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<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Riteish Deshmukh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Raja Shivaji film.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Riteish Deshmukh]]<br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Ajit Wadekar<br />
*Sandeep Patil<br />
*Ritesh Deshmukh<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|[[Genelia D'Souza]]}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Riteish Deshmukh<br />
*[[Sanjay Dutt]]<br />
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br />
*[[Vidya Balan]]<br />
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<br />
*[[Genelia Deshmukh]]<br />
*[[Fardeen Khan]]<br />
*[[Bhagyashree]]<br />
*[[Sachin Khedekar]]<br />
*[[Amole Gupte]]<br />
*[[Boman Irani]]<br />
*[[Jitendra Joshi]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]<br />
| editing = Urvashi Saxena<br />
| music = [[Ajay-Atul]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl|Mumbai Film Company|Jio Studios}}<br />
| distributor = Jio Studios<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|05|01}}<br />
| runtime = {{ubl|'''Marathi version:'''|195 minutes<ref name=":6" />|'''Hindi version:'''|187 minutes<ref name=":7" />}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br>Hindi<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Riteish to direct and star in bilingual film Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Feb/20/riteish-to-direct-and-star-in-bilingual-film-raja-shivaji |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202102538/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Feb/20/riteish-to-direct-and-star-in-bilingual-film-raja-shivaji|archive-date=2024-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|75–100 crore}}{{Efn|''Raja Shivaji''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹75 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref name=":10" />) – ₹100 crore (''[[ABP Majha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medhe |first=Jaydeep |date=2026-04-22 |title=100 कोटींचं बजेट,10 वर्षांची मेहनत; 'राजा शिवाजी' चं शुटींग महाराष्ट्रात कुठे कुठे झालंय? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-shooting-locations-maharashtra-budget-100-crore-riteish-deshmukh-1421269 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422154529/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-shooting-locations-maharashtra-budget-100-crore-riteish-deshmukh-1421269 |archive-date=2026-04-22 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> and ''[[Nava Kaal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Raja Shivaji Movie: १०० कोटींचे बजेट अन् १० वर्षांची मेहनत! रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी'चे शूटिंग नक्की कुठे झाले? |url=https://www.navakal.in/manoranjan/raja-shivaji-movie-shooting-locations-budget-cast-release-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424091112/https://www.navakal.in/manoranjan/raja-shivaji-movie-shooting-locations-budget-cast-release-date/ |archive-date=2026-04-24 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=[[Nava Kaal]] |language=mr}}</ref>)}}<br />
| gross = {{INR|60.35 crore}}<ref name=":BO">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=‘Salman Khan, Abhishek Bachchan didn’t charge a penny for Raja Shivaji’: Riteish Deshmukh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-abhishek-bachchan-didnt-charge-a-penny-for-raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-10677905/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Raja Shivaji''''' ({{Translation|King [[Shivaji]]}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Historical drama|historical]] [[Action film|action drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Riteish Deshmukh]], based on the life of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=":BH">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Makers of Raja Shivaji unveil commanding first poster on Shivaji Jayanti |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/makers-raja-shivaji-unveil-commanding-first-poster-shivaji-jayanti/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219123043/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/makers-raja-shivaji-unveil-commanding-first-poster-shivaji-jayanti/|archive-date=2026-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Genelia Deshmukh]] and [[Jyoti Deshpande]] under [[Mumbai Film Company]] and [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]. The film features Riteish Deshmukh in the titular role, alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Bhagyashree]], [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Amole Gupte]], and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]].<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced on 19 February 2024. [[Principal photography]] began the same month, with filming taking place across [[Mumbai]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Mahabaleshwar]], and across the [[Western Ghats]]. Made simultaneously in Marathi and Hindi on a budget of ₹75–100 crore, it is the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Marathi|most expensive Marathi film]] ever produced.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji : 100 कोटी बजेटचा 'राजा शिवाजी', हॉलिवूडला टक्कर देणारं VFX; रितेशने केली कमाल |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-starrer-raja-shivaji-review-movie-based-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-1659508.