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Tibetans

2026-05-25T22:45:11Z

Nuel ID: created new post first draft - done

{{Short description|East Asian ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tibetans
| native_name = {{bo-textonly|བོད་པ་}}
| image = {{Multiple image
|total_width = 250
|image1 = Zhongdian festival (6169776821).jpg
|image2 = Zhongdian festival (6169780777).jpg
|direction = vertical
|border = infobox
}}
| caption = Tibetans at a festival in [[Shangri-La, Yunnan|Zhongdian]] (1995)
| native_name_lang =
| population = {{circa}} 7.7 million
| regions =
| region1 = {{flag|China}}
| pop1 = 7,060,731 (2020 census)
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Distribution and Population of Ethnic Minorities|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexeh.htm|website=China Statistical Yearbook 2021|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/china-ethnic-2020.htm|title=Ethnic composition of China 2020|website=pop-stat.mashke.org|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|India}}
| pop2 = 83,779
| ref2 = <ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |title=Language |year=2011 |website=Census of India}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop3 = 20,000–40,000
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f51fbfb4.html|title=Refworld – Nepal: Information on Tibetans in Nepal|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld.org|access-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020062845/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f51fbfb4.html|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="education.mnhs.org">{{cite web|url=http://education.mnhs.org/immigration/communities/tibetan|title=Tibetan – Becoming Minnesotan|website=Education.mnhs.org|access-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820061003/http://education.mnhs.org/immigration/communities/tibetan|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop4 = 26,700
| ref4 = <ref name="CTA Study">{{cite web|title=Baseline Study of the Tibetan Diaspora Community Outside South Asia|url=https://sardfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Baseline-Study-of-the-Tibetan-Diaspora-Community-Outside-South-Asia-soft-copy_compressed.pdf|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923181750/https://sardfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Baseline-Study-of-the-Tibetan-Diaspora-Community-Outside-South-Asia-soft-copy_compressed.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop5 = 9,350
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Census Profile 2021|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date = 7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop6 = 8,000
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Visite de quatre jours du Dalaï Lama en terres zurichoises|url=https://www.laliberte.ch/news-agence/detail/visite-de-quatre-jours-du-dalai-lama-en-terres-zurichoises/455713|access-date=30 November 2020|website=www.laliberte.ch|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="CTA Study"/>
| region7 = {{flag|France}}
| pop7 = 8,000
| ref7 = <ref name="CTA Study"/>
| region8 = {{flag|Bhutan}}
| pop8 = 5,000
| ref8 = <ref name="education.mnhs.org"/>
| region9 = {{flag|Belgium}}
| pop9 = 5,000
| ref9 = <ref name="CTA Study"/>
| region10 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop10 = 1,600
| ref10 = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15468|title=Tibetan people group in all countries | Joshua Project|website=joshuaproject.net|accessdate=24 October 2025}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop11 = 1,100
| ref11 = <ref name="auto"/>
| region12 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop12 = 700
| ref12 = <ref name="auto"/>
| region13 = {{flag|Taiwan}}
| pop13 = 649
| ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tibetan Diaspora in Taiwan: Who Are They and Why They Are Invisible (2)|url=https://taiwaninsight.org/2022/11/17/tibetan-diaspora-in-taiwan-who-are-they-and-why-they-are-invisible-2/|access-date=26 April 2024|website=taiwaninsight.org|date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|Liechtenstein}}
| pop14 = 500
| ref14 = <ref name="auto"/>
| region15 = {{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop15 = 129
| ref15 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tools.summaries.stats.govt.nz/ethnic-group/tibetan|title=Loading..., Place and ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ|website=tools.summaries.stats.govt.nz|accessdate=24 October 2025}}</ref>
| languages = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan languages]] and [[Chinese language]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Tibetan Buddhist]] sect of [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]; minorities of [[Bon]] (significant), [[Tibetan Muslims|Islam]] and [[Christianity]]
| related-c = [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]{{·}}[[Jirel people|Jirel]]{{·}}[[Rai people|Rai]]{{·}}[[Tamang people|Tamang]]{{·}}[[Lhoba people|Lhoba]]{{·}}[[Monpa people|Monpa]]{{·}}[[Gurung people|Gurung]]{{·}}[[Magar people|Magar]]{{·}}[[Limbu people|Limbu]]{{·}}[[Qiang people|Qiang]]{{·}}[[Ngalop people|Ngalop]]{{·}}[[Sharchop people|Sharchop]]{{·}}[[Ladakhis]]{{·}}[[Balti people|Baltis]]{{·}}[[Purigpa|Burig]]{{·}}[[Kachin people|Kachin]]{{·}}[[Yi people|Yi]]{{·}}[[Bamar people|Bamar]]{{·}}Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]-speaking peoples
| related_groups =
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| ibox-order = bo, zh
| tib = བོད་པ་
| wylie = bod pa
| thdl = bö pa
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|藏族}}
| l = [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]] nationality
| p = Zàngzú
| wuu = zaon zoh
| buc = Câung-cŭk
| poj = Chōng-cho̍k
| teo = Tsăng-tsôk
| h = Tshông-tshu̍k
| j = {{tone superscript|zong6 zuk6}}
| altname = Chinese [[endonym and exonym|endonym]]<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:藏族是汉语的称谓……统称为"博巴"|url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2015-03/18/content_2835613.htm|publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China|date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
| c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|博巴}}
| p2 = Bóbā
}}


'''Tibetans''' ({{bo|t=བོད་པ་|w=bod pa|s=bö pa}}) are an [[Ethnic groups in East Asia|East Asian]] ethnic group [[Indigenous peoples|native]] to [[Tibet]]. Their current population is estimated to be around 7.7 million. In addition to the majority living in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]], significant numbers of Tibetans live in the [[Provinces of China|Chinese provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]], as well as in [[Tibetan refugees in India|India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]].

The [[Tibetic languages]] are a branch of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language family]]. The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the human [[Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa]] and rock [[ogre]]ss Ma Drag Sinmo. It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in [[southwest China]], including Tibetans, are direct descendants from the [[Qiang (historical people)|ancient Qiang people]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4yAQAAQBAJ Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas]. BRILL, 2012, page 309.</ref>

Most Tibetans practice [[Tibetan Buddhism]], although a significant minority observe the Indigenous [[Bon]] religion. There are also smaller communities of [[Tibetan Muslims]] and Christians. Tibetan Buddhism influences [[Tibetan art]], drama and architecture, while the harsh [[geography of Tibet]] has produced an adaptive culture of [[Tibetan medicine]] and [[Tibetan cuisine|cuisine]].

==Demographics==
[[File:Tibetischer Kulturraum Karte.png|thumb|left|270px|Tibetan cultural sphere, showing the traditional Tibetan regions of [[Ü-Tsang]], [[Kham]], [[Amdo]], [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]], and others.]]

As of the 2014 census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and the 10 [[Autonomous prefecture|Tibetan autonomous prefectures]] in the provinces of [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-05/26/content_887226.htm|title=China issues white paper on history, development of Xinjiang (Part One)|agency=[[Xinhua]]|date=26 May 2003|access-date=31 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609061824/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003-05/26/content_887226.htm|archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="население">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/yarbook2003_e.pdf|date=2003|title=CHINA STATISTICAL YEARBOOK|website=Stats.gov.cn|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307115520/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/yarbook2003_e.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ethnologue|SIL Ethnologue]] in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]] speakers living in [[India]], 5,280 in [[Nepal]] and 4,800 in [[Bhutan]].<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version on [http://www.ethnologue.com/ ethnologue.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |date=27 December 2007 }}</ref> The [[Central Tibetan Administration]]'s (CTA) [[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]] (of the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government in Exile]]) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the [[United States]],<ref>"[http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/us-senators-approve-5000-visas-tibet-refugees-20130521 US senators approve 5,000 visas for Tibet refugees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227041434/http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/us-senators-approve-5000-visas-tibet-refugees-20130521|date=27 December 2013}}". ''[[The Straits Times]]''. 21 May 2013.</ref> [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Costa Rica]], [[France]], [[Mexico]], [[Norway]], [[Mongolia]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. In the [[Baltistan]] region of Northern Pakistan, the [[Balti people]] are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.<ref name="AkasoyBurnett2011">{{cite book|author1=Anna Akasoy|author2=Charles S. F. Burnett|author3=Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA358|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|pages=358–}}</ref>

There is some dispute over the current and historical number of Tibetans. The [[Central Tibetan Administration]] claims that the 5.4 million number is a decrease from 6.3 million in 1959<ref>{{cite web |title=Population transfer and control |url=http://www.tibet.com/WhitePaper/white8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822225805/http://www.tibet.com/WhitePaper/white8.html |archive-date=22 August 2009 |access-date=21 June 2012 |website=Wikiwix.com}}</ref> while the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] claims that it is an increase from 2.7 million in 1954.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:1950–1990 年 |url=http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/article2/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2764 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124053818/http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/article2/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2764 |archive-date=24 November 2007 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> However, the question depends on the [[Definitions of Tibet|definition and extent of "Tibet"]]; the region claimed by the CTA is [[Tibet|more expansive]] and China [[Tibet Autonomous Region|more diminutive]]. Also, the Tibetan administration did not take a formal [[census]] of its territory in the 1950s; the numbers provided by the administration at the time were "based on informed guesswork".<ref>Fischer, Andrew M. (2008). "Has there been a decrease in the number of Tibetans since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951?" In: ''Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions'', pp. 134, 136. Edited: Anne-Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24464-1}} (cloth); 978-0-520-24928-8 (pbk).</ref>

===In China===
{{multiple images
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Tibet - Lhasa - 6406860611.jpg
| image2 = Tibet - Lhasa - 6406880041.jpg
| footer = Children in Lhasa, Tibet
}}

According to the [[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]] (2010), there are 6,282,187 Tibetans nationwide:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm|title=国家统计局-中国2010年人口普查资料|accessdate=24 October 2025}}</ref>

There are 2,716,388 people in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], 1,496,524 people in Sichuan Province, 1,375,059 people in Qinghai Province, 488,359 people in Gansu Province (mostly in [[Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] and [[Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County]]) and 142,257 people in Yunnan Province (mostly in [[Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]). Tibetans account for 0.47% of the total population of the country. Tibetans account for 90.48% of the total population in Tibet Region, 24.44% of the total population of Qinghai and 1.86% of the total population in Sichuan. Of all Tibetans in China, 315,622 people live in cities, 923,177 in towns, and 5,043,388 people (80.3%) live in rural areas.

According to the [[2020 Chinese census|Seventh Census of 2020]], there are 7,060,700 Tibetans living within China. Of the resident population of the Tibet Autonomous Region, 3,204,700 were Tibetans and other ethnic minorities, of whom 3,137,900 were Tibetans, an increase of 421,500, or 15.52%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 1.45%; 66,800 were other ethnic minorities, an increase of 26,300, or 64.95%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 5.13%; and 6,680 were other ethnic minorities, an increase of 26,300, or 64.95%, over 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 5.13%. The average annual growth rate was 5.13%.<ref>{{cite news |title=西藏举行第七次全国人口普查主要数据情况新闻发布会 |url=http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfb/dfxwfb/gssfbh/xz_13851/202207/t20220716_235019.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.scio.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=西藏自治区第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报_西藏自治区人民政府 |url=https://www.xizang.gov.cn/zwgk/zfsj/ndtjgb/202105/t20210520_202889.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.xizang.gov.cn}}</ref>

There are one region, ten prefectures, and two counties officially established by the government: the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] (TAR), [[Qinghai Province]] ([[Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], and [[Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]), [[Sichuan Province]] ([[Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]], and [[Muli Tibetan Autonomous County]]), [[Gansu Province]] ([[Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] and [[Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County]]), and [[Yunnan Province]] ([[Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]).<ref name=ZGZZ>{{cite book|author=苏发祥（编著）|title=中国藏族|location=银川|publisher=宁夏人民出版社|date=2012|isbn=978-7-227-05093-3}}</ref>{{rp|33}}

===In India===
{{Main|Tibetans in India}}
[[File:The Dalai Lama in 2012.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[14th Dalai Lama|incumbent Dalai Lama]], the highest spiritual leader of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], lives in exile in India.]]

There are also nearly 100,000 Tibetans [[Tibetan diaspora|living in exile]] in India since 1959,<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/127935-Tibetans-living-outside-Tibet-Tibetan-survey/Article1-634405.aspx|title=127935 Tibetans living outside Tibet: Tibetan survey|date=12 April 2010|access-date=17 December 2010|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/127935-Tibetans-living-outside-Tibet-Tibetan-survey/Article1-634405.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> the majority of them living in Tibetan enclaves such as [[Dharamshala]] and [[Bylakuppe]].

In 2011, the Indian government reported 150,000 [[Tibetan diaspora]] residing in India. In 2019, the number of [[Tibetan diaspora]] in India declined to 85,000.<ref name="AJ60">{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/3/21/after-60-years-in-india-why-are-tibetans-leaving |title=After 60 years in India, why are Tibetans leaving? |website=Aljazeera |date=21 March 2019 |first=Kunal |last=Purohit }}</ref>

In India, non-Tibetan Tibetic people are found in the regions of [[Ladakh]] (Ladakhi and [[Balti people|Balti]]), Kinnaur district in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Spiti valley]], [[Uttarakhand]] ([[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]]), [[Sikkim]] ([[Bhutia]]), and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Khamba people|Khamba]], [[Lhoba]], and [[Monpa people]]).

===In Nepal===
[[File:Tibetan languages in Nepal.svg|thumb|Geographic distribution of Tibetic languages of Nepal.]]

Tibetans are known as [[Bhotiya]]s in Nepal, where they are majority in the valleys of the Himalaya such as [[Upper Mustang]], [[Dolpo|Upper Dolpo]], [[Walung people|Walung region]], [[Limi]] and [[Muchu]] valleys. Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Jirel people|Jirel]], and [[Hyolmo people|Hyolmo]] .There are also more than 10,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal.<ref>Edward J. Mills et al., [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308816/ Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees: A systematic review], BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005; 5: 7. "It is estimated that more than 150,000 Tibetan refugees reside in the neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and India"</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-A_hkPKk4A The Journey of Tibetan Refugees: A Struggle for Freedom Across the Himalayas], "</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Tibetic languages}}
[[File:TAR-TAP-TAC.png|thumb|Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within [[China]]]]The Tibetic languages ({{bo|t=བོད་སྐད།}}) are a cluster of mutually unintelligible [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]], including the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and [[Baltistan]], [[Ladakh]], Nepal, [[Sikkim]], and Bhutan. [[Classical Tibetan]] is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] literature.<ref name="Thurgood LaPolla 2016 p.">{{cite book | last1=Thurgood | first1=G. | last2=LaPolla | first2=R.J. | title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Language Family Series | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-315-39949-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref> The [[Central Tibetan language]] (the dialects of [[Ü-Tsang]], including [[Lhasa]]), [[Khams Tibetan]], and [[Amdo Tibetan]] are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Jirel language|Jirel]], and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] are generally considered to be separate languages.<ref name="Smith 2016 p. 85">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=D. | title=China's Frontier Regions: Ethnicity, Economic Integration and Foreign Relations | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-85772-945-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=85}}</ref>

There are also groups whose mother languages are non-Tibetic [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], but still classified as ethnic Tibetans by [[China]]:
* [[Gyalrong people]] speaking [[Gyalrongic languages]]
* [[Baima people]] speaking [[Baima language]]
* Guiqiong people speaking [[Guiqiong language]]
* Namuyi people speaking [[Namuyi language]]
* Shixing people speaking [[Shixing language]]
* Northern Pumi language speakers speaking [[Pumi language|Northern Pumi language]]
* [[Mêdog County|Pemako Tibetans]] speaking [[Tshangla language]]

There are also people who are considered ethnic Tibetans whose mother language is [[Chinese language]], including the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and his family.<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301214917/https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC|date=1 March 2020}}, p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct{{nbsp}}..."</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/02/26/politically-incorrect-tourism Politically incorrect tourism] , ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref>
==Ethnic origins==
The ethnic roots of Tibetans can be traced back to a deep Eastern Asian lineage representing the indigenous population of the Tibetan plateau since c. 40,000 to 30,000 years ago, and arriving Neolithic farmers from the [[Yellow River]] within the last 10,000 years, and which can be associated with having introduced the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Chi-Chun |last2=Witonsky |first2=David |last3=Gosling |first3=Anna |last4=Lee |first4=Ju Hyeon |last5=Ringbauer |first5=Harald |last6=Hagan |first6=Richard |last7=Patel |first7=Nisha |last8=Stahl |first8=Raphaela |last9=Novembre |first9=John |last10=Aldenderfer |first10=Mark |last11=Warinner |first11=Christina |last12=Di Rienzo |first12=Anna |last13=Jeong |first13=Choongwon |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ancient genomes from the Himalayas illuminate the genetic history of Tibetans and their Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbors |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1203 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28827-2 |pmid=35260549 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1203L |s2cid=247317520 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmc=8904508 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Hongru |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |last4=Lu |first4=Hongliang |last5=Chen |first5=Honghai |last6=Li |first6=Linhui |last7=Dong |first7=Guanghui |last8=Tsring |first8=Tinley |last9=Yuan |first9=Haibing |last10=He |first10=Wei |last11=Ding |first11=Manyu |last12=Wu |first12=Xiaohong |last13=Li |first13=Shuai |last14=Tashi |first14=Norbu |last15=Yang |first15=Tsho |date=15 March 2023 |title=Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=eadd5582 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.add5582 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10022901 |pmid=36930720|bibcode=2023SciA....9D5582W }}</ref>

===Genetics===
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asia}}

Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other [[Ethnic groups in East Asia|East Asian]] populations, [[Demographics of Bhutan|Bhutanese]], as well as other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations]].<ref name="Lu 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Dongsheng|display-authors=etal|title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders|journal=[[The American Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=1 September 2016|volume=99|issue=3|pages=580–594|pmc=5011065|pmid=27569548|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Jian|last2=Jin|first2=Zi-Bing|last3=Chen|first3=Jie|last4=Huang|first4=Xiu-Feng|last5=Li|first5=Xiao-Man|last6=Liang|first6=Yuan-Bo|last7=Mao|first7=Jian-Yang|last8=Chen|first8=Xin|last9=Zheng|first9=Zhili|last10=Bakshi|first10=Andrew|last11=Zheng|first11=Dong-Dong|date=18 April 2017|title=Genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=16|pages=4189–4194|doi=10.1073/pnas.1617042114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28373541|pmc=5402460|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.4189Y |doi-access=free}}</ref> They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern [[Central Asian]] than modern Siberian populations.<ref name="Lu 2016"/> They also share some genetic affinity for [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian groups]].<ref name="Lu 2016"/>

Genetic studies shows that many of the [[Sherpa people]] have [[allele frequencies]] which are often found in other Tibeto-Burman regions; the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population samples in studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region.<ref name="Bhandari 20152">{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sushil |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=5 |article-number=16249 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516249B |doi=10.1038/srep16249 |pmc=4633682 |pmid=26538459}}</ref> Genetically, the Sherpa cluster most closely with the sampled Tibetan and Han populations.<ref name="ColeCox20172">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Amy M. |last2=Cox |first2=Sean |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Petousi |first4=Nayia |last5=Aryal |first5=Dhana R. |last6=Droma |first6=Yunden |last7=Hanaoka |first7=Masayuki |last8=Ota |first8=Masao |last9=Kobayashi |first9=Nobumitsu |last10=Gasparini |first10=Paolo |last11=Montgomery |first11=Hugh |last12=Robbins |first12=Peter |last13=Di Rienzo |first13=Anna |last14=Cavalleri |first14=Gianpiero L. |year=2017 |title=Genetic structure in the Sherpa and neighboring Nepalese populations |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=102 |doi=10.1186/s12864-016-3469-5 |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=5248489 |pmid=28103797 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)]] license.</ref> Additionally, the Sherpa and Tibetans had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations, with the strongest for the [[Rai people]], followed by the [[Magars]] and the [[Tamang people|Tamang]].<ref name="ColeCox20172"/>

====Haplogroups====
[[File:Migration of the Y chromosome haplogroup C, D, N and O.png|thumb|Proposed migration routes of the East Asian Y chromosome haplogroups C, D, N, and O]]

Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage [[Haplogroup D-M174|D-M174]], followed by lower amounts of [[Haplogroup O-M175|O-M175]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=Sushil |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiaoming |title=Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region |journal=Scientific Reports |date=5 November 2015 |volume=5 |article-number=16249 |doi=10.1038/srep16249 |pmid=26538459 |pmc=4633682 |bibcode=2015NatSR...516249B |issn=2045-2322}} "Comparing Sherpas, Tibetans, and Han Chinese showed that the D-M174 is the predominant haplogroup in Sherpas (43.38%) and prevalent in Tibetans (52.84%)5, but rare among both Han Chinese (1.4–6.51%)6,7 and other Asian populations (0.02–0.07%)8, aside from Japanese (34.7%) who possesses a distinct D-M174 lineage highly diverged from those in Tibetans and other Asian populations9,10."</ref> Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a, M9a1b, D4g2, D4i and G2ac, showing continuity with ancient middle and upper [[Yellow River]] populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ganyu |last2=Cui |first2=Can |last3=Wangdue |first3=Shargan |title=Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4000 years |journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics |date=16 March 2023 |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=765–775 |doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.007 |pmid=36933795 |s2cid=257588399 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although "East Asian Highlanders" (associated with [[haplogroup D1]]) are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers (associated with [[Haplogroup O-M175|haplogroup O]]), they form a divergent sister branch to them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Dongsheng |last2=Lou |first2=Haiyi |last3=Yuan |first3=Kai |last4=Wang |first4=Xiaoji |last5=Wang |first5=Yuchen |last6=Zhang |first6=Chao |last7=Lu |first7=Yan |last8=Yang |first8=Xiong |last9=Deng |first9=Lian |last10=Zhou |first10=Ying |last11=Feng |first11=Qidi |date=1 September 2016 |title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=580–594 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=5011065 |pmid=27569548 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Autosomal DNA====
[[File:Deep Tibetan admixture graph modeling.webp|thumb|ADMIXTURE graph on modern Tibetan groups.]]

Full genome studies revealed that Tibetans and other high-altitude East Asians formed from two divergent [[Ancient East Eurasians|Ancient East Eurasian]] lineages in East Asia, specifically a lineage representing the Paleolithic population of the Tibetan Plateau and a lineage associated with [[Ancient Northern East Asian]]s. The Paleolithic Tibetan lineage was found to be distinct from other deep lineages such as [[Ust'-Ishim man|Ust'-Ishim]], [[Hoabinhian]]/[[Andamanese peoples|Onge]] or [[Tianyuan man|Tianyuan]], but forms a clade with them to the exclusion of other Eurasians. The Northern East Asian lineage can be represented by Neolithic Yellow River farmers, who are associated with the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages. Modern Tibetans derive up to 20% from Paleolithic Tibetans, with the remaining 80% being primarily derived from Yellow River farmers.<ref name=":0" /> Wang et al. 2025 analyzed the remains of a c. 9,000 year old specimen from Central Yunnan (Xingyi_EN) and found it to possess a newly identified Basal Asian lineage, which fits best as the source for the Tibetan Ghost. This Basal Asian Xingyi lineage is equally diverged from other Basal Asian lineages, specifically the Hoabinhian and Tianyuan lineages, but slightly closer to ancient and present-day East Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Yang |first2=Melinda A. |last3=Zhu |first3=Zhonghua |last4=Ma |first4=Minmin |last5=Shi |first5=Han |last6=Speidel |first6=Leo |last7=Min |first7=Rui |last8=Yuan |first8=Haibing |last9=Jiang |first9=Zhilong |last10=Hu |first10=Changcheng |last11=Li |first11=Xiaorui |last12=Zhao |first12=Dongyue |last13=Bai |first13=Fan |last14=Cao |first14=Peng |last15=Liu |first15=Feng |date=29 May 2025 |title=Prehistoric genomes from Yunnan reveal ancestry related to Tibetans and Austroasiatic speakers |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq9792 |journal=Science |volume=388 |issue=6750 |article-number=eadq9792 |doi=10.1126/science.adq9792 |pmid=40440384 |bibcode=2025Sci...388q9792W }}</ref> The formation of the present-day Tibetan gene pool dates back at least 5,100 years BP.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Chronological, geographic distribution and genetic landscape of ancient individuals of the Tibetan Plateau.jpg|thumb|[[Principal component analysis]] (PCA) on chronological, geographic distribution and genetic data of ancient individuals of the Tibetan Plateau]]

[[File:Genetic links between Tibeto-Burman speakers.webp|thumb|Genetic links between Tibeto-Burman speakers and their approximate ancestry components.]]

Northeastern Tibetans display additional geneflow from a Yellow River farmers-like population c. 4,700 years ago, resulting in the formation of a "Tibetan cline".<ref name=":1" /> Modern Tibetans display genetic continuity to ancient samples from [[Nepal]], with their genetic diversity having been reduced compared to 'Early Ancient Tibetans', suggesting low to no geneflow from outside groups since c. 3,500 years ago.<ref name=":1" /> Subsequent internal geneflow resulted in "a northeastern plateau ancestry associated with the northeast cluster, a southern plateau ancestry associated with the south-southwest cluster, and a southeastern plateau ancestry associated with the southeast-central cluster".<ref name=":1" />

There was limited contact with [[Central Asia]]n populations, in line with historical events, evident in mutual geneflow. The expansion of the [[Tibetan Empire]] may have left genetic traces in surrounding populations.<ref name=":1" />

====Adaption to high-altitude environments====
Genetic studies identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans' bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including the [[EPAS1|EPAS1 gene]], also referred to as the "super-athlete gene", which regulates the body's production of hemoglobin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/|title = Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years|date = 30 November 2001}}</ref> allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-mount-everest/2014/04/24/9a30ace2-caf5-11e3-a993-b6b5a03db7b4_story.html |title=Five Myths About Mount Everest|date=24 April 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 May 2019 |quote=cites news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years}}</ref> The [[High-altitude adaptation in humans#Tibetans 2|genetic basis]] of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the [[EPAS1]] gene,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Simonson|first1=Tatum S.|title=Genetic Evidence for High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibet|date=2 July 2010|journal=Science Magazine|volume=329|issue=5987|pages=72–75|bibcode=2010Sci...329...72S|doi=10.1126/science.1189406|pmid=20466884|last2=Yang|first2=Yingzhong|last3=Huff|first3=Chad D.|last4=Yun|first4=Haixia|last5=Qin|first5=Ga|last6=Witherspoon|first6=David J.|last7=Bai|first7=Zhenzhong|last8=Lorenzo|first8=Felipe R.|last9=Xing|first9=Jinchuan|first12=RiLi|last12=Ge|first11=Josef T.|last11=Prchal|first10=Lynn B.|last10=Jorde|s2cid=45471238|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=O'Luanaigh|first=Cian|title=Mutation in key gene allows Tibetans to thrive at high altitude|date=2 July 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061901/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/02/mutation-gene-tibetans-altitude|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and has become prevalent in the past 5,000 years. Ancient Tibetans carried this allele at a frequency of 25–58%, while modern Tibetans carry it at a frequency of >75%.<ref name=":0"/> The widespread presence of this gene may represent one of "the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=S |first1=Robert |last2=ers |last3=relations{{!}} |first3=Media |date=1 July 2010 |title=Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3,000 years |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/01/tibetan_genome/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Recent research into the ability of Tibetans' [[metabolism]] to function normally in the oxygen-deficient atmosphere above {{convert|4400|m}}<ref>"Special Blood allows Tibetans to live the high life." ''New Scientist''. 3 November 2007, p. 19.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elevated nitric oxide in blood is key to high altitude function for Tibetans|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cwru-eno103007.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103022631/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cwru-eno103007.php|archive-date=3 November 2007|website=Eurekalert.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2014|title=Tibetans Get Their Blood Flowing|url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1029/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031055223/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1029/2|archive-date=31 October 2007|website=Sciencenow.sciencemag.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoit|first1=Brian D.|last2=Dalton|first2=Nancy D.|last3=Erzurum|first3=Serpil C.|last4=Laskowski|first4=Daniel|last5=Strohl|first5=Kingman P.|last6=Beall|first6=Cynthia M.|year=2005|title=Nitric oxide and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in Tibetan highlanders|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=99|issue=5|pages=1796–1801|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00205.2005|pmid=16024527}}</ref> shows that, although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people, they have ten times more [[nitric oxide]] and double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude dwellers. Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to selected genes associated with [[Denisovan]] admixture among Asian populations, highlighting how different environments trigger different selective pressures.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2014|title=Tibetans inherited high-altitude gene from ancient human|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817200323/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human|archive-date=17 August 2018|access-date=17 August 2018|website=Sciencemag.org}}</ref> Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues.

===Mythological origins===
According to [[Tibetan mythology]], the origins of Tibetans are said to be rooted in the marriage of the monkey [[Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa]] and rock [[ogre]]ss Ma Drag Sinmo.<ref>{{cite book| author = Stein, R. A. | others = J. E. Stapleton Driver (trans.) | title = Tibetan Civilization |publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 1972 | pages = 28, 46}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Further|Bon|Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Muslims}}
[[File:IMG 1016 Lhasa Barkhor.jpg|thumb|Buddhists performing prostrations in front of [[Jokhang Monastery]].]]

Most Tibetans generally observe [[Tibetan Buddhism]] or a collection of native traditions known as [[Bön]] (also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism). There is a minority [[Tibetan Muslims|Tibetan Muslim]] population.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.islambook.net/xueshu/list.asp?id=2379 |script-title=zh:卡力岗现象及其分析—— 中文伊斯兰学术城 |website = Islambook.net |language=zh-Hans |access-date = 21 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092158/http://www.islambook.net/xueshu/list.asp?id=2379 |archive-date = 12 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is also a small Tibetan [[Christians|Christian]] population in the eastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan of China.

According to legend, the 28th king of Tibet, [[Thothori Nyantsen]], dreamed of a sacred treasure falling from heaven, which contained a Buddhist [[sutra]], [[mantra]]s, and religious objects. However, because the Tibetan script had not been invented, the text could not be translated in writing and no one initially knew what was written in it. Buddhism did not take root in [[Tibet]] until the reign of [[Songtsen Gampo]], who married two Buddhist princesses, [[Bhrikuti]] of Nepal and [[Princess Wencheng|Wencheng]] of China. It then gained popularity when [[Padmasambhava|Padmasambhāva]] visited [[Tibet]] at the invitation of the 38th Tibetan king, [[Trisong Deutson]].

Today, one can see Tibetans placing [[Mani stone]]s prominently in public places. Tibetan [[lama]]s, both Buddhist and Bön, play a major role in the lives of Tibetans, conducting religious ceremonies and taking care of the monasteries. Pilgrims plant [[prayer flag]]s over sacred grounds as a symbol of good luck.

The [[prayer wheel]] is a means of simulating the chant of a mantra by physically revolving the object several times in a clockwise direction. It is widely seen among Tibetans. In order not to desecrate religious artifacts such as [[Stupa]]s, mani stones, and [[Gompa]]s, Tibetan Buddhists walk around them in a clockwise direction, although the reverse direction is true for [[Bön]]. Tibetan Buddhists chant the prayer "[[Om mani padme hum]]", while the practitioners of Bön chant "Om matri muye sale du".

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Tibet}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-BB-152-11, Tibetexpedition, Tibeter mit Handmühle.jpg|thumb|Tibetan wearing the typical hat operating a [[Quern-stone|quern]] to grind fried [[barley]]. The perpendicular handle of such rotary handmills works as a [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] (1938 photo).]]

Tibet is rich in culture. Tibetan festivals such as [[Losar]], [[Shoton]], [[Linka (festival)|Linka]], and the Bathing Festival are deeply rooted in indigenous religion and also contain foreign influences. Each person takes part in the Bathing Festival three times: at birth, at marriage, and at death.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Art===
[[Tibetan art]] is deeply religious in nature, from the exquisitely detailed statues found in [[Gonpa]]s to wooden carvings and the intricate designs of the [[Thangka]] paintings. Tibetan art can be found in almost every object and every aspect of daily life.

[[Thangka]] paintings, a syncretism of Indian scroll-painting with Nepalese and Kashmiri painting, appeared in Tibet around the 8th century. Rectangular and painted on cotton or linen, they usually depict traditional motifs including religious, astrological, and theological subjects, and sometimes a [[mandala]]. To ensure that the image will not fade, organic and mineral pigments are added, and the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades.

===Drama===
Tibetan folk opera, known as [[lhamo]], is a combination of dances, chants and songs. The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history.<ref name="Diehl 2002 p.">{{cite book | last=Diehl | first=K. | title=Echoes from Dharamsala: Music in the Life of a Tibetan Refugee Community | publisher=University of California Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-520-93600-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2H1EAAAQBAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>

Tibetan opera was founded in the fourteenth century by [[Thang Tong Gyalpo]], a lama and a bridge-builder. Gyalpo and seven girls he recruited organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges to facilitate transportation in Tibet. The tradition continued uninterrupted for nearly seven hundred years, and performances are held on various festive occasions such as the Lingka and Shoton festival. The performance is usually a drama, held on a barren stage that combines dances, chants, and songs. Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character, with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas. The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings. A narrator then sings a summary of the story, and the performance begins. Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play. There are also many historical myths/epics written by high lamas about the reincarnation of a "chosen one" who will do great things.

===Architecture===
The most unusual feature of [[Tibetan architecture]] is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated, sunny sites facing the south. They are commonly made of a mixture of rocks, wood, cement and earth. Little fuel is available for heating or lighting, so flat roofs are built to conserve heat, and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight. Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area. Tibetan homes and buildings are white-washed on the outside, and beautifully decorated inside.

Standing at {{convert|117|m}} in height and {{convert|360|m}} in width, the [[Potala Palace]] is considered the most important example of Tibetan architecture.<ref name="Li 2022 p. 372">{{cite book | last=Li | first=X. | title=A General History of Chinese Art: Qing Dynasty | publisher=De Gruyter | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-11-079093-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoWIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=372}}</ref> Formerly the residence of the [[Dalai Lama]], it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.<ref name="Breslin 2019 p. 71">{{cite book | last=Breslin | first=S. | title=Magical Travels: A Travel Guru's Guide to the Most Mystical and Amazing Places on Earth | publisher=Global Publishing Group | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-925280-24-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=staJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=71}}</ref>
[[File:布达拉宫.jpg|thumb|[[Potala Palace]], 2013]]

===Medicine===
[[Traditional Tibetan medicine]] utilizes up to two thousand types of plants, forty animal species, and fifty minerals. One of the key figures in its development was the renowned 8th century physician [[Yuthog Yontan Gonpo]], who produced the Four Medical Tantras integrating material from the medical traditions of Persia, India and China. The tantras contained a total of 156 chapters in the form of Thangkas, which tell about the archaic Tibetan medicine and the essences of medicines in other places.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.artoftibet.com/blogs/news/thangka-painting-a-buddhist-art | title=Thangka- Buddhist Art| date=20 May 2021}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Tibetan breakfast.jpg|thumb|A simple Tibetan breakfast]]

The [[Cuisine of Tibet]] reflects the rich heritage of the country and people's adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions. The most important crop is [[barley]]. Dough made from barley flour, called [[tsampa]], is the [[staple food]] of [[Tibet]]. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called [[momo (food)|momo]]. [[Meat]] dishes are likely to be [[yak]], [[goat]] or [[mutton]], often dried or cooked into a spicy [[stew]] with [[potato]]es. [[Mustard seed]] is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak [[yogurt]], [[butter]] and [[cheese]] are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploretibet.com/blog/shoton-festival-in-tibet/|title=Shoton Festival – The Yogurt Celebration of Tibet|date=16 August 2018|website=Explore Tibet|language=en-US|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dorfe 1985 p.">{{cite book | last=Dorfe | first=R. | title=Food in Tibetan Life | publisher=Prospect Books | series=William G. Lockwood and Yvonne R. Lockwood Collection of National, Ethnic and Regional Foodways | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-907325-26-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPxyws35JPkC | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Goldstein Beall 1990 p. 35">{{cite book | last1=Goldstein | first1=M.C. | last2=Beall | first2=C.M. | title=Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life | publisher=University of California Press | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-520-07211-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnZqktKhU3YC&pg=PA35 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=35}}</ref>

===Clothing===
Men and Women wear long thick dresses (''[[chuba]]'') in more traditional and rural regions.<ref name="Wang Liang Shi 2022 p. 438">{{cite book | last1=Wang | first1=J. | last2=Liang | first2=S. | last3=Shi | first3=P. | title=The Geography of Contemporary China | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=World Regional Geography Book Series | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-031-04158-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fep3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=438}}</ref> The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath. The style of the clothing varies between regions. Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions. In more urban places like Lhasa, men and women dress in modern clothing, and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like [[Losar]].<ref name="Nevins Bosco Levy 2016 p. 64">{{cite book | last1=Nevins | first1=D. | last2=Bosco | first2=D. | last3=Levy | first3=P. | title=Tibet: Third Edition | publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing | series=Cultures of the World (Third Edition) | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-5026-2213-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nZmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=64}}</ref><ref name="Ponnappan Atma 2021 p.">{{cite book | last1=Ponnappan | first1=J.K. | last2=Atma | first2=K. | title=Losar: The Tibetan New Year | publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp | series=Tibetan Festival | year=2021 | isbn=979-8-7100-7457-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mw89zgEACAAJ | access-date=13 March 2024 | page=}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|Tibetan literature}}

Tibet has national literature that has both religious, semi-spiritual and secular elements. While the religious texts are well-known, Tibet is also home to the semi-spiritual [[Epic of King Gesar|Gesar Epic]], which is the longest epic in the world and is popular throughout Mongolia and Central Asia. There are secular texts such as ''The Dispute Between Tea and Chang'' (Tibetan beer) and ''Khache Phalu's Advice''.

==Marriage customs==
{{See also|Polyandry in Tibet}}

[[Monogamy]] is common throughout Tibet. Marriages are sometimes arranged by the parents if the son or daughter has not picked their own partner by a certain age. However, [[polyandry]] is practiced in parts of Tibet. This is usually done to avoid division of property and provide financial security.<ref>Stein (1978), pp. 97–98.</ref>

==List of Tibetan states==
* [[Zhangzhung Kingdom]] (500 BC – AD 625)
* [[Yarlung dynasty]] (?–618) (semi-mythological)
* [[Tibetan Empire]] (618–842)
* [[Kingdom of Bumthang]] (7th–17th centuries)
* [[Guge Kingdom]] (842–1630)
* [[Burang County|Purang Kingdom]]
* [[Maryul]] (930–1500)
* [[Tsongkha]] Kingdom (997–1099) (Amdo)
* [[Phagmodrupa dynasty]] (1354–1618) (Ü-Tsang)
* [[Maqpon kingdom]] (1190–1846) (Baltistan)
* [[Rinpungpa dynasty]] (1435–1565) (Tsang)
* Yabgo dynasty (before 1500–1972) (Baltistan)
* [[Tsangpa dynasty]] (1565–1642) (Tsang)
* [[Ganden Phodrang]] (1642–1959)
* [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] (1460–1842) (Ladakh)
* [[Chogyal|Chogyal Namgyal]] dynasty of [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] (1642–1975)
* [[Tibet (1912–1951)]]
* [[Bhutan]] (1616–present)

===Kingdoms of Kham===
* [[Nyarong|Nyagrong Kingdom]] (?–1865)
* [[Kingdom of Powo]] (?–1928)
* [[Nangqên County|Nangcheng Kingdom]] (?–1928)
* [[Chiefdom of Lithang|Litang Kingdom]] (?–1950)
* [[Kingdom of Lingtsang]] (12th century – 1950)
* [[Kingdom of Derge]] (15th century – 1956)
* [[Hor States]] (Horpa)
* [[Chiefdom of Bathang]]

===Gyalrong Kingdoms===
* [[Kingdom of Chakla]] (1407–1950)
* [[Chiefdom of Chuchen]]
* [[Chiefdom of Tsanlha]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[History of Tibet]]
* [[Timeline of Tibetan history]]
* [[Flag of Tibet]]
* [[Sumpa]]
* [[Upper Mustang]]
* [[Sherpa people]]
* [[Baima people]]
* [[Balti people]]
* [[Bhotias]] and [[Bhutia]]
* [[Burig]]
* [[Lepcha people]]
* [[Limbu people]]
* [[Lhoba people]]
* [[Monpa people|Monpa Tibetan]]
* [[Thakali people]]
* [[Changpa|Changpa people]]
* [[Golok people]]
* [[Wutun people]]
* [[Tibetan Muslims]]
* [[Tibetan diaspora]]
* [[Tibetan Americans]]
* [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
* [[Tibetan independence movement]]
* [[Anti-Tibetan Sentiment]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle = Tibet |volume = 26 |page = 918 }}
* Goldstein, Melvyn C., "Study of the Family structure in Tibet", ''Natural History'', March 1987: 109–112. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20030306141537/http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/family.html When Brothers Share a Wife] on the [[Internet Archive]]).
* Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization''. J. E. Stapleton Driver (trans.). Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper); {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}}.
* Su, Bing, ''et al.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20050228172123/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2000_v107_p582.pdf "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas"]. ''Human Genetics'' 107, 2000: 582–590.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Tibetan people|People of Tibet}}
* [http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Concepts/Imaging_Everest/-6.html Imaging Everest]: article on Tibetans at the time of early mountaineering from the [[Royal Geographical Society]]
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/96152.htm Tibetan costume] from china.org.cn
* [http://rukor.org/ Rukor where the world discusses the fate of the nomads]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101193742/http://www.360doc.com/content/12/0813/22/276037_230028707.shtml Map share of ethnic by county of China]

{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{Tibet related articles}}
{{Sichuan topics}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibetans}}
[[Category:Tibetan people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of East Asia]]
[[Category:Tibet]]

Rupkumari Choudhary

2026-04-21T02:44:18Z

Nuel ID: creating the bio added tags

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Chunni Lal Sahu]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = Devendra Bahadur Singh
| successor1 = Devendra Bahadur Singh
| constituency1 = [[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dhanapali, [[Mahasamund district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Omprakash Choudhary|1993}}
| children = 1 son, 2 daughters
| father = Kshemraj Patel
| occupation = Agriculture
| source = https://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/mla_biodata_4th/40.pdf
}}
'''Rupkumari Choudhary''' (born 5 July 1976) is an Indian politician. She currently serves as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-04 |title=BJP Sansad Candidate RupKumari Choudhary Biography in Hindi: भाजपा सांसद प्रत्याशी रूप कुमारी चौधरी का जीवन परिचय... |url=https://npg.news/politics/bjp-sansad-candidate-rup-kumari-choudhary-biography-in-hindi-biography-of-bjp-mp-candidate-rup-kumari-choudhary-1261662 |access-date= |website=npg.news |language=}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahasamund">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahasamund |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S269.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731163655/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S269.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Tamradhwaj Sahu Vs Roop Kumari Choudhary {{!}} Mahasamund Lok Sabha Election 2024 {{!}} Chunavi Chaupal |url=https://www.ibc24.in/videos/tamradhwaj-sahu-vs-roop-kumari-choudhary-2461638.html |access-date= |website=www.ibc24.in |language=}}</ref> Previously she had been elected as a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]] in [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-09 |title=Chhattisgarh polls: 10 women candidates emerge winners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-polls-10-women-candidates-emerge-winners/articleshow/27122809.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chunni Lal Sahu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] |years=2024 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Rupkumari}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mahasamund district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Kunnathur, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:54Z

Nuel ID: created the stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{distinguish|Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = M. Gopal
| name = Kunnathur
| electors= 1,09,509
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1971
}}
'''Kunnathur''' former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1962 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||M. Gopal|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||M. Gopal|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[P. Appavoo]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.61}}
}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,126 |percentage=64.48% |change=-4.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appavoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,488 |percentage=33.50% |change=3.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dayalan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,477 |percentage=2.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,638 |percentage=30.97% |change=-8.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,091 |percentage=69.20% |change= -7.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,509 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,772 |percentage=68.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appavoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,563 |percentage=29.65% |change=-11.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. A. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,209 |percentage=39.23% |change=37.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,359 |percentage=76.79% |change= 16.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,716 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 27.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Appavoo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,207 |percentage=41.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ratnam |party=Republican Party of India |votes=19,422 |percentage=40.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Elumalai |party=We Tamils |votes=8,931 |percentage=18.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=785 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,560 |percentage=60.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,427 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.27|77.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Mysore City North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:30:00Z

Nuel ID: Made the place from scratch...

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mysore City North
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1967
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Mysore City North Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Mysore State]]. It was part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[T. Mariappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || A. Mohammad Sait || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. K. Puttaiah || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mysore City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,546 |percentage = 36.59% |change = {{increase}}17.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. J. Mohamad Yakub |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,018 |percentage = 21.49% |change = {{decrease}}13.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Mohammad Sait |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,668 |percentage = 15.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Jabbar Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,336 |percentage = 10.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Kamalaraman |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,038 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Mohamad Budan |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 5.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttathayamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 295 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Krishnamurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 215 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,528 |percentage = 15.11% |change = {{increase}}14.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,395 |percentage = 55.58% |change = {{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,353}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,889 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mysore City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Mohammad Sait |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,400 |percentage = 36.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahmad Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,174 |percentage = 35.06% |change = {{decrease}}16.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Puttaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,860 |percentage = 18.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 6.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Ugrappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 771 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 226 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,461 |percentage = 53.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,185 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}13.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mysore City North <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Mariappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,307 |percentage = 51.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Sheriff |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,466 |percentage = 35.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. P. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,515 |percentage = 6.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mir Noor Hussain |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,100 |percentage = 4.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrasekhara Jois |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 632 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,841 |percentage = 15.99% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,020 |percentage = 54.26% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,020}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,265 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[Mysore City South Assembly constituency]]
*[[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency]]
*[[Narasimharaja Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.330761|76.642846|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Mysore]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Mudasir Ali

2026-04-06T15:23:43Z

Nuel ID: Made initial bio v1

{{short description|Indian composer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mudasir Ali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mudasir Ali
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]],
| genre = Orchestral, Electronic, Soundtrack
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Guitar, Piano, Vocals
| years_active = 2013–present
| website = http://mudasir.net/
}}

'''Mudasir Ali''' (born 21 November 1987) is an Indian composer. He debuted as a film composer in 2015 by composing songs and [[film score]] for the movie ''[[Bumper Draw]]''. He later scored music for an action-thriller ''[[Four Pillars of Basement]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/four-pillars-of-basement/songs/music-critic-review/|title=Music review of Four Pillars Of Basement by Joginder Tuteja|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2015 |title=Irrfan Khan, Tigmanshu Dhulia celebrate brother Irshad Khan's Bumper Draw completion at Levo |url=http://punescope.com/?p=6174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132756/http://punescope.com/?p=6174 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |website=www.punescope.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Original scores and songs ===
In 2014, Mudasir Ali rendered vocals for the title song of Girish Malik's ''[[Jal (film)|Jal]]'' along with veteran [[Shubha Mudgal]]. The film was selected for the Panorama Selection of [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/whats-happenin/2013/12/an-encounter-cop-makes-his-voice-heard/|title=An encounter cop makes his voice heard!|website=www.urbanasian.com|date=14 December 2013}}</ref> His Indo Pak album ''Dil ki Udan Sarhad ke paar hai'' was launched by [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. He has also performed duets with [[Shubha Mudgal]] in a Bikram Ghosh project. He has recorded a song with [[Asha Bhosle]] for the film ''Lucknow Times''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manju Mittal|url=http://www.indiandownunder.com.au/2015/12/sydney-goes-sufiana-with-mudasir-ali/|title=Sydney goes Sufiana with Mudasir Ali|website=www.indiandownunder.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Sufi-singer-Mudasir-Ali-lies-about-his-past/articleshow/27275415.cms?from=mdr|title=Sufi singer Mudasir Ali lies about his past|date=13 December 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Studio/Publisher/Producer !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''Lucknow Times'' || Sudipto Sen || Blackk Stone Entertainment || Feature film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bumper Draw]]'' || Irshad Khan || Blackk Stone Entertainment || Feature film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dunno Y2... Life Is a Moment]]'' || Tonje Gjevjon and Sanjay Sharma, || Yuvraaj Parashar || Feature film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Four Pillars of Basement]]'' || Gautam Bafana || Kora Productions || Feature film
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Taawdo The Sunlight (Rajasthani Film)|Taawdo The Sunlight]]'' || [[Vijay Suthar (film maker)|Vijay Suthar]] || D. Infotainment || Feature film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[The Pushkar Lodge]]'' || [[Vijay Suthar (film maker)|Vijay Suthar]] || Super Suthar Film Production || Feature Film
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Plot Number 302]]'' || [[Vijay Suthar (film maker)|Vijay Suthar]] || Super Suthar Film Production || Feature Film
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Offline]]'' || [[Vijay Suthar (film maker)|Vijay Suthar]] || Super Suthar Film Production || Feature Film
|}

== Awards ==
Mudasir Ali was nominated for 'Upcoming Music composer of the year' for his song in ''Lucknow Times'' at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kritika Kapoor|url=http://www.bollywooddhamaka.in/bollywood-dhamaka/sufi-singer-mudasir-ali-honoured-at-san-francisco-global-international-festival-2/11352|title=Sufi Singer Mudasir Ali to be honoured at San Francisco Global International Festival|work=Bollywood Dhamaka|date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.mudasir.net}}
* {{IMDb name|id=7375748}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mudasir}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]

Rupnarayanpur

2026-03-29T19:01:43Z

Nuel ID: creating initial entry w/ sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rupnarayanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Hindustan Cables Township
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = Rupnarayanpur near Bengal Jharkhand border, West Bengal 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rupnarayanpur Border check post
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.82|N|86.90|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 153
| population_total = 2,242 (Rupnarayanpur) 22,599 (Hindustan Cables Township)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], English,
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713386
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rupnarayanpur''', '''Rupnarainpur''' or '''Hindustan Cables Township''', is a [[census town]] in the [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Asansol Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Salanpur CD block are located at Rupnarayanpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] Hindustan Cables Township had a total population of 22,599 of which 11,555 (51%) were males and 11,044 (49%) were females. Population in the age group 0–6 years was 1,863. The total number of literates in Hindutan Cables Township was 18,177 (87.66% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Hindustan cable Township (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 71.22
|color1 =brown
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 17.58
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value3 =8.23
|color3 =yellow
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value4 = 1.25
|color4 =orange
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value5 = 0.69
|color5 =pink
|label6 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value6 = 0.66
|color6 = blue
|label7= Others
|value7= 3.50
|color7 = white
}}

As per [[2011 Census of India]] Rupnarayanpur (census village) had a total population of 2,242 of which 1,156 (52%) were males and 1,086 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 179. The total number of literates in Rupnarayanpur was 1,791 (86.82% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Hindusthan Cables Town had a population of 76,450. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hindusthan Cables Town has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 74%. In Hindusthan Cables Town, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=380| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|54|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the western portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: municipal corporation, P: rural administrative centre, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, OG: out growth, T: temple Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|51|10|N|86|54|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Chittaranjan | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chittaranjan]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|50|1|N|86|54|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hindustan Cables Township| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Hindustan Cables Township (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|57|12|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Pangachhiya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Pangachhiya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|45|25|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Domohani| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Domohani]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|43|54|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bhanowara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bhanowara]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|43|7|N|87|1|3|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Majiara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Majiara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|22|N|86|59|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Panuria| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Panuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|44|19|N|87|2|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Charanpur| numbered8=OG| mark-title8=[[Charanpur]] (OG)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|46|36|N|86|52|35|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Salanpur| numbered9=P| mark-title9=[[Salanpur]] (P) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|3|N|87|0|37|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Barabani| numbered10=P| mark-title10=[[Barabani]] (P) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|18|N|86|49|42|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Kalyaneshwari|labela11= Temple| numbered11=T| mark-title11=[[Kalyaneshwari Temple]] (T) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|40|N|86|56|53|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=ECL Salanpur|labela12= Area Office | numbered12=0| mark-title12=[[Salanpur Area|ECL Salanpur Area Office]] |shape-color12=#AA6666| label-size12=11
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|48|N|86|51|49|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=ECL Sodepur|labela13= Area Office | numbered13=0| mark-title13=[[Sodepur Area|ECL Sodepur Area Office]]|shape-color13=#AA6666| label-size13=11
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos14=right|label-color14=#800000| label14=Asansol | numbered14=MC| mark-title14=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|39|44|N|86|56|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Burnpur | numbered15=N| mark-title15= [[Burnpur]] (N)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|5|N|86|52|46|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Neamatpur | numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Neamatpur]] (N)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|44|21|N|86|50|13|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Kulti | numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Kulti]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|41|29|N|86|49|45|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Dishergarh | numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Dishergarh]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|6|N|86|59|47|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19= Kalla | numbered19=N| mark-title19= [[Kalla, Asansol]] (N)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|47|46|N|86|52|50|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Rupnarayanpur| numbered20=P| mark-title20=Rupnarayanpur (P) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|44|15|N|86|48|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Barakar | numbered21=N| mark-title21= [[Barakar]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|28|N|86|53|39|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Sitarampur | numbered22=N| mark-title22= [[Sitarampur]] (N)|shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.6652|86.9162}}| label23= IISCO|labela23= Steel Plant| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.85591|86.9011}}| label24= Chittaranjan |labela24= Locomotive|labelb24= Works| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.6774|86.8366}}| label25=Damodar| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.6684|86.8508}}| label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=60| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7076|86.7952}}| label27=Barakar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=110| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.6956|86.7952}}| label28=River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=58| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|48|12|N|86|48|25|E}} |label29=Maithon Dam|labela29= Reservoir| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|51|0|N|87|0|11|E}} |label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=20| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Location===
Rupnarayanpur is located at {{Coord|23.82|N|86.90|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Rupnarayanpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Rupnarayanpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|153|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

===Urbanisation===
As per the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population of Asansol Sadar subdivision was urban and 16.67% was rural.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 September 2018}}</ref> In 2015, the municipal areas of [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]] and [[Jamuria]] were included within the jurisdiction of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=2015notification>{{cite web| url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |title = The Kolkata Gazette | work= Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 |publisher= Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 September 2018 }}</ref> Asansol Sadar subdivision has 26 (+1 partly) [[Census Town]]s.(partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).

==History==
The first production unit of [[Hindustan Cables]] was set up in 1952 in Rupnarayanpur, in technical collaboration with Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd.for production of paper insulated dry core cables. In 2007 updated and expanded Rupnarainpur unit, with an installed capacity of 63 LCKM, manufactures polythene insulated jelly filled cables and aerial cables. Facilities for manufacturing 1 million pairs of telephone coiled cords and 1.5 million pieces of computer cords have been set up in the unit. The telephone cords (2 way ovular straight and 4 way ovular extensible etc.) conform to latest specification and cater to Indian market and the computer cords for Computer Industries.<ref>[http://www.hindcables.com/sub/units.htm#Rupnarainpur Hindustan Cable website]</ref><ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, pp 658-659</ref><ref>[http://164.100.24.208/debate14/debtext.asp?slno=6260&ser=&smode= Lok Sabha debates]</ref> Bihar Pottery has refractory unit at Rupnarayanpur but the refractory industry in the region is facing an uncertain future.<ref>[http://www.shilpabichitra.com/Shilpa2000/wbart16.htm Refractory Industry]</ref>

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Rupnarayanpur (Hindustan Cables Town) covered an area of 3.9 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 26 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved over-head tank, tap water from treated sources, borewell/ tubewell. It had 1,800 domestic electric connections and 350 road lighting (points). Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had w 8 primary schools, 3 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at [[Chittaranjan]] 1 km away. It had 1 polytechnic. Among the social cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre, 4 auditorium/ community halls. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks and 1 non-agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Hindustan Cables Town has eight primary, one secondary and two higher secondary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

Schools include ''D.A.V Public School Hindustan Cables, Rupnarayanpur'', ''Sishuniketan School'' and ''Sishu Bikas School''.

==Healthcare==
Pithaikeary Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Rupnarayanpur, is the major government medical facility in the Salanpur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Dabor, PO Achra (with 10 beds), and Parbotpur, PO Samdi (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|access-date = 12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 May 2020}}</ref>

==Sports==
Rupnarayanpur has many prominent sports persons such as Swapan Paul (Footballer). Koushik Das Chowdhury (Sprinter).

==See also==
{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Dibang River Bridge

2026-03-26T09:21:20Z

Nuel ID: cleaned up lead for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Bridge in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Bridge
|name = Dibang River Bridge
|image = View from the Middle.jpg
|caption = View from the middle of the bridge
|official_name = 
|coordinates = {{coord|28|08|47|N|95|42|11|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|carries = Road ([[National Highway 13 (India)|NH 13]])
|crosses = [[Dibang River]]
|locale = Bomjir - Malek area
|design = 
|material =
|builder = Navayuga Engineering
|spans =
|mainspan = {{convert|200|m}}
|length = {{convert|6200|m}}<ref name="Bridge">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/atal-setu-to-mahatma-gandhi-setu-longest-bridges-of-india/atal-setu/slideshow/106957531.cms|title=Atal Setu to Mahatma Gandhi Setu: Longest Bridges of India|date=18 January 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-india-longest-bridges-1820000140-1|title=List of longest bridges|work=Jagran Josh|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
|width = 
|begin = April 2013
|open = 2018
}}

The '''Dibang River Bridge''' is a beam bridge across [[Dibang River]] which connects Bomjir and Malek villages and provides all-weather connectivity between [[Dambuk]] and [[Roing]] in eastern part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. At {{cvt|6.2| km}} long, it is the [[List of longest bridges above water in India|third-longest bridge]] above water in India and was completed in 2018 as part of [[National Highway 13 (India)|NH13]] [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]]. This strategically important bridge helps [[Indian military]] combat anti-national activities and Chinese military threat in the Easter sector of [[Line of Actual Control]] border areas. It is known as "Sikang" in Adi Language and ''"Talon"'' in [[Idu Mishmi language]].<ref name=DibBri1>[https://www.tentaran.com/largest-and-longest-bridges-in-india/ Largest and longest bridges in India], [www.tentaran.com Tentaran].</ref>

== History ==
In 2010, the Union Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure approved the project for construction of bridges across the Sikang river system and connecting road between Bomjir-Meka on NH-52, covering a length of 18.950 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=58933|title=Approval for the project for construction of bridges across Dibang river system|date=4 Mar 2010|website=Press Information Bureau - [[Government Of India]]|access-date=6 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-52 has been renumbered as [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] which is also known as [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=6 Aug 2018}}</ref> Expenditure on the project was incurred out of [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]'s budget allocations for Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North Eastern Region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100304/1457731.html|title=Cabinet approves construction of bridges across Dibang river system|access-date=6 Aug 2018}}</ref> The 750 [[crore]] rupees project has seen disruptions due to resistance from locals.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, it became operational after construction completion and testing.<ref name=DibBri1/>

== Location ==
[[File:The Bridge Passing over one of the many Islets in between.jpg|alt=The Bridge Passing over one of the many Islets in between|thumb|The Bridge, which passes over many Islets, was completed in 2018.]]

This bridge spans across Sikang river system in Arunachal Pradesh. It is located in [[Lower Dibang Valley district]] of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130721/jsp/frontpage/story_17140284.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209033247/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130721/jsp/frontpage/story_17140284.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 December 2013 | title=Mob attack halts work on bridge over Dibang|date=21 July 2013 | work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph India]]|access-date=6 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhupen Hazarika Setu]]
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]
* [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6o-HFigkF0 Longest Bridge of Arunachal Pradesh Dibang Bridge is the second longest in India]
* [http://www.necltd.com/cp_epc_bot.htm Navayuga Engineering Company Limited, current major projects]

{{commons category}}
{{Hydrography of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Bridges in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Road bridges in India]]

NASA

2026-03-25T17:15:19Z

Nuel ID: rework formatting further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|American space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
| seal = NASA seal.svg
| seal_width = 175
| seal_alt = A blue sphere with stars, a yellow planet with a white moon; a red chevron representing wings, and an orbiting spacecraft; surrounded by a white border with "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." in red letters
| seal_caption = [[NASA insignia#NASA seal|NASA seal]]
| logo = [[File:NASA logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.45]] [[File:NASA Worm logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.55]]
| logo_alt = The "meatball" insignia, a blue sphere with stars, white letters of NASA, a red chevron representing wings, and a white orbiting spacecraft with a white trail showing its orbit path and the "worm" insignia, a red line forming stylized letters of NASA.
| logo_caption = [[NASA insignia]]
| image = NASA HQ Building.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = [[NASA Headquarters|Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters]] building in [[Washington, D.C.]]
| acronym = NASA
| formed = {{Start date and age|1958|07|29}}
| preceding1 = [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (1915–1958)<ref name="cfc-naca">{{Cite web |title=The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm |website=US Centennial of Flight Commission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005256/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2014 |access-date= November 3, 2011 }}</ref>
| agency_type = [[Space agency]] [[Aeronautics]] research agency
| jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States|United States Federal Government]]
| headquarters = [[NASA Headquarters|Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters]] [[Washington, D.C.]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|52|59|N|77|0|59|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline}}
| leader_title = [[Administrator of NASA|Administrator]]
| leader_name = [[Jared Isaacman]]<ref name="arstechnica-20251218">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |date=December 18, 2025 |title=NASA finally—and we really do mean it this time—has a full-time leader |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/12/nasa-finally-and-we-really-do-mean-it-this-time-has-a-full-time-leader/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218102816/https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/12/nasa-finally-and-we-really-do-mean-it-this-time-has-a-full-time-leader/ |archive-date=December 18, 2025 |access-date=December 18, 2025 }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Administrator of NASA|Deputy Administrator]]
| leader_name2 = ''Vacant''
| leader_title3 = Associate Administrator
| leader_name3 = [[Amit Kshatriya]]
| spaceports = {{ubli
| [[Kennedy Space Center]]
| [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]]
| [[Vandenberg Space Force Base]]
| [[Wallops Flight Facility]]
}}
| employees = 17,960 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Workforce Profile |url=https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811051531/https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF~8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme~STIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x~NXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM~WvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY~XBv9F3PRxbPdQz~LM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0~Ae14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m~qBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |access-date=August 11, 2022 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>
| budget = {{Decrease}} {{US$|24.4 billion}} (2026)
| website = {{URL|https://www.nasa.gov/|nasa.gov}}
| language = 
}}
{{United States space program sidebar}}

The '''National Aeronautics and Space Administration''' ('''NASA''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|s|ə}}) is an [[independent agencies of the United States government|independent agency]] of the [[U.S. federal government]] responsible for the United States' civil [[list of government space agencies|space program]] and for research in [[aeronautics]] and [[outer space|space]] exploration. Headquartered in [[Washington, D.C.]], NASA operates ten field centers across the US and is organized into mission directorates for Science, Space Operations, Exploration Systems Development, Space Technology, [[Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate|Aeronautics Research]], and Mission Support. [[National Aeronautics and Space Act|Established in 1958]], NASA succeeded the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) to give the American space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in [[space science]]. It has since led most of America's [[space exploration]] programs, including [[Project Mercury]], [[Project Gemini]], the 1968–1972 [[Apollo program]] missions, the [[Skylab]] space station, and the [[Space Shuttle]].

