
{{coord|24.9|86.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Banka district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bhagalpur district]]

Hello Mini

2026-02-25T20:52:54Z

Nxtleveledit: updated details

{{short description|Indian web series streaming on MX Player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hello Mini Official Poster.jpeg
| genre = [[Suspense]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on = {{based on|The Stranger Trilogy|[[Novoneel Chakraborty]]}}
| creator =
| director = [[Faruk Kabir]]
| starring = [[Anuja Joshi]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location =
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
*Anand Sivakumaran
*Akshay Vishwanath}}
| editor = Arjun Srivasstava Satya Sharma Sumanth Sharma
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|10|01|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|22|df=y}}
| company = Applause Entertainment Ltd. & Indigo Creation Production
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Srishti Behl Arya
*Sameer Nair
*Deepak Segal
*Jay Dev Banerjee}}
| runtime = 25 mins
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 35
}}
'''''Hello Mini''''' is a romantic-thriller web series about a young girl Mini and her stalker, who is both a blessing and a curse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hello Mini Web Series Review |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/hello-mini-web-series-review/}}</ref> Directed by Faruk Kabir, the series is an adaptation of novels written by [[Novoneel Chakraborty]] and Croctales. The web show features Anuja Joshi who plays the titular character '''Mini'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='Hello Mini' Review: Erotic Thriller That Is Much More Erotic Than Thrilling|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/hello-mini-review-erotic-thriller-that-is-much-more-erotic-than-thrilling/article_7059a0b6-447b-11eb-9a54-0b4a5c07c247.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131105448/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/hello-mini-review-erotic-thriller-that-is-much-more-erotic-than-thrilling/article_7059a0b6-447b-11eb-9a54-0b4a5c07c247.html|archive-date=31 January 2022|access-date=2021-02-06|website=India West|language=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series is available for streaming on [[MX Player]] and the Season 1 was aired on 1 October 2019. The show's second season streamed on 26 February 2021 followed immediately by third season on 22 April 2021.

== Plot ==
Young 22-year-old Rivanah shifts to Mumbai from Kolkata and notices that someone is following and blackmailing her. This someone is voiceless, faceless, nameless and is forcing her to "know her worth". Even though he is stalking her and making her miserable, she is drawn to the Stranger and soon realizes that he is actually helping her. But everything comes at a cost, as the stranger's obsession with her and eventually hers with him leads her down a dangerous path, affecting her life and the lives of all those around her.

== Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Actor
! rowspan="2" |Character
! rowspan="2" |Description

! colspan="3" |Seasons
|-
! style="width:15%;"|1
! style="width:15%;"|2
! style="width:15%;"|3
|-
| [[Anuja Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=Anuja Joshi Of 'Hello Mini' Fame Works Her Magic In These Photos, Check Them Out|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/web-series/anuja-joshi-of-hello-mini-fame-works-her-magic-in-these-photos-check-them-out-3360566.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Actor Anuja Joshi is excited about the season 2 of Hello Mini|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/actor-anuja-joshi-is-excited-about-the-season-2-of-hello-mini-218150|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
| Rivanah Banerjee a.k.a. "Mini"
| a 22 year young talented Bengali girl, a software engineer in Mumbai
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Mrinal Dutt]]
| Danny Abraham
|a 23 year young struggling actor who was Mini's 2nd ex-boyfriend
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Anshul Pandey]]
| Ekansh Tripathi
|a software engineer in Bangalore who was Mini's 1st ex-boyfriend and then Tista's fiancee
| colspan="3" {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Priya Banerjee]]
| Ishita Shetty
|a 22 year young air hostess with a carefree attitude who was Mini's roommate and her bestie
| {{cMain}}
| {{cGuest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Arjun Aneja]]
| Prateek Basotia
|a software engineer who is Mini's schoolmate then colleague. He one-sidedly loved her since his schooldays
| {{cMain}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Gaurav Chopra]]
| Aditya Grover
|
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Anjuman Saxena
| Mrs. Banerjee
|Mini's mother
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| Dhananjay Kapoor
| Mr. Banerjee
|Mini's father
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| Riya Bhattacharjee
| Megha
|Mini's cousin sister who lived with her husband in Mumbai
| {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Rohit Bhardwaj]]
| Adil
|Megha's husband
| {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Nikhita Chopra
| Nitya
|a journalist who was Danny's best friend and killed by Vixy and Viraat
| {{cGuest}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Vineet Sharma
|Inspector Mohan Kamble
|a sincere police officer who always stands and supports Mini
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| [[Joy Sengupta]]
| Shridhar
|Tech Sky Ltd. company MD
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Nitesh Kumar
| Vinay
| rowspan="3" |Mini's colleague at Tech Sky Ltd. company
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Sandeep Dhabale
| Mukund
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Sidhhaarth Dhanda
| Ashish
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| Tamara D’souza
| Asha
|a yoga trainer who is Mini's other roommate
| {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Ankur Rathee]]
| Abhiraj Mukherjee
|Mini's ex-fiance who arranged by her parents also he started one-sidedly loved her
| {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Darshana Banik]]
| Tista Roy
|a software engineer also a hacker who works in Tech Sky Ltd. company and Mini's best friend also Ekansh's fiancee who suddenly dead due to cancer
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
|-
| Abhinav Sharma
| Viraat
|Dead Defey's creator, (a dark web; sexual game) who was doing an illegal business. then returned through Séance session at Solace to revenge against Mini
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Kayan (musician)|Ambika Nayak]]
| Vixy
|Viraat's stepsister who is also a partner in Dark Defey and one-sidedly loved her brother then killed herself
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
| [[Suchitra Pillai]]{{cn|date=October 2023}}
| KD Maa
|A head in Séance session at Solace who was doing an illegal business
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Vibhav Roy]]
| Nivaan
|Mini's best friend and her love interest ("The Stranger")
| colspan="2" {{cGuest}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
| Nirisha Basnett
| Ruhi
|a servant girl in Séance session at Solace, KD Maa's P.A. who took a revenge against KD Maa and one-sidedly loved Viraat
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
| Vikrant Koul<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/hello-mini-season-3-actor-vikrant-koul-playing-argho-was-immensely-satisfying-23171632 | title=Hello Mini Season 3 actor Vikrant Koul: Playing Argho was immensely satisfying | work=Mid Day | date=5 May 2021 | accessdate=9 June 2021}}</ref>
| Argho
|Hiya's cousin brother also Mini's new M.D. who misjudged Mini
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain}}
|-
| Summer Jacobs
| Priyansha Galgotiya
|a participant and addicted in Dark Defey who was Viraat's love interest and later became good friend to Mini
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain}}
|-
|Om Kanojiya
|Chotu
| rowspan="2" |Mini's student
|{{cRecurring}}
|colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|Tulsi Prajapati
|Reena
|{{cRecurring}}
|colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|Tanishka Vishe
|Ratna
|A girl who was helped by Mini from rapist
|{{cRecurring}}
|colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|Sanya Bansal
|Pooja
|Mini's collegemate
|{{cRecurring}}
|{{cEmpty}}
|{{cRecurring}}
|-
|Tanvi Shinde
|Hiya Chowdhury
|Mini's collegemate who killed herself by hanging
|colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
|{{cMain}}
|-
|Subha Rajput
|Advika
|a paralyzed girl, Nivaan's wife
|colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|{{cRecurring}}
|-
|Sanjay Gurbaxani
|Manick Dutta
|a hypnotist who is Mr. Banerjee's best friend
|colspan="3" {{cRecurring}}
|-
| Abhishek Sharma
| Abhay Singhania
| a participant and addicted in Dark Defey who was Nitya's ex-boyfriend
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cRecurring}}
|{{cEmpty}}
|}

== Release ==
The official trailer of the web series was launched on 26 September 2019, by MX Player on YouTube and the show was available for free streaming on MX Player from 1 October 2019. For the second season, trailer was released on 17 February 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=MX Player drops the trailer of the highly anticipated 'Hello Mini 2' and this time, the dare is to stay alive - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/mx-player-drops-the-trailer-of-the-highly-anticipated-hello-mini-2-and-this-time-the-dare-is-to-stay-alive/articleshow/81088768.cms|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and the series was released on 26 February 2021 on [[MX Player]].

== Awards ==
Won at E4m Play Awards 2020 - Best Thriller / Horror Show on Web - Bronze

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-hello-mini-series-online-8820216ac8cdf766a74506fddbdedeb2}}
*{{IMDb title|id=9454892}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Chelamattom Shree Krishna Swami Temple

2026-02-18T07:46:33Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding a place

{{short description|Temple in Ernakulam District, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chelamattom Sree Krishna Temple
| image = File:Chelamattom SreeKrishna Temple, vallom, kerala.jpg

| alt = Chelamattom Sree Krishna Temple
| caption = Entrance of Chelamattom Sree Krishna Temple
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location within Kerala

| coordinates = {{Coord|10|8|19.14|N|76|27|15.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
| locale = [[Chelamattom]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Krishna]] & [[Narasimha]]
| festivals= Main Festival,
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Chelamattom Sree Krishna Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated in [[Chelamattom]], Kalady, in [[Ernakulam district]], Kerala. This temple is situated near the banks of the [[Periyar River]]. This temple is known as Dakshina Kasi. The main deity in this temple is Sree Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Chelamattom Sri Krishna Kshetram |url=https://buzzchronicles.com/b/all/12731/}}</ref>

The temple has stone carvings and bronze [[deepa stambham]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelamattom Sreekrishnaswamy Temple {{!}} Temples in Ernakulam {{!}} Kerala Temple Architecture |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/temples/ernakulam/chelamattom-sreekrishnaswamy |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Temples of Kerala |language=en}}</ref> The [[bali tharpanam]] ritual is performed in this temple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Thousands perform Karkidaka Vavu bali in Aluva |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/thousands-perform-karkidaka-vavu-bali-aluva-periyar-river/article67089359.ece |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Sree Krishna Temple Chelamattom}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Gajar ka halwa

2026-02-11T15:47:16Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding post

{{short description|South Asian sweet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Gajar ka halwa
| image = Cuisine (268) 44.jpg
| caption = Gajar ka halwa
| alternate_name = Carrot halwa, gajar ka meetha pak, gajrela, gajorer halwa, gazoror halwa, gajar pak
| region = [[South Asia]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]]
| creator =
| course = Dessert
| served = Hot or cold
| main_ingredient = Carrots, milk, water, ghee, sugar, [[khoya]]
| variations = Black carrot halwa, red carrot halwa, carrot and beetroot halwa, cheesy carrot halwa
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''''Gajar ka halwa''''', also known as '''''gajorer halwa''''', '''''gajarno halwo''''', '''''gajar pak''''', and '''carrot pudding''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=D. V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kThCAAAAYAAJ&q=Gajar+Pak |title=Vegetable Production in India |date=1968 |publisher=Ram Prasad |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thekitchn.com/carrot-halwa-211251?recip_id=2181239 Recipe: Carrot Halwa]</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Classic Punjabi vegetarian and Grain Cooking | author=Julie Sahni | year=1985 | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=0-688-04995-8 | page=512 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OppwQgAACAAJ&q=gajar+halwa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=NDTV Cooks|title=Gajar Ka Gajrela|url=http://cooks.ndtv.com/recipe/show/gajjar-ka-gajrela-232876|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> is a type of [[halva]], an Indian [[dessert]], made by placing [[Grater|grated]] [[Carrot|carrots]] in a pot containing a specific amount of water, milk, sugar, and cardamom and then cooking with ghee while stirring regularly. It is often served with a garnish of almonds and pistachios.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} The nuts and other items used are first [[Sautéing|sautéed]] in [[ghee]], a type of clarified butter from the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web|last = Leverkuhn |first =A. |title= What is Carrot Halwa |url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carrot-halwa.htm|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> It is generally served hot during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Onegreenplanet.org |title=Recipe Khajur Gajar Halwa Carrot and Date Pudding with Coconut and Cardamom on Winter | url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/vegan-food/recipe-khajur-gajar-halwa-carrot-and-date-pudding-with-coconut-and-cardamom/|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

The dessert is traditionally eaten during all of the festivals in the Indian subcontinent, mainly on the occasion of [[Diwali]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palusci |first=Oriana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2EFwF6yVnEC |title=English, But Not Quite: Locating Linguistic Diversity |date=2010 |publisher=Tangram Ediz. Scientifiche |isbn=978-88-6458-007-4 |language=en}}</ref> [[Holi]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], and [[Muslim holidays|Eid]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nanakfoods.com/images/desserts.pdf |title=- Nanakfoods "Gajar Halwa on Festivals" |access-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030153634/http://www.nanakfoods.com/images/desserts.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is served hot during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Onegreenplanet.org |title=Recipe Khajur Gajar Halwa Carrot and Date Pudding with Coconut and Cardamom on Winter | url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/vegan-food/recipe-khajur-gajar-halwa-carrot-and-date-pudding-with-coconut-and-cardamom/|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
''Gajar ka halwa'' is a combination of [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[milk]], [[sugar]], [[khoya]] and [[ghee]] with grated [[carrot|carrots]].<ref name="Halwa-Sweet2">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Vaishali |title=Gajar ka Halwa (Sweet Carrot Pudding) |url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=6984 |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033027/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=6984 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Origin of carrot halwa">{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Diana|title=Carrot Halwa|url=http://www.care2.com/greenliving/carrot-halwa.html#13462012042051&action=collapse_widget&id=2020537|access-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531111705/http://www.care2.com/greenliving/carrot-halwa.html#13462012042051&action=collapse_widget&id=2020537|archive-date=31 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a medium shelf life so it is now sometimes exported.

At the time of festivals, many people prefer vegetarian dishes as well as desserts in their [[thali]]. Because of its low fat content, vegetarian characteristics, ease of making, medium shelf-life and taste, ''gajar ka halwa'' is a popular dessert all over India and often served at most festivals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Recipe and ingredients==
''Gajar ka halwa'' originally contained carrots, milk and ghee but nowadays includes many other ingredients like mava ([[khoya]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dish|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd.|isbn=9781848761018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLPr1bk2474C&q=books+contain+gajar+halwa&pg=PA138 |author1=Penny Isaacs |author2=Sarah Lockett |page=139 |access-date=5 January 2014|date=2009-02-14}}</ref>

The main ingredients of ''gajar ka halwa'' are freshly grated carrots, milk, sugar, cardamom, [[khoya]], and ghee. Being a combination of milk and carrots, it is known as milk flavored ''gajar ka halwa'' but in the other case, the combination of cream or mava ([[khoya]]) and carrot is described as mava flavored ''gajar ka halwa''.<ref name="bbc news">{{cite news|author=The Raman family|title=Carrot halwa Veg|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/carrot_halwa_67645|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224193802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/carrot_halwa_67645|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2010|access-date=29 August 2012|agency=bbc.co.uk|year=2012}}</ref> For cooking, a [[Pressure cooker|cooker]] or [[Karahi|kadai]] is usually preferred. Vasundhara Chauhan, writing for [[The Hindu]], writes that ''gajar ka halwa'' should be slow-cooked and that using a pressure cooker spoils the dish.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |date=2 January 2010 |title=Vasundhara Chauhan Article72932 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Vasundhara_Chauhan/article72932.ece |access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> The carrots must be grated before cooking.

==Variations==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Halva1.jpg
| caption1 = Gajar ka Halwa as [[mithai (confectionery)|mithai]] (red discs present in middle)
| image2 = Carrot gajar halwa with kheer India Sweets.jpg
| caption2 = Gajar ka halwa served with [[kheer]]
}}
Red velvet carrot ''halwa'' is a variation of the ''gajar ka halwa''. It is made by heating a comparatively large amount of milk cream along with carrots, [[sugar]], [[rose water]] and [[saffron]] over low flame.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Sonia|title=Red velvet gajar halwa|url=http://www.foodista.com/recipe/T8R7YHMN/red-velvet-carrot-halwa#s.ab45ish3ibaaa|access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

Other lesser-known variations include carrot and beetroot ''halwa'', cheese ''gajar ka halwa'', ''khajur gajar ka halwa'' and carrot dessert. Cheese ''gajar ka halwa'' is prepared with a combination of purple carrots and [[ricotta]]. This dish is popular in northern India because purple carrots are mostly grown there.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sahni|first=Chetna|title=A Mad Tea Party|date=28 March 2009 |url=http://madteaparty.wordpress.com/2009/03/29/kanji-on-one-sunny-spring-day/|access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Pakistani cuisine]]
* [[Bangladeshi cuisine]]
* [[Halwa]]
* [[Pudding]]
* [[List of carrot dishes]]
* [[List of Pakistani sweets and desserts]]
* [[List of Indian sweets and desserts#North|List of Indian sweets and dessert]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Cookbook:Gajjar Halwa}}
* [https://flavorofrecipe.com/gajar-ka-halwa-recipe-in-hindi/ Gajar Ka Halwa Recipe]

{{Navboxes|list1 =
{{Carrots}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Puddings}}
}}

[[Category:Carrot dishes]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Halva]]

Indian grey mongoose

2026-02-09T16:54:48Z

Nxtleveledit: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Species of mongoose from Asia}}
{{redirect|Indian mongoose|''Urva auropunctatus''|small Indian mongoose}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Indian grey mongoose
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Herpestes edwardsii'' |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |author=Mudappa, D. |author2=Choudhury, A. |article-number=e.T41611A45206787 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41611A45206787.en |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A3
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite Species+ |id=10277 |title=''Herpestes edwardsi'' (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Urva
| species = edwardsii
| image = Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus)- is it- at Hyderabad, AP W 096.jpg
| image_caption = Adult in [[Hyderabad]]
| authority = ([[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], 1818)
| range_map = Indian Gray Mongoose area.png
| range_map_caption = Indian grey mongoose range
| synonyms = ''Ichneumon edwardsii'' 
''Herpestes edwardsii''
}}

The '''Indian grey mongoose''' or '''Asian grey mongoose''' ('''''Urva edwardsii''''') is a [[mongoose]] [[species]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[West Asia]]. It is listed as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>

The grey mongoose inhabits open forests, [[scrubland]]s and cultivated fields, often close to human habitation. It lives in [[burrow]]s, hedgerows and thickets, among groves of trees, and takes shelter under rocks or bushes and even in drains. It is bold and inquisitive but wary, seldom venturing far from cover. It is an excellent climber and usually lives singly or in pairs. Its prey includes [[rodents]], [[snakes]], birds' eggs and hatchlings, [[lizards]] and a variety of [[invertebrates]]. Along the [[Chambal River]] it occasionally feeds on [[gharial]] eggs. It breeds throughout the year.

==Taxonomy==
''Ichneumon edwardsii'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] in 1817.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. |year=1817 |chapter=De l'Ichneumon. ''Ichneumon pharaon'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/DescriptiondelEIIFranB/page/139 |pages=137–144 |volume=Tome II |title=Description de l'Égypte, ou, Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'éxpédition de l'armée française |editor1=Jomard, E. F. |publisher=Commission des Sciences et Arts d'Egypte |location=Paris}}</ref> It was later classified in the genus ''[[Herpestes]]'', but all Asian mongooses are now classified in the genus ''[[Urva (genus)|Urva]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ASM Mammal Diversity Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html|access-date=2021-07-08|website=www.mammaldiversity.org|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028151443/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subspecies:
* ''U. e. edwardsii''
* ''U. e. ferruginea''
* ''U. e. lanka''
* ''U. e. montana''
* ''U. e. nyula''

==Description==
The Indian grey mongoose has tawny grey or iron grey fur, which is more grizzled and stiffer and coarser than that of other mongooses. The ruddiness of the coat varies in different subspecies, but it described as appearing more grey than other mongooses. The grizzled appearance comes from the individual hairs being ringed by creamy-white and black. The legs are brown and darker than the body. The hair around the muzzle and eyes is also brown but with a stronger rusty red colouring. The tail is bushy, whilst the tip of the tail, if coloured, is pale yellow or white.<ref name="Sterndale">{{cite book |last=Sterndale |first= Robert A. |year=1884 |chapter=No. 236 Herpestes Pallidus vel Griseus The Common Grey Mungoose |title=Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00ster#page/222/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink |author-link=Robert Armitage Sterndale}}</ref><ref name="Hussain">{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Riaz |last2=Mahmood |first2=Tariq |date=20 October 2016 |title=Comparative Ecology of Two Sympatric Mongoose Species (Herpestes javanicus and H. edwardsii) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. |url=http://zsp.com.pk/pdf48/1931-1943%20(46)%20QPJZ-0593-F-%2028-09-2016.%20%20corrected%20page%20proof%203_Re-Revised%20MS%2016-09-2_.pdf |journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1931–1943 |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080131/http://zsp.com.pk/pdf48/1931-1943%20(46)%20QPJZ-0593-F-%2028-09-2016.%20%20corrected%20page%20proof%203_Re-Revised%20MS%2016-09-2_.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Vivek |date=2014 |title=Indian Mammals: A Field Guide |location= Gurgaon|publisher=Hatchet Book Publishing India |isbn= 978-93-5009-761-8}}</ref>

Their tail length equals their body length. Body length: 36–45 cm (14-17 inches) Tail length: 45 cm (17 inches), weight: 0.9-1.7 kg (2-4 lb). Males are significantly larger than the females. Indian grey mongooses are unusual in that they can discriminate four colours, more than most other mammals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ewer |first=R. F. |year= 1973|title=The carnivores |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |pages=124–125 |isbn=0-297-99564-2}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
It has been generally accepted that the Indian grey mongoose occurs in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, as represented by the distribution map.<ref name=iucn/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=H. E. |last2=Dunn |first2=A. M. S. |date=1967 |title= Mongooses. Their Natural History and Behaviour. |location=Los Angeles |publisher= University of California Press|page=117 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Gaurav |last2= Kamalakannan|first2=M. |last3=Venkataraman |first3=K. |date=1 July 2015 |title=A checklist of mammals of India with their distribution and conservation status |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303971343 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Govt. of India}}</ref> A 2007 study found specimens also in Turkey, and United Arab Emirates, thus extending the known range.<ref>Veron, G., Patou, M.-L., Pothet, G., Simberloff, D. and Jennings, A.P. (2007). Systematic status and biogeography of the Javan and Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestidae, Carnivora). Zoologica Scripta 36: 1–10.</ref>

Despite being a common animal, the natural history of the Indian grey mongoose is not well known.<ref name=iucn/> They appear to be able to occupy a wide variety of habitats but preferring open types. These include grasslands, open areas, rocky patches, scrub, semi-desert, cultivated fields and other disturbed areas, areas of thickets, bushy vegetation, dry secondary forest, [[thorn forest]], forest edges, and also near human settlement.<ref name = Hussain/><ref name=Menon/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duff |first1=Andrew |last2=Lawson |first2=Ann |date=2004 |title=Mammals of the World: A Checklist |location= New Haven and London|publisher=Yale University Press |page=117 |isbn= 0-300-10398-0 }}</ref> Although the creature has been described as being less dependent on human settlements, observations in India in heavily forested areas show it to be much more common around human settlements often scavenging on waste.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shekhar |first=K. S. |date=October 2003 |title=The status of mongooses in central India. |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/2f0168c5bd096cbc476716d95f262ec0?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=29 |pages=22–24 |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083435/http://nebula.wsimg.com/2f0168c5bd096cbc476716d95f262ec0?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ecology and behaviour==
The Indian grey mongoose is omnivorous, though most of its diet is made up from live prey it catches from being an opportunistic hunter, with mice, rats, lizards, snakes, and beetles making up the bulk. Also eaten are ground birds, their eggs, grasshoppers, scorpions, centipedes, frogs, crabs, fish, and parts of plants: fruits, berries, and roots, as well as larger prey including hares and egrets.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Herpestes_edwardsi/ |title=''Herpestes edwardsi'' Indian grey mongoose |last=Graham |first=E. |year=2004 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125132742/http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Herpestes_edwardsi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It kills prey by delivering a bite to the neck or head.

[[File:Indiangreymongoosesargeant.png|thumb|The illustration of Indian grey mongoose and [[cobra]]]]

This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids.<ref name=Sterndale/><ref name=ADW/> Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times; the thick loose skin; and specialised [[acetylcholine]] receptors, which render it resistant or immune to [[snake venom]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=How the Mongoose Defeats the Snake | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=15 August 1992 | volume=89 | issue=16 | pages=7717–7721 | doi=10.1073/pnas.89.16.7717 | last1=Barchan | first1=D. | last2=Kachalsky | first2=S. | last3=Neumann | first3=D. | last4=Vogel | first4=Z. | last5=Ovadia | first5=M. | last6=Kochva | first6=E. | last7=Fuchs | first7=S. | doi-access=free | pmid=1380164 | pmc=49782 }}</ref> When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner.<ref name=Ewer/>

The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting a hole in the little end.<ref name="Ewer">{{cite book |last=Ewer |first=R. F. |date= 1973|title=The carnivores |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |pages=198–200 |isbn=0-297-99564-2}}</ref> Smaller mongooses typically open eggs by throwing them between their legs against a hard object, so it has been speculated,<ref name=Ewer/> that the adult Indian grey mongoose should do likewise with large eggs.