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501202342/https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-starrer-raja-shivaji-review-movie-based-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-1659508.html |archive-date=2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr|last=Vemul|first=Swati}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was theatrically released on 1 May 2026, coinciding [[Maharashtra Day]] and [[International Workers' Day|International Labour Day]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Riteish Deshmukh to direct and act in a film on Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riteish-deshmukh-to-direct-and-act-in-a-film-on-chatrapati-shivaji-maharaj/article67862878.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228042024/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riteish-deshmukh-to-direct-and-act-in-a-film-on-chatrapati-shivaji-maharaj/article67862878.ece|archive-date=2025-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It grossed over ₹60.35 crore, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films#Highest-grossing films|fourth highest grossing Marathi film]] of all time.<ref name=":BO" /><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film talks about Shivaji Maharaj's life prior to becoming a [[Chhatrapati]] in 1674 and takes place before his eldest son's film [[Chhaava]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]<br />
**Rupesh Bane as Teenage Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj<br />
***Riaan Deshmukh as Young Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj<br />
****Rahyl Deshmukh as Little Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]<br />
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale]] <br />
** [[Rudra Soni]] as Young Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale<br />
* [[Vidya Balan]] as [[Khadija Sultana]]<br />
* [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]] as [[Sai Bhonsale|Saibai]]<br />
** Kimaya Mestry as Young Saibai<br />
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as [[Lakhuji Jadhav]]<br />
* [[Fardeen Khan]] as [[Shah Jahan]]<br />
* [[Bhagyashree]] as [[Jijabai]]<br />
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as [[Shahaji Bhosale]]<br />
* [[Amole Gupte]] as [[Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]<br />
* [[Boman Irani]] as Peer Baba<br />
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Pant Gopinaath Bokil<br />
*[[Mohit Takalkar]] as Krishnaji Bhaskar Kulkarni<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title='सैराट' फेम अभिनेते ते 'लग्नानंतर होईलच प्रेम'मधील आई...; रितेशच्या 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमात झळकले 'हे' मराठी कलाकार, वाचा यादी... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/raja-shivaji-movie-these-marathi-actors-play-important-role-in-riteish-deshmukh-movie-see-full-list-sva-00-5872968/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503214248/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/raja-shivaji-movie-these-marathi-actors-play-important-role-in-riteish-deshmukh-movie-see-full-list-sva-00-5872968/ |archive-date=3 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr }}</ref><br />
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as [[Kanhoji Jedhe]] <br />
* [[Suresh Vishwakarma]] as Chandrarao More<br />
* Kapil Honrao as Yesaji Kank<ref name=":11" /><br />
** Rohit Waykar as Young Yesaji Kank <br />
* Disha Pardeshi as Afzal Begum<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-03 |title="ज्यासाठी मी कदाचित तयारही नव्हते…", दिशा परदेशीने सांगितला 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये काम करण्याचा अनुभव; म्हणाली… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/disha-pardeshi-shares-working-experience-in-raja-shivaji-movie-afzal-khan-begum-role-sanjay-dutt-nsp-98-5875041/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503214215/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/disha-pardeshi-shares-working-experience-in-raja-shivaji-movie-afzal-khan-begum-role-sanjay-dutt-nsp-98-5875041/ |archive-date=3 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr }}</ref><br />
* Aabha Velankar as Mhalsabai<ref name=":11" /><br />
* Rahul Mahajan as [[Tanaji Malusare]]<br />
** Mayurr More as Young Tanaji Malusare<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-03 |title="माझे काही सीन्स सिनेमातून कट झाले पण...", 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये तान्हाजी मालुसरेंची भूमिका साकारलेल्या अभिनेत्याची पोस्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/raja-shivaji-movie-marathi-actor-mayur-more-played-tanhaji-malusare-shared-post-a-a971/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503214322/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/raja-shivaji-movie-marathi-actor-mayur-more-played-tanhaji-malusare-shared-post-a-a971/ |archive-date=3 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Lokmat |language=mr }}</ref><br />
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as [[Randaula Khan]]<br />
* Nilesh Divekar as Afghan<br />
* [[Rajesh Mapuskar]] as [[Murtaza Nizam Shah III|Murtaza Nizamshah]]<br />
* Lavish Chauhan as [[Ali Adil Shah II|Ali Adilshah]]<br />
** Aarav Sharma as Young Ali Adilshah <br />
* Suhas Shirsat as Patil<ref name=":11" /><br />
* Sushma Deshpande as Aajibai<br />
* Shivani Mundhekar as Gavkari<br />
* Siddhesh Mhaske as [[Kanhoji Jedhe|Kanhoji]]'s son<br />
* [[Navdeep Tomar]] as Fateh Khan<br />
* Nilesh Deshpande as Poojari Bhat<br />
<br />
===Cameo appearances ===<br />
* [[Salman Khan]] as [[Jiva Mahala]] <br />