The agency maintains major ground and communications infrastructure including the [[NASA Deep Space Network|Deep Space Network]] and the Near Space Network. NASA's science division is focused on better understanding Earth through the [[Earth Observing System]]; advancing [[heliophysics]] through the efforts of the [[Science Mission Directorate]]'s Heliophysics Research Program; exploring bodies throughout the [[Solar System]] with advanced [[robotic spacecraft]] such as ''[[New Horizons]]'' and [[Rover (space exploration)|planetary rovers]] such as ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]''; and researching [[astrophysics]] topics, such as the [[Big Bang]], through the [[James Webb Space Telescope]], the four [[Great Observatories program|Great Observatories]] (including the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]), and associated programs. The [[Launch Services Program]] oversees launch operations for its [[Uncrewed NASA missions|uncrewed launches]].

NASA supports the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) along with the [[Commercial Crew Program]] and oversees the development of the [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]] and the [[Space Launch System]] for the lunar [[Artemis program]]. It maintains programmatic partnerships with agencies such as [[European Space Agency|ESA]], [[JAXA]], [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]], [[Roscosmos]] (for ISS operations), [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], and the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]. NASA's missions and media operations—such as [[NASA TV]], [[Astronomy Picture of the Day]], and the [[NASA+]] streaming service—have maintained high public visibility and contributed to spaceflight outreach in the US and abroad. A subject of [[:Category:Films about NASA|numerous major films]], NASA has maintained an influence on American popular culture since the [[Apollo 11 in popular culture|Apollo 11 mission]] in 1969. For FY2022, Congress authorized a $24.041 billion budget, with a civil-service workforce of roughly 18,400; since December 2025, the administrator is [[Jared Isaacman]].

== History ==
=== Creation ===
[[File:Bell X-1A in flight.jpg|thumb|A US Air Force [[Bell X-1]] test flight]]
{{main|Creation of NASA}}

NASA traces its roots to the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA). Despite [[Dayton,_Ohio#Birthplace_of_aviation|Dayton, Ohio, being the birthplace of aviation]], by 1914 the United States recognized that it was far behind Europe in aviation capability. Determined to regain American leadership in aviation, the [[United States Congress|US Congress]] created the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|Aviation Section]] of the [[US Army Signal Corps]] in 1914 and established NACA in 1915 to foster aeronautical research and development. Over the next forty years, NACA would conduct aeronautical research in support of the [[US Air Force]], [[US Army]], [[US Navy]], and the civil aviation sector. After the end of [[World War II]], NACA became interested in the possibilities of guided missiles and supersonic aircraft, developing and testing the [[Bell X-1]] in a joint program with the [[US Air Force]]. NACA's interest in space grew out of its rocketry program at the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now">{{Cite book |last=Launius |first=Roger D. |title=NACA to NASA to Now – The frontiers of air and space in the American century |date=2022 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/NACA-to-NASA-to-NOW_TAGGED.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |isbn=9781626830707 |lccn=2021031272 |oclc=1378238437 |ol=36837072M |id=SP-2022-4419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114173146/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/NACA-to-NASA-to-NOW_TAGGED.pdf |archive-date=November 14, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2023 }}</ref>

[[File:Launch of Jupiter C with Explorer 1.jpg|thumb|Launch of the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]]'s [[Explorer 1]], America's first satellite]]
The [[Soviet Union]]'s launch of [[Sputnik 1]] ushered in the [[Space Age]] and kicked off the [[Space Race]]. Despite NACA's early rocketry program, the responsibility for launching the first American satellite fell to the [[Naval Research Laboratory]]'s [[Project Vanguard]], whose operational issues ensured the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] would launch [[Explorer 1]], America's first satellite, on February 1, 1958.

The [[Eisenhower Administration]] decided to split the US's military and civil spaceflight programs, which were organized together under the [[Department of Defense]]'s [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]]. NASA was established on July 29, 1958, with the signing of the [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]] and it began operations on October 1, 1958.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

As the American's premier aeronautics agency, NACA formed the core of NASA's new structure by reassigning 8,000 employees and three major research laboratories. NASA also proceeded to absorb the Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard, the Army's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), and the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] under [[Wernher von Braun]]. This left NASA firmly as the US's civil space lead and the Air Force as the military space lead.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

=== First orbital and hypersonic flights ===
{{Main|Project Mercury}}

[[File:Launch of Friendship 7 - GPN-2000-000686.jpg|thumb|Launch of ''[[Friendship 7]]'', NASA's first crewed orbital flight, February 20, 1962]]

Plans for human spaceflight began in the US Armed Forces prior to NASA's creation. The Air Force's [[Man in Space Soonest]] project formed in 1956,<ref name="avilla-miss">{{Cite web |last=Avilla |first=Aeryn |date=April 2, 2024 |orig-date=June 2, 2021 |title=Wild Blue Yonder: USAF's Man In Space Soonest |url=https://www.spaceflighthistories.com/post/man-in-space-soonest |website=SpaceflightHistories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821223031/https://www.spaceflighthistories.com/post/man-in-space-soonest |archive-date=August 21, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2024 }}</ref> coupled with the Army's Project Adam, served as the foundation for [[Project Mercury]]. NASA established the [[Space Task Group]] to manage the program,<ref name="grimwood1963">{{Cite book |editor-last=Grimwood |editor-first=James M. |year=1963 |title=Project Mercury – A Chronology |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19630011968/downloads/19630011968.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |pages=44–45 |hdl=2060/19630011968 |hdl-access=free |lccn=63065330 |oclc=2107821 |ol=5902814M |id=SP-4001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226003310/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19630011968/downloads/19630011968.pdf |archive-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> which would conduct crewed sub-orbital flights with the Army's [[Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle|Redstone]] rockets and orbital flights with the Air Force's [[Mercury-Atlas|Atlas]] launch vehicles. While NASA intended for its first astronauts to be civilians, President Eisenhower directed that they be selected from the military. The [[Mercury 7]] astronauts included three Air Force pilots, three Navy aviators, and one Marine Corps pilot.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:X-15 flying.jpg|thumb|The NASA-Air Force [[North American X-15|X-15]] hypersonic aircraft]]
On May 5, 1961, [[Alan Shepard]] became the first American to enter space, performing a suborbital spaceflight in the [[Mercury-Redstone 3|''Freedom 7'']].<ref name="foxweather-20230505">{{Cite news |last=Gabriel |first=Angeli |date=May 5, 2023 |title=On this day in 1961: First American astronaut goes to space |url=https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/on-this-day-alan-shepard-first-american-space |work=[[Fox Weather]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825050526/https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/on-this-day-alan-shepard-first-american-space |archive-date=August 25, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2024 }}</ref> This flight occurred less than a month after the Soviet [[Yuri Gagarin]] became the first human in space, executing a full orbital spaceflight. NASA's first orbital spaceflight was conducted by [[John Glenn]] on February 20, 1962, in the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|''Friendship 7'']], making three full orbits before reentering. Glenn had to fly parts of his final two orbits manually due to an autopilot malfunction.<ref name="nyt-19620221">{{Cite news |last=Witkin |first=Richard |date=February 21, 1962 |location=Cape Caneveral, Fla. |title=Glenn Orbits Earth 3 Times Safely |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/022162sci-nasa-witkin.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815040757/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/022162sci-nasa-witkin.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2024 }}</ref> The sixth and final Mercury mission was flown by [[Gordon Cooper]] in May 1963, performing 22 orbits over 34 hours in the [[Mercury-Atlas 9|''Faith 7'']].<ref name="spacecom-20140201">{{Cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Gordon Cooper: Record-Setting Astronaut in Mercury & Gemini Programs |url=https://www.space.com/24520-gordon-cooper.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202144812/https://www.space.com/24520-gordon-cooper.html |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2024 }}</ref> The Mercury Program was wildly recognized as a resounding success, achieving its objectives to orbit a human in space, develop tracking and control systems, and identify other issues associated with human spaceflight.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

While much of NASA's attention turned to space, it did not put aside its aeronautics mission. Early aeronautics research attempted to build upon the {{Nowrap|X-1}}'s [[supersonic flight]] to build an aircraft capable of [[hypersonic flight]]. The [[North American X-15]] was a joint NASA–US Air Force program,<ref name="smithsomian-x15">{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2022 |title=North American X-15 |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/north-american-x-15/nasm_A19690360000 |department=[[National Air and Space Museum]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |id=A19690360000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202085711/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/north-american-x-15/nasm_A19690360000 |archive-date=December 2, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2024 }}</ref> with the hypersonic test aircraft becoming the first non-dedicated spacecraft to cross from the atmosphere to outer space. The {{Nowrap|X-15}} also served as a testbed for Apollo program technologies, as well as [[ramjet]] and [[scramjet]] propulsion.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

=== Moon landing ===
{{Main|Project Gemini|Apollo program}}

[[File:S65-63188.jpg|thumb|[[Gemini 6]] and [[Gemini 7]] conduct an orbital rendezvous]]

Escalations in the [[Cold War]] between the US and Soviet Union prompted President [[John F. Kennedy]] to charge NASA with landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s and installed [[James E. Webb]] as NASA administrator to achieve this goal.<ref name="nmmsh-webb">{{Cite web |title=James E. Webb |url=https://nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/james-e-webb/ |publisher=[[New Mexico Museum of Space History]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016105733/https://nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/james-e-webb/ |archive-date=October 16, 2025 |access-date=May 5, 2024 }}</ref> On May{{nbsp}}25, 1961, Kennedy openly declared this goal in his "Urgent National Needs" speech to Congress, declaring:
{{blockquote|I believe this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.}}
Kennedy gave his "[[We choose to go to the Moon]]" speech the next year, on September{{nbsp}}12, 1962 at [[Rice University]], where he addressed the nation hoping to reinforce public support for the Apollo program.<ref name="houston-20220911">{{Cite news |last=Ketterer |first=Samantha |date=September 11, 2022 |title=JFK's moon speech at Rice Stadium was 60 years ago. Has the U.S. lived up to it? |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/JFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php |work=[[The Houston Chronicle]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251120090820/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/JFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php |archive-date=November 20, 2025 |access-date=May 5, 2024 }}</ref>

Despite attacks on the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon from the former president Dwight Eisenhower and 1964 presidential candidate [[Barry Goldwater]], President Kennedy was able to protect NASA's growing budget, of which 50% went directly to human spaceflight and it was later estimated that, at its height, 5% of Americans worked on some aspect of the Apollo program.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:Apollo 11 Launch - GPN-2000-000630.jpg|thumb|Launch of the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission]]
Mirroring the Department of Defense's program management concept using redundant systems in building the first intercontinental ballistic missiles, NASA requested the Air Force assign Major General [[Samuel C. Phillips]] to the space agency where he would serve as the director of the Apollo program. Development of the [[Saturn V|Saturn{{nbsp}}V]] rocket was led by Wernher von Braun and his team at the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]], derived from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency's original [[Saturn I|Saturn{{nbsp}}I]]. The [[Apollo command and service module|Apollo spacecraft]] was designed and built by [[North American Aviation]], while the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] was designed and built by [[Grumman]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

To develop the spaceflight skills and equipment required for a lunar mission, NASA initiated [[Project Gemini]].<ref name="spacecom-20150603">{{Cite news |last=Tate |first=Karl |date=June 3, 2015 |title=How NASA's Gemini Spacecraft Worked (Infographic) |url=https://www.space.com/29549-how-nasa-gemini-spacecraft-worked-infographic.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124005250/https://www.space.com/29549-how-nasa-gemini-spacecraft-worked-infographic.html |archive-date=November 24, 2025 |access-date=May 5, 2024 }}</ref> Using a modified Air Force [[Titan II GLV|Titan{{nbsp}}II]] launch vehicle, the Gemini capsule could hold two astronauts for flights of over two weeks. Gemini pioneered the use of [[fuel cells]] instead of batteries, and conducted the first American [[spacewalks]] and [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous operations]].

[[File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Buzz Aldrin]] salutes the [[US flag]] on the [[lunar surface]]]]
The [[Ranger Program]] was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration, however most missions ended in failure. The [[Lunar Orbiter program]] had greater success, mapping the surface in preparation for Apollo landings, conducting meteoroid detection, and measuring radiation levels. The [[Surveyor program]] conducted uncrewed lunar landings and takeoffs, as well as taking surface and regolith observations.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" /> Despite the setback caused by the [[Apollo 1|Apollo{{nbsp}}1]] fire, which killed three astronauts, the program proceeded.

[[Apollo 8|Apollo{{nbsp}}8]] was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[low Earth orbit]] and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times on December{{nbsp}}24 and{{nbsp}}25, 1968, and then traveled safely back to [[Earth]].<ref name="nyt-20181221">{{Cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=December 24, 2018 }} {{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="nyt-20181224">{{Cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |date=December 24, 2018 |title=Opinion: We Are All Riders on the Same Planet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=December 25, 2018 }} {{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="nyt-20181224b">{{Cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |date=December 24, 2018 |title=Opinion: What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=December 25, 2018 }} {{cbignore}}</ref> The three Apollo{{nbsp}}8 astronauts—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see the Earth as a globe in space, the first to witness an [[Earthrise]], and the first to see and manually photograph the far side of the Moon.

The first lunar landing was conducted by Apollo{{nbsp}}11. Commanded by [[Neil Armstrong]] with astronauts [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], Apollo{{nbsp}}11 was one of the most significant missions in NASA's history, marking the end of the [[Space Race]] when the Soviet Union gave up its lunar ambitions. As the first human to step on the surface of the Moon, Neil Armstrong uttered [[One small step|the now famous words]]:

{{blockquote|That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.}}

NASA would conduct six total lunar landings as part of the Apollo program, with [[Apollo 17|Apollo{{nbsp}}17]] concluding the program in 1972.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

==== End of Apollo ====
[[File:Apollo CSM lunar orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo 15|Apollo{{nbsp}}15]] [[Apollo command and service module|CSM]] ''Endeavour'' in lunar orbit]]

Wernher von Braun had advocated for NASA to develop a space station since the agency was created. In 1973, following the end of the Apollo lunar missions, NASA launched its first space station, [[Skylab]], on the final launch of the Saturn{{nbsp}}V. Skylab reused a significant amount of Apollo and Saturn hardware, with a repurposed Saturn{{nbsp}}V third stage serving as the primary module for the space station. Damage to Skylab during its launch required spacewalks to be performed by the first crew to make it habitable and operational. Skylab hosted nine missions and was decommissioned in 1974 and deorbited in 1979, two years prior to the first launch of the [[Space Shuttle]] and any possibility of boosting its orbit.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

In 1975, the [[Apollo–Soyuz]] mission was the first ever international spaceflight and a major diplomatic accomplishment between the Cold War rivals, which also marked the last flight of the Apollo capsule.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" /> Flown in 1975, a US Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] capsule.

=== Interplanetary exploration and space science ===
[[File:Viking2lander1.jpg|thumb|right|Image from Mars taken by the ''Viking 2'' lander]]

During the 1960s, NASA started its [[space science]] and interplanetary probe program. The [[Mariner program]] was its flagship program, launching probes to [[Venus]], [[Mars]], and [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] in the 1960s.<ref name="nasa-marinermars">{{Cite web |editor-last=Carney |editor-first=Stephen |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Mars Mariner Missions |url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-program/mars-mariner-missions/ |website=science.nasa.gov |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005024750/https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-program/mars-mariner-missions/ |archive-date=October 5, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="i4is-marinerprogram">{{Cite web |last=Long |first=Kevin F. |date=February 26, 2015 |title=The Mariner program |url=https://i4is.org/the-mariner-program/ |website=i4is.org |publisher=[[Initiative for Interstellar Studies]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005024552/https://i4is.org/the-mariner-program/#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=October 5, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the [[inner planets]]. Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling to fund further interplanetary missions and NASA Administrator James Webb suspended all future interplanetary probes to focus resources on the Apollo program.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Following the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA resumed launching interplanetary probes and expanded its [[space science]] program. The first planet tagged for exploration was [[Venus]], sharing many similar characteristics to Earth. First visited by American [[Mariner 2]] spacecraft,<ref name="payload-20221214">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Inez |date=December 14, 2022 |title=60 Years Since Mariner 2's Venus Flyby |url=https://payloadspace.com/60-years-since-mariner-2s-venus-flyby/ |website=Payload |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013061451/https://payloadspace.com/60-years-since-mariner-2s-venus-flyby/ |archive-date=October 13, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> Venus was observed to be a hot and inhospitable planet. Follow-on missions included the [[Pioneer Venus project]] in the 1970s and [[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan]], which performed radar mapping of Venus' surface in the 1980s and 1990s. Future missions were flybys of Venus, on their way to other destinations in the Solar System.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[Mars]] has long been a planet of intense fascination for NASA, being suspected of potentially having harbored life. [[Mariner 5]] was the first NASA spacecraft to flyby Mars,<ref name="lasp-mariner5">{{Cite web |title=Mariner 5 |url=https://lasp.colorado.edu/missions/mariner-5/ |department=[[Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics]] |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214153127/https://lasp.colorado.edu/missions/mariner-5/ |archive-date=December 14, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> followed by [[Mariner 6]] and [[Mariner 7]]. [[Mariner 9]] was the first orbital mission to Mars. Launched in 1975, [[Viking program]] consisted of two landings on Mars in 1976. Follow-on missions would not be launched until 1996, with the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] orbiter and [[Mars Pathfinder]], deploying the first Mars rover, [[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]].<ref name="astronomy-20230704">{{Cite magazine |last=Atkinson |first=Stuart |date=July 4, 2023 |title=Sojourner: NASA's first Mars rover |url=https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/sojourner-nasas-first-mars-rover/ |magazine=[[Astronomy (magazine)|Astronomy]] |issn=0091-6358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118065049/https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/sojourner-nasas-first-mars-rover/ |archive-date=November 18, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> During the early 2000s, the [[2001 Mars Odyssey]] orbiter reached the planet and in 2004 the ''[[Spirit (rover)|Sprit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' rovers landed on the Red Planet. This was followed in 2005 by the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] and 2007 ''[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]]'' Mars lander. The 2012 landing of ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' discovered that the radiation levels on Mars were equal to those on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), greatly increasing the possibility of Human exploration, and observed the key chemical ingredients for life to occur. In 2013, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution ([[MAVEN]]) mission observed the Martian upper atmosphere and space environment and in 2018, the Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy, and Heat Transport ([[InSight]]) studied the Martian interior. The 2021 ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover carried the first extraplanetary aircraft, a helicopter named ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]''.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

NASA also launched missions to [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] in 2004, with the ''[[MESSENGER]]'' probe demonstrating as the first use of a [[solar sail]].<ref name="theguardian-20150501">{{Cite news |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |date=May 1, 2015 |location=New York |title=Crash course: Nasa Messenger spacecraft completes four-year mission to Mercury |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/30/nasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815031557/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/30/nasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> NASA also launched probes to the [[outer Solar System]] starting in the 1960s. ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by [[Jupiter]], while ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' provided the first close up view of the planet. Both probes became the first objects to leave the Solar System. The [[Voyager program]] launched in 1977, conducting flybys of [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], [[Neptune]], and [[Uranus]] on a trajectory to leave the Solar System.<ref name="planetary-voyager">{{Cite web |title=The Voyager missions |url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/voyager |publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506130637/https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/voyager |archive-date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> The ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'' spacecraft, deployed from the Space Shuttle flight [[STS-34]], was the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on the [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and observed that the moon may hold ice or liquid water.<ref name="spacecom-20170526">{{Cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Spacecraft Galileo: To Jupiter and Its Moons |url=https://www.space.com/18632-galileo-spacecraft.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129084028/https://www.space.com/18632-galileo-spacecraft.html |archive-date=November 29, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> A joint NASA-[[European Space Agency]]-[[Italian Space Agency]] mission, [[Cassini–Huygens]], was sent to [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], which, along with Mars and Europa, are the only celestial bodies in the Solar System suspected of being capable of harboring life.<ref name="mittechreview-20210616">{{Cite magazine |last=Patel |first=Neel V. |date=June 16, 2021 |title=The best places to find extraterrestrial life in our solar system, ranked |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/16/1026473/best-worlds-extraterrestrial-life-solar-system-ranked/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804213341/https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/16/1026473/best-worlds-extraterrestrial-life-solar-system-ranked/ |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> Cassini discovered three new moons of Saturn and the [[Huygens (spacecraft)|Huygens]] probe entered Titan's atmosphere. The mission discovered evidence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan and subsurface water oceans on the moon of [[Enceladus]], which could harbor life. Finally launched in 2006, the [[New Horizons]] mission was the first spacecraft to visit [[Pluto]] and the [[Kuiper belt]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Beyond interplanetary probes, NASA has launched many [[space telescopes]]. Launched in the 1960s, the [[Orbiting Astronomical Observatory]] were NASA's first orbital telescopes,<ref name="uwmadison-20181204">{{Cite web |last=Devitt |first=Terry |date=December 4, 2018 |title=Reaching for the stars: 50 years of space astronomy |url=https://news.wisc.edu/reaching-for-the-stars/ |website=news.wisc.edu |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005182006/https://news.wisc.edu/reaching-for-the-stars/ |archive-date=October 5, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> providing ultraviolet, gamma-ray, x-ray, and infrared observations. NASA launched the [[Orbiting Geophysical Observatory]] in the 1960s and 1970s to look down at Earth and observe its interactions with the Sun. The [[Uhuru (satellite)|Uhuru]] satellite was the first dedicated x-ray telescope, mapping 85% of the sky and discovering a large number of [[black holes]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:View of Hubble after Being Released from the Shuttle Atlantis (28045752710).jpg|thumb|The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in Low Earth Orbit]]
Launched in the 1990s and early 2000s, the [[Great Observatories program]] are among NASA's most powerful telescopes. The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] was launched in 1990 on [[STS-31]] from the ''Discovery'' and could view galaxies 15 billion light years away.<ref name="esa-hubble">{{Cite web |title=Hubble overview |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Hubble_overview |publisher=[[ESA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203020732/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Hubble_overview |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> A major defect in the telescope's mirror could have crippled the program, had NASA not used computer enhancement to compensate for the imperfection and launched five Space Shuttle servicing flights to replace the damaged components. The [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] was launched from the ''Atlantis'' on [[STS-37]] in 1991, discovering a possible source of [[antimatter]] at the center of the [[Milky Way]] and observing that the majority of gamma-ray bursts occur outside of the Milky Way galaxy. The [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] was launched from the ''Columbia'' on [[STS-93]] in 1999, observing black holes, [[quasars]], [[supernova]], and [[dark matter]]. It provided critical observations on the [[Sagittarius A*]] black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy and the separation of dark and regular matter during galactic collisions. Finally, the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] is an infrared telescope launched in 2003 from a [[Delta II]] rocket. It is in a trailing orbit around the Sun, following the Earth and discovered the existence of [[brown dwarf star]]s.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Other telescopes, such as the [[Cosmic Background Explorer]] and the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]], provided evidence to support the [[Big Bang]].<ref name="skyatnight-20210615">{{Cite magazine |last=Pearson |first=Ezzy |date=June 15, 2021 |title=WMAP: the NASA mission that mapped the cosmic microwave background |url=https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-missions/wmap-cosmic-microwave-background |magazine=[[BBC Sky at Night]] |issn=1745-9869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613032734/https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/web/20250613032734/https: |archive-date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> The [[James Webb Space Telescope]], named after the NASA administrator who lead the Apollo program, is an infrared observatory launched in 2021. The James Webb Space Telescope is a direct successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, intended to observe the formation of the first galaxies.<ref name="livescience-20230713">{{Cite news |last1=May |first1=Andrew |last2=Specktor |first2=Brandon |last3=Weisberger |first3=Mindy |date=July 13, 2022 |title=James Webb Space Telescope: Origins, design and mission objectives |url=https://www.livescience.com/james-webb-space-telescope |work=[[Live Science]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112123017/https://www.livescience.com/james-webb-space-telescope |archive-date=November 12, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> Other space telescopes include the [[Kepler space telescope]], launched in 2009 to identify planets orbiting extrasolar stars that may be Terran and possibly harbor life. The first exoplanet that the Kepler space telescope confirmed was [[Kepler-22b]], orbiting within the habitable zone of its star.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

NASA also launched a number of different satellites to study Earth, such as [[Television Infrared Observation Satellite]] (TIROS) in 1960, which was the first weather satellite.<ref name="smithsomian-tiros">{{Cite web |title=TIROS Meteorological Satellite |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/meteorological-satellite-tiros/nasm_A19650289000 |department=[[National Air and Space Museum]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |id=A19650289000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910105222/https://www.airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/meteorological-satellite-tiros/nasm_A19650289000 |archive-date=September 10, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> NASA and the [[US Weather Bureau]] cooperated on future TIROS and the second generation [[Nimbus program]] of weather satellites. It also worked with the [[Environmental Science Services Administration]] on a series of weather satellites and the agency launched its experimental [[Applications Technology Satellites]] into geosynchronous orbit. NASA's first dedicated Earth observation satellite, [[Landsat]], was launched in 1972. This led to NASA and the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] jointly developing the [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite]] and discovering [[Ozone depletion]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

=== Space Shuttle ===
{{Main|Space Shuttle}}

[[File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg|thumb|Launch of the [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] on [[STS-120]]]]

NASA had been pursuing [[spaceplane]] development since the 1960s, blending the administration's dual aeronautics and space missions. NASA viewed a spaceplane as part of a larger program, providing routine and economical logistical support to a [[space station]] in Earth orbit that would be used as a hub for lunar and Mars missions. A reusable launch vehicle would then have ended the need for expensive and expendable boosters like the [[Saturn V]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

In 1969, NASA designated the [[Johnson Space Center]] as the lead center for the design, development, and manufacturing of the [[Space Shuttle orbiter]], while the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] would lead the development of the launch system. NASA's series of [[lifting body]] aircraft, culminating in the joint NASA-US Air Force [[Martin Marietta X-24]], directly informed the development of the Space Shuttle and future hypersonic flight aircraft. Official development of the [[Space Shuttle]] began in 1972, with [[Rockwell International]] contracted to design the orbiter and engines, [[Martin Marietta]] for the [[Space Shuttle external tank|external fuel tank]], and [[Morton Thiokol]] for the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket boosters]].<ref name="spaceline-shuttlehistory">{{Cite web |last=Lethbridge |first=Cliff |title=Space Shuttle Program History |url=https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/space-shuttle-program-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814232145/https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/space-shuttle-program-history/ |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> NASA acquired six orbiters: the ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

The Space Shuttle program also allowed NASA to make major changes to its [[NASA Astronaut Corps|Astronaut Corps]]. While almost all previous astronauts were Air Force or Naval test pilots, the Space Shuttle allowed NASA to begin recruiting more non-military scientific and technical experts. A prime example is [[Sally Ride]], who became the first American woman to fly in space on {{Nowrap|[[STS-7]]}}. This new astronaut selection process also allowed NASA to accept exchange astronauts from US allies and partners for the first time.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

The first Space Shuttle flight occurred in 1981, when the ''Columbia'' launched on the {{Nowrap|[[STS-1]]}} mission, designed to serve as a flight test for the new spaceplane.<ref name="weathernet-20210412">{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Remembering Columbia's inaugural flight – NASA's first space shuttle launch |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/space/this-day-in-weather-history-april-12-1981-usa-first-shuttle-launch |work=[[The Weather Network]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621082206/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/space/this-day-in-weather-history-april-12-1981-usa-first-shuttle-launch?_guid_iss_=1 |archive-date=June 21, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> NASA intended for the Space Shuttle to replace expendable launch systems like the Air Force's [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas]], [[Delta (rocket family)|Delta]], and [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]] and the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]]. The Space Shuttle's [[Spacelab]] payload, developed by the European Space Agency, increased the scientific capabilities of shuttle missions over anything NASA was able to previously accomplish.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:Space Shuttle Discovery.png|thumb|[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] in Low Earth Orbit on [[STS-120]]]]
NASA launched its first commercial satellites on the [[STS-5]] mission and in 1984, the [[STS-41-C]] mission conducted the world's first [[on-orbit satellite servicing]] mission when the ''Challenger'' captured and repaired the malfunctioning [[Solar Maximum Mission]] satellite. It also had the capability to return malfunctioning satellite to Earth, like it did with the [[Palapa B2]] and [[Westar 6]] satellites. Once returned to Earth, the satellites were repaired and relaunched.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Despite ushering in a new era of spaceflight, where NASA was contracting launch services to commercial companies, the Space Shuttle was criticized for not being as reusable and cost-effective as advertised. In 1986, [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]] on the [[STS-51L]] mission resulted in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts on launch, grounding the entire space shuttle fleet for 36 months and forced the 44 commercial companies that contracted with NASA to deploy their satellites to return to expendable launch vehicles.<ref name="spacecom-20220201">{{Cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Stein |first2=Vicky |last3=McKelvie |first3=Callum |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Space shuttle Challenger and the disaster that changed NASA forever |url=https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112010722/https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html |archive-date=November 12, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> When the Space Shuttle returned to flight with the [[STS-26]] mission, it had undergone significant modifications to improve its reliability and safety.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:STS-44 DSP deployment.jpg|thumb|An [[Air Force Space Command]] [[Defense Support Program]] missile warning spacecraft deploys from the [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] on the [[STS-44]] mission]]
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initiated the [[Shuttle–Mir program|Shuttle-''Mir'' program]].<ref name="nasa-93-222">{{Cite press release |date=December 16, 1993 |title=NASA and Russian Space Agency Sign Agreement for Additional Space Shuttle/MIR Missions |url=https://www3.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1993/93-222.txt |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=93-222 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229164253/https://www3.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1993/93-222.txt |archive-date=December 29, 2025 }}</ref> The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the [[STS-60]] mission in 1994 and the ''Discovery'' rendezvoused, but did not dock with, the Russian ''[[Mir]]'' in the [[STS-63]] mission. This was followed by ''Atlantis''{{'}}s [[STS-71]] mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies and personnel. The Shuttle-''Mir'' program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

In 2003, a second space shuttle was destroyed when the ''Columbia'' was [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|destroyed]] upon reentry during the [[STS-107]] mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.<ref name="cnn-20240413">{{Cite news |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=April 13, 2024 |title=How the Columbia disaster changed the future of spaceflight |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/13/world/columbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203084401/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/13/world/columbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn/index.html |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |access-date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref> This accident marked the beginning of the retiring of the Space Shuttle program, with President [[George W. Bush]] directing that upon the completion of the ISS, the space shuttle be retired. In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several missions to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], but was retired following the [[STS-135]] resupply mission to the ISS in 2011.

=== Space stations ===
{{Main|Space Station Freedom|International Space Station}}

[[File:Skylab (SL-4).jpg|thumb|[[Skylab]] seen on the [[Skylab 4]] mission]]

NASA never gave up on the idea of a space station after Skylab's reentry in 1979. The agency began lobbying politicians to support building a larger space station as soon as the Space Shuttle began flying, selling it as an orbital laboratory, repair station, and a jumping off point for lunar and Mars missions. NASA found a strong advocate in President [[Ronald Reagan]], who declared in a 1984 speech:
{{blockquote|America has always been greatest when we dared to be great. We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic, and scientific gain. Tonight I am directing NASA to develop a permanently manned space station and to do it within a decade.}}
In 1985, NASA proposed the [[Space Station Freedom|Space Station ''Freedom'']], which both the agency and President Reagan intended to be an international program.<ref name="nyt-19930608">{{Cite news |last=Leary |first=Warren E. |date=June 7, 1993 |location=Crystal City, Va. |title=Fate of Space Station Is in Doubt As All Options Exceed Cost Goals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/08/science/fate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publication-date=June 8, 1993 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526085040/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/08/science/fate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2024 }}</ref> While this would add legitimacy to the program, there were concerns within NASA that the international component would dilute its authority within the project, having never been willing to work with domestic or international partners as true equals. There was also a concern with sharing sensitive space technologies with the Europeans, which had the potential to dilute America's technical lead. Ultimately, an international agreement to develop the Space Station ''Freedom'' program would be signed with thirteen countries in 1985, including the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) member states, [[Canada]], and [[Japan]].<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Despite its status as the first international space program, the Space Station ''Freedom'' was controversial, with much of the debate centering on cost. Several redesigns to reduce cost were conducted in the early 1990s, stripping away much of its functions. Despite calls for Congress to terminate the program, it continued, in large part because by 1992 it had created 75,000 jobs across 39 states. By 1993, President [[Bill Clinton]] attempted to significantly reduce NASA's budget and directed costs be significantly reduced, aerospace industry jobs were not lost, and the Russians be included.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

[[File:International Space Station after undocking of STS-132.jpg|thumb|The [[International Space Station]] (ISS) seen from the [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] on the [[STS-132]] mission]]
In 1993, the Clinton Administration announced that the Space Station ''Freedom'' would become the ISS in an agreement with the Russian Federation.<ref name="wapo-19931104">{{Cite news |last=Sawyer |first=Kathy |date=November 4, 1993 |title=U.S. Proposes Space Merger with Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/05/us-proposes-space-merger-with-russia/88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126144727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/05/us-proposes-space-merger-with-russia/88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d/ |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2024 }}</ref> This allowed the Russians to maintain their space program through an infusion of American currency to maintain their status as one of the two premier space programs. While the US built and launched the majority of the ISS, Russia, Canada, Japan, and the ESA all contributed components. Despite NASA's insistence that costs would be kept at a budget of $17.4, they kept rising and NASA had to transfer funds from other programs to keep the International Space Station solvent. Ultimately, the total cost of the station was $150 billion, with the US paying for two-thirds. Following the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster in 2003, NASA was forced to rely on Russian [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] launches for its astronauts and the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle accelerated the station's completion.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

In the 1980s, right after the first flight of the Space Shuttle, NASA started a joint program with the Department of Defense to develop the [[Rockwell X-30]] National Aerospace Plane. NASA realized that the Space Shuttle, while a massive technological accomplishment, would not be able to live up to all its promises. Designed to be a [[single-stage-to-orbit]] spaceplane, the X-30 had both civil and military applications. With the end of the [[Cold War]], the X-30 was canceled in 1992 before reaching flight status.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

=== Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon ===
{{Main|Commercial Crew Program|Artemis program}}

Following the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]] in 2003, President Bush started the [[Constellation program]] to smoothly replace the Space Shuttle and expand space exploration beyond low Earth orbit.<ref name="nbc-20040113">{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2004 |title=Bush sets 'new course' for moon and beyond |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3950099 |work=[[NBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920105040/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3950099 |archive-date=September 20, 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2024 }}</ref> Constellation was intended to use a significant amount of former Space Shuttle equipment and return astronauts to the Moon. This program was canceled by the [[Obama Administration]]. Former astronauts [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Gene Cernan]], and [[Jim Lovell]] sent a letter to President [[Barack Obama]] to warn him that if the US did not get new human spaceflight ability, the US risked becoming a second or third-rate space power.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

As early as the Reagan Administration, there had been calls for NASA to expand private sector involvement in space exploration rather than do it all in-house. In the 1990s, NASA and Lockheed Martin entered into an agreement to develop the [[Lockheed Martin X-33]] demonstrator of the [[VentureStar]] spaceplane, which was intended to replace the Space Shuttle.<ref name="nsf-20060104">{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=January 4, 2006 |title=X-33/VentureStar – What really happened |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/ |work=[[NASASpaceflight]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229165436/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/ |archive-date=December 29, 2025 |access-date=May 7, 2024 }}</ref> Due to technical challenges, the spacecraft was cancelled in 2001. Despite this, it was the first time a commercial space company directly expended a significant amount of its resources into spacecraft development. The advent of [[space tourism]] also forced NASA to challenge its assumption that only governments would have people in space. The first space tourist was [[Dennis Tito]], an American investment manager and former aerospace engineer who contracted with the Russians to fly to the International Space Station for four days, despite the opposition of NASA to the idea.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

Advocates of this new commercial approach for NASA included former astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]], who remarked that it would return NASA to its roots as a research and development agency, with commercial entities actually operating the space systems. Having corporations take over orbital operations would also allow NASA to focus all its efforts on deep space exploration and returning humans to the Moon and going to Mars. Embracing this approach, NASA's [[Commercial Crew Program]] started by contracting cargo delivery to the International Space Station and flew its first operational contracted mission on [[SpaceX Crew-1]]. This marked the first time since the retirement of the Space Shuttle that NASA was able to launch its own astronauts on an American spacecraft from the US, ending a decade of reliance on the Russians.<ref name="Naca to Nasa to Now" />

In 2019, NASA announced the [[Artemis program]], intending to return to the Moon and establish a permanent human presence.<ref name="spacecom-20220817">{{Cite news |last1=Mann |first1=Adam |last2=Harvey |first2=Ailsa |date=December 12, 2022 |title=NASA's Artemis program: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.space.com/artemis-program.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727123652/https://www.space.com/artemis-program.html |archive-date=July 27, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2023 }}</ref> This was paired with the [[Artemis Accords]] with partner nations to establish rules of behavior and norms of space commercialization on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA: Artemis Accords |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html |website=NASA |access-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516053058/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, NASA established the Moon to Mars Program office. The office is designed to oversee the various projects, mission architectures and associated timelines relevant to lunar and Mars exploration and science.<ref name="nasa-23-039">{{Cite press release |editor-last=Donaldson |editor-first=Abbey A. |title=New Program Office Leads NASA's Path Forward for Moon, Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-program-office-leads-nasas-path-forward-for-moon-mars/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=23-039 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718212800/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-program-office-leads-nasas-path-forward-for-moon-mars/ |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |access-date=May 14, 2024 }}</ref>

== Active programs ==
=== Human spaceflight ===
==== International Space Station (1993–present) ====
{{Further|International Space Station}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:ISS emblem.png|100px]]|border=no}}
[[File:STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg|thumb|The International Space Station as seen from {{OV|105}} during [[STS-134]]]]

The [[International Space Station]] (ISS) combines NASA's [[Space Station Freedom|Space Station ''Freedom'']] project with the Russian ''[[Mir-2]]'' station, the European ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'' station, and the Japanese [[Japanese Experiment Module|Kibō]] laboratory module.<ref name="Catchpole-2008">{{Cite book |last=Catchpole |first=John E. |url={{Google books|VsTdriusftgC |plainurl=yes}} |title=The International Space Station: Building for the Future |date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |isbn=978-0-387-78144-0 |pages=1–2}}</ref> NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop ''Freedom'' alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] (RKA), the [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA), the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), and the [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA).<ref name="esa-participants">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Human Spaceflight and Exploration – European Participating States |url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html |publisher=[[ESA]] |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730150845/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |access-date=January 17, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="issreferenceguide2010">{{Cite book |date=2006 |location=Canada |title=Reference Guide to the International Space Station - Assembly complete ed. |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/508318main_iss_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |pages=63–70 |isbn=0160865174 |lccn=2010040473 |oclc=930715086 |ol=28146469M |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819153534/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/508318main_iss_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf |archive-date=August 19, 2025 }}</ref> The station consists of pressurized modules, external [[Integrated Truss Structure|trusses]], [[solar arrays]] and other components, which were [[Manufacturing of the International Space Station|manufactured]] in various factories around the world and launched by Russian [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] and [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] rockets, and the American Space Shuttle.<ref name="Catchpole-2008" /> The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the [[US Orbital Segment]] occurred in 2009 and the completion of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] occurred in 2010. The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements,<ref name="European Space Agency (ESA)-2009">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2009 |title=International Space Station legal framework |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/International_Space_Station_legal_framework |publisher=[[ESA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917093246/https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/International_Space_Station_legal_framework |archive-date=September 17, 2025 |access-date=April 19, 2009 }}</ref> which divide the station into two areas and allow [[Russian Federation|Russia]] to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]''),<ref name="memorandum-nasa-rsa">{{Cite web |date=January 29, 1998 |title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Russian Space Agency Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/oiir-nasa-russian-space-agency-agreement-january1998.pdf |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508075806/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/oiir-nasa-russian-space-agency-agreement-january1998.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=April 19, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |date=October 15, 2008 |title=Russian Segment: Enterprise |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920153519/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_enterprise.html |archive-date=September 20, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb}}</ref> with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.<ref name="European Space Agency (ESA)-2009" />

Long-duration missions to the ISS are referred to as [[List of International Space Station expeditions|ISS Expeditions]]. Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS.<ref name="issfactsheet-201106">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=International Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/562641main_FS-2011-ISS%20intro.pdf |website=NASAFacts |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=FS-2011-06-009-JSC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510171224/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/562641main_FS-2011-ISS%20intro.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=September 2, 2012 }}</ref> The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the ''Columbia'' disaster. Between May 2009 and until the retirement of the Space Shuttle, the expedition crew size has been six crew members.<ref name="mcbstatement2010">{{Cite press release |date=February 3, 2010 |title=MCB Joint Statement Representing Common Views on the Future of the ISS |url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/423071main_mcb_joint_stmt_020110.pdf |publisher=International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116024323/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/423071main_mcb_joint_stmt_020110.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |via=[[NASA]] }}</ref> As of 2024, though the Commercial Program's crew capsules can allow a crew of up to seven, expeditions using them typically consist of a crew of four. The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past {{age in years and days|November 2, 2000|sep=and}}, having exceeded the previous record held by ''[[Mir]]''; and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from [[List of International Space Station visitors|15 different nations]].<ref name="nasa-20081117">{{Cite press release |editor-last1=Trinidad |editor-first1=Katherine |editor-last2=Humphries |editor-first2=Kelly |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Nations Around the World Mark 10th Anniversary of International Space Station |url=https://www3.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/nov/HQ_08-296_ISS_10th_Anniversary.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=08-296 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031081829/https://www3.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/nov/HQ_08-296_ISS_10th_Anniversary.html |archive-date=October 31, 2025 |access-date=March 6, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Rebecca |date=November 11, 2010 |title=The International Space Station Has Been Continuously Inhabited for Ten Years Today |url=http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-11/happy-anniversary-international-space-station |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318033003/http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-11/happy-anniversary-international-space-station |archive-date=March 18, 2013 |access-date=September 1, 2012 |publisher=Popular Science}}</ref>

The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any previous space station.<ref name="issreferencenasa">{{Cite web |editor-last=Zakrzewski |editor-first=Joseph |title=International Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/reference/international-space-station/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201182145/https://www.nasa.gov/reference/international-space-station/ |archive-date=December 1, 2025 |access-date=January 3, 2026 }}</ref> The Russian [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and American [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon]] and [[Boeing Starliner|Starliner]] spacecraft are used to send astronauts to and from the ISS. Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft provide service to the ISS; they are the Russian [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress spacecraft]] which has done so since 2000, the European [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] (HTV) since 2009, the (uncrewed) [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon]] since 2012, and the American [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus spacecraft]] since 2013.<ref name="sn-20140812">{{Cite news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |date=August 12, 2014 |location=Ponte Vedra, Florida |title=After Maneuvers, Final ATV Docks with Station |url=https://spacenews.com/41568after-maneuvers-final-atv-docks-with-station/ |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260103205053/https://spacenews.com/41568after-maneuvers-final-atv-docks-with-station/ |archive-date=January 3, 2026 |access-date=October 2, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="sfn-20200525">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=May 25, 2020 |title=HTV supply ship successfully berthed at space station |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/25/htv-supply-ship-successfully-berthed-at-space-station/ |work=Spaceflight Now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001203724/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/25/htv-supply-ship-successfully-berthed-at-space-station/ |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 }}</ref> The Space Shuttle, before its retirement, was also used for cargo transfer and would often switch out expedition crew members, although it did not have the capability to remain docked for the duration of their stay. Between the retirement of the Shuttle in 2011 and the commencement of crewed Dragon flights in 2020, American astronauts exclusively used the Soyuz for crew transport to and from the ISS.<ref name="spacecom-20111117">{{Cite news |last=Chow |first=Denise |date=November 17, 2011 |title=U.S. Human Spaceflight Program Still Strong, NASA Chief Says |url=https://www.space.com/13664-nasa-future-space-exploration-progress.html |work=[[Space.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625050543/http://www.space.com/13664-nasa-future-space-exploration-progress.html |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |access-date=July 2, 2012 }}</ref> The highest number of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen; this occurred three times during the late Shuttle ISS assembly missions.<ref name="abc-20090717">{{Cite news |last=Potter |first=Ned |date=July 17, 2009 |title=Space Shuttle, Station Dock: 13 Astronauts Together |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=8112821 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630165148/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=8112821 |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2012 }}</ref>

The ISS program is expected to continue until 2030,<ref name="nelson-20181220">{{Cite tweet |last=Nelson |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Nelson |user=SenBillNelson |number=1075840067569139712 |date=December 20, 2018 |title=The Senate just passed my bill to help commercial space companies launch more than one rocket a day from Florida! This is an exciting bill that will help create jobs and keep rockets roaring from the Cape. It also extends the International Space Station to 2030! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260103205914/https://x.com/SenBillNelson/status/1075840067569139712 |archive-date=January 3, 2026 }}</ref> after which the space station will be retired and destroyed in a controlled de-orbit.<ref name="sn-20220820">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 20, 2022 |title=NASA asks industry for input on ISS deorbit capabilities |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-asks-industry-for-input-on-iss-deorbit-capabilities/ |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220820174512/https://spacenews.com/nasa-asks-industry-for-input-on-iss-deorbit-capabilities/ |archive-date=August 20, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 }}</ref>

==== Commercial Resupply Services (2008–present) ====
{{Further|Commercial Resupply Services}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2/1
| total_width = 320
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = SpX CRS-2 berthing.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Dragon
| image2 = ISS-45 Cygnus 5 approaching the ISS (1).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Cygnus
| image3 = The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 5 (cropped).jpg
| caption3 =
| alt3 =
| footer = Commercial Resupply Services missions approaching International Space Station
| footer_align = left
}}

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a contract solution to deliver cargo and supplies to the International Space Station on a commercial basis by private companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jason Rhian |date=September 27, 2014 |title=NASA continues Commercial "push" with CRS extension |publisher=Spaceflight Insider |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/nasa-continues-commercial-push-crs-extension/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020231358/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/nasa-continues-commercial-push-crs-extension/ |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA signed its first CRS contracts in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to [[SpaceX]] for twelve cargo [[Dragon (spacecraft)|Dragon]] and $1.9 billion to [[Orbital Sciences]]{{efn|name=Orbital|group=note|[[Orbital Sciences]] was awarded a CRS contract in 2008. In 2015, Orbital Sciences became [[Orbital ATK]] through a business merger. Orbital ATK was awarded a CRS-2 contract in 2016. In 2018, Orbital ATK was acquired by [[Northrop Grumman]].}} for eight [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] flights, covering deliveries until 2016. Both companies evolved or created their launch vehicle products to launch the spacecrafts (SpaceX with The [[Falcon 9]] and Orbital with the [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]]).

SpaceX flew its first operational resupply mission ([[SpaceX CRS-1]]) in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2012 |title=SpaceX, NASA Target Oct. 7 Launch For Resupply Mission To Space Station |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/spacex-crs1-target.html |access-date=September 26, 2012 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406081057/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/spacex-crs1-target.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Orbital Sciences followed in 2014 ([[Cygnus CRS Orb-1]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Tariq |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Orbital's Cygnus Delivers Gifts, Ants To Station in First Commercial Run |publisher=spacenews.com |url=https://spacenews.com/39183orbitals-cygnus-delivers-gifts-ants-to-station-in-first-commercial-run/ |access-date=September 3, 2022}}</ref> In 2015, NASA extended CRS-1 to twenty flights for SpaceX and twelve flights for [[Orbital ATK]].{{efn|name=Orbital|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |title=NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/ |access-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130164344/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |date=February 24, 2016 |title=SpaceX wins 5 new space station cargo missions in NASA contract estimated at $700 million |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-5-new-space-station-cargo-missions-in-nasa-contract-estimated-at-700-million/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160224170629/http://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-5-new-space-station-cargo-missions-in-nasa-contract-estimated-at-700-million/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A second phase of contracts (known as CRS-2) was solicited in 2014; contracts were awarded in January 2016 to Orbital ATK{{efn|name=Orbital|group=note}} [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]], [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] ''[[Dream Chaser]]'', and SpaceX ''[[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]'', for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024. In March 2022, NASA awarded an additional six CRS-2 missions each to both SpaceX and Northrop Grumman (formerly Orbital).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alamalhodaei |first=Aria |date=March 25, 2022 |title=SpaceX, Northrop Grumman to resupply the ISS through 2026 |publisher=Tech Crunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/25/spacex-northrop-grumman-to-resupply-the-iss-through-2026/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012030217/https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/25/spacex-northrop-grumman-to-resupply-the-iss-through-2026/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Northrop Grumman]] successfully delivered [[Cygnus NG-17]] to the ISS in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |date=February 19, 2022 |title=Northrop Grumman Cygnus NG-17 arrives at ISS |publisher=NASA Spaceflight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/02/antares-cygnus-ng-17/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221228013745/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/02/antares-cygnus-ng-17/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, SpaceX launched its 25th CRS flight ([[SpaceX CRS-25]]) and successfully delivered its cargo to the ISS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanayama |first=Lee |date=July 14, 2022 |title=SpaceX and NASA launch CRS-25 mission to the ISS |publisher=NASA Spaceflight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/spacex-crs-25-launch/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717040652/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/spacex-crs-25-launch/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Dream Chaser spacecraft is currently scheduled for its Demo-1 launch in the first half of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitwam |first=Ryan |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Dream Chaser Space Plane Fully Assembled and Undergoing Pre-Launch Testing |url=https://www.extremetech.com/science/dream-chaser-space-plane-fully-assembled-and-undergoing-pre-launch-testing |website=Extreme Tech |access-date=January 24, 2026 |archive-date=January 11, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111151846/https://www.extremetech.com/science/dream-chaser-space-plane-fully-assembled-and-undergoing-pre-launch-testing |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Commercial Crew Program (2011–present) ====
{{Further|Commercial Crew Program}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:NASA Commercial Crew Program logo (cropped).svg|100px]]|border=no}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Crew Dragon at the ISS for Demo Mission 1 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Boeing's Starliner crew ship approaches the space station (iss067e066735) (cropped).jpg
| footer = The Crew Dragon (left) and Starliner (right) approaching the [[International Space Station|ISS]] on their respective missions
}}

The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides [[Private spaceflight|commercially operated]] [[human spaceflight|crew transportation service]] to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the [[List of International Space Station expeditions|expeditions]] of the [[International Space Station program]]. American [[space industry|space manufacturer]] [[SpaceX]] began providing service in 2020, using the [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] spacecraft,<ref>{{Cite press release |last1=Schierholz |first1=Stephanie |last2=Martin |first2=Stephanie |date=September 16, 2014 |title=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-u-s-astronauts-to-international-space-station/ |id=14-256 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112220221/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-u-s-astronauts-to-international-space-station/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]]'s [[Boeing Starliner|Starliner]] spacecraft provided service in 2024. It was on contract for 6 missions, but after the first mission nearly ended in disaster and left the two astronauts stranded on the ISS for six months, NASA froze its contract with Boeing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/boeing-crew-flight-test/2024/05/06/nasas-boeing-crew-flight-test-atlas-v-fueling-underway/ |title=NASA's Boeing Crew Flight Test: Atlas V Fueling Underway – NASA's Boeing Crew Flight Test |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507014451/https://blogs.nasa.gov/boeing-crew-flight-test/2024/05/06/nasas-boeing-crew-flight-test-atlas-v-fueling-underway/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-starliner-cft |title=Atlas V Starliner CFT |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606000306/https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-starliner-cft |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Costa |first1=Jason |title=NASA, Boeing Provide Update on Starliner Crew Flight Test |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/boeing-crew-flight-test/2023/08/08/nasa-boeing-provide-update-on-starliner-crew-flight-test/ |website=NASA Blogs |publisher=NASA |access-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813181132/https://blogs.nasa.gov/boeing-crew-flight-test/2023/08/08/nasa-boeing-provide-update-on-starliner-crew-flight-test/ |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |date=August 8, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabie |first=Passant |date=2024-10-17 |title=NASA Freezes Starliner Missions After Boeing Leaves Astronauts Stranded |url=https://gizmodo.com/nasa-freezes-starliner-missions-after-boeing-leaves-astronauts-stranded-2000512963 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA has contracted for six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for ISS through 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 1, 2022 |title="NASA and SpaceX finalize extension of commercial crew contract" |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-spacex-finalize-extension-of-commercial-crew-contract/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240120215421/https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-spacex-finalize-extension-of-commercial-crew-contract/ |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The spacecraft are owned and operated by the vendor, and crew transportation is provided to NASA as a commercial service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Crew Program Overview {{!}} Spaceline |url=https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/commercial-crew-program-overview/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Each mission sends up to four astronauts to the ISS, with an option for a fifth passenger available. Operational flights occur approximately once every six months for missions that last for approximately six months. A spacecraft remains docked to the ISS during its mission, and missions usually overlap by at least a few days. Between the retirement of the [[Space Shuttle]] in 2011 and the first operational CCP mission in 2020, NASA relied on the [[Soyuz program]] to transport its astronauts to the ISS.

A Crew Dragon spacecraft is launched to space atop a [[Falcon 9 Block 5]] launch vehicle and the capsule returns to Earth via [[splashdown]] in the ocean near Florida. The program's first operational mission, [[SpaceX Crew-1]], launched on November 16, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haskell |first=Matt |date=November 16, 2020 |title=SpaceX Successfully Launches First Operational Crewed Mission |work=spaceflightinsider.com |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/spacex-successfully-launches-first-operational-crewed-mission/ |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002171237/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/spacex-successfully-launches-first-operational-crewed-mission/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boeing Starliner]] operational flights will now commence with [[Boeing Starliner-1]] which will launched atop an [[Atlas V]] N22 launch vehicle. Instead of a splashdown, Starliner capsules return on land with [[airbag]]s at one of four designated sites in the western US.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Starliner concludes OFT-2 test flight with landing in New Mexico |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/starliner-concludes-oft-2-test-flight-with-landing-in-new-mexico/ |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240120215623/https://spacenews.com/starliner-concludes-oft-2-test-flight-with-landing-in-new-mexico/ |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Artemis (2017–present) ====
{{Further|Artemis program}}
{{Image frame|align=left|width=120|content=[[File:Artemis program (solid contrast with wordmark).svg|100px|alt=An arrowhead combined with a depiction of a trans-lunar injection trajectory forms an "A", with an "Artemis" wordmark printed underneath]]|border=no}}
[[File:Launch of Artemis 1 (NHQ202211160002) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Launch of [[Artemis I]]]]

Since 2017, NASA's [[List of human spaceflight programs|crewed spaceflight program]] has been the [[Artemis program]], which involves the help of US [[Private spaceflight|commercial spaceflight companies]] and international partners such as [[European Space Agency|ESA]], [[JAXA]], and [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]].<ref name="NASA">{{Cite web |title=NASA: Moon to Mars |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805055135/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=NASA}}</ref> Artemis would be the first step towards the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to [[Mars]].