[[File:Indian Mongoose pups.jpg|thumb|Inquisitive Indian grey mongoose pups at [[Lucknow Zoological Park]].]]

The Indian grey mongoose mates two to three times each year, between March and October. The gestation period lasts for 60 to 65 days; the female gives birth to two to four offspring.<ref name="ADW"/>

The lifespan of the Indian grey mongoose is seven years in the wild, or 12 years when in captivity.<ref name="ADW"/>

==Relation with humans==
The Indian grey mongoose is often kept as a pet to keep dwellings free from rats and other pests.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lal |first=Ranjit |date=20 September 2015 |title=Mongooses are fierce hunters as well as great pets |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/mongooses-are-fierce-hunters-as-well-as-great-pets/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223134338/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/mongooses-are-fierce-hunters-as-well-as-great-pets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Indian grey mongoose is the [[List of Indian state animals|state animal]] of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/forest-state-abft.pdf |title=State Animal, Bird, Tree and Flower of Chandigarh |author= |website=Department of Forests & Wildlife |publisher=Chandigarh Administration |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222184127/http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/forest-state-abft.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The species is protected in India, but an illegal trade in hair for the purposes of making of paint brushes and shaving brushes continues, and this is one of its most significant threats.<ref name=iucn/><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Mongoose hair brushes worth over Rs 35 lakh seized |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mongoose-hair-brushes-worth-over-rs-35l-seized/articleshow/60181473.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |date=23 August 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831211632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mongoose-hair-brushes-worth-over-rs-35l-seized/articleshow/60181473.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018 the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) seized 155 kg of raw mongoose hair, for which about 3000 mongoose had been killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preying-on-mongoose-every-year-50-000-animals-are-killed-for-making-brushes/story-TOlUc20sWeYfkHrKeFYBxN.html |title=Preying on mongoose: Every year, 50,000 animals are killed for making brushes | india news | Hindustan Times |publisher=M.hindustantimes.com |date=2016-04-22 |access-date=2019-02-13 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305083241/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preying-on-mongoose-every-year-50-000-animals-are-killed-for-making-brushes/story-TOlUc20sWeYfkHrKeFYBxN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology==
The Indian grey mongoose is called {{lang|hi|muṅgūs}} or {{lang|hi|maṅgūs}} in classical [[Hindi]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Platts, J.T. |year=1884 |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |page=1081 |chapter=منگوس मुंगूस muṅgūs, or मंगूस maṅgūs. The Mongoose, or ichneumon, Viverra ichneumon |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=1081 |access-date=2020-07-29 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130082956/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=1081 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang|mr-Latn|muṅgūsa}} in [[Marathi language|Marathi]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Molesworth, J. T. |year=1857 |title=A dictionary, Marathi and English |edition=Second, revised and enlarged |location=Bombay |publisher=Printed for Government at the Bombay Education Society's Press |page=384 |chapter=मुंगूस muṅgūsa, Bengal Mungoose, ''Viverra Ichneumon'', or ''Herpesteus Griseus'' |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/molesworth_query.py?page=384 |access-date=2020-07-29 |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130183559/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/molesworth_query.py?page=384 }}</ref>
{{lang|te|mungi}} in [[Telugu language|Telugu]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Brown, C.P. |year=1903 |title=A Telugu-English dictionary |edition=New, thoroughly revised and brought up to date second |location=Madras |publisher=Promoting Christian Knowledge |page=997 |chapter=ముంగి or ముంగిస mungi. The ichneumon or mongoose, a kind of weasel. Viverra ichneumon |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?page=997 |access-date=2020-07-29 |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019230405/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?page=997 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{lang|kn|mungi}}, {{lang|kn|mungisi}} and {{lang|kn|munguli}} in [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Reeve, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sanderson, D. |year=1858 |title=A dictionary, Canarese and English |chapter=ಮುಂಗಿ, ಮುಂಗಿಸಿ, ಮುಂಗುಲಿ |publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press |location=Bangalore |edition=Revised, corrected and enlarged |page=787 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NycOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA787 |access-date=2020-07-29 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305083241/https://books.google.com/books?id=NycOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA787 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
"[[Rikki-Tikki-Tavi]]" is a short story by [[Rudyard Kipling]] about the adventures of a valiant young Indian grey mongoose.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kipling, R. |year=1894 |title=The Jungle Books |chapter=Rikki-Tikki-Tavi |chapter-url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mongoose/rtt.html |publisher=Macmillan |place=London |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416044210/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mongoose/rtt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Carnivora|F.}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Herpestes edwardsii}}
{{Wikispecies|Herpestes edwardsii}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q123862361|from2=Q613760}}

[[Category:Urva (genus)]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1818]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

K. R. Jayaram

2026-02-05T00:08:10Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. R. Jayaram
| image =
| office2 = Secretary of the AIADMK Coimbatore Urban District MGR Youth Wing
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| 2blankname2 = General Secretary
| 2namedata2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor2 =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = N. Karthik
| constituency1 = [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = J. Geetha
| parents = K. Rangaswamy (father) Lakshmi (mother)
| children =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]]
| alma_mater =
| caption =
}}

'''K. R. Jayaram''' is an Indian Tamil politician. He won the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections representing [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]] in [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-05-02|title=Singanallur Tamil Nadu Election 2021 Final Results LIVE:AIADMK Candidate Jayaram K.R wins from Singanallur, Details Inside|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/singanallur-tamil-nadu-election-2021-results-live-updates-constituency-number-121-singanallur-tn-election-2021-vote-counting-results-leading-trailing-bjp-dmk-aiadmk-1455995|access-date=2021-05-10|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> He also holds the post of Secretary in the MGR Youth Wing of Coimbatore Urban District in [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== Political career ==
K. R. Jayaram was elected as the Chairman of [[Sarcarsamakulam]] [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|Panchayat Union]] in 2006, post the [[Local elections in Tamil Nadu|Local body elections]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conduct of Local Body elections|url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/panchayatraj_inst/panchayat_elections.html|publisher=Rural development and Panchayat raj Dept., Govt. of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref> He was elected as the Zonal Head of the East Zone of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] in 2011. He contested and won the [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]] seat in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 General Election]] by defeating the incumbent N. Karthik by 10,854 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayaram, K.R(AIADMK):Constituency- SINGANALLUR(COIMBATORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=638|access-date=2021-05-10|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayaram K R {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/jayaram-k-r-singanallur-candidate-s22a121c002/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=News18}}</ref>

== Offices held/holding ==
* MLA of [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]: 2021–present
* MGR Youth Wing of Coimbatore Urban District in [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]: 2019–present
* Zonal Head - East Zone of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]]: (2011-2016)
* Chairman, [[Sarcarsamakulam]] [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|Panchayat Union]]: (2006-2011)

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]] || Won ||40.22% || N.Karthik|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 34.84%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaram,}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

A. Raja

2026-02-04T07:58:31Z

Nxtleveledit:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{for|politician from Kerala|A. Raja (Kerala politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Tamil name|Andimuthu|Raja}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Andimuthu Raja
| image = A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg
| caption = Raja in 2005
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[C. Gopalakrishnan]]
| constituency1 = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 22 May 2009
| term_end2 = 16 May 2014
| successor2 = [[C. Gopalakrishnan]]
| constituency2 = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 6 October 1999
| term_end3 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor3 = P. Raja Rathinam
| successor3 = [[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]
| constituency3 = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start4 = 10 May 1996
| term_end4 = 28 February 1998
| predecessor4 = [[A. Asokraj]]
| successor4 = P. Raja Rathinam
| constituency4 = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur, Tamil Nadu]]
| office5 = [https://sansad.in/ls/about/panel-of-chairpersons Member of Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha)]
| alongside5 = [[Sandhya Ray]], [[Dilip Saikia]], [[Jagdambika Pal]], [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[P. C. Mohan]], [[Selja Kumari]], [[Awadhesh Prasad]], [[N. K. Premachandran]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2024|07|01|df=yes}}
| term_end5 =
| appointer5 = [[Om Birla]]
| office6 = Deputy General Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start6 = 9 September 2020
| term_end6 =
| 1blankname6 = President
| 1namedata6 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office7 = [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Union Minister]] of [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]
| term_start7 = 16 May 2007
| term_end7 = 14 November 2010
| 2blankname7 = Prime Minister
| 2namedata7 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor7 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| successor7 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| office8 = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Union Minister]] of [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| term_start8 = 23 May 2004
| term_end8 = 16 May 2007
| 2blankname8 = Prime Minister
| 2namedata8 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ramesh Bais]] (as MoS I/C)
| successor8 = [[Jairam Ramesh]] (as MoS I/C)
| 3blankname8 = Portfolios
| office9 = [[Minister of State (India)|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]]
| term_start9 = 30 September 2002
| term_end9 = 21 December 2003
| 1blankname9 = Prime Minister
| 1namedata9 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 2blankname9 = Minister
| 2namedata9 = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] (2002–03) [[Sushma Swaraj]] (2003)
| office10 = [[Minister of State (India)|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
| term_start10 = 13 October 1999
| term_end10 = 30 September 2002
| 1blankname10 = Prime Minister
| 1namedata10 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 2blankname10 = Minister
| 2namedata10 = [[Sunder Lal Patwa]] (1999–2000) [[Venkaiah Naidu]] (2000–02)
| birth_name = Andimuthu Sathyaseelan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Andimadam]], [[Madras State]], India (present-day [[Ariyalur District|Ariyalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Parameshwari Raja |1996|2021|end=died}}
| children = Mayuri Raja (daughter)
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|attorney}}
| residence = [[New Delhi|21, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi]]
}}

'''Andimuthu Raja''' (born '''Andimuthu Sathyaseelan'''; 26 October 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]], who serves as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for the [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris constituency]] and the deputy general secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=My elevation proves Stalin's faith in social justice: A Raja|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/09/10003703/1250233/My-elevation-proves-Stalins-faith-in-social-justice-.vpf|access-date=2020-10-06|website=dtNext.in|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211857/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/09/10003703/1250233/My-elevation-proves-Stalins-faith-in-social-justice-.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] constituency of Tamil Nadu and had been elected to house four times since 1996. Raja is an advocate by profession and he did his master's degree from Government Law College in Tiruchirappalli.

Raja was first elected to Parliament as a member of [[Lok Sabha]] in 1996 from the Perambalur constituency and was reelected from the same constituency in 1999 and 2004 elections and from Nilgiris constituency in 2009. He was Minister of State for Rural development from 1996 to 2000, Minister of State, Health and Family Welfare from September 2000 to May 2004 and a cabinet minister for Environment and Forests from May 2004 to May 2007. He became the cabinet minister for Communication and Information Technology from May 2007, following the resignation of [[Dayanidhi Maran]]. Raja was a co-accused in the [[2G Spectrum case]], along with two other members of the DMK, [[Dayanidhi Maran]] and [[Kanimozhi]]. All three were acquitted in 2017. Raja was re-elected as Nilgiris MP in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, and was elected Deputy General Secretary of the DMK in September 2020.

==Early life==
Raja was born to S. K. Aandimuthu and Chinnapillai Ammal [[Andimadam]] of the day [[Perambalur District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. His grandparents, who belong to a [[Scheduled Caste]] community, went from Velur in Perambalur district to [[Sri Lanka]] to work on the tea estates. They returned to India in the 1950s, and Raja's father returned in 1961.Raja was first introduced to [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] during his high school days in Perambalur. He quickly became interested in the atheistic, rationalistic Dravidian ideology, along with those of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=N|first=Vinoth Kumar|date=2019-04-16|title=Going beyond 2G: The many faces of A Raja|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/going-beyond-2g-the-many-faces-of-a-raja/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref> He did his B.Sc. in mathematics from the Government Arts College in [[Musiri]]. He completed his graduation in law from the Government Law College in Madurai and his masters from Government Law College Tiruchirapalli. He was married to M. A. Parameswari and the couple have a daughter named Mayuri.<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=Political Career|url=http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/andimuthu-raja|publisher=National Informatics Centre|work=Parliament of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Parameswari died of cancer on 29 May 2021 aged 57.<ref name="Raja">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/a-rajas-wife-laid-to-rest-in-perambalur/articleshow/83099639.cms | title=A Raja's wife laid to rest in Perambalur | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=31 May 2021 | access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

==Political career==
Raja started his political career in his final year as an undergraduate, when he joined DMK students wing and quickly rose through party ranks.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12939509|title=Profile: India ex-telecoms minister A Raja|date=15 May 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> When [[Vaiko]] was expelled from DMK, Raja was recommended by Rajya Sabha MP [[S. Sivasubramanian|S Siva Subramaniam]] and [[K. N. Nehru|KN Nehru]] for the DMK's candidature in Perambalur for 1996 Lok Sabha elections which he won.<ref name=":0" />

== Election results ==

===General Elections===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=8}}
| 473,212
| 46.44
| [[L. Murugan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 232,627
| 22.83
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 240,585
| 23.61
|-
! [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| 547,832
| 54.36
| M. Thiyagarajan
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
| 342,009
| 33.94
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 205,823
| 20.42
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 358,760
| 40.47
| C. Gopalakrishnan
| 463,007
| 52.31
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -104,247
| -11.84
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 316,802
| 44.67
| C. Krishnan
| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 230,781
| 32.54
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 86,021
| 12.13
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| 389,708
| 55.12
| [[M. Sundaram|Dr. M. Sundaram]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 236,375
| 33.43
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 153,333
| 21.69
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 330,675
| 48.58
| rowspan="2"|P. Raja Rethinam
| 262,624
| 38.59
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 68,051
| 9.99
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 280,682
| 43.91
| 341,118
| 53.37
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -60,436
| -9.46
|-
! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| 399,079
| 59.19
| P. V. Subramanian
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 184,832
| 27.41
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 214,247
| 31.78
|-
|}

===Positions held===
* '''14-Aug-2024''' {{dash}} : Member, Committee on Welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]
* '''13-Aug-2024''' {{dash}} : [[The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024|Member, The Joint Committee on The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024]]
* '''June 2024''' : [[18th Lok Sabha|Elected to 18th Lok Sabha]]
* '''June 2024''' : Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
* '''21 Nov. 2019''' onwards : Member, General Purposes Committee, [[Lok Sabha]]
* '''09 Oct. 2019''' onwards : Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation
* '''13 Sept. 2019''' onwards : Member, Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice
* '''24 July 2019''' onwards : Member, Committee on Welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]
* '''26 June 2019''' onwards : Member, Panel of Chairpersons, [[Lok Sabha]]
* '''25 June 2019''' onwards : Member, Business Advisory Committee
* '''25 June 2019''' onwards : [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Chief Whip, DMK Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha]]
* '''May 2019''' : [[17th Lok Sabha|Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (5th term)]]
* '''31 May 2009 {{dash}} 14 Nov. 2010''' : [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Communication and Information Technology]]
* '''May 2009''' : [[15th Lok Sabha|Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (Four Terms)]]
* '''18 May 2007''' : [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Communication and Information Technology]]
* '''23 May 2004 {{dash}} 17 May 2007''' : [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Union Cabinet Minister, Environment & Forests]]
* '''May 2004''' : [[14th Lok Sabha|Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (Three Terms)]]
* '''30 Sept. 2000 {{dash}} 21 Dec. 2003''' : [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Minister of State, Health and Family Welfare]]
* '''13 Oct. 1999 {{dash}} 29 Sept. 2000''' : [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Union Minister of State, Rural Development]]
* '''1999''' : [[13th Lok Sabha|Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (Two Terms)]]
* '''1996''' : [[11th Lok Sabha|Elected to 11th Lok Sabha]]

==As a minister==
[[File:Shri A. Raja assumes the charge of Union Minister of Environment & Forests in New Delhi on May 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|A. Raja assumes the charge of Union Minister of Environment & Forests in New Delhi on 26 May 2004|left]]
Raja was deputed as the [[Minister of State]], Rural Development on 13 October 1996 and he continued to retain the post till 29 September 2000. On 30 September 2001, he was deputed as the minister of state for Health and Family welfare during the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]].<ref name ="about"/><ref name="BBC"/> In December 2003, the DMK pulled out of the alliance and Raja resigned his minister's post along with his other DMK colleagues. He continued with the same ministry after the 2004 elections which was won by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] led alliance, which included the DMK.<ref name="BBC"/> His tenure as an Environment ministry came under intense scrutiny in 2011 during the [[2G Spectrum case]]. His association with the key accused in the 2G case, Unitech and DB Realty, was rooted to 2004 when he was the Environment minister. One of the key points out of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] is the approval of 2016 clearances given by his ministry in a span of two years from 2006 to 2008, some of which were associated with the trading of hazardous waste. The other issue raised was about the large majority of Raja's supporters in the expert appraisals committee (EAC), responsible for granting clearances to various sectors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja's environment role under scanner|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/rajas-environment-role-under-scanner|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|date=10 April 2011|access-date=22 November 2013|last=Yadav|first=Yatish|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011946/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/rajas-environment-role-under-scanner|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Raja formed links as environment minister|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/raja-formed-links-as-environment-minister/article1-680961.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203184440/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/raja-formed-links-as-environment-minister/article1-680961.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|last=Saxena|first=Sumit|date=4 April 2011|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

In May 2007, [[Dinakaran]], the newspaper run by [[Kalanidhi Maran]], the elder brother of [[Dayanidhi Maran]] who was the central minister for IT and Communication, ran into a controversy when it published the results of a series of opinion polls which showed [[M. K. Stalin]], the second son of [[Karunanidhi]], having more approval (70%) than his elder brother [[M. K. Azhagiri]] (2%) as the political heir of Karunanidhi. It also showed others as 20%, possibly indicating Dayanidhi Maran and Kanimozhi. The Madurai office of [[Dinakaran Attack Case|Dinakaran was fire bombed]] by supporters of Alagiri and three employees were killed.<ref name=Survey>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/09azha.htm|title=TN: 2 killed as Dinakaran office set afire|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=9 May 2007|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The Sun TV office in Madurai was also attacked by the perpetrators.<ref name="businessstandard">Phandis 2009, p. 145</ref> A day after the incident, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]] came to Chennai for felicitating Karunanidhi for 50 years in legislative assembly. Dayanidhi Maran, who usually accompanies Karunanidhi at every function, discarded the event as a mark of protest. On 13 May, the DMK administrative committee empowered Karunanidhi to remove Dayanidhi from the party. This subsequently led to his resignation from the central ministry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/05_2007/dmk-drama-raja-in-maran-out-40592.html|title=DMK kicks out Dayanidhi, brings in Raja as Minister|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=15 May 2007|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=9 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209085802/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/05_2007/dmk-drama-raja-in-maran-out-40592.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following his resignation, the IT portfolio was allocated to Raja on 16 May 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja appointed IT Minister|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/16/stories/2007051613590100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517083054/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/16/stories/2007051613590100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2007|date=16 May 2007|location=New Delhi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> On 17 October 2008, he submitted his post-dated resignation to the DMK party chief, [[M. Karunanidhi]], in protest of the killings of Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1199083|title= 14 DMK MPs hand in resignation letters |location=India |publisher= DNA|date=17 October 2008|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

===2G spectrum case===
{{Main|2G spectrum case}}
{{Further|Radia tapes controversy}}
The [[2G]] spectrum financial scandal involved the alleged corrupt sale in 2008 of telecommunications bandwidth to selected organizations at prices that understated the real [[market value]] of the asset. The sale is claimed to have occurred when Raja headed the Telecommunications and IT Ministry; it has been considered the largest political corruption case in modern Indian history, amounting to around {{INRConvert|1766.45|b|nolink=yes}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/chap5.pdf|title=Chapter 5|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India|date=2011|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120105346/http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/chap5.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |title=Telecommunication Report |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=2011 |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321130348/http://cag.gov.in/html/reports/civil/2010-11_19PA/Telecommunication%20Report.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> of lost income for the [[Government of India]]. It is alleged that the sale should have been put under a transparent auction system.

A [[first information report]] filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) claims that the allocation was not done as per market prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/raja-faces-heat-as-cbi-raids-dot-on-2g-scam-59090-2009-10-22 |title=Raja faces heat as CBI raids DoT on 2G scam |date=23 October 2009 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=2009-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027040128/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/67517/Business/Raja%2Bfaces%2Bheat%2Bas%2BCBI%2Braids%2BDoT%2Bon%2B2G%2Bscam.html |archive-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) holds Raja personally responsible for the sale of 2G spectrum at 2001 rates in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-28/india/28087385_1_cbi-probe-raja-scam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105013106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-28/india/28087385_1_cbi-probe-raja-scam |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=BJP takes on Raja over telecom spectrum scam|last=Singh|first=Shalini|date= 28 October 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In August 2010, evidence was submitted by the CAG showing that Raja had personally signed and approved the majority of the questionable allocations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28275187_1_cag-audit-2g-raja | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105013112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/india/28275187_1_cag-audit-2g-raja | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 November 2012 | first1=Josy | last1=Joseph | title=CAG draft report nails Raja role in 2G scam | date=30 August 2010| work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Although the political opposition was demanding his resignation over the 2G spectrum case, Raja initially refused to resign, stating his innocence, and this view was backed by his party president [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/india/28267960_1_cag-report-telecom-minister-spectrum-allocation-issue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105013137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/india/28267960_1_cag-report-telecom-minister-spectrum-allocation-issue |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 | title=Raja adamant, says won't step down, ready for probe | date=12 November 2010|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> He eventually resigned on 14 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Raja-to-submit-resignation-to-PM-over-2G-scam-Report/Article1-626305.aspx |title=DMK blinks, Raja quits |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2010 |location=New Delhi, Chennai |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121005922/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Raja-to-submit-resignation-to-PM-over-2G-scam-Report/Article1-626305.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2011 }}</ref>

In 2011, the results of an investigation by retired judge Shivraj Patil, who was appointed by then telecom minister [[Kapil Sibal]], also found Raja to have been directly responsible for "procedural lapses" regarding the sale.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-31/india/28371711_1_2g-telecom-minister-indicts | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105013209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-31/india/28371711_1_2g-telecom-minister-indicts | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 November 2012 | title=Justice Patil's report on 2G scam indicts A Raja | date=31 January 2011| work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The CBI and Enforcement Directorate estimated that Raja could have made as much as Rs 30 billion from the alleged bribes.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | title = A Raja made Rs 3,000cr in bribes | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Raja-made-Rs-3000cr-in-bribes/articleshow/7471835.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110831072605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28545283_1_telecom-minister-raja-cut-off-date | url-status = live | archive-date = 31 August 2011 | author = Dhananjay Mahapatra | date = 11 February 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>

In January and February 2011, Raja's houses and offices were raided by the CBI, who seized computers as potential evidence.<ref>{{cite web|title=2G spectrum scam: Former Telecom Minister A Raja arrested|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-former-telecom-minister-a-raja-arrested-82985|access-date=2 February 2011|publisher=NDTV|date=2 February 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110210013306/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-former-telecom-minister-a-raja-arrested-82985| archive-date= 10 February 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> On 2 February 2011, the CBI arrested Raja with his aide, R. K. Chandolia, and Siddharth Behura, the former telecom secretary and placed them in [[Tihar jail]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-54593820110202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034502/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-54593820110202|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016|title=CBI arrests ex-telecoms min A. Raja over graft|publisher=Reuters India|date=2 February 2011|access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28353078_1_spectrum-scam-telecom-minister-2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913005831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28353078_1_spectrum-scam-telecom-minister-2g |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2011 |title=2G spectrum scam: Former telecom minister A Raja arrested|date=2 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref> Raja and R.K. Chandolia are heard in conversation with Niira Radia in the released Radia tapes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript : Raja-Radia Tape |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268064 |newspaper=Outlook|date=18 November 2010|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript : Radia- Chandolia |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268626|newspaper=Outlook|date=10 December 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: CBI arrests former telecom minister A Raja |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28353078_1_spectrum-scam-telecom-minister-2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913005831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28353078_1_spectrum-scam-telecom-minister-2g |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2011 |access-date=2 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2G spectrum scam: Former Telecom Minister A Raja sent to Tihar Jail|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-former-telecom-minister-a-raja-sent-to-tihar-jail-86054|access-date=2 February 2011|newspaper=NDTV|date=2 February 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110222000512/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-former-telecom-minister-a-raja-sent-to-tihar-jail-86054| archive-date= 22 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Raja's stay in Tihar Jail extended till March 17|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-03/india/28650258_1_judicial-custody-shahid-usman-balwa-spectrum-allocation-scam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323185754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-03/india/28650258_1_judicial-custody-shahid-usman-balwa-spectrum-allocation-scam|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2012|access-date=2 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2011}}</ref>

Subsequent to his arrest, the DMK supported him on the basis that he was innocent until proven guilty.<ref name="India News">{{cite web |url=http://news.indiavoice.info/politics/dmk-backs-raja-after-arrest-in-2g-scam-2011020315551/ |title=DMK backs Raja after arrest in 2G scam |publisher=IndiaVoice |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=10 November 2013 |last=Gajjar |first=Tushar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721205959/http://news.indiavoice.info/politics/dmk-backs-raja-after-arrest-in-2g-scam-2011020315551/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

On 6 June 2012, Delhi court permitted Raja to visit [[Tamil Nadu]] between 8 and 30 June, on grounds of discharging his previous duties in the state.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/india/32077682_1_telecom-minister-raja-plans-perambalur| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/india/32077682_1_telecom-minister-raja-plans-perambalur| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2 December 2013| title=A Raja allowed to visit Tamil Nadu between June 8–30|location=New Delhi | date=6 June 2012| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

On 15 May 2012, he was granted bail by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] under a condition that he would not visit the [[Department of Telecommunications]] nor his home state [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2G case: Raja gets bail, can't visit DoT or Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/2G-case-Raja-gets-bail-can-t-visit-DoT-or-Tamil-Nadu/Article1-855962.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517001548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/2G-case-Raja-gets-bail-can-t-visit-DoT-or-Tamil-Nadu/Article1-855962.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 May 2012|access-date=15 May 2012|place=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Raja granted bail, whispered prayers as verdict was announced|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-in-2g-case-210992|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=15 May 2012|access-date=15 May 2012|archive-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529123156/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-in-2g-case-210992|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: A Raja gets bail after 15 months in jail|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-raja-gets-bail-after-15-months-in-jail/258041-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516130530/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-raja-gets-bail-after-15-months-in-jail/258041-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2012|newspaper=[[CNN IBN]]|date=15 May 2012|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> He stayed in Tihar jail for fifteen months.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-leaves-tihar-jail-211270|title= A Raja out of jail after 15 months; at his home, dinner for 200|date= 15 May 2012 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The Enforcement Directorate grilled Raja on 10 July 2012 for four hours, to ascertain his role in grant of 2G licenses especially to Swan Telecom and Unitech Wireless.

Delhi court on 21 December 2017 acquitted all accused, including former Telecom Minister A. Raja and DMK Rajya Sabha member Kanimozhi in the 2G spectrum allocation case.
<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ed-grills-raja-on-licences-beneficiaries/973325/0| title= ED grills Raja on licenses, beneficiaries|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul| date= 12 July 2012|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

===Involvement in real estate===
[[Sadiq Batcha]], a close friend of Raja's, shifted his base to Chennai from his hometown of Perambalur, after Raja became a central minister in 2004. He started a real estate firm called Green House Promoters, which had Raja's nephew Paramesh Kumar as joint managing director and Raja's brother A Kaliyaperumal and Raja's wife Parameswari as directors. Parameswari resigned from the post on account of investigations. Batcha started another real estate firm in 2008 called Equals Estates Pvt Ltd, which had Parameswari as a director. The firm had a turnover of 755 crores in two years, mainly attributed to the association of Raja. Batcha was put under the CBI scanner during the 2G spectrum case as they believed him to be the conduit for Raja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadiq Batcha's fortunes grew apace with Raja's|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-17/india/29138082_1_green-house-promoters-sadiq-batcha-paramesh-kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-17/india/29138082_1_green-house-promoters-sadiq-batcha-paramesh-kumar|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|date=17 March 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> On 16 March 2011, Batcha was found dead in his Chennai residence. Police found a suicide note that read the reason as the excessive media coverage that maligned his image. Police registered a case under suspicious circumstances under Section 174 of the [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja aide Sadiq Batcha found dead in Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/raja-aide-sadiq-batcha-found-dead-in-chennai/article1543256.ece|location=Chennai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 March 2011|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sadiq Batcha's suicide note found, says Tamil Nadu police|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sadiq-batcha-s-suicide-note-found-says-tamil-nadu-police-92080|publisher=NDTV|last1=Daniel|first1=Sam|last2=Pinto|first2=Sanjay|date=16 March 2011|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sadiq Batcha, A Raja's close aide dead|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news/28697960_1_sadiq-batcha-2g-spectrum-probe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025014/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news/28697960_1_sadiq-batcha-2g-spectrum-probe|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 March 2011|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Separate nation for Tamil Nadu ===
On 3 July 2022, A Raja said that the Union government is not giving the state autonomy and the Prime Minister and the Home Minister should not force them into demanding a "''thani nadu''" (separate nation) while speaking at a meeting held for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] local body representatives, in the presence of Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin|M K Stalin]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title='Propagates separatism' — A. Raja's 'separate Tamil Nadu' comment draws BJP, AIADMK rebuke |url=https://theprint.in/politics/propagates-separatism-a-rajas-separate-tamil-nadu-comment-draws-bjp-aiadmk-rebuke/1024655/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=DMK MP Raja's heated pitch on 'separate Tamil Nadu', autonomy sets off fiery row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/dmk-mp-raja-heated-pitch-on-separate-tamil-nadu-autonomy-8008646/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Making 'Separate Country' Comment, DMK's A Raja Cites Periyar, But He Dumped The Dream 66 Yrs Ago |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/while-making-separate-country-comment-dmks-a-raja-cites-periyar-but-he-dumped-the-dream-66-years-ago-5497453.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-07-04 |title=Don't nudge us to seek independent Tamil Nadu: DMK's A. Raja seeks autonomy with CM Stalin on stage |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dont-nudge-us-to-seek-independent-tamil-nadu-dmks-a-raja-seeks-autonomy-with-cm-stalin-on-stage/article65599513.ece |access-date=2022-07-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=DMK's A Raja says don't push us to walk Periyar's path for separate Tamil Nadu, sparks row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dmks-a-raja-says-don-t-push-us-to-walk-periyar-s-path-for-separate-tamil-nadu-101656940583584.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>{{blockquote|"Prime Minister Narendra Modi says all states are to be seen the same, and Home Minister Amit Shah says if you want unity, learn Hindi. The party's founding father [[Periyar]], until [his] death, demanded a ''thani nadu''. But we (DMK) kept aside that demand for our democracy and national integrity, So, I am saying this with the utmost humility. Our CM is travelling in Anna's [[C. N. Annadurai]] path so far, do not push us into following Periyar's path. Do not make us revive our demand for a separate state"<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />}}DMK immediately distanced itself from the comments and said that the comments made in support of a separate nation is not the stand of the party.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Books ==
*{{Cite book|last=Raja|first=Andimuthu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCM3tAEACAAJ|title=2G Saga Unfolds|date=2018|publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt Limited|isbn=978-81-241-1890-0|language=en}}

==See also==
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[Sadiq Batcha]]
* [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
* [[A.K. Ganguly|Justice A.K. Ganguly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=344
|title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile: Raja, Shri Andimuthu
|publisher=Parliament of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213042234/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=344
|archive-date=13 December 2010
|url-status=dead
|access-date=10 March 2011
}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| years = 2007–10}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Kapil Sibal]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, A.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Perambalur district]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha

2026-01-15T13:06:30Z

Nxtleveledit: added a details initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
'''Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha''' ({{langx|en|'''Assamese Language Development Society'''}}) was a literary organization founded on Saturday 25 August 1888 (1810 [[Indian national calendar|Saka]]). Its primary objective was the development of [[Assamese language]] and [[Assamese literature|literature]].<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarai.net/fellowships/independent/archival-submissions/fellowships-04-05/uddipan-dutta-the-growth-of-print-nationalism-and-assamese-identity-in-two-early-assamese-magazines/page-6|title=The Growth of Print Nationalism and Assamese Identity in Two Early Assamese Magazines|last=Dutta|first=Uddipan|publisher=Sarai|pages=6|accessdate=4 April 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109001953/http://www.sarai.net/fellowships/independent/archival-submissions/fellowships-04-05/uddipan-dutta-the-growth-of-print-nationalism-and-assamese-identity-in-two-early-assamese-magazines/page-6|archivedate=9 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/first-students-stir-took-place-in-1830|title='First students stir took place in 1830'|date=5 September 2005|publisher=The Assam Tribune|accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref> It is regarded as the precursor of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]].<ref name="ef">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050905/asp/northeast/story_5197043.asp|title=Culture cradle inspires icon to end song drought – Bhupen Hazarika sings paean to glory of Ban Theatre at start of two-day centenary celebrations|date=5 September 2005|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=4 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054305/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050905/asp/northeast/story_5197043.asp|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first secretary of this society was [[Shivaram]] Sarma Bordoloi.<ref name="ab" />

==History==
In the 8th decade of the 19th century the Assamese students studying in Calcutta took the Assamese language as the most important unifying factor for the formation of an Assamese nationality. Initially they formed messes in 50 Sitaram Ghosh Street and 62 Sitaram Ghosh Street in Calcutta. As the influx of students increased, the number of messes was also increased. Some important messes added later were 67 Mirzapur Street, 107 Amherst Street, 14 Pratap Chandra Lane, Eden Hospital Street mess, etc. They initiated a number of inter-mess activities. Among them, the most crucial one was the Tea Party, a social gathering over a cup of tea on every Wednesday and Saturday. They used to discuss various topics in this Tea Party and this is how the concept of ''Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha'' was mooted on Saturday 25 August 1888 (1810 Saka), at the 67 Mirzapur Street mess and this Tea Party was converted into a literary organization.<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd">{{cite journal|title=Axomiā Bhāxā Unnati Xādhini Xabhār Karjya Biboroni|journal=Jonaki|volume=5|issue=7}}</ref>

==Objectives==
The objective of the society was elaborately discussed in the magazine Jonaki (Vol 5, No. 7) under the title "''Axomiā Bhāxā Unnati Xādhini Xabhār Karjya Biboroni''". It is as follows (English translation: Uddipan Dutta)-<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd" />

{{cquote|The objective of the Sabha is to find out solutions as to how an infant mother tongue would grow; how would it equalize the other rich and developed languages of the world and brighten the poors and gloomy face of Assam; how would it grow from the present weak and sick status to a healthy state. The development of Assamese language and literature is the primary aim of the organization. For that purpose it strives to preserve the old Assamese texts available, to translate different important books from Sanskrit and other languages into Assamese which are not available in the mother tongue, to develop reading habit among the masses to introduce pure grammar and orthography instead of the impure orthography and grammar, and to create one standard written language all through the areas of Assam.<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd" />}}

==Some other activities==

===Publishing Jonaki===
Among many other important decisions taken by the society, one was to publish a new monthly magazine and this is how [[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki]] was born in 1889. The aim and objectives of the society was regularly discussed on the pages of Jonaki.<ref name="ab" />

===Baan theatre===
Assamese actors initially staged plays alongside Bengali actors under the aegis of the Bengali Amateur Theatre Party. In 1903, a division of opinions among the artists from the two linguistic groups led the Assamese artists to the formation of the [[Baan theatre]]. In 1906 the society decided to have a theatre exclusively for Assamese plays.<ref name="ef" />

==People associated with the society==
Here is a list of those who played a pivotal role in the early imagination of Assamese identity.<ref name="ab" />
*From the 50 Sitaram Ghosh Street mess: [[Benudhar Rajkhowa]], Dalimchandra Bora, Lakshiprasad Chaliha, Ramakanta Baruah, Krishnaprasad Duwara, Ramakanta Barkakoti, Gunindranath Baruah, Golapalchandra Baruah, Gunjanan Baruah etc.
*From the 62 Sitaram Gosh Street mess: Lakhyeswar Sarma, Tirthanath Kakoti, [[Hemchandra Goswami]], Kanaklal Baruah, Krishna Kumar Baruah, Chandra Kamal Bezbaruah, Ghanashyam Baruah, Kamalchandra Sarma and Lakshminath Bezbaroa etc.

==See also==
*[[Orunodoi]]
*[[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki]]
*[[Asam Sahitya Sabha]]
*[[Assamese Language Movement]]
*[[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]
*[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan1310/edit3 Theatrical movement in Assam] by Babul Tamuly, Editorial, The Assam Tribune.

[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]

Coffee production in India

2026-01-12T06:11:44Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding new pg - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:India coffee forests.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Coffee forests in India]]
'''Coffee production in India''' is dominated in the hill tracts of [[South India]]n states, with [[Karnataka]] accounting for 71% ([[Kodagu]] district alone produces 33% of India's coffee), followed by [[Kerala]] with 21% and [[Tamil Nadu]] (5% of overall production with 8,200 [[tonne]]s). Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world.<ref name=value>{{cite web|title=Coffee Board of India|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/coffee-statistics.html|website=indiacoffee.org|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> There are about 250,000 coffee growers in the country; 98% of them are small growers.<ref name="Lee" /> As of 2009, Indian coffee made up just 4.5% of the global production, being the 7th largest producer of coffee. Almost 80% of Indian coffee is exported;<ref name="Illy & Viani">{{cite book|last1=Illy|first1=Andrea |last2=Viani|first2=Rinantonio |title=Espresso coffee: the science of quality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJdlfSFCmVIC&pg=PA47|year=2005|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-370371-9|page=47}}</ref> 70% is bound for Germany, Russia, Spain, Belgium, Libya, Poland, Jordan, Malaysia, U.S.A, Slovenia and Austria. Italy accounts for 20.37% of the exports. Most of the export is shipped through the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name=value/>

Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region, followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]] in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] of [[Northeastern India]], popularly known as "Seven Sister States of India".<ref name=region>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeRegionsIndia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225202559/http://www1.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeRegionsIndia|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-25|title=Coffee Regions – India|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=Indian Coffee Organization}}</ref>

Unwashed Arabica & Robusta coffee (Arabica/Robusta Cherry A & AA) stored in [[Mangalore]] and exposed to the humidity/moisture of [[Monsoon|South West Monsoon]] during June to September is termed as "Indian monsooned coffee". Its flavour is defined as: "The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees, but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring".<ref name=Indian>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/india.htm |title=Indian Coffee |access-date=2010-10-06 |publisher=Coffee Research Organization |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228183932/http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/india.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010 }}</ref> The two well known species of coffee grown are the [[Arabica coffee|Arabica]] and [[Robusta coffee|Robusta]]. The first variety that was introduced in the [[Baba Budan Giri]] hill ranges in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka state in the 17th century<ref name="Robertson">{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy0YIUYybOsC&pg=PA78 |title=The Little Book of Coffee Law |publisher=American Bar Association |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60442-985-5 |pages=77–79 |access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S.795.

==History==
[[File:Unripe Araku Coffee.jpg|thumb|Unripe Coffee Pods in [[Araku Valley]], Andhra Pradesh]]
[[File:Araku Coffee Plantation.jpg|thumb|Coffee Plantation in Araku, Andhra Pradesh]]
Coffee growing has a long history that is attributed first to Ethiopia and then to [[Arabia]] (Yemen). The earliest history is traced to 875 AD according to the [[Bibliotheque Nationale]] in Paris, and the original source to Ethiopia ([[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]) from where it was brought to Arabia in the 15th century.<ref name="baba"/>

The consumption of Coffee was recorded in the art and accounts of the Mughal court, from the early 1600s, with travellers recording descriptions of the [[Coffeehouse|Coffeehouses]] '''qahwakhanas''<nowiki/>' of [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hriday |date=2024-02-07 |title=History of Coffee in India |url=https://drwakefield.com/news-and-views/history-of-coffee-in-india/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=DRWakefield |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Invigorating the spirits: In search of India's lost coffee culture |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/india-coffee-lost-culture-mughal-empire |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>

In the Indian context, coffee growing started at the beginning of the 17th century, with an [[Indian Muslim]] saint, [[Baba Budan]],<ref name="Lee">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuwFF2JLw1MC&pg=PA293|last1= Lee|first1=Hau Leung|last2=Lee |first2=Chung-Yee|title=Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies|year=2007|pages=293–94|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-0-387-38428-3}}</ref><ref name=archive>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Coffee |volume= 6 |last1= Rendle |first1= Alfred Barton |author1-link= Alfred Barton Rendle |last2= Freeman |first2= William George | pages = 646–649 |quote= see page 648: ''India is the principal coffee-growing region in the British empire...There are some 213,000 acres under coffee, mostly in southern India.''}}</ref> who, while returning from a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], smuggled seven coffee beans (by hiding them in his beard), from [[Mokha]], Yemen, to [[Mysore]] in India.<ref name="baba">{{cite book|last1=Wild|first1=Anthony|title=The East India Company Book of Coffee|date=10 April 1995|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0004127390}}</ref> He planted them around his home at [[Chikmagalur]] (Chandra Drona Giri), [[Karnataka]] ({{convert|1829|m}})('Giri' means "hill"). The required considerable bravery, as unprocessed coffee bean export was prohibited, to prevent [[germination]], and possible future competition.<ref name="Playne">{{cite book|last1=Playne|first1=Somerset |last2=Bond|first2=J.W.|last3=Wright|first3=Arnold|title=Southern India – Its History, People, Commerce: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources|year=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-1344-9|pages=219–222}}</ref> The [[Dutch East India Company]] were the first to recognise the export potential, of Indian grown coffee, with systematic native cultivation encouraged, and initiated the first commercial export of Indian grown coffee, from [[Dutch India]] (1605 - 1825).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=We are but cups, constantly and quietly being filled {{!}} Tata Coffee |url=https://www.tatacoffee.com/blog-entry/we-are-cups-constantly-and-quietly-being-filled |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.tatacoffee.com}}</ref> In 1670, most cultivation was by private native farmers.

In 1760, coffee plants from [[Portuguese India]] (Goa), were shipped to Brazil, to help establish Brazilian coffee cultivation.<ref name=":1" />

In the 1780s, coffee consumption is observed in [[French India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sandip |date=2025-01-01 |title=Revisiting Coffee Consumption in Early Modern India |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/content/journals/10.1484/J.FOOD.5.151474 |journal=Food & History |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.1484/J.FOOD.5.151474 |issn=1780-3187|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first substantial British plantations were established, form the 1820s, by the like of Cannon, adjacent to [[Baba Budan Giri]], and by J.H. Jolly, of Parry & Co., on a 40 acre site, near [[Chandragiri]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nageswaran |first=Anantha |date=2024-01-22 |title=Eid Parry Company Profile & Other Details |url=https://thebusinessblaze.com/eid-parry-company-profile/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Business Blaze |language=en-US}}</ref> Commercial plantations spread to other areas of [[Wayanad]] (now part of Kerala), the [[Shevaroys]] and [[Nilgiris]] in Tamil Nadu. With [[British colonial]] presence taking strong roots in India in the mid 19th century, coffee plantations flourished for export. The culture of coffee thus spread to South India rapidly.

Initially, [[Arabica coffee|Arabica]] was popular. However, as result of serious infestation caused to this species by [[coffee rust]], an alternative robust species of coffee, appropriately named as [[robusta coffee|robusta]] and another hybrid between [[liberica]] and Arabica, a rust-tolerant hybrid variety of [[Arabica coffee|Arabica]] tree became popular. This is the most common variety of coffee that is grown in the country with Karnataka alone accounting for 70% of production of this variety.<ref name=archive/><ref name=Playne/>

In 1942, the government decided to regulate the export of coffee and protect the small and marginal farmers by passing the Coffee VII Act of 1942, under which the [[Coffee Board of India]] got established, operated by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]].<ref name="Lee"/> The government dramatically increased their control of coffee exports in India and pooled the coffees of its growers. In doing so, they reduced the incentives for farmers to produce high-quality coffee, so quality became stagnant.<ref name="Lee"/>

Over the last 50 years, coffee production in India has grown by over 15 percent.<ref name="CABI">{{cite book|title=Coffee pests, diseases and their management|author=Waller, J. M.|author2=Bigger, M.|author3=Hillocks, R.J.|publisher=CABI|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84593-129-2|page=26}}</ref> From 1991, economic liberalisation took place in India, and the industry took full advantage of this and cheaper labour costs of production.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RU8D9kB714C&pg=PA74|author=Clay, Jason, W.|title=World agriculture and the environment: a commodity-by-commodity guide to impacts and practices|publisher=[[Island Press]]|year=2004|page=74|isbn=1-55963-370-0}}</ref> In 1993, a monumental Internal Sales Quota (ISQ) made the first step in liberalising the coffee industry by entitling coffee farmers to sell 30% of their production within India.<ref name="Lee"/> This was further amended in 1994 when the Free Sale Quota (FSQ) permitted large and small scale growers to sell between 70% and 100% of their coffee either domestically or internationally.<ref name="Lee"/> A final amendment in September 1996 saw the liberalisation of coffee for all growers in the country and a freedom to sell their produce wherever they wished.<ref name="Lee"/>

==Production==

===Background===
[[File:Coffee growing areas of India.png|thumb|right|The main coffee producing states of India]]
[[File:Indian coffee beans.jpg|thumb|right|Karnataka coffee beans]]
As in [[Ceylon]], coffee production in India declined rapidly from the 1870s and was massively outgrown by the emerging tea industry. The devastating [[coffee rust]] affected the output of coffee to the point that the costs of production saw coffee plantations in many parts replaced with tea plantations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA462|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume 1|publisher=CUP|year=1929|page=462}}</ref> However, the coffee industry was not as affected by this disease as in Ceylon, and although overshadowed in scale by the tea industry, India was still one of the strongholds of coffee production in the [[British Empire]] along with [[British Guiana]]. In the period 1910–12, the area under coffee plantation was reported to be {{convert|203134|acre}} in the southern states, and was mostly exported to England.

In the 1940s, [[Indian filter coffee]], a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%–80%) and [[chicory]] (20%–30%) became a commercial success. It was especially popular in the southern states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The most commonly used coffee beans are [[Arabica coffee|Arabica]] and [[Robusta coffee|Robusta]] grown in the hills of [[Karnataka]] ([[Kodagu]], [[Chikkamagaluru]] and [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]), [[Kerala]] ([[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region) and [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Nilgiris District]], [[Yercaud]] and [[Kodaikanal]]).