The [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] Crew Exploration Vehicle was held over from the canceled Constellation program for Artemis. [[Artemis I]] was the uncrewed initial launch of [[Space Launch System]] (SLS) that would also send an Orion spacecraft on a [[Distant Retrograde Orbit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Hopeful for launch next year, NASA aims to resume SLS operations within weeks |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/01/hopeful-for-launch-next-year-nasa-aims-to-resume-sls-operations-within-weeks/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913103626/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/01/hopeful-for-launch-next-year-nasa-aims-to-resume-sls-operations-within-weeks/ |archive-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>

The first step toward returning astronauts to the Moon will be [[Artemis II]], expected to launch no earlier than April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemis II - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 22, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122071745/https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NASA" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2024-01-09 |title=NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> This 10-day mission is planned to briefly place a crew of four into a [[free-return trajectory|lunar flyby]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=February 23, 2012 |title=Acronyms to Ascent – SLS managers create development milestone roadmap |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/acronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430013811/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/acronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap/ |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=April 29, 2012 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> [[Artemis III]], planned for mid-2027, was originally planned to conduct the first crewed lunar landing since [[Apollo 17]]; in February 2026, the mission was changed to a [[low Earth orbit]] docking test of Orion. The landing was pushed to [[Artemis IV]], planned for early 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Cheryl |date=March 3, 2026 |title=NASA Strengthens Artemis: Adds Mission, Refines Overall Architecture |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/esdmd/nasa-strengthens-artemis-adds-mission-refines-overall-architecture/ |access-date=March 3, 2026 |website=NASA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=March 23, 2022 |title=NASA Provides Update to Astronaut Moon Lander Plans Under Artemis |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-provides-update-to-astronaut-moon-lander-plans-under-artemis |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=NASA}}</ref>

In support of the Artemis missions, NASA has been funding private companies to land robotic probes on the lunar surface in a program known as the [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]]. As of March 2022, NASA has awarded contracts for robotic lunar probes to companies such as [[Intuitive Machines]], [[Firefly Space Systems]], and [[Astrobotic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=November 18, 2021 |title=NASA selects Intuitive Machines for CLPS lunar landing mission |publisher=SpaceNews |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-for-clps-lunar-landing-mission/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052905/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-for-clps-lunar-landing-mission/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022}}</ref>

On April 16, 2021, NASA announced they had selected the [[Starship HLS|SpaceX Lunar Starship]] as its Human Landing System. The agency's Space Launch System rocket will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft for their multi-day journey to lunar orbit where they will transfer to SpaceX's Starship for the final leg of their journey to the surface of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2021 |title=As Artemis Moves Forward, NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221751/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon/ |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2021 |website=NASA}}</ref>

Until 2026, NASA additionally planned the construction of the [[Lunar Gateway]], a small space station in [[lunar orbit]] designed primarily for non-continuous human habitation.<ref>Whitwam, Ryan. [https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/277788-nasa-sets-new-roadmap-for-moon-base-crewed-missions-to-mars NASA Sets New Roadmap for Moon Base, Crewed Missions to Mars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022433/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/277788-nasa-sets-new-roadmap-for-moon-base-crewed-missions-to-mars |date=November 27, 2018}} Extreme Tech, September 27, 2018. Accessed November 26, 2018.</ref> In March 2026, NASA canceled the project in favor of a [[Moonbase|lunar base]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA plans moon base instead of orbital lunar station |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nasa-plans-moon-base-instead-of-orbital-lunar-station/a-76510267 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, NASA was directed by the congressional NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 to get humans to Mars-orbit (or to the Martian surface) by the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=US Government Issues NASA Demand, 'Get Humans to Mars By 2033' |url=https://futurism.com/us-government-issues-nasa-demand-get-humans-to-mars-by-2033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082516/https://futurism.com/us-government-issues-nasa-demand-get-humans-to-mars-by-2033/ |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2017 |title=Trump Signs NASA Authorization act of 2017 |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/nasa/trump-signs-nasa-transition-authorization-act-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055748/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/nasa/trump-signs-nasa-transition-authorization-act-2017/ |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |publisher=Spaceflight Insider}}</ref>

==== Commercial LEO Development (2021–present) ====
{{further|Commercial LEO Destinations program}}
The Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations program is an initiative by NASA to support work on commercial space stations that the agency hopes to have in place by the end of the current decade to replace the "International Space Station". The three selected companies are: [[Blue Origin]] (et al.) with their [[Orbital Reef]] station concept, [[Nanoracks]] (et al.) with their [[Starlab Space Station]] concept, and [[Northrop Grumman]] with a station concept based on the HALO-module for the Gateway station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2021 |title=NASA awards funding to three commercial space station concepts |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-awards-funding-to-three-commercial-space-station-concepts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052906/https://spacenews.com/nasa-awards-funding-to-three-commercial-space-station-concepts/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2021 |website=spacenews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Robotic exploration ===
{{Further|List of NASA missions|List of uncrewed NASA missions}}
[[File:NASA 60th- What’s Out There.webm|thumb|Video of many of the uncrewed missions used to explore the outer reaches of space]]

NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its history. More than 1,000 uncrewed missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the Solar System.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch History (Cumulative) |url=https://history.nasa.gov/pocketstats/sect%20B/Launch%20Hist.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019231919/http://history.nasa.gov/pocketstats/sect%20B/Launch%20Hist.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |access-date=September 30, 2011 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

==== Mission selection process ====
NASA executes a mission development framework to plan, select, develop, and operate robotic missions. This framework defines cost, schedule and technical risk parameters to enable competitive selection of missions involving mission candidates that have been developed by principal investigators and their teams from across NASA, the broader US Government research and development stakeholders, and industry. The mission development construct is defined by four umbrella programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advancing Scientific Discovery: Assessing the Status of NASA's Science Mission Directorate |url=https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116877/documents/HHRG-118-SY16-20240321-SD001.pdf |publisher=Committee on Science, Space and Technology |access-date=January 24, 2026 |archive-date=January 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114171043/https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116877/documents/HHRG-118-SY16-20240321-SD001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Explorer program =====
{{Main|Explorers Program}}
The Explorer program derives its origin from the earliest days of the US Space program. In current form, the program consists of three classes of systems: Small, Medium, and University-Class Explorers missions. The NASA Explorer program office provides frequent flight opportunities for moderate cost innovative solutions from the heliophysics and astrophysics science areas. The Small Explorer missions are required to limit cost to NASA to below $150M (2022 dollars). Medium class explorer missions have typically involved NASA cost caps of $350M. The Explorer program office is based at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Explorers Program |url=https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |access-date=October 10, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=September 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902230101/http://gems.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Discovery program =====
{{Main|Discovery Program}}
The NASA Discovery program develops and delivers robotic spacecraft solutions in the planetary science domain. Discovery enables scientists and engineers to assemble a team to deliver a solution against a defined set of objectives and competitively bid that solution against other candidate programs. Cost caps vary but recent mission selection processes were accomplished using a $500M cost cap for NASA. The Planetary Mission Program Office is based at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and manages both the Discovery and New Frontiers missions. The office is part of the Science Mission Directorate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Discovery Program |url=https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/discovery.html |access-date=October 10, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012215048/https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/discovery.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson announced on June 2, 2021, that the ''[[DAVINCI]]+'' and ''[[VERITAS (spacecraft)|VERITAS]]'' missions were selected to launch to Venus in the late 2020s, having beat out competing proposals for missions to Jupiter's volcanic moon Io and Neptune's large moon [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] that were also selected as Discovery program finalists in early 2020. Each mission has an estimated cost of $500 million, with launches expected between 2028 and 2030. Launch contracts will be awarded later in each mission's development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=June 2, 2021 |title=NASA selects two Venus missions for Discovery program |publisher=Space News |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-two-venus-missions-for-discovery-program/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218201805/https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-two-venus-missions-for-discovery-program/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===== New Frontiers program =====
{{Further|New Frontiers program}}
The New Frontiers program focuses on specific [[Solar System]] exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Primary objectives include Solar System exploration employing medium class spacecraft missions to conduct high-science-return investigations. New Frontiers builds on the development approach employed by the Discovery program but provides for higher cost caps and schedule durations than are available with Discovery. Cost caps vary by opportunity; recent missions have been awarded based on a defined cap of $1 billion. The higher cost cap and projected longer mission durations result in a lower frequency of new opportunities for the program – typically one every several years. ''[[OSIRIS-REx]]'' and ''[[New Horizons]]'' are examples of New Frontiers missions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2021 |title=New Frontiers Program |url=https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/newfrontiers.html |access-date=October 10, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163630/https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/newfrontiers.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA has determined that the next opportunity to propose for the fifth round of New Frontiers missions will occur no later than the fall of 2024. Missions in NASA's New Frontiers Program tackle specific Solar System exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Exploring the Solar System with medium-class spacecraft missions that conduct high-science-return investigations is NASA's strategy to further understand the Solar System.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NASA Moves New Frontiers 5 Mission Selection to No Earlier Than 2024 |publisher=Sci Tech Daily |url=https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-moves-new-frontiers-5-mission-selection-to-no-earlier-than-2024/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014041211/https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-moves-new-frontiers-5-mission-selection-to-no-earlier-than-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Large strategic missions =====
{{Further|Large strategic science missions}}
Large strategic missions (formerly called Flagship missions) are strategic missions that are typically developed and managed by large teams that may span several NASA centers. The individual missions become the program as opposed to being part of a larger effort (see Discovery, New Frontiers, etc.). The [[James Webb Space Telescope]] is a strategic mission that was developed over a period of more than 20 years. Strategic missions are developed on an ad-hoc basis as program objectives and priorities are established. Missions like Voyager, had they been developed today, would have been strategic missions. Three of the Great Observatories were strategic missions (the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], the [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]], and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]). ''[[Europa Clipper]]'' is the next large strategic mission in development by NASA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=William |date=2016-10-13 |title=NASA's 'Large Strategic' Science Missions Under the Microscope |url=https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=AIP |language=en |archive-date=March 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305000118/https://ww2.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Planetary science missions ====
[[File:Curiosity Self-Portrait at 'Big Sky' Drilling Site.jpg|thumb|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' on the surface of Mars]]
NASA continues to play a material role in exploration of the Solar System as it has for decades. Ongoing missions have current science objectives with respect to more than five extraterrestrial bodies within the Solar System – Moon ([[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]), Mars (''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover), Jupiter (''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]''), asteroid [[101955 Bennu|Bennu]] (''[[OSIRIS-REx]]''), and Kuiper Belt Objects (''[[New Horizons]]''). The ''Juno'' extended mission will make multiple flybys of the Jovian moon Io in 2023 and 2024 after flybys of [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] in 2021 and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] in 2022. ''[[Voyager 1]]'' and ''[[Voyager 2]]'' continue to provide science data back to Earth while continuing on their outward journeys into interstellar space.

On November 26, 2011, NASA's [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission was successfully launched for Mars. The ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NASA Staff |date=November 26, 2011 |title=Mars Science Laboratory |url=https://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127020258/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ |archive-date=November 27, 2011 |access-date=November 26, 2011 |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 2011 |title=NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go!' |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html |access-date=November 26, 2011 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509124705/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kenneth Chang |date=August 6, 2012 |title=Curiosity Rover Lands Safely on Mars |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/science/space/curiosity-rover-lands-safely-on-mars.html?hp |url-status=live |access-date=August 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806142116/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/science/space/curiosity-rover-lands-safely-on-mars.html?hp |archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>

In September 2014, NASA's ''[[MAVEN]]'' spacecraft, which is part of the [[Mars Scout Program]], successfully entered Mars orbit and, as of October 2022, continues its study of the [[atmosphere of Mars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=September 15, 2008 |title=NASA Selects 'MAVEN' Mission to Study Mars Atmosphere |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/maven_20080915.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619181039/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/maven_20080915.html |archive-date=June 19, 2009 |access-date=July 15, 2009 |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 21, 2014 |title=Success! NASA's Maven Probe Goes Into Orbit Around Mars |publisher=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/success-nasas-maven-probe-goes-orbit-around-mars-n208371 |access-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-date=October 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018050233/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/success-nasas-maven-probe-goes-orbit-around-mars-n208371 |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA's ongoing Mars investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars by the ''Perseverance'' rover.

NASA's ''[[Europa Clipper]]'', launched in October 2024, will study the Galilean moon Europa through a series of flybys while in orbit around Jupiter. ''[[Dragonfly (Titan space probe)|Dragonfly]]'' will send a mobile robotic [[rotorcraft]] to Saturn's biggest moon, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Dragonfly: Titan Rotorcraft Lander |url=http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/ |access-date=September 20, 2017 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920093208/http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As of May 2021, ''Dragonfly'' is scheduled for launch in June 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2021 |title=NASA New Frontiers 5: Third Community Announcement |url=https://spaceref.com/status-report/nasa-new-frontiers-5-third-community-announcement/ |access-date=May 14, 2021 |website=NASA [[Science Mission Directorate]] |via=SpaceRef}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 25, 2020 |title=NASA delays Dragonfly launch by a year |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-dragonfly-launch-by-a-year/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |access-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319065932/https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-dragonfly-launch-by-a-year/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Astrophysics missions ====
[[File:AstroFleetPoster 062022 print.jpg|thumb|NASA astrophysics spacecraft fleet, credit [[Goddard Space Flight Center|NASA GSFC]], 2022]]

The NASA Science Mission Directorate Astrophysics division manages the agency's astrophysics science portfolio. NASA has invested significant resources in the development, delivery, and operations of various forms of space telescopes. These telescopes have provided the means to study the cosmos over a large range of the electromagnetic spectrum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Astrophysics |date=July 21, 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025547/https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Great Observatories that were launched in the 1980s and 1990s have provided a wealth of observations for study by physicists across the planet. The first of them, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], was delivered to orbit in 1990 and continues to function, in part due to prior servicing missions performed by the Space Shuttle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2022 |title=About – The Hubble Story |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/about-the-hubble-story |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010002442/https://www.nasa.gov/content/about-the-hubble-story/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2022 |title=About-Hubble Servicing Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/index.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014032509/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The other remaining active great observatories include the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] (CXO), launched by [[STS-93]] in July 1999 and is now in a 64-hour [[elliptical orbit]] studying X-ray sources that are not readily viewable from terrestrial observatories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=June 15, 2018 |title=Chandra Space Telescope: Revealing the Invisible Universe |publisher=space.com |url=https://www.space.com/18669-chandra-x-ray-observatory.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025552/https://www.space.com/18669-chandra-x-ray-observatory.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chandra artist illustration.jpg|thumb|[[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] (rendering), 2015]]
The [[Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer]] (IXPE) is a space observatory designed to improve the understanding of X-ray production in objects such as neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae, as well as stellar and supermassive black holes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Mitzi |date=June 16, 2022 |title=IXPE Home: Expanding the X-ray View of the Universe |url=https://ixpe.msfc.nasa.gov/ |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930205532/https://ixpe.msfc.nasa.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref> IXPE launched in December 2021 and is an international collaboration between NASA and the [[Italian Space Agency]] (ASI). It is part of the NASA Small Explorers program, which designs low-cost spacecraft to study heliophysics and astrophysics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=DeLee |date=October 7, 2022 |title=Small Explorers (SMEX) Missions in Development |url=https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025553/https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory]] was launched in November 2004 and is a gamma-ray burst observatory that also monitors the afterglow in X-ray, and UV/Visible light at the location of a burst.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=July 30, 2018 |title=Swift Observatory: Scanning the Sky for Gamma-ray Bursts |publisher=space.com |url=https://www.space.com/41328-swift-observatory.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025537/https://www.space.com/41328-swift-observatory.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The mission was developed in a joint partnership between [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] (GSFC) and an international consortium from the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy. [[Pennsylvania State University]] operates the mission as part of NASA's Medium Explorer program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sci Fact Sheet |url=https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_swift/Sci_Fact_Sheet.pdf |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202194248/https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_swift/Sci_Fact_Sheet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope]] (FGST) is another gamma-ray focused space observatory that was launched to [[low Earth orbit]] in June 2008 and is being used to perform [[gamma-ray astronomy]] observations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FGST: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope |url=http://fgst.slac.stanford.edu/ |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=Stanford University |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207174345/https://fgst.slac.stanford.edu/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to NASA, the mission involves the [[US Department of Energy]], and government agencies in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Astro-Particle Physics Partnership Exploring the High Energy Universe – List of funders |url=http://www-glast.stanford.edu/ |access-date=August 9, 2007 |publisher=SLAC |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050838/http://www-glast.stanford.edu/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[James Webb Space Telescope]] (JWST), launched in December 2021 on an [[Ariane 5]] rocket, operates in a [[halo orbit]] circling the Sun-Earth {{L2}} point.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pinoi |first1=Natasha |last2=Fiser |first2=Alise |last3=Betz |first3=Laura |date=December 27, 2021 |title=NASA's Webb Telescope Launches to See First Galaxies, Distant Worlds |work=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-webb-telescope-launches-to-see-first-galaxies-distant-worlds |url-status=live |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412131658/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-webb-telescope-launches-to-see-first-galaxies-distant-worlds/ |archive-date=April 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Webb Orbit |url=https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/orbit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520073745/https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/orbit.html |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Telescope reaches its final destination a million miles from Earth |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/world/james-webb-space-telescope-orbit-scn/index.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008025552/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/24/world/james-webb-space-telescope-orbit-scn/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> JWST's high sensitivity in the infrared spectrum and its imaging resolution will allow it to view more distant, faint, or older objects than its predecessors, including Hubble.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Keith |date=July 28, 2022 |title=James Webb Space Telescope beats its own record with potential most distant galaxies |publisher=space.com |url=https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-new-most-distant-galaxies |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174049/https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-new-most-distant-galaxies |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Earth Sciences Program missions (1965–present) ====
{{Further|NASA Earth Science}}
[[File:NASA Earth Science Division Operating Missions.jpg|thumb|Schematic of NASA Earth Science Division operating satellite missions as of February 2015]]

NASA Earth Science is a large, umbrella program comprising a range of terrestrial and space-based collection systems in order to better understand the Earth system and its response to natural and human-caused changes. Numerous systems have been developed and fielded over several decades to provide improved prediction for weather, climate, and other changes in the natural environment. Several of the current operating spacecraft programs include: [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Aqua satellite provides 20 years of weather and environmental observations |publisher=European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |url=https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/aqua-satellite-provides-20-years-weather-and-environmental |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215146/https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/aqua-satellite-provides-20-years-weather-and-environmental |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aura (satellite)|Aura]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Online – Aura |url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/aura |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=European Space Agency |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215137/https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/aura |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2]] (OCO-2),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful Launch: the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) |url=https://ceos.org/home-2/oco-2-launch-space-co2/ |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=Committee on Earth Observation Satellites |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215138/https://ceos.org/home-2/oco-2-launch-space-co2/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[GRACE and GRACE-FO#GRACE Follow-On|Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE FO)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRACE FO Fact Sheet |url=https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/38/grace-fo-fact-sheet/ |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215137/https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/resources/38/grace-fo-fact-sheet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[ICESat-2|Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Rob |date=May 21, 2019 |title=About ICESat-2 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/about-icesat-2 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014063102/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/about-icesat-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to systems already in orbit, NASA is designing a new set of Earth Observing Systems to study, assess, and generate responses for climate change, natural hazards, forest fires, and real-time agricultural processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth System Observatory, Addressing, Mitigating Climate Change |date=June 3, 2021 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/earth-system-observatory |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215135/https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/earth-system-observatory |url-status=live}}</ref> The GOES-T satellite (designated [[GOES-18]] after launch) joined the fleet of US geostationary weather monitoring satellites in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Atlas 5 launches GOES-T weather satellite |publisher=Space News |url=https://spacenews.com/atlas-5-launches-goes-t-weather-satellite/ |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085306/https://spacenews.com/atlas-5-launches-goes-t-weather-satellite/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA also maintains the Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) program to oversee the life cycle of NASA's Earth science data – from acquisition through processing and distribution. The primary goal of ESDS is to maximize the scientific return from NASA's missions and experiments for research and applied scientists, decision makers, and society at large.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) Program |publisher=nasa.gov |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/esds |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008014936/https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/esds |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Earth Science program is managed by the Earth Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate.

=== Space operations architecture ===
NASA invests in various ground and space-based infrastructures to support its science and exploration mandate. The agency maintains access to suborbital and orbital space launch capabilities and sustains ground station solutions to support its evolving fleet of spacecraft and remote systems.

==== Deep Space Network (1963–present) ====
{{Further|NASA Deep Space Network}}
The ''NASA Deep Space Network'' (''DSN'') serves as the primary ground station solution for NASA's interplanetary spacecraft and select Earth-orbiting missions.<ref name="nasa.gov-2020">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2020 |title=What is the Deep Space Network? |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002064313/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/deep_space_network/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The system employs ground station complexes near Barstow, California, in Spain near Madrid, and in Australia near Canberra. The placement of these ground stations approximately 120 degrees apart around the planet provides the ability for communications to spacecraft throughout the [[Solar System]] even as the Earth rotates about its axis on a daily basis. The system is controlled at a 24x7 operations center at JPL in Pasadena, California, which manages recurring communications linkages with up to 40 spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dickinson |first=David |date=September 6, 2021 |title=NASA's Deep Space Network Upgraded |publisher=Sky and Telescope |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/nasas-deep-space-network-upgraded/ |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008041427/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/nasas-deep-space-network-upgraded/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The system is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<ref name="nasa.gov-2020" />

==== Near Space Network (1983–present) ====
{{Further|Near Earth Network|Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System}}
[[File:Ground stations of the Near Earth Network (NASA) 2021.png|thumb|Near Earth Network Ground Stations, 2021]]

The Near Space Network (NSN) provides telemetry, commanding, ground-based tracking, data and communications services to a wide range of customers with satellites in low earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), highly elliptical orbits (HEO), and lunar orbits. The NSN accumulates ground station and antenna assets from the Near-Earth Network and the ''[[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System]]'' (''TDRS'') which operates in geosynchronous orbit providing continuous real-time coverage for launch vehicles and low earth orbit NASA missions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2021 |title=What is the Near Space Network? |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/near_space_network/about |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003030315/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/near_space_network/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The NSN consists of 19 ground stations worldwide operated by the US Government and by contractors including Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), and South African National Space Agency (SANSA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2021 |title=Where Are The NSN Complexes Located? |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/near_space_network/complexes |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012142501/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/services/networks/near_space_network/complexes/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ground network averages between 120 and 150 spacecraft contacts a day with TDRS engaging with systems on a near-continuous basis as needed; the system is managed and operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Near Earth Network Overview |url=https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/NEN |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010172042/https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/NEN/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sounding Rocket Program (1959–present) ====
{{Further|NASA Sounding Rocket Program}}
[[File:Daytime Dynamo Rocket Launch (9218456164).jpg|thumb|NASA [[sounding rocket]] launch from the [[Wallops Flight Facility]]]]

The ''NASA Sounding Rocket Program'' (''NSRP'') is located at the [[Wallops Flight Facility]] and provides launch capability, payload development and integration, and field operations support to execute suborbital missions.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web |title=Sounding Rockets Program Office |url=https://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/about.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112135910/https://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/about.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The program has been in operation since 1959 and is managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center using a combined US Government and contractor team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2016 |title=NASA Awards Sounding Rocket Operations Contract |publisher=nasa.gov |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-sounding-rocket-operations-contract |access-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013012103/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-sounding-rocket-operations-contract/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The NSRP team conducts approximately 20 missions per year from both Wallops and other launch locations worldwide to allow scientists to collect data "where it occurs". The program supports the strategic vision of the Science Mission Directorate collecting important scientific data for earth science, heliophysics, and astrophysics programs.<ref name="nasa.gov" />

In June 2022, NASA conducted its first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US. It launched a [[Black Brant IX]] from the [[Arnhem Space Centre]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrick |first=Matt |date=July 13, 2022 |title=NASA's inaugural Northern Territory mission is over, but hopes for a space industry boom remain |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-13/arnhem-land-rockets-nasa-future/101230196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714015439/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-13/arnhem-land-rockets-nasa-future/101230196 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=July 14, 2022 |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>

==== Launch Services Program (1990–present) ====
{{Further|NASA Launch Services Program}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Launch Services Program logo.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

The NASA Launch Services Program (LSP) is responsible for procurement of launch services for NASA uncrewed missions and oversight of launch integration and launch preparation activity, providing added quality and mission assurance to meet program objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2018 |title=LSP Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/lsp-overview |access-date=September 9, 2022 |website=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003071204/https://www.nasa.gov/content/lsp-overview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1990, NASA has purchased [[expendable launch system|expendable launch vehicle launch services]] directly from commercial providers, whenever possible, for its scientific and applications missions. Expendable launch vehicles can accommodate all types of orbit inclinations and altitudes and are ideal vehicles for launching Earth-orbit and interplanetary missions. LSP operates from Kennedy Space Center and falls under the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate (SOMD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch Services Program |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lsp_fact_sheet.pdf |access-date=October 1, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004023747/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lsp_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2022 |title=Space Operations Mission Directorate |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/space-operations-mission-directorate |access-date=September 9, 2022 |website=nasa.gov |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011923/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/space-operations-mission-directorate/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aeronautics Research ===
{{Further|NASA research|Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate}}
The ''Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate'' (''ARMD'') is one of five mission [[wikt:directorate|directorates]] within NASA, the other four being the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, the Space Operations Mission Directorate, the [[Science Mission Directorate]], and the Space Technology Mission Directorate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 22, 2021 |title=NASA splits human spaceflight directorate into two organizations |work=Space News |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-splits-human-spaceflight-directorate-into-two-organizations/ |access-date=September 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085432/https://spacenews.com/nasa-splits-human-spaceflight-directorate-into-two-organizations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ARMD is responsible for NASA's [[aeronautics|aeronautical]] research, which benefits the [[commercial aviation|commercial]], [[military aviation|military]], and [[general aviation]] sectors. ARMD performs its aeronautics research at four NASA facilities: [[Ames Research Center]] and [[Armstrong Flight Research Center]] in California, [[Glenn Research Center]] in Ohio, and [[Langley Research Center]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/about_us.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034540/http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/about_us.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2016 |website=Nasa.gov |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

==== NASA X-57 Maxwell aircraft (2016–present) ====
{{Further|NASA X-57 Maxwell}}
The ''NASA X-57 Maxwell'' is an experimental aircraft being developed by NASA to demonstrate the technologies required to deliver a highly efficient all-electric aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2018 |title=NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: NASA X-57 Maxwell |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-109.html |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030321/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-109.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The primary goal of the program is to develop and deliver all-electric technology solutions that can also achieve airworthiness certification with regulators. The program involves development of the system in several phases, or modifications, to incrementally grow the capability and operability of the system. The initial configuration of the aircraft has now completed ground testing as it approaches its first flights. In mid-2022, the X-57 was scheduled to fly before the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Chris |date=May 3, 2022 |title=NASA takes a huge step closer to crewed flight tests for its all-electric X-57 Maxwell |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nasa-takes-a-huge-step-closer-to-crewed-flight-tests-for-its-all-electric-x-57-maxwell |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=Interesting Engineer |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030325/https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nasa-takes-a-huge-step-closer-to-crewed-flight-tests-for-its-all-electric-x-57-maxwell |url-status=live}}</ref> The development team includes staff from the NASA Armstrong, Glenn, and Langley centers along with a number of industry partners from the US and Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=X-57: Who's on the team? |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/X57/who-is-on-the-team.html#meet-the-team |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030323/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/X57/who-is-on-the-team.html#meet-the-team |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Next Generation Air Transportation System (2007–present) ====
{{Further|Next Generation Air Transportation System}}

NASA is collaborating with the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and industry stakeholders to modernize the US [[National Airspace System]] (NAS). Efforts began in 2007 with a goal to deliver major modernization components by 2025.<ref name="faa.gov">{{Cite web |title=NextGen Annual Report Fiscal Year 2020 |url=https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-06/NextGenAnnualReport-FiscalYear2020.pdf |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=faa.gov |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806043627/https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-06/NextGenAnnualReport-FiscalYear2020.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The modernization effort intends to increase the safety, efficiency, capacity, access, flexibility, predictability, and resilience of the NAS while reducing the [[environmental impact of aviation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) |url=https://www.faa.gov/nextgen |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=faa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008162246/https://www.faa.gov/nextgen |url-status=live}}</ref> The Aviation Systems Division of NASA Ames operates the joint NASA/FAA North Texas Research Station. The station supports all phases of NextGen research, from concept development to prototype system field evaluation. This facility has already transitioned advanced NextGen concepts and technologies to use through technology transfers to the FAA.<ref name="faa.gov" /> NASA contributions also include development of advanced automation concepts and tools that provide air traffic controllers, pilots, and other airspace users with more accurate real-time information about the nation's traffic flow, weather, and routing. Ames' advanced airspace modeling and simulation tools have been used extensively to model the flow of air traffic flow across the US, and to evaluate new concepts in airspace design, traffic flow management, and optimization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colen |first=Jerry |date=August 3, 2017 |title=Areas of Ames Ingenuity: Next Generation Air Transportation |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/area-nextgen.html |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008162247/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/area-nextgen.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Technology research ===
{{for|technologies funded or otherwise supported by NASA|NASA spinoff technologies}}

==== Nuclear in-space power and propulsion (ongoing) ====
NASA has made use of technologies such as the [[multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator]] (MMRTG), which is a type of [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]] used to power spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2011 |title=Radioisotope Power Systems for Space Exploration |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/radioisotope-power-systems.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001229/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/radioisotope-power-systems.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=March 13, 2015 |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> Shortages of the required [[plutonium-238]] have curtailed deep space missions since the turn of the millennium.<ref name="New Horizons II Final Report">{{Cite web |title=New Horizons II Final Report – March 2005 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/nh2_final_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112004912/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/nh2_final_report.pdf |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> An example of a spacecraft that was not developed because of a shortage of this material was ''[[New Horizons 2]]''.<ref name="New Horizons II Final Report" />

In July 2021, NASA announced contract awards for development of [[Nuclear thermal rocket|nuclear thermal propulsion]] reactors. Three contractors will develop individual designs over 12 months for later evaluation by NASA and the [[United States Department of Energy|US Department of Energy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |date=July 13, 2021 |title=NASA Announces Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Reactor Concept Awards |work=nasa.gov |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-nuclear-thermal-propulsion-reactor-concept-awards/ |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906021944/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-nuclear-thermal-propulsion-reactor-concept-awards/ |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA's space nuclear technologies portfolio are led and funded by its Space Technology Mission Directorate.

In January 2023, NASA announced a partnership with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA]]) on the [[Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations]] (DRACO) program to demonstrate a NTR engine in space, an enabling capability for NASA missions to Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2023 |title=NASA, DARPA Will Test Nuclear Engine for Future Mars Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-darpa-will-test-nuclear-engine-for-future-mars-missions |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=NASA.gov |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401201759/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-darpa-will-test-nuclear-engine-for-future-mars-missions/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, NASA and DARPA jointly announced the award of $499 million to Lockheed Martin to design and build an experimental NTR rocket to be launched in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Theresa |date=July 26, 2023 |title=DARPA, NASA tap Lockheed Martin to design, build DRACO nuclear rocket for deep space missions |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/07/darpa-nasa-tap-lockheed-martin-to-design-build-draco-nuclear-rocket-for-deep-space-missions/ |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085306/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/darpa-nasa-tap-lockheed-martin-to-design-build-draco-nuclear-rocket-for-deep-space-missions/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2025, Acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy issued a directive to fast-track plans for placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon to support the agency's Artemis program and maintain U.S. leadership in space exploration. The directive, prompted by concerns that China and Russia may deploy a joint lunar reactor by the mid-2030s, emphasizes the need for a 100-kilowatt system to power long-term lunar missions. Duffy warned that if another nation establishes a reactor first, it could create "keep-out zones" limiting U.S. access.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Skores |first1=Alexandra |last2=Wattles |first2=Jackie |title=NASA wants US to be the first nation to put nuclear reactor on the moon |website=[[CNN]] |date=August 5, 2025 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/05/politics/moon-nuclear-reactor-us-nasa |access-date=January 24, 2026 |archive-date=October 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003153701/https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/05/politics/moon-nuclear-reactor-us-nasa |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Other initiatives ====
''Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center'' (SEDAC), founded in 1994, "focuses on archiving and distributing data related to human interactions in the environment. SEDAC synthesizes Earth science and socioeconomic data and information" in [[Palisades, NY]],<ref name="earthdata.nasa.gov-2024">{{cite web |title=SEDAC |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/centers/sedac-daac |website=earthdata.nasa.gov |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=10 July 2025 |archive-date=October 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020191916/https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/centers/sedac-daac |url-status=live }}</ref> with partner ''Center for Integrated Earth System Information'', [[Columbia University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://ciesin.climate.columbia.edu/content/about-us |website=CIESIN |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=10 July 2025 |archive-date=October 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015182637/https://ciesin.climate.columbia.edu/content/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> SEDAC has extensive [[geospatial data]] holdings.<ref name="earthdata.nasa.gov-2024"/><ref>{{cite web |title=sedac |url=https://earthdata.nasa.gov/eosdis/daacs/sedac |website=earthdata |publisher=nasa.gov |access-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605194453/https://earthdata.nasa.gov/eosdis/daacs/sedac |archive-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref>

''Free Space Optics''. NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical ([[laser]]) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com [[Radio frequency|RF]] networks for satellite communications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyirady |first=Annamarie |date=April 25, 2019 |title=NASA Awards PathFinder Digital Free Space Optics Contract |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2019/04/25/nasa-awards-pathfinder-digital-free-space-optics-contract/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430111540/https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2019/04/25/nasa-awards-pathfinder-digital-free-space-optics-contract/ |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=Via Satellite}}</ref>

''Water Extraction from Lunar Soil''. On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new technologies for extracting water from the [[lunar soil]] and developing power systems. The idea will help the space agency conduct [[sustainable]] exploration of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Nasa moon mission asks US universities to develop technology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jul/29/nasa-moon-mission-asks-us-universities-design-technology |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803020936/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jul/29/nasa-moon-mission-asks-us-universities-design-technology |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 2024, NASA was tasked by the [[Federal government of the United States|US Government]] to create a [[Time standard]] for the [[Moon]]. The standard is to be called [[Coordinated Lunar Time]] and is expected to be finalized in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramirez-Simon |first=Diana |date=2024-04-03 |title=Moon Standard Time? Nasa to create lunar-centric time reference system |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/02/moon-nasa-coordinated-lunar-time |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=April 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403014614/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/02/moon-nasa-coordinated-lunar-time |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Human Spaceflight Research (2005–present) ===
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Human Research Program logo.png|100px]]|border=no}}
[[File:Cristoforetti rHEALTH Sub5MB.jpg|thumb|SpaceX Crew-4 astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti operating the rHEALTH ONE on the [[International Space Station|ISS]] to address key health risks for space travel]]

NASA's [[Human Research Program]] (HRP) is designed to study the effects of space on human health and also to provide countermeasures and technologies for human space exploration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-08 |title=NASA Human Research Program |url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/funding-programs/opportunities-at-nasa/nasa-human-research-program.asp |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Canadian Space Agency |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909050912/https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/funding-programs/opportunities-at-nasa/nasa-human-research-program.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The medical effects of space exploration are reasonably limited in low Earth orbit or in travel to the Moon. Travel to Mars is significantly longer and deeper into space, significant medical issues can result. These include bone density loss, radiation exposure, vision changes, circadian rhythm disturbances, heart remodeling, and immune alterations. In order to study and diagnose these ill-effects, HRP has been tasked with identifying or developing small portable instrumentation with low mass, volume, and power to monitor the health of astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA 2023 Budget |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy23_nasa_budget_request_full_opt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611084217/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy23_nasa_budget_request_full_opt.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref> To achieve this aim, on May 13, 2022, NASA and [[SpaceX Crew-4]] astronauts successfully tested its rHEALTH ONE universal biomedical analyzer for its ability to identify and analyzer biomarkers, cells, microorganisms, and proteins in a spaceflight environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2022 |title=Crew 4 ISS Microgravity Experiments |work=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/crew-4-head-to-iss-microgravity-science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816140545/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/crew-4-head-to-iss-microgravity-science/ |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref>

=== Planetary Defense (2016–present) ===
{{Further|Planetary Defense Coordination Office|Near Earth Objects}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Planetary Defense Coordination Office seal.png|100px]]|border=no}}

NASA established the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) in 2016 to catalog and track potentially hazardous [[near-Earth object]]s (NEO), such as [[asteroid]]s and [[comet]]s and develop potential responses and defenses against these threats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Monica |date=January 13, 2016 |title=NASA Planetary Defense Office set up to save Earth |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/13/world/nasa-planetary-defense/index.html |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225020330/https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/13/world/nasa-planetary-defense/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The PDCO is chartered to provide timely and accurate information to the government and the public on close approaches by [[Potentially hazardous objects]] (PHOs) and any potential for impact. The office functions within the Science Mission Directorate [[Planetary Science Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2015 |title=Planetary Defense Coordination Office |url=https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/overview |access-date=January 14, 2016 |website=NASA |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728144830/https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/overview/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The PDCO augmented prior cooperative actions between the US, the [[European Union]], and other nations which had been scanning the sky for NEOs since 1998 in an effort called [[Spaceguard]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2004 |title=NASA on the Prowl for Near-Earth Objects |url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/near_earth052104.html |access-date=October 2, 2022 |publisher=NASA/JPL |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001195636/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/near_earth052104.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==== Near Earth object detection (1998–present) ====
From the 1990s NASA has run many NEO detection programs from Earth bases observatories, greatly increasing the number of objects that have been detected. Many asteroids are very dark and those near the Sun are much harder to detect from Earth-based telescopes which observe at night, and thus face away from the Sun. NEOs inside Earth orbit only reflect a part of light also rather than potentially a "full Moon" when they are behind the Earth and fully lit by the Sun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twenty Years of Tracking Near-Earth Objects |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/twenty-years-of-tracking-near-earth-objects |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |archive-date=January 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101171904/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/twenty-years-of-tracking-near-earth-objects/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1998, the US Congress gave NASA a mandate to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} diameter (that threaten global devastation) by 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark R. Chapman |date=May 21, 1998 |title=Statement on The Threat of Impact by Near-Earth Asteroids before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics of the Committee on Science of the U.S. House of Representatives at its hearings on "Asteroids: Perils and Opportunities" |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/hr.html |access-date=March 6, 2018 |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623160021/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/hr.html |url-status=live}}</ref> This initial mandate was met by 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2011 |title=WISE Revises Numbers of Asteroids Near Earth |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/gallery/neowise/pia14734.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205154449/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/gallery/neowise/pia14734.html |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=NASA/JPL}}</ref> In 2005, the original USA Spaceguard mandate was extended by the [[George E. Brown, Jr.]] Near-Earth Object Survey Act, which calls for NASA to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of {{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}} or greater, by 2020 (compare to the 20-meter [[Chelyabinsk meteor]] that hit Russia in 2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Law 109–155–DEC.30, 2005 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ155/pdf/PLAW-109publ155.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201223922/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ155/pdf/PLAW-109publ155.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2020|01}}, it is estimated that less than half of these have been found, but objects of this size hit the Earth only about once in 2,000 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leah Crane |date=January 25, 2020 |title=Inside the mission to stop killer asteroids from smashing into Earth |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532661-800-inside-the-mission-to-stop-killer-asteroids-from-smashing-into-earth/ |journal=New Scientist |access-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003040917/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532661-800-inside-the-mission-to-stop-killer-asteroids-from-smashing-into-earth/ |url-status=live}} See especially [https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/22111519/g_asteroids_realweb2.jpg?width=800 this figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164958/https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/22111519/g_asteroids_realweb2.jpg?width=800 |date=August 13, 2022 }}.</ref>

In January 2020, NASA officials estimated it would take 30 years to find all objects meeting the {{convert|140|m|ft|abbr=on}} size criteria, more than twice the timeframe that was built into the 2005 mandate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smtih |first=Marcia |title=NASA's New NEO Mission Will Substantially Reduce Time to Find Hazardous Asteroids |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids/ |date=January 19, 2020 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |publisher=SpacePolicyOnline.com |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075720/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, NASA authorized the development of the [[NEO Surveyor]] spacecraft to reduce that projected duration to achieve the mandate down to 10 years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |title=NASA to develop mission to search for near-Earth asteroids |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-develop-mission-to-search-for-near-earth-asteroids/ |date=September 23, 2019 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |publisher=Space News |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080917/https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-develop-mission-to-search-for-near-earth-asteroids/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Talbert |first=Tricia |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-approves-asteroid-hunting-space-telescope-to-continue-development |title=NASA Approves Asteroid Hunting Space Telescope to Continue Development |publisher=NASA |date=June 11, 2021 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930131330/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-approves-asteroid-hunting-space-telescope-to-continue-development/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==== Involvement in current robotic missions ====
NASA has incorporated planetary defense objectives into several ongoing missions.

In 1999, NASA visited [[433 Eros]] with the ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' spacecraft which entered its orbit in 2000, closely imaging the asteroid with various instruments at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/433-eros/in-depth |title=In Depth | 433 Eros |website=NASA Solar System Exploration |date=November 18, 2017 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=August 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820062013/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/433-eros/in-depth/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''NEAR Shoemaker'' became the first spacecraft to successfully orbit and land on an asteroid, improving our understanding of these bodies and demonstrating our capacity to study them in greater detail.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/near-shoemaker/in-depth/ |title=NEAR Shoemaker |publisher=NASA |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102752/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/near-shoemaker/in-depth/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[OSIRIS-REx]] used its suite of instruments to transmit radio tracking signals and capture optical images of [[101955 Bennu|Bennu]] during its study of the asteroid that will help NASA scientists determine its precise position in the solar system and its exact orbital path. As Bennu has the potential for recurring approaches to the Earth-Moon system in the next 100–200 years, the precision gained from OSIRIS-REx will enable scientists to better predict the future gravitational interactions between Bennu and our planet and resultant changes in Bennu's onward flight path.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx |url=https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex |website=NASA |access-date=December 25, 2021 |date=April 14, 2021 |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715120333/https://www.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planetary Defense: The Bennu Experiment |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/782/planetary-defense-the-bennu-experiment/ |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009035849/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/782/planetary-defense-the-bennu-experiment/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE/NEOWISE]] mission was launched by NASA JPL in 2009 as an infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope. In 2013, NASA repurposed it as the NEOWISE mission to find potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets; its mission has been extended into 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=WISE/NEOWISE |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/wise-neowise/in-depth/ |date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009035850/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/wise-neowise/in-depth/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Leonard |last=David |title=NASA's New Planetary Defense Office Gets to Work Protecting Earth |url=https://www.space.com/31770-nasa-planetary-defense-office-asteroid-threat.html |date=January 29, 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=space.com |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009035851/https://www.space.com/31770-nasa-planetary-defense-office-asteroid-threat.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA and [[Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory]] (JHAPL) jointly developed the first planetary defense purpose-built satellite, the [[Double Asteroid Redirection Test]] (DART) to test possible planetary defense concepts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Double Asteroid Redirection Test |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-110A |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124095623/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2021-110A |url-status=live}}</ref> DART was launched in November 2021 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 from California on a trajectory designed to impact the [[Dimorphos]] asteroid. Scientists were seeking to determine whether an impact could alter the subsequent path of the asteroid; a concept that could be applied to future planetary defense.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ashley |last=Strickland |title=NASA launches mission to crash into a near-Earth asteroid to try to change its motion in space |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/24/world/nasa-dart-asteroid-mission-launch-scn/index.html |date=November 24, 2021 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009035847/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/24/world/nasa-dart-asteroid-mission-launch-scn/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On September 26, 2022, DART hit its target. In the weeks following impact, NASA declared DART a success, confirming it had shortened Dimorphos' orbital period around Didymos by about 32 minutes, surpassing the pre-defined success threshold of 73 seconds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bardan |first=Roxana |date=October 11, 2022 |title=NASA Confirms DART Mission Impact Changed Asteroid's Motion in Space |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroid-s-motion-in-space/ |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211214441/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroid-s-motion-in-space/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=October 11, 2022 |title=The DART mission successfully changed the motion of an asteroid |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/11/world/nasa-dart-success-update-scn/index.html |access-date=December 12, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011183515/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/11/world/nasa-dart-success-update-scn/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[NEO Surveyor]], formerly called the Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) mission, is a space-based [[infrared telescope]] under development to survey the [[Solar System]] for [[potentially hazardous object|potentially hazardous asteroids]].<ref>[https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/ Finding Asteroids Before They Find Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129080112/https://neocam.ipac.caltech.edu/ |date=November 29, 2020 }} NEOCam Home site at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory – Caltech</ref> The spacecraft is scheduled to launch in 2026.

=== Study of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (2022–present) ===
In June 2022, the head of the NASA [[Science Mission Directorate]], [[Thomas Zurbuchen]], confirmed the start of [[NASA's UAP independent study team]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=NASA not shying away from reputational risk, launches study of UFOs |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nasa-not-shying-away-from-reputational-risk-launches-study-of-ufos/articleshow/92117584.cms |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610153505/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nasa-not-shying-away-from-reputational-risk-launches-study-of-ufos/articleshow/92117584.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> At a speech before the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, Zurbuchen said the space agency would bring a scientific perspective to efforts already underway by the Pentagon and intelligence agencies to make sense of dozens of such sightings. He said it was "high-risk, high-impact" research that the space agency should not shy away from, even if it is a controversial field of study.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NASA joins the hunt for UFOs |last=Davenport |first=Christian |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/09/nasa-ufo-uap-extraterrestrial-space/ |date=June 9, 2022 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630161033/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/09/nasa-ufo-uap-extraterrestrial-space/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Collaboration ==

=== NASA Advisory Council ===
In response to the [[Apollo 1]] accident, which killed three astronauts in 1967, Congress directed NASA to form an Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) to advise the NASA Administrator on safety issues and hazards in NASA's air and space programs. In the aftermath of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster]], Congress required that the ASAP submit an annual report to the NASA Administrator and to Congress.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) |url=https://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308004409/https://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/ |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |website=oiir.hq.nasa.gov}}</ref> By 1971, NASA had also established the Space Program Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council to provide the administrator with advisory committee support. In 1977, the latter two were combined to form the NASA Advisory Council (NAC).<ref>{{cite web |last=Mochinski |first=Ron |date=April 8, 2015 |title=About Us – Background and Charter |work=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/nac/about.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228031143/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/nac/about.html |archive-date=December 28, 2015 |access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> The [[NASA Authorization Act of 2014]] reaffirmed the importance of ASAP.

=== National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ===
{{further|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:NOAA logo mobile.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

NASA and NOAA have cooperated for decades on the development, delivery and operation of polar and geosynchronous weather satellites.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAA's Eyes in the Sky – After Five Decades of Weather Forecasting with Environmental Satellites, What Do Future Satellites Promise for Meteorologists and Society? |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171711/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |first1=Derek |last1=Hanson |first2=James |last2=Peronto |first3=Douglas |last3=Hilderbrand |work=World Meteorological Organization |date=2013 |access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref> The relationship typically involves NASA developing the space systems, launch solutions, and ground control technology for the satellites and NOAA operating the systems and delivering weather forecasting products to users. Multiple generations of NOAA Polar orbiting platforms have operated to provide detailed imaging of weather from low altitude.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA, NOAA Invite Media to Polar Orbiting Weather Satellite Launch |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-invite-media-to-polar-orbiting-weather-satellite-launch |date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105233005/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-invite-media-to-polar-orbiting-weather-satellite-launch/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites]] (GOES) provide near-real-time coverage of the western hemisphere to ensure accurate and timely understanding of developing weather phenomenon.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA, NOAA to get new weather eyes in the sky with March launch from Cape Canaveral |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/weather/os-ne-goes-t-satellite-conference-nasa-20220204-ugmrrczrtfcg3nbfxpni56f2da-story.html |first=Joe Mario |last=Pedersen |publisher=Orlando Sentinel |date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105232956/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/weather/os-ne-goes-t-satellite-conference-nasa-20220204-ugmrrczrtfcg3nbfxpni56f2da-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States Space Force ===
{{Further|United States Space Force}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:United States Space Force logo.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

The [[United States Space Force]] (USSF) is the space service branch of the US Armed Forces, while NASA is an independent agency of the US government responsible for civil spaceflight. NASA and the Space Force's predecessors in the Air Force have a long-standing cooperative relationship, with the Space Force supporting NASA launches out of [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]], and [[Vandenberg Space Force Base]], to include range support and rescue operations from Task Force 45.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=May 12, 2020 |title=Space Force troops preparing for possibility of having to rescue NASA astronauts |url=https://spacenews.com/space-force-troops-preparing-for-possibility-of-having-to-rescue-nasa-astronauts/ |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=SpaceNews |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200513194413/https://spacenews.com/space%2Dforce%2Dtroops%2Dpreparing%2Dfor%2Dpossibility%2Dof%2Dhaving%2Dto%2Drescue%2Dnasa%2Dastronauts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA and the Space Force also partner on matters such as defending Earth from asteroids.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Marcia |date=May 5, 2020 |title=NASA and Space Force to Work Together on Planetary Defense |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-and-space-force-to-work-together-on-planetary-defense/ |access-date=February 2, 2021 |website=SpacePolicyOnline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226165823/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-and-space-force-to-work-together-on-planetary-defense/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Space Force members can be NASA astronauts, with Colonel [[Michael S. Hopkins]], the commander of [[SpaceX Crew-1]], commissioned into the Space Force from the [[International Space Station]] on December 18, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Space Force members can go to the moon, if they're picked by NASA |url=https://spacenews.com/space-force-members-can-go-to-the-moon-if-theyre-picked-by-nasa/ |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=SpaceNews |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927131853/https://spacenews.com/space-force-members-can-go-to-the-moon-if-theyre-picked-by-nasa/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=October 28, 2020 |title=NASA's Crew-1 commander to be sworn into U.S. Space Force from the International Space Station |url=https://spacenews.com/nasas-crew-1-commander-to-be-sworn-into-u-s-space-force-from-the-international-space-station/ |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20201105173541/https://spacenews.com/nasas%2Dcrew%2D1%2Dcommander%2Dto%2Dbe%2Dsworn%2Dinto%2Du%2Ds%2Dspace%2Dforce%2Dfrom%2Dthe%2Dinternational%2Dspace%2Dstation/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Miriam |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Astronaut Mike Hopkins sworn into the Space Force from orbit |url=https://www.axios.com/astronaut-mike-hopkins-space-force-7891a73d-33a8-4b3f-8437-72f502ecce37.html |access-date=February 3, 2021 |website=Axios |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120025438/https://www.axios.com/astronaut-mike-hopkins-space-force-7891a73d-33a8-4b3f-8437-72f502ecce37.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, the Space Force and NASA signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] formally acknowledging the joint role of both agencies. This new memorandum replaced a similar document signed in 2006 between NASA and Air Force Space Command.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum of Understanding Between The National Aeronautics And Space Administration and The United States Space Force |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_ussf_mou_21_sep_20.pdf |access-date=September 22, 2020 |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |language=en |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125145450/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_ussf_mou_21_sep_20.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 2020 |title=NASA, US Space Force Establish Foundation for Broad Collaboration |url=https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2356032/nasa-us-space-force-establish-foundation-for-broad-collaboration/ |access-date=September 22, 2020 |website=spaceforce.mil |publisher=USSF |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227072718/https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2356032/nasa-us-space-force-establish-foundation-for-broad-collaboration/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== US Geological Survey ===
{{Further|United States Geological Survey|Landsat 9}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:USGS logo green.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

The [[Landsat program]] is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of [[satellite imagery]] of Earth. It is a joint NASA / [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] program.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=What is the Landsat satellite program and why is it important? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-landsat-satellite-program-and-why-it-important |access-date=October 5, 2022 |publisher=USGS |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006015714/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-landsat-satellite-program-and-why-it-important |url-status=live}}</ref> On July 23, 1972, the ''[[Landsat 1|Earth Resources Technology Satellite]]'' was launched. This was eventually renamed to ''[[Landsat 1]]'' in 1975.<ref>{{cite book |last=Short |first=N.M. |title=The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook: Basics of Satellite Remote Sensing |id=1078 |date=1982 |location=Washington DC |publisher=NASA |hdl=2060/19830002188}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The most recent satellite in the series, ''[[Landsat 9]]'', was launched on September 27, 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |title=Atlas 5 launches Landsat 9 |url=https://spacenews.com/atlas-5-launches-landsat-9/ |date=September 27, 2021 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |publisher=Space News |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085404/https://spacenews.com/atlas-5-launches-landsat-9/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the US and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in [[agriculture]], [[cartography]], [[geology]], [[forestry]], [[regional planning]], [[surveillance]] and [[education]], and can be viewed through the US Geological Survey (USGS) "EarthExplorer" website. The collaboration between NASA and USGS involves NASA designing and delivering the space system (satellite) solution, launching the satellite into orbit with the USGS operating the system once in orbit.<ref name="USGS" /> As of October 2022, nine satellites have been built with eight of them successfully operating in orbit.

=== European Space Agency (ESA) ===
{{further|European Space Agency}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:European Space Agency logo.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

NASA collaborates with the European Space Agency on a wide range of scientific and exploration requirements.<ref>{{cite report |title=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science |date=1998 |publisher=National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/5981 |isbn=978-0-309-05984-8}}</ref> From participation with the Space Shuttle (the Spacelab missions) to major roles on the Artemis program (the Orion Service Module), ESA and NASA have supported the science and exploration missions of each agency. There are NASA payloads on ESA spacecraft and ESA payloads on NASA spacecraft. The agencies have developed joint missions in areas including heliophysics (e.g. [[Solar Orbiter]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Solar Orbiter reveals a never-before-seen look at our sun |first=Ashley |last=Strickland |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/world/esa-solar-orbiter-hedgehog-new-images-scn |date=May 18, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104175206/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/world/esa-solar-orbiter-hedgehog-new-images-scn |url-status=live}}</ref> and astronomy ([[Hubble Space Telescope]], [[James Webb Space Telescope]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=MoU between NASA and the European Space Agency Concerning the James Webb Space Telescope |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/105712.pdf |date=June 18, 2007 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=US State Department |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116215459/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/105712.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Artemis Gateway partnership, ESA will contribute habitation and refueling modules, along with enhanced lunar communications, to the Gateway.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA, European Space Agency Formalize Artemis Gateway Partnership |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-european-space-agency-formalize-artemis-gateway-partnership |date=October 27, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=NASA.gov |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216165205/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-european-space-agency-formalize-artemis-gateway-partnership |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |title=NASA and ESA sign lunar cooperation statement |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-esa-sign-lunar-cooperation-statement/ |date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=Space News |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085304/https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-esa-sign-lunar-cooperation-statement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA and ESA continue to advance cooperation in relation to Earth Science including climate change with agreements to cooperate on various missions including the [[Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich|Sentinel-6]] series of spacecraft<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Hill |title=NASA, ESA Sign Cooperation Agreements on Climate Change, Lunar Exploration |url=https://potomacofficersclub.com/news/nasa-esa-sign-cooperation-agreements-on-climate-change-lunar-exploration/ |date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=Potomac Officer's Club |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105233000/https://potomacofficersclub.com/news/nasa-esa-sign-cooperation-agreements-on-climate-change-lunar-exploration/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) ===
{{Further|ISRO}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

In September 2014, NASA and the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) signed a partnership to collaborate on and launch a joint radar mission, the ''[[NISAR (satellite)|NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperature Radar]]'' (''NISAR'') mission. The mission was launched on July 30, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/quick-facts/ |title=NISAR: Quick Facts |work=NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date=May 23, 2025 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505204919/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/quick-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> NASA has provided the mission's [[L band|L-band]] synthetic aperture radar, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers, a solid-state recorder and payload data subsystem. ISRO has provided the spacecraft bus, the [[S band|S-band]] radar, the launch vehicle and associated launch services.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA partnership with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |work=NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) |url=https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/isro-partnership/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012053716/https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/isro-partnership/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NISAR payload integration completed, to arrive in India next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/nasa-isro-nisar-mission-payload-integration-completed-7948710/ |date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |publisher=Indian Express |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012053721/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/nasa-isro-nisar-mission-payload-integration-completed-7948710/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ===
{{Further|JAXA}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Jaxa logo.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

NASA and the [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA) cooperate on a range of space projects. JAXA is a direct participant in the Artemis program, including the Lunar Gateway effort. JAXA's planned contributions to Gateway include I-Hab's environmental control and life support system, batteries, thermal control, and imagery components, which will be integrated into the module by the European Space Agency (ESA) prior to launch. These capabilities are critical for sustained Gateway operations during crewed and uncrewed time periods.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA, Government of Japan Formalize Gateway Partnership for Artemis Program |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-government-of-japan-formalize-gateway-partnership-for-artemis-program |date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009070848/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-government-of-japan-formalize-gateway-partnership-for-artemis-program/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Patel |first=Neel |title=Why Japan is emerging as NASA's most important space partner |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/22/1005546/why-japan-jaxa-nasas-most-important-space-partner-artemis-moon-gateway/ |date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |publisher=MIT Technology Review |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006050530/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/22/1005546/why-japan-jaxa-nasas-most-important-space-partner-artemis-moon-gateway/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

JAXA and NASA have collaborated on numerous satellite programs, especially in areas of Earth science. NASA has contributed to JAXA satellites and vice versa. Japanese instruments are flying on NASA's [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] and [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellites, and NASA sensors have flown on previous Japanese Earth-observation missions. The NASA-JAXA [[Global Precipitation Measurement]] mission was launched in 2014 and includes both NASA- and JAXA-supplied sensors on a NASA satellite launched on a JAXA rocket. The mission provides the frequent, accurate measurements of rainfall over the entire globe for use by scientists and weather forecasters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovative NASA-JAXA Partnership Benefits Global Earth Science |url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/apr/HQ_10-079_NASA-JAXA.html |date=April 12, 2010 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221034414/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/apr/HQ_10-079_NASA-JAXA.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Roscosmos ===
{{Further|Roscosmos}}
{{Image frame|align=left |width=120 |content=[[File:Roscosmos logo en.svg|100px]]|border=no}}

NASA and Roscosmos have cooperated on the development and operation of the International Space Station since September 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's Space Station Program: Evolution and Current Status, Testimony Before the House Science Committee |date=April 4, 2001 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/isstestimony2001.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222165631/https://www.history.nasa.gov/isstestimony2001.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The agencies have used launch systems from both countries to deliver station elements to orbit. Astronauts and Cosmonauts jointly maintain various elements of the station. Both countries provide access to the station via launch systems noting Russia's unique role as the sole provider of delivery of crew and cargo upon retirement of the space shuttle in 2011 and prior to commencement of NASA COTS and crew flights. In July 2022, NASA and Roscosmos signed a deal to share space station flights enabling crew from each country to ride on the systems provided by the other.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joey |last=Roulette |title=NASA, Russian space agency sign deal to share space station flights – Roscosmos |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/nasa-russian-space-agency-sign-deal-share-space-station-flights-roscosmos-2022-07-15/ |date=July 15, 2022 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217151651/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/nasa-russian-space-agency-sign-deal-share-space-station-flights-roscosmos-2022-07-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Current geopolitical conditions in late 2022 make it unlikely that cooperation will be extended to other programs such as Artemis or lunar exploration.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Future of Western-Russian Civil-Space Cooperation |first=Jeremy |last=Gruner |date=May 26, 2022 |url=https://warontherocks.com/2022/05/the-future-of-western-russian-civil-space-cooperation/ |access-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112164528/https://warontherocks.com/2022/05/the-future-of-western-russian-civil-space-cooperation/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Artemis Accords ===
{{Further|Artemis Accords}}
The [[Artemis Accords]] have been established to define a framework for cooperating in the peaceful exploration and exploitation of the [[Moon]], [[Mars]], [[asteroid]]s, and [[comet]]s. The accords were drafted by NASA and the US State Department and are executed as a series of bilateral agreements between the US and the participating countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Artemis Accords Foster Peaceful Space Cooperation |url=https://www.state.gov/artemis-accords-foster-peaceful-space-cooperation/ |date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=US State Department |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009234408/https://www.state.gov/artemis-accords-foster-peaceful-space-cooperation/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Artemis Accords – Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes |url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=NASA |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710094248/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> As of June 2023, 22 countries have signed the accords. They are Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the UK, and the US.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Signs the Artemis Accords |url=https://www.state.gov/kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-signs-the-artemis-accords/ |date=July 16, 2022 |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=US State Department |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171909/https://www.state.gov/kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-signs-the-artemis-accords/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Foust |title=Artemis Accords signatories hold first meeting |url=https://spacenews.com/artemis-accords-signatories-hold-first-meeting/ |date=September 21, 2022 |access-date=October 9, 2022 |publisher=Space News |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085416/https://spacenews.com/artemis-accords-signatories-hold-first-meeting/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== China National Space Administration ===
{{further|Wolf Amendment|China National Space Administration}}
The Wolf Amendment was passed by the US Congress into law in 2011 and prevents NASA from engaging in direct, bilateral cooperation with the Chinese government and China-affiliated organizations such as the China National Space Administration without the explicit authorization from Congress and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The law has been renewed annually since by inclusion in annual appropriations bills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defanging the Wolf Amendment |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3725/1 |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=The Space Review |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031042048/https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3725/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Management ==
=== Leadership ===
[[File:Jared isaacman official portrait.jpg|thumb|288x288px|Administrator [[Jared Isaacman]] (2025–present)]]
The agency's administration is located at [[NASA Headquarters]] in Washington, DC, and provides overall guidance and direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/hq/home/index.html |title=Welcome to NASA Headquarters |first=Mary |last=Shouse |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=July 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713052817/http://www1.nasa.gov/centers/hq/home/index.html |archive-date=July 13, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Except under exceptional circumstances, NASA civil service employees are required to be [[US citizens]].<ref>[https://nasajobs.nasa.gov/jobs/noncitizens.htm Information for Non U.S. Citizens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007011245/https://nasajobs.nasa.gov/jobs/noncitizens.htm |date=October 7, 2018}}, NASA (downloaded September 16, 2013)</ref> NASA's administrator is nominated by the US president subject to Senate approval<ref>{{cite act |type=Title |index= |date=July 29, 1958 |article=II Sec. 202 (a) |article-type=Title |legislature=85th Congress of the United States |title=[[National Aeronautics and Space Act]] |trans-title= |page= |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act_of_1958 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917214738/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act_of_1958 |url-status=live}}</ref> and serves at the president's pleasure as a senior space science advisor.

[[Jared Isaacman]] is the administrator of NASA since December 2025. His first nomination was withdrawn by President [[Donald Trump]] on May 31, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |last2=Talcott |first2=Shelby |date=May 31, 2025 |title=White House to pull NASA nominee Isaacman |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/05/31/2025/white-house-expected-to-pull-nasa-nominee-isaacman |access-date=July 18, 2025 |work=Semafor |archive-date=May 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531195704/https://www.semafor.com/article/05/31/2025/white-house-expected-to-pull-nasa-nominee-isaacman |url-status=live }}</ref> He was renominated on November 4, 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Ari |date=2025-11-04 |title=Trump renominates Musk ally Jared Isaacman to run NASA months after withdrawal |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/04/trump-renominates-musk-ally-jared-isaacman-to-run-nasa-months-after-withdrawal.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=CNBC |archive-date=January 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103235220/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/04/trump-renominates-musk-ally-jared-isaacman-to-run-nasa-months-after-withdrawal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on December 17.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinner |first=Josh |date=2025-12-17 |title=US Senate confirms Jared Isaacman as new NASA administrator |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/us-senate-confirms-jared-isaacman-as-new-nasa-administrator |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Space.com |archive-date=December 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228041008/https://www.space.com/space-exploration/us-senate-confirms-jared-isaacman-as-new-nasa-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Strategic plan ===
NASA operates with four FY2022 strategic goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA FY2022 Strategic Plan |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_22_strategic_plan.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060206/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_22_strategic_plan.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Expand human knowledge through new scientific discoveries
* Extend human presence to the Moon and on towards Mars for sustainable long-term exploration, development, and utilization
* Catalyze economic growth and drive innovation to address national challenges
* Enhance capabilities and operations to catalyze current and future mission success

=== Budget ===
{{Further|Budget of NASA}}
NASA budget requests are developed by NASA and approved by the administration prior to submission to the [[United States Congress|US Congress]]. Authorized budgets are those that have been included in enacted appropriations bills that are approved by both houses of Congress and enacted into law by the US president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Budget of the U.S. Government |url=https://www.usa.gov/budget |work=us.gov |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905064523/https://www.usa.gov/budget |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA fiscal year budget requests and authorized budgets are listed below.
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: center;"
!Year
!Budget Request in bil. US$
!Authorized Budget in bil. US$
!US Government Employees
|-
|2018
|$19.092<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA FY2018 Budget Estimates |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy19_nasa_budget_estimates.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224004339/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy19_nasa_budget_estimates.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|$20.736<ref name="NASA FY2019 Budget Estimates" />
|17,551<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Strategic Plan: FY 2018–19 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2018_nasa_md_715_report_5-15-2019_tagged.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060213/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2018_nasa_md_715_report_5-15-2019_tagged.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|$19.892<ref name="NASA FY2019 Budget Estimates">{{cite web |title=NASA FY2019 Budget Estimates |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy19_nasa_budget_estimates.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224004339/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy19_nasa_budget_estimates.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|$21.500<ref name="NASA FY2020 Budget Estimates" />
|17,551<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Model Equal Employment Opportunity Program Status Report: FY2019 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/a2020-00087-signed-05-08-2020-tagged.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060212/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/a2020-00087-signed-05-08-2020-tagged.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|$22.613<ref name="NASA FY2020 Budget Estimates">{{cite web |title=NASA FY2020 Budget Estimates |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2020_congressional_justification.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070409/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2020_congressional_justification.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|$22.629<ref name="NASA FY2021 Budget Estimates" />
|18,048<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Model Equal Employment Opportunity Program Status Report: FY2020 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2020_md_715_report_signed_tagged.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616172020/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2020_md_715_report_signed_tagged.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|$25.246<ref name="NASA FY2021 Budget Estimates">{{cite web |title=NASA FY2021 Budget Estimates |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2021_budget_book_508.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051233/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2021_budget_book_508.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|$23.271<ref name="NASA FY2022 Budget Estimates" />
|18,339<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Model Equal Employment Opportunity Program Status Report: FY2021 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/odeo-fy21_model_715_report_tagged.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=August 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820210814/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/odeo-fy21_model_715_report_tagged.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|$24.802<ref name="NASA FY2022 Budget Estimates">{{cite web |title=NASA FY2022 Budget Estimates |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2022_congressional_justification_nasa_budget_request.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610114215/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2022_congressional_justification_nasa_budget_request.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|$24.041<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Marcia |title=NASA to get $24 billion for FY2022, more than last year but less than Biden Wanted |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-to-get-24-billion-for-fy2022-more-than-last-year-but-less-than-biden-wanted/ |date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=SpacePolicyOnline.com |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313063009/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-to-get-24-billion-for-fy2022-more-than-last-year-but-less-than-biden-wanted/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|18,400 est
|}

=== Organization ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Budget allocations to Mission Directorates
| label1 = Science
| value1 = 32
| label2 = Exploration Systems
| value2 = 28
| label3 = Space Operations
| value3 = 17
| label4 = Mission Support
| value4 = 14
| label5 = Space Technology
| value5 = 5
| label6 = Aeronautics Research
| value6 = 4
}}

NASA funding and priorities are developed through its six Mission Directorates.