Coffee production in India grew rapidly in the 1970s, increasing from 68,948 tonnes in 1971–72 to 120,000 tonnes in 1979–80 and grew by 4.6 percent in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soowfYHKJloC&pg=PA112|title=Medium-term prospects for agricultural commodities: projections to the year 2000|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations|page=112|year=1994|isbn=92-5-103482-6}}</ref> It grew by more than 30 percent in the 1990s, rivalled only by Uganda in the growth of production.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Eastern economist |volume=75 |issue=2|year=1980|pages=950–1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUu4DjBo4WQC&pg=PA128|author=Talbot, John M.|title=Grounds for agreement: the political economy of the coffee commodity chain|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2004|page=128|isbn=0-7425-2629-1}}</ref> By 2007, organic coffee was grown in about {{convert|2600|ha}} with an estimated production of about 1,700 tonnes.<ref name="indiacoffee" /> According to the 2008 statistics published by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the area of coffee green harvested in India was {{convert|342000|ha}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=Area Harvested (ha)|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=FAO}}</ref> with yield estimates of 7,660 hectogram/ha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=Yield Harvested (hg/Ha)|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=FAO}}</ref> forming a total production estimate of 262,000 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor|title=Production (tonnes)|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=FAO}}</ref>

There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers.<ref name="Lee" /> Over 90 percent of them are small farms consisting of {{convert|10|acre}} or fewer. According to published statistics for 2001–2002, the total area under coffee in India was {{convert|346995|ha|acre}} with small holdings of 175,475 accounting for 71.2%. The area under large holding of more than {{convert|100|ha}} was {{convert|31571|ha}} (only 9.1% of all holdings) only under 167 holdings. The area under less than {{convert|2|ha}} holdings was {{convert|114546|ha}} (33% of the total area) among 138,209 holders.<ref name="Lee"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Size of holdings
!Numbers (2001–2002)
!Area of holding
|-
| Less than 10 ha {{convert|10|ha}}
| 175,475
| {{convert|247087|ha}}
|-
| Between 10 and 100 ha and above
| 2,833
| {{convert|99908|ha}}
|-
| Total
| 178,308
| {{convert|346995|ha}}
|}

The most important areas of production are in the southern [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Karnataka]], Kerala, and [[Tamil Nadu]] which accounted for over 92% of India's coffee production in the 2005–2006 growing season. In this same season, India exported over {{convert|440000|lb}} of coffee, with over 25% destined for Italy. Traditionally, India has been a noted producer of ''Arabica'' coffee but in the last decade ''robusta'' beans are growing substantially due to high yields, which now account for over 60 percent of coffee produced in India. The domestic consumption of coffee increased from 50,000 tonnes in 1995 to 94,400 tonnes in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coffee Board of India|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/aboutus.aspx|website=indiacoffee.org|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>
According to the statistics provided by the Coffee Board of India, the estimated production of Robusta and Arabica coffee for the "Post Monsoon Estimation 2009–10" and "Post Blossom Estimation 2010–11" in different states accounted for a total of 308,000 tonnes and 289,600 tonnes, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeData|title=Database on Coffee – May–June 2010|access-date=1 December 2010|publisher=Coffee Board of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815055117/http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeData|archive-date=15 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2010, between 70% and 80% of Indian grown coffee is exported overseas.<ref name="CABI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/Coffee-exports-rise-57-pc-in-Jan-Nov-to-271-L-tn/articleshow/7025245.cms|title=Coffee exports rise 57 pc in Jan–Nov to 2.71 L tn|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2010|date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

===Growing conditions===
All coffee grown in India are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade. Often inter-cropped with spices such as [[cardamom]], [[cinnamon]], [[clove]], and [[nutmeg]], the coffees gain aromatics from the inter-cropping, storage, and handling functions.<ref name="Davids">{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeereview.com/article.cfm?ID=10|title=Indias|last=Davids|first=Ken|date=January 2001|work=coffeereview.com|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174455/http://www.coffeereview.com/article.cfm?ID=10|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Growing altitudes range between {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] for ''[[Arabica coffee|Arabica]]'' (premier coffee), and {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} for ''[[Robusta coffee|Robusta]]'' (though of lower quality, it is robust to environment conditions).<ref name="Lee"/><ref name="indiacoffee">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeRegionsIndia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225202559/http://www1.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=CoffeeRegionsIndia|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2008|title=Coffee Regions – India|date=16 September 2009|work=indiacoffee.org|publisher=Coffee Board|access-date=1 December 2010|location=[[Bengaluru]], India}}</ref> Ideally, both ''Arabica'' and ''Robusta'' are planted in well-drained soil conditions that favour rich organic matter that is slightly acidic (pH 6.0–6.5).<ref name="indiacoffee" /> However, India's coffees tend to be moderately acidic which can lead to either a balanced and sweet taste, or a listless and inert one.<ref name="Davids" /> Slopes of ''Arabica'' tend to be gentle to moderate, while ''Robusta'' slopes are gentle to fairly level.<ref name="indiacoffee"/>

;Blooming and maturing
[[File:Coffea canephora 1 at Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb|right|Coffee flower]]
[[File:Irrigation in Coffee Plantations 9.jpg|right|thumb|Irrigated coffee plantation]]
Blooming is the time when coffee plants bloom with white flowers which last for about 3–4 days (termed "evanescent" period) before they mature into seeds. When coffee plantations are in full bloom it is a delightful sight to watch. The time period between blooming and maturing of the fruit varies appreciably with the variety and the climate; for the ''Arabica'', it is about seven months, and for the ''Robusta'', about nine months. The fruit is gathered by hand when it is fully ripe and red-purple in colour.<ref name=Brittanica>{{Cite book|title= The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1|author1= Hau Leung Lee| author2=Chung-Yee Lee |page=158|access-date=1 December 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYcoAQAAIAAJ&q=ripe++and+red-purple+in+colour|publisher=Britannica.com|year=1991|isbn=0-85229-529-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=udM&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&q=blooming+and+maturing+of+the+fruit+varies+appreciably+with+the+variety+and+the+climate%3B+for+the+Arabica%2C&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai |title=Britannica – "coffee production" article|access-date=1 December 2010|publisher=Britannica.com Mobile}}</ref><ref name=Chikmagalur>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/54339-Chikmagalur-Karnataka-where-coffee-was-first-planted-India.aspx |title=Chikmagalur in Karnataka, where coffee was first planted in India. |access-date=1 December 2010 |publisher=India Study Channel }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

;Climatic conditions
Ideal climatic conditions to grow coffee are related to temperature and rainfall; temperatures in the range of {{convert|73|F}} and {{convert|82|F}} with rainfall incidence in the range of {{convert|60|-|80|inch|m}} followed by a dry spell of 2–3 months suit the ''Arabica'' variety. Cold temperatures closer to freezing conditions are not suitable to grow coffee. Where the rainfall is less than {{convert|40|in|m}}, providing [[irrigation]] facilities is essential. In the tropical region of the south Indian hills, these conditions prevail leading to coffee plantations flourishing in large numbers.<ref name=coffee>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124337/coffee|title=Coffee Production|access-date=2010-10-05|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Relative humidity for ''Arabica'' ranges 70–80% while for ''Robusta'' it ranges 80–90%.<ref name="indiacoffee" />

[[File:Indian coffee plantation snakes.jpg|thumb|left|Cobras on an Indian coffee plantation]]
;Coffee diseases
One of the most prevalent diseases that coffee plants are subjected to in India is fungal growth. This fungus is called the ''[[Hemileia vastatrix]],'' an [[endophytous]] that grows within the matter of the leaf; an effective remedy has not yet been discovered to eliminate it. Another prevalent disease is known as [[Coffee rust|coffee rot]], which can cause severe damage during the rainy season, particularly to plantations in Karnataka. ''Pellicularia koleroga'' is the name given to this rot or rust, which turns the leaves a black color with a slimy gelatinous film. It is now classified as ''[[Ceratobasidium noxium]]'' This causes the coffee leaves and clusters of coffee berries to drop to the ground.<ref name=archive/> In addition, snakes such as [[cobra]]s are a nuisance and potential threat to workers in Indian coffee plantations.

===Processing===
Processing of coffee in India is accomplished using two methods, dry processing and wet processing. Dry processing is the traditional method of drying in the sun which is retains flavor producing fruit characteristics. In the wet processing method, coffee beans are fermented and washed, which is the preferred method for improved yields. As to the wet processing, the beans are subject to cleaning to segregate defective seeds. The beans of different varieties and sizes are then blended to derive the best flavor. The next procedure is to roast either through roasters or individual roasters. Then the roasted coffee is ground to appropriate sizes.<ref name=value/>

==Varieties==
[[File:Coffee on hills of Cauvery River in Coorg.jpg|right|thumb|Coffee on hills of [[Kaveri River]] in [[Kodagu district]], [[Karnataka]]]]
[[File:2015 0117 Monsooned Malabar beans unroosted.jpg|thumb|[[Monsooned Malabar]] arabica, compared with green Yirgachefe beans from [[Coffee production in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]]]
The four main botanical cultivars of India's coffee include Kent, S.795, Cauvery, and Selection 9. In the 1920s, the earliest variety of Arabica grown in India was named [[List of coffee varieties#Arabica varieties|Kent(s)]]<ref name="indiacoffee" /> after the Englishman L.P. Kent, a planter of the Doddengudda Estate in Mysore.<ref name="Cramer">{{cite book|last=Cramer|first=Pieter Johannes Samuel |title=A Review of Literature of Coffee Research in Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9UqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102|year=1957|publisher=IICA Biblioteca Venezuela|page=102}}</ref> Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in India and Southeast Asia is S.795,<ref name="Neilson & Pritchard" /> known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.<ref name="Neilson & Pritchard">{{cite book|last1=Neilson|first1=Jeff |last2=Pritchard|first2=Bill |title=Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-7393-3|page=124}}</ref> Cauvery, commonly known as Catimor, is a derivative of a cross between Caturra with Hybrido-de-Timor, while the award-winning Selection 9 is a derivative from the crossing between Tafarikela and Hybrido-de-Timor.<ref name="indiacoffee" /> The dwarf and semi-dwarf hybrids of [[San Ramon (coffee)|San Ramon]] and [[Caturra]] were developed to meet the demands for high density plantings.<ref name="Sera">{{cite book|last1=Sera|first1=T. |last2=Soccol|first2=C. R. |last3=Pandey|first3=A. |title=Coffee biotechnology and quality: proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Biotechnology in the Coffee Agro-Industry, III SIBAC, Londrina, Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5e98rcrnakC&pg=PA23|year=2000|publisher=Springer|isbn=0-7923-6582-8|page=23}}</ref> The Devamachy hybrid (''C. arabica'' and ''C. canephora'') was first discovered around 1930 in India.<ref name="Wintgens">{{cite book|last=Wintgens|first=Jean Nicolas|title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers, Processors, Traders, and Researchers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lxbz7TG5wwAC&pg=PA64|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-32286-2|page=64}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Indian Coffee Association's weekly auction includes such varieties as Arabica Cherry, Robusta Cherry, Arabica Plantation, and Robusta Parchment.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINSGE6AB0IE20101112|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201040025/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINSGE6AB0IE20101112|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|title=India coffee slightly higher on selective buying|date=12 November 2010|work=Reuters|access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

Regional logos and brands include: Anamalais, Araku valley, Bababudangiris, Biligiris, Brahmaputra, Chikmagalur, Coorg, Manjarabad, Nilgiris, Pulneys, Sheveroys, Travancore, and Wayanad. There are also several specialty brands such as [[Monsooned Malabar]] AA, Mysore Nuggets Extra Bold, and Robusta Kaapi Royale.<ref name="indiacoffee" />

[[File:India coffee bean collecting.jpg|thumb|left|Workers in Kerala]]
;Organic coffee
[[Organic coffee]] is produced without synthetic agro-chemicals and plant protection methods. A certification is essential by the accrediting agency for such coffee to market it (popular forms are of regular, decaffeinated, flavoured and instant coffee variety) as such since they are popular in Europe, United States and Japan. The Indian terrain and climatic conditions provide the advantages required for the growth of such coffee in deep and fertile forest soils under the two tier mixed shade using cattle manure, composting and manual weeding coupled with the horticultural operations practised in its various coffee plantations; small holdings is another advantage for such a variety of coffee. In spite of all these advantages, the certified organic coffee holdings in India, as of 2008, (there are 20 accredited certification agencies in India) was only in an area of {{convert|2600|ha}} with production estimated at 1,700 tonnes. In order to promote growth of such coffee, the Coffee Board, based on field experiments, surveys and case studies has evolved many packages for adoption, supplemented with information guidelines and technical documents.<ref name=region/>

==Research and development==
Coffee research and development efforts are well organised in India through its [[Coffee Research Institute]], which is considered the premier research station in [[South East Asia]]. It is under the control of the Coffee Board of India, an autonomous body, under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, [[Government of India]], which was set up under an Act of the Parliament with the objective of promoting "research, development, extension, quality up gradation, market information, and the domestic and external promotion of Indian coffee".<ref name=board>{{Cite web|url=http://www.admissionnews.com/collegedetails.aspx?colid=15949|title=Central Coffee Research Institute|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=India Coffee Organization|archive-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119120437/http://admissionnews.com/collegedetails.aspx?colid=15949|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was established near [[Balehonnur]] in [[Chikmagalur district]] of Karnataka, in the heartland of coffee plantations. Prior to establishing this institute, a temporary research unit was established in 1915 at [[Koppa, India|Koppa]] primarily to evolve solutions to crop infestation by leaf diseases. This was followed by the field research station established by the then [[Government of Mysore]], titled "Mysore Coffee Experimental Station," in 1925. This was handed over to the Coffee Board which was formed in 1942, and regular research started at this station from 1944. Dr L. C. Coleman is credited as the founder of coffee research in India.<ref name=Research>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_main.htm|title=Central Coffee Research Institute, Balehonnur|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=Chickmagalur, National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422140927/http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_main.htm|archive-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> The Coffee Board of India is an autonomous body, functioning under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. The Board serves as a friend, philosopher and guide of the coffee industry in India. Set up under an Act of the Parliament of India in the year 1942, the Board focuses on research, development, extension, quality up gradation, market information, and the domestic and external promotion of Indian coffee.
[[File:Chikmagalur in Karnataka (India).svg|thumb|right|[[Chikmagalur district]], the headquarters of the Coffee Board of India, shown within the state of Karnataka]]
The research activities covered by the Institute constitute research in seven disciplines such as [[Agronomy]], [[Soil Science]] and [[Agricultural Chemistry]], [[Botany]], [[Entomology]]/[[Nematology]], [[Plant Physiology]], [[Biotechnology]] and Post Harvest Technology with the basic aim of increasing productivity and quality of coffee grown in India. The institute has 60 scientific and technical personnel involved in research activities. The institute has a well established farm land of {{convert|130.94|ha}} for carrying out crop research, out of which {{convert|80.26|ha}} are dedicated to coffee research ({{convert|51.32|ha}} of arabica and {{convert|28.94|ha}} of robusta), {{convert|10|ha}} are used for growing CXR, {{convert|12.38|ha}} are apportioned for nurseries, roads and buildings, and the balance area of {{convert|12.38|ha}} is a reserve area for future expansion. The research farm has a well established network of check dams that provides a regulated water source to the plantations which offer a wide range of shade tree species under which coffee is grown, and [[germplasm]] and exotic material from all the coffee growing countries including Ethiopia which is known as the home land of Arabica. In addition, crop diversification with crops such as [[Black pepper|pepper]] and [[areca]] are also part of income generating programmes of the institute.<ref name=Research/>

Part of the institute includes a research laboratory to carry out research in identified disciplines, as well as a stocked library with books and periodicals, not only on coffee but also on other crops. Training of personnel is an important activity of the institute. The training unit of the institute conducts regular training programs for estate managers and supervisory personnel of the coffee plantations and also for the extension officers of the Coffee Board. Recognised by [[UNDP]] and [[USDA]], the training unit of the institute is providing training to foreign nationals on coffee cultivation in which personnel from Ethiopia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and [[Nestle]] Singapore have been trained.<ref name=Research/>

In addition, a Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology division, established in Mysore, is carrying out exclusive research in [[bio-technology]] and [[molecular biology]] to supplement/complement the conventional breeding programs in developing high yielding, pest and disease resistant varieties. The Coffee Board of India maintains a Quality Control Division in its head office in [[Bengaluru]] which plays an active role in collaborating with other research disciplines in upgrading the "quality of coffee in the cup".<ref name=Research/>

===Regional research stations===
To cover research specific to each coffee growing region covering different agro-climatic conditions, the following five research stations are fully functional under the overall control of the Central Coffee Research Institute.<ref name=Research/><ref name =regional>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_reg_research.htm|title=Regional Research Stations|access-date=2010-10-06|publisher=Chickmagalur, National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216031112/http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/ccri_reg_research.htm|archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

*Coffee Research Sub-station (CRSS), Chettalli in [[Kodagu]] district of Karnataka, was established in 1946. The sub-station has a well equipped laboratory and covers an area of {{convert|131|ha}} out of which {{convert|80|ha}} is exclusive to coffee research activities.<ref name =regional/>
*Regional Coffee Research Station (RCRS), R.V. Nagar in [[Visakhapatnam]] district of Andhra Pradesh also covers the [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] on the eastern coast. The research station, established in 1976 to cater to the development of coffee in non-traditional areas has an area of {{convert|30|ha}} under coffee plantation. The objective of introducing coffee in this area was to wean away the tribal population from growing crops under the [[podu (agriculture)|podu cultivation system]] ([[shifting cultivation]]) in the forest areas, not only to preserve the forest ecology but also to improve the economic condition of the tribal people of the region.<ref name =regional/>
*Regional Coffee Research Station (RCRS), Chundale village in [[Wayanad]] district of Kerala was established primarily to develop appropriate technologies to suit the region where robusta is the dominant crop. Kerala is reckoned as the second largest coffee producing state in the country with robusta variety of coffee. The station covers an area of {{convert|116|ha}} with {{convert|30|ha}} of farm with an adequate laboratory support for research.<ref name =regional/>
*Regional Coffee Research Station (RCRS), Thandigudi in [[Dindigul]] district of Tamil Nadu. The research station was established with the sole aim of evolving suitable practices for the cultivation of coffee area in Tamil Nadu which receives major rainfall (but scanty) during the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|Northeast monsoon]], unlike the other regions of the country. This station is spread over an area of {{convert|12.5|ha}} including a research farm of {{convert|6.5|ha}} with laboratory facilities.<ref name =regional/>
*Regional Coffee Research Station (RCRS), Diphu in [[Karbi Anglon]] district of Assam was established to support coffee plantations which were established in the Northeast region in 1980 to provide an alternate, economically viable agricultural practice to the shifting or [[jhum cultivation]], widely practised by the tribals in the forested hills, which was a cause of concern to preserve the ecology of the region. This regional station is spread over an area of {{convert|25|ha}}.<ref name =regional/>

==Popularity==
[[File:Foaming filter coffee.jpg|thumb|upright|Cups of [[Indian filter coffee]] from [[Bangalore]]]]
Coffee consumption, of Turkish coffee, is attested to in the Mughal court, and appears in Mughal art, from the 16th century, as is the existence of [[Coffeehouse|Coffeehouses]] '''qahwakhanas''<nowiki/>' in [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The domestic cultivation and consumption of coffee in [[Dutch India]] and [[Portuguese India]], from the 18th century, was also observed and reported.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The [[India Coffee House]] chain was first started by the Coffee Board in early 1940s, during [[British rule]]. In the mid-1950s, the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to a policy change. However, the discharged employees then took over the branches, under the leadership of the then communist leader [[A. K. Gopalan]] and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. The first Indian Coffee Workers Co-Operative Society was established in [[Bengaluru]] on 19 August 1957. The first Indian Coffee House was opened in New Delhi on 27 October 1957. Gradually, the Indian Coffee House chain expanded across the country, with branches in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Thrissur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Nagpur]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Tellicherry]] and [[Pune]] Tamil Nadu by the end of 1958. These coffee houses in the country are run by 13 cooperative societies, which are governed by managing committees elected from the employees. A federation of the co-operative societies is the national umbrella organisation to lead these societies.<ref name="house">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300480100.htm|title=More than just coffee 'n snacks|access-date=1 December 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502032934/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300480100.htm|archive-date=2 May 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiancoffeehouse.com/abtus.htm|title=Indian coffee House|access-date=1 December 2010|publisher=Indian Coffee House|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724080620/http://www.indiancoffeehouse.com/abtus.htm|archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref>

However, now coffee bars have gained in popularity with other chains such as Barista; [[Café Coffee Day]] is the country's largest coffee bar chain.<ref name="commodityonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Cafe-Coffee-Day-bags-8-awards-at-India-Barista-15824-3-1.html|title=Cafe Coffee Day bags 8 awards at India Barista|date=7 March 2009|work=commodityonline.com|access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> In the Indian home, coffee consumption is greater in south India than elsewhere.<ref name="Majumdar">{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramanuj|title=Consumer Behaviour: Insights From Indian Market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KF57x1Nrn2UC&pg=RA2-PA279|year=2010|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3963-7|page=279}}</ref>

Indian coffee has a good reputation in Europe for its less acidic and sweet character, and thus is widely used in [[espresso]]. Americans prefer African and South American coffee, which is more acidic and brighter.<ref name= Robertson/>

Selection 9 was the winner of the Fine Cup Award for best Arabica at the 2002 Flavour of India – Cupping Competition.<ref name="indiacoffee" /> In 2004, Indian Coffee with the brand name "Tata Coffee" had the distinction of winning three gold medals at the Grand Cus De Café Competition held in Paris.<ref name= Robertson/>

==Coffee Board of India==
The Coffee Board of India is an organisation managed by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] of the [[Government of India]] to promote coffee production in India. The board was set up by an act of parliament in 1942. Until 1995 the Coffee Board marketed the coffee of many growers from a pooled supply, but after that time coffee marketing became a private-sector activity due to the [[economic liberalisation in India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=Aboutus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225202544/http://www1.indiacoffee.org/indiacoffee.php?page=Aboutus |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2008 |title=Coffee Board of India – About Us |work=indiacoffee.org |year=2011 |access-date=22 October 2011 }}</ref>

The Coffee Board's traditional duties include the promotion, sale and consumption of coffee in India and abroad; conducting coffee research; financial assistance to establish small coffee growers; safeguarding working conditions for labourers, and managing the surplus pool of unsold coffee.<ref>{{cite book |title=Traditional Exports of India: Performance and Prospects |last=John |first=K. C. |author2=Kevin, S |year=2004 |publisher=New Century Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7708-062-8 |page=117}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal-inline|Coffee}}

* [[List of countries by coffee production]]
* [[History of tea in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Coffee plantations in India}}
*[http://www.indiacoffee.org Coffee Board of India]

{{Coffee}}
{{Coffee production}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Asia topic|Coffee production in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coffee Production in India}}
[[Category:Coffee production by country|India]]
[[Category:Coffee in India|India]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]

Naveena Sadaram

2026-01-10T00:42:29Z

Nxtleveledit: New stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naveena Sadaram
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam]]
| producer = Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] Vidwan Sankaralingam Parvathi Bai G. Pattu Iyer Indhubala S. S. Mani Bhagavathar M. D. Rajam Kunchithapadam
| narrator =
| music = [[Papanasam Sivan]]<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails17.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=ta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170528153226/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails17.asp|archive-date=28 May 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Madras United Artistes Corporation
| distributor = Madras United Artistes Corporation
| released = {{Film date|1935}}<ref name=anandan/>
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naveena Sadaram''''' is a [[List of Tamil films of the 1930s|1935]] [[Tamil language]] film directed and produced by [[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam]].<ref name=BFTPhindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Sadaram-1935/article16342144.ece|title=Naveena Sadaram (1935)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 April 2010|access-date=28 May 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170528153803/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Sadaram-1935/article16342144.ece|archive-date=28 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bhaktha-Kuchela-1936/article16836377.ece|title=Bhaktha Kuchela (1936)|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2010|access-date=28 May 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170528153804/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bhaktha-Kuchela-1936/article16836377.ece|archive-date=28 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film featured [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] in the lead role. The film is an adaptation of the [[Kannada]] stage play ''Sadarame''. [[Papanasam Sivan]] was in charge of both the score and lyrics respectively.

==Plot==
A woman named Sadaram ([[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]) disguises herself as a man to escape from the clutches of a petty thief (G. Pattu Iyer). She encounters a princess (Parvathi Bai) who falls in love with the man unaware that 'he' is also a woman. Both Sadaram and another woman are in love with a prince (Vidwan Sankaralingam). In the end, the prince ends up marrying Sadaram and the woman who is in love with him.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==Cast==
Adapted from [[Film News Anandan]] and ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name=anandan/><ref name=BFTPhindu />
*[[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Sadaram
*''Vidwan'' Sankaralingam as the prince
*Parvathi Bai as the princess
*G. Pattu Iyer as the petty thief
*Indubala
*[[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]]
*M. D. Rajam
*Kunchithapadam

==Production==
The film was based on a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play "Mitra" by Shirish Athwale, [[Gubbi Veeranna]] had adapted it into a theatre play in Kannada. The play was a hit, prompting Veeranna to make it into a film titled ''[[Sadarame]]'' (1935). In both the play and the film, Veeranna played the role of the petty thief, whose clutches the titular Sadaram is trying to escape. ''Sadarame'' too became a box office success.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

[[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam]] made it in Tamil with the title ''Naveena Sadaram''. The prefix "Naveena" was placed before ''Sadaram'' because at the time, many stories having the same plot details were adapted for the screen by more than one producer, the later film versions of the stories placed the prefix "Naveena" to signify it was a newer version than the previous ones.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==Soundtrack==
The film had 28 songs. Most of the tunes for the songs were adapted from Hindi films. Sivan and his nephew, S. S. Mani, sang the song "Maa Ramanan Uma Ramanan" off-screen during the film's opening credits. Two songs were sung by Indhubala, one of which was in Tamil and another in Hindi. Except "Maa Ramanan Uma Ramanan", none of the other songs became popular. No gramophone recording of the song exists but Sivan's recording of the same song rendered by [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] in ''[[Sevasadanam]]'' (1938) became popular.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==Reception==
[[Randor Guy]] notes that the film is "remembered for the double role of Subbulakshmi, deft direction of Subramanyam and the off-screen prayer song."<ref name=BFTPhindu /> S. D. Subbulakshmi's performance received appreciation from critics and filmgoers.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

The play was again adapted for the screen in Tamil as ''[[Sadhaaram]]'' (1956) with [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] playing Subbulakshmi's role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sadaram-1956/article3021586.ece|title=Sadaram 1956|work=The Hindu|date=12 June 2009|access-date=28 May 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170528153812/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sadaram-1956/article3021586.ece|archive-date=28 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:1935 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subramanyam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arun Gopan

2026-01-08T00:02:14Z

Nxtleveledit: added initial info and citations

{{unreliable sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Arun Gopan
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]], [[Music director]]
| occupation = Singer, Composer
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = Audiotracs
| spouse = {{marriage|Nimmy|2013}}
}}

'''Arun Gopan''' (born 27 October 1985) is an Indian playback singer and music director in the [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] film industries.<ref name="auto">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-arun-gopan-without-star-singer-i-would-have-ended-up-singing-in-stage-shows/articleshow/88542882.cms | title=Exclusive - Arun Gopan: Without Star Singer, I would have ended up singing in stage shows | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 December 2021 }}</ref> His first film song was "Thathamma" for the movie ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' in 2008.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesxpmalayalam.indiatimes.com/samayam/cinema/actor-arun-gopan-talk-about-mohanlal-memory-power/videoshow/103633750.cms | title=Arun Gopan About Mohanlal: 'ലാലേട്ടന്റെ പ്രവൃത്തി കാണുമ്പോൾ അത്ഭുതം തോന്നും' }}</ref> He has sung more than 50 movie songs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/220718/marching-to-his-own-tune.html | title=Marching to his own tune | date=22 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/youth/Songs-of-friendship/article16303662.ece | title=Songs of friendship | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 May 2010 }}</ref> His popular songs include "Maayakkanavu", "Ninnu Kori", "Daivame", "Bhaiyya", "Lalamalamalamalamale", "Piriyukayano" and "Ye Manishike Majiliyo".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-lil-champs-mentor-arun-gopan-in-this-social-media-era-everyone-has-their-own-space-you-just-have-to-widen-it/articleshow/87312915.cms | title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam Li'l Champs mentor Arun Gopan: In this social media era, everyone has their own space, you just have to widen it | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/May/19/star-singers-in-perfect-harmony-155682.html | title=Star Singers in perfect harmony | date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesxpmalayalam.indiatimes.com/samayam/entertainment/singer-arun-gopan-latest-interview-and-talks-about-his-songs/videoshow/103510484.cms | title=Arun Gopan Interview: 'റേഞ്ച് റോവറിനോടാണ് എന്നും ഇഷ്ടം' }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Nimmy in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/star-singer-fame-arun-gopan-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/80282425.cms | title=Star Singer fame Arun Gopan blessed with a baby boy | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/viral-singer-arun-gopan-has-a-witty-reply-for-question-on-his-change-in-look-092251.html|title='കാണുമ്പോൾ ഒരു പേടിയൊക്കെ തോന്നണ്ടേ, കൊച്ചു സുന്ദരിയെ അല്ലേ കൂടെകൊണ്ട് നടക്കുന്നത്'; ലുക്കിനെ പറ്റി അരുൺ ഗോപൻ|first=Rahimeen|last=KB|date=17 March 2023|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref> The couple have a son Aaryan Gopan (born 2021).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/popular-singer-arun-gopan-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-malayalam-news-278319#google_vignette | title=Popular singer blessed with a baby boy! - Malayalam News | date=16 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/star-singer-reality-show-fame-arun-gopan-opens-up-about-his-career/articleshow/88648414.cms | title='സംഗതി എന്നത് എന്താണെന്ന് ഇപ്പൊ ഏതൊരു മലയാളിക്കും അറിയാം, അത് പഠിപ്പിച്ചത് സ്റ്റാർ സിംഗർ ആണ്'; ഗായകൻ അരുൺ ഗോപൻ പറയുന്നു }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/singer-arun-gopan-and-wife-nimmy-arun-gopan-latest-interview-went-viral/articleshow/91093602.cms | title='പ്രേമിക്കുന്നവര്‍ മോശക്കാരാണ്, പ്രേമിച്ചാല്‍ മുട്ടുകാല്‍ തല്ലിയൊടിക്കും എന്നായിരുന്നു അമ്മ പറയാറുള്ളത്'; യാഥാസ്ഥിതിക കുടുംബത്തിൽ പ്രണയം അവതരിപ്പിച്ചതിനെ പറ്റി അരുൺ ഗോപനും നിമ്മിയും പറയുന്നു! }}</ref>

==Discography==
Following is a partial discography:
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:10%;"|'''Year'''
! style="width:30%;"|'''Film'''
! style="width:45%;"|'''Song'''
! style="width:35%;"|'''Language'''
! style="width:35%;"|'''Notes'''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| "Jwalamukhi ...", "Thathamma ..."
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]''
| "Maayakkanavu ..."
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]''
| "Ottapettum Kuttapettum ..."
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Kayam (2011 film)|Kayam]]''
| "Devangane ..."
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Aazhakadal''
| "Kattamaram ..."
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Nellai Pattanam''
| "Namakkoru Pathai ..."
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film]]
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
| "Once Upon A Time Lo ...", "Ninnu Kori ..."
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Chunkzz]]''
| "Hey kili Penne ..."
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Goodalochana]]''
| "Daivame ...", "Bhaiyya ...", "Lalamalamalamalamale ...", "Piriyukayano ..."
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]''
| "Trissur ..."
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Premasoothram]]''
| "Maaram Smarantham ...", "Ninnullil Premam ..."
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]''
| "Chase Theme ..."
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Amutha]]''
| "Mukilea ..."
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Film]]
| [[Music director]]
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Majili]]''
| "Ye Manishike Majiliyo ..."
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Love FM''
| "Mullapoo Cholayil ..."
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
| "Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu ..."
|
|
|-
| 2023
|''Mugajjana Koli''
|
| [[Kannada cinema|Kannada Film]]
| [[Music director]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9686019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arun Gopan}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Awgin Kuriakose

2025-12-28T13:15:07Z

Nxtleveledit: added basic data more to come...

{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = His Beatitude
| name = Mar Awgin Kuriakose
| title = Metropolitan of India and Southern Gulf Countries
| church = [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] ([[Assyrian Church of the East]])
| metropolis = Archdiocese of India and Southern Gulf Countries
| see = Marth Mariam Cathedral, Thrissur
| appointed = 8 January 2023
| ordination = 17 January 2010
| predecessor =  [[Aprem Mooken|Mar Aprem Mooken]]
| successor = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|5|21}}
| birth_place = Vellanikodu, Marottichal, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| nationality = Indian
| religion = Christianity (Assyrian Church of the East)
| parents = Pachamparambil Poulose and Achamma
| alma_mater = University of Calicut; University of Serampore; Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram; Oakland University (PhD candidate)
}}
'''Mar Awgin Kuriakose''' (born 21 May 1974) is the Metropolitan of the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] ([[Assyrian Church of the East]]) in India, overseeing the Archdiocese of India and the Southern Gulf Countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മാർ ഔഗിൻ കുര്യാക്കോസ് മെത്രാപ്പൊലീത്തയായി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/01/09/mar-awgin-kuriakose-metropolitan.html |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=മാർ ഔഗിൻ കുര്യാക്കോസ് മെത്രാപ്പൊലീത്തയായി |language=ml}}</ref> He was installed as Metropolitan on 8 January 2023, succeeding Mar Aprem Mooken, and had previously served as Patriarchal Administrator from September 2021.<ref name="CoeProfile"/><ref name="TimesOrdination"/>

== Early life and education ==
Mar Awgin was born on 21 May 1974 in Vellanikodu, Marottichal, [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], the second of four children of Pachamparambil Poulose and Achamma, members of Mar Mathai Sleeha Church Parish.<ref name="CoeProfile"/> Demonstrating early engagement in church activities, he completed high school in 1989 and entered seminary from 1989 to 1995, during which he earned a B.A. in economics at [[Calicut University]]. He then pursued theological studies at the Jacobite Syrian Seminary in Mulamthuruthy and was ordained deacon on 21 April 1996.<ref name="CoeProfile"/>

He subsequently studied at [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]] in Chennai, earning a B.D. through the Senate of Serampore in 2000 while serving as assistant vicar at Mar Qardhakh Sahdha Church, Chennai. He was ordained priest on 13 June 2000 by Metropolitan Mar Aprem, then served as vicar of St Thomas Church in Ernakulam. In 2001, he was appointed vicar of Mar Timotheus Church in Bengaluru and began postgraduate studies at [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]], earning an M.Th. in Biblical Theology. He enrolled for Ph.D. studies in 2004 and later continued at [[Oakland University]] in New Zealand.<ref name="CoeProfile"/>

== Ecclesiastical career ==
On 17 January 2010, Mar Awgin was consecrated Episcopa (bishop) for the Indian Archdiocese by His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV at the first Holy Synod held in Thrissur, India.<ref name="WikiCSC"/> [[Aprem Mooken|Mar Aprem Mooken]] retired in September 2021; Mar Awgin was appointed Patriarchal Administrator of the Archdiocese of India and UAE by Patriarch Mar Awa III that same month, granted full jurisdiction over the Indian and Gulf churches.<ref name="SynodDecree"/>

On 8 January 2023, a formal ordination ceremony as Metropolitan took place at Marth Mariam Cathedral, Thrissur, presided over by Patriarch Mar Awa III.<ref>{{Cite news |last=News Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-01-08 |title=Mar Awgin Kuriakose ordained as Metropolitan of the Chaldean Syrian Church of the East |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mar-awgin-kuriakose-ordained-as-metropolitan-of-the-chaldean-syrian-church-of-the-east/article66353689.ece |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Attending were senior prelates such as Mar Aprim Athneil (Syria), Mar Paulus Benjamin (USA), Mar Narsai Benyamin (New Zealand/Canada), and others. Insiders described the event as marking a new chapter in the life of the Church in India.<ref name="TimesOrdination"/>

== Ecumenical involvement ==
Mar Awgin has participated in international theological dialogue. In November 2024, during the XVI plenary session of the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, he presented a paper entitled "The Commemoration of Saints in the Church of the East" at the Vatican.<ref name="VaticanXVI"/> His involvement reflects a strong engagement with ecumenical discourse.

== Metropolitanate ==
As Metropolitan, Mar Awgin oversees the Chaldean Syrian Church's institutions, clergy, and parishes across India and the Southern Gulf, maintaining the East Syriac liturgical and spiritual tradition among the Saint Thomas Christian community. The Archdiocese is headquartered at Marth Mariam Cathedral in Thrissur.<ref name="WikiCSC"/>

== See also ==
*[[Chaldean Syrian Church]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East]]
*[[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="CoeProfile">{{cite web |title=HB Mar Awgin Kuriakose |url=https://www.churchoftheeastindia.org/Mar-Awgin-Kuriakose.php |website=Church of the East – India |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="TimesOrdination">{{cite news |title=New Metropolitan for Chaldean Church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/new-metropolitan-for-chaldean-church/articleshow/96843218.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="WikiCSC">{{cite web |title=Chaldean Syrian Church |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church |website=Wikipedia |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2025}}
<ref name="SynodDecree">{{cite web |title=Decrees of the First Holy Synod – India 2021 |url=https://news.assyrianchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Synod-Decrees-2021-English.pdf |website=Assyrian Church of the East News |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="VaticanXVI">{{cite web |title=Theological dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East (2024) |url=https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/news/2024/2024-11-11-theological-dialogue.html |website=Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity, Vatican |access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuriakose, Awgin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East]]
[[Category:Chaldean Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]

Indian miniature paintings

2025-11-29T09:03:11Z

Nxtleveledit: Done

{{Short description|Small, colorful, and detailed Indian paintings}}

'''Indian miniature paintings''' are a class of [[painting]]s originating from India.<ref name=":0" /> Made on canvases a few inches in length and width, the Indian [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] are noted for the amount of details that the artist encapsulates within the minute canvas frame; and the characteristic sensitivity with which the human, divine and natural forms are portrayed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Miniature Paintings of India – Chronicling History Through the Ages |url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/miniature-paintings-of-india-chronicling-history-through-the-ages |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Artisera}}</ref>

They depict a variety of topics such as legends and myths, human passions and pains, aspirations, and physicality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miniature Painting & Art - History & Evolution, Schools & Techniques |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/miniature.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref> From their origins in [[Cave paintings in India|cave paintings]], to the later [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] schools, the Indian miniatures represent a diversity of styles and themes, varying between the religious and the secular.<ref name=":0" /> Today most of these forms have perished, and are no longer practiced, due to the decline in royal patronage, and subsequent changes in the country's socio-cultural scenes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=History Miniature paintings |url=https://gaatha.com/history-miniature-paintings/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=gaatha.com |language=en-US}}</ref> However, several of these canvases today survive in museums and private collections, defining India, her lifestyle and the aesthetic idiom of her past, as well as the essence of her soil, her creative imagination, colours, and thought.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miniature Painting |url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/new-ccrt/miniature-painting/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=CCRT |language=en}}</ref>

== History of Indian Painting ==
In India, painting, one of the significant branches of ''[[Chitra (art)|chitra]]'',<ref>Isabella Nardi (2007). "The concepts of Painting and the Figure of the Painter as Described in Selected Sanskrit Sources". Archiv Orientální. 75 (3).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |date=1930 |title=One Hundred References to Indian Painting |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248396 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.2307/3248396 |jstor=3248396 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Monier Monier Williams (2007). ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' (Updated). Harvard University Press (Original published in 1899 by Oxford University Press).</ref> has a divine origin. It is said to have emerged as a spontaneous act by [[Vishnu]], who unconsciously sketched a portrait of [[Urvashi]] on his thigh, enthralled by the ravishing beauty of the apsara. It was then passed on to [[Vishvakarma|Viswakarma]], who taught the art of painting to the rest of mankind as per Vishnu's wishes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Indian Miniature Paintings". Miniature Paintings Gallery. National Museum, New Delhi |url=http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en/collections/index/13 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in}}</ref> ''Chitra'' has several connotations, and forms an important part of the various ''Shilpa'' and the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] text. The earliest paintings, as per anthropological evidences have been found in the rock-cut shelters such as in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhim-Betaka]] in [[Bhopal]]. Seven distinct phases of rock art have been discovered here, with the earliest dating back to 10,000 B.C.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathpal |first=Yashodhar |date=1976 |title=Rock Paintings of India: An Ornithographical Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930026 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=35 |issue=3/4 |pages=83–93 |jstor=42930026 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref> [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus pottery]] defines the next stage of painting where the surfaces of earthen pots became the artist's canvas, these paintings were characterised by geometrical patterns, bright colours, floral themes, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satyawadi |first=Sudha |title=Proto-historic pottery of Indus valley civilisation: study of painted motifs; (illustrated with photographs, charts, and drawings) |date=1994 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0030-6 |edition=1. publ |series=Perspectives in Indian art & archaeology |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The two epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] provide depict several of the characters engaged in art activities. For instance, in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], there was a permanent space designated as ''chitra-vithi'', which was supervised by [[Lakshmana]], the brother of [[Rama|Ram]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Banasura|Banasura's]] daughter, [[Uṣā|Usha]] has a friend, [[Chitralekha (Hinduism)|Chitralekha]], who is a skilled painter who painted [[Aniruddha]], [[Krishna|Krishna's]] grandson, after hearing about Usha's dream about him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-14 |title=Citralekha Unites Aniruddha with Usha [Chapter 120] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/harivamsha-purana-dutt/d/doc485661.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The most glorious phase of Indian art spanned from the 4th-7th Centuries as seen in the delicate and exquisite murals at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] caves, temples, monasteries, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Somathilake |first=Mahinda |date=2016 |title=Ajanta Murals and their Chronology: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211170 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |jstor=45211170 |issn=1391-720X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goetz |first=H. |date=1952 |title=The Kailāsa of Ellora and the Chronology of Rāshtrakūta Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248615 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=15 |issue=1/2 |pages=84–107 |doi=10.2307/3248615 |jstor=3248615 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Evolution of Miniature Paintings ==
This form of painting, in the Indian subcontinent, emerged during the 10th Century. The earliest known example is the 999 A.D.-illustrated Buddhist text [[Prajnaparamita]], produced on a palm leaf. There are also the [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutra]] folios which have been discovered during the 10th-14th centuries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Rashmi Kala |title=Early Indian miniature paintings: c. 1000-1550 AD |date=2006 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-169-0 |location=Delhi}}</ref> The Kalpasutra tradition seems to have continued till 16th Century. These votive portable paintings earned the patronage of travelers, devotees and traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page from a Dispersed Kalpa Sutra (Jain Book of Rituals) {{!}} India (Gujarat) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/75067 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> The Mandu Kalpasutra, for instance, dated 1439 A.D., was rendered for Mandu, a Jain monk. The introduction of paper replaced the palm-leaf and revolutionised the art-scenario post-14th Century. Moreover, new mineral colours and pigments too were introduced in addition to the prior colours.<ref name=":0" /> [[Paper]] was tougher, smoother, and had a better colour-absorbing surface. Meanwhile, the [[Bhakti movement]] increased the demand for votive representations, while simultaneously rulers too began patronising painters to have their artistic styles preserved and reflected on the canvas. Against this scenario, the production of miniatures became profit-oriented, and artists began to carve their own distinctions while competing with others.<ref name=":0" /> This also gave birth to various art schools, marking a shift from the religious to secular themes, and feudal lords replaced the traders as patrons. The major chunk of miniatures, and consequent medieval art forms, evolved from the 15th to the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miniature Paintings from South Asia {{!}} Princeton University Art Museum |url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/object-package/miniature-paintings-south-asia/88413 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=artmuseum.princeton.edu}}</ref>

== Essence of Indian Miniatures ==
The Indian miniatures are characterised by a direct expressive quality, and remarkable transparency where lines, colours, forms, etc., synthesize to expose all that is depicted in the canvas. Nothing is concealed and it is this frankness that potentially moves the viewers, emotionally, and generates a transcendental delight in them.<ref name=":0" /> Several Indian texts ranging from the [[Jataka tales|Buddhist Jatakas]], Jain [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutras]], the two Hindu epics, [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata-Purana]], [[Kalidasa|Kalidasa's]] [[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]], [[Rasamanjari]], [[Gita Govinda|Gita-Govinda]] by [[Jayadeva]], [[Rasikapriya]], Bihari-Satsai, and [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]] are frequently portrayed in these miniatures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragamala – Kangra Art Museum |url=https://www.kangraartmuseum.in/ragamala/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dehejia |first=Harsha Venilal |title=Rasikapriya: ritikavya of Keshavdas in ateleirs [sic] of love |date=2013 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0688-9 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Soma |date=2022-05-05 |title=Gita Govinda – Enchanting Paintings of An Epic Text from the Pahari School of Paintings |url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/gita-govinda-paintings-1 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian art, archaeology and culture |date=2018 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-93-87587-38-0 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Vinay |location=Delhi}}</ref> Persian texts like [[Shahnameh|Shahnama]], [[Tutinama]], [[Hamzanama]], Mughal memoirs like [[Baburnama]], [[Akbarnama]], etc., folk legends like [[Baz Bahadur|Bazbahadur]]-[[Roopmati]], [[Dhola Maru|Dhola-Maru]], [[Layla and Majnun|Laila-Majnun]], [[Nala]]-[[Damayanti]], [[Panchatantra]], etc., are also the staple content of Indian miniatures.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=Roda |title=Reflections on Mughal Art and Culture |date=2021 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-89136-78-4 |edition=1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. M. |title=Mughal miniatures |date=1993 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-27732-4 |series=Eastern art series |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizami {{!}} "Laila and Majnun in School", Folio 129 from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Nizami of Ganja |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/446603 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=Brijinder Nath |title=Nala and Damayanti: a great series of paintings of an old Indian romance |last2=Karan Singh |date=2015 |publisher=Niyogi Books Amar Mahal Museum & Library |others=National museum of India |isbn=978-93-83098-89-7 |location=New Delhi, India Jammu}}</ref> Abstract emotions of love, pain and grief; beauty and nature; the [[Ragamala paintings|Ragamalas]], [[Barahmasa|Baramasa]], [[Tantra]]; history of court and village lives, various festivals and scenes of pleasure too are found in these paintings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daljeet |title=Ragachitra: Deccani ragamala paintings |date=2014 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-83098-27-9 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wangu |first=Madhu Bazaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC&dq=paintings+miniatures+goddess&pg=PA119 |title=Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-416-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baramasa: The Painted Romance of Indian Seasons (Portfolio), Daljeet, National Museum |url=https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB57229/baramasa-the-painted-romance-of-indian-seasons-portfolio |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.bagchee.com}}</ref> [[Calligraphy]] played a significant role from the Buddhist and Jain depictions in the medieval age;<ref name=":2" /> while portraiture was encouraged by [[Akbar]] though only of male royal personages,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Saafvi |first=Rana |date=2014-11-24 |title=Tradition of Mughal Miniature Paintings under Akbar |url=https://ranasafvi.com/tradition-of-mughal-paintings-under-akbar/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Rana Safvi |language=en-US}}</ref> while [[Jahangir]] allowed portraits of royal females such as [[Nur Jahan]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QnFTzS2xh8C&q=miniature+paintings+during+akbar%27s+time |title=Jahangir, a Connoisseur of Mughal Art |date=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-386-1 |language=en}}</ref> Nature played a very important role in these paintings, and despite the minute space, the expansive detailing seemed to seamlessly unite the world of nature and man on the canvas space. Decorated borders, intricate lines, balanced and perfectly executed compositions, unique shades and colour palettes, scenic depictions, and thematic portrayals depart a mysticism and emotive appeal that characterises the essence of Indian miniatures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Partha |title=Indian art |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-284221-3 |series=Oxford history of art |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Schools and Art Styles ==
The [[Pala Empire|Pala]] and [[Jain art|Jain]] schools comprise the early miniature styles, while the later schools comprise the [[Rajput painting|Rajasthani]], [[Mughal painting|Mughal]], [[Pahari painting|Pahari]], and [[Deccan painting|Deccan]] schools. [[Malwa painting|Malwa]], [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]], and [[Orchha|Orchha-Datia]], often grouped under the Rajasthani school, form separate schools of [[Central India]]. Depending on stylistic variations, the Mughal miniatures can be further classified into the early, later and provincial Mughal schools, with the last referring to the art styles that emerged in the [[Subah (province)|subas]]. On the other hand, [[Kangra painting|Kangra]], [[Basohli (town)|Basohli]], [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]], etc., form different sub-schools of the Pahari miniature style.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The paintings of the Pala school were produced in Bengal and the surrounding areas, and depict narratives, events, and tales from the life of [[The Buddha|Buddha]]. These paintings, composed on palm-leaf manuscripts, were created during the 8th-11th Century, under the patronage of Pala rulers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pala art {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-art |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Jain-Kalpasutra paintings depict the life of the Thirthankara [[Mahavira]] and [[Parshvanatha|Parashvanath]]. These paintings of the Jain school are made on palm-leaf or on cloth, and are characterised by short-statured men with deep protruding eyes, angular facial features, pointed noses, bright ornaments, and costumes, painted in gold, warm colours with active lines, connoting a distinct rhythm and vitality of movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Authors: John |title=Jain Manuscript Painting {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jaim/hd_jaim.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref>

The principal centres of Rajasthani miniatures included [[Mewar painting|Mewar]], [[Bundi]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kishangarh]], [[Jaipur]], over fifteen smaller states, and [[thikanas]]. The Rajasthani miniatures are exceptionally expressive, characterised by primitive vigour, and exude the rich fragrant essence of the soil and the land. Serialised illustrations of texts and legends, depictions of [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] scenes, festivals, processions, huntings, and harem life, have precedence over portraiture. The image of [[Krishna]]-[[Radha]] gave the Rajasthani painters an eternal source of sensuous delight, an ideal of the [[Sringara|shringara]] [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]], and a way to transcend beyond the material into the spiritual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daljeet |title=Rajasthani miniatures: the magic of strokes and colours |date=2018 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-26-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Daljeet |title=Four centuries of Rajput painting: Mewar, Marwar and Dhundhar Indian miniatures from the collection of Isabella and Vicky Ducrot |last2=Cimino |first2=Rosa Maria |last3=Ducrot |first3=Vicky |date=2009 |publisher=Skira |isbn=978-88-572-0018-7 |location=Milano}}</ref>

Mewar paintings developed a sensitive portrayal of Hindu myths and legends. [[Sahibdin]], a Muslim artist, interestingly pioneered the Mewar idiom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Anupa |title=The rāgachitras of Mewar: Indian musical modes in Rajasthani miniature painting |date=2020 |publisher=National Museum Institute in association with Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-615-4 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[Nathdwara]] became an important centre of Mewar art. This was the result of the establishment of the [[Shrinathji|Shreenathji]] shrine here. Soon, the image of Shreenath became a dominant theme in these paintings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Kalyan |title=Nathdwara Paintings from the Anil Relia Collection: The Portal to Shrinathji |date=2021 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-89136-72-2 |edition=1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kotah]] paintings excelled in the depictions of hunting scenes, realistic portrayals of nature, and human figures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=..::Kota Garh ( City Palace)::.. |url=https://www.kotahgarh.com/collection.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.kotahgarh.com}}</ref> The Bundi miniatures too are superbly composed and reflect both secular as well as religious themes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-23 |title=Bundi Painting Rajasthan - Craft Documentation & Research |url=https://gaatha.org/Craft-of-India/bundi-painting-rajasthan/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Bikaner style of painting|Bikaner miniatures]] are characterised by their affinity to the Mughal style, their portrayals of the Durbar scenes, delicate female forms and robust male figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=The Bikaner School of Painting |url=https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/news/the-bikaner-school-of-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=MeMeraki.com |language=en}}</ref> Art from Jodhpur, also known as the Marwar style, is defined by large thick eyes on well-defined physical features.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Marwar School of Painting |url=https://www.thefarhorizonmagazine.com/marwar-school-of-painting/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Far Horizon Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Kishangarh artists championed the [[Bani Thani|Bani-Thani]] figures, that is the perfect model of womanhood, and were inspired by Raja Sawant Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishangarh painting {{!}} Indian art {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kishangarh-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A unique lyricism, elegance and rhythm characterise these masterpieces. The Jaipur style is distinguished by the presence of tall figures, with delicate eyes, ornate background, embellished costumes, etc., achieved by the amalgamation of Mughal and Rajasthani styles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur school {{!}} painting style {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jaipur-school |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Malwa miniatures are beautifully composed and emotionally charged,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mālwa painting {{!}} Indian art {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Malwa-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> while the Orchha-Datia styles (also, known as the [[Bundelkhand]] school) are dominated by episodes from the [[Ramayana]], Bhagavata-Purana, folk narratives, and blue-black shades.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seitz |first1=Konrad |title=Origins of Orchha painting |last2=Seitz |first2=Konrad |date=2022 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-91125-91-2 |series=Orchha, datia, panna / Konrad Seitz |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