{|class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align:left"
!Mission Directorate
!Associate Administrator
!% of Budget<ref name="NASA FY2022 Budget Estimates" />
|-
|[[Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate|Aeronautics Research]] (ARMD)
|Catherine Koerner<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catherine Koerner – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/people/catherine-koerner-associate-administrator-for-exploration-systems-development/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220042650/https://www.nasa.gov/people/catherine-koerner-associate-administrator-for-exploration-systems-development/ |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=NASA}}</ref>
|{{center|4%}}
|-
|Exploration Systems (ESDMD)
|Jim Free<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Marcia |date=September 21, 2021 |title=NASA Splits Human Spaceflight Directorate into Two |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-splits-human-spaceflight-directorate-into-two/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060206/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-splits-human-spaceflight-directorate-into-two/ |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=Space Policy Online}}</ref>
|{{center|28%}}
|-
|Space Operations (SOMD)
|[[Ken Bowersox]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth Bowersox – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/people/kenneth-bowersox/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220042654/https://www.nasa.gov/people/kenneth-bowersox/ |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=NASA}}</ref>
|{{center|17%}}
|-
|[[Science Mission Directorate|Science]] (SMD)
|[[Nicola Fox]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roulette |first=Joey |date=February 27, 2023 |title=NASA names solar physicist as agency's science chief |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-name-first-woman-agencys-science-chief-sources-say-2023-02-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323194530/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasa-name-first-woman-agencys-science-chief-sources-say-2023-02-27/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
|{{center|32%}}
|-
|Space Technology (STMD)
|Clayton Turner (acting)<ref name="Doyle-2024">{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Tiernan P. |date=July 16, 2024 |title=NASA Announces Leadership Changes |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-announces-leadership-changes/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=NASA |language=en-US |archive-date=October 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005024845/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-announces-leadership-changes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{center|5%}}
|-
|Mission Support (MSD)
|Robert Gibbs<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2022 |title=NASA executive discusses his approach to leadership |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/leaders-and-legends/2022/06/nasa-executive-discusses-his-approach-to-leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908031142/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/leaders-and-legends/2022/06/nasa-executive-discusses-his-approach-to-leadership/ |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=September 7, 2022 |work=Federal News Network}}</ref>
|{{center|14%}}
|-
|}
{{Location map+ |USA |width=300 |float=right |caption=NASA field center locations |places=
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=37.415229 |long=-122.06265 |label=Ames}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=34.951944 |long=-117.885556 |label=Armstrong}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=41.412843 |long=-81.862399 |label=Glenn}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=38.992222 |long=-76.8525 |label=Goddard}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=34.2 |long=-118.171667 |label=JPL |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=29.558333 |long=-95.088889 |label=Johnson |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=28.524167 |long=-80.650833 |label=Kennedy |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=37.0925 |long=-76.3825 |label=Langley}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=34.650833 |long=-86.672778 |label=Marshall}}
{{Location map~ |USA |lat=30.362767 |long=-89.6002 |label=Stennis |position=top}}
}}

Center-wide activities such as the Chief Engineer and Safety and Mission Assurance organizations are aligned to the headquarters function. The MSD budget estimate includes funds for these HQ functions. The administration operates 10 major field centers with several managing additional subordinate facilities across the country. Each center is led by a director (data below valid as of December 23, 2024).

{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align:left"
!Field Center
!Primary Location
!Director
|-
|[[Ames Research Center]]
|[[Moffett Field, California]]
|Eugene Tu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clemens |first=Jay |date=May 5, 2015 |title=Eugene Tu Named Director of NASA Ames Research Center; Charles Bolden Comments |url=https://executivegov.com/2015/05/eugene-tu-named-director-of-nasa-ames-research-center-charles-bolden-comments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060206/https://executivegov.com/2015/05/eugene-tu-named-director-of-nasa-ames-research-center-charles-bolden-comments/ |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=ExecutiveGov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Armstrong Flight Research Center]]
|[[Edwards, California]]
|Bradley Flick<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2022 |title=NASA Announces Armstrong Flight Research Center Director to Retire |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-armstrong-flight-research-center-director-to-retire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630135043/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-armstrong-flight-research-center-director-to-retire/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=NASA.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glenn Research Center]]
|[[Cleveland]], Ohio
|James Kenyon<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suttle |first=Scott |date=May 22, 2022 |title=NASA names two interim leaders for Glenn Research Center |url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/government/nasa-names-two-interim-leaders-glenn-research-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060222/https://www.crainscleveland.com/government/nasa-names-two-interim-leaders-glenn-research-center |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=Crain's Cleveland Business}}</ref>
|-
|[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
|[[Greenbelt, Maryland]]
|Cynthia Simmons (acting)<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Goddard Center Director Makenzie Lystrup Set to Depart - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-goddard-center-director-makenzie-lystrup-set-to-depart/ |website=NASA |access-date=December 16, 2025 |archive-date=December 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207044329/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-goddard-center-director-makenzie-lystrup-set-to-depart/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|[[La Cañada Flintridge, California]]
|Laurie Leshin<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 29, 2022 |title=WPI president to step down to become director of JPL |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-education-worcester-67f3316391e12747d149cec3129596f9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060205/https://apnews.com/article/business-education-worcester-67f3316391e12747d149cec3129596f9 |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=ap news}}</ref>
|-
|[[Johnson Space Center]]
|[[Houston]], Texas
|Vanessa Wyche<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hagerty |first=Michael |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Vanessa Wyche Takes The Helm At NASA's Johnson Space Center |url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060213/https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2021/08/26/406823/vanessa-wyche-takes-the-helm-at-nasas-johnson-space-center-aug-26-2021/ |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=Houston Public Media}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kennedy Space Center]]
|[[Merritt Island, Florida]]
|Janet Petro<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 2021 |title=First Woman to Lead NASA's Kennedy Space Center Is a BU Alum |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2021/janet-petro-nasa-kennedy-space-center-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060211/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2021/janet-petro-nasa-kennedy-space-center-director/ |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |work=Bostonia}}</ref>
|-
|[[Langley Research Center]]
|[[Hampton, Virginia]]
|Dawn Schaible (acting)<ref name="Doyle-2024" />
|-
|[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|[[Huntsville, Alabama]]
|Joseph Pelfrey<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bardan |first=Roxana |date=February 5, 2024 |title=NASA Administrator Announces New Marshall Space Flight Center Director |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-announces-new-marshall-space-flight-center-director/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=NASA |language=en-US |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226161003/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-announces-new-marshall-space-flight-center-director/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Stennis Space Center]]
|[[Hancock County, Mississippi]]
|John Bailey<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Abbey A. |date=April 29, 2024 |title=NASA Administrator Names New Stennis Space Center Director |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-names-new-stennis-space-center-director/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=NASA |language=en-US |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209064711/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-names-new-stennis-space-center-director/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Sustainability ==
=== Environmental impact ===
The exhaust gases produced by rocket propulsion systems, both in Earth's atmosphere and in space, can adversely affect the Earth's environment. Some [[hypergolic]] rocket propellants, such as [[hydrazine]], are highly toxic prior to [[combustion]], but decompose into less toxic compounds after burning. Rockets using hydrocarbon fuels, such as [[kerosene]], release carbon dioxide and soot in their exhaust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aerospace.org/2013/07/31/rocket-soot-emissions-and-climate-change/ |title=Rocket Soot Emissions and Climate Change |publisher=The Aerospace Corporation |date=July 31, 2013 |access-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707034251/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/07/31/rocket-soot-emissions-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> Carbon dioxide emissions are insignificant compared to those from other sources; on average, the US consumed {{convert|803|e6USgal|e6m3|abbr=unit|1}} of liquid fuels per day in 2014, while a single [[Falcon 9]] rocket first stage burns around {{convert|25,000|USgal|m3}} of kerosene fuel per launch.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/pdf/steo_full.pdf |title=Short-Term Energy Outlook |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |date=February 9, 2016 |quote=U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquids |access-date=February 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318150346/http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/pdf/steo_full.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/004/status.html |title=Spaceflight Now – Dragon Mission Report – Mission Status Center |access-date=July 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115830/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/004/status.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Even if a Falcon 9 were launched every single day, it would only represent 0.006% of liquid fuel consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions) for that day. Additionally, the exhaust from [[LOx]]- and [[LH2]]- fueled engines, like the [[SSME]], is almost entirely water vapor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SSME.html |title=Space Shuttle Main Engines |publisher=NASA |date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124033821/http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SSME.html |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA addressed environmental concerns with its canceled [[Constellation program]] in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/peis.html |title=Constellation Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement |publisher=NASA |date=August 1, 2011 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808194713/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/peis.html |archive-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, [[ion engines]] use harmless noble gases like [[xenon]] for propulsion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shiga |first=David |title=Next-generation ion engine sets new thrust record |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12709-nextgeneration-ion-engine-sets-new-thrust-record.html |access-date=February 2, 2011 |newspaper=New Scientist |date=September 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040324/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12709-nextgeneration-ion-engine-sets-new-thrust-record.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=T |author2=Nakata Y |author3=Morita S |title=Will xenon be a stranger or a friend?: the cost, benefit, and future of xenon anesthesia |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |date=2003 |pmid=12502969 |doi=10.1097/00000542-200301000-00002 |doi-access=free |issn=0003-3022}}</ref>

An example of NASA's environmental efforts is the [[NASA Sustainability Base]]. Additionally, the Exploration Sciences Building was awarded the LEED Gold rating in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2010/10-010.html |title=NASA – NASA's New Building Awarded the U.S. Green Building Council LEED Gold Rating |website=nasa.gov |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007011553/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2010/10-010.html |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 8, 2003, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] recognized NASA as the first federal agency to directly use [[landfill gas]] to produce energy at one of its facilities—the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], Greenbelt, Maryland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael K. Ewert |date=2006 |title=Johnson Space Center's Role in a Sustainable Future |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TM-2004-212069.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527194012/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TM-2004-212069.pdf |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |access-date=April 28, 2008 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

In 2018, NASA along with other companies including Sensor Coating Systems, [[Pratt & Whitney]], Monitor Coating and [[United Technologies Corp|UTRC]] launched the project CAUTION (CoAtings for Ultra High Temperature detectION). This project aims to enhance the temperature range of the [[Thermal history coating|Thermal History Coating]] up to {{cvt|1,500|C}} and beyond. The final goal of this project is improving the safety of jet engines as well as increasing efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sensorcoatings.com/sensor-coating-systems-launches-new-national-aerospace-project-together-natep-leading-international-players/ |title=Sensor Coating Systems launches new national aerospace project with NATEP and some leading international players |last=SCS |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027130341/http://www.sensorcoatings.com/sensor-coating-systems-launches-new-national-aerospace-project-together-natep-leading-international-players/ |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
NASA also researches and publishes on [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ |title=Global Climate Change |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=8 |issue=2 |publisher=NASA |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 |bibcode=2013ERL.....8b4024C |s2cid=155431241 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411121502/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 |url-status=live |last1=Cook |first1=John |last2=Nuccitelli |first2=Dana |last3=Green |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Richardson |first4=Mark |last5=Winkler |first5=Bärbel |last6=Painting |first6=Rob |last7=Way |first7=Robert |last8=Jacobs |first8=Peter |last9=Skuce |first9=Andrew |year=2013 |article-number=024024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the climate is warming.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/climate-trends-continue-to-break-records |title=2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records |publisher=NASA |date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209180954/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/climate-trends-continue-to-break-records/ |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Robert Smith Walker|Bob Walker]], who has advised former US President [[Donald Trump]] on space issues, has advocated that NASA should focus on space exploration and that its climate study operations should be transferred to other agencies such as [[NOAA]]. Former NASA atmospheric scientist [[J. Marshall Shepherd]] countered that Earth science study was built into NASA's mission at [[creation of NASA|its creation]] in the 1958 [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason Samenow |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 23, 2016 |title=Trump adviser proposes dismantling NASA climate research |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/11/23/trump-adviser-proposes-dismantling-nasa-climate-research/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124060832/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/11/23/trump-adviser-proposes-dismantling-nasa-climate-research/ |archive-date=November 24, 2016}}</ref> NASA won the [[2020 Webby Award|2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Green]] in the category Web.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kastrenakes |first1=Jacob |title=Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski |website=The Verge |access-date=May 22, 2020 |language=en |date=May 20, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521205535/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== STEM Initiatives ===
{{Further|STEM}}
''[[Educational Launch of Nanosatellites]] (ELaNa)''. Since 2011, the ELaNa program has provided opportunities for NASA to work with university teams to test emerging technologies and commercial-off-the-shelf solutions by providing launch opportunities for developed [[CubeSat]]s using NASA procured launch opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/virgin-orbit-straight-up/ |title=ELaNa: Educational Launch of Nanosatellites |website=NASA.gov |date=July 2022 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702043556/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/virgin-orbit-straight-up/ |url-status=live}}</ref> By example, two NASA-sponsored [[CubeSats]] launched in June 2022 on a [[Virgin Orbit]] [[LauncherOne]] vehicle as the ELaNa 39 mission.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/virgin-orbit-straight-up/ |title=Virgin Orbit launches seven satellites for US Space Force and NASA |website=NASA Spaceflight.com |date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702043556/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/virgin-orbit-straight-up/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Cubes in Space''. NASA started an annual competition in 2014 named "Cubes in Space".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubesinspace.com/index.html |title=Cubes in Space |website=cubesinspace.com |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619225711/http://www.cubesinspace.com/index.html |archive-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> It is jointly organized by NASA and the global education company ''I Doodle Learning'', with the objective of teaching school students aged 11–18 to design and build scientific experiments to be launched into space on a NASA rocket or balloon. On June 21, 2017, the world's smallest satellite, KalamSAT, was launched.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://futurism.com/a-teen-created-the-worlds-lightest-satellite-nasa-is-going-to-launch-it |title=A Teen Created the World's Lightest Satellite & NASA Is Going to Launch It |website=Futurism |date=May 17, 2017 |language=en |access-date=May 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518173331/https://futurism.com/a-teen-created-the-worlds-lightest-satellite-nasa-is-going-to-launch-it/ |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Use of the metric system ===
US law requires the [[International System of Units]] to be used in all US Government programs, "except where impractical".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=NASA |date=June 7, 2013 |title=International System of Units – The Metric Measurement System |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/functions/standards/isu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170832/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/functions/standards/isu.html |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2020 |website=NASA}}</ref>

In 1969, [[Apollo 11]] landed on the Moon using a mix of [[US customary units]] and [[Metric system|metric units]]. In the 1980s, NASA started the transition towards the metric system, but was still using both systems in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aberg |first1=J. |title=NASA Technical Memorandum – Metrication in a Global Environment |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19950008505/downloads/19950008505.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=August 30, 2021 |date=October 1994 |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830081102/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19950008505/downloads/19950008505.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metric mishap caused loss of NASA orbiter |date=September 30, 1999 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric.02/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218113445/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric.02/ |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2020 |website=CNN |first1=Robin |last1=Lloyd}}</ref> On September 23, 1999, a mixup between NASA's use of SI units and [[Lockheed Martin Space]]'s use of US units resulted in the loss of the [[Mars Climate Orbiter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Climate Orbiter Failure Board Releases Report |url=https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/mco991110.html |date=Nov 10, 1999 |website=Mars Polar Lander Official Website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130123509/https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/mco991110.html |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref>

In August 2007, NASA stated that all future missions and explorations of the Moon would be done entirely using the SI system. This was done to improve cooperation with space agencies of other countries that already use the metric system.<ref>{{Cite web |website=NASA |date=January 8, 2007 |first1=Patrick L. |last1=Barry |editor-first1=Tony |editor-last1=Phillips |title=Metric Moon |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/08jan_metricMoon.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316093535/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/08jan_metricMoon.htm |archive-date=March 16, 2010}}</ref> As of 2007, NASA is predominantly working with SI units, but some projects still use US units, and some, including the International Space Station, use a mix of both.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 2007 |title=NASA Finally Goes Metric |url=https://www.space.com/3332-nasa-finally-metric.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820202755/https://www.space.com/3332-nasa-finally-metric.html |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |access-date=September 4, 2020 |website=Space.com}}</ref>

== Media presence ==
=== NASA TV ===
{{Further|NASA TV}}
Approaching 40 years of service, the [[NASA TV]] channel airs content ranging from live coverage of crewed missions to video coverage of significant milestones for operating robotic spacecraft (e.g. rover landings on Mars) and domestic and international launches.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://digitalcontentproducer.com/hdhdv/depth/video_horizon/ |title=The Video Horizon |journal=Digital Content Producer |first=Tom Patrick |last=McAuliffe |date=September 2007 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015162338/http://digitalcontentproducer.com/hdhdv/depth/video_horizon/ |archive-date=October 15, 2008}}</ref> The channel is delivered by NASA and is broadcast by satellite and over the Internet. The system initially started to capture archival footage of important space events for NASA managers and engineers and expanded as public interest grew. The [[Apollo 8]] Christmas Eve broadcast while in orbit around the Moon was received by more than a billion people.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Hollingham |title=The Nasa mission that broadcast to a billion people |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181220-the-nasa-mission-that-broadcast-to-a-billion-people |date=December 21, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=bbc.com |archive-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008182743/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181220-the-nasa-mission-that-broadcast-to-a-billion-people |url-status=live}}</ref> NASA's video transmission of the [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing was awarded a [[Primetime Emmy Awards|primetime Emmy]] in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the landing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/entertainment/090820-nasa-emmy.html |title=NASA Wins Emmy for Apollo 11 Moon Broadcast |work=Space.com |date=August 20, 2009 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926164715/http://www.space.com/entertainment/090820-nasa-emmy.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The channel is a product of the US Government and is widely available across many television and Internet platforms.<ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Dunbar |title=How to Stream NASA TV |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/how-to-stream-nasa-tv-and-launch-america/ |date=September 8, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |publisher=nasa.gov |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914125501/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/how-to-stream-nasa-tv-and-launch-america/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== NASAcast ===
NASAcast is the official audio and video [[podcast]] of the NASA website. Created in late 2005, the podcast service contains the latest audio and video features from the NASA web site, including [[NASA TV]]'s ''This Week at NASA'' and educational materials produced by NASA. Additional NASA podcasts, such as Science@NASA, are also featured and give subscribers an in-depth look at content by subject matter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blast off with these 7 space-centric podcasts in honor of the 64th anniversary of NASA |url=https://podsauce.com/articles/blast-off-with-these-space-podcasts-from-nasa/ |date=July 26, 2022 |access-date=October 10, 2022 |publisher=Podsauce |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011021139/https://podsauce.com/articles/blast-off-with-these-space-podcasts-from-nasa/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== NASA EDGE ===
[[File:NASA EDGE Orion Pad Abort 1 White Sands Missile Range.jpg|thumb|NASA EDGE broadcasting live from [[White Sands Missile Range]] in 2010]]

NASA EDGE is a [[video podcast]] which explores different missions, technologies and projects developed by NASA. The program was released by NASA on March 18, 2007, and, {{as of|2020|08|lc=on}}, there have been 200 vodcasts produced. It is a [[public outreach]] vodcast sponsored by NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate and based out of the Exploration and Space Operations Directorate at [[Langley Research Center]] in [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], Virginia. The NASA EDGE team takes an insider's look at current projects and technologies from NASA facilities around the US, and it is depicted through personal interviews, on-scene broadcasts, [[computer animation]]s, and personal interviews with top scientists and engineers at NASA.{{refn|group= note|''NASA EDGE'' Cast and Crew: Chris Giersch (Host); Blair Allen (Co-host and senior producer); Franklin Fitzgerald ([[News anchor]] and "everyman"); Jaqueline Mirielle Cortez (Special co-host); Ron Beard (Director and "set [[therapist]]"); and Don Morrison (Audio/[[video engineer]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Joe |date=May 23, 2016 |title=After 10 Years, NASA EDGE Is Still Carving Its Own Path |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/after-10-years-nasa-edge-is-still-carving-its-own-path |access-date=July 2, 2020 |website=NASA.gov |archive-date=October 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001153744/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/after-10-years-nasa-edge-is-still-carving-its-own-path/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The show explores the contributions NASA has made to society as well as the progress of current projects in materials and [[space exploration]]. NASA EDGE vodcasts can be downloaded from the NASA website and from [[iTunes]].

In its first year of production, the show was downloaded over 450,000 times. {{As of|2010|02|post=,}} the average download rate is more than 420,000 per month, with over one million downloads in December 2009 and January 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_NASAEdge10.html |title=Going Where No NASA Show Has Gone Before |work=The Researcher News |location=Langley Research Center |first=Denise |last=Lineberry |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2021 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222142/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_NASAEdge10.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA and the NASA EDGE have also developed interactive programs designed to complement the vodcast. The Lunar Electric Rover App allows users to drive a simulated [[Lunar Electric Rover]] between objectives, and it provides information about and images of the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/nasaedge/iphone.html |title=NASA Lunar Electric Rover App for iPhone and iPod Touch |work=NASA.gov |first=Bob |last=Allen |date=February 26, 2010 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610010720/http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/nasaedge/iphone.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The NASA EDGE Widget provides a [[graphical user interface]] for accessing NASA EDGE vodcasts, image galleries, and the program's Twitter feed, as well as a live NASA news feed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/nasaedge/widget.html |title=NASA EDGE Widget |website=NASA.gov |first=Bob |last=Allen |date=March 23, 2010 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607171056/http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcasting/nasaedge/widget.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Astronomy Picture of the Day ===
{{excerpt|Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day|paragraph=1–2}}

=== NASA+ ===
{{Main|NASA+}}

In July 2023, NASA announced a new [[streaming service]] known as NASA+. It launched on November 8, 2023, and has live coverage of launches, documentaries and original programs. According to NASA, it will be free of ads and subscription fees. It will be a part of the NASA app on [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Amazon Fire TV]], [[Roku]] and [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]] as well as on the web on desktop and mobile devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Umar |date=July 28, 2023 |title=NASA Plus is the latest streaming competitor |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/28/23811235/nasa-plus-streaming-service-announce |access-date=August 12, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812024314/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/28/23811235/nasa-plus-streaming-service-announce |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Plus Streaming Service Is Coming Soon |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/nasa-plus-streaming-service-is-coming-soon/ |access-date=August 12, 2023 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812024319/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/nasa-plus-streaming-service-is-coming-soon/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Launches Beta Site; On-Demand Streaming, App Update Coming Soon |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-launches-beta-site-on-demand-streaming-app-update-coming-soon/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106172943/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-launches-beta-site-on-demand-streaming-app-update-coming-soon/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=NASA spacecraft observations of the Solar System
|align=center |noborder=yes |whitebg=no |height=120 |width=120 |perrow=5 |mode=packed
|The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|[[Sun]] image by [[Solar Dynamics Observatory]], 2010
|File:Mercury in true color.jpg |[[Mercury (planet)|Planet Mercury]] image by ''[[MESSENGER]]'', 2008
|File:Venus from Mariner 10.jpg | [[Venus|Planet Venus]] image by ''[[Mariner 10]]'', 1974
|File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg | [[Earth|Planet Earth]] image by [[Apollo 17]] crew, 1972
|File:Apollo 8 Image of the Moon (AS08-14-2506).jpg| [[Moon]] image by [[Apollo 8]] crew, 1968
|File:Mars Valles Marineris.jpeg | [[Mars|Planet Mars]] image by ''[[Viking 1]]'', 1976
|File:Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg | [[Asteroid 433 Eros]] image by ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'', 2000
|File:PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg|[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Dwarf planet Ceres]] image by ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'', 2015
|File:PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg |[[Jupiter|Planet Jupiter]] image by ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'', 2019
|File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg | [[Io (moon)|Moon Io (Jupiter)]] image by ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'', 1999
|File:Saturn Storm.jpg|[[Saturn|Planet Saturn]] image by ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'', 2016
|File:Mimas Cassini.jpg |[[Mimas (moon)|Moon Mimas (Saturn)]] image by ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'', 2010
|File:Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png| [[Uranus|Planet Uranus]] by ''[[Voyager 2]]'', 1986
|File:Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png| [[Miranda (moon)|Moon Miranda (Uranus)]] image by ''[[Voyager 2]]'', 1986
|File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png| [[Neptune|Planet Neptune]] image by ''[[Voyager 2]]'', 1989
|File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg| [[Pluto|Dwarf planet Pluto]] image by ''[[New Horizons]]'', 2015
|File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg| [[Charon (moon)|Moon Charon (Pluto)]] image by ''[[New Horizons]]'', 2015
}}
{{Gallery
|title=NASA Great Observatory images
|align=center |noborder=yes |whitebg=no |height=120 |width=120 |mode=packed
|File:Comets Kick up Dust in Helix Nebula (PIA09178).jpg|[[Helix Nebula]] by [[Spitzer Space Telescope]], 2007
|File:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg|1901 GK Persei supernova by [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], 2015
|File:HH 901 and HH 902 in the Carina nebula (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg|[[Carina Nebula]] by [[Hubble Space Telescope]], 2010
|File:Stephan's Quintet taken by James Webb Space Telescope.jpg|[[Stephan's Quintet|Stephens quintet]] by [[James Webb Space Telescope]], Jul 2022
}}
{{Gallery
|title=NASA spacecraft
|align=center |noborder=yes |whitebg=no |height=120 |width=120 |perrow=5 |mode=packed
|File:NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|Comparison of [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo]], [[Gemini (spacecraft)|Gemini]], and [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] systems{{refn|group= note|From left to right: Launch vehicle of Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) and Mercury (Atlas). Left, top-down: Spacecraft of Apollo, Gemini and Mercury. The [[Saturn IB]] and [[Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle|Mercury-Redstone]] launch vehicles are left out.}}
|File:Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg|[[Surveyor 3]], [[Pete Conrad]], and [[Apollo 12]] on the Moon, 1969
|File:STS-123 Dextre&Kibo ELM-PS in orbit (cropped).jpg|[[Space Shuttle]] ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavor]]'' in orbit, 2008
|File:HST-SM4.jpeg|[[Hubble Space Telescope]] released in orbit after servicing, 2009.
|File:James Webb Space Telescope 2009 top.jpg|[[James Webb Space Telescope]] now in orbit, 2025.
|File:NASA Mars Rover.jpg|''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003
|File:MSL Sol 3070 - MAHLI (Version 2) (51084526931).jpg|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021
|File:Perseverance Landing Skycrane (cropped).jpg|''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021
|File:Voyager spacecraft.jpg|''[[Voyager 2]]'', now 21.1 billion kilometers from the Earth, June 2025
|File:Artemis I Orion October 12, 2020.jpg|[[Orion (spacecraft)|''Orion'' spacecraft]] and [[European Service Module]] testing, 2020
}}
{{Gallery
|title=NASA space launch systems
|align=center |noborder=yes |whitebg=no |height=160 |width=120 |mode=packed
|File:Apollo 11 Launch - GPN-2000-000630.jpg|[[Saturn V]] and [[Apollo 11]] at launch, Jul 1969
|File:Titan 3E Centaur launches Voyager 2.jpg|[[Titan IIIE|Titan III/Centaur]] launching ''[[Voyager 2]]'' spacecraft, Jul 1977
|File:Lancement Spirit fusee Delta IIs 10062003.jpg |[[Delta II]] launching ''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' rover, Jun 2003
|File:STS-124 launch closeup.jpg|[[Space Shuttle]] ([[STS-124]]) during launch, May 2008
|File:Launch_of_Artemis_1_(KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011).jpg|[[Space Launch System]] and [[Artemis I]] at launch, Nov 2022
}}
{{Gallery
|title=Concepts and plans
|align=center |noborder=yes |whitebg=no |height=90 |width=120 |perrow=4 |mode=packed
|File:Cargo transport from Space Shuttle with the space tug to Nuclear shuttle.jpg|Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s
|File:Space tug module for astronauts.jpg|Space Tug concept, 1970s
|File:Interstellar Probe (2020s).png|NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022
|File:Mars Ice Home concept.jpg|Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s
|File:GATEWAY (Moon Space Station).jpg|[[Lunar Gateway]] space station, 2020
|File:Entering a Lunar Outpost.jpg|[[NASA lunar outpost concepts|NASA lunar outpost concept]], 2006
|File:NASA Cloud City on Venus.jpg|NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014
|File:NanoSail-D in orbit (artist depiction).jpg|NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Politics|Spaceflight|Rocketry}}
* [[List of crewed spacecraft]]
* [[List of NASA aircraft]]
* [[List of space disasters]]
* {{annotated link|List of United States rockets}}
* [[:Category: NASA people]]
* {{annotated link|NASA Advanced Space Transportation Program}}
* {{annotated link|NASA Art Program}}
* {{annotated link|NASA Clean Air Study}}
* {{annotated link|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts}}
* {{annotated link|NASA Research Park}}
* {{annotated link|TechPort (NASA)}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Alexander, Joseph K. ''Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Science-Advice-NASA-Partnership-Leadership-ebook/dp/B07RF7Q5HF/ excerpt]
* Bizony, Piers et al. ''The NASA Archives. 60 Years in Space'' (2019)
* Brady, Kevin M. "NASA Launches Houston into Orbit How America's Space Program Contributed to Southeast Texas's Economic Growth, Scientific Development, and Modernization during the Late Twentieth Century." ''Journal of the West'' (2018) 57#4 pp 13–54.
* Bromberg, Joan Lisa. ''NASA and the Space Industry'' (Johns Hopkins UP, 1999).
* Clemons, Jack. ''Safely to Earth: The Men and Women Who Brought the Astronauts Home'' (2018) [https://www.amazon.com/Safely-Earth-Women-Brought-Astronauts/dp/0813056020/ excerpt]
* Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius, eds. ''Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight'' (NASA, 2006)
* Launius, Roger D. "Eisenhower, Sputnik, and the Creation of NASA." ''Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives'' 28.2 (1996): 127–143.
* Pyle, Rod. ''Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age'' (2019), overview of space exploration [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1944648453/ excerpt]
* Spencer, Brett. "The Book and the Rocket: The Symbiotic Relationship between American Public Libraries and the Space Program, 1950–2015", ''Information & Culture'' 51, no. 4 (2016): 550–582.
* Weinzierl, Matthew. "Space, the final economic frontier." ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 32.2 (2018): 173–192. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:YffWC2o6lYsJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2017&scillfp=8711858111903232899&oi=lle online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231054235/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info%3AYffWC2o6lYsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F&hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_ylo=2017&scillfp=8711858111903232899&oi=lle |date=December 31, 2021 }}, review of economics literature

== External links ==
{{Commons category|NASA}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|National Aeronautics and Space Act}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Wikiversity|NASA}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.nasawatch.com/ NASA Watch, an agency watchdog site]
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("National Aeronautics and Space Administration" OR "NASA")}}
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/nasa.htm How NASA works] on [[howstuffworks.com]]

{{NASA space program|state=collapsed}}
{{NASA centers}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Major NASA space missions and programs
|state = collapsed
|list1 =
{{Project Mercury}}
{{Gemini program}}
{{Project Apollo}}
{{Skylab}}
{{Space Shuttle}}
{{Artemis program}}
{{Hubble Space Telescope}}
{{James Webb Space Telescope}}
{{Planetary Missions Program Office}}
}}
{{US research agencies}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:NASA| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Independent agencies of the United States government]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]

Rungta International Skills University

2026-03-24T10:04:57Z

Nuel ID: creating some data added tags

{{Short description|Private college in Bhilai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rungta International Skills University (RIU), Bhilai
| image_name = Rungta College Campus.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = Rungta University, Bhilai
| native_name = Rungta University
| established = 1999
| sports_nickname =
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[State University]]
| founder = Ghanshyam Das Rungta
| chancellor = Santosh Rungta
| vice_chancellor = Jawahar Surisetti
| address = Rungta Rd, Kohka, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024 - 490024
| city = [[Bhilai]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|21.2350|N|81.3462|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of [[Bhilai]], in [[Chhattisgarh]]##Location of [[Bhilai]] in [[India]]
| campus = Urban, 80 acres
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rungta.ac.in/}}
| logo = 150x100 PX B NPF.png
| logo_upright = 1.5
| logo_alt = Logo of Rungta University Bhilai
}}

'''Rungta International Skills University (RIU), Bhilai''' is a private university located in Central India in the city of [[Bhilai|Bhilai, Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta International Skills University, Bhilai: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/university/rungta-international-skills-university-bhilai |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="दुर्ग">{{Cite web |last=दुर्ग |first=दिलीप कुमार शर्मा |date=2022-02-14 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भिलाई में दौड़ेगी सबसे सस्ती इलेक्ट्रिक ई-साइकिल,जानिए क्या है इस साइकिल की खासियत |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-news-cheapest-electric-e-cycle-will-run-bhilai-ann-2061109 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> It was established in 2025 following the reorganisation of '''Rungta R-1 Engineering College''' after receiving approval from the Government of Chhattisgarh and UGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=रूंगटा आर-1 अब टेक्नोलॉजी और इनोवेशन पर आधारित नई यूनिवर्सिटी में तब्दील, गूगल, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट और आईबीएम जैसी 20 कंपनियों के एक्सपर्ट ने तैयार किया सिलेबस {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/rungta-r-1-is-now-transformed-into-a-new-university-based-on-technology-and-innovation/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Website |first=UGC Official |date= |title=Rungta International Skills University |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/Private_university_other?id=1366 |website=UGC India Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta University Affiliations & Accreditations Quality Education Guaranteed |url=https://rungta.ac.in/affiliation/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Rungta International University - Home |language=en-US}}</ref>

The university’s academic structure is designed around collaboration with multiple technology and business organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Kajal Kiran |date=2025-05-30 |title=रूंगटा कॉलेज बना यूनिवर्सिटी...गूगल, माइक्रोसॉफ्ट जैसी 20 कंपनियों के एक्सपर्ट ने तैयार किया भविष्य का सिलेबस |url=https://tirandaj.com/2025/05/rungta-college-becomes-university-experts-from-20-companies-like-google/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Tirandaj {{!}} Latest Chhattisgarh News {{!}} CG News |language=en}}</ref> As part of its curriculum, students are expected to receive industry-linked certifications from these organisations in addition to their academic degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta University Vision & Mission {{!}} Shaping Future Leaders |url=https://rungta.ac.in/mission-vision/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Rungta International University - Home |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Historic push to transform Chhattisgarh into a skill hub' |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2025/7/21/historic-push-to-transform-chhattisgarh-into-a-skill-hub.html |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-20 |title=भिलाई के रूंगटा इंटरनेशनल यूनिवर्सिटी ने बनाया वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड: एक साथ 8183 युवाओं को ट्रेनिंग; स्किल-मैनेजमेंट, पैसे कमाने के हुनर सिखाए - durg-bhilai News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/durg-bhilai/news/bhilais-rungta-international-university-created-a-world-record-135488190.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726075800/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/durg-bhilai/news/bhilais-rungta-international-university-created-a-world-record-135488190.html |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> It was also ranked 25th Top Engineering (Private) Colleges in India in 2023 by India Today<ref name=":2">{{Cite web | title=Top Engineering (Pvt.) Colleges in India 2023, Courses, Fees, Admission | publisher=India Today |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/engineering-pvt |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> and ranked 6 by Outlook India as India's top B-Schools 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Best B-Schools 2022: Top Private Affiliated Colleges |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/education-news-indias-best-b-schools-2022-top-private-affiliated-colleges/305179 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

==History and governance==
=== Inception ===
Rungta College also known as Santosh Rungta Group of Colleges<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta engineering students fetch big packages campus drive |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/7/5/Rungta-engineering-students-fetch-big-packages-campus-drive.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> was established in 1999 under the GDR Educational Society for Higher & Technical Education Founded by Ghanshyam Das Rungta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=indcareer.com |date=2010-11-19 |title=Rungta group of Colleges |url=https://www.indcareer.com/rungta-group-colleges |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=IndCareer.com |language=en-US}}</ref> University Chancellor Santosh Rungta<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students of Rungta R-1 College become CDC Campus Ambassadors |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/11/25/Students-of-Rungta-R-1-College-become-CDC-Campus-Ambassadors.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-01 |title=Eduleader Bytes: Santosh Rungta |url=https://www.educationworld.in/eduleader-bytes-santosh-rungta/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=EducationWorld |language=en-US}}</ref> expanded it from one engineering college to a group which had one Engineering College -RCET,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |date=2023-11-01 |title=रूंगटा R-1 की बड़ी उपलब्धि: DST फीस्ट से 60 लाख का अनुदान हासिल करने वाला छत्तीसगढ़ का पहला निजी इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज बना रूंगटा कॉलेज… {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/big-achievement-of-rungta-r-1/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Oct 2023 |title=RCET Bhilai |url=https://zollege.in/college/217930-rungta-group-of-institutions-bhilai-campus-bhilai |access-date=17 Oct 2023 |website=Zollege.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta engineering students fetch big packages campus drive |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/7/5/Rungta-engineering-students-fetch-big-packages-campus-drive.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> two pharmacy colleges, and a commerce and science college<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta Group of Institutions (R1), Bhilai - 2023 Admission, Fees, Courses, Ranking, Placement |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/santosh-rungta-group-of-institutions |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=CollegeDekho |language=en}}</ref> and converting to Rungta University.

=== Leadership ===
Santosh Rungta is the Chancellor, Sourabh Rungta is the Pro Chancellor, Sonal Rungta is the CEO of the University, and Jawahar Surisetti is the Vice Chancellor of the University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta University Leadership {{!}} Guiding Excellence & Innovation |url=https://rungta.ac.in/leadership/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=Rungta International University - Home |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
{{Maplink|text=Map of the Rungta College Bhilai campuses|frame-align=left|frame-height=260
|frame-width=300|frame=yes
|type1=point|coord1=, {{coord|21.234757278261625|N|81.34743529650798|E}}|title1=Point|description1=Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Commonly known as RCPSR Campus)
|type2=point|coord2= {{coord|21.2348|N|81.34578|E}}|title2=Point|color = #c20808|description2=Rungta College of Engineering and Technology (Commonly known as RCET Campus)
|type3=point|coord3= , {{coord|21.2339|N|81.3465|E}}|title3=Point|description3=GD Rungta College of Science & Technology (Commonly known as GDRCST Campus)
|type4=point|coord4={{coord|21.2352|N|81.3453|E}}|title4=Point|description4=Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Commonly known as RIPER Campus)
|zoom=16}}
It comprises 11 schools, offering education in disciplines like [[Engineering]], [[Computer science|Computer Science]], [[Information technology|IT]], [[Pharmacy]], [[Research]], [[List of life sciences|Life Science]], [[Applied science|Applied Sciences]], [[Master of Business Administration|Management]] & [[Commerce]], [[Skills-based hiring|Skills]], [[BFSI]] and [[Education]].

=== Rungta School of Engineering and Technology ===
Formerly known as RCET Established in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web | date=17 Oct 2023 |title=RCET Bhilai |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technology-bhilai-52239 |access-date=17 Oct 2023 |website=Shiksha.com}}</ref> offers undergraduate, postgraduate, doctorate and diploma degrees in engineering and technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCET Bhilai: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technology-bhilai |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="दुर्ग"/>

=== Rungta School of Pharmacy ===
Formerly RCPSR established in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web |author=UniversityKart |title=Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research [RCPSR], Raipur: Courses, Fees, Placements |url=https://universitykart.com/university/universitydetails/rungta-college-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-and-research-bhilai |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=universitykart.com |language=English}}</ref> and RIPER established in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bhilai |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/rungta-institute-of-pharmaceutical-education-and-research-bhilai |website=Careers360}}</ref> offers pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences programs at Diploma, undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctorate levels, including D.Pharmacy, B.Pharmacy, M. Pharmacy in [[Pharmacology]] / [[Pharmaceutics]], and PhD in [[Pharmaceutical Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research - [RCPSR], Bhilai |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/60469-rungta-college-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-and-research-rcpsr-bhilai |website=Collegedunia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Haribhoomi |pages=Page 2, Left - Centre |work=Haribhoomi, Bhilai, 29 Nov 2023 |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/full-page-pdf/epaper/pdf/raipur-ispat-bhumi/2023/11/29/raipur-ispat-bhoomi/92582 |access-date=29 Nov 2023}}</ref>

=== Rungta School of Basic & Applied Sciences ===
Formerly known as GDRCST established in 2006 received accreditation from the National Council for Teachers Education (NCTE) New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Council for Teacher Education |url=https://ncte.gov.in/website/RecognizedInstitutionLists.aspx?cid=&stateid=JUHTCFDQhahMn2ALs06B1A==&state=CHATTISGARH&regionid=2 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ncte.gov.in}}</ref> It offers programs at PG diploma, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels, including [[B.Sc.]], [[B. Com]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]], [[B.A.]], PGDCA, [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed]], [[M.Sc]], [[Master of Social Work|MSW]], [[D.Ed.]], [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed.]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GD Rungta College of Science and Technology, Bhilai: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/gd-rungta-college-of-science-and-technology-bhilai |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=@careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

==Ranking and accreditation==

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (RCPSR) among the top 100 colleges in India.<ref>{{Cite web | date=17 Oct 2023 |title=Nirf Ranking - Top 100 - RCPSR |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/60469-rungta-college-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-and-research-rcpsr-bhilai/ranking |access-date=17 Oct 2023 |website=Collegedunia}}</ref>

Rungta College of Engineering & Technology (RCET) was Ranked in 101-150 band in NIRF Innovation Category in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |date=2023-06-05 |title=केंद्रीय शिक्षा मंत्रालय ने जारी की NIRF रैंकिंग में रूंगटा आर-1 की लंबी छलांग: देश के टॉप 150 इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेजों में रूंगटा R-1 हुआ शामिल, छत्तीसगढ़ से एक ही कॉलेज क्वालिफाई, MDRA में भी मिला स्थान {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/rungta-r-1-included-in-top-150-engineering-colleges-of-the-country/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=देशभर के सर्वश्रेष्ठ कॉलेजों और विश्वविद्यालयो की लिस्ट जारी, छत्तीसगढ़ के इस संस्थान ने इनोवेशन में बनाई जगह {{!}} durg education: cg university including top150 list in india |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhilai-news/durg-education-cg-university-including-top150-list-in-india-8291517/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=रूंगटा आर-1 इंजीनियरिंग कालेज को एक्सीलेंट संस्थान का दर्जा - Rungta R 1 Engineering College has the status of an excellent institution |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/bhilai-rungta-r-1-engineering-college-has-the-status-of-an-excellent-institution-7212352 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, NIRF- Innovation (ARIIA) |url=https://ariia.gov.in/Ranking/2023/Index.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ariia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Events and community==

===Notable annual events===
SHAASTRARTH - Annual international conference with speakers from prestigious institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=faadooadmin |date=2014-03-19 |title=SHAASTRARTH 2014, Technical Fest, RUNGTA ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAIPUR |url=http://www.faadooengineers.com/fests/2014/03/shaastrarth-2014-technical-fest-rungta-engineering-college-raipur/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CFP |url=https://www.easychair.org/cfp/shaastrarth2022 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.easychair.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-01 |title=International conference Shaastrarth-2015 concludes at RCET |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/international-conference-shaastrarth-2015-concludes-at-rcet/articleshow/47888305.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2024, The conference was held on 5 & 6 January 2024 at RCET campus as two-day program for bringing innovation in research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Labhesh |date=2024-01-06 |title=रूंगटा R-1 इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज में इंटरनेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस शास्त्रार्थ का आगाज… अब घर बैठे VR से पूरे अहसास के साथ कर सकेंगे अमरनाथ और हज की यात्रा, अमरीका की NYU यूनिवर्सिटी के प्रोफेसर डॉ. गौर ने गजब टेक्नोलॉजी से कराया रूबरू {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/international-conference-shastrarth-started-in-rungta-r-1-engineering-college/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sanjay S Gaur of [[New York University|NYU]] presented on augmentative and [[virtual reality]] technology and its impact in virtual pilgrimage, health and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diwan |first=Sandeep |date=2024-01-05 |title=अब घर बैठे कर सकेंगे अमरनाथ, वैष्णोदवी तीर्थ और हज जैसी यात्रा, क्या करना होगा आप भी जानिये... |url=https://tirandaj.com/amarnath-and-haj-pilgrimage-will-be-done-sitting-at-home/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Tirandaj {{!}} Latest Chhattisgarh News {{!}} CG News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur Ispat Bhoomi - 07 Jan 2024 - Page 3 |url=https://epaper.haribhoomi.com/view/1680/raipur-ispat-bhoomi/3 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=epaper.haribhoomi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajashthan Patrika ePaper:hindi |url=https://epaper.patrika.com/bhilai |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=epaper.patrika.com}}</ref>

PLACEMENTNAMAA- An initiative by Rungta Educational Foundation, a mega job fair to help students in the region secure placements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=संतोष रुंगटा कैम्पस में मध्य भारत का सबसे बड़ा जॉब फेयर प्लेसमेंट का आयोजन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chh-durg-mat-latest-bhilai-news-021004-2571380-nor.html/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PLACEMENTNAAMA - Free Mega Job Fair |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/14800-rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technology-rcet-bhilai |website=Collegedunia}}</ref>

CHESS- 'Chhattisgarh Entrepreneurship and Startup Summit 2023 under entrepreneurship Awareness Drive (CHESS 2023)', a national-level startup event in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-15 |title=Entrepreneurship Awareness Drive at Rungta College of Engineering and Technology |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/raipur/entrepreneurship-awareness-drive-at-rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technology/articleshow/66222893.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unstop - Competitions, Quizzes, Hackathons, Scholarships and Internships for Students and Corporates |url=https://unstop.com/competitions/chhattisgarh-entrepreneurship-and-startup-summit-2023-chess-2023-rungta-college-of-engineering-and-technolo-732235 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=unstop.com}}</ref>

RUHI- The HR Conclave to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and insights through panel discussions, workshops, and networking opportunities within the field of Human Resources.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-19 |title=Focus on customer relationship mgmt at Rungta HR meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/focus-on-customer-relationship-mgmt-at-rungta-hr-meet/articleshow/44872589.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-12 |title=2,000 students at campus recruitment drive in Bhilai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/2000-students-at-campus-recruitment-drive-in-bhilai/articleshow/20547436.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-10 |title=Exchange of creative ideas at Rungta HR meet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/exchange-of-creative-ideas-at-rungta-hr-meet/articleshow/50518815.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

AICTE Smart India Hackathon<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart India Hackathon {{!}} Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/Initiatives/smart-india-hackathon |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.aicte-india.org}}</ref> - Rungta College (RCET) became the nodal centre for Smart India Hackathon 2023, observing participation of students from 11 states and 178 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur Ispat Bhoomi - 20 Dec 2023 - Page 3 |url=https://epaper.haribhoomi.com/view/564/raipur-ispat-bhoomi/3 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=epaper.haribhoomi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |date=2023-12-15 |title=रूंगटा R - 1 को मिली बड़ी जिम्मेदारी: केंद्रीय शिक्षा मंत्रालय हैकाथॉन का फिनाले कराएगी रूंगटा R-1 कॉलेज में, प्रधानमंत्री मोदी करेंगे वर्चुअल उद्घाटन {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/rungta-r-1-got-a-big-responsibility/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Other social, cultural, sports and workshops have been organised since 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-10 |title=Workshop on adolescence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/workshop-on-adolescence/articleshow/21738422.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-12 |title=Cultural, sports fest in Bhilai from Dec 22 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/cultural-sports-fest-in-bhilai-from-dec-22/articleshow/17579495.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-16 |title=IPR workshop held on Rungta Group campus |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/ipr-workshop-held-on-rungta-group-campus/articleshow/54355791.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-18 |title=Rungta College students spread awareness on social issues |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/rungta-college-students-spread-awareness-on-social-issues/articleshow/51871928.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-09 |title=Workshop at Rungta college on personality devpt |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/workshop-at-rungta-college-on-personality-devpt/articleshow/50103093.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rungta University hosted a leadership session featuring N. Raghuraman, focusing on time management, decision-making, and career choices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rungta University Hosts N Raghuraman For A Leadership Session On Time, Choices, And Success |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/rungta-university-hosts-n-raghuraman-for-a-leadership-session-on-time-choices-and-success |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, the ''AI for Healthy India Challenge'' was launched under the '''Bharat Startup Grand Challenge''', an initiative by '''Startup India''' and the '''Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Startup Grand Challenge {{!}} स्टार्टआप इण्डिया |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/bharat-startup-grand-challenge.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.startupindia.gov.in}}</ref> in collaboration with Rungta University and the Rungta Business Incubator (RuBI). The programme sought to address structural problems in India’s healthcare system, particularly the widespread existence of unstructured clinical data and unequal access to diagnostic and specialist services.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

In 2026, Rungta University's Google Student Club member - Kriti Priya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Student Joins AI Summit |url=https://www.bweducation.com/article/chhattisgarh-student-joins-ai-summit-598188 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=BW Education |language=en}}</ref> was selected as one of the 6 global student ambassadors by [[Google]] to attend the [[India AI Impact Summit 2026|AI Impact Summit]] at [[Bharat Mandapam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Chhattisgarh student steps into India’s AI spotlight at Bharat Mandapam Summit |url=https://news24online.com/information/chhattisgarh-student-kriti-priya-rungta-university-india-ai-spotlight-bharat-mandapam-summit/779396/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> and interacted with CEO [[Sundar Pichai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Insights |first=ET Edge |date=2026-03-07 |title=From Bhilai to Bharat Mandapam: A young voice in India’s AI conversation - ET Edge Insights |url=https://etedge-insights.com/in-focus/trending/from-bhilai-to-bharat-mandapam-a-young-voice-in-indias-ai-conversation/,%20https://etedge-insights.com/in-focus/trending/from-bhilai-to-bharat-mandapam-a-young-voice-in-indias-ai-conversation/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2026, Rungta University representatives visited [[Helsinki]], [[Paris]], and [[Athens]] to study global education systems, examine student well-being, multilingual education, and classical knowledge integration, aiming to adapt international best practices to strengthen [[Higher education in India|higher education]] in Chhattisgarh under the [[National Education Policy]] (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=2026-03-13 |title=Global Learning, Local Vision: Rungta University Studies Education Models in Finland, Paris, and Athens |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/global-learning-local-vision-rungta-university-studies-education-models-in-finland-paris-and-athens-1056350 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

===International community===
[[File:Rungta College International Students.jpg|thumb|Rungta International Skills University - International Students
|alt=A picture of the Rungta University International Students|upright=1.245]]
Rungta College is the only government-affiliated college in Chhattisgarh that hosts international students from more than 15 countries on its campus. The campus has students from nations, like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and different African Countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Labhesh |date=2022-10-02 |title=विदेशी छात्रों ने सीमेंट की बोरी पहनकर किया धांसू डांस: भिलाई संतोष रुंगटा कॉलेज के विदेशी स्टूडेंट्स ने इवेंट में किया गजब का नाच-गाना; Video आपने देखा की नहीं ? {{!}} Bhilai Times |url=https://bhilaitimes.com/foreign-students-of-rungta-college-bhilai-performed-in-event/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=bhilaitimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Students {{!}} Rungta Group Of Institutions - R1 - Bhilai Raipur |url=https://www.rungta.ac.in/international-students.php |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.rungta.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Research and publication==
Rungta University has 19 utility patents, 50 Design patents and 23 books with 50 book chapters published.<ref>{{Cite web |last=दुर्ग |first=दिलीप कुमार शर्मा |date=2022-11-17 |title=छत्तीसगढ़: अब चाहकर भी खुदकुशी नहीं कर पाएंगे आप, छोटा सा पेन तोड़ देगा आपका मजबूत इरादा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-prevent-suicide-r1-faculty-of-engineering-of-bhilai-rungta-college-chhattisgarh-made-penlike-device-ann-2261218 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research & Development {{!}} Rungta Group of Institutions - R1 - Bhilai Raipur |url=https://rungta.ac.in/research-development.php |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=rungta.ac.in}}</ref> In 2025, 207 patent applications were applied through the online Indian Patent Office, Mumbai, within 12 hours<ref>{{Cite web |title=KOSHISH {{!}} World Records at Rungta University |url=https://rungta.ac.in/koshish |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Rungta International University - Home |language=en-US}}</ref>, this academic participation was described as a high volume of patent filing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=One Day, 207 Patents: How a Rungta University-Led Research Sprint Put Bhilai on the Global Innovation Map - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/education/one-day-207-patents-how-a-university-led-research-sprint-put-bhilai-on-the-global-innovation-map/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=LOKMAT |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rungta.ac.in}}
{{Commons category|Rungta College Bhilai}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Bhilai]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Bhilai]]

David Ngaihte

2026-03-23T21:31:33Z

Nuel ID:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = David Ngaihte
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.76}}
| currentclub = [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Goodwill FC
| years1 = 2012–2013
| clubs1 = [[Southern Samity]]
| years2 = 2013–2014
| clubs2 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied]]
| caps2 = 21
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2015
| clubs3 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps3 = 6
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014
| clubs4 = → [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (loan)
| caps4 = 2
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2015
| clubs5 = [[F.C. Zalen]]
| years6 = 2016
| clubs6 = [[Guwahati F.C.]]
| years7 = 2017
| clubs7 = [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| caps7 = 14
| goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2017
| clubs8 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| caps8 = 10
| goals8 = 1
| years9 = 2018
| clubs9 = [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 1 November 2017
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''David Ngaihte''' (born 16 December 1989) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who last played as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[Tollygunge Agragami]].

==Career==

===Early career===
With the motive to excel in academics and to get access to better education, David Ngaihte was sent to [[Delhi]].
In the capital, while practising with friends in the evening, as is a norm with the North Eastern guys, a [[Delhi]] club named Goodwill FC sported him and offered him to play for them in 2008.

Even then, the college going David Ngaihte wasn't serious about the offer but took it up just for the sake of playing the game he loves.
With nothing to prove, he caught the eyes of the capital's football aficionados and soon earned a berth for the [[Delhi football team|Delhi Santosh Trophy team]].

He spent the next three years completing his academics and switching between Delhi clubs. It wasn't until the [[2012 Santosh Trophy]] in [[Odisha]] that, David Ngaihte though he could curve out a career for himself in football.

Noticed by [[Southern Samity]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]], he joined the Kolkata club and had tremendously contributed for the team's good run in the [[2013 I-League 2nd Division]] that saw them in the final round of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur Footballer David Ngaihte Rocks For Rangdajied United|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport10..181013.oct13|work=e-pao.net|access-date=13 October 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019141531/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport10..181013.oct13|location=Imphal|date=17 October 2013|publisher=E-PAO|agency=Hueiyen News Service}}</ref>

===Rangdajied===
David made his professional debut for Rangdajied in the [[I-League]] on 4 October 2013 against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong]] and played the whole match; as Rangdajied drew the match 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Rangdajied United FC 2-2 Dempo SC: Papas denied his first win by the promoted outfit|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122561/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-dempo-sc/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035441/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122561/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-dempo-sc/report|archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

===Shillong Lajong===
On 5 May 2014 it was announced that Ngaihte has signed for [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] on a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied winger David Ngaihte Moves to Shillong Lajong|url=http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2972&news=Rangdajied-Winger-David-Ngaihte-Moves-To-Shillong-Lajong|work=Feverpitch.in|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215945/http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2972&news=Rangdajied-Winger-David-Ngaihte-Moves-To-Shillong-Lajong|archive-date=12 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|10 March 2017}}<ref>{{Soccerway|david-ngaihte/314921}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]
|22||2||2||0||0||0||–||–||24||2
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||–||–||1||0
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[NorthEast United FC]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]
|2||0||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||0
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014-15]]
|6||0||0||0||0||0||–||–||6||0
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Minerva Punjab FC]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014-15]]
|10||1||0||0||0||0||–||–||10||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Career total
!41!!3!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!43!!3
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://i-league.org/?tb_player=k-c-ngaihte I-league Profile]

{{Delhi Dynamos FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngaihte, David}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Rangdajied United FC players]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Tollygunge Agragami FC players]]

Sambho Siva Sambho

2026-03-20T00:01:40Z

Nuel ID: new basic info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sambho Siva Sambho
| image = Shambo Shiva Shambo Poster.jpg
| director = [[Samuthirakani]]
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Naadodigal]]'' (Tamil)|Samuthirakani}}
| producer = [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu
| writer = Samuthirakani
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Allari Naresh]] [[Siva Balaji]] [[Priyamani]] [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] Surya Teja
| music = [[Sundar C Babu]]
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| editing = A. L. Ramesh
| studio = Global Infotainment
| released = {{film date|df=y|2010|1|14}}
| runtime = 159 min.
| gross =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Sambho Siva Sambho''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Samuthirakani]]. It stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Allari Naresh]], [[Siva Balaji]], [[Priyamani]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], and Surya Teja. This film is a remake of the director's 2009 film ''[[Naadodigal]]''. Abhinaya reprised her role from original film and while [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] plays a guest role. The film released on 14 January 2010 to mixed responses from critics. Despite mixed reviews, the film performed well and was declared a box office hit.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} The film was later dubbed in Hindi as ''Mera Krodh'' in 2012.

==Plot==
Karunakar alias Karna, Malli, and Chandu are close friends, and each of them has individual goals. Karna is in love with his [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross-cousin]] Muniamma, whose father wants him to get a government job first. Malli dreams of going to a foreign land as soon as Karna gets his passport. Chandu aims to set up a computer training center and is in love with Karunakar's sister Pavithra. The trio enjoys life, hanging out together. Karunakar’s friend Santosh (Surya Teja), the son of the Home Minister, is in love with his family's arch rival's daughter. The three friends come forward to unite these lovebirds against all odds. In the process, a charge sheet is filed against the trio and Karunakar loses his government job offer and his grandmother is killed by henchmen and the alliance with his love is called off by Muniamma's father after both the family's clash, Malli loses his hearing, and Chandu has his leg amputated. 10 days later, due to ego clashes, the married lovers hate each other and walk out. The friends, who sacrificed and lost everything to unite these lovers now are hellbent for their blood, but in the end, instead of ending them, Karunakar lectures them and considers them already dead before the friends leave them to their own fate.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Karunakar aka Karna
* [[Siva Balaji]] as Chandu
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Malli
* [[Priyamani]] as Muniamma
* [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Pavithra, Karna's sister
* Surya Teja as Santosh
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Nani, Karna's friend
* [[Naina Das|Naina]] as Prabha, Santosh's girlfriend
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as ex-MP
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Karna And Pavithra's friend
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Chandu's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ramaiya, Malli's father
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Raghava, Muniamma's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Swarajyam, Karna and Pavithra's mother
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Rajanna, Prabha's father
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Prabha's mother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Sivaji, Karna and Pavithra's friend
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Politician
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Prasad, Karna and Pavithra's father
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Pandu
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Central Minister
* [[Varshini Sounderajan]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as owner of Godavari Tent House aka Babai
* Anitha Nath
* Chitralekha as Lakshmi, Malli's love interest
* Taslima
* Shirley
* [[Samuthirakani]] as the car driver (cameo appearance)
* [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] as a lover's friend (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
The film is an official remake of Samuthirakani's own Tamil film ''[[Naadodigal]]''.<ref name="N">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/sep/01/sambho-sivasambho-shoots-in-kurnool-82557.html | title='Sambho Sivasambho' shoots in Kurnool | date=16 May 2012 | access-date=6 August 2022 | archive-date=6 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806070726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/sep/01/sambho-sivasambho-shoots-in-kurnool-82557.html | url-status=live |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> This film's title is based on ''Naadodigal'' song of the same name. The film marks the second collaboration between producer [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] and Ravi Teja after ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' (2004).<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sambhosivasambho.html|title=Sambho Siva Sambho music launch|date=2 January 2010|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Part of the film was shot in Kurnool.<ref name="N"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Sundar C. Babu]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/shambho-shiva-shambho-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/931716166|title=Shambho Shiva Shambho (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2010|access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref> All songs were reused from the original except for "Bava Bava" and "Kanupapalalo Prema". The music launch function was held on 2 January 2010 in [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="I"/>

{{Infobox album
| name = Sambho Siva Sambho
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sundar C. Babu]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 June 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 33:57
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sundar C. Babu]]
| prev_title = [[Panchamirtham]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Sindhu Samaveli]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:57
| title1 = Chintamani
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hema Chandra]], [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Bava Bava
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hema Chandra]], [[Geeta Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Evaremaina Prema
| lyrics3 = Chinni Charan
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 5:16
| title4 = Adandira Babu
| lyrics4 = Chinni Charan
| extra4 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length4 = 4:21
| title5 = Kanupapalalo Prema
| lyrics5 = Chinni Charan
| extra5 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length5 = 5:16
| title6 = Shambho Shiva Shambho
| lyrics6 = Chinni Charan
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 4:36
| title7 = Jagadam
| lyrics7 = Chinni Charan
| extra7 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length7 = 1:08
| title8 = Pain of Love
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 2:14
| title9 = Jagadam
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 2:02
}}

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. ''[[Sify]]'' rated 4/5 and gave it the verdict "entertaining".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shambo-shiva-shambo-review-telugu-14928070.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201811/http://www.sify.com/movies/shambo-shiva-shambo-review-telugu-14928070.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Review : (2010)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Supergoodmovies rated it 3/5 and said "All artists gave their best performances and though being his debut direction, Samuthirakarni deserves a hit".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/2426/tollywood/shambo-shiva-shambo-review-movie-review-details |title=Shambo Shiva Shambo Review |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203140938/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/2426/tollywood/shambo-shiva-shambo-review-movie-review-details |url-status=live |website=SuperGoodMovies.com}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' dated the film 2/5 and wrote, "Samuthirakani has made something different but one wonders whether ''Sambho Siva Sambho'' will have the same impact that its Tamil counterpart had".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-sambho-siva-sambho/20100115.htm | title=Review: Sambho is nothing like Nadodigal | first=Radhika|last=Rajamani| work=[[Rediff.com]] | access-date=6 August 2022 | archive-date=6 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806071029/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-sambho-siva-sambho/20100115.htm | url-status=live |date=15 January 2010}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2.75/5 and wrote, "The basic story idea is good and it is dealt realistically. But the director couldn’t mould the movie to suit the Telugu nativity".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sambhosivasambho.html | title=Sambho Siva Sambho film review - Telugu cinema Review - Ravi Teja, Priyamani & Allari Naresh | author=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=14 January 2010| access-date=6 August 2022 | archive-date=2 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702233749/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sambhosivasambho.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1637995}}

{{Samuthirakani}}{{Naadodigal}}

[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Samuthirakani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sundar C. Babu]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s buddy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]

Vilaripalayam

2026-03-17T23:34:58Z

Nuel ID:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vilaripalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|35|50|N|78|24|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salem District|Salem]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1151
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636115
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04292
| registration_plate =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Yercaud (state assembly constituency)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vilaripalayam''' is a village in [[Valapady block]] in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] District of [[Tamil Nadu]] State, [[India]]. It is located 33 km towards East from District headquarters Salem. 8 km from Valapady. 300 km from State capital Chennai. The total geographical area of village is 109.87 hectares.<ref name="NPR-Idappadi">{{Cite web|title=District Census Handbook: Tamil Nadu: Salem|publisher=CENSUS OF INDIA, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3307_PART_A_DCHB_SALEM.pdf}}</ref> It has a total population of 1,151 peoples. There are about 338 houses in Vilaripalayam village. [[Valapady]] is nearest town to Vilaripalayam.