The Mughal art style was born in the hands of Akbar, whose liberalism led to the unification of Hindu and Islamic elements of art. His court saw the translations of Persian and Sanskrit texts, and illustrations of the same were carried on simultaneously.<ref name=":6" /> Miniatures produced during Jahangir's time testify to his sensitive eye for beauty. The paintings have a poetic fervour, neat lines, life-like portrayals of birds, and animals, etc. The influence of [[European painting|European styles]] too are visible in the paintings of this time owing to Jahangir's interactions with the Europeans.<ref name=":7" /> [[Portrait]]ure and random depictions gained immense popularity during [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan's]] time. Serialisation of romances like [[Dara Shikoh|Dara Sikhoh]] and Ranadil were significant in the miniatures of this period. Shah Jahan was a man of romantic and poetic fervour, and the paintings produced under his patronage show a delicate and typical softness.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farago |first=Jason |date=2021-04-02 |title=What a Tiny Masterpiece Reveals About Power and Beauty |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/02/arts/design/shah-jahan-chitarman.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Mughal miniature artists shifted to the subas with the ascendance of [[Aurangzeb]], under whose rigid rule patronage was suspended, and all art was abhorred.<ref name=":0" /> The paintings which developed in the subas were referred to as the Provincial Mughal Miniatures.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

In Deccan, a fresh art style had started to develop, after areas of Deccan were conquered by Islamic rulers who brought them with their art styles, that mingled with the indigenous art forms alongside the influences from [[Persia]] and [[Turkey]]. Some of the distinct markers of this school are the exceptional synthesis of colour palette, the comely human figures, rich decorations, and indigenous ornamental patterns, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lavanya |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrtEMAAACAAJ |title=History, Miniature Art, and Women: Medieval Deccan 15th-17th Century A.D. |date=2008 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8090-185-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deccani painting {{!}} Indian art {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Pahari miniature style developed at various centres spread across the lower Himalayan regions and [[Punjab]] hills. The major centres were Basohli, [[Guler State|Guler]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], and [[Kangra painting|Kangra]], while the minor ones included those at [[Jammu]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], Garhwal and Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=Brijinder Nath |title=Pahari paintings: the Horst Metzger collection in the Museum Rietberg |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |date=2017 |publisher=Niyogi Books Artibus Asiae Publishers |others=Museum Rietberg |isbn=978-93-85285-72-1 |series=Artibus Asiae Publishers. Supplementum |location=New Delhi, India Zürich, Switzerland}}</ref> Pahari paintings derive their timelessness and emotive quality from the compositional details, rich symbolism, sensitive portrayals of humans, and natural landscapes. They have an unmatched serenity, and picturesque quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahari painting {{!}} art {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Pahari-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Basohli style is marked by the indiscriminate use of the lotus symbol, and human figures with large eyes, and broad foreheads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basohli Painting |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/basohli-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> Royal portraits of the Chamba sub-school are well known. It is also noted for its unique technique of mixing colours, and representation of womenfolk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laharu and mid-Eighteenth Century Chamba Painting |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laharu-and-mid-eighteenth-century-chamba-painting |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> Guler style is defined by rounded faces, refined lines, and a sensitive depictions of nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Randhawa |first1=M. S. (Mohinder Singh) |url=http://archive.org/details/gulerpainting00rand |title=Guler painting |last2=Randhawa |first2=Doris Schreier |date=1982 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource}}</ref> Kangra paintings represent the pinnacle of Pahari miniatures, and Himalayan art, characterised by mature technical finesse, and portraitural quality that imparts an almost pulsating softness of music, emotions, and colours. The Radha-Krishna legend forms the primary theme of the Kangra school.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vijay |title=Painting In The Kangra Valley |date=2020 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-89136-65-4 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Miniature painting]]

Tecomella

2025-11-25T10:49:54Z

Nxtleveledit: started the entry added tags

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{redirect|Rohira|the fort|Rohida fort}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Tecomella undulata tree in Alamarvdasht, Fars, Iran, by Hadi Karimi.jpg
|image_caption = ''Tecomella undulata'' in [[Alamarvdasht]], Iran
|status = EN
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Plummer, J. |year=2021 |title=''Tecomella undulata'' |article-number=e.T137731325A169300279 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T137731325A169300279.en |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|taxon = Tecomella undulata
|parent_authority = Seem.<ref name=POWO_4267-1/>
|authority = (Sm.) Seem.<ref name=POWO_4267-1/>
}}
'''''Tecomella undulata''''' is a tree [[species]] found in Oman and from southwest Iran to northwest India. It is the only species in the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genus '''''Tecomella'''''.<ref name="POWO_4267-1">{{cite web |title=''Tecomella'' Seem&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4267-1 |access-date=2021-12-02 }}</ref> It is a medium-sized [[tree]] that produces quality [[timber]] and is the main source of timber amongst the indigenous tree species of desert regions of [[Shekhawati]] and [[Marwar]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] where it is locally known as '''rohida''' and serves as the [[List of Indian state symbols|state symbol]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=B. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCMsEAAAQBAJ&dq=rohida&pg=PA160 |title=Agroforestry for Sustained Productivity in Arid Regions |last2=Gupta |first2=J. P. |date=2019-02-07 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87991-03-3 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qo4DwAAQBAJ&dq=rohida&pg=PA128 |title=Conservation of Threatened Desert Plants |last2=Purohit |first2=C. S. |date=2015-05-01 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-86102-28-7 |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Nisha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQTOEAAAQBAJ&dq=rohida&pg=PA215 |title=Natural Resource Management in the Thar Desert Region of Rajasthan |last2=Burark |first2=Sukhdeo Singh |last3=Varghese |first3=K. A. |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-34556-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Symbols |url=https://rajasthan.gov.in/StateSymbols.aspx?menu_id=42 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> The trade name of the tree species is '''desert teak''' or '''Marwar teak'''. The trade name of the tree species is desert teak or Marwar teak.<ref>“Tecomella-undulata: Comprehensive Profile”, Toptopic101 (15 September 2025). [https://www.toptopic101.com/2025/09/tecomella-undulata.html]</ref>

== Uses ==
''Tecomella undulata'' is traditionally used in Ayurvedic and folk medicine. Various parts of the plant are believed to support treatments for liver disorders, skin diseases, and inflammation.<ref>“Tecomella-undulata: Comprehensive Profile”, Toptopic101 (15 September 2025). [https://www.toptopic101.com/2025/09/tecomella-undulata.html]</ref>
It is also valued for its timber and is sometimes cultivated for both medicinal and ecological purposes.<ref>“Tecomella-undulata: Comprehensive Profile”, Toptopic101 (15 September 2025). [https://www.toptopic101.com/2025/09/tecomella-undulata.html]</ref>

{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/1
| image1 = Tecomella undulata tree in Alamarvdasht, Fars, Iran, by Hadi Karimi.jpg
| caption1 = Tree in [[Alamarvdasht]], [[Fars province|Fars]], Iran
| image2 = Tecomella undulata (Rohida) 1.jpg
| caption2 = Tree at the village of [[Harsawa]]
| image3 = Tacomella_leaf.jpg
| caption3 = Leaves at the village of [[Gharsana]], India
| image4 = Stem of Tecomella.jpg
| caption4 = Trunk at Gharsana
| image5= Tecomella_undolata_in_Punjab,_India.jpg
| caption5= Flower in Punjab, India

}}

==Gallery==
[[File:درخت_انارشیطان-شهنیاء.jpg|thumb|Cluster of trees in Bushehr province, Iran]]
[[File:Tecomella_undulata-Désert_du_Thar_(Rajasthan)_07.jpg|thumb|Flowers and foliage in Thar desert, Rajasthan]]
[[File:Tecomella_undulata-Désert_du_Thar_(Rajasthan)_02.jpg|thumb|Trunk in thar desert, Rajasthan]]
[[File:Tecomella_undulata-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|thumb|Botanical drawing of tecomella]]
[[File: Tecomella_undulata%28%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%29_sapling.jpg|thumb|Year old sapling in Punjab, India]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*ROHIDA (''Tecomella undulata''), Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun
*[https://www.toptopic101.com/2025/09/tecomella-undulata.html]
* Yahy M. Musakhel 2005: Floral diversity of ''Tecomella undulata'' species in Balochistan Pakistan.

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q16744591|from2=Q311815}}

[[Category:Bignoniaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Oman]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Monotypic Lamiales genera]]
[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bignoniaceae genera]]

{{Bignoniaceae-stub}}

Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur

2025-11-15T02:41:21Z

Nxtleveledit: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|49|N|79|58|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1904
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = OFB
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,285
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = [http://ofbgcf.nic.in ofbgcf.nic.in]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur''', also known as '''GCF Jabalpur''' is a defence factory and a [[census town]] in [[Jabalpur district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Located in the scenic surroundings of the [[Satpura Range]], this small government township is built around its namesake defence establishment. It is about 3 km from the Jabalpur City railway station, and is also closely connected to the city. It is surrounded by other defense establishments. Within the estate, there are central schools, hospitals, churches, temples and clubs.

==History==
The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 by the [[British Raj|British]] in India. This Factory is the oldest Ordnance factory in entire Central India, apart from GCF there are Ordnance factory Khamaria, [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory, Jabalpur]] and Grey Iron Foundry located in Jabalpur. This is one of the 40 odd defense manufacturing units governed by the [[Ordnance Factories Organisation|Ordnance Factory Board]]. It caters to the needs of all three wings on the Indian defense forces, the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]], and the [[Indian Air Force]]. Apart from the 3 Armed Forces it also caters to the needs of paramilitary forces such as [[CISF]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]], [[ITBP]], state police etc.

GCF Jabalpur Census Town has total administration over 2,136 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within GCF Jabalpur Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
==Facilities==
{{unreferenced section|date= December 2021}}
'''Schools''' 
The estate has two [[List of Kendriya Vidyalaya schools#Madhya Pradesh|central schools]], also called [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s, and a Government Higher Secondary school near [[GCF Vidyanagar|Vidyanagar]].

'''Church''' 
This estate has one of the famous Jabalpur Church, the [[GCF Church]].

'''Temples''' 
This estate has two of the famous Jabalpur temples, the [[Patbaba temple]] and the Adi Parashakti temple GCF also known as Kali Mandir, was established in 1903, Located in madras line, this temple was renovated in May–June 2012.

'''Clubs''' 
GCF Estate has one Club namely GCF Senior Club Established in 1925.

==Demographics==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web | title=GCF Jabalpur Population Census 2011 - 2020 | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/490022-gcf-jabalpur-madhya-pradesh.html}}</ref> G.C.F Jabalpur had a population of 9,285 of which 4,862 are males while 4,423 are females.

Males constitute 52.36% of the population and females 47.64%. The population of children within the age group of 0-6 is 833 which is 8.97 % of total population. The, Female-Male sex ratio is 910 against the state average of 931. Moreover, the child sex ratio is around 924 compared to the state average of 918. G.C.F Jabalpur has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 69.5%.

The literacy rate of GCF Jabalpur city is 90.84 % higher than the state average of 69.32 %. Here, the male literacy is around 94.58 % while the female literacy rate is 86.73 %.

== Products ==
<gallery mode=packed caption="Products">
File:VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System, in 6X6 and 4X4 configurations
File:Fire power demo by Artillery of Indian Army.jpg|VFJ-GCF Sharang Towed Gun
File:Dhanush howitzer during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|Dhanush howitzer manufactured at GCF and its tractor at VFJ
File:OFB-BEML 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 8X8 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ofbgcf.nic.in Gun Carriage Factory website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228134817/http://ofbgcf.nic.in/ |date=28 February 2020 }}
* [http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=gcf&page=about&lang=en Indian Ordnance Factories: Gun Carriage Factory]
{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1904]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1904]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1904]]

Adil Jussawalla

2025-10-16T15:51:58Z

Nxtleveledit: added initial details initial version...

{{Short description|Indian poet and critic (born 1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Adil Jehangir Jussawalla
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|8 April 1940|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Poet, Magazine Editor, Translator
| notable_works = ''Land's End'' ''Missing Person'' ''Sea Breeze Bombay'' ''Trying to Say Goodbye''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2014)
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| period = 1957–present
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[Essay|Essays]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Adil Jehangir Jussawalla''' (born 8 April 1940, [[Mumbai]]) is an Indian poet,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation, Adil Jussawalla |url=http://jnaf.org/artist/adil-jussawalla/ |website=jnaf.org |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Now, Adil Jussawalla |url=https://guftugu.in/2018/12/now-adil-jussawalla/ |website=guftugu.in |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> magazine editor and translator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jussawalla, Adil (Jehangir) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/jussawalla-adil-jehangir |website=encyclopedia.com |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> He has written two books of poetry, ''Land's End'' and ''Missing Person''.

''Sea Breeze Bombay'' is a fine, city poem by this poet. It is actually a response to the historical incident of partition in the year 1947 according to the poet, Bombay is a 'Surrogate City'. It provided shelter to numerous refugees after partition, during which there were many riots in India. Thousands of people were killed and many became homeless. The city Bombay acted as a substitute or surrogate mother to all refugees.

In the poem 'Sea Breeze Bombay' the poet presents a picture of the suffering of the refugees. These people from the north got relief in the worst heat. In the city many communities were reformed. In the hot sun a cool breeze gives pleasant, soothing experience. In the same way, the city Bombay also provided pleasant experience to all the refugees.

==Biography==
He was born to a [[Parsi]] family<ref name="A">[http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=16085] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112615/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=16085|date=22 February 2017}} "Adil Jussawalla: The Missing Man of Indian Poetry in English" by Bijay Kant Dubey @ Boloji.com</ref> and completed his primary education at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in 1956. He then attended the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture]] in [[London]] from 1957–58. Later, he studied at [[University College, Oxford]], receiving his M.A. in 1964.<ref name="B">[http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/jussawalla-adil-jehangir Brief biography]@ Encyclopedia.com</ref>

He worked briefly as a substitute teacher for the [[Greater London Council]], then became a language teacher at the [[EF Academy|EF International Language Centre]]; a post he held until 1969.<ref name="B" /> He then returned to Mumbai, where he taught at several colleges, becoming a lecturer in English language and literature at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] in 1972.<ref name="A" />

He was an Honorary Fellow of the [[International Writing Program]] at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1976.<ref name="A" /> After that, he focused on journalism, serving as the book review editor at ''[[The Indian Express]]'' from 1980–81 and literary editor for ''The Express Magazine'' from 1980–82. In 1987, he became the literary editor for ''[[Debonair (magazine)|Debonair]]'', a magazine originally modeled after ''[[Playboy]]''. In 1989, he was promoted to editor and served in that position for several years, after which he returned to his writing career.<ref name="B" /> He has also translated several works by [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]].<ref>[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/03/adil-jussawalla/ Adil Jussawalla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908103959/http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/03/adil-jussawalla/ |date=8 September 2019 }} @ Sangam House</ref> Together with [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]], [[Arun Kolatkar]] and [[Gieve Patel]], he helped create "Clearing House", a poet's publishing co-operative.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QaRotwAACAAJ&q=Adil+Jussawalla About the Author] @ Google Books.</ref>

In 2014, he was presented with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book of poetry, ''Trying to Say Goodbye''.

==Selected works==
* ''New Writing in India'', Penguin Books Ltd, 1974, 978-0140036459
* ''Trying to Say Goodbye'', Almost Island Books, 2011 {{ISBN|978-81-921295-0-1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2013/march/trying-say-goodbye-adil-jussawalla |website=worldliteraturetoday.org |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>
* ''The Right Kind of Dog'', Duckbill Books, 2013 {{ISBN|978-81-925948-5-9}}
* ''Maps for a Mortal Moon: Essays and Entertainments'' (edited by [[Jerry Pinto]]), Aleph Books, 2014 {{ISBN|978-93-82277-67-5}}
* ''I Dreamt a Horse Fell From the Sky'', a collection of poetry and prose, Hachette, 2015 {{ISBN|978-93-5009-858-5}}
* ''The Magic Hand of Chance,'' Paperwall Publishing'','' 2021, 978-8195378739

== Anthologies ==
Jussawalla's work appears in:

* ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets'' (1992) ed. by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and published by [[Oxford University Press]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/mehrotra-1993-oxford-india-anthology.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book review: 'Twelve Modern Indian Poets' by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Golden Treasure of [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] Poetry'' (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rubana Huq, ed. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Review: Asiatic, Volume 3, Number 1, June 2009 |url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/view/82/67 |journal=Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature |date=15 June 2009 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–129 |publisher=journals.iium.edu.my |access-date=4 September 2018|last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta }}</ref>
* ''Converse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians'' (2022) ed. by Sudeep Sen published by Pippa Rann Books, [[London]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2013/march/trying-say-goodbye-adil-jussawalla Trying to Say Goodbye by Adil Jussawalla] @ ''[[World Literature Today]]''

===Interviews===
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-political-correctness-devitalizes-language-says-adil-jussawalla-2274922 An interview with Jussawalla] by Sohini Das Gupta @ ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''
*[http://literarism.blogspot.com/2015/06/adil-jussawalla-by-bijay-kant-duibey.html An appreciation of Jussawalla] by Bijay Kant Dubey @ the Literarism blog
*[http://almostisland.com/monsoon_2012/interviews/before_and_after.html "Before and After: An Interview with Adil Jussawalla"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317093244/http://almostisland.com/monsoon_2012/interviews/before_and_after.html |date=17 March 2018 }} Almost Island journal

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jussawalla, Adil}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Parsi writers]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mannava (surname)

2025-09-01T21:26:15Z

Nxtleveledit:

'''Mannava''' ({{Langx|te|మన్నవ}}) is [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*[[Mannava Balayya]], Tollywood actor
*[[M. S. K. Prasad|Mannava Srikanth Prasad]], Indian cricket player

{{surname}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

Punjab State Election Commission

2025-07-21T05:56:20Z

Nxtleveledit: put up info...

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of the Indian state of Punjab}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Punjab State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
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| logo_caption =
| seal =
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| formed = May'1994
| preceding1 =
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| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| headquarters = SCO 49, Sector 17-E, Chandigarh – 160017
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sh. Raj Kamal Chaudhuri, IAS (Retd.)
| chief1_position = (State Election Commissioner)
| chief2_name =
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| website = {{URL|http://sec.punjab.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Punjab State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Punjab State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Punjab State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Punjab.

== History and Administration ==

Punjab State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Goa state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

Punjab State Chief Electoral Officer S Karuna Raju held review meeting for preparation of State Wide Assembly polls in year 2022.<ref name="psec ref2">{{cite news |title=Punjab assembly polls 2022: Chief Electoral Officer holds review meeting |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/punjab-assembly-polls-2022-chief-electoral-officer-holds-review-meeting20211208224020/ |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Punjab States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="psec ref5">{{cite news |title=Punjab local body elections on February 14 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-local-body-elections-on-february-14-199374 |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=16 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.<ref name="psec ref6">{{cite news |title=No code of conduct in Punjab from Dec 23, clarifies CEO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/no-code-of-conduct-in-punjab-from-dec-23-clarifies-ceo-7664791/ |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.<ref name="psec ref2" /><ref name="psec ref4">{{cite news |title=Punjab gears up for 2022 Assembly elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab-gears-up-for-2022-assembly-elections/article36459950.ece |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 September 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Punjab State Election Commission is headed by Chief Electoral Officer and as many members as specified in State Act.<ref name="psec ref2" /> State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Dr S Karuna Raju is the Chief Electoral Officer of Punjab.<ref name="psec ref1">{{cite news |title=Punjab election: State Election panel to conduct webcasting to avoid violations of code of conduct |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/punjab-election-state-election-panel-to-conduct-webcasting-to-avoid-violations-of-code-of-conduct20211207225257/ |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Punjab State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pbsec.gov.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Elections in Punjab, India]]

Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt

2025-06-18T03:01:03Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Short description|Hindu learned man (1675-1761)}}

'''Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt''' (1675–1761), a contemporary of the Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], was an 18th-century Sanskrit [[poet]], [[historian]], [[scholar]], and [[Vyākaraṇa|grammarian]].<ref>Makers of Indian Literature: Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri 'Manjunath', Central [[Sahitya Academy]], New Delhi, 2013, {{ISBN|978-81-260-3365-2}}</ref> He was an immensely accomplished and venerated poet of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Brajbhasha]] at the courts of the Kings of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] and Jaipur. He belonged to a reputed Sanskrit family of [[Velanadu|Vellanadu]] [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] from modern day [[Andhra Pradesh]] in South India who migrated to North India in the 15th century on invitation from various erstwhile princely States. His father's name was Laxman Bhatt.<ref>‘Sanskrit ke Gaurav Shikhar’ (Series-10), Kala Nath Shastri, [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], New Delhi, 2006</ref>

Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] (1688–1743) was a connoisseur of art and literature, besides being a great warrior. During his rule, he invited many prominent and reputed scholars, artists, [[Tantra|tantriks]], painters, architects and town planners from different parts of the country. Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt was one such Sanskrit scholar and poet. He was a witness to the [[Ashwamedha]] yajña (1716) and [[Vajapeya]] yajña (1734) performed by Sawai Jai Singh II and to the founding and construction of [[Jaipur]] city.<ref>‘Sanskrit Sahitya ka Itihas’ ( History of Sanskrit Literature), Kalanath Shastri, Sahityagaar, Jaipur, 2009, {{ISBN|81-7711-150-7}}</ref> His famous epic ''Ishvar Vilas Mahakavya'' provides an excellent description of the reigns of Kings Sawai Jai Singh II (1688–1743) and his son Maharaja [[Ishvari Singh]] (1743–1750).

== Ancestral migration to North India ==

A Sanskrit work by the name ‘Kulaprabandha’ written by Harihar Bhatt has documented the sequence of the first migrations of the scholars belonging to the ‘Bhatt - Tailang’ lineage to North India.<ref>"Sahitya Vaibhavam", Mañjunātha Granthāvaliḥ, Ed. Prof. Radha Vallabh Tripathi, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-33-8}}</ref> Many of the Brahmin scholars in the 15th century accompanied religious gurus like Shri [[Shankaracharya]] and Shri [[Vallabhacharya]] during their religious India wide tours or pilgrimages to North India. When these people came in contact with the erstwhile princely courts, the kings came to know of their high scholarship. They were honourably offered state positions of ‘court poets’ or gurus. Many of them stayed back and migrated to the northern states of India. Some scholars were also picked up and offered respectable positions when they went to study at places like [[Varanasi|Kashi]]. In due course of time, they adopted Hindi or other North Indian languages as their mother-tongue.<ref>"Uttar Bharatiya Andhravanshvriksha-Bhatt-Tailang (Part II)", Ed. P. Kanthamani Shastri and K. Gokulanand Tailang, Pub. by Shuddhadvaita Vaishnava Vellanatiya Yuvak Mandal, [[Nathdwara]], V.S. 2007.</ref>

== Genesis of family title "Devarshi" ==

The ancestors of Kavikalanidhi Shrikrishna Bhatt were from [[Devarapalli, Anakapalli district|Devalpalli]] or [[Devarakonda|Devarkonda]] in Andhra Pradesh. A scholar from the family by the name of Baviji Dixit had come to North India with the family of Shri [[Vallabhacharya]] in the 15th century. He studied at [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and [[Allahabad|Prayag]] which were known for their educational excellence and religious importance. His children too studied there. In the 15th–16th century, these educational cities were under the governance of the then princely state of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], with Prayag sharing the latter's boundary. Impressed by the high level of scholarship of Baviji Dixit's great grandson Mandal Dixit, King Gopal Singh brought him to Rewa as his Guru and awarded him the estate (village) by the name "Divrikhiya". The name of the village or original place of residence is traditionally prefixed with the first name in Andhra. "Devarshi" became the family title ("Avatank") either because of they being original residents of Devarkonda (or Devalpalli) or later due to the name "Divrikhiya" of the "jagir" awarded to them by the King.<ref>Makers of Indian Literature: Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri 'Manjunath', Central [[Sahitya Academy]], New Delhi, 2013, {{ISBN|978-81-260-3365-2}}</ref> It was in this family that Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt was born. Later, for a few years his family lived under the patronage of the King of Rewa, Maharaja Ajit Singh (1755–1809), also known as "Bandhav Naresh".

== Residency in Jaipur ==

After the royal families of [[Bundi]] and [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] entered into matrimonial alliances, there was a more cordial and enhanced communication between the two erstwhile states. Owing to the interest of the King of Bundi in scholarly pursuits and his patronising nature, many scholars and pundits were brought from Rewa to Bundi and awarded important positions. Thus, Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt became the ‘state [[Pandit|pundit]]’ (raaj-pundit) in the court of Raja Budh Singh (1696 to 1735) of Bundi.

Kavikalanidhi's scholarship and his in-depth knowledge of the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], [[Puranas]], [[grammar]], [[philosophy]] and [[music]] were highly revered in Bundi. Besides his proficiency in those fields, he was also an extraordinary poet who wrote in [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Brajbhasha]] and was an orator par excellence. Some of his books like ''Alaṅkāra Kalānidhi'', ''Śṛṅgāra Rasamādhurī'', and ''Vidagdha Rasamādhurī'' were composed by him while in Bundi.<ref>"Sahitya Vaibhavam", Mañjunātha Granthāvaliḥ, Ed. Prof. Radha Vallabh Tripathi, [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-33-8}}</ref>
All these qualities of this great man impressed [[Sawai Jai Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] (Jaipur), who was the brother-in-law of Raja Budh Singh of Bundi. Maharaja [[Sawai Jai Singh]] sought from Budh Singh to have this great man Kavikalanidhi Shrikrishna Bhatt to take him to the court of Amber with all the honours. He also requested and offered Shrikrishna Bhatt the high position of "State Pundit" of the princely state of Amber. However, Shrikrishna Bhatt being loyal to the state of Bundi, did not want to take the decision of leaving Bundi by himself. It was only after the King of Bundi acceded to the request of Sawai Jai Singh that Kavikalanidhi agreed to move to Amber. This fact is mentioned in several historical documents<ref>"Sanskrit Ke Gaurava Shikhara" (GJ Series -10) By Dr. Kalanath Shastri, [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], New Delhi, 1998</ref><ref>‘Jaipur Vaibhavam’ (Amukh Veethi), Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-32-1}}</ref> as –

"Būndīpati Budhasiṃh sauṅ lyāe mukha sauṅ yāchi", meaning that "he (Jai Singh) beseeched the King of Bundi Budh Singh with his own mouth to bring him" (Shrikrishna Bhatt to Amber).

The family tree of Skrikrishna Bhatt Kavikalanidhi is detailed in the publication ''Uttar Bharatiya Andhra-Tailang-Bhatt Vansh Vriksha'', which also includes the family trees of other Vellanadu Brahmin Bhatt-Tailang migrants from Andhra to North India. According to this, many of the descendants of Kavikalanidhi have been great scholars, poets, and writers, among them being Dwarka Nath Bhatt, Jagdish Bhatt, Vasudev Bhatt, Mandan Bhatt, [[Devarshi Ramanath Shastri]], [[Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri]], and Devarshi [[Kala Nath Shastry]].<ref>"Uttar Bharatiya Andhravanshvriksha-Bhatt-Tailang (Part II), Ed. P. Kanthamani Shastri and K. Gokulanand Tailang, Pub. by Shuddhadvaita Vaishnava Vellanatiya Yuvak Mandal, Nathdwara, V.S. 2007.</ref>

== Titles ==

Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt was conferred with the titles of '''"Kavikalānidhi"''' and '''"Rāmarāsāchārya"''' by none other than Maharaja Jai Singh II himself. Impressed by his commanding knowledge and scholarship in Vedic scriptures, and his prowess in poetic composition in languages like Sanskrit, Brajbhasha, and Prakrit, the King bestowed on him the title of ‘Kavikalānidhi’.<ref>"Sahitya Vaibhavam", Mañjunātha Granthāvaliḥ, Ed. Prof. Radha Vallabh Tripathi, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-33-8}}.</ref>

There is an incident associated with one of Shrikrishna Bhatt's works, ‘Rāmarāsā’ and the other title ‘Rāmarāsāchārya’. During a court proceeding, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh suddenly asked the courtiers whether a book about [[Lord Rama]]'s Rāslīlā also existed similar to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]'s. There was a stunning silence in the court. Shrikrishna Bhatt also happened to be present there. He rose and said that there was a book in Kashi depicting Rama's Rāsa. The King asked him to procure that book within two months’ time. Shrikrishna Bhatt came home and pondered over his assertion of such a book indeed being available, although there was none. He then started composing the book himself and wrote the Rāmarāsā in Brajbhasha similar to the Ramayana, within two months. When he presented the book to the King within the stipulated time, the King was extremely pleased and conferred on Shrikrishna Bhatt the title of ‘‘Rāmarāsāchārya’’, besides giving him sumptuous monetary gifts.<ref>"Sahitya Vaibhavam", Mañjunātha Granthāvaliḥ, Ed. Prof. Radha Vallabh Tripathi, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-33-8}}</ref>

== Notable works ==

The books written by Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt encompass many disciplines, languages and literary genres, including poetry and history. The "Ishvar Vilas" epic is an historic treatise written in poetry form that narrates all the significant events of Jaipur. Its manuscript is preserved in the Pothikhana of City Palace (Chandra Mahal), while it has been published<ref>‘Īśvara Vilāsa Mahākāvya’, Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Jagdish Sanskrit Pustakalaya, Jaipur, 2006.</ref> with detailed editorial comments and foreword by the doyen of Sanskrit poetry [[Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri]] (1889–1964), who in his own epic ''Jaipur Vaibhavam'' equated Kavikalanidhi's poetry in Sanskrit and Brajbhasha with that of [[Tulsidas]], [[Surdas]], [[Bihari Lal|Bihari]], and [[Bharavi]], thus-

"Tulasī-sūra-vihāri-kṛṣṇabhaṭṭa-bhāravi-mukhāḥ Bhāṣākavitākāri-kavayaḥ kasya na sambhatāḥ".<ref>''Jaipur Vaibhavam'' (Amukh Veethi), Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi, 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-86111-32-1}}</ref>

Shrikrishna Bhatt Kavikalanidhi's main books are –

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''Īśvaravilāsa Mahākāvyam''<ref>Īśvaravīlāsamahākāvyam, Ed. Bhaṭṭa Mathurānātha Śhastrī,
Rājasthāna purātana granthamālā, granthāṅka 29, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur, 1958</ref><ref>‘Īśvara Vilāsa Mahākāvya’, Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Ramakant Pandey, Pub. Jagdish Sanskrit Pustakalaya, Jaipur, 2006.</ref><ref>Īśvaravilāsamahākāvyam, Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Ramakant Pandey, Ayurveda Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, Jaipur, 2008</ref>
*''Alankāra Kalānidhi'' (in Brajbhasha)
*''Sundarīstavarāja''
*''Padyamuktāvalī''<ref>"Padya Muktāvalī", Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Rajasthan Puratan Granthamala Pt. 30, Prachya Vidya Pratishthan, Jodhpur, 1959.</ref>
*''Vṛttamuktāvalī'' (Work on metrics and rhythmics in [[Indo-Aryan languages]])<ref>"Vṛtta Muktāvalī", Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Rajasthan Puratana Granthamala Pt. 69, Prachya Vidya Pratishthan, Jodhpur, 1963.</ref>
*''Jajau Yuddha'' (Historic account of the battle of Jajau, India)
*''Rāma Candrodaya''
*'''Śṛṅgārarasamādhurī'' (Braj bhasha)<ref>Śṛṅgārarasamādhurī, Padmakar Anusandhan Shala, Aurangabad, 1973</ref>
*''Vṛttachandrikā''
*''[[Vedānta]] Pañcaviṃśati''
*''Sāmbhara Yuddha'' (Historical poem about the battle of [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]], India, on 3 October 1708)<ref>"Sāmbhara Yuddha", Ed. Raghubir Sinh, Rajasthan Sulabh Pustakamala Pt. 25, Rajasthan Sahitya Samiti, Bissau, Rajasthan, 1978.</ref>
*''Rāmarāsā''
*''Jayasiṃha Guṇasaritā''
*''Vidagdhamādhurī''
*''Ṭīkā Upaniśad''
*''Nakhaśikhavarṇana''
*''Bahadura Vijaya''
*''Rāmagītam''<ref>"Rāmagītam", Ed. Govindaram Charaura, Rajasthani Granthagar, Jodhpur, 1992.</ref>
*''Durgābhaktitaraṅginī''
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/Thesis_Modified/Thesis-E-H/H_f/myweb10/EE.htm Doctoral works on Ishvaravilasa Mahakavya
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130502131813/http://sanskrit.nic.in/biblofinal.pdf
*http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/J/Jaipurvaibhavam.pdf
*http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/rj089.htm Sawai Jai Sigh II
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Writers from Jaipur]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Rajputana]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajputana]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]

1559 in India

2025-06-15T13:31:09Z

Nxtleveledit: quick update

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1559}}

Events from the year '''1559 in India'''.

==Events==
* The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] captures [[Ranthambore Fort]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |date=2017-08-13 |title=1568: Siege of Ranthambore by Akbar |url=https://rajras.in/1568-siege-ranthambore-akbar/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Births==
* 16 March [[Amar Singh I]], later [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]] is born in [[Chittor Fort]] (dies [[1620 in india|1620]])

==Deaths==
* [[Sikandar Shah Suri]], sixth rule of [[Sur dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panag |first=Lt General H. S. |title=Battles for India at Sirhind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/battles-for-india-at-sirhind/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]], Portuguese historian<ref name="PA">Cf. [http://purl.pt/37410/hg-31049-v_4_master/hg-31049-v/hg-31049-v_PDF/hg-31049-v_0000.pdf pp. V a XXXIV] do primeiro volume de CASTANHEDA, Fernão Lopes de. ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses. 3.ª ed., rev. e anot. por Pedro de Azevedo. Coimbra : Imprensa da Universidade, 1924-1933., 4 v.''</ref> and author of "History of the discovery and conquest of India" dies (born c 1500)

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1559}}

[[Category:1559 in India| ]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Meenmutty Falls (Thiruvananthapuram)

2025-05-21T11:52:29Z

Nxtleveledit: further refine intro per standard format additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Waterfall in Kerala, Indian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{More references|date=January 2018}}
'''Meenmutty Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] located {{convert|45|km}} from [[Trivandrum city]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meenmutty Waterfall, Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/meenmutty-waterfall-kallar/604|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> The falls are located near the [[Ponmudi]] hill station, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and [[Agastya Mala]] [[Biosphere reserves of India|Biosphere reserves.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chowdhary|first=Charu|title=For a Scenic Trek to Kallar, You Must Head From Trivandrum to Ponmudi {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/for-a-scenic-trek-to-kallar-you-must-head-from-trivandrum-to-ponmudi-3560620/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref> This waterfalls is situated along the upper riparian course of [[Vamanapuram River]]. [[File:Meenmutty Falls.jpg|Meenmutty Waterfalls|thumb]]

== Location ==
There is no transportation is available so visitors have to trek 2 km through the dense forests to reach the falls. The nearby road head is Kallar on [[Vithura]]- [[Ponmudi]] road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DTPC reintroduces package tours in the district; focus on heritage destinations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/nov/02/dtpc-reintroduces-package-tours-in-the-district-focus-on-heritage-destinations-2055831.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruvananthapuram tourism sector needs a serious relook|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/nov/27/thiruvananthapuram-tourism-sector-needs-a-serious-relook-2067524.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> There are other waterfalls like [[Kombaikani Falls]] (that lies {{convert|2|km}} upstream of the Meenmutti Falls), Thavakkal Waterfalls and Vaazhvanthol waterfalls nearby this falls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waterfalls, snowy mountains and much more… the abandoned tourism of Vithura|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/kerala-travel/waterfalls-snowy-mountains-and-much-more-the-abandoned-tourism-of-vithura-1.3811274|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

There is also a waterfall bearing same name that exist at [[Wayanad district]] of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. M.|date=2014-09-15|title=Meenmutty falls in Kerala out of tourism map|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/meenmutty-falls-in-kerala-out-of-tourism-map/article6412075.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[File:Meenmuty waterfall, Thiruvananthapuram.JPG|thumb|Meenmuty waterfall, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

== See also ==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Agastya Mala]]

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.technoparktoday.com/meenmutty-waterfalls-%E2%80%93-kallaar-trivandrum/ Meenmutty Waterfalls]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Kerala]]
[[Category:Geography of Thiruvananthapuram district]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram-geo-stub}}
{{Waterfall-stub}}

2018 elections in India

2025-05-15T23:19:33Z

Nxtleveledit: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2017 elections in India
| previous_year = 2017
| election_date = 2018
| next_election = 2019 elections in India
| next_year = 2019
}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in 2018 included by-elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], elections to of eight states and numerous other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.

The elections were widely considered crucial to the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] and the opposition [[United Progressive Alliance]] for the upcoming general elections in 2019. In seven of the eight states that went to polls this year, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was in direct contest with the [[Indian National Congress]]. Further, the election results<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakaelections2018.com/karnataka-election-results/|title=Karnataka Elections Results LIVE Coverage|website=Karnataka Elections 2018|language=en|access-date=2018-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145205/https://karnatakaelections2018.com/karnataka-election-results/|archive-date=2018-06-12|url-status=live}}</ref> in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Rajasthan]] are considered a barometer of the pulse of the public before the general elections. Elections to the upper house where the ruling National Democratic Alliance does not command a majority are expected to strengthen its position.

== Background ==

=== Political system ===
According to the [[Constitution of India]], elections should take place to the parliament and [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] every five years, unless an emergency is under operation. Further, any vacancy caused by death or resignation must be filled through an election within six months of occurrence of such vacancy. The elections to the lower houses (in Parliament and in the states) use [[first past the post]] system - the candidate with a [[plurality voting system|plurality]] of the votes wins the election.

Elections to one-third of the seats of the upper house of the Parliament - the [[Rajya Sabha]] are conducted every two years. The members of the upper house are elected indirectly by the state legislative assemblies on the basis of proportional representation. Members to the state legislative councils (in states which have an upper house) are elected indirectly through local bodies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election|title=2018 Legislative Assembly Election|work=amarujala.com|access-date=2018-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025074935/https://www.amarujala.com/election|archive-date=2018-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

All the elections at the central and state level are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]] while local body elections are conducted by state election commissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/the_function.aspx|title=Election Commission of India|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211152557/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/the_function.aspx|archive-date=2018-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Parliamentary by-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="3" | 29 January 2018
|[[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan]]
|Mahant Chandnath
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Karan Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
|Sanwar Lal Jat
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Raghu Sharma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!3
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Sajda Ahmed
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!4
|rowspan="3" | 11 March 2018
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel|Nagendra Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
|[[Bihar]]
| [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!7
| rowspan="4" |28 May 2018
|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Madhukar Kukde]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!8
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]
|[[Chintaman Vanaga]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!9
|[[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|[[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|-
!10
|[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Hukum Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Begum Tabassum Hasan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
!11
| rowspan="3" |3 November 2018
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Karnataka]]
|[[B. Sriramulu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[V. S. Ugrappa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!12
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!13
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|[[C. S. Puttaraju]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|}

* [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of the incumbent Mahant Chandnath of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Both the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress fielded candidates from the [[yadav]] community. 61.77% of the total 18,27,936 voters participated in the election.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ajmer-alwar-bypolls-to-be-first-lok-sabha-elections-to-feature-pictures-of-candidates-on-evms-4310365.html|title=Ajmer, Alwar bypolls to be first Lok Sabha elections to feature pictures of candidates on EVMs - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=19 January 2018 |access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213081539/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ajmer-alwar-bypolls-to-be-first-lok-sabha-elections-to-feature-pictures-of-candidates-on-evms-4310365.html|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time in the country, the election commission placed candidates' photos next to their name to help voters identify the candidates. In what was seen as a body blow to the state government, the INC wrested control of the seat from the BJP, with its candidate [[Karan Singh Yadav]] winning the seat by a margin of 1,96,496 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/rajasthan-election-voting-live-updates-ajmer-alwar-mandalgarh/|title=Rajasthan by-election voting percentage: 62% turnout in Alwar, 65% in Ajmer, 77% in Mandalgarh|date=2018-01-29|work=The PinkCity Post|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135055/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/rajasthan-election-voting-live-updates-ajmer-alwar-mandalgarh/|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-bypoll-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-for-alwar-ajmer-mandalgarh-seats-today/story-38NeQnIDLJc9HZY48HtY6I.html|title=Rajasthan bypoll results highlights: Blow for BJP as Congress wins Ajmer, Alwar and Mandalgarh bypolls|date=2018-02-01|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212095325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-bypoll-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-for-alwar-ajmer-mandalgarh-seats-today/story-38NeQnIDLJc9HZY48HtY6I.html|archive-date=2018-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of the incumbent Sanwar Lal Jat of the Bharatiya Janata Party. 65% of the total 18.43 lakh voters participated in the election.<ref name=":0" /> For the first time in the country, the election commission placed candidates' photos next to their name to help voters identify the candidates. In what was seen as a body blow to the state government, the INC wrested control of the seat from the BJP, its candidate Raghu Sharma won by a margin of 84,238 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ajmer-election-results-2018-live-updates/|title=Ajmer by-election 2018 final result: Raghu Sharma wins|date=2018-02-01|work=The PinkCity Post|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135053/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ajmer-election-results-2018-live-updates/|archive-date=2018-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]]: Elections were held on 29 January to elect a new member of parliament after the death of [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]]'s president and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] M.P [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xFlpznTD7bLawhKKUggAsI/Bypolls-to-3-Lok-Sabha-seats-in-Rajasthan-West-Bengal-on-29.html |title=Bypolls to 3 Lok Sabha seats in Rajasthan, West Bengal on 29 January |date=2017-12-28 |work=livemint |access-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305172111/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/xFlpznTD7bLawhKKUggAsI/Bypolls-to-3-Lok-Sabha-seats-in-Rajasthan-West-Bengal-on-29.html |archive-date=2018-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trinamool Congress candidate Sajda Ahmed won Uluberia Lok Sabha seat by defeating BJP candidate Anupam Mallick by 4,74,023 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/uluberia-lok-sabha-bye-election-2018-result-live-news-updates-counting-of-votes-for-west-bengal-bypolls-2872363/ |title=Uluberia Lok Sabha Bye-Election Result: TMC Candidate Sajda Wins Bypoll |date=2018-02-01 |work=india news |access-date=2018-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104103/http://www.india.com/news/india/uluberia-lok-sabha-bye-election-2018-result-live-news-updates-counting-of-votes-for-west-bengal-bypolls-2872363/ |archive-date=2018-03-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== March ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|SP
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|Elections were held on March 11 to elect a new member of Parliament after the incumbent member [[Yogi Adityanath]] resigned from the post after he was appointed the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gorakhpur-and-phulpur-lok-sabha-byelections-bjp-hopes-to-retain-seats-5064838 | title=Gorakhpur and Phulpur Lok Sabha byelections: BJP hopes to retain seats | date=2018-02-15 | work=Indian Express | access-date=2018-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225008/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gorakhpur-and-phulpur-lok-sabha-byelections-bjp-hopes-to-retain-seats-5064838/ | archive-date=2018-03-01 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/triple-bypoll-shock-for-bjp/article23247592.ece?homepage=true|title=Election Results|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|SP
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|Elections were held on March 14 to elect a new member of Parliament after the incumbent member [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] resigned from the post after he was appointed the Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Indian Express"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2018/Results/51-Phulpur(PC)-UP.pdf|title=Election results - Phulpur|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023003/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2018/Results/51-Phulpur(PC)-UP.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|RJD
|RJD
|Bihar
|[[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
|The constituency fell vacant after the death of RJD MP [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]].<ref name="Indian Express"/>
|}

=== May ===

4 parliamentary seats were contested on 28 May 2018.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stage-set-for-bypolls-to-4-parliamentary-10-assembly-seats/articleshow/64345711.cms|title=Stage set for bypolls to 4 parliamentary, 10 assembly seats|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619091236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stage-set-for-bypolls-to-4-parliamentary-10-assembly-seats/articleshow/64345711.cms|archive-date=2018-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/by-elections-2018-4-lok-sabha-10-assembly-seats-go-for-polls-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-parties-candidates-in-fray-4476515.html|title=By-elections 2018: 4 Lok Sabha, 10 Assembly seats go for polls today; all you need to know about parties, candidates in fray - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=27 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528133934/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/by-elections-2018-4-lok-sabha-10-assembly-seats-go-for-polls-today-all-you-need-to-know-about-parties-candidates-in-fray-4476515.html|archive-date=2018-05-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The counting of votes took place on May 31.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-10-states-tomorrow-crucial-test-for-bjp/story-rU7EEKr8rBoLTIG4hoSu4O.html|title=Bypolls to 4 Lok Sabha, 10 assembly seats begin as BJP faces united opposition test|date=2018-05-27|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527194717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-in-10-states-tomorrow-crucial-test-for-bjp/story-rU7EEKr8rBoLTIG4hoSu4O.html|archive-date=2018-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> This election saw the ruling BJP party lose their majority in the lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/narendra-modi-bjp-party-suffers-setback-election-180531101148797.html|title=Narendra Modi's BJP party suffers setback in by-election - News - Al Jazeera|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608012626/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/narendra-modi-bjp-party-suffers-setback-election-180531101148797.html|archive-date=2018-06-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|RLD
|BJP
|Uttar Pradesh
|[[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
|The constituency fell vacant after the death of BJP MP Hukum Singh.
|-
|NCP
|BJP
|Maharashtra
|[[Bhandara-Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]]
|Nana Patole quit as the BJP MP and resigned from the ruling party to return to the Congress earlier this year, necessitating the by-election.
|-
|BJP
|BJP
|Maharashtra
|[[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]]
|Palghar seat in north Konkan fell vacant after sitting BJP MP Chintaman Vanga died on 30 January following a heart attack.
|-
|NDPP
|NPF
|Nagaland
|[[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
|The by-election was necessitated after NDPP's Neiphiu Rio resigned to take on the role of Nagaland chief minister.
|}
'''November'''

Three parliamentary seats had been contested on 3 November 2018 in Karnataka. Results were declared on 6 November 2018.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!2018 winner
!2014 winner
!State
!Constituency
!Note
|-
|INC
|BJP
|Karnataka
|[[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
|Bellary Lok Sabha constituency was vacated due to Sriramulu being elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in May 2018.
|-
|JDS
|JDS
|Karnataka
|[[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
|This seat was vacated after sitting MP had joined Karnataka Government as Minister for minor irrigation.
|-
|BJP
|BJP
|Karnataka
|[[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shivamogga]]
|Shivamogga constituency was vacated; [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] quit after being elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|May 2018]].
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2018 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|300px|2018 Indian election result map]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 18 February 2018
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Manik Sarkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="4" | 27 February 2018
| rowspan="4" | [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Mukul Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Conrad Sangma]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 27 February 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Naga People's Front]]
| rowspan="2" | [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Neiphiu Rio]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 12 May 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Siddaramaiah]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 12 & 20 November 2018
| [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Raman Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28 November 2018
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Kamal Nath]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/kamalnath-might-become-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-congress-top-leadership-to-announce-soon/articleshow/67061435.cms |title=MP chief minister: Kamalnath might become chief minister of madhya pradesh congress top leadership to announce soon - कमलनाथ होंगे मध्य प्रदेश के नए मुख्यमंत्री! 25 साल बाद होगा सपना पूरा &#124; Navbharat Times |access-date=2018-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225723/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/kamalnath-might-become-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-congress-top-leadership-to-announce-soon/articleshow/67061435.cms |archive-date=2018-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28 November 2018
| [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| [[Zoramthanga]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 December 2018
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vasundhra Raje]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 December 2018
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|}

=== Tripura ===
{{Main|2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}

Elections were held in Tripura on 18 February 2018 in 59 out of 60 constituencies of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tripura|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-assembly-election-2018-voting-to-begin-1814025|title=Tripura Assembly Election 2018 LIVE: 78.56% Turnout Till 9 PM, Left Front's 25-Year-Long Run Faces BJP Challenge|publisher=NDTV|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218043628/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-assembly-election-2018-voting-to-begin-1814025|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] led by [[Manik Sarkar]] sought re-election, having governed Tripura since the 1998 election. The region in general had been under the political control of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]] for 25 years prior to the election, leading to the region being dubbed a "red holdout".<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/conquest-of-tripura-213106|title=Conquest of Tripura|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/conquest-of-tripura-213106|archive-date=2018-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The incumbent [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] government was defeated after 25 years of office, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]] winning a large majority of seats. The [[Indian National Congress]], which was the second largest party in the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]], lost all its seats and most of its vote share.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|999,093
|43.0
|
|36
| {{Increase}}36
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|992,575
|42.7
|
|16
| {{Decrease}}33
|-
| style="background:green;"|
|[[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]] (IPFT)
|173,603
|7.5
|
|8
| {{Increase}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|41,325
|1.8
|
|0
| {{Decrease}}10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|19,352
|0.8
|
|0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|17,568
|0.8
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}" |
|[[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] (INPT)
|16,255
|0.7
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|13,115
|0.6
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|6,989
|0.3
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| style="background:black;"|
|Other parties and coalitions
|
|
|
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|
|
|
| colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election#Charilam bypoll|Vacant seat]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"| Total
|
| 100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|60
| ±0
|}

=== Meghalaya ===
{{Main|2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections were held in Meghalaya on 27 February 2018 to elect 59 of 60 members to the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] government controlled the state in a coalition with smaller parties prior to the election, and sought to retain office. The elections resulted in a [[hung assembly]] with no single party or alliance getting the requisite majority of 31 seats in the [[Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-2018-live-5084085/|title=Meghalaya Election Results 2018 LIVE UPDATES: Congress to hold meeting to select legislature party leader|date=4 March 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731155032/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-2018-live-5084085/|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Conrad Sangma, leader of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], announced that he would form a government with the support of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] and other regional parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-2018-npp-to-form-government-with-help-of-others-says-conrad-sangma/1086158/|title=Meghalaya election result 2018: NPP to form government with help of others, says Conrad Sangma|date=3 March 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162309/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-2018-npp-to-form-government-with-help-of-others-says-conrad-sangma/1086158/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/non-congress-parties-come-together-to-stake-a-claim-in-meghalaya/article22924097.ece|title=Non-Congress parties come together to stake claim in Meghalaya|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He was sworn in as the Chief Minister, along with eleven other ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/conrad-sangma-sworn-in-as-meghalaya-cm/article22940327.ece|title=Conrad Sangma sworn in as Meghalaya CM|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306062000/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-2018/conrad-sangma-sworn-in-as-meghalaya-cm/article22940327.ece|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|447,472
|28.5
|
|59
| 21
|{{decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|323,500
|20.6
|
|52
| 19
|{{increase}}17
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (UDP)
|182,491
|11.6
|
|27
| 6
|{{decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|170,249
|10.8
|
|
|3
|{{decrease}}10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|151,217
|9.6
|
|47
|2
|{{increase}}2
|-
| style="background:yellow;"|
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]] (PDF)
|128,413
|8.2
|
|8
|4
|{{increase}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HSPDP)
|84,011
|5.3
|
|15
| 2
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|25,247
|1.6
|
|6
| 1
|{{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:green;"|
|[[Garo National Council]] (GNC)
|21,679
|1.4
|
|7
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
| style="background:red;"|
|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement]] (KHNAM)
|14,164
|0.9
|
|6
| 1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|5,544
|0.4
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|14,631
|0.9
|
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="2" |Vacant seat
| colspan="4" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Total
| || 100.00 || style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
| 297 ||60|| ±0
|}

=== Nagaland ===
{{Main|2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections were held in Nagaland on 27 February 2018 in 59 out of 60 constituencies of the [[Legislative Assembly of Nagaland|Legislative Assembly]]. The scheduled election in [[Northern Angami-II (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Northern Angami II]] constituency did not take place as only incumbent MLA [[Neiphiu Rio]] was nominated and was therefore declared elected unopposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-elections-2018-neiphiu-rio-elected-unopposed-before-polls-5061555/|title=Nagaland Assembly elections 2018: Neiphiu Rio elected unopposed before polls|date=13 February 2018|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712023230/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-assembly-elections-2018-neiphiu-rio-elected-unopposed-before-polls-5061555/|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/120218/northeast-polls-its-advantage-bjp.html|title=Northeast polls: It's advantage BJP|first=Sanjay|last=Kumar|date=12 February 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309071004/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/120218/northeast-polls-its-advantage-bjp.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling [[Naga People's Front]] was challenged by the newly established [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP), an ally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The NDPP and its allies won a majority, with former [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] Neiphiu Rio returning to government.