==Geography and climate==

Vilaripalayam has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] occurs from October to December.

==Demography==

Tamil is the local language here.

==Transport==
* The nearest Bus Stand is located at [[Vazhapadi]]
* The nearest Railway stations are located at [[Vazhapadi]], [[Ettapur Road]].
* The nearest Airport is Salem Airport (India), about 56 km away.

== Government Buildings ==
Vilaripalayam has the following [[Government of India|Government]] buildings.
# Government Secondary School (Up to 10th Standard) State Board Syllabus.<ref>[http://elections.tn.gov.in/BLOLIST/9.Salem.pdf G.H.S.S. Vilaripalayam (BOOTH LEVEL OFFICERS LIST - SALEM DISTRICT)]</ref>
# [[Post office|Post Office]].<ref>[https://docs.google.com/document/d/18GtXFpHgZSBPubG53H8lMK9HH6sY499xfG1GuK7Fmnw/edit?usp=sharing Locate Post Office - Google Drive Attachment (Screenshot)]</ref>
# General [[Library]]
# Public Distribution Center

==Temples in Vilaripalayam==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
* Muthumariyamman [[Temple]]
* Lord Vinayagar [[Temple]]
* Lord Murugan [[Temple]]
* Lord Venkateshwara [[Temple]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Salem district]]

Maya (1999 film)

2026-03-09T01:01:12Z

Nuel ID: minor changes

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=March 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maya 1999 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster in Tamil
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Rama Narayanan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Pugazhmani (Tamil) K. Seetharam (Kannada)
}}
| producer = N. Radha
| starring = [[Napolean (actor)|Napolean]] [[Nagma]]
| cinematography = W. R. Chandran
| editing = Rajkeerthi
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|01|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Kannada
}}

'''''Maya''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]], produced and directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Nagma]], while [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] plays a supporting role. The venture was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously shot]] in [[Kannada]] as '''''Jayasurya'''''. The Tamil version was dubbed in Telugu as ''Gurupoornima'' and in Hindi as ''Sai Teri Maya''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c1kAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sai+Teri+Maya%22 |title=Hindi Cinema Year Book, Volume 1 |publisher=Screen World Publication |year=2002 |pages=86}}</ref> The films, which had music composed by R. R. G, were released on 15 January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya (Tamil) |url=http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/272-maya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222045/http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/272-maya |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Actor (Tamil) !! Actor (Kannada) !! Role (Tamil) !! Role (Kannada)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Napolean (actor)|Napolean]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Pratap
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nagma]]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Lakshmi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Jayasurya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] || style="text-align:center;"|Bangara Raju || style="text-align:center;"| Bangar Rao
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vadivukkarasi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anitha
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bomma Rangan
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Vadivelu]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Tennis Krishna]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[T. P. Gajendran]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Bank Janardhan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|}

==Production==
Some scenes were shot at [[Kotilingeshwara|Kotilingeshwara Temple]] at [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Poornima 20 minutes of graphic alone |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991010235207/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/south.htm |archive-date=10 October 1999 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express|Express India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
;Tamil
*Baba Oru Karunalayam - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (Lyrics [[Piraisoodan]])
*Thataka Pithaka - Sabesh

;Kannada
The lyrics were written by Geethapriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/09/19/jayasoorya-1999/|title=Jayasoorya – ಜಯಸೂರ್ಯ (1999/೧೯೯೯)|date=19 September 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The Tamil and Kannada versions were released in 1999, with the Telugu version released shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama Narayanan Movies |url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/rama-narayanan-movies.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221153325/http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/rama-narayanan-movies.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |website=bharatmovies.com}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "Rama Narayanan has chosen an ideal story to utilise the modern ''wizardy'' on the screen. Followers of Shirdi Sai Baba will flock the cinemas, because of the miracles this messenger of God performs, in the film, to save his devotees from the evil force" He also appreciated the visual effects and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=15 January 1999 |title=Film reviews: Thodarum/Maya |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990115/09/09150223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001214073300/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990115/09/09150223.htm |archive-date=14 December 2000 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Rama Narayanan}}
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 fantasy films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sai Baba of Shirdi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of religious leaders]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Meghalaya

2026-03-08T05:10:14Z

Nuel ID: new first details w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{short description|Meghalaya affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| party_name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Meghalaya
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = Rikman Momin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-chief-jp-nadda-appoints-state-party-presidents-meghalaya-puducherry-nagaland-8958088/lite/|title=BJP chief JP Nadda appoints new state party presidents in Meghalaya, Puducherry, Nagaland|date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = 3rd Floor, Opp.Passport Seva Kendra Lower Lachumiere, [[Shillong]]-793 001, [[Meghalaya]]
<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya BJP state unit address |url=https://www.bjp.org/meghalaya-state-office|work=BJP website}}</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#FF9900}} (as of 2023)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya|2023]])
| state_seats_name = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}}(as of 2023)
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/meghalaya}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| leader = [[Sanbor Shullai]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Meghalaya state president on Alliance with NPP after 2023 state election |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/we-will-continue-to-support-npp-led-govt-in-meghalaya-bjp-leader/|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
| foundation = {{start_date and years ago|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci =
| alliance = '''National level''' [[National Democratic Alliance]] '''Regional level''' [[North East Democratic Alliance]] '''State level''' [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| ideology =
{{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[National conservatism]]<ref name="mathewjoh">* {{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|title=Conservatism and Ideology|last2=Garnett|first2=Mark |last3=Walker|first3=David M|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-52900-2|pages=45–50|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061245/https://books.google.com/books?id=smxQDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP+a+conservatism|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* Björn Goldstein (2015) The unconscious Indianization of 'Western' conservatism – is Indian conservatism a universal model?, Global Discourse, 5:1, 44–65, {{doi|10.1080/23269995.2014.946315}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1|pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|url-status=live| issn = 2176-9257|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul|isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|pages=50–150|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Hindu nationalism#Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra|Hindu rastra]] (Hindu state)
| Pro-Beef ([[cow slaughter]])
| Anti-[[Inner Line Permit]]
|[[Neoliberalism]]<ref name="Surajit 2017">* {{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Surajit|date=2017|title=Neo-Liberalism and the Rise of Right-Wing Conservatism in India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/93182 |url-status=live|journal=Desenvolvimento Em Debate|volume=5|issue=1 |pages=115–131|doi=10.51861/ded.dmds.1.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061248/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/93182/|archive-date=14 April 2023|access-date=24 April 2022|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Shankar|title=Defining, Constructing and Policing a 'New India': Relationship between Neoliberalism and Hindutva|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=7 July 2006|volume=41|issue=26|pages=2803–2813|jstor=4418408|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234207/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418408|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Kalpana|last2=Ung Loh|first2=Jennifer|last3=Purewal|first3=Navtej|title=Gender, Violence and the Neoliberal State in India|journal=Feminist Review|date=July 2018|volume=119|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/s41305-018-0109-8|s2cid=149814002|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210111943/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25540/1/wilson-ung-loh-purewal-introduction-gender-violence-and-the-neoliberal-state-in-India.doc.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mathur|first1=Navdeep|title=The low politics of higher education: saffron branded neoliberalism and the assault on Indian universities|journal=Critical Policy Studies|date=2018|volume=12 |issue=1|pages=121–125|doi=10.1080/19460171.2017.1403343|s2cid=148842457}}</ref>
}}

| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''
| founder = {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
| peasants = [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Meghalaya''', or simply, '''BJP Meghalaya''' ('''BJP'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}),
is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of Meghalaya. Its head office is situated at the 3rd Floor, Opp.Passport Seva Kendra Lower Lachumiere, [[Shillong]]-793 001, [[Meghalaya]] India. The current president of BJP Meghalaya is Rikman Momin.

==In General Election==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Lok Sabha|In General Elections]]
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Party leader
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Photo
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change in seats
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Result
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|
|
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sanbor Shullai]]
|
| 0
| {{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|Shibun Lyngdoh
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Government
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#F8C8B0; color:white"|Government, later Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|
|
| 0
|{{steady}} 0
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|
|
| 0
| new
| style="background-color:#808080; color:white"| Opposition
|}

==In State Election==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Election || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Seats || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Popular votes || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Vote% || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Change of Vote% ||style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Result|-
! colspan="" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
! colspan="" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1993|| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|4th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || new || 29,948 || 3.68% || new ||style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1998|| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|5th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|3|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 3 || 41,924 || 5.01% || {{increase}} 1.33% ||style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2003|| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|7th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 1 || 48,932 || 5.42% || {{increase}} 0.41% ||style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2008|| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|8th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|1|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 1 || 29,465 || 2.71% || {{decrease}} 2.71% ||style="background-color:#808080; color:white"|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2013|| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|9th Assembly (Meghalaya)]]|| {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 1 || 16,752 || 1.27% || {{decrease}} 1.44% ||style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:white"|None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2018|| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|10th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 2 || 152,162 || 9.6% || {{increase}} 8.33% ||style="background-color:#FF8800; color:white"|Allied Government [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2023|| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly (Meghalaya)]] || {{Composition bar|2|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} || 173,042 || 9.30% || {{decrease}} 0.30% ||style="background-color:#FF8800; color:white"|Allied Government [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]]
|}

==In Local Elections==

===Autonomous District Council election===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Autonomous District Council
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Government
|-
!colspan=8|Garo Hills
|-
|2021
|[[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council|Garo Hills]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|2|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hubnetwork.in/congress-wins-12-npp-11/|title=GHADC polls: Congress wins 12, NPP 11|date=2021-04-15}}</ref>
|
|
|Allied government of [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]]
|-
|2015
|[[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council|Garo Hills]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|1|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|
|
|Allied government of [[North East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]]
|-
!colspan=8|Jaintia Hills
|-
|2021
|[[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council|Jaintia Hills]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|
|
|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]] Government of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Allies.
|-
|2015
|[[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council|Jaintia Hills]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|
|
|[[North East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] Government of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Allies.
|-
!colspan=8|Khasi Hills
|-
|2021
|[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council|Kashi Hills]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|
|
||[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|MDA]] Government of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Allies.
|-
|2015
|[[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council|Khasi Hills]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|29|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|
|
|
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]
*[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
*[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
*[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
*[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]]
*[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]
*[[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Meghalaya}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Political parties in Meghalaya]]

Ashok Gajapathi Raju

2026-03-07T15:33:02Z

Nuel ID: fix intro after review and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju
| image = The Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati in New Delhi on October 30, 2014.jpg
| caption = Raju in October 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|06|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]], India (present-day Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]])
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan, Panaji]]
| office = [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| term_start = 26 July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
| successor =
| office1 = 29th [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| term_start1 = 26 May 2014
| term_end1 = 9 March 2018
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014
| term_end2 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Botcha Jhansi Lakshmi]]
| successor2 = [[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
| office3 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister for Revenue, Relief and Rehabilitation]] in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 11 October 1999
| term_end3 = 14 May 2004
| governor3 = * [[Krishan Kant]]
* [[C. Rangarajan]]
* [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| successor3 = [[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
| office4 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Finance and Legislative Affairs]] in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 1 September 1995
| term_end4 = 10 October 1999
| governor4 = * [[Krishan Kant]]
* [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Fourth N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Commercial Taxes and Legislative Affairs]] in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 12 December 1994
| term_end5 = 31 August 1995
| governor5 = [[Krishan Kant]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office6 = [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Excise]] in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = 9 March 1985
| term_end6 = 2 December 1989
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| office7 = [[First N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Commercial Taxes]] in [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start7 = 1983
| term_end7 = 1985
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency8 = [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| term_start8 = 19 May 2009
| term_end8 = 28 March 2014
| predecessor8 = [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
| successor8 = Meesala Geetha
| term_start9 = 5 March 1978
| term_end9 = 14 November 2003
| predecessor9 = Appannadora Appasani
| successor9 = [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
| constituency9 = [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| religion =
| alma_mater = [[Hyderabad Public School]]
| children = 2 (including [[Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi]])
| website = http://ashokgajapathiraju.com
}}

'''Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju''' (born 26 June 1951) is an Indian politician who is currently serving as the [[List of governors of Goa|governor of Goa since July 2025]] and the former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister for Civil Aviation]]. A scion of royal family of [[Vizianagaram Estate|Vizianagaram princely state]], he is the younger son of the last Maharaja of Vizianagaram. He was appointed as governor of Goa by president of India on 14 July 2025<ref>{{cite web | last=Analysis | first=Daily News & | title=Ashok Gajapathi Raju: The man with the "Royal Touch" | website=dna | date=26 May 2014 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ashok-gajapathi-raju-the-man-with-the-royal-touch-1991472 | access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/v/vizianagram.html|title=VIZIANAGRAM|work=iinet.net.au|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026105517/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/v/vizianagram.html|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of Andhra Pradesh State legislature for over twenty five years and was a State Minister, for thirteen years holding the portfolios of Commercial Taxes, Excise, Legislative affairs, Finance, Revenue, Relief and Rehabilitation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.civilaviation.gov.in/about-minister/meet-the-minister|title = Honourable Minister {{!}} Ministry of Civil Aviation|website = www.civilaviation.gov.in|access-date = 2016-03-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju comes from the [[Pusapati]] royal family of the [[Vizianagaram Estate|Vizianagaram estate]]. He is the son of Maharaja [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapathi Raju]], the last [[Vizianagaram Estate#List of title-holders|Maharaja of Vizianagram]]. His family is known for its philanthropy through its temples that include the famous [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam]] temple and the Maharaja Alak Narayana Society for Arts and Sciences which runs a number of education institutions. He was educated at [[Scindia School]] Gwalior, [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet|Hyderabad Public School]] and [[Dr. V. S. Krishna Govt. Degree & P.G College|V.S. Krishna College]], Visakhapatnam.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|author=BS Reporter |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ashok-gajapathi-raju-114052600980_1.html |title=Ashok Gajapathi Raju |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> His father Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju and his brother [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (born 1950)|Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju]] were also Indian parliamentarians and ministers in the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekshatriyas.org/famous_people/p-ashok-gajapathi-raju/ |title=P Ashok Gajapathi Raju | The Kshatriyas Association of North America |publisher=Thekshatriyas.org |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Aviation minister shuns privileges">{{cite news|title=Aviation minister shuns privileges, stands in queue, takes bus to aircraft|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/aviation-minister-shuns-privileges-stands-in-queue-takes-bus-to-aircraft/article1-1247913.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804010017/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/aviation-minister-shuns-privileges-stands-in-queue-takes-bus-to-aircraft/article1-1247913.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2014|access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> He is a former President of [[Andhra Cricket Association]]. His efforts resulted in the establishment of several centres for imparting training in several sports at many places including Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram.<ref name=":0" /> He is from royal [[Pusapati]] family of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is 11th Custodian of his family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal House {{!}} A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF VIZIANAGARAM|url=http://mansasedu.org/Royal_House.html|access-date=2020-08-29|website=mansasedu.org}}</ref> He married Suneela in the year 1974 and has 2 daughters, one of whom is [[Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi]], the MLA from [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4760&lastls=16|access-date=2020-08-29|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pativada |first=Sreenu Babu |date=2024-04-13 |title=2 women in fray to take forward family legacy in North Andhra politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/13/2-women-in-fray-to-take-forward-family-legacy-in-north-andhra-politics |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Shri Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 26, 2014.jpg|250px|thumb|President Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Raju]]
He won the [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]] Legislative Assembly constituency for the first time as [[Janata Party]] candidate in 1978. He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] when it was formed in 1982 and won the state assembly elections of 1983, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2009. He won the [[2014 Indian general election]] to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0120.htm?ac=20 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |date=17 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002158/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0120.htm?ac=20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served Andhra Pradesh as a Cabinet Minister for Excise, Commercial Taxes, Finance, Revenue and Legislative Affairs in State Government. He is a Politburo member in the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was the Union minister for [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] cabinet. He resigned on 8 March 2018 over a dispute with central government to provide special status to Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Sobhana K.|title=TDP Ministers Ashok Gajapathi Raju and Y.S. Chowdary resign from Union Cabinet|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tdp-ministers-ashok-gajapathi-raju-and-ys-chowdary-submit-resignations/article22983614.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=9 March 2018|language=en-IN|date=8 March 2018}}</ref>
== Goa Governorship ==
On July 14, 2025, he was appointed as the Governor of Goa, with his swearing-in scheduled for July 26.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju appointed Governor of Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa/pusapati-ashok-gajapathi-raju-appointed-governor-of-goa/article69810418.ece |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He officially resigned from the TDP to take up the post and expressed gratitude to the party leadership for the opportunity to serve.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-07-08 |title=Senior leader Pusapati Ashok quits TDP; to take oath as Goa governor on July 26 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jul/19/senior-leader-pusapati-ashok-quits-tdp-to-take-oath-as-goa-governor-on-july-26 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Other works ==
He took an active part in the struggle for the formation of a new district viz. [[Vizianagaram]]. His interest to improve education in the district led to the establishment of several governmental and non-governmental educational institutions. He served as Chairman of The Maharaja Alak Narayana Society of Arts and Science (MANSAS) which is running twelve educational institutions in the district. As a Minister, he was associated with several developmental activities. He is keenly interested in the field of public health and the conservation of water and electricity. In pursuance of this ideal, he launched housing, drinking water and health schemes. He has traveled abroad to study town planning and to implement it suitably in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]] |years=2014 – 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]|years=26 May 2014 – 8 March 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Suresh Prabhu]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]|years=26 July 2025 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Current Indian governors}}{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{16th LS members from Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}
{{Portal|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Ashok Gajapati}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]

Ore Thooval Pakshikal

2026-03-07T04:56:38Z

Nuel ID: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ore Thooval Pakshikal (Birds of the Same Feather)
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Chintha Ravi]]
| producer = [[Chintha Ravi]]
| writer = [[Chintha Ravi]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Balan K. Nair]] [[Tom Alter]] Nilambur Balan Mokeri Ramachandran [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]]
| music = '''Background score:''' [[G. Aravindan]] '''Songs:''' [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Regret not working with chettan after 'Piravi': Cinematographer Sunny Joseph on Shaji N Karun|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/29/regret-not-working-with-chettan-after-piravi-cinematographer-sunny-joseph-on-shaji-n-karun|publisher=The New Indian Express, 29 April 2025}}, Archived on 31 August 2025</ref>
| editing = [[P_Raman_Nair|P. Raman Nair]]
| studio = Vichara Chalachithra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Ore Thooval Pakshikal''''' ({{langx|en|Birds of the Same Feather}}) is a 1988 [[Malayalam]] film written, directed and produced by [[Chintha Ravi]]. The film, in a docu-drama style, depicts the last days of the [[British Raj]]. It stars [[Balan K. Nair]], Tom Alter, Nilambur Balan and [[Ramachandran Mokeri]] in pivotal roles. The film features an original score composed by legendary filmmaker [[G. Aravindan]].

==Awards==
; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=State Film Awards 1969 - 2008|publisher=Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala|access-date=5 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archive-date=19 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]- [[Chintha Ravi]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]]- [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]- [[G. Aravindan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0235650}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809094838/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/466080 ''Ore Thooval Pakshikal''] at the [[British Film Institute]] Movie Database
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/5085.html ''Ore Thooval Pakshikal''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

List of Malayalam films of 2003

2026-03-07T04:36:30Z

Nuel ID: general improved section to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Malayalam films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year [[2003 in film|2003]].

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"| Title
! style="width:15%;"| Director
! style="width:15%;"| Screenplay
! style="width:29%;"| Cast
|-
| ''[[Achante Kochumol]]''
| [[Rajan P. Dev]]
| Muthukulam Somanath
| [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[Madhupal]], [[Indraja]]
|-
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]''
| [[M. Padmakumar]]
| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Navya Nair]]
|-
| ''Ananthapuram Raajakumaari''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Anyar (film)|Anyar]]''
| [[Lenin Rajendran]]
| [[Lenin Rajendran]]
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|-
| ''[[Arimpara]]''
| [[Murali Nair]]
| [[Murali Nair]], Madhu Apsara
| [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
| ''[[Balettan]]''
| [[V. M. Vinu]]
| [[T. A. Shahid]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Devayani]]
|-
| ''[[Chakram (2003 film)|Chakram]]''
| [[Lohithadas]]
| [[Lohithadas]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Meera Jasmine]]
|-
| ''[[Chayam (2004 film)|Chayam]]''
| [[Biju C. Kannan]]
| Sivaprasad Eravoor
| [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
|-
| ''[[Cheri (2003 film)|Cheri]]''
| K. S. Sivachandran
| Latheesh Kumar
| Nazar, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Indraja]]
|-
| ''[[Chithrakoodam]]''
| Pradeep Kumar
| Pradeep Kumar
| [[Abhinay]], [[Jagadish]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|-
| ''[[Choonda]]''
| Venugopan
| [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| Jishnu Raghavan, [[Geetu Mohandas|Geethu Mohandas]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|-
| ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]''
| [[Siddiq]]
| [[Siddiq]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| ''[[CID Moosa]]''
| [[Johny Antony]]
|[[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udayakrishna-Sibi K. Thomas]]
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| ''[[Ente Veedu Appoontem]]''
| [[Sibi Malayil]]
|[[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby - Sanjay]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Kalidas Jayaram|Kaalidas]]
|-
| ''[[The Fire (2003 film)|The Fire]]''
| Sanker Krishna
| Vinu Narayanan
|[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Jagadish]], Sajitha Betti
|-
| ''[[Gowrisankaram]]''
| Nemam Pushparaj
| [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]]
| [[Munna (actor)|Munna]], [[Kavya Madhavan]]
|-
| ''[[Gramaphone (film)|Gramaphone]]''
| [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]
|[[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Navya Nair]]
|-
| ''Guda''|| || ||
|-
| ''Happy Home''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]''
| Viswan Vaduthala
| P. S. Kumar
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Jyothirmayi]]
|-
| ''[[Ivar (2003 film)|Ivar]]''
| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| ''[[Janakeeyam]]''
| Rajaganeshan
| Rajaganeshan
| [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
|-
| ''Japam''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavarkey]]''
| Rajesh Narayanan
| B. S. Mini
| [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
|-
| ''[[Kaliyodam (2003 film)|Kaliyodam]]''
| Nazer Azeez
| Batton Bose
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]]
|-
| ''[[Kasthooriman]]''
| [[Lohithadas]]
| [[Lohithadas]]
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Meera Jasmine]]
|-
| ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]''
| [[Priyadarsan]]
| [[Priyadarsan]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Soundarya]], [[Sreenivasan]]
|-
| ''[[The King Maker Leader]]''
| [[Diphan|Deepan]]
|
| [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
|-
| ''[[Kusruthi]]''
| [[Anil Babu]]
| Rajan Kiriyath
| [[Harisree Asokan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
|-
| ''Madhuram''|| || ||
|-
| ''Malsaram''
| Anil C. Menon
| [[T. A. Shahid]]
| [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Sujitha]], [[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]]
|-
| ''[[Manassinakkare]]''
| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]
| [[Ranjan Pramod]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Sheela]], [[Nayanthara]]
|-
| ''[[Margam (film)|Margam]]''
| Rajeev Vijayaraghavan
|
| [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Madhupal]]
|-
| ''Mazha Peyyumpol''|| || ||
|-
| ''Mazhanoolkkanavu''|| || ||[[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Charulatha]]
|-
| ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]''
| [[Vinayan]]
| [[Vinayan]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Ambili Devi]], [[Renuka Menon]]
|-
| ''[[Melvilasam Sariyanu]]''
| [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep]]
| Sathrughnan
|[[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Sujitha]]
|-
| ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]''
| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|[[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
|-
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]''
| [[Thulasidas]]
| [[J. Pallassery]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Meena]]
|-
| ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]''
| [[V. K. Prakash]]
| N. B. Vindhyan
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Chaya Singh]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]
|-
| ''Ottakkambi Naadam''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
|[[T. V. Chandran]]
|[[T. V. Chandran]]
|[[Meera Jasmine]]
|-
| ''[[Parinamam]]''
| [[Venu]]
| [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]]
| [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]''
| [[Lal Jose]]
| [[Reji Nair]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Jyothirmayi]], Tessa
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]''|| || ||
|-
| ''Please Wait''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''
| [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
|[[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udayakrishna-Sibi K. Thomas]]
| [[Jayasurya]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Salim Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Punarjani]]''||[[Major Ravi]]
| ||[[Pranav Mohanlal|Master Pranav]]
|-
| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]''
| Akbar Jose
| [[J. Pallassery]]
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Kavya Madhavan]]
|-
| ''[[Sahodharan Sahadevan]]''
| Sunil
| Ambadi Haneefa
| [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagadish]], [[Geetu Mohandas|Geethu Mohandas]]
|-
| ''[[Saphalam]]''
| Ashok R. Nath
|[[Madampu Kunjukuttan|Madamb Kunjukuttan]]
| [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|-
| ''[[Saudhamini]]''
| [[P. Gopikumar]]
| V. P. Bhanumathy
| Jaya Krishnan, [[Jagadish]]
|-
| ''[[Shingari Bolona]]''
| Sathish Mannarkad
| Anil Raj
| [[Nishanth Sagar]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|-
| ''[[Sthithi]]''||R. Sarath
| ||[[Unni Menon]], [[Nandini Ghosal]]
|-
| ''Sundarikkutty''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Malavika]]''
| Jagadish Chandran
| Alapuzha Sharif
| Gopi Menon, [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|-
| ''[[Swapnakoodu]]''
| [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]
| [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]], [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]''
| [[Rajasenan]]
|[[Raghunath Paleri]]
| [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]]
|-
| ''Thazhampoo''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Thilakkam]]''
| [[Jayaraj]]
| [[Rafi Mecartin]]
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
| ''[[Thillana Thillana]]''
| Saji T. S.
| Vinu Kiriyath
| [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]], [[Jomol]]
|-
| ''[[Utthara]]''
| Sanil Kalathil
| Sanil Kalathil, N. S. Bijulal
| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
| ''Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu''
| Ansar Kalabhavan
| Kalabhavan Ansar
| Jishnu Raghavan, [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
|-
| ''Varna Swapnangal''|| || ||
|-
| ''Varsha''|| || ||
|-
| ''Varum Varunnu Vannu''
| K. R. Ramadas
| [[Balachandra Menon]]
| [[Balachandra Menon]], [[G. S. Pradeep]], [[Gautami|Gouthami]]
|-valign="top"
| ''[[Vasanthamalika]]''
|  [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]]
|  
|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Uma Shankari]]
|-
| ''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]''
| [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Navya Nair]]
|-
| ''Vigathakumaran''|| || ||
|-
| ''Vivaadam''|| || ||
|-
| ''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War and Love]]''
| [[Vinayan]]
|
| [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Indraja]]
|-
| ''Zameendaar''|| || ||
|-
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; background:#c3fdb8; font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| ''[[Magic Magic 3D]]'' || || ''Magic Magic 3D'' || Tamil || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2003 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 2003}}
[[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films| 2003]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2003]]
[[Category:Lists of 2003 films by language]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian cinema]]

Magic lantern

2026-03-04T01:44:44Z

Nuel ID: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Type of image projector}}
{{about|the early type of image projector}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Magic Lantern.jpg|thumb|19th century magic lantern with printed slide incorrectly inserted (upright, which would be projected by the lantern as an inverted picture<ref name=Morton/>)]]
[[File:Magic lantern slide Carpenter and Westley.jpg|thumb|Magic lantern slide by [[Carpenter and Westley]]]]
The '''magic lantern''', also known by its Latin name '''{{lang|la|lanterna magica}}''', is an early type of [[image projector]] that uses pictures—paintings, prints, or [[photograph]]s—on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more [[lens (optics)|lens]]es, and a light source. Because a single lens inverts an image projected through it (as in the phenomenon which inverts the image of a [[camera obscura]]), slides are inserted upside down in the magic lantern, rendering the projected image correctly oriented.<ref name=Morton>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0016003267903766 "Erecting the inverted image In the magic lantern", Henry Morton, Ph.D., ''Journal of the Franklin Institute'', Volume 83, Issue 6, June 1867, Pages 406-409; "A lens, as every one knows, inverts the image which it makes of any object; hence, in the magic lantern, we insert the image upside down."]</ref>

It was mostly developed in the 17th century and commonly used for entertainment purposes. It was increasingly used for education during the 19th century. Since the late 19th century, smaller versions were also mass-produced as toys. The magic lantern was in wide use from the 18th century until the mid-20th century when it was superseded by a compact version that could hold many 35 mm photographic slides: the [[slide projector]].

==Technology==
[[File:1721? Jacob 's Gravesande - Physices Elementa Mathematica.jpg|thumb|A page of [[Willem 's Gravesande]]'s 1720 book ''Physices Elementa Mathematica'' with Jan van Musschenbroek's magic lantern projecting a monster. The depicted lantern is one of the oldest known preserved examples, and is in the collection of [[Museum Boerhaave]], Leiden]]

===Apparatus===
The magic lantern used a concave mirror behind a light source to direct the light through a small rectangular sheet of glass—a "lantern slide" that bears the image—and onward into a lens at the front of the apparatus. The lens is adjusted to focus the plane of the slide at the distance of the projection screen, which can be simply a white wall, and it forms an enlarged image of the slide on the screen.<ref name="ReferenceA">Pfragner, Julius. "An Optician Looks for Work". The Motion Picture: From Magic Lantern to Sound. Great Britain: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen Ltd. 9-21. Print.</ref> Some lanterns, including those of [[Christiaan Huygens]] and Jan van Musschenbroek, used three lenses for the [[objective (optics)|objective]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=De toverlantaarn in Nederland|first=Daan|last=Buddingh|magazine=Het Photohistorisch Tijdschrift|issue=2|date=2007|trans-title=The Magic Lantern in the Netherlands|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/nederland1_uk.htm|access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tour of the World by Magic Lantern: Eugene Danguy's Diaphorama|last=Mannoni|first=Laurent|journal=The New Magic Lantern Journal|volume=11|issue=3|date=December 2012|url=https://www.magiclantern.org.uk/new-magic-lantern-journal/item.php?id=4009761|access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

Biunial lanterns, with two objectives, became common during the 19th century and enabled a smooth and easy change of pictures. [[Stereopticon]]s added more powerful light sources to optimize the projection of photographic slides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biunial and Triunial Magic Lanterns |url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/biunial_uk.htm |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=De Luikerwaal}}</ref>

===Slides===
Originally the pictures were hand painted on glass slides. Initially, figures were rendered with black paint but soon transparent colors were also used. Sometimes the painting was done on oiled paper. Usually black paint was used as a background to block superfluous light, so the figures could be projected without distracting borders or frames. Many slides were finished with a layer of transparent lacquer, but in a later period cover glasses were also used to protect the painted layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/platen1_uk.htm|title=All about lantern slides (1)}}</ref> Most handmade slides were mounted in wood frames with a round or square opening for the picture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/platen2_uk.htm|title=All about magic lantern slides (2)|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>

[[File:10 Story about a boy falling in a barrel of honey.JPG|thumb|left|A paper rimmed mass-produced slide]]
After 1820 the manufacturing of hand colored printed slides started, often making use of [[decalcomania]] transfers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/platen1_uk.htm#decal|title=All about lantern slides (1)|website=De Luikerwaal}}</ref> Many manufactured slides were produced on strips of glass with several pictures on them and rimmed with a strip of glued paper.<ref name="Timby2016">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/23363210|title=Glass Transparencies: Marketing Photography's Luminosity and Precision|last=Timby|first=Kim|author-link=Kim Timby|year=2016|journal=PhotoResearcher|issue=25 }}</ref>

The first photographic lantern slides, called ''hyalotypes'', were invented by the German-born brothers Ernst Wilhelm (William) and [[Frederick Langenheim|Friedrich (Frederick) Langenheim]] in 1848 in [[Philadelphia]] and patented in 1850.<ref name="Timby2016"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7784A/en|title=Improvement in photographic pictures on glass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=1799&|title=William and Frederick Langenheim at Historic Camera|website=Historic Camera}}</ref>

===Light sources===
Apart from sunlight, the only light sources available at the time of invention in the 17th century were candles and oil lamps, which were very inefficient and produced very dim projected images. The invention of the [[Argand lamp]] in the 1790s helped to make the images brighter. The invention of [[limelight]] in the 1820s made them even brighter, emitting about 6000-8000 [[Lumen (unit)|lumens]].<ref>[https://www.canon-europe.com/view/laterna-magica/ Laterna Magica – the simple device that changed the way we view the world]</ref> The invention of the intensely bright electric [[arc lamp]] in the 1860s eliminated the need for combustible gases or hazardous chemicals, and eventually the incandescent electric lamp further improved safety and convenience, although not brightness.<ref name="ReferenceB">Waddington, Damer. "Introduction". Panoramas, Magic Lanterns and Cinemas. Channel Islands, NJ: Tocan Books. xiii-xv. Print.</ref>

==Precursors==
{{further|projector}}
Several types of projection systems existed before the invention of the magic lantern. [[Giovanni Fontana (engineer)|Giovanni Fontana]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Cornelis Drebbel]] described or drew image projectors that had similarities to the magic lantern.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Evolution of Scientific Instruments|date=April 3, 1925|author=|magazine=Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal|volume=CXIX|issue=3092|page=407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SIjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA407|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the 17th century, there was an immense interest in optics. The [[telescope]] and [[microscope]] were invented and apart from being useful to some scientists, such instruments were especially popular as entertaining curiosities to people who could afford them.<ref name="rossell2002">{{Cite book |last=Rossell |first=Deac |title=Ich sehe was, was Du nicht siehst! — Sehmaschinen und Bilderwelten: Die Sammlung Werner Nekes |publisher=Steidl Verlag |year=2002 |isbn=3-88243-856-8 |editor-last=von Dewitz |editor-first=Bodo |location=Göttingen, Germany |trans-title=I Can See What You Cannot See! — Seeing Machines and Worlds of Images: The Collection of Werner Nekes |chapter=The Magic Lantern |oclc=248511845 |editor-last2=Nekes |editor-first2=Werner |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/345943 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> The magic lantern would prove a natural successor.

===Camera obscura===
The magic lantern can be seen as a further development of [[camera obscura]]. This is a natural phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. It was known at least since the 5th century BC and experimented with in darkened rooms at least since {{circa|1000 AD}}. The use of a lens in the hole has been traced back to {{circa|1550|lk=no}}. The portable camera obscura box with a lens was developed in the 17th century. Dutch inventor [[Cornelis Drebbel]] is thought to have sold one to Dutch poet, composer and diplomat [[Constantijn Huygens]] in 1622,<ref name="Snyder">{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Laura J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJ-BAAAQBAJ&q=friedrich+risner+camera+obscura&pg=PT110 |title=Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-393-07746-9 |location=New York City |oclc=892514232}}</ref> while the oldest known clear description of a box-type camera is in German Jesuit scientist [[Gaspar Schott]]'s 1657 book ''Magia universalis naturæ et artis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermeir |first=Koen |date=2005 |title=The Magic of the Magic Lantern (1660–1700): On Analogical Demonstration and the Visualization of the Invisible |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028694 |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=127–159 |doi=10.1017/S0007087405006709 |issn=0007-0874 |jstor=4028694|s2cid=143404000 }}</ref>

===Steganographic mirror===
[[File:1645 kircher - steganographia.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Kircher's Steganographic mirror in his 1645 book ''Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae'']]
The 1645 first edition of German Jesuit scholar [[Athanasius Kircher]]'s book ''[[Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae]]'' included a description of a "Steganographic Mirror" he had invented: a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long-distance communication. Kircher saw limitations in the increase of size and diminished clarity over a long distance and expressed his hope that someone would find a method to improve on this.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kircher |first=Athanasius |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199401_01/_zev001199401_01_0033.php |title=Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae |publisher=Sumptibus Hermanni Scheus |year=1645 |location=Rome, Italy |page=912}}</ref>

In ''Magia universalis'', [[Gaspar Schott|Schott]] relates how many were using Kircher's technique to exhibit wondrous things to enthusiastic audiences. For instance, the Belgian Jesuit mathematician [[André Tacquet]] had shown missionary [[Martino Martini]]'s complete journey from China to Belgium (when Martini was in Leuven in 1654).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golvers |first=Noël |date=1994 |title=De recruteringstocht van M. Martini, S.J. door de Lage Landen in 1654: Over geomantische kompassen, Chinese verzamelingen, lichtbeelden en R.P. Wilhelm van Aelst, S.J. |trans-title=The Recruitment Journey of M. Martini, S.J. through the Low Countries in 1654: About geomantic compasses, Chinese collections, light images and R.P. Wilhelm van Aelst, S.J. |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_zev001199401_01/index.php |journal=De Zeventiende Eeuw |language=nl |volume=10}}</ref> Some reports say that Martini lectured throughout Europe with a magic lantern, which he might have imported from China, but there's no evidence that it used anything other than Kircher's technique. However, Tacquet was a correspondent and friend of [[Christiaan Huygens]] and may thus have been a very early adapter of the magic lantern technique that Huygens developed around this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rossell |first=Deac |title=Laterna Magica = Magic Lantern |publisher=Füsslin Verlag |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-940769-00-8 |volume=1 |location=Stuttgart, Germany |page=19 |oclc=315395149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Replicating 18th Century Magic Lantern Practice|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Engels|first2=Klaus|last2=Staubermann|journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society|issue=130|date=2016|page=40|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76946022.pdf|via=CORE}}</ref>

==Invention==
===Christiaan Huygens===
[[File:1664-12-11 Lantern sketch - Huygens a Petit.jpg|thumb|A sketch of the lantern configuration (without a slide) from Huygens's letter to Pierre Petit (11 December 1664)]]
Dutch scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]] is considered as one of the possible inventors of the magic lantern. He knew [[Athanasius Kircher]]'s 1645 edition of ''Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k778725|title=Oeuvres complètes de Christiaan Huygens. Supplémént à la correspondance varia. Biographie de Chr. Huygens. Catalogue de la vente des livres de Chr. Huygens / publ. par la Société hollandaise des sciences|first=Christiaan|last=Huygens|publisher=M. Nijhoff|via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> which described a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight. Christiaan's father Constantijn had been acquainted with Cornelis Drebbel who used some unidentified optical techniques to transform himself and to summon appearances in magical performances. Constantijn Huygens wrote about a camera obscura device that he got from Drebbel in 1622.<ref name="Snyder"/>

The oldest known document concerning the magic lantern is a page on which Christiaan Huygens made ten small sketches of a skeleton taking off its skull, above which he wrote "for representations by means of convex glasses with the lamp" (translated from French). As this page was found between documents dated in 1659, it is believed to have been made in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christiaan|last=Huygens|title=Pour des representations par le moyen de verres convexes à la lampe|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huyg003oeuv22_01/huyg003oeuv22_01_0093.php|language=fr}}</ref> Huygens soon seemed to regret this invention, as he thought it was too frivolous. In a 1662 letter to his brother [[Lodewijck Huygens|Lodewijk]] he claimed he thought of it as some old "bagatelle" and seemed convinced that it would harm the family's reputation if people found out the lantern came from him. Christiaan had reluctantly sent a lantern to their father, but when he realized that Constantijn intended to show the lantern to the court of King [[Louis XIV]] at the Louvre, Christiaan asked Lodewijk to sabotage the lantern.<ref>{{cite web |first=Christiaan |last=Huygens |date=19 April 1662 |title=letter to Lodewijk Huygens |language=fr |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huyg003oeuv04_01/huyg003oeuv04_01_0059.php#z1005}}</ref>

Christiaan initially referred to the magic lantern as "la lampe" and "la lanterne", but in the last years of his life he used the then common term "laterna magica" in some notes. In 1694, he drew the principle of a "laterna magica" with two lenses.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christiaan|last=Huygens|date=1694|title=Aanhangsel II bij het eerste Complement van de Dioptrica |language=nl |url=https://adcs.home.xs4all.nl/Huygens/13/compl-v.html}}</ref>

===Walgensten, the Dane===
[[File:1674 Dechales - Cursus seu mundus mathematicus - Laterna Magica.jpg|thumb|Walgensten's magic lantern as illustrated in [[Claude Dechales]] {{lang|la|Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus — Tomus secundus}} (1674)]]
{{ill|Thomas Rasmussen Walgensten|da|Thomas Walgensten}} ({{circa|1627}}–1681), a mathematician from [[Gotland]], studied at the [[Leiden University|university of Leiden]] in 1657–58. He possibly met Christiaan Huygens during this time (and/or on several other occasions) and may have learned about the magic lantern from him. Correspondence between them is known from 1667. At least from 1664 until 1670, Walgensten demonstrated the magic lantern in Paris (1664), Lyon (1665), Rome (1665–1666), and Copenhagen (1670).<ref name=rossell2002 /> He "sold such lanterns to different Italian princes in such an amount that they now are almost everyday items in Rome", according to Athanasius Kircher in 1671.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rendel |first=Mats |title=About the Construction of The Magic Lantern, or The Sorcerers Lamp. |url=http://www.phonurgia.se/rendel/mageng.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118103300/http://www.phonurgia.se/rendel/mageng.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-01-18 |website=A Page About Athanasius Kircher}}</ref> In 1670, Walgensten projected an image of Death at the court of [[King Frederick III of Denmark]]. This scared some courtiers, but the king dismissed their cowardice and requested to repeat the figure three times. The king died a few days later. After Walgensten died, his widow sold his lanterns to the {{ill|Royal Danish Collection|da|Kongernes Samling}}, but they have not been preserved.<ref name=rossell2002/> Walgensten is credited with coining the term ''Laterna Magica'',<ref name="magiclantern">{{Cite web |last1=Auckland |first1=George |last2=Heard |first2=Mervyn |title=An Introduction to Lantern History (Part 4) |url=http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/history/history04.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053959/http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/history/history04.php |archive-date=19 April 2018 |access-date=28 August 2017 |website=The Magic Lantern Society}}</ref> assuming he communicated this name to [[Claude Dechales]] who, in 1674, published about seeing the machine of the "erudite Dane" in 1665 in Lyon.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus|trans-title=The Course or The Mathematical World|volume=Secundus|language=la|last=Dechales|first=Claude François Milliet|authorlink=Claude Dechales|year=1674|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1w2Zb7NZV0C&pg=PA665}}</ref>

===Possible German origins: Wiesel and Griendel===
[[File:1676 Johann Christoph Sturm - Griendel's lantern.jpg|thumb|Illustration of an early southern German lantern from [[Johann Sturm]], ''[[Collegium Experimentale]]'' (1677)]]
There are many gaps and uncertainties in the magic lantern's recorded history. A separate early magic lantern tradition seems to have been developed in southern Germany and includes lanterns with horizontal cylindrical bodies, while Walgensten's lantern and probably Huygens's both had vertical bodies. This tradition dates at least to 1671, with the arrival of instrument maker Johann Franz Griendel in the city of [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]], which Johann Zahn identified as one of the centers of magic lantern production in 1686. Griendel was indicated as the inventor of the magic lantern by Johann Christoph Kohlhans in a 1677 publication.<ref name=Rossell2009 /> It has been suggested that this tradition is older and that instrument maker Johann Wiesel (1583–1662) from [[Augsburg]] may have been making magic lanterns earlier on and possibly inspired Griendel and even Huygens. Huygens is known to have studied samples of Wiesel's lens-making and instruments since 1653. Wiesel did make a ship's lantern around 1640 that has much in common with the magic lantern design that Griendel would later apply: a horizontal cylindrical body with a rosette chimney on top, a concave mirror behind a fixture for a candle or lamp inside and a biconvex lens at the front. There is no evidence that Wiesel actually ever made a magic lantern, but in 1674, his successor offered a variety of magic lanterns from the same workshop. This successor is thought to have only continued producing Wiesel's designs after his death in 1662, without adding anything new.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/20378426|title=The Origins of the Magic Lantern in Germany|last=Rossell|first=Deac|year=2004}}</ref>

==Further history==
===Early adopters===
Before 1671, only a small circle of people seemed to have knowledge of the magic lantern, and almost every known report of the device from this period had to do with people that were more or less directly connected to Christiaan Huygens. Despite the rejection expressed in his letters to his brother, Huygens must have familiarized several people with the lantern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rossell |first=Dean |date=2001 |title=The True Inventor of the Magic Lantern |url=https://www.magiclantern.org.uk/new-magic-lantern-journal/pdfs/4008747a.pdf |journal=The New Magic Lantern Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8–9}}</ref>

In 1664 Parisian engineer [[Pierre Petit (engineer)|Pierre Petit]] wrote to Huygens to ask for some specifications of the lantern, because he was trying to construct one after seeing the lantern of "the dane" (probably Walgensten). The lantern that Petit was constructing had a concave mirror behind the lamp.<ref name=Petit/> This directed more light through the lens, resulting in a brighter projection, and it would become a standard part of most of the lanterns that were made later. Petit may have copied it from Walgensten, but he expressed that he made a lamp stronger than any he had ever seen.<ref name="rossell2002"/>

Starting in 1661, Huygens corresponded with London optical instrument-maker [[Richard Reeve]].<ref name=rossell2002/> Reeve was soon selling magic lanterns, demonstrated one in his shop on 17 May 1663 to [[Balthasar de Monconys]],<ref name="picturegoing">{{cite web|url=http://picturegoing.com/?p=4885|website=picturegoing.com|title=Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys » Picturegoing|date=6 October 2016 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> and sold one to [[Samuel Pepys]] in August 1666.<ref name="pepysdiary">{{cite web|url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1666/08/19/|website=pepysdiary.com|title=Sunday 19 August 1666 (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)|date=19 August 2009 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="pepysdiary2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1666/08/22/|website=pepysdiary.com|title=Wednesday 22 August 1666 (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)|date=22 August 2009 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Optic Projection fig 404.jpg|thumbnail|left|Illustration from Kircher's 1671 ''Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae'' - projection of hellfire or purgatory]]
[[File:1671 kircheri - ars magna lucis et umbrae - 769.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration from Kircher's 1671 ''Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae'' - projection of Death]]
One of Christiaan Huygens's contacts imagined how [[Athanasius Kircher]] would use the magic lantern: "If he would know about the invention of the Lantern he would surely frighten the cardinals with specters."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huyg003oeuv03_01/huyg003oeuv03_01_0031.php#191T|title=letter from Pierre Guisony to Christiaan Huygens |date=25 March 1660 |language=fr}}</ref> Kircher would eventually learn about the existence of the magic lantern via Thomas Walgensten and introduced it as "Lucerna Magica" in the widespread 1671 second edition of his book ''Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae''.<ref name="ars magna">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gki6ZIbrgQ8C |title=Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae |first=Athanasius |last=Kircher |year=2000|orig-year=1671 |language=la |access-date=19 August 2010 |pages=767–769 |publisher=Univ Santiago de Compostela |isbn=9788481218428}}</ref> Kircher claimed that Thomas Walgensten reworked his ideas from the previous edition of this book into a better lantern. Kircher described this improved lantern, but it was illustrated in a confusing manner:<ref name=Rendel /> the pictures seem technically incorrect—with both the projected image and the transparencies (H) shown upright (while the text states that they should be inverted), the hollow mirror is too high in one picture and absent in the other, and the lens (I) is at the wrong side of the slide. However, experiments with a construction as illustrated in Kircher's book proved that it could work as a point light-source projection system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/kircher_uk.htm|title=Magic lantern - The mistery of the misplaced lens|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
The projected image in one of the illustrations shows a person in purgatory or hellfire and the other depicts Death with a scythe and an hourglass. According to legend Kircher secretly used the lantern at night to project the image of Death on windows of apostates to scare them back into church.<ref name=luikerwaal>{{Cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/wonder1_uk.htm|title=The miracle of the magic lantern.|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref> Kircher did suggest in his book that an audience would be more astonished by the sudden appearance of images if the lantern would be hidden in a separate room, so the audience would be ignorant of the cause of their appearance.<ref name=Rendel>{{cite web|last2=Rendel|first2=Mats|first1=Athanasius|last1=Kircher|title=About the Construction of The Magic Lantern, or The Sorcerers Lamp|url=http://www.phonurgia.se/rendel/mageng.html|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327162418/http://www.phonurgia.se/rendel/mageng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Educational use and other subjects===
[[File:Fotothek df tg 0003764 Optik ^ Lochkamera.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a lantern slide depicting [[Bacchus]] in Sturm's ''Collegium experimentale sive curiosum'' (1677)]]
The earliest reports and illustrations of lantern projections suggest that they were all intended to scare the audience. Pierre Petit called the apparatus "lanterne de peur" (lantern of fear) in his 1664 letter to Huygens.<ref name=Petit>{{cite web|last=Petit|first=Pierre|title=Letter to Christiaan Huygens|date=28 November 1664 |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huyg003oeuv04_01/huyg003oeuv04_01_0132.php}}</ref> Surviving lantern plates and descriptions from the next decades prove that the new medium was not just used for horror shows, but that many kinds of subjects were projected. Griendel did not mention scary pictures when he described the magic lantern to [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] in December 1671: "An optical lantern which presents everything that one desires, figures, paintings, portraits, faces, hunts, even an entire comedy with all its lively colours."<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/346310|chapter=Sense and Nonsense in the use of Technology in Media History|first=Deac|last=Rossell|title=Die Medien und ihre Technik. Theorien, Modelle, Geschichte|date=2004|editor-first=Harro|editor-last=Segeberg|publisher=Schüren|location=Marburg, Germany|via=Academia.edu}}</ref> In 1675, Leibniz saw an important role for the magic lantern in his plan for a kind of world exhibition with projections of "attempts at flight, artistic meteors, optical effects, representations of the sky with the star and comets, and a model of the earth (...), fireworks, water fountains, and ships in rare forms; then mandrakes and other rare plants and exotic animals." In 1685–1686, Johannes Zahn was an early advocate for use of the device for educational purposes: detailed anatomical illustrations were difficult to draw on a chalkboard, but could easily be copied onto glass or mica.<ref name=rossell2002/>

[[File:Études prises dans le bas peuple ou les Cris de Paris - Lorgue de Barberie.jpg|thumb|1737 etching/engraving of an organ grinder with a magic lantern on her back by [[Anne Claude de Caylus]] (after Edme Bouchardon)]]
By the 1730s the use of magic lanterns started to become more widespread when travelling showmen, conjurers and storytellers added them to their repertoire. The travelling lanternists were often called Savoyards (they supposedly came from the [[Savoy]] region in France) and became a common sight in many European cities.<ref name=rossell2002/>

In France in the 1770s [[François Dominique Séraphin]] used magic lanterns to perform his "Ombres Chinoises" (Chinese shadows), a form of [[shadow play]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castle |first=Terry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu5kvnn6kTsC |title=The Female Thermometer: Eighteenth-Century Culture and the Invention of the Uncanny |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=1-4237-5848-X |location=Oxford, England |pages=146 |oclc=252550734}}</ref>

Magic lanterns had also become a staple of science lecturing and museum events since Scottish lecturer [[Henry Moyes]]'s tour of America in 1785–86, when he recommended that all college laboratories procure one. French writer and educator [[Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis]] popularized the use of magic lanterns as an educational tool in the late 18th century when using projected images of plants to teach botany. Her educational methods were published in America in English translation during the early 1820s.<ref name="mitpressjournals">{{Cite journal |last=Ganter |first=Granville |date=2014 |title=Mistress of Her Art: Anne Laura Clarke, Traveling Lecturer of the 1820s |url=https://direct.mit.edu/tneq/article/87/4/709-746/16013 |journal=The New England Quarterly |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=709–746 |doi=10.1162/TNEQ_a_00418 |issn=0028-4866 |access-date=28 August 2017 |s2cid=57561922|doi-access=free }}</ref>
A type of lantern was constructed by [[Moses Holden]] between 1814 and 1815 for illustrating his astronomical lectures.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle= Holden, Moses |volume= 27 |last= Sutton |first= Charles William |author-link= Charles William Sutton |page= 121 |year= |short=1}}</ref>

===Mass slide production===
In 1821, Philip Carpenter's London company, which became [[Carpenter and Westley]] after his death, started manufacturing a sturdy but lightweight and transportable "Phantasmagoria lantern" with an Argand style lamp. It produced high quality projections and was suitable for classrooms. Carpenter also developed a "secret" copper plate printing/burning process to mass-produce glass lantern slides with printed outlines, which were then easily and quickly hand painted ready for sale.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf|title='The Perfectionist Projectionist': Philip Carpenter, 24 Regent Street, London|first=Stuart|last=Talbot|journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society|issue=88|date=2006|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007153815/http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> These "copper-plate sliders" contained three or four very detailed 4" circular images mounted in thin hardwood frames. The first known set ''The Elements of Zoology'' became available in 1823, with over 200 images in 56 frames of zoological figures, classified according to the system of the Swedish scientist [[Carl Linnaeus]]. The same year many other slides appeared in the company's catalogue: "The Kings and Queens of England" (9 sliders taken from David Hume's History of England), "Astronomical Diagrams and Constellations" (9 sliders taken from Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel's textbooks), "Views and Buildings", Ancient and Modern Costume (62 sliders from various sources).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Philip |authorlink=Carpenter and Westley |title=A Companion to the Magic Lantern: Part II |year=1823}}</ref> Fifteen sliders of the category "Humorous" provided some entertainment, but the focus on education was obvious and very successful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Phillip |date=2017 |title=Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade |url=http://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/browse/issue-07/philip-carpenter-and-the-convergence-of-science/ |journal=Science Museum Group Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.15180/170707 |s2cid=164263399 |issn=2054-5770|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Through the mid-19th century, the market for magic lanterns was concentrated in Europe with production focused primarily on Italy, France, and England. In 1848, a New York optician began advertising imported slides and locally produced magic lanterns. By 1860, however, mass production began to make magic lanterns more widely available and affordable, with much of the production in the latter half of the 19th century concentrated in Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Refresher on German Toy Lanterns|last=Koch|first=Joe|page=26|journal=The Magic Lantern Gazette|volume=21|issue=3|date=2009|issn=1059-1249|url=https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol21no03.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2019|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801050152/https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol21no03.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> These smaller lanterns had smaller glass sliders, which instead of wooden frames usually had colorful strips of paper glued around their edges with the images printed directly on the glass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lantern Slides |url=http://www.magiclanternsociety.org/about-magic-lanterns/lantern-slides/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Magic Lantern Society}}</ref>

===Waning popularity===
The popularity of magic lanterns waned after the introduction of [[film|movies]] in the 1890s, but they remained a common medium until [[slide projector]]s became widespread during the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chamberlain |first=Amelia |date=2020-02-09 |title=Stillwater History: Magic Lanterns and Technological Obsolescence |url=https://stillwaterliving.com/stillwater-history-magic-lanterns-and-technological-obsolescence/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920131201/https://stillwaterliving.com/stillwater-history-magic-lanterns-and-technological-obsolescence/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 September 2020 |magazine=Stillwater Living |language=en-US |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref>

==Moving images==
[[File:1870 Plaque de lanterne magique a double systeme--c5620.jpg|thumb|Mice jump into the mouth of a sleeping bearded man on a popular mechanical slide from circa 1870.]]
The magic lantern was not only a direct ancestor of the motion picture projector as a means for visual storytelling, but it could itself be used to project moving images. Some suggestion of movement could be achieved by alternating between pictures of different phases of a motion, but most magic lantern "animations" used two glass slides projected together — one with the stationary part of the picture and the other with the part that could be set in motion by hand or by a simple mechanism.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|689–699}}

Motion in animated slides was mostly limited to either two phases of a movement or transformation, or a more gradual singular movement (e.g., a train passing through a landscape). These limitations made subjects with repetitive movements popular, like the sails on a windmill turning around or children on a seesaw. Movements could be repeated over and over and could be performed at different speeds. A common technique that is comparable to the effect of a panning camera makes use of a long slide that is simply pulled slowly through the lantern and usually shows a landscape, sometimes with several phases of a story within the continuous backdrop.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|689–699}}<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Natural Magic: A Short Cultural History of Moving Images|last=Huhtamo|first=Erkki|editor-first1=William |editor-last1=Guynn |title=The Routledge Companion to Film History|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, England|doi=10.4324/9780203841532|isbn=9781136899409 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203841532-7/natural-magic-short-cultural-history-moving-images-erkki-huhtamo?context=ubx&refId=6205e76c-c119-40d1-8866-ac0438aecb88}}</ref>{{rp|7}}

Movement of projected images was also possible by moving the magic lantern itself. This became a staple technique in [[phantasmagoria]] shows in the late 18th century, often with the lantern sliding on rails or riding on small wheels and hidden from the view of the audience behind the projection screen.<ref name="Rossell2005"/>{{rp|691}}

===History===
In 1645, Kircher had already suggested projecting live insects and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror in his Steganographic system to perform dramatic scenes.<ref name=Gorman2007>{{cite book|url=https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF|page=44|title=Inside the Camera Obscura|first=Michael John|last=Gorman|year=2007}}</ref>

Christiaan Huygens's 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to [[animation|animate]] the skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations.<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|687}}

In 1668, [[Robert Hooke]] wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances, the motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92lnIw3oKGMC&q=It+produces+Effects+not+only+very+delightful,+but+to+such+as+know+the+contrivance,+very+wonderful;+so+that+Spectators,+not+well+versed+in+Opticks,&pg=PA269|title=The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800|date=22 May 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the same year, [[Francesco Eschinardi]] published ''Centuriae opticae pars altera seu dialogi optici pars tertia'', which included a detailed description of the construction of the magic lantern.