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018.svg]]
|- style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!Votes
!'''%'''
!'''±'''[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Candidates
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nagaland Peoples Front}}" |
|[[Nagaland People's Front]] (NPF)
|389,912
|38.8
|
|58
|26
|{{Decrease}}12
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP)
|253,090
|25.2
|
|40
|18
|{{Increase}}18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|153,864
|15.3
|
|20
|12
|{{Increase}}11
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP)
|69,506
|6.9
|
|25
|2
|{{Increase}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U))
|45,089
|4.5
|
|13
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|43,008
|4.3
|
|11
|1
|{{Decrease}}7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|20,752
|2.1
|
|18
|0
|{{Decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|10,693
|1.1
|
|6
|0
|{{Decrease}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)
|7,491
|0.7
|
|3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP)
|2,765
|0.3
|
|2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|
|
|
| colspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="8" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total
|
|100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|196
|60
|±0
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{{Main|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election}}

Elections were held in Karnataka on 12 May 2018 in 222 out of 224 constituencies of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The incumbent [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was seeking re-election, having governed the state since elections in 2013.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|title=Election commission's statistical report on general elections, 2013 to the legislative assembly of Karnataka|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008102903/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref> The opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)) sought to regain office. The election led to a hung assembly, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerging as the single largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority of seats and popular votes. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won the popular vote.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-should-get-first-call-to-form-govt-in-karnataka-jurys-out/articleshow/64182765.cms|title=Who should get first call to form govt in Karnataka? Jury's out|date=16 May 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-should-get-first-call-to-form-govt-in-karnataka-jurys-out/articleshow/64182765.cms|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the election, [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] was appointed Chief Minister and tasked with forming a minority BJP government, but resigned two days later on being unable to prove majority in the assembly. Thereafter the INC and JD(S) which had entered into a post-poll agreement formed a majority coalition government. [[H.D. Kumaraswamy]] of Janata Dal (Secular) was subsequently appointed [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1,31,85,384
|36.2
|{{Increase}}16.3
|104
|{{Increase}}64
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|1,39,32,069
|38.0
|{{Increase}}1.4
|80
|{{Decrease}}44
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JDS)
|66,66,307
|18.3
|{{Decrease}}1.9
|37
|{{Decrease}}3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|14,37,045
|3.9
|{{Decrease}} 3.5
|1
|{{decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|1,08,592
|0.3
|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:#65cb9b;"|
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]] (KPJP)
|74,229
|0.2
|
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| style="background:black;"|
|Other parties and candidates
|6,83,632
|2.2
|
|0
|{{decrease}}13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|3,22,841
|0.9
|
| colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Total
|
|100.00
| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|224
|±0
|}

===Madhya Pradesh===
{{Main|2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=7|[[File:India Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2018.svg|300px]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] +
| 15,595,153
| 40.9%
|{{Increase}}4.59%
| '''114'''
|{{Increase}}56
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 15,642,980
| 41%
|{{Decrease}}3.88%
| '''109'''
|{{Decrease}}56
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,911,642
|5%
|{{Decrease}}1.29%
| 2
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|496,025
|1.3%
|{{Increase}}0.1%
| 1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|2,218,230
|5.8%
|{{Increase}}0.42%
| 4
|{{Increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]]
|542,295
|1.4%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|
| 100.00
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|230
| ±0
|-
|}

===Chhatishgarh===
{{Main|2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|61,36,429
|43.0%
|{{increase}}2.71%
|68
| {{increase}}29
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|47,01,530
|33.0%
|{{decrease}}8.04%
|15
| {{decrease}}34
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh]] (JCC)
|10,81,760
|7.6%
|{{Increase}} 7.6%
|5
| {{Increase}} 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|5,51,687
|3.9%
|{{decrease}}0.37%
|2
| {{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|2,82,588
|2.0%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
|
|
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|90
| ±0
|-
|}

===Mizoram===
{{Main|2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=7|[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 2018.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|237,305
|37.6%
|{{increase}}8.9pp
|26
|{{increase}}21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|190,412
|30.1%
|{{decrease}}14.5pp
|5
|{{decrease}}29
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|#FFF700}}"|
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|144,925
|22.9%
|{{decrease}}1.5pp
|8
|{{increase}}5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|50,744
|8%
|{{increase}}7.6pp
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
|Others
|8,211
|1.3%
|{{decrease}}0.7pp
|0
|{{steady}}0
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 631,597 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 40 || ±0
|-
|}

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}


The seat and vote share was as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/ |title=News 18: Rajasthan Election Results |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212051648/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/ |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/candidates |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Candidates list 2018 &#124; Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406231138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/candidates |archive-date=2019-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,39,35,201
| 39.3%
|{{Increase}}6.23
| 100
| {{increase}}79
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,37,57,502
| 38.8%
|{{decrease}}6.37
| 73
| {{decrease}}92
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 14,10,995
| 4.0%
|{{increase}}0.63
| 6
|{{increase}}3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 33,72,206
| 9.5%
|{{increase}}1.29
| 13
|{{increase}}6
|-
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
| 8,56,038
| 2.4%
|New
| 3
|New
|-
| bgcolor="red"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,34,210
| 1.2%
|{{increase}}0.33
| 2
|{{increase}}2
|-
| bgcolor="green"|
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]
| 2,55,100
| 0.7%
|New
| 2
|New
|-
|bgcolor="darkgray"|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 1,16,320
| 0.3%
|{{increase}}0.29
| 1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|Other parties and candidates (OTH)
| 8,87,317
| 2.5%
|{{increase}}0.00
| 0
|{{increase}}0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]]
| 4,67,781
| 1.3%
|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 3,54,92,670
| 100.00
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 199
| ±0
|-
|}

=== Telangana ===
{{Main|2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="300" style="text-align:left;" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="4" |2018 votes & seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!Won
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS)
|9,700,749
|46.9%
|88
|{{Increase}}25
|-
| width="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|5,883,111
|28.4%
|19
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|561,089
|2.7%
|7
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|725,845
|3.5%
|2
|{{Decrease}}13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1,450,456
|7.1%
|1
|{{Decrease}}4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
| align="left" |[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|159,141
|1.8%
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|428,430
|2.1%
|0
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|91,099
|0.4%
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|83,215
|0.4%
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
|673,694
|3.3%
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[None of the above (India)]] (NOTA)
|224,709
|1.1%
|
|
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" |Total
|
|
|119
|
|}

== Assembly by-elections ==
===[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|11 March 2018
|[[Bhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabua]]
|[[Anand Bhushan Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Rinki Rani Pandey
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Jehanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jehanabad]]
|[[Mudrika Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|Suday Yadav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!3
|28 May 2018
|[[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat]]
|[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Shahnawaz Alam
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|20 December 2018
|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

===[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|28 May 2018
|[[Gomia Assembly constituency|Gomia]]
|Yogendra Prasad
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Babita Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!2
|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
|Amit Kumar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Seema Devi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!3
|20 December 2018
|[[Kolebira Assembly constituency|Kolebira]]
|[[Anosh Ekka]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|Naman Bixal Kongari
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" | 6 November 2018
|[[Ramanagara (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Ramanagara]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}"|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
!2
|[[Jamkhandi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jamkhandi]]
|[[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Anand Nyamagouda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Chengannur Assembly constituency|Chengannur]]
|[[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Saji Cherian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=2|24 February 2018
|[[Kolaras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolaras]]
|[[Ram Singh Yadav (politician)|Ram Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Kalukheda]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Patangrao Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |23 August 2018
|[[South Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Tura]]
|[[Agatha Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Ranikor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranikor]]
|[[Martin Danggo]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Piyus Marwein
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|24 February 2018
|[[Bijepur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijepur]]
|Subal Sahu
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Rita Sahu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Shahkot Assembly Constituency|Shahkot]]
|[[Ajit Singh Kohar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|Hardev Singh Ladi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 January 2018
|[[Mandalgarh Assembly constituency|Mandalgarh]]
|[[Kirti Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Vivek Dhakar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Noorpur Assembly constituency|Noorpur]]
|[[Lokendra Singh (politician)|Lokendra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Naim Ul Hasan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

===[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 May 2018
|[[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tharali]]
|Maganlal Shah
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Munni Devi Shah
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.no
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 January 2018
|[[Noapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noapara]]
|Madhusudan Ghose
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!2
|28 May 2018
|[[Maheshtala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshtala]]
|Kasturi Das
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Dulal Chandra Das
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

== Local body elections ==

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
{{Main|Elections in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] elections and [[Municipal governance in India|municipal]] elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir in 2018 from October 8 till December 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-nine-phases-from-17-november-to-11-december-5194061.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir panchayat elections to be held in nine phases from 17 November to 11 December - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=16 September 2018 |access-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200949/https://www.firstpost.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-nine-phases-from-17-november-to-11-december-5194061.html|archive-date=2018-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The last time Panchayat elections were held in the state was in 2011 and the last time municipal elections were held was in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/questions-in-jammu-and-kashmir-local-polls-panchayat-elections-boycott-5383519/|title=Questions in Jammu and Kashmir local polls|date=2018-10-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004084402/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/questions-in-jammu-and-kashmir-local-polls-panchayat-elections-boycott-5383519/|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-municipal-election-farooq-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-bjp-eci-5358491/|title=First municipal elections since 2005; despite boycott by NC, PDP, civic poll dates out|date=2018-09-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004030002/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-municipal-election-farooq-abdullah-mehbooba-mufti-bjp-eci-5358491/|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{main|2018 Uttarakhand local body elections}}

On 18 November, elections to the local bodies were held in [[Uttarakhand]].

== Rural elections ==

=== Assam ===
* [[2018 Assam Panchayat Election]]<ref>[https://www.secassam.in/pdfnoti/Final-Result-21.pdf 2018 Assam State Panchayat election pdf Election Commission of Assam official website]</ref>

===West Bengal===
* [[2018 West Bengal local elections]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wbsec.gov.in/results/panchayat_election_final_result?election_year=2018 | title=Panchayat Election 2018 Final Result - West Bengal State Election Commission }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2017 elections in India]]
*[[2019 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526130630/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/ Lok Sabha elections website]
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2018 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Mayur More

2025-05-03T15:44:22Z

Nxtleveledit: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kota Factory]]

Rahul Shah

2025-04-04T00:59:14Z

Nxtleveledit: added references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Rahul Shah
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Rahul Vipul Shah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right arm off break
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 11 February 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1136211.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Rahul Shah''' (born 3 January 1997) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1136211.html |title=Rahul Shah |accessdate=11 February 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/local-sports/rahul-shah-stars-in-boi-win/articleshow/62357391.cms |title=CK Patel T20 Championship: Rahul Shah stars in Bank of India |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ck-nayudu-trophy-rahul-shah-hits-unbeaten-double-ton-as-gujarat-take-massive-364-run-lead/articleshow/73251942.cms |title=CK Nayudu Trophy: Rahul Shah hits unbeaten double ton as Gujarat take massive 364-run lead |work=Times of India |accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 11 February 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118761.html |title=Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Chennai, Feb 11 2018 |accessdate=11 February 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Gujarat in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 15 January 2019.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162718.html |title=4th Quarter final, Ranji Trophy at Wayanad, Jan 15-19 2019 |accessdate=15 January 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 4 November 2021, for Gujarat in the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280209.html |title=Elite, Group D, Delhi, Nov 4 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1136211}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Rahul}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1997-stub}}

Exorcism in Hinduism

2025-01-03T14:39:22Z

Nxtleveledit: Adding article - done

{{Short description|none}}
In many [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions, it is a belief that people can be possessed by entities such as [[Bhoota (ghost)|Bhoot]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhut {{!}} Hindu Mythology, Meaning & Ghost |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/bhut |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=[[Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Pret, [[Pishacha|Pisach]], Dain, Nishi, and Jatak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Narendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HjXAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-309-3 |language=en}}</ref> Exorcism is used to removed the possessing entity. The exorcism is often done by use of [[mantra]] (chanting of phases from Hindu Vedic scriptures of a deity). This is sometimes accompanied by a [[yajna]] (a special [[Yajna|hawan]] with special ingredients is performed for the [[exorcism]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vishveshvar Press Varanasi |url=https://archive.org/details/jCPJ_uddish-tantra-of-ravan-with-bhasha-tika-of-rameshvar-datta-by-babu-baijanath-pra/page/n35/mode/2up |title=Uddish Tantra Of Ravan With Bhasha Tika Of Rameshvar Datta By Babu Baijanath Prasad Vishveshvar Press Varanasi}}</ref>

==Places of exorcism==
Some temples in India host exorcism rituals such as [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamkhya Temple]] (Assam), [[Tarapith|Tarapith Temple]] (West Bengal), [[Dattatreya|Dattatrya Mandir]] (Karnatka),<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 temples in India known for exorcism practices |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/8-temples-in-india-known-for-exorcism-practices/photostory/108265679.cms |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Mehandipur Balaji Temple]] (Rajasthan).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwanek |first=Krzysztof |date=2018 |title=Gods Against Ghosts: The Exorcisms of India's Mehandipur Balaji |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/gods-against-ghosts-the-exorcisms-of-indias-mehandipur-balaji/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Exorcism==

In [[Vaishnavism]], exorcisms are performed by reciting names of [[Narasimha]], as he is considered a fierce god who eliminates and vanquishes evil spirits.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Holly A. |date=2009 |title=Emotional Exorcism: Expelling the Four Psychological Demons That Make Us Backslide |series=Contemporary Psychology|isbn=979-8-4006-4526-6|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]]|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400645266 |doi=10.5040/9798400645266}}</ref>

In [[Natha Sampradaya]], [[Bhairava|Kaal Bhairav]] is fierce god who is a manifestation, or avatar of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuta Damara Tantra (An Authoritative Tantra of Sri Krodha Bhairava Along with His Mantras, Mandal Worship Rituals and Accomplishment Rituals of Bhutinis, Yakshinis, Snake-Girls etc.) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhuta-damara-tantra-authoritative-tantra-of-sri-krodha-bhairava-along-with-his-mantras-mandal-worship-rituals-and-accomplishment-rituals-of-bhutinis-yakshinis-snake-girls-etc-nak836/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref> Many mantra and rituals are used by Nath's to perform exorcism. Some Mantras also known as Shabar Mantra are majorly used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भैरव तन्त्र रहस्य और भीषण भैरव शाबर- Bhairav Tantra Rahasya and Bhishir Bhairav Shabar {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/bhairav-tantra-rahasya-and-bhishir-bhairav-shabar-pzz904/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>

Some people also consider chanting or reading [[Hanuman Chalisa]] for protection from evil spirits and negativity and to discard them. Hanuman is considered very powerful and many evil spirits and entities are terrified of his presence, as he is the most devoted and loved devotee of [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hanumanji.co.in |date=2024-08-18 |title=Why Hanumanji is known as Balaji? - |url=https://hanumanji.co.in/why-hanumanji-is-known-as-balaji/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mantras ===
There are several mantas from different deities which are used for the act of exorcism.

As per Shakti Upasana the mantras of [[Kali]], Tara and Bhairavi are used they are referred as the supreme goddess to vanquish all kind of evil entities and spirits and often a sacrificial ritual [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|bali]] is done to complete the act. In Tantra or tantric sect this method of exorcism is highly accepted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vishveshvar Press Varanasi |url=https://archive.org/details/jCPJ_uddish-tantra-of-ravan-with-bhasha-tika-of-rameshvar-datta-by-babu-baijanath-pra/page/n35/mode/2up |title=Uddish Tantra Of Ravan With Bhasha Tika Of Rameshvar Datta By Babu Baijanath Prasad Vishveshvar Press Varanasi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Exorcism in Hinduism| ]]

Raj Kiran (director)

2024-12-11T22:59:26Z

Nxtleveledit: put up info

{{Short description|Telugu film director}}{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Kiran
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Director
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Raj Kiran''' is an Indian film director known for his horror films like ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (2014) and ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]'' (2015).

== Career ==
In his initial days, Raj Kiran ran a photo studio in [[Kaikaluru]]. He worked as a photographer of [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao|Maganti Babu]], as the assistant production manager for ''[[Alludugaaru Vachcharu]]'' (1999) and as an assistant director for ''[[Choosoddaam Randi]]'' (2000), ''[[9 Nelalu]]'' (2000) and ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]'' (2001).<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/geetanjali-movie-director-raj-kiran-interview-161466|title=శ్మశానంలో కూర్చుని ఆ కథ రాశా... [''Geetanjali'' movie director Raj Kiran Interview]|date=August 26, 2014|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> While working on ''Ninnu Choodalani'' (2001), [[NTR Jr]] encouraged him and wanted him to work on another film with him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150823/entertainment-tollywood/article/i-turned-director-because-jr-ntr-raj-kiran|title=I turned director because of Jr NTR: Raj Kiran|date=23 August 2015|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115040705/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150823/entertainment-tollywood/article/i-turned-director-because-jr-ntr-raj-kiran|url-status=live}}</ref> He was to debut in 2004 under [[Usha Kiron Movies]], but he backed out after they made changes to the second half that he was not comfortable with. After liking ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), he decided to make the film in Telugu as ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (2014), which also incorporated incidents from his real life. He wrote the film in a graveyard and wanted [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] to be in the film before [[Srinivasa Reddy]] was finalized.<ref name="S"/> He wanted to cast [[Swathi Reddy]] for the film, but due problems meant that [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] was cast. The low-budget film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews. The director expressed interest in making a sequel to the film. He went on to make ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]'' (2015) with Swati Reddy.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raajakiran.html|title=Interview with Raaj Kiran about Tripura|date=3 November 2015|last=jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115040659/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raajakiran.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tripura'' was a box office failure and the director took a brief sabbatical from horror films and directed the film ''[[Luckunnodu]]'' (2017). He returned to the genre with ''[[Viswamitra (film)|Viswamitra]]'' (2019) starring [[Nanditha Raj]] and [[Satyam Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-kirans-viswamitra-launched-director-opts-for-preferred-genre-once-again/articleshow/64369742.cms|title=Raj Kiran's 'Viswamitra' launched: Director opts for preferre genre once again|date=29 May 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115040708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-kirans-viswamitra-launched-director-opts-for-preferred-genre-once-again/articleshow/64369742.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Prior to the release of ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (2014) on 5 August 2014, the director had suffered a heart attack after being tensed by the film's delayed censor certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20140806/282707635206948|title=Censor officer gives director heart attack|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=6 August 2014|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119205109/https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20140806/282707635206948|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]''
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Luckunnodu]]''
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Viswamitra (film)|Viswamitra]]''
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6682206}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiran, Raj}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Love's Rite

2024-10-09T06:54:04Z

Nxtleveledit: basic corrected layout as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|2005 book by Ruth Vanita}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West
| image = Love's Rite Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Ruth Vanita]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Homosexuality in India]], [[Recognition of same-sex unions]], [[LGBT rights in India]]
| genre =
| set_in =
| published =
| publisher = [[Penguin Books India]]
| pub_date = 20 October 2005
| media_type =
| pages = 384
| awards =
| isbn = 9780144000593
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West''''' is a 2005 book by Indian author, academic and activist [[Ruth Vanita]].<ref>Reviews:
*{{citation|last=Choudhury|first=Sonya Dutta|date=19 December 2005|magazine=India Today|title=Moving through mythology and popular culture, this book celebrates the forbidden love that is at the centre of a raging debate|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20051219-book-loves-rite-same-sex-marriage-in-india-and-west-by-ruth-vanita-786330-2005-12-19}}
*{{citation|publisher=White Crane Institute|title=Review|url=https://www.whitecraneinstitute.org/2006/10/white_crane_70.html|first=Amara Das|last=Wilhelm|date=16 October 2006}}
*{{citation|last=Banerjee|first=Sikata|date=November 2007|doi=10.1080/09612020701447863|issue=5|journal=Women's History Review|pages=798–800|title=none|volume=16|s2cid=219611286}}
*{{citation|last=Dave|first=Naisargi N.|date=Spring 2011|issue=1|journal=Feminist Studies|jstor=23069881|pages=14–27|title=Abundance and Loss: Queer Intimacies in South Asia|volume=37|doi=10.1353/fem.2011.0012 |s2cid=245656522 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The book is an analysis of the issues surrounding the [[recognition of same-sex unions]], and the relevance of this debate in democratic societies such as India. Vanita asks "Why should the state's refusal to recognise a union as marriage mean that the union is not a marriage?" Vanita emphasises the history of recognition of same-sex love, and notes that, based on her expert knowledge of ancient Indian texts, same-sex love and relationships are "deeply rooted in Indian culture". Vanita discusses the cultural and legal implications of same-sex marriage in India and the West.<ref name="penguin">{{cite web|url=http://penguinqa.srijan-sites.com/en/content/loves-rite|access-date=2015-12-17|title=Love's Rite|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=December 2015}}

==Reception==

In ''[[India Today]]'' Sonya Dutta Choudhury praised the book, describing it as "impeccably scholarly" and a "persuasive case". However, whilst praising the academic value of the book, Choudhury also wrote that "The book with its wide and wandering thesis is an excellent handbook for the activist or the student of gender. For the rest, reading Alan Hollinghurst's lyrical prose or Jeanette Winterson's intense drama is an infinitely more enjoyable way of recognising the reality of same-sex love and a consequent case for marriage"<ref>{{harvtxt|Choudhury|2005}}</ref>

[[Terry Castle]], Professor at Stanford University and editor of ''The Literature of Lesbianism'' also gave a positive review, describing the book as "absorbing" and noting how it "shows how subtly and imaginatively Indian attitudes toward same-sex unions have evolved over the centuries-and offers a marvelously global perspective characterised by profound historical understanding, impeccable scholarship, and a rare and delightful precision of feeling"<ref name="penguin"/>{{better source|date=December 2015|reason=The professors remarks should be directly sourced, not sourced through the book's own promotional review page}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:Books about same-sex marriage]]
[[Category:2000s LGBTQ literature]]
[[Category:2005 LGBTQ-related literary works]]