In 1675, German [[polymath]] and philosopher [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] proposed a kind of world exhibition that would show all types of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men would not be capable of making" (translated from French).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/379115|title=Leibniz and the Lantern|first=Deac|last=Rossell|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4le_de_Pens%C3%A9e,_touchant_une_nouvelle_sorte_de_repr%C3%A9sentations|year=1675|title=Drôle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations|author1=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether the viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images.<ref name=Rossell2005/>

In 1698, German engraver and publisher [[Christoph Weigel the Elder|Johann Christoph Weigel]] described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides.<ref>{{cite book|title=Light and Movement|last1=Mannoni|last2=Campagnoni|last3=Robinson|year=1995}}</ref>

By 1709 a German optician and glass grinder named Themme (or Temme) made moving lantern slides, including a carriage with rotating wheels, a cupid with a spinning wheel, a shooting gun, and falling bombs. Wheels were cut from the glass plate with a diamond and rotated by a thread that was spun around small brass wheels attached to the glass wheels. A paper slip mask would be quickly pulled away to reveal the red fiery discharge and the bullet from a shooting gun. [[Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach]] visited Themme's shop and liked the effects, but was disappointed about the very simple mechanisms. Nonetheless, he bought seven moving slides, as well as twelve slides with four pictures each, which he thought were delicately painted.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX5dAAAAcAAJ&q=zauber&pg=PA58|last=Von Uffenbach|title=Merkwürdige Reisen durch Niedersachsen, Holland und Engelland - Erster Theil|pages=62–63|year=1753|language=de}}</ref>

Several types of mechanical slides were described and illustrated in Dutch professor of mathematics, physics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]]'s second edition (1739) of ''Beginsels Der Natuurkunde'' (see illustration below).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA627|title=Beginsels Der Natuurkunde|year=1739|last=Van Musschenbroek|first=Pieter|page=617+633}}</ref> Pieter was the brother of Jan van Musschenbroek, the maker of an outstanding magic lantern with excellent lenses and a diaphragm (see illustration above).<ref name=Rossell2005/>{{rp|688}}

In 1770, [[Edmé-Gilles Guyot]] described a method of using two slides for the depiction of a storm at sea, with waves on one slide and ships and a few clouds on another. Lanternists could project the illusion of mild waves turning into a wild sea tossing the ships around by increasing the movement of the separate slides. Guyot also detailed how projection on smoke could be used to create the illusion of ghosts hovering in the air, which would become a technique commonly used in [[phantasmagoria]].<ref name="Rossell2005">{{cite journal|last=Rossell|first=Deac|title=The Magic Lantern and Moving Images before 1800|journal=Barockberichte|date=2005|issue=40/41|url=https://www.salzburgmuseum.at/fileadmin/Salzburg_Museum/06_Service/Publikationen/03_Barockberichte/Pdfs_Barockberichte/BB_40_41/Rossell__Lantern.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2022|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419204250/https://www.salzburgmuseum.at/fileadmin/Salzburg_Museum/06_Service/Publikationen/03_Barockberichte/Pdfs_Barockberichte/BB_40_41/Rossell__Lantern.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|691}}

An especially intricate multiple rackwork mechanism was developed to show the movements of the planets (sometimes accompanied by revolving satellites) revolving around the Sun. In 1795, one M. Dicas offered an early magic lantern system, the Lucernal or Portable Eidouranian, that showed the orbiting planets. From around the 1820s mechanical astronomical slides became quite common.<ref name="The Magic Lantern Society p. 21-22">The Magic Lantern Society. ''Encyclopedia of the Magic Lantern''. p. 21-22</ref>

===Various types of mechanical slides===
[[File:1736 petrus van musschenbroek - mechanical slides.jpg|thumb|Mechanical slides for a magic lantern as illustrated in Petrus van Musschenbroek's ''Beginsels Der Natuurkunde'' (second edition 1739)]]
[[File:Lanterne magique Watson et Sons.jpg|thumb|A stereopticon magic lantern]]
Various types of mechanisms were commonly used to add movement to the projected image:
*'''slipping slides''': a movable glass plate with one or more figures (or any part of a picture for which movement was desired) was slipped over a stationary one, directly by hand or with a small drawbar (see: Fig. 7 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a tightrope walker sliding across the rope). A common example showed a creature that could move the pupils in its eyes, as if looking in all directions. A long piece of glass could show a procession of figures, or a train with several wagons. Quite convincing illusions of moving waves on a sea or lake have also been achieved with this method.<ref name=luikerbew1>{{cite web|title=Luikerwaal - Mechanical Slides |url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/bewegend1_uk.htm|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*'''slipping slides with masking''': black paint on portions of the moving plate would mask parts of the underlying image — with a black background — on the stationary glass. This made it possible to hide and then reveal the previous position of a part, for instance a limb, to suggest repetitious movement. The suggested movement would be rather jerky and usually operated quickly. Masking in slides was also often used to create change rather than movement (see: Fig. 6 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a man, his wig and his hat): for instance a person's head could be replaced with that of an animal. More gradual and natural movement was also possible; for instance to make a nose grow very long by slowly moving a masking glass.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Skylar |date=2020-02-17 |title=Early Animation: the Alexis du Pont Stereoviews and Lantern Slides Collection |url=https://www.hagley.org/librarynews/lex-du-pont-collection |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Hagley Museum and Library |language=en}}</ref>
*'''lever slides''': the moving part was operated by a lever. These could show a more natural movement than slipping slides and were mostly used for repetitive movements, for instance a woodcutter raising and lowering his axe, or a girl on a swing.<ref name=luikerbew1/> (see: Fig. 5 on the illustration by Petrus van Musschenbroek: a drinking man raising and lowering his glass + Fig. 8: a lady curtsying)
*'''pulley slides''': a pulley rotates the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/wipwaps01_uk.htm|title=Magic lantern - collection of moving magic lantern slides part 1.|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref> (see: fig. 4 on illustration by Van Musschenbroek)
*'''rack and pinion slides''': turning the handle of a rackwork would rotate or lift the moving part and could for instance be used to turn the sails on a windmill or for having a hot air balloon take off and descend. A more complex astronomical rackwork slide showed the planets and their satellites orbiting around the sun.<ref name=luikerbew1/>
*'''fantoccini slides''': jointed figures set in motion by levers, thin rods, or cams and worm wheels. A popular version had a somersaulting monkey with arms attached to mechanism that made it tumble with dangling feet. Named after the Italian word for animated puppets, like marionettes or [[Jumping jack (toy)|jumping jacks]]. Two different British patents for slides with moving jointed figures were granted in 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/fantoccini1_uk.htm|title=Fantoccini Slides|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*a snow effect slide can add snow to another slide (preferably of a winter scene) by moving a flexible loop of material pierced with tiny holes in front of one of the lenses of a double or triple lantern.<ref name="luikerwaal.com"/>

Mechanical slides with abstract special effects include:
[[File:Fantoccini-chromatrope.jpg|thumb|Slide with a fantoccini trapeze artist and a chromatrope border design ({{circa|1880}})]]
*the '''[[Chromatrope]]''': a slide that produces dazzling colorful geometrical patterns by rotating two painted glass discs in opposite directions, originally with a double pulley mechanism but later usually with a rackwork mechanism.<ref name=luikerbew1/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/chromatroop1_uk.htm|title=Chromatropes|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref> It was possibly invented around 1844 by English glass painter and showman [[Henry Langdon Childe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/special-auction-services/catalogue-id-srspe10161/lot-88a26628-af78-4e4f-87a3-a62c00b896a1|title=A rare and large Henry Langdon Childe Mahogany-Mounted and Brass Hand-Painted Chromatrope, pair o|website=www.the-saleroom.com|date=7 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balzer |first=Richard |title=Dick Balzer's Website: Homepage |url=https://www.dickbalzer.com/index.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921101858/https://www.dickbalzer.com/index.php |archive-date=2018-09-21 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.dickbalzer.com}}</ref> and soon added as a novelty to the program of the Royal Polytechnic Institution.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irdHAQAAIAAJ&q=chromatrope&pg=PA1176|title=The Athenæum|date=21 December 1844}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBZdAAAAcAAJ&q=chromatrope&pg=PA11|title=The Royal Polytechnic Institution ... Catalogue for 1841. New edition|date=29 September 1845|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*the '''Astrometeoroscope''' or Astrometroscope: a large slide that projected a lacework of dots forming constantly changing geometrical line patterns, compared with stars and meteors. It was invented in or before 1858 by the Hungarian engineer S. Pilcher and used a very ingenious mechanism with two metal plates obliquely crossed with slits that moved to and fro in contrary directions. Except for when the only known example was used in a performance, it was kept locked away at the Polytechnic so no one could discover the secret technique. When the Polytechnic auctioned the device, Picher eventually paid an extravagant price for his own invention to keep its workings secret.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924031248051|title=The book of lantern ; being a practical guide to the working of the optical (or magic) lantern ; with full and precise directions for making and colouring lantern pictures|first=Thomas Cradock|last=Hepworth|date=22 May 1888|publisher=London : Wyman & Sons|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiYynDew1pUC&q=astrometroscope&pg=PA168|title=Popular Educator a Complete Encyclopaedia of Elementary, Advanced, and Technical Education|date=22 May 2018|publisher=Cassell|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*the '''Eidotrope''': counter-rotating discs of perforated metal or card (or wire gauze or lace), producing swirling [[Moiré pattern|Moiré]] patterns of bright white dots. It was invented by English scientist [[Charles Wheatstone]] in 1866.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xk8xAAAAMAAJ&q=wheatstone+eidotrope|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|year=1867|last=Timbs|first=John}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kingscollections.org/media/arc_cat/pdf/008739/KCLArchivesWheatstoneK_PP107_4_7.pdf|title=Extracts from the papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone|last=Wheatstone|first=Charles|year=1850–1875}}</ref>
*the '''Kaleidotrope''': a slide with a single perforated metal or cardboard disc suspended on a spiral spring. The holes can be tinted with colored pieces of gelatin. When struck the disc's vibration and rotation sends the colored dots of light swirling around in all sorts of shapes and patterns. The device was demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic Institution around 1870 and dubbed "Kaleidotrope" when commercial versions were marketed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUw3AQAAMAAJ&q=kaleidotrope&pg=PA14|title=The Magic Lantern - Vol. 1. No. 2|date=October 1874}}</ref>
*the '''Cycloidotrope''' (circa 1865): a slide with an adjustable stylus bar for drawing geometric patterns on sooty glass when hand cranked during projection. The patterns are similar to that produced with a [[Spirograph]].<ref name="luikerwaal.com">{{cite web|title=Luikerwaal - Mechanical special effects slides|url=http://www.luikerwaal.com/newframe_uk.htm?/bijzeffecten1_uk.htm|website=www.luikerwaal.com}}</ref>
*a Newton colour wheel slide that, when spinning fast enough, blends seven colours into a white circle<ref name="luikerwaal.com"/>

===Dissolving views===
{{main|Dissolving views}}
[[File:Magiclantern.jpg|thumb|Advertisement with picture of a triple lantern / dissolving view apparatus (1886)]]
The effect of a gradual transition from one image to another, known as a [[Dissolve (filmmaking)|dissolve]] in modern filmmaking, became the basis of a popular type of magic lantern show in England in the 19th century. Typical dissolving views showed landscapes dissolving from day to night or from summer to winter. This was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing the first image while introducing the second image.<ref name=luikerbew1/> The subject and the effect of magic lantern dissolving views is similar to the popular [[Diorama]] theatre paintings that originated in Paris in 1822. 19th century magic lantern broadsides often used the terms ''dissolving view'', ''dioramic view'', or simply ''diorama'' interchangeably.<ref name=HuhtamoReview/>

The effect was reportedly invented by phantasmagoria pioneer [[Paul de Philipsthal]] while in Ireland in 1803 or 1804. He thought of using two lanterns to make the spirit of Samuel appear out of a mist in his representation of the [[Witch of Endor]]. While working out the desired effect, he got the idea of using the technique with landscapes. An 1812 newspaper about a London performance indicates that De Philipsthal presented what was possibly a relatively early incarnation of a dissolving views show, describing it as "a series of landscapes (in imitation of moonlight), which insensibly change to various scenes producing a very magical effect."<ref name=Mirror1842>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA98|title=The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, And Instruction|page=98|year=1842}}</ref><ref name=Heard2006/>

Another possible inventor is [[Henry Langdon Childe]], who purportedly once worked for De Philipsthal.<ref name=Heard2006/> He is said to have invented the dissolving views in 1807, and to have improved and completed the technique in 1818.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvBeAAAAcAAJ&q=%22henry+langdon+childe%22&pg=PA372|title=The Art-journal, New Series, Volume XIII|year=1874}}</ref> The oldest known use of the term "dissolving views" occurs on playbills for Childe's shows at the [[Adelphi Theatre]] in London in 1837.<ref name=HuhtamoReview/> Childe further popularized the dissolving views at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s.<ref name=Mirror1842/>

Despite later reports about the early invention, and apart from De Philipsthal's 1812 performance, no reports of dissolving view shows before the 1820s are known. Some cases may involve confusion with the Diorama or similar media. In 1826, Scottish magician and ventriloquist M. Henry introduced what he described as "beautiful dissolvent scenes", "imperceptibly changing views", "dissolvent views", and "Magic Views"—created "by Machinery invented by M. Henry." In 1827, Henry Langdon Childe presented "Scenic Views, showing the various effects of light and shade," with a series of subjects that became classics for the dissolving views. In December 1827, De Philipsthal returned with a show that included "various splendid views (...) transforming themselves imperceptibly (as if it were by Magic) from one form into another."<ref name=HuhtamoReview/><ref name=Heard2006/>

Biunial lanterns, with two projecting optical sets in one apparatus, were produced to more easily project dissolving views. Possibly the first horizontal biunial lantern, dubbed the "Biscenascope" was made by the optician Mr. Clarke and presented at the Royal Adelaide Gallery in London on 5 December 1840.<ref name=Mirror1842/> The earliest known illustration of a vertical biunial lantern, probably provided by E.G. Wood, appeared in the Horne & Thornthwaite catalogue in 1857.<ref name="The Magic Lantern Society p. 21-22"/> Later on triple lanterns enabled additional effects, for instance the effect of snow falling while a green landscape dissolves into a snowy winter version.<ref name="LivingPictures"/>{{Rp|13}}

A mechanical device could be fitted on the magic lantern, which locked up a diaphragm on the first slide slowly whilst a diaphragm on a second slide opened simultaneously.<ref name=Heard2006/>

Philip Carpenter's copper-plate printing process, introduced in 1823, may have made it much easier to create duplicate slides with printed outlines that could then be colored differently to create dissolving view slides.<ref name=Heard2006/> However, all early dissolving view slides seem to have been hand-painted.<ref name=HuhtamoReview>{{cite journal|title=Ghost Notes: Reading Mervyn Heard's Phantasmagoria. The Secret Life of the Magic Lantern|journal=The Magic Lantern Gazette|volume=18|issue=4|first=Erkki|last=Huhtamo|url=https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol18no04.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019103830/http://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol18no04.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Experiments===
There have been many different experiments involving sorts of movement with the magic lantern. These include:
*[[galvanometer]] slide: a flattened coil with a magnetized needle moving from side to side when a battery is connected.
*projection of moving frog legs, with the nerves and muscles of severed frog legs connected to electric wires.
*hour-glass projection: the projection of a flattened hourglass showed the sand flowing upwards. Extreme magnification made the effect extra impressive, with the grains of sand forming a wave-like pattern.
*cohesion figure projection of liquids: different oils and fats create many kinds of moving patterns when manipulated between clear glass plates or a narrow glass box.
Several of these experiments were publicly demonstrated at the [[University of Westminster#1837 to 1881: Royal Polytechnic Institution|Royal Polytechnic Institution]].<ref name=Hepworth1888>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/bookoflanternbei00hepwrich#page/170/mode/2up|last=Hepworth|title=The book of the lantern|first=T.C.|year=1888|pages=171–203}}</ref>

===Choreutoscope and phenakistiscope-type systems===
Versions of the magic lantern were used to project transparent variations of the [[phenakistoscope|phénakisticope]]. These were adapted with a mechanism that spins the disc and a shutter system. Duboscq produced some in the 1850s and Thomas Ross patented a version called "Wheel of life" in 1869 and 1870.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/wheelPROJECTINGpart1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505163214/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/wheelPROJECTINGpart1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 May 2014 |title=Projection Phenakistoscope 1 |first=Stephen |last=Herbert |website=www.stephenherbert.co.uk |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

The '''[[Choreutoscope]]''' was purportedly invented around 1866 by the [[Greenwich]] engineer John Beale, and demonstrated at the Royal Polytechnic. It projected six pictures and used a hand-cranked mechanism for intermittent movement and synchronized shutter action. The mechanism became a key to the development of the movie camera and projector. The Choreutoscope was used at the first professional public demonstration of the [[Kinetoscope]] to explain its principles.<ref name="LivingPictures">{{Cite book |last=Rossell |first=Deac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVVX4NHS8TwC&q=choreutoscope&pg=PA86 |title=Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies |date=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-585-06234-X |location=Albany, New York |oclc=42636554}}</ref>{{Rp|86}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liesegang |first=Franz Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/zahlenundquellen00fpau/page/54/mode/1up |title=Zahlen und quellen |date=1926 |publisher=Berlin : G m. b. H. (Hackebeil) |others=Media History Digital Library}}</ref>

An "[[Optical instrument|Optical Instrument]]" was patented in the U.S. in 1869 by O.B. Brown, using a phenakistiscope-like disc with a technique very close to the later cinematograph; with Maltese Cross motion; a star-wheel and pin being used for intermittent motion, and a two-sector shutter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US93594 |title=U.S. Patent No. 93,594 |date=10 August 1869}}</ref>

===Life in the lantern - Bio-Phantoscope===
John Arthur Roebuck Rudge built a lantern for [[William Friese-Greene]] with a mechanism to project a sequence of seven photographic slides. Reports say it was made in 1872, but also 1875 and (most likely) 1882. The surviving slides show a man removing his head with his hands and raising the loose head. The photographed body belonged to Rudge and Friese-Greene posed for the head. The slides probably provided the very first trick photography sequence projection. Friese-Greene demonstrated the machine in his shop, until the police ordered him to remove it when it attracted too large a crowd.<ref name="cinematheque">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinematheque.fr/fr/catalogues/appareils/collection/lanterne-de-projectionap-94-33.html|title=Lanterne de projection (AP-94-33) - Collection - Catalogue des appareils cinématographiques - La Cinémathèque française|website=cinematheque.fr|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

==Phantasmagoria==
{{main|Phantasmagoria}}
[[File:1867 interpretation of Robertson's Fantasmagorie.jpg|thumb|Interpretation of Robertson's Fantasmagorie from F. Marion's ''L'Optique'' (1867)]]
Phantasmagoria was a form of horror theater that used one or more magic lanterns to project frightening images, especially of ghosts. Showmen used rear projection, mobile or portable projectors and a variety of effects to produce convincing [[necromancy|necromantic]] experiences. It was very popular in Europe from the late 18th century to well into the 19th century.<ref name="Heard2006"/>

It is thought that optical devices like concave mirrors and the camera obscura have been used since antiquity to fool spectators into believing they saw real gods and spirits,<ref name="Heard2006">{{cite book|last=Heard|first=Mervyn|title=Phantasmagoria: The Secret History of the Magic Lantern|publisher=The Projection Box|location=Hastings, England|date=2006|isbn=9781903000120}}</ref> but it was the magician [[Paul Philidor|"physicist" Phylidor]] who created what must have been the first true phantasmagoria show. He probably used mobile magic lanterns with the recently invented [[Argand lamp]]<ref name="Grau">{{cite book|authorlink=Oliver Grau|last=Grau|first=Oliver|chapter=Remember the Phantasmagoria!|title=MediaArtHistories|publisher=MIT Press/Leonardo Books|date=2007}}</ref>{{rp|144}} to create his successful {{lang|de|Schröpferischen, und Cagliostoischen Geister-Erscheinungen}} (Schröpfer-esque and Cagiostro-esque Ghost Apparitions)<ref>Phylidor. ''Schröpferischen, und Cagliostoischen Geister-Erscheinungen'' flyer. 1790.</ref> in Vienna from 1790 to 1792. Phylidor stated that his show of perfected apparitions revealed how charlatans like [[Johann Georg Schröpfer]] and [[Cagliostro]] had fooled their audiences. As "Paul Filidort," he presented his ''Phantasmagorie'' in Paris From December 1792 to July 1793, probably using that term for the first time. As "Paul de Philipsthal," he performed ''Phantasmagoria'' shows in Britain beginning in 1801 with great success.<ref name= Rossell2001>{{cite conference|url=https://www.academia.edu/4609248|title=The 19th Century German Origins of the Phantasmagoria Show|last=Rossell|first=Deac|year=2001|conference=The Lantern Projections Colloquium|location=The British Academy, London}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>''Affiches, annonces et avis divers''. 1793-07-23</ref>

One of many showmen who were inspired by Phylidor, [[Etienne-Gaspard Robert]] became very famous with his own ''Fantasmagorie'' show in Paris from 1798 to 1803 (later performing throughout Europe and returning to Paris for a triumphant comeback in Paris in 1814). He patented a mobile "Fantascope" lantern in 1798.<ref name=Heard2006/>

==Royal Polytechnic Institution shows==
When it opened in 1838, The Royal Polytechnic Institution in London became a very popular and influential venue with many kinds of magic lantern shows as an important part of its program. At the main theatre, with 500 seats, lanternists would make good use of a battery of six large lanterns running on tracked tables to project the finely detailed images of extra large slides on the 648 square feet screen. The magic lantern was used to illustrate lectures, concerts, pantomimes and other forms of theatre. Popular magic lantern presentations included Henry Langdon Childe's dissolving views, his chromatrope, phantasmagoria, and mechanical slides.<ref name=Heard2006/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chQiAQAAMAAJ&q=childe+polytechnic&pg=PA410|title=The Magazine of Science, and Schools of Art - Vol. IV|year=1843|page=410}}</ref>

==Utsushi-e==
[[File:Magic Lantern on street of Japan (1915 by Elstner Hilton).jpg|thumb|Street cart with magic lantern. Japan, 1915]]
Utsushi-e is a type of magic lantern show that became popular in Japan in the 19th century. The Dutch probably introduced the magic lantern in Japan before the 1760s. A new style for magic lantern shows was introduced by Kameya Toraku I, who first performed in 1803 in [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]]. Possibly the phantasmagoria shows (popular in the west at that moment) inspired the rear projection technique, moving images and ghost stories. Japanese showmen developed lightweight wooden projectors (furo) that were handheld so that several performers could make the projections of different colourful figures move around the screen at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f.waseda.jp/kusahara/Utsushi-e/What_Is_Utsushi-e.html|title=What is Utsushi-e?|website=www.f.waseda.jp}}</ref> The Western techniques of mechanical slides were combined with traditional Japanese skills—especially from [[Karakuri puppet]]s—to further animate the figures and for special effects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f.waseda.jp/kusahara/Utsushi-e/Taneita(Slides).html|title=Taneita(Slides)|website=www.f.waseda.jp}}</ref>

==Today==
Some enthusiasts claim that the brilliant quality of color in lantern slides is unsurpassed by successive projection media. The magic lantern and lantern slides are still popular with collectors and can be found in many museums like, for example, in the [[Museum of Precinema]] in [[Padua]] where 60 magic lanterns and more than 10000 original slides are preserved. However, of the original lanterns from the first 150 years after its invention only 28 are known to still exist (as of 2009).<ref name =Rossell2009>{{citation|periodical=The Magic Lantern Gazette|url=https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol21no01.pdf|last=Rossell|first=Deac|title=Early Magic Lantern Illustrations: What Can They Tell Us About Magic Lantern History?|year=2009|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019094014/http://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol21no01.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because the original slides are fragile, rather than display or project them, museums often digitize the slides for exhibition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Youlden |first=Mary |date=2018-01-11 |title=Fragile images of Devon on show for the first time in a century {{!}} The Exeter Daily |language=en |work=The Exeter Daily |url=https://www.theexeterdaily.co.uk/news/local-news/fragile-images-devon-show-first-time-century |access-date=2022-09-22}}</ref>

A collaborative research project of several European universities called ''A Million Pictures'' started in June 2015 and lasted until May 2018. It addresses the sustainable preservation of the massive, untapped heritage resource of the tens of thousands of lantern slides in the collections of libraries and museums across Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a-million-pictures.wp.hum.uu.nl/|title=A Million Pictures {{pipe}} Magic Lantern Slide Heritage|website=A Million Pictures}}</ref><gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Magic lantern images by Theodore Green, from the [[Royal Albert Memorial Museum]].">
File:Armillaria mellea - Theodore Green - 15 1933 1.jpg|[[Armillaria mellea|Armillaria melea]]
File:Cantharellus cibarius - Theodore Green - 15 1933 4.jpg|[[Cantharellus cibarius]]
File:Cichorium intybus (Chicory or Succory) - Theodore Green - 26 1931 23.jpg|[[Chicory|Chichorium intybus]]
File:Russula drimeia - Theodore Green - 36 1933 13.jpg|Russell [[Drimia|drimeia]]
</gallery>Genuine public lantern shows are relatively rare. Several regular performers claim they are the only one of their kind in their part of the world. These include Pierre Albanese and glass harmonica player [[Thomas Bloch]] live Magic Lantern/Phantasmagoria shows since 2008 in Europe<ref name="thomasbloch">{{cite web|url=http://www.thomasbloch.net/en_performances.html|author=Thomas Bloch|title=THOMAS BLOCH ** ONDES MARTENOT - GLASSHARMONICA - CRISTAL BASCHET --- performances, ensembles...|website=thomasbloch.net|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> and The American Magic-Lantern Theater.<ref name="magiclanternshows">{{cite web|url=http://www.magiclanternshows.com/introducing.htm|website=magiclanternshows.com|title=American Magic-Lantern Theater -|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021120341/http://www.magiclanternshows.com/introducing.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Magic Lantern Society maintains a list of active lanternists, which contains more than 20 performers in the U.K. and around eight performers in other parts of the world (Europe, U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/lanternists/index.php|title=Lanternists - The Magic Lantern Society|website=www.magiclantern.org.uk}}</ref>

Dutch theatre group Lichtbende produces contemporary magical light spectacles and workshops with magic lanterns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://logister.home.xs4all.nl/Lichtbende/EDUCATIE/E-EDUCATIE-TOVERLANTAARN.htm|title=LICHTBENDE|website=logister.home.xs4all.nl}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of lantern slide collections]]
* [[Projector (disambiguation)]]
* [[Zoopraxiscope]]
* [[Catadioptric telescope]]
* [[Henry Underhill]] (1855–1920), magic lantern lecturer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|magic lantern}}
{{Commons category|Magic lanterns}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103064120/http://www.magic-lantern.eu/ magic-lantern.eu]}} website with more than 8000 lantern slides online
* [https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00828 Joseph Boggs Beale Collection] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
* [http://research.uchicago.edu/highlights/item.php?id=13 Cinema and its Ancestors: The Magic of Motion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721194811/http://research.uchicago.edu/highlights/item.php?id=13 |date=21 July 2011 }} Video interview with Tom Gunning
* [http://www.thomasbloch.net/en_performances.html A live Magic Lantern performance with accompaniment of crystal instruments is proposed here] – feat. Pierre Albanese and [[Thomas Bloch]]
* [http://www.magiclanternshows.com/ Live Magic Lantern Shows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213051144/http://www.magiclanternshows.com/ |date=13 February 2020 }} The American Magic Lantern Theater
* [http://www.magiclantern.in/ Magic Lantern – A School of Cinema] Film Institute Chennai
* [http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/collections/lanternslide.html University of Tasmania Library Lantern Slide Collection]
* [http://www.slides.uni-trier.de/ LUCERNA - The Magic Lantern Web Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129080858/https://slides.uni-trier.de/ |date=29 November 2020 }}
* [http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/history/ The Magic Lantern Society] An introduction to lantern history featuring images of lanterns, slides, and lantern accessories
* [http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=82706 Joseph Boggs Beale collection of magic lantern illustrations], Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* [http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/bridge%20tasmania#?solrsort=score%20desc&f%5B0%5D=obj_type%3ALantern%20slides&_suid=1432173928910048967192554088506 Images of Lantern Slides from the National Museum of Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133425/http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/bridge%20tasmania#?solrsort=score%20desc&f%5B0%5D=obj_type%3ALantern%20slides&_suid=1432173928910048967192554088506 |date=3 August 2020 }}
* [http://www.magiclantern.org.uk/index.php The Magic Lantern Society, United Kingdom]
* [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/lantern/index.html The Lantern Slide Collection] at the New-York Historical Society
* [https://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/view/sub-collections/3727/Robert_Augustus_Henry_L=27Estrange_-_Copies_-_Japanese.html QUT Digital Collections - Historical images of Japan]
* [https://cdm16014.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4014coll16/search/searchterm/lantern%20slides%20--%20specimens/field/subjec/mode/exact/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc Lantern Slide Collection] at [[Cleveland Public Library]]'s Digital Gallery. The lantern slides are part of the library's [https://case.edu/ech/articles/m/marsh-w-ward W. Ward Marsh] Collection.
* {{Gutenberg |no=75890 |title=The Magic Lantern and Its Management}}
* [https://archivessearch.lib.uconn.edu/repositories/2/resources/99 Finding aid for the Magic Lantern Collection] at the [[University of Connecticut Archives and Special Collections]]

{{Precursors of film}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Magic lanterns| ]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:History of film]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]
[[Category:Optical toys]]
[[Category:Precursors of photography]]
[[Category:Projectors]]
[[Category:17th-century inventions]]

Accident (1984 film)

2026-03-03T22:10:29Z

Nuel ID: new basic post from scratch

{{short description|1984 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Accident
| image = Accident (1985) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shankar Nag]]
| screenplay = Vasant Mukashi
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = G. S. Sadashiva
}}
| story = Vasant Mukashi
| producer = Shankar Nag
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] Shankar Nag [[Arundhati Nag]] [[Ramesh Bhat]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Devadhar
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| distributor = Sanket
| released = {{Film date|1984|11|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Accident''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime drama film]] produced & directed by [[Shankar Nag]]. It stars Shankar Nag, [[Anant Nag]], [[Arundhati Nag]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok Mandanna]], [[Srinivas Prabhu]] and [[T. S. Nagabharana|Nagabharana]]. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], cinematography and editing by Devadhar and Bhaktavatsalam.<ref>{{cite news |title=28 years on, 'accident' once more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/28-years-on-accident-once-more/articleshow/21133434.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2013 }}</ref>
Despite released to positive critical acclaim, but film was a box office failure.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anant-nag-interview-padma-bhushan-longevity-kannada-cinema/article69285435.ece?utm_source=cinema&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter&pnespid=rLNiCjxAb6cA0KfJuWnuDIOAok_oDYJoKPbnnLJzoRZmyRyHaURAorxmjCFthvPgpfGVvBgK</ref>

==Plot==
Deepak is the spoiled son of a powerful [[politician]] Dharmadhikari. One night, Deepak runs his car over pavement dwellers [[Drunk driving|under the influence of drugs and alcohol]]; the pavement dwellers are killed, except Ramanna, who identifies the driver. Rahul, Deepak's friend and the son of an [[advertising agency|ad agency]] chief, was with him during the accident. Rahul gets deeply traumatized due to the shock of the accident, he shares the truth with his mother Maya Rani. Maya implores Dharmadhikari to save them. Dharmadhikari, who is slated to win a [[by-election]], cannot afford to let this accident ruin his political ambitions. Dharmadhikari hushes up the case with the help of the [[Chief Minister (India)|CM]] and sends Deepak on a trip abroad. [[Inspector]] Rao takes charge of the case as an investigative officer. Ravi, a daring [[news reporter]], joins Rao in investigating the case together. When Rao identifies the culprits, Dharmadhikari asks his retired driver to tell them that he was driving the car. As a result of the events that have transpired, Rao is asked to go on leave and Ravi's editor refuses to run the story. Ravi tries to assassinate Dharmadhikari to seek justice, but he backs out and moralises that violence does not solve problems. Meanwhile, Deepak, who is leaving to the airport, dies in an accident.

==Cast==
* [[Anant Nag]] as Dharmadhikari
* [[Shankar Nag]] as Ravi
* [[Arundhati Nag]] as Maya Rani
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok Mandanna]] as Deepak, Dharmadhikari's son
* Makeup Naani as Shamanna
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as Rahul
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as [[Inspector]] Rao
* [[T. S. Nagabharana]] as Ramanna
* [[H. G. Somashekar Rao]] as Pinto
* [[Shimoga Venkatesh]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]

==Production==
''Accident'' was produced in two months. While filming the climax, Anant Nag, who was playing Dharmadhikari, was to be shot in the courtyard of his house as he had wanted to base it around the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]], but Shankar Nag did not agree and changed the ending of the film.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-final-accident/article805333.ece| title = The final accident |newspaper= The Hindu | location=Chennai, India| date=1 October 2010}}</ref> This movie was released on 9th November 1984, just 9 days after Indira Gandhi's assassination on 31st October 1984, making it very unlikely that the climax was changed in response to the event.

==Reception==
The film won the first [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] at the [[32nd National Film Awards]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=32nd National Film Festival (1985) |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF)}}</ref> It also won multiple awards at the 1984–85 Karnataka State Film Awards including the award for [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]]. The film was praised for placing a politician against justice system and media revealing the nexus between politics and drug mafia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari|title = Best Kannada Thrillers from Different Eras Now Available on OTT|date = 24 September 2020}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
;[[32nd National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]]

;[[1984–85 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|First Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Arundathi Nag]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – Vasantha Mokashi
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]] – Pandurangan
* [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Award (Stunts)]] – Hasan Raghu

;14th [[International Film Festival of India]]
* Screening; homage to Shankar Nag

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0244949|Accident}}

{{National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shankar Nag]]

Neti Siddhartha

2026-03-03T18:24:42Z

Nuel ID: creating new details more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neti Siddhartha
| image = Neti_Siddhartha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kranthi Kumar
| producer = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Shobana]] [[Ayesha Jhulka]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| studio = Kranthi Chitra
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|6|15}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Neti Siddhartha''''', also known by its alternative title ''Siddhartha'', is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] produced and directed by [[Kranthi Kumar]] under the Kranthi Chitra banner. It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Shobana]] and [[Ayesha Jhulka]] (in her acting debut), with music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. It is a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Dharmatma]]'' (1975), itself based on ''[[The Godfather]]''. It did moderately well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvcrunch.net/movies/view/id/25855/imdb_neti_siddhartha |accessdate=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101027/http://www.tvcrunch.net/movies/view/id/25855/imdb_neti_siddhartha |archivedate=6 October 2014 |title=www.tvcrunch.net }}</ref><ref>[http://chithr.com/movie/cast/1067/neti-siddhartha-cast.html Neti Siddhartha ( 1990 )] at chitr.com {{reliable source|date=February 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Siddhartha ([[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]) is the son of K.P. ([[Krishnam Raju]]), a business magnate. Siddhartha comes back from the states after so many years. Jyothi ([[Shobana]]), his childhood friend, has an unrequited love for him. One day, he is told K.P. rules an underworld mafia syndicate by his friend David ([[Sarath Babu]]), whom K.P. then kills. Siddhartha leaves home and reaches a forest where he falls in love with a tribal girl, Basanti ([[Ayesha Jhulka]]). Meanwhile, syndicate members Jogendra ([[Tiger Prabhakar]]) and Shetty ([[Pradeep Shakthi]]) plan to kill K.P. and Siddhartha with the help of his son-in-law Chakravarthy ([[J. D. Chakravarthy]]), leading to K.P. and Basanti's deaths. Siddhartha returns to rule the syndicate, and takes revenge on his remaining enemies.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Siddhartha
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Krishna Prasad "K. P."
* [[Shobana]] as Jyothi
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Basanthi
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Chakravarthy
* [[Tiger Prabhakar|Kannada Prabhaakar]] as Joginder
* [[Sarath Babu]] as David
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Shetty
* [[Devaraj]] as Bhillu
* [[Charuhasan|Charu Haasan]] as Dr. Nidhi
* Thyagaraju as Commissioner
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Viswam
* [[Suthivelu]] as Dingo Sab
* [[Potti Prasad]] as Writer
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Bharathi
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Rekha
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Writer
* [[Rajya Lakshmi (actress)|Rajyalakshmi]] as Sofi (David's wife)
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Neti Siddhartha
| type = film
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:00
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's songs were composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], with lyrics by [[Veturi]], and released by LEO Audio Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:00
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Osi Manasa Neeku Thelusa
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 7:30

| title2 = Neeve Katha Naa Sweetu Figaru
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length2 = 4:08

| title3 = Kondallo Bada O Konallo
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 6:51

| title4 = Chumma Kotti Pothanamma
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length4 = 6:20

| title5 = Prema Katha Modhaledithe
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length5 = 4:11
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=1630249}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1990 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Works based on The Godfather]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kranthi Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Angousana Wahengbam

2026-03-03T13:48:39Z

Nuel ID: new initial info needs work

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Wahengbam Angousana Luwang}}
{{Meitei name|Wahengbam|Angousana|Luwang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Angousana Wahengbam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Angousana Luwang Wahengbam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| currentclub = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| clubnumber = 8
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Sagolband United
| years1 = 2017–2020
| clubs1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps1 = 29
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2020–2023
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps2 = 29
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal B]]
| caps3 = 6
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2023–2025
| clubs4 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps4 = 30
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2025–
| clubs5 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| club-update = 19:58, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Angousana Luwang Wahengbam''' ({{langx|mni|Wahengbam Angousana Luwang}}, born 2 February 1996) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]] for [[I-League]] club [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]].

==Career==
Born in [[Imphal]], Wahengbam Luwang began his professional career playing for the [[TRAU F.C.]] in [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division]]. He joined TRAU from [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] academy and made his professional [[I-League]] debut on 1 December 2019 against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] in a 1–0 defeat away from home, where he played as a left-back.<ref name="Stats">{{cite web |url=https://us.soccerway.com/playerswahengbam-angousana-luwang/644784/matches/ |title=W. Luwang - Matches |work=Soccerway |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

===East Bengal===
In 2020, Angousana signed for Kolkata giants [[SC East Bengal]] and was announced to be a part of their squad in the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]].<ref name="domestic">{{cite web |title=Our domestic squad for the 2020-21 Hero Indian Super League season. |url=https://twitter.com/sc_eastbengal/status/1318505152521805824 |website=SC East Bengal (Twitter) |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123302/https://abs.twimg.com/responsive-web/client-web/ondemand.Dropdown.cdde1bb5.js |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|24 April 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|wahengbam-angousana-luwang/644784}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|{{nowrap|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]}}
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|12||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||12||1
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|[[I-League]]
|17||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||20||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!29!!1!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!32!!1
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
|[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|2021–22]]
|Indian Super League
|16||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||16||0
|-
|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|1||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0||3{{efn|name=CalcuttaLeague|Appearance(s) in [[Calcutta Football League]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!29!!0!!2!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!34!!0
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal B]]
|[[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23]]
|I-League 2nd Division
|6||2|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||6||2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|I-League
|21||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||21||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|9||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!30!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!31!!1
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]
|I-League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!94!!4!!6!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!103!!4
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|sankar-roy/523884}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahengbam, Angousana}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Diamond Harbour FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury

2026-02-27T08:26:25Z

Nuel ID: created the article added tags

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{See also|ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury|ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular}}
{{Infobox award
|name=[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]] for Best Actor Drama Jury
|image=
|image_size=
|image_upright=
|caption=The 2025 recipient: [[Kanwar Dhillon]]
|awarded_for=Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role on Television Jury
|presenter=[[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy]]
|country=India
|holder=[[Kanwar Dhillon]]
|firstawarded=2001
|lastawarded=2025
|reward=
|former name=
|holder_label=Recent winner
|award1_type=Total awarded
|award1_winner=25
|award2_type=Most wins
|award2_winner=[[Ram Kapoor]] (3)
|award3_type=First winner
|award3_winner=[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] for ''[[Saans]]'' (2001)
|award4_type=Latest winner
|award4_winner=[[Kanwar Dhillon]] for ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' (2025)}}

'''ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Jury''' is an award given by the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy]] jury as a part of its annual event.

==Superlatives==
[[Ram Kapoor]] is 3-times winner of the award, which is the highest, followed by [[Nakuul Mehta]] , [[Mohnish Behl]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] who are 2-times winner of the same.

==Winners==
===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Photo
!Actor
!Character
!Show
!Ref
|-
|2001
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:KanwaljitSingh.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Kanwaljeet Singh]]
|Gautam Kapoor
|''[[Saans]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2001|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2001|archive-date=29 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mohnish Bahl.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Mohnish Behl]]
|Shashank Gupta
|''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2002|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222232/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|archive-date=29 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mohnish Bahl.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Mohnish Behl]]
|Shashank Gupta
|''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2003|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215542/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003|archive-date=4 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Harsh Chhaya.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Harsh Chhaya]]
| Manas Awasthi
|''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2004|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526071531/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2004|archive-date=26 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Varun badola.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Varun Badola]]
| Abhimanyu Saxena
|''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2005|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215552/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2005|archive-date=4 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ram kapoor bade ache lagte ho event.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Ram Kapoor]]
|Jai Walia
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2006|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2006|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210174024/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2006|archive-date=10 February 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|style="text-align:center"|
|Darshan Dave
| Sujeet
|''[[Ghar Ek Sapnaa]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2007|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007|archive-date=6 October 2014|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Deven Bhojani2.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Deven Bhojani]]
|Gopal "Gattu" Thakkar
|''[[Baa Bahu Aur Baby]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2008|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113249/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008|archive-date=20 August 2010|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ronit Roy at Sahara IPL Awards (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|Dharmraj Mahiyavanshi
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy3">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2009|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009|archive-date=9 September 2015|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Year
!Actor
!Character
!Show
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Jay Soni.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Jay Soni]]'''
|'''Ishaan Kashyap'''
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy4">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2010|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010|archive-date=20 August 2010|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
| Dharamraj Mahyavanshi
|[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]
|
|-
|[[Sharad Kelkar]]
| Digvijay Singh
|[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]
|
|-
|[[Harshad Chopda]]
| Anurag Ganguly
|[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]
|
|-
|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]
| Manav Deshmukh
|[[Pavitra Rishta]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ram kapoor bade ache lagte ho event.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Ram Kapoor]]'''
|'''Ram Kapoor'''
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
|<ref name="indiantelevisionacademy5">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2011|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011|archive-date=26 May 2012|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
| Dharamraj Mahyavanshi
|[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]
|
|-
|[[Sharad Kelkar]]
| Digvijay Singh
|[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]
|
|-
|[[Mohnish Bahl]]
|Dr. Ashutosh Mathur
|[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]
|
|-
|[[Samir Soni]]
|Kunal Chopra
|[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ram kapoor bade ache lagte ho event.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Ram Kapoor|'''Ram''' '''Kapoor''']]
|'''Ram Kapoor'''
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain|'''Bade''' '''Achhe Lagte''' '''Hain''']]''
|
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]
|
|-
|[[Manish Wadhwa]]
|Chanakya
|[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya (2011)]]
|
|-
|[[Mohnish Bahl]]
|Dr. Ashutosh Mathur
|[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]
|
|-
|[[Samir Soni]]
|Kunal Chopra
|[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Anas Rashid.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|[[Anas Rashid|'''Anas''' '''Rashid''']]
|'''Sooraj Rathi'''
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum|'''Diya''' '''Aur Baati Hum''']]''
|
|-
|[[Gautam Rode]]
|Saraswatichandra
|[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]
|
|-
|[[Mohit Raina]]
|[[Shiva]]
|[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]
|
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]]
|Ram Kapoor
|[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]
|
|-
|[[Vivian Dsena]]
|Rishabh Kundra
|[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Anil Kapoor]]'''
|'''Jai Singh Rathore'''
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|'''24''']]''
|
|-
|[[Ashish Sharma]]
|Rudra
|[[Rangrasiya]]
|
|-
|[[Mohit Raina]]
|[[Shiva]]
|[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]
|
|-
|[[Vatsal Sheth]]
|Shaurya Goenka
|[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]
|
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]
|
|-
|2015
| style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Patel]]'''
|'''Raman Bhalla'''
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Anil Kapoor 1.jpeg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Anil Kapoor]]'''
|'''Jai Singh Rathore'''
|''[[24 season 2 (India)|24 Season 2]]''
|
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|Advocate K.D. Pathak
|[[Adaalat season 2|Adalat 2]]
|
|-
|[[Ashish Sharma]]
|[[Rama|Ram]]
|[[Siya Ke Ram]]
|
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|Rishi Singh Bedi
|[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]
|
|-
|[[Vikram Singh Chauhan]]
|Atharv Sujata
|[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Purab Kohli TerraQuiz.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Purab Kohli]]'''
|'''Sartaj Singh'''
|''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
|
|-
|[[Ashish Chaudhary]]
|Dev Burman
|[[Dev (TV series)|Dev]]
|
|-
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|Shivaay Singh Oberoi
|[[Ishqbaaaz]]
|
|-
|[[Satyadeep Mishra]]
|Imaan Khan
|[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]
|
|-
|[[Manish Choudhary]]
|Major Vikram Singh
|[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mohit Raina (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Mohit Raina]]'''
|'''Ishar Singh'''
|''[[21 Sarfarosh - Saragarhi 1897]]''
|
|-
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|Dev Dixit
|[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]
|
|-
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|Shivaay Singh Oberoi
|[[Ishqbaaaz]]
|
|-
|[[Mohit Malik]]
|Sikandar Gill
|[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]
|
|-
|[[Karan Jotwani]]
|Sahil
|[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Mudit Nayar -grace-Star-Parivaar-Awards-2023-1223-4 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Mudit Nayar]]'''
|'''Yogi'''
|''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ita-awards-2019-winners-list/|title=ITA Awards 2019: Winners list|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=11 November 2019|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Avinesh Rekhi]]
|Sarabjit Singh Gill
|[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]
|
|-
|[[Upendra Limaye]]
|Sachin Mane
|[[Tara From Satara]]
|
|-
|[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
|Abhishek Mehra
|[[Kumkum Bhagya]]
|
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Year
!Photo
!Actor
!Character
!Show
!Ref
|-
| 2020
|colspan=4|''Not Awarded''
|-
| 2021
| style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sudhanshu Pandey at Mika's birthday bash hosted by Kiran Bawa 15 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| '''[[Sudhanshu Pandey]]'''
| '''Vanraj Shah'''
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nakuul Mehta in April 2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''
|'''Ram Kapoor'''
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html | title= Nakuul Mehta, Harshad Chopda and others win big at 21st ITA Awards, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sudhanshu Pandey]]
| Vanraj Shah
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
|
|-
| [[Cezanne Khan]]
| Nikhil Jaisingh
| ''[[Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan]]''
|
|-
| [[Neil Bhatt]]
| Virat Chavan
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|
|-
| [[Fahmaan Khan]]
| Aryan Singh Rathore
| ''[[Imlie]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=5|2023
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nakuul Mehta in April 2022.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''
|'''Ram Kapoor'''
|'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3]]'''''
|
|-
|[[Harshad Chopda]]
|Abhimanyu Birla
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|
|-
|[[Adnan Khan]]
|Viaan Raghuvanshi
|''[[Katha Ankahee]]''
|
|-
|Ram Yashvardhan
|[[Shiva]]
|''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
|
|-
|[[Shakti Anand]]
|Karan Luthra
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2024'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Amar Upadhyay in 2013 (cropped).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Amar Upadhyay]]'''
|'''Ganga "Agni" Thakur'''
|'''''[[Doree (TV series)|Doree]]'''''
|
|-
|[[Kanwar Dhillon]]
|Sachin Deshmukh
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''
|
|-
|[[Rohit Purohit]]
|Armaan Poddar
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|
|-
|[[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
|Srinivas Wagle
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|
|-
|Jayesh More
|Dilip Patel
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=5|'''2025'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|
|'''[[Kanwar Dhillon]]'''
|'''Sachin Deshmukh'''
|'''''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'''''
|
|-
|[[Arjit Taneja]]
|Virat Singh Ahuja
|''[[Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye]]''
|
|-
|[[Rohit Purohit]]
|Armaan Poddar
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|
|-
|Rajat Verma
|Virat Verma
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''
|
|-
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
|Rajesh Wagle
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|Wagle Ki Duniya]]''
|
|}

==See also==
* [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury]]
* [[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama Popular]]
* [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}

[[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]
[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards]]
[[Category:Awards for male actors]]

Krea University

2026-02-19T07:23:46Z

Nuel ID:

{{Short description|Private university in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Krea University logo.png
| name = Krea University
| native_name = క్రియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయ
| established = {{start date and age|1970}} (as [[Institute for Financial Management and Research|IFMR]]) {{start date and age|2018}} (as Krea University)
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[liberal arts college]] and [[research university]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Nirmala Rao]] (OBE, FAcSS)
| city = [[Sri City]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = 13°32'53.7"N 80°00'00.8"E
| campus_type = Rural
| campus_size = {{Convert|40|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| colors = {{Color box|#46B7D5}}{{Color box|#2260A0}} Shades of blue
| students = 1357
| website = https://krea.edu.in
| footnotes =
| address = 5655, Central Expressway
}}

'''Krea University''' is an Indian private university located in [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Andhra Pradesh]] focused on liberal arts, sciences and management. It was established in 2018 by a team of high-net-worth individuals and academicians including [[Raghuram Rajan]], [[Sajjan Jindal]], [[Anand Mahindra]].<ref>{{Cite web
|title=University to create 'thinking Indians'
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/university-to-create-thinking-indians/cid/1339614
|access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archana |first=Alekh |date=2018-03-24
|title=Raghuram Rajan, corporate leaders to set up Rs750 crore university |url=https://www.livemint.com/Education/S6BKrRGzv2zyzmABLq735N/Raghuram-Rajan-corporate-leaders-to-set-up-Rs750-crore-univ.html
|access-date=2022-07-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The [[Institute for Financial Management and Research]] was incorporated under the aegis of university, which along with the School of Interwoven Arts and Sciences (SIAS) are the two schools housed in the campus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vij |first=Gauri |date=2018-03-24
|title=Krea University will foster debate, immersive learning |language=en-IN
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/krea-university-will-foster-debate-immersive-learning/article23343927.ece |access-date=2022-07-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
The university was established in 2018 under the [[Andhra Pradesh]] Private Universities (Establishment and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2018. It was temporarily housed in the IFMR campus, before shifting to its current campus in [[Sri City]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raghuram Rajan, corp leaders team up for Rs 750-cr liberal arts varsity |work=[[The Economic Times]]
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/raghuram-rajan-corp-leaders-team-up-for-rs-750-cr-liberal-arts-varsity/articleshow/63434181.cms |access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref>

=== Roots in IFMR (1970s-2018) ===
{{main|Institute for Financial Management and Research}}
The university was initially housed under the Sri City campus of [[Institute for Financial Management and Research]], which was established in 1974 as a not-for-profit society focused financial and management research.

In 2021, [[Mahesh Rangarajan]], from [[Ashoka University]], took over as the vice-chancellor of the university. He then resigned from the position in less than a year citing personal circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaganathan |first=KT |date=February 10, 2022
|title=Krea University's VC Dr Mahesh Rangarajan is stepping down, after a tenure of less than a year |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/krea-universitys-vc-dr-mahesh-rangarajan-is-stepping-down-after-a-tenure-of-less-than-a-year-8073581.html }}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Krea University, From Perimeter Walk.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Krea University's Residence Halls view from the Perimeter Walk]]
Located 70 km north of [[Chennai]], the Sri City campus was planned as a ‘Circular Campus'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KREA University Masterplan, Sri City, India |url=https://www.urbansystems.design/krea-university-masterplan-sri-city-india |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Urban Systems Design {{!}} MEP & Environmental Engineers |language=en-GB}}</ref> This forty-acre campus consists of two academic buildings where classes and research takes place: The JSW Academic Building, and the New Academic Block, which is connected to the university's main library.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=JSW Academic Building inaugurated at Krea University to foster excellence in education |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/jsw-academic-building-inaugurated-at-krea-university-to-foster-excellence-in-education |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927064442/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/jsw-academic-building-inaugurated-at-krea-university-to-foster-excellence-in-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=JSW Group enters into agreement with Krea University |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-jsw-group-enters-into-agreement-with-krea-university-3253059/ |access-date=2024-09-16
|website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The JSW Academic Building, is the main hub of learning in the campus. Established in 2023, it has a built up area of 110,000 sq ft. that houses various classrooms, laboratories and centers of administration and research. It contains Seminar Hall 1, Kothari Hall and Seminar Hall 3, and various workspaces.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

HT Parekh Library, the university's main library, is a 10,000 sq ft library with over 30 thousand books. There are more than 50 Indian and international journals in print and over 60000+ e-journals under the library's [[Cataloging (library science)|catalog]]. The library is recognized as a [[World Bank]] [[Repository (version control)|Open Knowledge Repository]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-07 |title=IFMR, Chennai |url=https://www.educationworld.in/ifmr-chennai/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=EducationWorld |language=en-US}}</ref>

The New Academic Block, inaugurated in 2022 consists of laboratories for physics, biological sciences and chemistry research. It also houses the faculty rooms and more workspaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-08-27 |title=Academic block inaugurated at Krea University |url=https://theprint.in/india/academic-block-inaugurated-at-krea-university/1103263 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Krea University near RH3.jpg|thumb|260x260px|University during monsoon season, covering parts of Residence Halls 1 and 3]]Students are housed under 8 residence halls across the campus, some of which are divided by gender and some are mixed-gendered. Campus encloses two dining spaces, Old Dining Hall and New Dining Hall. It also includes various cafeterias and restaurants that are spread around campus.<ref>{{Citation |title=Krea University: CAMPUS TOUR!!!! | date=31 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAqq0Dp0daw |access-date=2023-09-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Krea University Campus Tour ✨2022 Academic Block, OAT, Perimeter Walk... | date=2 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARs1wJNry8o |access-date=2023-09-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Krea University Campus Tour by a PARENT {{!}} Sri City {{!}} | date=19 April 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-C_LLHXFgjk |access-date=2023-09-27 |language=en}}</ref>

At the centre of the campus is the [[Amphitheatre|Open-air Amphitheatre]] (OAT), where cultural and social events are hosted.<ref>{{Cite web
|date=16 December 2019
|title=Futuristic Amphitheatre At IFMR GSB, Krea University |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/974027/futuristic-amphitheatre-at-ifmr-gsb-krea-universi.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref>

== Organization and Administration ==

===Leadership===
[[File:Nirmala Rao.jpg|thumb|Nirmala Rao, the current Vice-chancellor of Krea University]]
Professor [[Nirmala Rao|Nirmala Rao, OBE, FAcSS]] is the current Vice-Chancellor of Krea University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-07-26 |title=Nirmala Rao to take over as Krea University VC on Aug 16 |url=https://theprint.in/india/nirmala-rao-to-take-over-as-krea-university-vc-on-aug-16/1056036/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BLoC |date=2022-07-26 |title=Nirmala Rao is the Vice-Chancellor of Krea University |url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/nirmala-rao-is-the-vice-chancellor-of-krea-university/article65684810.ece |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=BLoC |language=en}}</ref> She was preceded by Dr Mahesh Rangarajan (July 2021 to February 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Sreeradha |title=Krea University appoints Dr. Mahesh Rangarajan as Vice Chancellor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/krea-university-appoints-dr-mahesh-rangarajan-as-vice-chancellor/articleshow/81774884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-02 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and [[Sunder Ramaswamy]] (2017–2021). The current Chancellor of university is [[Lakshmi Narayanan]], former CEO and vice-chairman of [[Cognizant]]. He was preceded by [[N Vaghul]], who resigned from his tenure in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Chennai |date=2023-10-16 |title=Lakshmi Narayanan appointed Chancellor of Krea University |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/lakshmi-narayanan-appointed-chancellor-of-krea-university/article67426497.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

The Governing Council includes various high-net-worth individuals around the world like, [[Anand Mahindra]], [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw]], [[Aditya Mittal]], [[Dheeraj Hinduja]], [[Sajjan Jindal]], [[Anu Aga]], and eminent academicians of all fields of study including [[John Etchemendy]], [[Vishakha N. Desai|Vishakha Desai]] [[Tara Thiagarajan|Dr Tara Thiagarajan]] and [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Esther Duflo]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2021-09-30 |title=Dr. Tara Thiagarajan joins Krea University Governing Council |url=https://www.highereducationdigest.com/dr-tara-thiagarajan-joins-krea-university-governing-council/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Higher Education Digest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel laureate Esther Duflo joins Krea University's governing council |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/12/10/nobel-laureate-estherduflo-joins-krea-university-governing-council.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=The SIAS Student Government elections for the academic year 2024-25 concluded successfully on Sunday, 8 September 2024. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_u1cjBP52G/?hl=en |website=Instagram}}</ref>

== Academics ==
=== Undergraduate education ===
[[File:Main Academic Block, Night time.jpg|thumb|JSW Academic Building, the place that houses the undergraduate programs.]]
Krea University's School of Interwoven Arts and Sciences offers four-year residential undergraduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences leading to [[Bachelor of Arts|BA (Hons.)]] and [[Bachelor of Science|BSc(Hons.)]] degrees, with an option to pursue a three-year BA and BSc course.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KREA University |url=https://www.careerlauncher.com/admissions/krea-university.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.careerlauncher.com}}</ref> The bachelor's program follows a trimester system, where each term is for 12 weeks. Apart from the first year general requirements, the program follows an [[Open Curriculum (Brown University)|open curriculum]] and currently offers 400 to 450 courses across more than 20 disciplines. It enables students to choose any combination of major, minor and concentration. Student don't declare their majors until the middle of their sophomore year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title='Our curriculum is forward looking': Krea University dean |url=https://news.careers360.com/krea-university-liberal-arts-education-schools-syllabus-curriculum-sias-fees-fyup-cbcs-credit-system |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

==== First Year Courses ====
At SIAS, students irrespective of their intended major are required to satisfy the general requirements of 11 core and skills courses that includes scientific reasoning, mathematical reasoning, social science, history, philosophy, data sciences and computation. They are of 3-credits each and are usually taken by students by their 4th trimester.<ref name=":0" />

==== IFMR Integrated-MBA Program ====
Since 2023, the IFMR Graduate School of Business offers a five-year Integrated MBA program, where students have exit options at their junior and senior year to get a [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] or [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA(Hons.)]] degree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=IFMR GSB launches BBA integrated MBA programme |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-ifmr-gsb-bba-integrated-mba-programme-krea-university-sri-city-andhra-pradesh-graduate-school-of-business-2943810/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Chennai |date=2023-01-10 |title=IFMR GSB unveils BBA Integrated MBA programme |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/ifmr-gsb-unveils-bba-integrated-mba-programme/article66362073.ece |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Cohort of 2024 consisted of 71 people from 13 states and 5 countries across the world.

=== Graduate and Doctorate education ===
The School of Interwoven Arts and Sciences, offers graduate education in the form of doctorate and a one-year postgraduate certificate to students who complete the 3-year Bachelors program before 2026.

IFMR GSB offers graduate education in the form of master's and doctorate programs.<ref name="Vasudha-2020">{{Cite web |last=Vasudha |date=2020-03-03 |title=IFMR Full-time and Part-Time Courses: Check the IFMR Advantage and Placement Opportunities |url=https://www.pagalguy.com/articles/ifmr-full-time-and-part-time-courses-check-the-ifmr-advantage-and-placement-opportunities |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=PaGaLGuY |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-06 |title=This Business Analytics & Big Data Certification Can Lead To a High-Paying Job in Data Analytics |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/this-business-analytics-big-data-certification-can-lead-to-a-high-paying-job-in-data-analytics/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> IFMR GSB also provides an Executive MBA programs with specialization in finance, supply chain, human relations and industry relations for executives of [[L&T Technology Services|L&T Construction]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=BLoC |first=Team |date=2019-04-24 |title=IFMR hosts special MBA for L&T executives |url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/imfr-hosts-special-mba-for-lt-executives/article26933508.ece |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=BLoC |language=en}}</ref> IFMR GSB offers PhD programs from [[University of Madras|Madras University]], including Organizational Behavior & Human Resource Management, Strategic Management, Finance, Information Systems & Data Science, Economics, Marketing, Operations and Management.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-14 |title=Krea University: Creating a generation of 'thinking Indians' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/krea-university-creating-a-generation-of-thinking-indians/story-KRgCetHioRmK9CjgqBuKBP.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vasudha-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web
|date=July 2023
|title=Research Symposium on Finance and Economics invites experts to discuss finance
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/jul/01/research-symposium-on-finance-and-economics-invites-experts-to-discuss-finance-2590149.htm
|access-date=2023-10-09
|website=The New Indian Express
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-16 |title=Chennai: 'ESG becoming a key factor for investment' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/esg-becoming-a-key-factor-for-investment/article65533278.ece |access-date=2022-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deoras |first=Srishti |date=2019-11-04 |title=Top 10 Full-Time Data Science Courses In India - Ranking 2019 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/top-10-full-time-data-science-courses-in-india-ranking-2019/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Admissions and Tuition ===
In the School of Interwoven Arts and Sciences, the class of 2024 consisted of 260 students coming from 21 states in India and 5 countries around the world. Admissions are made based on an online application and aptitude test. Shortlisted students then go through personal interviews and Krea Immersive Case Analysis. The School follows a [[Need-blind admission|need-blind]] policy for admissions and meets the demonstrated need of all students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Assistance sias ug |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/financial-assistance-sias-ug |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIAS-Selection process |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/sias-selection-process |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University |language=en-US}}</ref> The tuition for students at SIAS in 2024 is ₹815,000 ($9,700) per year. Room & board and other fees are ₹200,000 ($2,380) per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fee Structure and schedule sias |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/fee-structure-and-schedule-sias |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University |language=en-US}}</ref>

The flagship program at IFMR Graduate School of Business, MBA consisted of 250 for the cohort of 2024. The tuition for students of the MBA program is ₹1,456,000 ($17,000). The program provides various need-based and merit-based scholarships for students along with named and endowed scholarships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Krea University's IFMR GSB begins MBA cohort with over 250 students at Prarambh 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/krea-universitys-ifmr-gsb-begins-mba-cohort-with-over-250-students-at-prarambh-2024-9431937 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarships |url=https://krea.edu.in/ifmrgsb/scholarships |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University IFMR GSB |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Reputation and Partnerships ===
The IFMR Graduate School of Business has ranked in the top 100 of [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] Management rankings since its inception. Krea University received recognition as one of the institutions leading the wave of liberal arts education in India from Forbes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Penprase |first=Bryan |title=A New Batch of Indian Universities |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bryanpenprase/2024/09/03/a-new-batch-of-indian-universities |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref>

Krea University has partnered with universities and academic institutions around the world. The partner universities include [[Northeastern University]], [[University of Chicago]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[University of Bristol]], [[University of Sussex|Sussex University]] and [[Sciences Po]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Partnerships {{!}} The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy |url=https://harris.uchicago.edu/research-impact/initiatives-partnerships/international-partnerships#india |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=harris.uchicago.edu |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710043133/http://harris.uchicago.edu/research-impact/initiatives-partnerships/international-partnerships#india |url-status=dead }}</ref> Krea has partnered with the Dalai Lama Centre For Ethics and Transformative Values to introduce ethics as part of its undergraduate program's curriculum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-12 |title=Krea university partners with Dalai Lama centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/krea-university-partners-with-dalai-lama-centre/article25480218.ece |access-date=2022-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Corporate partnerships include WayCool Foods, which has partnered with IFMR GSB at Krea University to form the LEAP program and Kauvery Hospital to operate and maintain a health centre and pharmacy at the campus in Sri City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Krea University partners with Kauvery Hospital for campus health facilities |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/krea-university-partners-with-kauvery-hospital-for-campus-health-facilities/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2021 |title=WayCool partners with IFMR Graduate School of Business for leadership programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/waycool-partners-with-ifmr-graduate-school-of-business-for-leadership-programme/articleshow/85365860.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Research Centres ==
Krea University is home to various research centres in vast fields of study. Some of them are:

* '''LEAD''': A non-profit research organization conducting high-quality scalable action research and outreach in development economics and finance. Programmes enabled include Initiative for What Works to Advance Women and Girls in the Economy (IWWAGE), Inclusive Cashless Payment Partnership (CATALYST) and Evidence for Policy Design (EPoD) India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=demonetization India poor impact villages study |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/hitting-the-bottom/article9992462.ece |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|'''Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)''']]: A global research centre working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by scientific evidence. In South Asia, it has partnerships in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Much of Nobel Laureates Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo's work on randomized control trials for shaping policy in India was done at J-PAL South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title='The kind of questions they ask… The 17-year-old of today is nothing like the 17-yr-old of a few years ago' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/kapil-vishwanathan-krea-university-idea-exchange-jnu-fee-hike-protests-6144669/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Moturi Satyanarayana Centre for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences''': A Centre of excellence for advanced research in humanities and social sciences. The centre was inaugurated by vice president of India [[Venkaiah Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2021 |title=Vice President Venkaiah Naidu calls for multidisciplinarity in higher education |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/vice-president-venkaiah-naidu-calls-for-multidisciplinarity-in-higher-education/articleshow/86056080.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It commemorates veteran freedom fighter, Member of the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Parliament two-time Rajya Sabha member [[Moturi Satyanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Krea University Launches Centre for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/krea-university-launches-centre-for-advanced-study-in-the-humanities-and-social-sciences-4183058.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Sapien Lab Centre for Human Brain and Mind''': The centre was inaugurated by K. Vijay Raghavan, former principal scientific adviser to the Government of India. It seeks to track and understand the impact of the changing environment on the human brain, and its consequences for the individual and society. The studies will be used to mitigate risks and enhance outcomes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-04 |title=Sapien Lab Centre for Human Brain and Mind launched at Krea University |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sapien-lab-centre-for-human-brain-and-mind-launched-at-krea-university/article65727744.ece |access-date=2022-09-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Water, Environment, Land and Livelihoods Labs (WELL Labs)''': WELL Labs was started in April 2023 as an autonomous centre based in IFMR. Dr Veena Srinivasan, a water expert with 20 years of experience, is the founder. In collaboration with Krea University and other centres at IFMR, the lab will address challenges pertaining to land and water. Their priorities include translating research outputs to measurable societal impact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Innovation |first=Centre for Social and Environmental |date=2023-07-22 |title=Introducing WELL Labs! |url=https://medium.com/centre-for-social-and-environmental-innovation/introducing-well-labs-9d266cadb5aa |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Centre for Social and Environmental Innovation, ATREE |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Centre for Writing and Pedagogy''': Krea University is home to the Centre for Writing and Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-05-21 |title=Lack of transgender-friendly system blocks education of such kids |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/lack-of-transgender-friendly-system-blocks-education-of-such-kids-171573 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref> They have conducted various workshops over the years across India. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centre conducted various workshops on online writing and writing pedagogies during the pandemic, in academic institutions across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azim Premji University |url=https://alumni.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/f/conference-on-online-and-downloadable-writing-pedagogies-in-the-pandemic-krea-university-7970?source=view |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=alumni.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in}}</ref><ref name="indiabioscience.org">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=As crisis grips education in India, a two-day conference deliberates on the way forward |url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/education/as-crisis-grips-education-in-india-a-two-day-conference-deliberates-on-the-way-forward |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=IndiaBioscience}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |first=TPT Bureau {{!}} |date=2019-07-29 |title=Krea University Conducts Workshop for School Teachers |url=https://thepolicytimes.com/krea-university-conducts-workshop-for-school-teachers/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The Policy Times |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527025205/https://thepolicytimes.com/krea-university-conducts-workshop-for-school-teachers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Centre for Digital Financial Inclusion (CDFI)''': A social enterprise developing and supporting digital innovations for social impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Digital Financial Inclusion (CDFI) |url=http://www.cdfi.in/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.cdfi.in}}</ref>
* '''Inclusion Economics India Centre''': In 2022, IFMR and Inclusion Economics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusion Economics |url=https://egc.yale.edu/ie |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Yale Economic Growth Center |language=en}}</ref> at [[Yale University]] signed a memorandum of understanding to conduct policy-engaged research that promotes inclusive economies and societies. The collaboration will focus on data collection, research, close engagement with policymakers, and communication of data-driven insights to inform and encourage evidence-based dialogues on economic and social inclusion. Krea University will provide strategic oversight.

== Student Life ==
As a residential college in a rural setting, the student life at Krea University is confined to the campus premises. The college has 8 residence halls, and houses many facilities for the students' social life. Krea students run various newsletters, magazines and journals. Leher is a student-run independent newspaper in Krea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leher {{!}} Student run newspaper |url=https://leherepaper.wixsite.com/leher |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Leher |language=en}}</ref>

=== Student Clubs ===
There are over 30 active student clubs at Krea University, with financial oversight of each club delegated by the Office of Student Life (OSL). Clubs are student-run and have their own charter and constitution governing them. There are a variety of clubs on campus, including various discipline-specific clubs, clubs that focus on social service, political advocacy and awareness, competitive athletics, professional development and networking, performing arts, academic debate. The most famous amongst them is Rangasthala, the theatre club of Krea. They host a student-led play every term. Students of the theatre club have won various competition across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangasthala - The Theatre Club of SIAS |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/rangasthala-the-theatre-club-of-sias/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University |language=en-US}}</ref> The university hosts their annual Club Rush early in the semester for all students interested in joining clubs or other student organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clubs and Commitees sias |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/clubs-and-commitees-sias/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Krea University |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Ukiyo, 2023 student fest of IFMR iMBA.jpg|center|thumb|371x371px|Ukiyo, 2023 student fest of IFMR iMBA at the amphitheater]]

=== Student Events ===
Events are a frequent occurrence across the campus, with religious festivals and college fests playing a significant role in the students' social life. In 2023, students at Krea University organised and hosted its first TEDx event on campus which included various eminent speakers and discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxKrea University {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53702 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

==Notable Faculty and Alumni==
Notable faculty at Krea University include:
* Prof S Sivakumar, Dean of Research and Professor of Physics.<ref>{{Citation |title=Saxon, Prof. David Harold, (born 27 Oct. 1945), Kelvin Professor of Physics, 1990–2008, now Professor Emeritus, Dean, Physical Sciences, 2002–08, University of Glasgow |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who's Who |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.33965 |access-date=2023-10-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.33965|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Professor Lakshmi Kumar, Dean, IFMR Graduate School of Business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Vinay |date=2023-03-23 |title='IFMR GSB's finance specialistion is our strong legacy' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/ifmr-gsbs-finance-specialistion-is-our-strong-legacy/article66654201.ece |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
* Dr Prithvi Data Chandra Shobhi, Associate Dean and associate professor of history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Prithvi Datta Chandra Shobhi |url=https://theprint.in/author/prithvi-datta-chandra-shobhi/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dr Kalyan Chakrabarti, Associate Dean (Students) and associate professor of Biological Sciences and Chemistry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kalyan S. |last2=Olsson |first2=Simon |last3=Pratihar |first3=Supriya |last4=Giller |first4=Karin |last5=Overkamp |first5=Kerstin |last6=Lee |first6=Ko On |last7=Gapsys |first7=Vytautas |last8=Ryu |first8=Kyoung-Seok |last9=de Groot |first9=Bert L. |last10=Noé |first10=Frank |last11=Becker |first11=Stefan |last12=Lee |first12=Donghan |last13=Weikl |first13=Thomas R. |last14=Griesinger |first14=Christian |date=2022-07-01 |title=A litmus test for classifying recognition mechanisms of transiently binding proteins |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3792 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.3792C |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31374-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9249894 |pmid=35778416}}</ref>
* Dr Panchali Ray, Associate Dean (Academic) and associate professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Panchali |date=2021-12-31 |title=Feminist writer bell hooks works resonated across the globe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/bell-hooks-feminist-sister-ally/article38077657.ece |access-date=2023-10-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], eminent historian and writer.
* Dr Vinod Kumar Saranathan, PhD [[Yale University|Yale]], BA [[Ohio Wesleyan University]]; Professor of Biological Sciences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2022 |title='India's navrang bird can help us strengthen solar energy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indias-navrang-bird-can-help-us-strengthen-solar-energy/articleshow/90001254.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Dr. Anannya Dasgupta, Director, Centre for Writing and Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=Guest-Editorial – Building the Boat While Sailing it: Writing Pedagogy in India |url=https://cafedissensus.com/2019/06/24/guest-editorial-building-the-boat-while-sailing-it-writing-pedagogy-in-india/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Café Dissensus |language=en}}</ref>
* Sayantan Datta, award-winning queer and science journalist; Assistant Professor for Practice, Centre for Writing and Pedagogy.<ref name="indiabioscience.org"/>
* [[V. Anantha Nageswaran|V Anantha Nageswaran]], Incumbent Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India; former Dean, IFMR GSB.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2022 |title=V Anantha Nageswaran to be govt's next chief economic adviser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/v-anantha-nageswaran-to-be-govts-next-chief-economic-adviser/articleshow/89191154.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Annu Jalais, PhD [[London School of Economics]] Professor of Anthropology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annu Jalais: Tigers, Islam and the Sundarbans |url=https://macmillan.yale.edu/southasia/annu-jalais-tigers-islam-and-sundarbans |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=macmillan.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Annu Jalais |url=https://krea.edu.in/sias/dr-annu-jalais/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Krea University - Top university for liberal education |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Ram Guha Doon School library.jpg|center|thumb|281x281px|Ram Guha, a key authority in the history of Modern India, is a Distinguished University Professor at Krea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Tirupati district|collapsed=true}}

[[Category:Krea University]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tirupati district]]

2014 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2026-02-16T16:53:15Z

Nuel ID: new basic post more to come

{{Short description|Indian Premier League team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| image = Kuldeep Yadav.jpg
| caption = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] with [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in 2014
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2014
| coach = [[Trevor Bayliss]]
| captain = [[Gautam Gambhir]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2014 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Winners
| comp2 = [[2014 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Runners-up
| most runs = [[Robin Uthappa]] (660)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Sunil Narine]] (21)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=8827;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2014/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515015645/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-t20-league-2014/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=8827%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=15 May 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2015|2015]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014 IPL]]. They were captained by [[Gautam Gambhir]]. Kolkata Knight Riders won the 2014 IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20.

== Background ==
As the 2014 IPL auctions began, Knight Riders only kept their skipper Gambhir and the spinner Sunil Narine. They bought back Jacques Kallis, Yusuf Pathan, Shakib Al Hasan, Manvinder Bisla and Ryan Ten Doeschate. New additions to the team were [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Manish Pandey]], [[Suryakumar Yadav]], [[Morne Morkel]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Vinay Kumar]], [[Chris Lynn]] along with some other uncapped and foreign players. KKR had a good start to the seventh edition in [[UAE]], defeating defending champions Mumbai Indians in the inaugural match. However, their performance dipped and they won only 1 out of their next 4 games played there, including a super over tie against Rajasthan Royals, which they ultimately lost on a boundary count. Their poor form continued as they lost two more matches after they were back in India, making it five losses in seven games. The team changed their batting order, promoting Robin Uthappa as an opener which worked very well as he became the highest run scorer in the tournament with 660 runs. He also scored 40+ runs in 10 consecutive matches. Sunil Narine continued his great run, being the second highest wicket taker. Knight Riders recovered from the losing streak, winning each of their next 7 games. In their last group game against the Sunrisers Hyderabad, Yusuf Pathan blitzed his way to a half century off just 15 balls, which is a record in the IPL. After the group stage, they were tied at 18 points with Chennai Super Kings but beat them to the second place in points table by a better net run rate.

They played the first Qualifier at their home ground [[Eden Gardens]] against Kings XI Punjab which they won by 28 runs and entered the final for the second time in their history. In the final at [[Bengaluru]], they met Kings XI Punjab again and defeated them by 3 wickets in a thrilling match chasing a mammoth 200, with local boy [[Manish Pandey]] delivering his best knock of the season with a brilliant 94 in 50 balls, to win their second title in 3 years. The victory was celebrated grandly in a similar fashion to their 2012 Indian Premier League title win.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps prior to the start of the 2014 season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Batting style
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Bowling style
! style="background:#6600CC; color:#f1c500; text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|1|| [[Manish Pandey]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Gautam Gambhir]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|10|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|37|| '''[[Robin Uthappa]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1985|9|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || Occasional wicketkeeper
|-
|50|| '''[[Chris Lynn]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Australia}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|4|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
|63|| [[Debabrata Das]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Occasional wicketkeeper
|-
|212|| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|3|| '''[[Jacques Kallis]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|South Africa}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1975|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|9|| '''[[Yusuf Pathan]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1982|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Andre Russell]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Jamaica}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|27|| '''[[Ryan ten Doeschate]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1980|6|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|75|| '''[[Shakib Al Hasan]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|36|| [[Manvinder Bisla]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|19|| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Piyush Chawla]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|12|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Vinay Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|2|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|30|| '''[[Pat Cummins]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Australia}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1993|5|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] ||Overseas
|-
|65|| '''[[Morne Morkel]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|South Africa}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|10|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] ||Overseas
|-
|74|| '''[[Sunil Narine]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|Trinidad}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|5|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
||| [[Sayan Mondal]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|11|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Veer Pratap Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1992|5|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|Slow left-arm chinaman]] ||
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished winners in the league stage of IPL 2014.
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=17|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]]|| Won by 41 Runs, MoM - [[Jacques Kallis]] 72(46) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729279.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=19|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Lost by 4 Wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729289.html Score Card ]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=24|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Won by 2 Runs, MoM - [[Chris Lynn]] 45(31) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729299.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=26|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Lost by 24 Runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729307.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=29|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Match Tied; Super Over Tied; Lost by Boundary Count || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729315.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=2|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Lost by 35 Runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/current/match/733971.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=5|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Lost by 10 Runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733979.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=7|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|New Delhi]] || Won by 8 Wickets, MoM - [[Gautam Gambhir]] 69(56) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733985.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=11|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Won by 9 Wickets, MoM - [[Gautam Gambhir]] 63(45) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733997.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Won by 6 Wickets, MoM - [[Robin Uthappa]] 80(52) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734009.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=18|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 Wickets, MoM - [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/26 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734015.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=20|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 8 Wickets, MoM - [[Robin Uthappa]] 67(39) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734023.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=22|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 30 Runs, MoM - [[Robin Uthappa]] 83(51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734027.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=24|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 4 Wickets, MoM - [[Yusuf Pathan]] 72(22) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734037.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=28|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] (Qualifier 1) || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 28 Runs, MoM - [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/13 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734043.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2014|2=6|3=1|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] (Final) || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 3 Wickets, MoM – [[Manish Pandey]] 94(50)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734049.html Score Card]
|- " class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 11–5. Champions. Qualified for 2014 Champions League Twenty20.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==
===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8; "
| 1 || 17 September || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Won by 3 wickets, MoM - [[Andre Russell]] 58 (25) and 0/12 (1 over) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763589.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8; "
| 2 || 21 September || [[Lahore Lions]]|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Won by 4 wickets, MoM - [[Sunil Narine]] 3/9 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763601.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8; "
| 3 || 24 September || [[Perth Scorchers]]|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Won by 3 wickets, MoM - [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/24 (4 overs), 1 catch || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763607.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8; "
| 4 || 29 September || [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphinss]]|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Won by 36 runs, MoM - [[Robin Uthappa]] 85 (55) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763623.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8; "
| 5 || 2 October (Semifinal) || [[Hobart Hurricanes]]|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Won by 7 wickets, MoM - [[Jacques Kallis]] 54* (40) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763629.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 6 || 4 October (Final) || [[Chennai Super Kings]]|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost By 8 Wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763633.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; "|Overall record: 5–1. Runners-up.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]

Santosh Choubey

2026-02-14T04:02:49Z

Nuel ID:

{{short description|Indian social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santosh Choubey
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|9|22}}
| birth_place = [[Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Social Enterprise, [[All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology|AISECT]], NGO, Literature
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]]
| employer =
| occupation = [[social entrepreneur]], Founder and Chairman, AISECT group, Chancellor AISECT group of universities
| spouse = Vineeta Choubey
| children = One son (Siddhartha Chaturvedi) and one daughter (Aditi Chaturvedi)
| awards = [[Ashoka Fellow|Senior Ashoka Fellow]]
| signature =
| website = {{url|santoshchoubey.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Santosh Choubey''' is an poet,writer, Indian social entrepreneur and [[educationalist]]. He founded the [[All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology]] (AISECT) in 1985. He is chairman of AISECT and chancellor of the [[Rabindranath Tagore]] University. AISECT focuses on [[education]], skills training, [[vocational education]], financial and digital services in rural and semi-urban areas of India.

==Early life and education==
Born in 1955 in [[Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh]], Santosh Choubey did his schooling from Government School Khandwa and completed his education with a bachelor's degree in electronics and telecommunication Engineering from [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology|Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (NIT, Bhopal)]]. Consequently, he also got selected into the Indian Engineering Services (1976) and the Indian Civil Services (1981). He made the decision of forgoing the civil services and pursuing his interest in the areas of Science and Technology and joined [[Bharat Electronics]] Limited (New Delhi). Later on, he worked with IDBI as a consultant in Bhopal.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20140908-technology-is-at-the-heart-of-empowered-india-says-santosh-choubey-805078-2014-08-29|title=Technology is at the heart of empowered India, says Santosh Choubey|author=Sonali Acharjee |date=29 August 2014 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/q-a-santosh-choubey-founder-aisect-111041200014_1.html|title=Q&A: Santosh Choubey, Founder, AISECT|first=Pravda|last=Godbole|date=12 April 2011|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>https://vbs.ves.ac.in/images/Social_Business_Day-_2022_2_Speakers.pdf{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629114607/https://vbs.ves.ac.in/images/Social_Business_Day-_2022_2_Speakers.pdf |date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>

=== Initiatives and Work ===
AISECT developed a model of community-based centres operated by local entrepreneurs. These centres provided digital literacy, vocational education, and IT-enabled services.<ref name="HinduEdu">{{cite news |title=AISECT centres drive rural digital literacy |url= |work=The Hindu |date= }}</ref>

The initiative expanded access to skills training, education, and employment opportunities in villages and small towns. Over time, AISECT also became involved in higher education, skill development programs, and e-governance initiatives.<ref name="EconomicTimesEdu">{{cite news |title=From computer literacy to higher education: The expansion of AISECT |url= |work=The Economic Times |date= }}</ref>

====Skill Development====
AISECT has been actively striving towards filling the skill gap in India. The Kaushal Vikas Yatra, carried out in 22 states, 300 districts, and 500+ schools and colleges, has generated humongous awareness about the need for skilling and career prospects among youth. Building on this surge, the 6th edition of Kaushal Charcha has been successfully conducted, enhancing national-level discourse on employability, entrepreneurship, and the future of work.

====Financial Inclusion====
With its vision to bring banking to the last mile, AISECT has been a stride ahead in the field of financial inclusion. With 7,000+ bank kiosks, 2,800+ bank branches connected with kiosks, and 1.07 crore+ bank accounts opened, the project has provided safe and trustworthy financial services to rural and semi-urban India, making it possible for millions to become a part of the formal banking system.

====Employments & Livelihoods====
AISECT has become a forerunner employment-generation platform with its flagship program Rojgar Mantra. Today, the network has 20 lakh+ professionals, 1,500+ registered employers and organizations, and 200+ permanent staffing clients. The program has shortlisted 2 lakh+ candidates, organized 700+ Rojgar Melas, and covered 85+ districts in 18 Indian states in all these years, thus providing meaningful livelihood opportunities to young people throughout the nation.

=== Impact ===
AISECT has established an extensive network of centres in rural India.<ref name="NDTVReport">{{cite news |title=AISECT network reaches rural India |url= |work=NDTV |date= }}</ref> The organisation is recognised for contributing to digital literacy and livelihood creation in underserved areas.<ref name="OutlookSocial">{{cite news |title=Empowering villages through technology: The AISECT model |url= |work=Outlook |date= }}</ref>

==Career==
He founded All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/istanbul/docs/Case%20Study%2006%20-%20AISECT%20-%20Training%20Rural%20Youth%20to%20Bridge%20the%20ICT%20Gap.pdf |title=Case study |publisher=www.undp.org |date= |accessdate=2019-11-13}}</ref> The organisation became a registered society in 1997.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessworld.in/article/Winning-Stroke-Interview-With-Santosh-Kumar-Choubey-Founder-AISECT/19-03-2018-143903|title=Winning Stroke: Interview With Santosh Kumar Choubey, Founder AISECT|first=Jeet|last=Sharma|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>

== Awards ==
For his work in Literature & Skilling he has received multiple awards like :

* [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/santosh-chaubey-honored-with--vishwa-hindi-shikhar-samman-2024-.html Vishwa Hindi Shikhar Samman 2024]
* Maghnad Saha Award 1987
* Dushyant Kumar Award 1986
* [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] Srijan Award 2005
* Rajbhasha Prachar Samiti Award 2009
* Finalist in Social Entrepreneur Of The Year 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award, India - 2010 |url=https://www.jubilantbhartiafoundation.com/cpage.aspx?mpgid=771&pgid=775&spgid=886 |publisher=Jubilant Bhartia Foundation}}</ref>
* Ashoka Senior Fellowship Award 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellowship |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/story/new-report-technology-drives-change-how-does-social-innovation-drive-technology}}</ref>
* Life Time Achievement Award 2013
* SKOCH Renaissance Awards 2013
* Valley of Words (VOW) Award 2017
* Lifetime Achievement Award 2018
* Vaatayan International Shikhar Samman 2023<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vatayan Lifetime Achievement Award 2023 |work=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-santosh-choubey-honored-with-vatayan-international-shikhar-samman-2023-in-london-967801}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choubey, Santosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]

Pratibha Singh Baghel

2026-02-10T02:32:10Z

Nuel ID: creating initial bio w/ sources...

{{short description|Indian film singer based in Bollywood|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pratibha Singh Baghel
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2008–present<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hungama.com/artist/pratibha-singh-baghel/88234122/ |title=Pratibha Singh Baghel |website=Hungama.com}}</ref>
| parents =
}}
'''Pratibha Singh Baghel''' (born 4 January), also referred to as '''Pratibha Singh''' and '''Pratibha Baghel''', is an Indian singer who sings [[Hindustani classical music]], [[ghazals]] as well as [[Bollywood]] film songs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Early life==
Pratibha Singh Baghel was born in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]. She completed music qualifications ''Sangeet Prabhakar'' and ''Sangeet Parveen''. Influenced by an uncle, she trained for singing ''[[thumri]]s''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Career==
Baghel made her debut on the music reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009]].<ref>[https://sufiscore.com/artist/pratibha-singh-baghel/ Pratibha Singh Baghel] (biography), Sufiscore, retrieved 25 February 2023.</ref> She was a top finalist, topping the [[Shankar Mahadevan]] ''gharana'', but got eliminated before the final.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Nevertheless, her performance received critical acclaim, and she received opportunities for stage shows in [[Mumbai]] and eventually playback singing spots in [[Bollywood]] films.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

She lent her voice to feature films including: ''[[Issaq]]'', ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]'', ''[[Shorgul]]'', ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'', ''[[Zid (2014 film)|Zid]]'', ''[[Baazaar]]'', ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]'' , ''[[Dono (film)|Dono]]'' and ''Baba Ramsaa Peer''. Her song "Jheeni Re Jheeni" along with classical vocalist [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] is considered one of her best.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 2020, Baghel released a ghazal album along with violinist Deepak Pandit, called ''Bole Naina'', which also featured the lyricist [[Gulzar]] and tabla player [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]. Its online video is reported to have attracted 50 million views in two days.<ref>{{cite news |title=COMPETITION: Bollywood singer Pratibha Baghel live and unplugged at the Lyric Theatre |newspaper=Independent Online (IOL), South Africa |date=16 January 2023 |url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/competition-bollywood-singer-pratibha-baghel-live-and-unplugged-at-the-lyric-theatre-80a9e6e8-b3a1-4e23-a355-3934d7b5ddd7}}</ref> She teamed up with composer Abhishek Ray to release a series of singles: a sufi rock in ''Dhaagey'', Indian folk song in ''Kanha ki Preet'', a love ballad in ''Ilzaam'', and a ghazal fusion song ''Kaise—The Music of Goodbye'', all released on [[YouTube]].<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/kaise-by-abhishek-ray-and-pratibha-singh-baghel-will-leave-you-tugging-at-your-heartstrings-121092500899_1.html Kaise by Abhishek Ray and Pratibha Singh Baghel will leave you tugging at Your Heartstrings], Business Standard, 25 September 2021.</ref>
In 2022, she shot a video song called ''Anjam-e-Mohabbat'' in Kolkata, composed by Ananjan Chakraborty.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/noted-bollywood-singer-pratibha-singh-baghel-shoots-for-new-song-in-kolkata/articleshow/91170162.cms Noted Bollywood singer Pratibha Singh Baghel shoots for new song in Kolkata], The Times of India - ETimes, 29 April 2022.</ref>
She also released an independent ghazal single called ''Kya Kije'' under the ''Bazm-e-Khas'' label, composed by Ghansham Vaswani.<ref>[https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/dec/07/pratibha-singh-baghels-ghazal-kya-kije-releases-today-45969.html Pratibha Singh Baghel's ghazal Kya Kije releases today], Indulge Express, 7 December 2022.</ref> In the same year, she was also featured in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s album ''Sukoon''.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay-leela-bhansalis-aching-ode-to-queen-of-melody-lata-mangeshkar-sukoon-out-now-11769431.html Sanjay Leela Bhansali's aching ode to queen of melody Lata Mangeshkar, Sukoon, out now], Firstpost, 7 December 2022.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8552451}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghel, Pratibha}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Manaveda

2026-02-07T17:28:33Z

Nuel ID: Made first stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Manaveda''' ([[Malayalam]] മാനവേദന്‍ (1585–1658 AD) was one of the [[Zamorin]] Rajas of [[Kozhikode]] in northern [[Kerala]], and is renowned as the author of [[Krishnanattam]]. This art is a dance drama and presents the story of [[Krishna]] in a series of eight plays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnanattam - An Overview |url=https://www.dvaipayana.net/krishnanattam/Krishnanattam.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.dvaipayana.net}}</ref> [[File:Monument of Manaveda in Guruvayur.jpg|thumb|Monument of Manaveda in Guruvayur]]

The second Manaveda (Ruling period 1658-1662 AD) Asvati Tirunal Manaveda is the one who destroyed the power of the Portuguese with the help of Dutch. He reinstated the Mutta Tavali Prince on the throne of Cochin.<ref name="raja">The contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature; K.Kunjunni Raja; University of Madras 1980; pages 119 to 152</ref>

As he was a patron of letters, [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] was quite probably a friend of him.<ref name="raja"/>

==Early life==
He was born to the royal family of the [[Zamorin]] Rajas of [[Kozhikode]] in 1585.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvaipayana.net/krishnanattam/manaveda.html|title=Manaveda in a broad perspective |website=www.dvaipayana.net|accessdate=2023-09-28}}</ref>
Though much is not known about parents and childhood, it is said he had education from Anayath Krishna pisharody and Desamangalath varrier. He grew up into a poetic genius and a farsighted ruler.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html |title=Krishnanattam - History and Origin | chintha |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034755/http://chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Contributions==
Only two of his books are available now - ''[[Krishnanattam]]'' (text is also called Krishnageethi) and ''Purva bharatha chambu'',<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/krattam.html | title=Krishnanattam | access-date=22 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515073148/http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/krattam.html | archive-date=15 May 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> both written in [[Sanskrit]]. The later was completed in A.D 1643, 10 years before [[Krishnanattam]]. His other books are believed to be destroyed in the fire which gutted [[Zamorin]] palace when [[Hyderali]] of [[Mysore]] attacked in 1766.

==Krishnageethi==
The [[Sanskrit]] text based on which [[Krishnanattam]] was created was written on A.D 1653, aged 68. It consists of eight plays: Avataram, Kaliyamardanam, Rasakrida, Kamsavadham, Swayamvaram, Banayuddham, Vividavadham, and Swargarohanam. It is based on 10th and 11th skandhas of [[Bhagavata Purana]] dealing solely with the story of [[Krishna]]. It has also gained inspirations from [[Gita Govinda]] of [[Jayadeva]], Sree krishna vilaasam [[Mahakavya]] and [[Narayaniyam]] of [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guruvayur.com/Krishnanattam.htm|title=Welcome|website=www.guruvayur.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301171303/http://www.guruvayur.com/Krishnanattam.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[File:Krishnanattam Mudra.jpg|thumb|Krishnan]]
The opening [[Śloka|sloka]] of [[Krishnanattam]] is:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/krishnanaattam/krishnanaattam.html |title=The Art Forms of Kerala - Krishnanaattam |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130704045348/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/krishnanaattam/krishnanaattam.html |archivedate=2013-07-04 }}</ref>

<poem>{{transliteration|ml|Jagathi sukritilokai: nandithaananthidasa
Kalaviranithavamsiibhasamanasamana
Pashupayuvathibhogya devathadevatha sa
Sachalajaladhapaliimechaka me chakaasthu}}</poem>

[[File:Krishnanattam kalari.jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam kalari in Guruvayur near 'Office Ganapathy' temple where the art is taught.]]

Apart from such slokas it is also adorned by many padyageethams like that of [[Gita Govinda]] of [[Jayadeva]]. It is a masterpiece work in [[Sanskrit]] by a [[Keralite]].

===The stories===
[[File:Krishnanattam 1.ogg|thumb|Staged at Melpathur auditorium during utsavam]]The eight plays are: Avataram, Kaliyamardanam, Rasakrida, Kamsavadham, Swayamvaram, Banayuddham, Vividavadham and Swargarohanam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala.me/art_krishnanaattam.php |title=Krishnanattam, Krishnanattam Dance, Traditional Dance of Kerala, Kerala, Kerala.me |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811155136/http://kerala.me/art_krishnanaattam.php |archivedate=2013-08-11 }}</ref> its easily memorised by a [[mnemonic]] "a-ka-ra-ka-swa-bha-vi-swa". On the ninth day, Avatharam is repeated.
The various benefits of Krishnanattam as an offering are:

* Avatharam for a birth of a child.
* Kaliyamardhanam to remove the effect of [[poison]].
* Rasakreeda well-being of unmarried girls, to end disputes between [[wikt:couple|couples]].
* Kamsavaddham to remove [[enemy|enemies]].
* Swayamvaram for a happy [[matrimony]].
* Bana yuddham to remove impoverishment, for good [[farm]] production.
* Vividha vadham to eliminate [[poverty]] and increase yield from farms.
* Swargarohanam for [[peace]] of a departed [[soul]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guruvayuronline.com/index.php/temple/temple-offerings/special-offerings/179-krishnanattam |title=Krishnanattam |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312135225/http://guruvayuronline.com/index.php/temple/temple-offerings/special-offerings/179-krishnanattam |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==The legend==
[[File:Krishnanattam (théâtre rituel du Kerala).jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam]]King Manaveda told Vilwamangalam about his ambition to view [[Krishna]]. The next day the Swamiyar told him that [[Guruvayurappan]] has given his consent and Manavedan can see [[Guruvayurappan]] playing in the early hours of the morning at the platform of the Elanji tree.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sangeethasabha.blogspot.in/2010/08/manavedans-krishnageethi-story.html |title = Sangeethasabha: Manavedan's 'Krishnageethi'-the story|date = 2010-08-05}}</ref> He could only see and not touch Him. When as per this agreement, Manavedan saw Guruvayurappan in the form of little child Sri Krishna, he was so excited that he forgot himself and, rushed to embrace little Sree [[Krishna]].Guruvayoorappan immediately disappeared saying, "Vilwamangalam did not tell me that this will happen ". However, Manavedan got one [[peacock feather]] from the headgear of Bhagavan Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnanattam - History and Origin |url=http://chintha.com:80/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034755/http://chintha.com:80/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html |archive-date=2018-10-29 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.chintha.com |language=en}}</ref>
The [[peacock]] [[feather]] was incorporated in the headgear for the character of Sri Krishna in the dance drama [[Krishnanattam]] based on his own text krishnageethi which is composed of 8 chapters. It was performed near the sanctum sanctorum of the [[Guruvayur]] Temple. On the ninth day, Avatharam was repeated as the [[Zamorin]] felt that it was not auspicious to end the series with the demise of Lord Krishna. The blessed art form is still maintained by Guruvayur devaswom and staged as an offering by devotees.

==Late life==
After advent of [[Krishnanattam]] at age of 68 he was till his demise involved in improvising the [[dance]][[drama]]. He died at [[Thrissur]] in 1658 and was cremated at [[Guruvayur]] south of [[Guruvayurappan]] temple. A statue was built at this place, which at present is located near panjajanyam guest house in guruvayur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiansinparis.com/events?task=view_detail&agid=335&year=2010&month=3&day=11 |title=Krishnanattam- Classic dance of Kerala | Indians in Paris | |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034907/http://indiansinparis.com/events?task=view_detail&agid=335&year=2010&month=3&day=11 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Krishnanattam(കൃഷ്ണനാട്ടം)" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
File:Krishnanattam_gryr_1.jpg|
File:Krishnanattam_gryr_2.jpg|
File:Krishnanattam_gryr_3.jpg|
File:Krishnanattam_1.jpg|
File:കൃഷ്ണനാട്ടം_.jpg|കൃഷ്ണനാട്ടം_.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/krattam.html]
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/krishnanattam Krishnattam]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/krishnanattam/article4036428.ece?css=print ‘Krishnanattam’]
*[http://indianastro.indianclassicals.com/krishnanattam.htm Welcome to Indian Classicals.Com - Krishnanattam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005190527/https://indianastro.indianclassicals.com/krishnanattam.htm |date=5 October 2023 }}
*[[Bharata Muni]]
*[https://archive.today/20130411160507/http://www.planetsinfolab.com/horizonguruvayur.com/krishnanattam.html krishnanattam]
*[http://indiansinparis.com/events?task=view_detail&agid=335&year=2010&month=3&day=11 Indiansinparis.com - Tourism and Discovery of Paris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034907/http://indiansinparis.com/events?task=view_detail&agid=335&year=2010&month=3&day=11 |date=5 March 2016 }}
*[https://www.facebook.com/notes/dhyana-sankalpam/krishnan%C3%A2ttam-gods-own-opera/1143904288971937/ Krishnanâttam-God's Own Opera | Facebook]
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious vernacular drama]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

List of mountain passes of India

2026-02-06T18:20:57Z

Nuel ID: updated structure further and added references

{{short description|None}}

This is a list of [[mountain pass]]es of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title = Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 December 2017|last1 = Ramanan|first1 = Vrinda J.}}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 90%"
!Name
!width=120 data-sort-type="text"| State ||align=right data-sort-type="number" | Height (ft/m)|| Between/ connecting
|-
| [[Auden's Col]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || align="right" | {{convert|17552|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Gangotri III (21,590 ft) and Jogin I (21,210 ft) in [[Gangotri Group]].

|-
| [[Banihal Pass]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || align="right" | {{convert|9291|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Jammu]] & [[Kashmir]]

|-
| [[Bara-lacha-la]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|16400|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| On [[Leh-Manali Highway]], near Himachal-Ladakh border.

|-
| [[Bilafond La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17881|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| [[Siachen Glacier]]

|-
| [[Bomdila]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|7273|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| [[Tawang]] & [[Assam]]

|-
| [[Changla Pass]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17585|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Leh]] & [[Changthang]]

|-
| [[Bum La Pass]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|15200|ft|m|abbr=on}} || Between Arunachal Pradesh and China

|-
| [[Chankan Pass]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|7874|ft|m|abbr=on}} || Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are [[Dhipu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, [[Kumjawng Pass]] east of [[Krosam]], Chankan Pass] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], [[Lekhapani Pass]] south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], [[Hpungan Pass]], and [[Pangsau Pass]] south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].

|-
| [[Chanshal Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|14830|ft|m|abbr=on}} || Dodra Kwar and Chirgaon ([[Rohru]]) in [[Shimla district]].

|-
| [[Debsa Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17520|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| [[Kullu]] and [[Spiti]] districts.

|-
| [[Dihang Pass]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|16965|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Immediate south of Fishtail-II in [[Dibang Valley district]].

|-
| [[Diphu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|15049|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are Dhipu Pass (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, [[Kumjawng Pass]] east of [[Krosam]], [[Chankan Pass]] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], [[Lekhapani Pass]] south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], [[Hpungan Pass]], and [[Pangsau Pass]] south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].

|-
| [[Dongkhala]] || [[Sikkim]] ||align=right| {{convert|12000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Connects to Tibet. Within northeast [[Sikkim]] north of originating glacier of [[Lachung River]] and 100 km straight-line northwest of disputed [[Doklam]] in [[Bhutan]].

|-
| [[Fotu La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|13451|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| On [[National Highway 1D (India)|Srinagar-Leh highway]] between Staktse towards [[Kargil]] and [[Lamayuru]] towards [[Leh]].

|-
| [[Goecha La]] || [[Sikkim]] ||align=right| {{convert|16207|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| In Westcentral Sikkim within southern end of [[Khangchendzonga National Park]], near [[India–Nepal border]].

|-
| [[Gyong La]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||align=right| {{convert|18655|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Between [[NJ9842]] and [[Bilafond La]] on [[Actual Ground Position Line|AGPL]] in [[Siachen Glacier]] area.

|-
| [[Haldighati Pass]] || [[Rajasthan]] ||align=right| {{convert|1227.03|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Between [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]] and [[Udaipur]].

|-
| [[Hpungan Pass]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|10078|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are [[Dhipu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, [[Kumjawng Pass]] east of [[Krosam]], [[Chankan Pass]] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], [[Lekhapani Pass]] south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], Hpungan Pass, and [[Pangsau Pass]] south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].

|-
| [[Imis La]]
| [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17355|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| [[Saddle (landform)|Saddle]] on India-Tibet border between southeast Ladakh to Tibet on tri-junction of Ladakh-Tibet-Himachal. South of [[Chumar]].

|-
| [[Indrahar Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|14473|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| near [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] in westcentral Himachal on border between [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] districts.

|-
| [[Sach Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|14500|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| near [[Bairagarh, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] in Himachal on border between [[Pangi Valleys, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] and [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] districts.
|-
| [[Jalori Pass]]
| Himachal Pradesh ||align=right| {{convert|10280|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| North of [[Shimla]], halfway between Shimla and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].

|-
| [[Jelep La]] || [[Sikkim]] ||align=right| {{convert|14300|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| On [[India-China border]], halfway between [[Shillong]] in India and [[Doklam]] in Bhutan.

|-
| [[Kalindi Pass]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || align="right" | {{convert|19521|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Heavily glaciated out-of-the-way off-road pass northeast of [[Guptakashi]] and southwest of [[Kedarnath]].

|-
| [[Karakoram Pass]] (Qara Tagh La) || [[Ladakh]] || align="right" |{{convert|18176|ft|m|abbr=on}} || North of [[Daulat Beg Oldi]], connects northcentral [[Depsang Plains]] in Ladakh with [[Xinjiang]]. In [[Gilgit Baltistan]], passes with [[Xinjiang]] from northwest to southeast are [[Mintaka Pass]] near India-Xinjiang-Afghanistan tri-junction, [[Parpik Pass]], [[Khunjerab Pass]], then India-held [[Aghil Pass]] north of [[K2]]. Then in [[Depsang Plains]] in [[Ladakh]], passes with [[Aksai Chin]] from northwest to southeast are [Karakoram Pass (Qara Tagh La) and [[Lanak La]].

|-
| [[Khardung La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|18380|ft|m|abbr=on}}|| [[Leh]] & [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]], just east of [[Parpik Pass]].

|-
| [[Kongka Pass]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|16965|ft|m|abbr=on}} || East of [[Gogra, Ladakh|Gogra]], on India-China [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]] in [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] adjacent to the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region.

|-
| [[Kumjawng Pass]]
| Arunachal Pradesh ||align=right| {{convert|9609|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are [[Dhipu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, Kumjawng Pass east of [[Krosam]], [[Chankan Pass]] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], [[Lekhapani Pass]] south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], [[Hpungan Pass]], and [[Pangsau Pass]] south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].

|-
| [[Kaldang Kildang La]]
| [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|13425|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| East of [[Kargil]], halfway between [[Batalik]] and [[Mulbekh]].

|-
| [[Kunzum Pass]] ||[[Himachal Pradesh]] || align="right" | {{convert|14931|ft|m|abbr=on}} || Between [[Batal, Himachal Pradesh|Batal]] & [[Losar Khas|Losar]] - both west of [[Kaza]], connects [[Lahaul]] & [[Spiti]] valleys.

|-
| [[Lamkhaga Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17336|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Lekhapani Pass]]|| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|13123|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are [[Dhipu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, [[Kumjawng Pass]] east of [[Krosam]], [[Chankan Pass]] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], Lekhapani Pass south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], [[Hpungan Pass]], and [[Pangsau Pass]] south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].
|-
| [[Lipulekh Pass]] || [[Uttarakhand]] ||align=right| {{convert|17500|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Lungalacha La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|16600|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Mana Pass]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || align="right" | {{convert|18192|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Mangsha Dhura]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|
|
|-
| [[Marsimik La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|18314|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Mayodia Pass]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|8711|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|<ref name="mayod1">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Official website of District Administration - Places of interest}}</ref>

|-
| [[Muling La]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|{{convert|18599|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Connects Uttarakhand to Tibet.

|-
| [[Nama Pass]] || [[Uttarakhand]]
||
{{convert|17100|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|| ([[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]])

|-
| [[Namika La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|12139|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Nathu La]] || [[Sikkim]] ||align=right| {{convert|14140|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Sikkim]] & [[Tibet]]

|-
| [[Niti Pass]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|
|

|-
| [[Palakkad Gap]] || [[Kerala]] ||align=right| {{convert|750|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Kerala]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]

|-
| [[Pangsau Pass]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|
| Passes in southeastern Arunachal ([[Anjaw district]]) between India and [[Myanmar]], from north to south are [[Dhipu Pass]] (Dipher Pass) east of [[Kibithu]] near India-Tibet-Myanmar [[tri-point]] border, [[Kumjawng Pass]] east of [[Krosam]], [[Chankan Pass]] east of [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]], [[Lekhapani Pass]] south of [[Namdapha National Park]] & east of [[Miao, Arunachal Pradesh|Miao]], [[Hpungan Pass]], and [Pangsau Pass south of [[Nampong]] on [[Stillwell Road]].

|-
| [[Pensi La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right|
|

|-
| [[Pir-Panjal Pass]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|
|

|-
| [[Rezang La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right|
|

|-
| [[Rohtang Pass]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|13051|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] & [[Lahaul]]

|-
| [[Sasser Pass]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17753|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] & [[Siachen Glacier]]

|-
| [[Sela Pass]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|13700|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|| [[Dirang]] & [[Tawang]]

|-
| [[Sengottai]] || [[Kerala]] ||align=right| {{convert|690|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Travancore]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]

|-
| [[Shashi La]]|| [[Ladakh]] || align=right | {{convert|13989|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Shingo La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{Convert|5,091|m|ft|abbr=on}}|| [[Darcha]] in [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]] to [[Kargyak]] and [[Padum]] in [[Zanskar]]

|-
| [[Shipki La]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{convert|12900|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Sia La]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|18337|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| [[Siachen Glacier]]

|-
| [[Sin La]] || [[Uttarakhand]] ||align=right|
{{convert|18028|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Spangur Gap]] || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| ||

|-
| [[Tanglang La]] (Thang La) || [[Ladakh]] ||align=right| {{convert|17583|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Thamarassery]] || [[Kerala]] ||align=right| {{convert|1700|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Malabar region|Malabar]] & [[Mysore]]

|-
| [[Traill's Pass]] || [[Uttarakhand]] ||align=right| {{convert|17100|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
|[[Umling La]]
|[[Ladakh]]
|{{Convert|19,300|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|

|-
| [[Yonggyap Pass]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|
|

|-
| [[Zojila Pass]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Ladakh]] || align="right" | {{convert|12400|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Kashmir]] & [[Ladakh]]

|}

== See also ==

* [[List of mountains in India]]
* [[List of mountain passes]]
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by highest point]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of mountain passes|I]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of landforms of India|M]]

Narsinghgarh, Damoh

2026-02-06T13:42:36Z

Nuel ID: Made initial bio from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsingarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.99|N|79.39|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Narsinghgarh.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Narsinghgarh, India }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Damoh District|Damoh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,735<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 | title=Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 | archive-date=2004-06-16}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Narsinghgarh''' is a town of historical importance in [[Damoh District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It has an ancient fort built by the [[Gondwana Kingdom]], and the town is situated by [[Sunar River]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=मायसेम सीमेंट {{!}} जिला दमोह मध्य प्रदेश सरकार {{!}} भारत {{!}} इंडिया | url=https://damoh.nic.in/%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%ae-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%9f/ | access-date=2025-05-10 | website=damoh.nic.in}}</ref>

A cement factory established here by [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Group]] was later taken over by the German company [[HeidelbergCement]], and it now produces cement by the name of Mycem Cement.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Top Cement Manufacturer Companies in India by mycem cement | url=https://www.mycemco.com/ | access-date=2025-05-10 | website=www.mycemco.com}}</ref> There are many historical places in Narsinghgarh, such as the Jankiraman temple, dedicated to [[Rama|Ram]] and [[Sita]], and an old temple of Siddha Ganesha Mandir. The main part of the ancient fort, which is built by the [[Gondwana Kingdom|Godwana Kingdom]], is situated beside the [[Ganesha]] temple. In Ram Bagh Temple, [[Hanuman]] is worshiped. There are many stories about this temple, but the most popular belief is that the statue of Hanuman was taken out from the well situated near the temple, by a cowboy after Hanuman told him to do so in a dream. On every [[Makar Sankranti|'''Makara Sankranti''']], the fair (mela) is organized by the nearby locals. Another place, which the locals call Tullu Jhiriya, is famous for continuous flowing water from the rocks.

Twelve kilometers away from Narsingarh is a place called the "Madkole". This place is famous for the Madhkoleshwar Mahadev Mandir, which is the ancient temple of [[Shiva]]. The local people says that the temple was built by {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|devtas}} in one night. The two rivers, [[Sunar]] and [[Kopra]], can be seen in a place called the Sangam. This is the other place where the yearly [[Makar Sankranti]] fair is organized by the locals.Kalakand of sitanagar village is famous delicacy in the area

==Demographics==
Narsinghgarh Town has population of 6,735 of which 3,837 are males while 2,898 are females as per Census India 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/462255-narsinghgarh-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Narsinghgarh Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 | Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

==Geography==
Narsinghgarh is located at {{coord|23.99|N|79.39|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=23.98871&lon=79.38872&zoom=15&q1=Narsinghgarh%252C%2520Damoh%252C%2520Madhya%2520Pradesh
|title = Yahoo maps location of Narsinghgarh
|publisher = Yahoo maps
|accessdate = 2008-12-30
}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 352 meters (1,158 feet).

==See also==
* [[Damoh District]]
* [[Patharia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Damoh district]]
[[Category:1681 establishments in Asia]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Erkkara Raman Nambudiri

2026-02-06T02:43:43Z

Nuel ID: Created a post

{{Short description|Hindu priest and scholar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=July 2021}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
}}
'''Erkkara Raman Nambudiri''' (1898{{ndash}}1983) was a [[Śrauta]] High Priest and scholar who helped to revive the ancient [[Vedas|Vedam]]-[[Yajnam]] traditions in [[Kerala]], [[India]], that had begun to decline due to the onslaught of Western culture and influence after Indian Independence.

==Early life==
Erkkara Raman Nambudiri was born on Mithunam 2, 1073 (ME) (June 1898) on [[Kartika (month)|Karthika]] star to Erkkara Vasudevan Somayaajipad and Perindeeri Chennaath "Mahal" Sreedevi Pathinaadi in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. After his [[Upanayanam]] and basic education under Muriyath Achyutha Varier, he received training under his father in the [[Rigvedam]] (the entire text). At the age of 12, the [[Samavartana]] ceremony was performed (ritual for completion of Vedic education).

Erkkara continued his studies in [[Sanskrit]], [[kavya]]s, Thaithireeyam Bhaasha (on rituals of Yaagam), [[Brahmana]]s, [[Upanishad]]s, [[Aranyaka]]ms, etc., and spent around two years studying [[shastra]]s (texts) under Neelakandhan Namboodiri in Pakaraavoor Gurukulam. Starting from age 13 and during the rest of his life, he participated in most of the Yaagams performed in Kerala - as Parikarmi, "Rithwik", and in many lead roles.

==Vedic wisdom==
At the age of 14, Erkkara performed "Aarthwijyam" as "Aagneedhran" (a Rithwik) in a Yaagam in the Thottam Mana of Paanjaal. Next year at the age of 15, his exemplary and confident performance in the difficult Aarthwijyam of "Aadhwaram" got praise from the greats of the time. Then, when he was 24, he earned accolades in a difficult and mentally and physically tiring Aadhwaram role in a Saagnikamathiraathram in Kavapra Maarath Mana. This was followed by his role as "Sadasyan" - an expert observer/adviser - in the Pakaraavoor and Neddham Yaagams. At the young age of 27 he performed "Pryshaarttham Parayuka", which is reserved for the great Vedic scholars in another Yaagam in Paanjaal Thottam Mana.

Apart from matters relating to [[yajna]], Erkkara successfully participated in the Vedam test - Anyonyam at Kadavalloor. Erkkara participated in the 1942 - 43 (1118 ME) "Murahomam" at Guruvayur. His knowledge of Sanskrit and Saasthrams was enriched considerably as a result of his close association with the great scholars such as Vidwaan Maanthitta, and [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran|Pareekshith Thampuraan]].

Erkkara was renowned for his sharp intellect and deep knowledge of the scriptures. Once he recited from memory the entire "Kausheethaka Braahmanam" (a scripture known to some and memorised by few) to Dr E R Sreekrishna Sharma who was in search of its original text. These, as well as his close relations with foreign scholars like [[Frits Staal]] and Parpola, elevated him to national and international levels.

Being a renowned scholar, his word was the last on matters relating to Śrauta and Vedic rituals.

==Works==
After 1970, Erkkara wrote several articles relating to Vedam which got published. He was the founding editor of "Anaadi" monthly which was started in 1973.

Erkkara’s first book "Aamnaaya Mathhanam" got him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. His later books "Ekaahaaheena Sathrangal" and "Srouthakarma Vivekam" were well received by scholars.

==Personal life==
Erkkara was not only a bright scholar and orthodox ritualist, but he managed to look after his family property and family temple in place of his elder brother, who was absorbed in spiritual matters.

Erkkara married Muriyath Parvathy Vaarasyaar when he was 22. They had four sons and five daughters. As was the custom then, he lived with his brother and nephews.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Yaagam]]
*[[Śrauta]]
*[[Mezhathol Agnihothri]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambudiri, Erkkara Raman}}
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 births]]

Nainsi ri Khyat

2026-01-29T03:18:43Z

Nuel ID: Made first pg added tags...

{{Short description|17th-century Marwari & Dingal text chronicaling the history of Marwar}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| author = [[Muhnot Nainsi]]
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| language = Rajasthani
}}
'''Nainsi ri Khyat''' (or ''''Khyat of Nainsi'''<nowiki/>') is a late 17th-century [[Marwari language|Marwari]] & [[Dingal]]<ref name=":2" /> text chronicling the history of [[Marwar]]. Its author [[Muhnot Nainsi]], an official of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar State]], based the [[Khyat]] (or chronicle) on the [[Charan]] accounts and the traditional ''Rajasthani Vat(or bat)'' as well as local administrative records.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Indrani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw-URFiJDgAC |title=Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-083-1 |language=en}}</ref> ''Nainsi-ri-Khyat'' is considered to be the most prominent of khyats.<ref name=":2" /> The Khyat contains a collection of ''bats'' as well as ''kavitts'', ''dohas'', and ''vanshavallis'' ([[Genealogy|genealogies]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQS-DAAAQBAJ |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-67389-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The Khyat includes a comprehensive account of the genealogies and histories of the various ruling [[Dynasty|dynasties]] in the regions of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] including [[Marwar]], [[Mewar]], [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]], [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]], [[Amber, India|Amer]], [[Dhundhar]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], [[Tharparkar]], and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. The histories of the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s, [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]s, [[Kachhwaha]]s and [[Bhati]]s are dealt with in great detail. The Khyat extensively mentions the [[battle]]s fought and men who died fighting; along with the names of [[Fortification|forts]], [[town]]s, [[hill]]s and [[river]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |language=en}}</ref>

The present day ''Nainsi ri Khyat'' is based on the 1843 version by ''Panna Vithu'', who rediscovered the lost text and updated it with the information & events of the 18th & 19th century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Ke Itihaskar - Dr. Hukum Singh Bhati {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/111701573/Rajasthan-Ke-Itihaskar-Dr-Hukum-Singh-Bhati |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

== Author ==
[[Muhnot Nainsi]], the author of this Khyat, was however not a [[Charan]], but an [[Oswal]] ''mutsaddi'' in the court of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]]. Early in his professional career, Nainsi was appointed successively as the hakim (administrative head) of various [[pargana]]s in Marwar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Peabody |first=Norbert |date=2001 |title=Cents, Sense, Census: Human Inventories in Late Precolonial and Early Colonial India |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=819–850 |issn=0010-4175 |jstor=2696671 |pmid=18646375}}</ref> He remained the Diwan of Marwar from 1658 till he lost favour with Jaswant Singh in 1666 following which he was imprisoned.

After the death of Muhnot Nainsi, his son Karamsi left the service of Maharaja Jaswant Singh and he, along with his family, joined the service under Rao Raisingh in [[Nagaur]]. Raisingh died suddenly on May 29, 1676, after being ill for two-three days in Solapur village. On Raisingh's sudden death, his officers asked ''[[vaidya]]'' ([[physician]]) the reason for his death. The physician, from [[Gujarat]], replied in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] that '''Karmano Dosh Hai''<nowiki/>' implying that it is fault of ''[[Karma]]'' ([[destiny]]). But the [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] of Raisingh interpreted that Karamsi (son of Nainsi) had [[Poisoning|poisoned]] their master. Due to this, Karamsi was executed and orders were sent Nagaur to kill rest of his family. Thus, most of Nainsi's family was killed and only 2 young sons of Karamsi were able to escape to Bikaner with the help of servants.<ref name=":3" />

== Rediscovery ==
Source:<ref name=":3" />

The credit for the rediscovery and revival as well as systematic re-organization of ''Nainsi ri Khyat'' goes to Panna Vithu. Vithu Panna was a 19th-century [[Dingal]] [[poet]] and [[scholar]] from Bikaner who rediscovered the text and prepared a copy in 1843.

After the [[murder]] of Muhnot Nainsi and his entire family, his entire property and [[Property|belongings]] were captured by ''Indra Singh''. Since then, the [[manuscript]] changed many hands. It is said there were copies made of the original text but none have survived. Many of the ''Vats'' in ''Nainsi ri Khyat'' were added into the ''Rajasthani Vat'' literature collection when it was being prepared in the latter half of the 18th century. Therefore, some portions of ''Nainsi ri Khyat'', were circulated and its popularity had spread in the region including [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]. Though uncertain of when and how, ''Nainsi ri Khyat'' somehow reached Bikaner.

In Bikaner, Panna Vithu found the Khyat and prepared its copy in 1843, while also adding his own contributions wherever he felt necessary. Due to these additions, there are mentions of events or lists related to rulers, [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] etc. even after 1666 AD at some places. Thus, whatever systematic form this khyat gets today is the result of Panna Vithu's reorganisation of the text. And all [[History|historical]] copies of the Khyat available today are the copies of Panna Vithu's version.

== Sources ==
This [[khyat]] depends upon the [[Charan]] accounts in order to put together a comprehensive history of the Rajput clans. At places, Nainsi acknowledges the individual Charans who authored these compositions and elsewhere refers to the anonymous source as '..aa bat suni hai' (this has been heard).<ref name=":1" />

== Period of authorship ==
The Khyat was compiled from 1650 through 1665 during which period [[Muhnot Nainsi|Nainsi]] served as the Dewan of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc5jAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

== Events chronicled in the Khyat ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Manik Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxD3hZox2ZMC |title=Sources of mughal history |year=1989 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuMZAAAAMAAJ |title=A Bibliography of Mughal India (1526-1707 A.D.) |date=1938 |publisher=Karnatak publishing house |language=en}}</ref>

The book opens with a description of the [[jagir]]s held by [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] in 1664 A.D. Then the history of Marwar is narrated from beginning, with the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihar]] rule in [[Mandore]] and the arrival of Rao Siha Setramot whose descendants laid the foundation of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] kingdom. The earliest date mentioned is the year 1427 of the Vikram era. The dated history begins with the accession of Rao Jodha (1453 AD).

The first 20 reigns of the Marwar rulers covering a period of 260 years are very briefly dealt with, with comparatively few pages being devoted to them. However, the five reigns from [[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldeo]] (1532 AD) to [[Sur Singh|Raja Sur Singh]] (died 1619) occupies a larger portion of the khyat while the last two reigns-a period of 45 years-occupies the largest part.

After the history, a description of the various [[village]]s of the [[Jodhpur State|Marwar State]] is given, arranged by respective [[pargana]]s. It starts with a historical introduction of each Pargana, then the average [[revenue]] of every village in the pargana compared with the actual income for the years 1716, 1717, and 1718, of the Vikram era.

In the description of [[battle]]s, a list of the killed and the [[Wounded in action|wounded]] is provided, while the names of others that took part in the battles are also sometimes mentioned. The Khyat traces the origins of various [[Rajput clans]] to celestial sources as well as older [[Kshatriya]] clans like [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadwalas]] of [[Kannauj]]. It contains the genealogies of various Rajput groups including [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]], [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodiya]], [[Bhati]], [[Jadeja]], [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]], [[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]], [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]], [[Sodha]], and [[Kachhwaha]].<ref name=":1" />

== List of ''khyats'' & ''vats'' in the text ==

# Sisodiyāṃ rī khyāta
# Būṃdī rā dhaṇiyāṃ rī khyāta
# Vāgaḍaḍiyā cahūvāṃṇā rī pīḍhī
# Vāta dahiyāṃ rī
# Būṃdelāṃ rī vāta
# Vāratā gaḍhabaṃdhava rā dhaṇiyāṃ rī
# Bāta sīrohī rā dhaṇiyāṃ rī
# Bhāyalāṃ rajapūtāṃ rī khyāta
# Vāta cahuvāṃṇāṃ sonagarāṃ rī
# Vāta sācora rī, boḍaāṃ rī, khociyāṃ rī
# Bāta aṁahalavāḍaā pāṭanrī
# Vāta solaṃkiyāṃ pāṭaṇa āyāṃ rī
# Vāta rudramālo prāsāda siddharāva karāyo tiṇa rī
# Vāta solaṃkiyāṃ khairāāṃ rī, desūrī rā dhaṇiyāṃ rī
# Kachavāhāṃ rī khyāta
# Vāta gohilāṃ kheḍarā dhaṇiyāṃ rī
# Paṃvārāṃ rī utapata, Vāta paṃvārāṃ rī
# Aāṃkhalā jāgalavā, rāyasī mahipālota
# Soḍhāṃrī khyāta Vāta pārakara soḍhāṃ rī

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:17th-century history books]]
[[Category:Dingal language texts]]
[[Category:Marwari language texts]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]

The Mother's International School

2025-12-30T05:44:58Z

Nuel ID: new first post first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Mother's International School
| image = Mothers International School, senior wing.jpg
| caption = MIS Senior Building
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| campus = Urban
| motto = More true forever, More True
| founders = Surendra Jauhar and Nathaniel Pearson
| established = 23 April 1956
| type = Secondary
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| principal = Milan Mala Sarin
| headmistress = Vineeta Prakashan
| website = {{URL|http://www.themis.in/}}
| grades = Pre-School, Pre-Primary, 1-12
| colors = [[white]], [[blue]] {{Color box|white}}{{Color box|blue}}
|
}}
'''The Mother's International School''' ('''MIS''') is a private secondary school in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is an establishment of the Sri Aurobindo Education Society, an agency of the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]. It shares its campus with the New Delhi branch of the Ashram. The school is an English-medium co-educational institution affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).

In 2001, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'''s "C-Fore Best School Survey" had ranked MIS as the best school in Delhi.<ref name=cfore>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfore.org/schools/schools.htm |title=Ranking of the finest schools in India : December 10, 2001, issue of the Outlook magazine |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912041627/http://www.cfore.org/schools/schools.htm |archivedate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

The school's motto "More True, Forever More True" was given by [[Mirra Alfassa]] and the school's emblem portrays a bird in flight rising towards heaven. When asked about the date of the school's opening, the Mother replied "23456". And as the only possible date was 23 April 1956, it was this day that the school first opened.

When the school started out, a batch (or a grade) was of about 15 children, but today a batch has 180 students. The school has three wings, the Pre-Primary, Primary and Secondary.

The school offers education from pre-primary to senior secondary level (nursery to class XII).

==Enrollment==
The school has a student population of about 2,400 pupils with an average section size of 30-35 students. Each grade has five sections, A-E, aside from grade 11 and 12, which have sections till F.

==Academics==
[[File:MIS Building 3.jpg|right|thumb|School Building]]
The school teaches four languages: [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[French language|French]]. It also teaches mathematics, science and social studies till Class 10. There are three main streams for study beyond Class 10: Science, Commerce and Humanities{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}.

For classes 1 and 2, a single teacher and assistant teacher teach all the subjects; the 3rd grade onwards, there is a different teacher for each subject, with one of them being the class teacher. The student/teacher ratio is approximately 40{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}.

==See also==
*[[Integral education]]
*[[Doon school|The Doon school]]
*[[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]]
*[[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]]
*[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{International schools in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mother's International School}}
[[Category:Schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Delhi]]

Sandal Soap Factory metro station

2025-12-09T23:22:02Z

Nuel ID: quick refine lead for accuracy further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sandal Soap Factory
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}
| other_name = Orion Mall, ISKON Temple, Yeshwanthapura TTMC, Soap Factory, Mysore Sandal Factory
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Sandal Soap Factory metro station, Bangalore (2025) 01.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Entrance of the station
| address = Yeshwanthpur Industrial Suburb, Mahalakshmi Layout, Bengaluru, [[Karnataka]] 560086
| coordinates = {{coord|13.014707|77.553962|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{rint|bus}} Yeshwanthpura TTMC
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|March|1|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = SSFY
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| architectural_style =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
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| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Green |left=Yeshwanthpur |right=Mahalakshmi|to-left=Madavara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sandal Soap Factory''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] serving the nearby [[Orion Mall]] area of [[Bengaluru]], India. It acquires its name from the factory of the [[Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited]] situated nearby. It was opened to the public on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204120/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Peenya-Sampige Road Metro Service From March 1 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2014-02-25 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/this-one-feels-like-namma-metro-as-its-closer-home/article5740935.ece |title='This one feels like Namma Metro as it's closer home' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Sandal Soap Factory track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Yeshwanthpur}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Mahalakshmi}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Mahalakshmi}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Yeshwanthpur}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Mysore Sandal Soap]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

T. Anjaiah

2025-11-25T07:38:41Z

Nuel ID: slightly corrected information to improve readability and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tanguturi Anjaiah
| birth_name = Tanguturi Anjaiah
| image = Tanguturi Anjaiah.jpg
| imagesize = 170
| caption =
| birth_date = 16 August 1919
| birth_place = [[Bhanoor]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 1986 (aged 67 years)
| death_place =
| office = 7th [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 11 October 1980
| term_end = 24 February 1982
| predecessor = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| successor = [[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]]
| governor = [[K. C. Abraham]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| term_start1 = 31 December 1984
| term_end1 = 27 November 1986
| predecessor1 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| successor1 = [[T. Manemma]]
| party = [[Congress (I)]]
| spouse = [[T. Manemma]]
| children = 1 son and 4 daughters
| website =
| footnotes = |
| year = |
| image_upright =
}}
{{family name hatnote|Tanguturi|lang=Telugu}}'''Tanguturi Anjaiah''' (1919–1986), popularly known as '''T. Anjaiah''', was an Indian politician who served as the 7th [[Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] from October 1980 to February 1982. He won from Ramayampet Assembly Constituency.

== Background ==
Tanguturi Anjaiah was born on August 16, 1919. His parents belonged to Bhanoor village in Medak district. Anjaiah studied in Sultan Bazar High school. He couldn't pursue further education after matriculation due to financial difficulties so he started working at [[Hyderabad Allwyn]] for a daily wage of 4 anna (equal to 24 paisa). Anjaiah faced many adversities in his early life which made him a fighter for the cause of social justice.

=== Caste controversy ===
As per Anjaiah's grandson, Abhishek Reddy, Anjaiah's real name was Ramakrishna Reddy, and he belonged to the [[Reddy]] caste, rather than to the [[Dalit]] community as was believed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjaiah's grandson faults Modi for raking up the Dalit issue |url=https://thebetterandhra.com/articles/0519/anjaiahs-grandson-faults-modi-for-raking-up-the-dalit-issue.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715082758/https://thebetterandhra.com/articles/0519/anjaiahs-grandson-faults-modi-for-raking-up-the-dalit-issue.html |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=TheBetterAndhra}}</ref> But, others alleged that Anjaiah belonged to a [[Backward Caste]] or a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] (Dalit) community and had changed his name to Ramakrishna Reddy and got into marital alliances with Reddys to garner the support of the politically powerful Reddy community for his Chief Ministerial tenure.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=[[K Ramachandra Murthy]] |date=13 March 2014 |title=Can a BC hope to become first CM of T? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Ramachandra-Murthy/2014-03-13/Can-a-BC-hope-to-become-first-CM-of-T/89050 |accessdate=25 October 2019 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |via=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Ramaseshan |first=Radhika |date=29 March 2008 |title=Rajiv shadow in Rahul snub |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rajiv-shadow-in-rahul-snub/cid/604622 |accessdate=25 October 2019 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Various scholars in the 1970s noted that Anjaiah belonged to the toddy-tapper community, a Backward Caste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernstorff |first=Dagmar |date=1973 |title=Eclipse of "Reddy-Raj"? The Attempted Restructuring of the Congress Party Leadership in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643005 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=962 |doi=10.2307/2643005 |jstor=2643005 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Acharya |first=K. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1pbAAAAIAAJ&q=Anjaiah+toddy-tapper+caste |title=The Critical Elections |date=1979 |publisher=Acharya |pages=230 |language=en |quote=Coming from the toddy tapper's caste, Anjaiah built firm support in this constituency over the hut-dwellers, backward classes and the industrial labour.}}</ref>

==Career==
T. Anjaiah rose from being a worker at [[Hyderabad Allwyn Limited]] in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] to a trade union leader and later Union Labour Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3090281.ece|title=YSR to unveil Anjaiah's statue on August 16|author=|date=14 August 2006|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref>

T. Anjaiah was nominated by the then ruling party Indian National Congress to replace [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] as Chief Minister on 11 October 1980. At the time of nomination, Anjaiah was the union minister of state for Labour. Anjaiah inducted all 15 dissident members of Chenna Reddy cabinet and formed the biggest state ministry the country had ever known, with 60, 61 or even 72 cabinet positions, more than in the Union government portfolio at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/26/stories/2004032604711300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910001343/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/26/stories/2004032604711300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 September 2009|title=The Hindu : POLL-POURRI|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref> This "Airbus cabinet", as Anjaiah dubbed it, was claimed to be a way to ensure all regions of the state would have equal access to development, but was widely mocked as an example of mere patronage and became a source of embarrassment for the central government. Finding it initially difficult to shrink the cabinet, he eventually took the step of asking all ministers to resign in January 1981.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-07-08|title=Forty Years Ago, January 11, 1981: Anjaiah acts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/january-11-1981-forty-years-ago-7141091/|date=11 January 2021}}</ref> He later reduced it to 45 members, with leaving members being offered positions as chairs of state enterprises which offered much of the same personal benefits.{{sfn|Narayan|1983|p=46}}

As the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], he was known for his accommodating politics.

The two young uprising politicians at that time, Dr. [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] and [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], gained importance during Anjaiah's term as Chief Minister. A proposal to make [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] a member of the Rajya Sabha was made during this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/52008486/Humanists-Chief-Ministers-I-Met|title=Humanists Chief Ministers I Met|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref> Anjaiah was a mentor of [[P. Janardhan Reddy]].

===1982: Rajiv Gandhi airport incident===
In 1982, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], then the [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] general secretary, visited Andhra Pradesh on a ‘private’ visit. Anjaiah, who then was the Chief Minister, spent 2.5 million rupees on an elaborate ceremony. He arrived at the Begumpet airport amidst a crowd of about 200 waiting to welcome him, armed with garlands and with his entire cabinet in attendance. Having previously been mocked for a similarly extravagant arrival at the [[Indian Youth Congress]] meeting in Bangalore a few weeks earlier, an angry Rajiv was enraged by the pomp and pageantry and the euphoric, dancing crowd beating drums outside the airport. As a former pilot, he was particularly irritated by the landing apron being used as a stage for this ceremony, which ran against aviation security rules.{{sfn|Narayan|1983|p=47}} Multiple reports claim that Gandhi, in a moment of anger, publicly insulted Anjaiah referring to him as a 'buffoon' and that Anjaiah was in tears when the tirade ended. Back in Delhi, Rajiv was said to have convinced Indira Gandhi to sack Anjaiah. While giving up his post, Anjaiah was reported to have remarked that he came to power by the ‘grace of Madam’ and he was leaving under her orders, but he did not know why he had come or why he had to leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820228-rajiv-gandhi-gives-andhra-cm-t.m.-anjiah-a-piece-of-his-mind-for-flouting-airport-rules-771544-2013-10-19#ssologin=1#source=magazine|title=Rajiv Gandhi gives Andhra CM T.M. Anjiah a piece of his mind for flouting airport rules|first=Amarnath|last=Menon|date=28 February 1982|publisher=[[India Today]]|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/may/30flip.htm|title=The arrogance of political dynasties|first=|last=|date=30 May 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rajiv-shadow-in-rahul-snub/cid/604622|title=Rajiv shadow in Rahul snub|first=Radhika|last=Ramaseshan|date=29 March 2008|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

Rajiv's treatment of Anjaiah was widely criticized, being considered humiliating to the representative of the state.{{sfn|Narayan|1983|p=48}} The incident was noted to be crucial in the Congress Party tasting its first-ever defeat in Andhra Pradesh in the 1983 Assembly elections. The [[Telugu Desam Party]] led by [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] used the insult as an affront to "Telugu vari athmagauravam" (Telugus' self-respect) to arguably help the voters see how the Telugus were perceived by the Gandhis and won the assembly elections with a thumping majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-ntr-convinced-indira-gandhi-strong-states-did-not-mean-weak-centre-79068|title=How NTR convinced Indira Gandhi that strong states did not mean a weak Centre|first=Rasheed|last=Kidwai|date=5 April 2018|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/a-rajiv-gandhi-story-on-telugu-pride-in-pm-narendra-modis-parliament-offensive-1809724|title=A Rajiv Gandhi Story on "Telugu Pride" In PM Modi's Parliament Offensive|first=Uma|last=Sudhir|date=5 February 2018|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

===Dismissal===
T. Anjaiah had many opponents including some of the ministers in his party after the Congress party lost Municipal elections in Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada. Indira Gandhi the then prime minister of India asked him to step down on February 13, Anjaiah tendered his resignation officially seven days later on February 20, 1982. Anjaiah as a leader without followers could evoke unimaginable public sympathy. At his last public appearance as the chief minister, the day before he resigned Anjaiah was cheered by a 30,000-strong crowd. C. Jagannath Rao, who served in his cabinet as a home minister recalls him as, "Whatever one may say against him, his remarkable simplicity endeared him to the people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820315-andhra-pradesh-cm-tanguturi-anjiah-unceremoniously-fired-by-congress-high-command-771574-2013-10-17|title=Andhra Pradesh CM Tanguturi Anjiah unceremoniously fired by Congress high command|author=|date=|publisher=|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

[[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy|Reddy]] replaced T. Anjaiah on February 24, 1982. Reddy himself was a dissident minister in the Marri Chenna Reddy ministry. T. Anjaiah was elected as Member of Parliament in 1984 from Secundrabad constituency.

==Notable work ==
T. Anjaiah's earliest act as Chief Minister was to conduct elections for the Panchayati Raj bodies and Municipalities. It was the first time that Sarpanches of the Grama Panchayats and Presidents of Panchayathi Samithis were elected directly by the electorate. It was also in his term that the age for voting eligibility was reduced from 21 to 18. Anjaiah received much appreciation for this bold step.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaxxeoPUuqsC&q=anjaiah+as+union+minister&pg=PA31|title=State Politics in India: Reflections on Andhra Pradesh|first=Agarala Easwara|last=Reddi|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788185880518|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>

T. Anjaiah offered help to Dr.[[Prathap C. Reddy]] to start a hospital in Andhra Pradesh. Anjaiah indeed lived up to his promise by offering 7 acres of land at the heart of the city at Sanjeevaih Park.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&q=tanguturi+anjaiah&pg=PT240|title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra Reddy and the Transformation of India|first=Pranay|last=Gupte|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351185666|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>

T. Anjaiah's Chief Minister relief fund sponsored Hyderabad's first kidney transplant surgery in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/34-years-after-citys-first-renal-transplant/article8605587.ece|title=34 years after city's first renal transplant|first=Rohit|last=Ps|date=16 May 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref> The idea of making the film on [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] came to [[Vijayachander]] on the motivation by T. Anjaiah in one of his speeches, that Government would provide financial assistance to such ventures. It was under the tenure of T. Anjaiah, Buddha Purnima Project Authority was conceptualized in 1991 including the decision to unveil a gigantic statue of the Buddha on the rock, amid the placid waters of the Hussain Sagar lake.

== Honors==
[[Lumbini Park]] in Hyderabad was renamed as T. Anjaiah Lumbini park in his memory in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3090281.ece|title=YSR to unveil Anjaiah's statue on August 16|author=|date=14 August 2006|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref>
[[File:Tanguturi Anjaiah Memorial Hospital.jpg|thumb|Tanguturi Anjaiah Memorial Hospital ]]
Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy unveiled the statue of former Chief Minister late T. Anjaiah at Lumbini Park, opposite Secretariat in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ysr-reiterates-promise-on-housing-for-the-poor/article3091748.ece|title=YSR reiterates promise on housing for the poor|author=|date=17 August 2006|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2016|via=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Anjaiah was married to [[T. Manemma]]. They have one son and four daughters. His family lived in Barkatpura Hyderabad until and after few years of his death.

Anjaiah was in public life till his sudden death in 1986. After his death, his wife T. Manemma served as a [[Secunderabad]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for 2 Terms and as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Musheerabad]] 2 terms.

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=S. Venkat |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |title=NTR: A Biography |date=1983 |isbn=0-7069-2404-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=10432404}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2968.htm Biodata of T. Anjaiah at Lok Sabha website]
{{Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anjaiah, T.}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Politicians from Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Gupta Dham

2025-11-16T11:10:04Z

Nuel ID: Created article

{{short description|Shrine in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Gupteshwar Mahadev
| image = File:Gupteshwar Mahadev.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Bihar]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.76603|83.80725|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| country = India
| location = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| locale = Sasaram, Rohtas district
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Mahashivaratri]]
| architecture = Cave Temple
| temple_quantity = 1
| creator =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
}}
'''Gupta Dham''', also known as '''Gupteshwar Cave Temple''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=G |first=CA Srinivasan Anand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbNWEQAAQBAJ&dq=gupteswar+cave+temple+rohtas&pg=PA13 |title=Taxmann's Mysterious Temples of India – Panoramic Look at 90+ Temples of India with Unexplained Phenomena—Revealing a Compelling Interplay of Faith {{!}} Folklore {{!}} Architecture {{!}} Scientific Insight |date=2025-04-15 |publisher=Taxmann Publications Private Limited |isbn=978-93-6455-358-2 |language=en}}</ref> is a natural cave temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. It is a pilgrim site located in the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur range]] in [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gupta Dham {{!}} District Rohtas, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://rohtas.nic.in/tourist-place/gupta-dham/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> The cave is known for a natural rock formation resembling a [[Lingam|Shivling]] called '''Gupteshwar Mahadev'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihar |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLvUAAAAMAAJ&q=guptadham |title=District Census Handbook, Bihar: Shahabad |date=1965 |publisher=Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Kamla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HSAAAAAMAAJ&q=gupteswar+cave+rohtas |title=Geomorphological Studies in India |date=1997 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-05-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Location==
The cave lies at the foot of the eastern flank of the Chunda (also known as Goptha, Gupta, Gupteswar)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65aW_SbQsOUC&q=gupteswar+cave+rohtas |title=Geomorphological approaches in applied geography: 44 tables |date=1991 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger |isbn=978-3-443-21083-0 |language=en}}</ref> hill in the [[Rohtas Plateau]], the most eastern extension of the [[Kaimur Range]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUPTADHAM |url=https://grottomap.org/entrance/NUfd7cCh/guptadham |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Grotto Map |language=fr}}</ref>

==History==
The Gupteshwar Cave Temple is traditionally linked to the legend of [[Bhasmasura]], a demon who misused a blessings granted by [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]. According to local folklore, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] intervened to protect Vishnu and killed [[Bhasmasura]] at this site, giving the [[cave]] its religious significance.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cdp3hsUXgC&q=gupta+dham |title=Monuments of Bihar |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Art, Culture & Youth, Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maa Tara Chandi Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rohtas district]]

Ashok Singh (politician, born 1963)

2025-11-15T03:35:09Z

Nuel ID:

{{Short description|Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Singh
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| predecessor = [[Rajmani Patel]]
| office2 = Party roles
| subterm2 = {{circa|2023|present}}
| suboffice2 = Vice-president of [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| subterm3 = 2021 - 2023
| suboffice3 = State Treasurer of [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Jiwaji University]] ([[B.Com]])
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, rentor
}}
{{about|a politician from Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh|politician from Uttar Pradesh|Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)}}{{Other uses|Ashok Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Ashok Singh}}
'''Ashok Singh''' (born 1 November 1963) is an Indian politician who is serving as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]] since April 2024. A member of [[Indian National Congress]], he served as Vice-President of [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee]].

== Birth and education ==
Singh was born on 1 November 1963 in [[Gwalior|Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh]]. His father Rajendra Singh was former MLA and state PWD minister of Madhya Pradesh. He completed his studies of [[Bachelor of Commerce]] in [[Jiwaji University]] in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GWALIOR(MADHYA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12243 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Singh has contested elections four times from the [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior Lok Sabha seat]] in 2007 (by-election), 2009, 2014, and 2019, albeit facing defeat each time to Bharatiya Janata Party. Despite that, Singh has held several key positions within the party, including Treasurer in 2021, General Secretary, and District President for rural areas in Madhya Pradesh Congress wing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Jyotiraditya Scindia Key Reason Behind Congress Picking Ashok Singh For Rajya Sabha? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/is-jyotiraditya-scindia-key-reason-behind-congress-picking-ashok-singh-for-rajya-sabha-2721976.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/media/press-releases/press-release-announcement-of-treasurer-madhya-pradesh-congress-committee |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as member of Rajya Sabha in 2024 elections, succeeding [[Rajmani Patel]]. He was also election observer in 2018 by-polls and the 2020 and 2023 assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP: Rajya Sabha Nominee Ashok Singh, Prominent OBC Face & Party Treasurer Is Congress' New Hope in Lost Gwalior-Chambal Region |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-rajya-sabha-nominee-ashok-singh-prominent-obc-face-party-treasurer-is-congress-new-hope-in-lost-gwalior-chambal-region |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He is also known to be close ally of former Chief Minister [[Digvijaya Singh]] and also considered a rival of the [[House of Scindia|Scindia royal family]], who dominated the Gwalior politics for decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=2024-02-14 |title=Congress fields Digvijaya Singh loyalist for Rajya Sabha polls in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-fields-digvijaya-singh-loyalist-for-rajya-sabha-polls-in-mp-move-ends-speculation-of-kamal-nath-being-nominated-to-upper-house/article67846503.ece |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ashok}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jiwaji University alumni]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mahipal Singh Judeo

2025-11-13T21:37:57Z

Nuel ID: Made basic bio nd citations

{{Short description|Raja of Sarila from 1898 to 1983}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| reign = 1898 – 1983
| predecessor = [[Pahar Singh Ju Deo|Pahar Singh]]
| successor = Narendra Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|09|11|df=yes}}
| death_date = 1983
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Sarila.png}} [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| father = [[Pahar Singh Ju Deo|Pahar Singh]]
| signature = Mahipal_Singh_Ju_Deo_signature_1942.png
| signature_alt = Signature of Mahipal Singh Ju Deo
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Mahipal Singh Ju Deo''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] was the [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]] from 1898 until his death in 1983.
== Early life ==
He was born posthumously on 11 September 1898 to [[Pahar Singh Ju Deo|Pahar Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8479/ |title=A Collection of Treaties Engagements and Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries (Vol-V) |date=1930 |publisher=Government of India central publication branch,Calcutta |pages=28–29}}</ref> He was educated at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35875/ |title=Leading Famlies And Officials In The States Of Central India |date=1935 |pages=111}}</ref>

=== Succession ===
He succeeded his father as [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]] as an infant at the time of his birth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xndDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> As he was a minor on the occasion, the state was placed under regency.<ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
He was granted full administrative powers on 5 November 1919.<ref name=":3" />

=== Derecognition ===
In accordance with clause (22) of Article 366 of the [[Constitution of India]], the [[President of India]], via an order issued in 1970, derecognized him as [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (State)|Sarila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Printing |first=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1970.546/ |title=Gazette of India, 1970, No. 546 |date=1970-09-19 |pages=3381}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

=== Marriage ===
He married in February 1919 to the daughter of the Thakur of Basela in [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Manager Of Publications |first=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279025/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian State 1935 |pages=41–42}}</ref>

=== Children ===
He had five sons and three daughters.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=RAJA NRIPENDRA SINGH Vs. STATE OF U P |url=https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=302991093000&Title=RAJA-NRIPENDRA-SINGH-Vs.-STATE-OF-U-P |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.the-laws.com}}</ref> His sons were Narendra Singh, Jayendra Singh, Virendra Singh, Devendra Singh and Nripendra Singh.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> His daughters were Sushil Kumari, Saral Kumari and Rajendra Kumari.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Titles and honours ==
Mahipal held the title of [[Raja]].<ref name=":1" /> He was called Garib Parwar ({{Translation|protector of the poor}}) and Ann Data ({{Translation|provider of sustenance}}) by the people of [[Sarila State|Sarila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarila |first=Narendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnAwAQAAIAAJ |title=Once a Prince of Sarila: Of Palaces and Tiger Hunts, of Nehrus and Mountbattens |date=2008-04-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84511-707-8 |pages=xi |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 June 1939, he was made Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1940 |date=1940 |pages=83}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in January 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimmybaby |date=2012-08-02 |title=HH Shri Bhola Nathji Memories: Maharaja Sarila, Shri Nathji's Neighbour! |url=https://hhshribholanathjimemories.blogspot.com/2012/08/maharaja-sarila-shri-nathjis-neighbour.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=HH Shri Bhola Nathji Memories}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]

Kunnandarkoil Cave Temple

2025-10-25T09:56:45Z

Nuel ID:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kunnandarkoil Cave Temple
| image = "Rock Cut Siva Cave Temple".JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|34|56|N|78|53|50|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]
| location = [[Kunnandarkoil]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Shiva
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Rock-cut architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 8th century
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kunnandarkoil Cave Temple''' in [[Kunnandarkoil]], a village in [[Pudukottai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Constructed in [[Rock-cut architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built during the 8th century by [[Muthuraja|Muttaraiyar]] kings, the cardinals of [[Pallavas]], with later expansion from the [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. The rock-cut architecture in the temple is a specimen of the late Pallava Art and an early example of Chola Art. The temple has various inscriptions from [[Cholas]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Pandyas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. The temple is considered one of the oldest stone temples in South India. The temple is maintained and administered by Department of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.

==History==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 1504| height1 = 2256
| width2 = 1504 | height2 = 2256
|direction=horizontal
|image1="Amazing Rock Cut Siva Temple".JPG
|image2="Pillaiyar in Rock cut Siva temple".JPG
|footer=Image of Shiva and [[Ganesha|Vinayaga]] in the temple
|footer_align=center
}}
Kunnandarkoil derives its name from ''Kundru-Andan-Koil'' meaning the Lord of the hill in the temple. Kunnandarkoil and the region around it was ruled by the [[Mutharaiyars]] during the 7th to 9th centuries, where were lieutenants under the [[Pallavas]]. The region was later captured by [[Medieval Cholas]]. The cave temple was originally built by [[Muthuraja|Muttaraiyar]] king who was the lieutenant of the [[Pallava]] king [[Nandivarman II]] (710-775 CE), who was also called Nandivarman Pallava Malla. The earliest inscription is from the period of Nandivarman and his son Dantivarman indicating generous contribution to Vedic people (learned) during the Thiruvadirai festival.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collected Papers: Studies in South Indian Epigraphy and History of Land Organisation, Development and Accounts and Select Chola, and Pandyan Townships|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu|year=1994|last=R.|first=Tirumalai}}</ref> Soundara Rajan identifies the temple to an addition during the early half of the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rock-cut temple styles: early Pandyan art and the Ellora shrines|page=41|last=K.V.|first=Soundara Rajan|publisher=Somaiya Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788170392187}}</ref> There are later inscriptions from [[Cholas]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Pandyas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. During the 14th century, the village had two divisions for the [[Kallar caste|Kallar]] community.<ref name=Rao/> Some of the epigraphic studies reveal that there were strict punishments levied to people robbing in remote villages like Kunnandarkoil.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Indian Epigraphy, Volume 29|last=Epigraphical Society of India|publisher=Geetha Book House|year=2003|page=58}}</ref>

In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by Department of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=2011|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:"Hall Of Hundred Pillared Mandapam Or Car 1".JPG|200px|left|thumb|The hall of hundred pillars]]
The temple is located in [[Kunnandarkoil]], a rockyhill in [[Pudukottai district]] in southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. The cave houses three life size sculptures of various forms of Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Handbook|year=2000|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|first1=Robert|last1=Bradnock|first2=Roma|last2=Bradnock|isbn=978-1-900949-81-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/footprintsouthin00foot/page/821 821]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/footprintsouthin00foot/page/821}}</ref> The main shrine faces East and the sanctum houses the image of [[Lingam]], an iconic representation of Shiva. Shiva is worshipped as Parvathagiriswarar. The walls of the sanctum are plain, unlike later Chola temples that have niches to house different images. The sanctum is approached through an Arthamandapa, a hall supported by pillars. The sanctum is guarded by [[Dvarapalas]] on either sides. The inscriptions are made on the base of the Dvarapalas. There are two portrait images, one of which is identified as the [[Mutharaiyar]] chief who built the temple and other being his assistant.<ref name=Rao/>

==Significance==
The temple in rock-cut architecture is an early example of Cholan Art, continuing the tradition of the Pallavas. The individual images retrieved from the place are maintained in the Pudukottia Government Museum. The hundred pillared Nrita Mandapa has sculpted pillars, a typical of Vijayanaagar art. The bronze images in temple are earliest specimen of exquisite sculpted images in South Indian art. The [[Somaskanda]] bronze with Shiva and Parvathi, with their child Skanda is the most prominent among the bronzes in the temple.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|pages=152–53|ref=Rao}}</ref>
==External links==
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rock Cut Siva Cave Temple of Kunnandarkoil}}

{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]

Pranab Kumar Balabantaray

2025-09-29T23:40:41Z

Nuel ID: creating initial bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Pranab Kumar Balabantaray''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dharmasala Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dharmasala-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916636.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmasala Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Dharmasala Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/dharmasala-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balabantaray, Pranab Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Abhishek Shah

2025-09-27T03:36:06Z

Nuel ID: new the pg initial version

{{Short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Abhishek Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|11|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Tejal Panchasara|2007}}
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| occupation = Director screenwriter producer writer
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Abhishek Shah''' (born 29 November 1982) is an Indian filmmaker, writer, director and producer known from his work in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]] and theatre. His movies and plays revolve around significant [[social issue]]s.

== Career ==
He started working as a casting director in Gujarati cinema<ref>{{Cite news |title=Post-Diwali releases work for Gujarati films, here's why |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/post-diwali-releases-work-%20for-gujarati-films-heres-why/articleshow/71253529.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2019, He made his directorial debut with the Gujarati film [[Hellaro]].<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and nominations ==
Abhishek Shah's Debutant film, [[Hellaro]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=I am ecstatic to know that Hellaro has been selected for Cannes, but I will miss attending it: Abhishek Shah |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/i-am-ecstatic-to-know-that-%20hellaro-has-been-selected-for-cannes-but-i-will-miss-attending-it-abhishek-%20shah/articleshow/76552495.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Director Abhishek Shah's 'Hellaro' gets selected as an official entrant at the Cannes Film Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/director-abhishek-shahs-%20hellaro-gets-selected-as-an-official-entrant-at-the-cannes-film-festival/articleshow/76526067.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Hellaro' song 'Asvaar' is all about festive spirit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/hellaro-song-asvaar-is-all-%20about-festive-spirit/articleshow/71735181.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title='Hellaro's' new song 'Vaagyo Re Dhol' is a foot-tapping number |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/hellaros-new-song-vaagyo-%20re-dhol-is-a-foot-tapping-number/articleshow/71805922.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Income tax Employees Federation, Ahmedabad to hold a special screening of Hellaro on Women's Day |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/income-tax-employees-%20federation-ahmedabad-to-hold-a-special-screening-of-hellaro-on-womens-%20day/articleshow/74509377.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The year that was: Gujarat celebs who owned 2019 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/the-year-that-was-gujarat-%20celebs-who-owned-2019/articleshow/73040935.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=I am happy that Gujarati cinema will now be recognised nationwide: Abhishek Shah |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/i-am-happy-that-gujarati-cinema-%20will-now-be-recognised-nationwide-abhishek-shah/articleshow/70627341.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> at the [[66th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |date=2019-08-10 |title=66th National Film Awards: Gujarati movie 'Hellaro' gets best film honour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/66th-national-film-awards-gujarati-movie-hellaro-gets-best-film-honour-vicky-kaushal-ayushmann-khurrana-5893347/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kaushik |first1=Divya |last2=Lal |first2=Niharika |title=The josh was high among the National Film Awards winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-josh-was-high-among-%20the-national-film-awards-winners/articleshow/72956377.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was officially selected as the opening film at Indian Panorama at the [[50th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI). The film was nominated for the 'Best Debut Award' at the Mahatma Gandhi Afro Asian Film Award for the year 2020. He was nominated for the Best Director Award at the Gujarat State Film Awards 2019 and the Best Writer Award at the Critics Choice Film Awards for the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hellaro wins yet another prestigious award |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/hellaro-wins-yet-another-%20prestigious-award/articleshow/76783628.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soumitra |title=Hellaro wins four awards at the Critics Choice Film Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/hellaro-wins-four-awards-at-%20the-critics-choice-film-awards/articleshow/74916472.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Shah's 'Hellaro' to re-release in theatres, celebs excited! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/abhishek-shahs-hellaro-to-re-release-in-theatres-celebs-excited/articleshow/78661316.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As a director ===

* ''[[Hellaro]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Umbarro]]'' (2025)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis

2025-09-15T16:46:31Z

Nuel ID: creating first data w/ sources...

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis.png
| genus = Nyctibatrachus
| species = athirappillyensis
| authority = Garg et al., 2017
}}

'''''Nyctibatrachus athirappillyensis''''' is a frog in the genus ''[[Nyctibatrachus]]''. It was described in 2017 based on specimens collected in Thavalakuzhipara, Vazhachal forest and is named after the nearby Athirappilly waterfalls.

==Distribution==
The species was discovered from areas adjoining the [[Athirappilly]] waterfall, [[Kerala]], at site for a proposed [[hydroelectric]] project. They are found in shallow streams inside forest. Calling males were found at the edge of streams under vegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Sonali |last2=Suyesh |first2=Robin |last3=Sukesan |first3=Sandeep |last4=Biju |first4=Sd |date=2017 |title=Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=5 |article-number=e3007 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3007 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=5322763 |pmid=28243532}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q41798436}}

[[Category:Amphibians described in 2017]]
[[Category:Nyctibatrachus|athirappillyensis]]

Manilal Balabhai Nanavati

2025-09-14T01:48:27Z

Nuel ID: Made a pg basic info

{{short description|Indian executive}}
{{citation style|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

'''Manilal Balabhai Nanavati''' was an Indian social worker and freedom fighter who served as the Deputy Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Maniba and the art of true giving |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/maniba-and-the-art-of-true-giving-23216135 |work=www.mid-day.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) and educated at the university there.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Shri_Ratilal_Manilal_Nanvati_-|title=Welcome to Ahimsa Foundation|website=jainsamaj.org}}</ref> Her sister was Chandulal Nanavati.<ref name=":0" /> He was a co-author of the seminal book, ''The Indian Rural Problem''.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
=== Reserve Bank of India ===
He served as the Deputy Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] from 21 December 1936, to 21 December 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/deputygovernors.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India - Deputy Governors|website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref>

=== Dr Balabhai Nanavati Hospital ===
He founded [[Nanavati Hospital]], located in [[Vile Parle]], [[Mumbai]], which was inaugurated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in November 1950, and opened in May 1951. Dr. Balabhai Nanavati Hospital was later taken over by the Radiant Group.{{when|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newslover.in/nanavati-hospital-owner/|title=Nanavati Hospital Owner- Dr. Balabhai|date=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
His notable books include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89250565/|title=Nanavati, Manilal B. 1877-1967 (Manilal Balabhai) [WorldCat Identities]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Nanavati,+Manilal+Balabhai,+Sir,+1877-1967|title=Nanavati, Manilal Balabhai, Sir, 1877-1967 | The Online Books Page|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>
* ''Rural life problems; personal experiences''
* ''Group prejudices in India; a symposium ''
* ''Fifty years of co-operation in Kodinar Taluka, a case study''
* ''Report on the agricultural indebtedness in the Baroda state ''

== Awards and honours ==
He was awarded a knighthood by King [[George VI]] at the [[1941 Birthday Honours]] in 1941.<ref name="auto"/>{{Verification failed|date=November 2021}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/legacy.php Official Website]
* [https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Shri_Ratilal_Manilal_Nanvati_- Biography]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balabhai Nanavati, Manilal}}

[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]

Dhatrigram railway station

2025-08-14T12:05:18Z

Nuel ID: rework information to improve readability and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dhatrigram
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Dhatrigram railway station 05.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Niralgachhi, [[Dhatrigram]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.277974|88.311875|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| elevation = {{cvt|16|m}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DTAE
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Dhatrigram
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Baghnapara|right=Nandaigram Halt|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Katwa Junction|type=[[Bandel–Katwa line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Dhatrigram railway station''' is a railway station on [[Bandel–Katwa line]] connecting from {{stnlnk|Bandel}} to [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]], and under the jurisdiction of [[Howrah railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at Niralgachhi, [[Dhatrigram]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dhatrigram-dtae/4131|title=DTAE/Dhatrigram|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> Number of [[EMU (train)|EMU]] and few Passenger trains stop at Dhatrigram railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/dhatrigram-dtae-station|title=DHATRIGRAM (DTAE) Railway Station|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
The Hooghly–Katwa Railway constructed a line from [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] to [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] in 1913.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,737|title=HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – THE FIRST JOURNEY|website=indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> This line including Dhatrigram railway station was electrified in 1994–96 with 25 kV overhead line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.picasona.com/listofcompleatedwork.pdf|title=STATEMENT OF RECENTLY COMPLETED WORKS|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{PurbaBardhaman-railstation-stub}}

Dibiyapur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:58:01Z

Nuel ID: Created new entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dibiyapur
| map_image = 203-Dibiyapur.svg
| mla = [[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,23,150
| constituency_no = 203
}}
'''Dibiyapur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]] and comprises parts of [[Auraiya tehsil|Auraiya]] and [[Bidhuna tehsil|Bidhuna]] tehsils, in [[Auraiya district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Lakhan Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dibiyapur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80865}}
|percentage = 40.34
|change = +9.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakhan Singh Rajput
|votes = {{formatnum:80392}}
|percentage = 40.1
|change = +2.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arun Kumar Dubey (Lal Dubey)
|votes = {{formatnum:31500}}
|percentage = 15.71
|change = -11.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Rajput
|votes = {{formatnum:2702}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:928}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:473}}
|percentage = 0.24
|change = -6.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200455}}
|percentage = 62.03
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Lakhan Singh won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Pradeep Kumar Yadav''' by a margin of 12,094 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dibiyapur<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Lakhan Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71480}}
|percentage = 37.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59386}}
|percentage = 30.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Kumar Awasthi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51452}}
|percentage = 26.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vaadshah Rajput
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2761}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:690}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12094}}
|percentage = 6.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191614}}
|percentage = 61.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.63|79.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dibiyapur]]
[[Category:Auraiya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande

2025-08-01T14:03:10Z

Nuel ID: creating new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian oncologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Oncologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Geetanjali
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande''' is an Indian surgical oncologist, known as the pioneer of [[Thoracoscopy|thoracoscopic surgery]] at the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]].<ref name="Medicos India">{{cite web | url=http://www.medicosindia.com/27-recipients-from-the-field-of-medicine-in-padma-awards-2014/ | title=Medicos India | publisher=Medicos India | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 | title=Padma 2014 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2014 | access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramakant Deshpande graduated in medicine (MBBS) from Karnataka Medical College, [[Hubli]] and did his post graduate studies (MS) at the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]], Mumbai.<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiacancersurgerysite.com/india-dr-ramakant-deshpande-mumbai.html | title=India Cancer Surgery Site | publisher=India Cancer Surgery Site | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> This was followed by a higher training stint at the [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]], New York.<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /> He also holds higher degrees such as FICS, Fellowship in Anterior Segment (FIAS), DHA and FAIS.<ref name="Practo">{{cite web | url=https://www.practo.com/mumbai/doctor/dr-ramakant-deshpande-oncologist | title=Practo | publisher=Practo | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014 | archive-date=17 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217015920/https://www.practo.com/mumbai/doctor/dr-ramakant-deshpande-oncologist | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Deshpande's career started at the [[Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology]] in 1982. Three years later, in 1985, he returned to his alma mater, Tata Memorial Hospital, and worked there till 2002, as the Chief of Thoracic Services.<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /> His current position is as the Head of Surgical Oncology at the S. L. Raheja Hospital,<ref name="Medicos India" /> which was taken over by the [[Fortis Healthcare]] in 2009,<ref name="Fortis">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Fortis-takes-over-Raheja-hospital/articleshow/4717858.cms | title=Fortis | publisher=Times of India | date=30 June 2009 | access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> and presently known as ''Asian Institute of Oncology''<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /><ref name="India Medical Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2014/01/26/dr-neelam-kler-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | title=India Medical Times | publisher=India Medical Times | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> where he is the executive vice chairman.<ref name="India Medical Times" /> He has also been a consultant oncologist at [[Lilavati Hospital]], Mumbai.<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /><ref name="India Medical Times" />

Deshpande is also associated with other establishments. He is the Director of firms such as Karnataka Leasing And Commercial Corporation Limited Director, Triumph Estates Private Limited,
Triumph Hospitals Private Limited, Asian Institute Of Oncology Private Limited and Asian Cancer Foundation.<ref name="Looknfind">{{cite web | url=http://www.looknfind.info/director/Ramakant-Krishnaji-Deshpande/374907 | title=Looknfind | publisher=Looknfind | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014 | archive-date=23 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523141021/http://www.looknfind.info/director/Ramakant-Krishnaji-Deshpande/374907 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His wife, Geethanjali also serves as the Director of Triumph Hospitals Private Limited.<ref name="Looknfind" />

Deshpande is credited with over 50 publications, both books and articles published in national and international journals.<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /><ref name="Endometrial stromal sarcoma.">{{cite journal | url=https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | title=Endometrial stromal sarcoma. | author=V R Chitnis, S S Thakur and Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Indian Journal of Cancer | year=1968 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=330–334 | pmid=5729399 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | access-date=3 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233230/https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus.">{{cite journal | title=Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus. |author1=C. S. Pramesh |author2=Gouri H. Pantvaidya |author3=Mufaddal Moonim |author4=Nirmala A Jambhekar |author5=Samin Sharma |author6=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Dis Esophagus. | year=2003 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=142–4 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2050.2003.00298.x | pmid=12823215|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="γδ T cells lyse autologous and allogenic oesophageal tumours: involvement of heat-shock proteins in the tumour cell lysis">{{cite journal | title=γδ T cells lyse autologous and allogenic oesophageal tumours: involvement of heat-shock proteins in the tumour cell lysis |author1=M. Loui Thomas |author2=Subhada Vivek Chiplunkar |author3=Urmila C Samant |author4=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | year=2000 | volume=48 | issue=11 | pages=653–9 | doi=10.1007/s002620050014|pmid=10663613 |s2cid=24688153 | pmc=11037190 }}</ref> He has also written chapters in a book, ''Textbook of Cancer'', published by the [[National Book Trust]].<ref name="India Cancer Surgery Site" /><ref name="Forerunners">{{cite web | url=http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com/dr-ramakant-deshpande-oncologist-mumbai-india.html | title=Forerunners | publisher=Forerunners | date=2014 | access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

* {{cite journal | url=https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | title=Endometrial stromal sarcoma. | author=V R Chitnis, S S Thakur and Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Indian Journal of Cancer | year=1968 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=330–334 | pmid=5729399 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | access-date=3 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233230/https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal | title=Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus. |author1=C. S. Pramesh |author2=Gouri H. Pantvaidya |author3=Mufaddal Moonim |author4=Nirmala A Jambhekar |author5=Samin Sharma |author6=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Dis Esophagus. | year=2003 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=142–4 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2050.2003.00298.x | pmid=12823215|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=γδ T cells lyse autologous and allogenic oesophageal tumours: involvement of heat-shock proteins in the tumour cell lysis |author1=M. Loui Thomas |author2=Subhada Vivek Chiplunkar |author3=Urmila C Samant |author4=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | year=2000 | volume=48 | issue=11 | pages=653–9 | doi=10.1007/s002620050014|pmid=10663613 |s2cid=24688153 | pmc=11037190 }}

==Awards and honours==
Game Changers Award by The HR Club on 7 February 2015.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | url=https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | title=Endometrial stromal sarcoma. | author=V R Chitnis, S S Thakur and Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Indian Journal of Cancer | year=1968 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=330–334 | pmid=5729399 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | access-date=3 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233230/https://sciencescape.org/paper/5729399 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |title=Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus. |author1=C. S. Pramesh |author2=Gouri H. Pantvaidya |author3=Mufaddal Moonim |author4=Nirmala A Jambhekar |author5=[[Samin Sharma]] |author6=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande |journal=Dis Esophagus. |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=142–4 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2050.2003.00298.x |pmid=12823215}}
* {{cite journal | title=γδ T cells lyse autologous and allogenic oesophageal tumours: involvement of heat-shock proteins in the tumour cell lysis |author1=M. Loui Thomas |author2=Subhada Vivek Chiplunkar |author3=Urmila C Samant |author4=Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande | journal=Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | year=2000 | volume=48 | issue=11 | pages=653–9 | doi=10.1007/s002620050014|pmid=10663613 |s2cid=24688153 | pmc=11037190 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Ramakant Krishnaji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:People from Hubli]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Negro Johnny

2025-07-24T19:29:17Z

Nuel ID: slightly update content for consistency further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Johnny
| image = Negro-Johnny-pic.jpg
| image_size = 179px
| caption =
| pseudonym = Negro Johnny
| birth_name = Johnny
| birth_date = 22 December 1959
| death_date = 30 August 2007<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Actor Johnny passes away |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Actor-Johnny-passes-away/article14826177.ece |website= [[The Hindu]]|date= September 29, 2016 |accessdate= September 29, 2016 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180609100656/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Actor-Johnny-passes-away/article14826177.ece |archivedate= June 9, 2018 }}</ref> (aged 48)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor (stunt artist)|director}}
| alma_mater =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| genre =
| imagesize =
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
}}

'''Johnny''', known professionally as '''Negro Johnny''', was an Indian actor and stunt co-ordinator in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]]. His films include ''[[Samyuktha]]'' (1988), ''[[Gajapathi Garvabhanga]]'' (1989) and ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2|SP Sangliyana 2]]'' (1990).

==Career==

His original name is Lazar, he belongs to christian family. Screen name is Negro Johny.
Negro Johnny has been part of more than 300 movies<ref name="auto"/> in Kannada apart from many Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil films.

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Nee Nanna Gellalare]]'' (1981) as David's henchman
* ''[[Prema Matsara]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Mathsara (1982) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-mathsara-1982 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1982) as Psychiatric Ward Warden
* ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' (1983; Tamil) as Johnny
* ''[[Tiger (1986 film)|Tiger]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]'' (1987)...Panja
* ''[[Bedi (1987 film)|Bedi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Bharath (1988 film)|Bharath]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Nee Nanna Daiva]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nee Nanna Daiva (1988) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/nee-nanna-daiva-1988 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1988)...Johnny
* ''[[Inspector Vikram (1989 film)|Inspector Vikram]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Bheema]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Gagana]]'' (1989) : Jum Jum Agarbatti Boda
* ''[[Sundarakanda (1991 film)|Sundara Kanda]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Bombay Dada]]'' (1991) as Philips
* ''[[Bombat Hendthi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Halli Meshtru]]'' (1992)
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1994|Thooguve Krishnana]]'' (1994)
* ''[[List of Kannada films of 1995|Bombat Raja Bandal Rani]]'' (1995)
* ''Mr. Vasu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Vasu (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/mr-vasu-1995 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref> (1995) as Shivalinga
* ''[[Swasthik]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shaapa]]'' (2001)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actors]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [https://chiloka.com/celebrity/negro-johny Biography of Negro Johny ''on Chiloka.com'']

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

Modi Enterprises

2025-06-18T09:55:29Z

Nuel ID:

{{Short description|Indian business conglomerate}}
{{other uses|Modi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Modi Industries Limited
| logo = Modi enterprises logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| trading_name = Modi Group of Companies
| former_name = Modi Enterprises (1932 - 2024)
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Lalit Modi]] {{small|(President & Managing{{wbr}} Director)}} |[[Samir Modi]] {{small|(managing{{wbr}} director)}}|Ruchir Modi {{small|(executive{{wbr}} director)}}}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1932}} in [[Delhi]], India
| founder = [[Gujarmal Modi]]
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* Beacon Travels
* Ego-Thai
* Ego Italian
* [[Godfrey Phillips India|Godfrey Phillips]]
* Indofil
* Modicare
* Modi Healthcare
* Pan Vilas <ref name=brands>[http://modi.com/our-brands.html Modi brands] on Modi website, 5 Jan 2018</ref>
}}
| products = [[Consumer products]], [[multi-level marketing]], [[cigarettes]], [[food]] and [[beverages]], [[fashion]]
| num_employees = 28,000 approximately
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.modi.com}}
}}

'''Modi Industries Limited''' is an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|business conglomerate]] based in [[New Delhi, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kk-modi-group-eyes-500-more-stores/articleshow/57564566.cms|title=KK Modi group eyes 500 more stores|last=Sarkar|first=John|date=10 March 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref> The US $2.8 billion group, consisting of [[Godfrey Phillips India]], Indofil Industries Ltd., Modicare Limited, has a diversified business portfolio including cigarettes manufacturing, education, [[Agrochemical|agricultural chemicals]], personal care,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kk-modi-group-plans-rs4-000-cr-business-rejig-in-four-years-117031800007_1.html|title=KK Modi group plans Rs 4,000-cr business rejig in four years|last=Dutta|first=Arnab|date=2017-03-18|work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref> tea and beverages, entertainment, consumer products, [[multi-level marketing]], and gourmet restaurants.<ref name=Lynne/>

== History ==
[[Gujarmal Modi]] (1902–1976) founded the Modi Group, beginning with a small, family-run business,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-modi-business-family-feud-and-more-1982257.html|title=Everything you wanted to know about the Modi business family feud – and more|last=Majumdar|first=Shyamal|date=5 August 2014|website=[[First Post]]|access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref> then expanding from 1933 onwards with companies such as Modi Sugar,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Lalit-Modis-uncle-who-owes-over-Rs-400-crore-to-farmers-absconding-claim-cops/articleshow/52270362.cms|title=Lalit Modi's uncle who owes over Rs 400 crore to farmers absconding, claim cops|last=Rana|first=Uday|date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref> Modi Vanaspati Mfr Co., Modi Industries Ltd, [[ModiLuft]] and Modi Rubber,<ref name=":1" /> Modi Paints, Modi Oils, Modi Electrodes, Modi Lanterns and Torch works, Tube wells/drilling, Modi Distillery, Modi Steels, Industrial Gases, Modi Spinning and Wvg. Mills Co. Ltd., Modi Yarn Mills, Modi Threads, Modi Soap, and Modi Carpets etc.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masoodi |first1=Ashwaq |title=Modinagar: The death of an industrial township |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/XKCHgEnxcbsNP7m0N075hN/Modinagar-The-death-of-an-industrial-township.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=May 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lynne>{{cite book |author1=Margaret Herdeck |author2=Gita Piramal |author-link2=Gita Piramal |title=India's Industrialists, Volume 1 |date=1985 |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] |isbn=0894104152 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C&q=Modi+Enterprises++Modi+Steels%2C+Industrial+Gases&pg=PA264}}</ref>

By the time Modi's brother Kedar Nath Modi joined the company, the Modi Group was India's seventh largest [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masoodi |first1=Ashwaq |title=Modinagar: The death of an industrial township |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/XKCHgEnxcbsNP7m0N075hN/Modinagar-The-death-of-an-industrial-township.html |website=[[Livemint.com|Livemint]] |date=May 2015 |publisher=Live Mint}}</ref> The company had become the center of the eponymously renamed city of [[Modinagar]]. Modi died in 1976, and KN Modi succeeded him with the help of Modi's five sons and his own three sons who later joined the family business. The founder of the company did not leave a [[Will and testament|will]] and, although the family remained united under KN Modi's leadership, this oversight would later cause a rift that threatened to destroy the company.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Modi at IPL Players Auction.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Lalit Modi]], the President and MD of Modi Enterprises and the Executive Director of [[Godfrey Phillips India]]]]
In April 2010, [[Krishan Kumar Modi]], former chairman of Modi Group, announced that his eldest son [[Lalit Modi]] will succeed him as the head of Modi Group's flagship business Godfrey Phillips India (GPI).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Shubham |title=Lalit will head family flagship, says father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lalit-will-head-family-flagship-says-father/articleshow_new/5861586.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Lalit Modi]] is the founder of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Peter|title=The World's Hottest Sports League|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/27/cricket-india-ipl-business-sports-ipl.html|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Shubham|title=Lalit will head family flagship, says father|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lalit-will-head-family-flagship-says-father/articleshow/5862278.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=27 April 2010 |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> According to KK Modi, his children ([[Lalit Modi]], [[Samir Modi]] and [[Charu Modi|Charu Bhartia Modi]]) will have the obligation to appoint his successor, and only by a unanimous vote. Otherwise, the group will be sold off with the profits from the sale shared equally among them.<ref name="FE_042710">{{cite news|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/modi-empire-may-be-sold-k-k-modi/612027/1|title=Modi empire may be sold: K K Modi|date=27 April 2010|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403035638/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/modi-empire-may-be-sold-k-k-modi/612027/1|archive-date=3 April 2015|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

In June 2011, The Modi Group announced that it was planning to acquire majority control in [[Godfrey Phillips India]] from American tobacco company [[Philip Morris USA|Philip Morris]]. Both groups had a 36% share in the company until in 2009, Modi Group acquired an additional 11% stake in GPI from Philip Morris, taking its share to 47%. As per the [[Joint Venture]] agreement, Modi Group has the right to take its holdings up to 51% by buying further into Philip Morris' holdings to gain majority control of the company. The deal brought Philip Morris' stake down to 21%.<ref name="TI_062311">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/India-business/29693699_1_cigarette-maker-philip-morris-kk-modi|title=KK Modi eyes 51% in Godfrey Phillips|last1=Doval|first1=Pankaj|date=23 June 2011|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919213944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/India-business/29693699_1_cigarette-maker-philip-morris-kk-modi|archive-date=19 September 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Krishan Kumar Modi]], former chairman of Modi Group died at the age of 79 on 2 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Th Indian Express |title=FICCI mourns demise of its former president K K Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/industrialist-k-k-modi-dead-ficci-6101420/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=3 November 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Brands==
The company's brands include Beacon Travels, Ego-Thai, Ego Italian, [[Godfrey Phillips India|Godfrey Phillips]], Indofil, Modicare, Colorbar, Modi Healthcare, Pan Vilas, Coearth and 24 Seven.<ref name="brands" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.modi.com/}}
{{Modi Enterprises}}
{{Multi-level marketing}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Multi-level marketing companies]]
[[Category:Modi family]]
[[Category:Modi Enterprises| ]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1933]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]

National Highway 206 (India)

2025-03-06T20:25:47Z

Nuel ID: Made basic data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=206
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 206}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway 206 in red
|image=NH 206.jpg
|length_km=126
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|1}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|2}}
|direction_a=North
|terminus_a= [[Jowai]]
|junction=
|destinations=
|direction_b=South
|terminus_b= [[Mylliem]]
|states=Meghalaya
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=
|next_type=NH
|next_route=
}}

'''National Highway 206''' commonly referred to as '''NH 206''', is a highway in the Indian state Meghalaya.<ref name="New Numbers">{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 Aug 2011}}</ref> Starting from Jowai near NH 106, it goes via Dawki and ends at Mylliem. It is also a part of Shillong-Sylhet road. It is a spur of National Highway 6.<ref name="New Numbers" />
[[File:NH 206 in Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|alt=|NH 206 in Meghalaya]]
[[File:View of NH 206 from Dawki River .jpg|thumb|View of NH 206 from Dawki River ]]

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3258935 NH 206 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH6 sr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Highway 206}}

[[Category:AH1]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Shillong]]
[[Category:National highways in Meghalaya]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Upper Pus Dam

2025-03-03T17:23:59Z

Nuel ID: new first details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Upper Pus Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Upper Pus (Pus) Dam D01030
| dam_crosses = Pus River
| location = Pusad
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|744|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|42|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1980|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1971<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Pus_(Pus)_D01030 | title=Upper Pus (Pus) D01030 | accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|91260|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|8953|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.0057438|77.4506092|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Upper Pus Dam''', also called '''Pus Dam''', 25 km northwest of [[Pusad]] city, is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Pus river in [[Yavatmal district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]]. There is another downstream dam 25 km southeast of Pusad city near [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]], called [[Lower Pus Dam]], which was built in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | title=Lower Pus D02869 | accessdate=1 March 2013 | archive-date=12 April 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412232801/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Other nearby dams are [[Arunawati Dam]] (40 km north of Pusad) in [[Digras]] built in 1994 and [[Isapur Dam]] (30 km southwest of Pusad) built in 1982.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Isapur_D02978 | title=Isapur D02978 | accessdate=1 March 2013 | archive-date=12 April 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225230/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Isapur_D02978 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

[[Water scarcity|Water shortage]] is an issue in [[Vidarbha]] region, in June 2019 Pus dam had zero percent water of its [[Reservoir#Terminology|live capacity]] of 91,000 million litres.<ref name=live1>[https://www.afternoonvoice.com/water-levels-in-maharashtras-dams-down-to-6-8-of-total-capacity.htmlWater levels in Maharashtra’s dams down to 6.8% of total capacity ], 16 June 2019.</ref> Though it rose to 20.67% by 11 August 2019 due to arrival of monsoon.<ref name=river3>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/with-parts-of-maharashtra-flooded-marathwada-vidarbha-still-wait-for-rain-5896308/ With parts of Maharashtra flooded, Marathwada, Vidarbha still wait for rain], The Indian Express, 11 August 2019.</ref>

== Hydrology ==
The Pus River flows through Pusad taluka, the [[Arunavati River]] and [[Adan River]] through [[Darwha]] taluka.<ref name=osmana1>1964, "District Census Handbook, [Maharashtra]: Osmanabad", Superintendent of Census Operations Maharashtra, Government Printing and Stationery, Maharashtra State, India.</ref> [[Murray Leaf]] explains that the '''Pus valley''' lies in a wide but isolated upland valley in the [[Banjara |tribal area]] which has small towns and very few highways as most of area is covered with teak and sal forests which are illegally felled by the poachers.<ref name=murray1/> Pus river originates in [[Ajantha, Maharashtra]], near [[Washim]] town. It flows through Pusad, converges with [[Penganga River]]<ref name=tel1>[http://www.telangana360.com/2016/11/penganga-river.html Penganga river], telangana360.com, accessed 6 November 2019.</ref> near [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] in [[Nanded district]] of Maharashtra, Penganga River in turn flows into [[Wardha River]],<ref name=tel1/> which in turn flows into [[Pranhita River]],<ref name=tel1/> and Pranhita in turn flows in to [[Godavari River]]<ref name=tel1/> which finally end in the [[Bay of Bengal]] just east of [[Rajahmundry]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. All these rivers drain the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the south-easterly and easterly directions along the general slope of the plateau.<ref name=river1>Saravanam Karthikeyan and Anand Kumar, 1993, Flora of Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, Page viii.</ref>

[[Amravati Division]] of Vidharba has 446 dams.<ref name=river3/> Among those the command area of [[Major irrigation project|medium size]] Pus River irrigation system has 25265 ha. of which 13680 ha is cultivatable and further 8215 ha is irrigable, and the project is designed with 114% "irrigation density" which is the ratio of total irrigated area to total irrigable area.<ref name=murray1>[[Murray Leaf]], 1998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nShHkKOiPTsC&dq=pus+river+maharashtra&pg=PA60 Pragmatism and Development: The Prospect for Pluralist Transformation in The Third World], Bergin and Garvey, Page 60-.</ref> For the irrigation, "Pus river" has Upper Pus Dam 18 km northwest of Pusad town built in 1971,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Pus_(Pus)_D01030 | title=Upper Pus (Pus) D01030 | accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> and [[Lower Pus Dam]] near [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] 40 km east of Pusad built in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | title=Lower Pus D02869 | accessdate=1 March 2013 | archive-date=12 April 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412232801/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Pus_D02869 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Main crops are [[Commercial sorghum|millet]], [[wheat]], tur, [[cotton]], [[Peanut|groundnut]], [[sunflower]], etc.<ref name=murray1/> In the hilly parts of Pusad taluka the [[Unified Soil Classification System|soil type]] is coarse [[gravel|gravelly]] or loose [[Friability|friable texture]],<ref name=osmana1/> of black colour.<ref name=murray1/>

In terms of [[fish farming]], the minor [[carp]] fishes constitute 75 to 95% of the total catch in the Pus River reservoirs.<ref name=river2>V. V. Sugunan, 1995, "Reservoir Fisheries of India", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Page 211.</ref>

==Dam details==
===Specifications===
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|42|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|744|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1980|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|113920.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Purpose===
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ayyappan Temple, Perambur

2025-02-15T06:26:12Z

Nuel ID:

{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Ayyappan Temple, Perambur
| image =
Ayyappan Temple, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ayyappan Temple, [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Ayyappan Temple, [[Perambur]], [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.110861|N|80.245556|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| location = [[Perambur]]
| elevation_m = 33
| deity = [[Ayyappan]]
| festivals = Ayiliya pooja, Mandala Vilakku pooja, Aaraattu, Pallivetta
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Perambur Sree Ayyappa Trust
| website =
}}

'''Ayyappan Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated in [[Perambur]] neighbourhood of [[Chennai district|Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state, [[India]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Perambur Ayyappan Temple, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|thumb|Perambur Ayyappan Temple, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India]]

== Details ==
Perambur Ayyappan temple is one of the Hindu temples where [[Vidyāraṃbhaṃ]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-29 |title=Hundreds of kids get ready for Vidyarambham in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hundreds-of-kids-get-ready-for-vidyarambham-in-city/articleshow/60868663.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> a ceremony held for children to start their learning education is performed every year on the [[Vijayadashami]] day. Ayiliya, Mandala Vilakku, Aaraattu and Pallivetta are celebrated in this temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ltd |first=Infokerala Communications Pvt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL-tDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ayyappan+Temple,+Perambur&pg=PA571 |title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage 2019 |date=2019-09-01 |publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-934567-8-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The main deity of this temple is [[Ayyappan]]. [[Guruvayurappan]], Maligaipurathu Amman, [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]], [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Nāga|Nagarajar]] are the subdeities who bless the devotees in this temple.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33E3DgAAQBAJ&dq=Perambur%2520Ayyappan%2520Temple&pg=PA484 |title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage 2015 |date=2015-08-01 |publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-929470-1-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

[[Category:Ayyappan temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Chennai]]