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Remo D'Souza]], Arya Gogavale and politician [[Dhiraj Deshmukh]] appeared in anthem "Chatrapati" song<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Anthem Song: 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमाच्या पहिल्या गाण्यात दिसली सिद्धार्थ जाधव, रेमो डिसूझाची झलक, अजय अतुलची चालली जादू |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-chhatrapati-anthem-song-by-ajay-atul-out/articleshow/130282236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415215213/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-chhatrapati-anthem-song-by-ajay-atul-out/articleshow/130282236.cms |archive-date=2026-04-15 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-18 |title=अतुल गोगावले यांच्या लेकाचं अभिनय क्षेत्रात पदार्पण; 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमाच्या गाण्यात दिसली झलक |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-cinema/atul-gogavale-son-arya-gogavale-makes-her-acting-debut-in-raja-shivaji-movie-riteish-deshmukh-a-a998/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji : 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात रितेश-जिनिलियासह देशमुख कुटुंबातील अजून 3 सदस्य झळकणार, पाचव्या नावाची तुम्ही कल्पनाही केली नसेल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/raja-shivaji-movie-5-members-from-deshmukh-family-play-important-role-dhiraj-deshmukh/1005219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501203557/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/raja-shivaji-movie-5-members-from-deshmukh-family-play-important-role-dhiraj-deshmukh/1005219 |archive-date=2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
[[File:Genelia D'Souza, Riteish Deshmukh grace-the-Hindustan-Times-India-Most-Stylish-Awards-2023-9.jpg|thumb|''Raja Shivaji'' is the fourth Marathi production of [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]] with her husband Riteish Deshmukh after ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014), [[Mauli (film)|''Mauli'']] (2018), and [[Ved (film)|''Ved'']] (2022).|299x299px]]<br />
<br />
Reports of a film based on [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]], to be produced by [[Riteish Deshmukh]], first emerged in 2015. On 20 August 2015, [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]] confirmed the project through Twitter, stating that the film was not merely a cinematic venture but a responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-22 |title=छत्रपती शिवाजींच्या भूमिकेत रितेश देशमुुख |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/riteish-deshmukh-to-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-in-wife-genelia-dsouzas-next-1134085/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107183645/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/riteish-deshmukh-to-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-in-wife-genelia-dsouzas-next-1134085/ |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रितेश देशमुख बनणार छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज.. जेनेलिया बनवणार फिल्म |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-riteish-deshmukh-making-film-on-shivaji-maharaj-5089459-pho.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528080503/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-riteish-deshmukh-making-film-on-shivaji-maharaj-5089459-pho.html |archive-date=2022-05-28 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref> Later that year, in December 2015, Riteish Deshmukh officially announced that [[Mumbai Film Company]]’s "Chhatrapati Shivaji" would be directed by [[Ravi Jadhav]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-26 |title=रितेश देशमुख काढणार 'छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजां'वर चित्रपट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/riteish-deshmukh-release-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106042857/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/riteish-deshmukh-release-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-movie/ |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-27 |title=Riteish Deshmukh to play Chhatrapati Shivaji in his next {{!}} Riteish Deshmukh to play Chhatrapati Shivaji in his next |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151227/entertainment-bollywood/article/riteish-deshmukh-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-his-next |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318131158/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151227/entertainment-bollywood/article/riteish-deshmukh-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-his-next|archive-date=2016-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Jadhav, the project originated from an idea he conceived between 2014–2015, envisioning Deshmukh as Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=रितेश देशमुखसोबतच्या वादामुळे सोडला 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमा? रवी जाधव म्हणाले- "या सिनेमाची कल्पना माझी होती, पण..." |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/ravi-jadhav-revealed-why-he-did-not-direct-ritesh-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-movie-a-a971/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134438/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/ravi-jadhav-revealed-why-he-did-not-direct-ritesh-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-movie-a-a971/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":abp">{{Cite web |last=Kambale |first=Bhagyahree |title='राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटातून माघार घेतल्यावर रवी जाधवांचं स्पष्टीकरण, रितेश देशमुख बोलला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ravi-jadhav-breaks-silence-on-exit-from-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-marathi-entertainment-news-1407749 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134852/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ravi-jadhav-breaks-silence-on-exit-from-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-marathi-entertainment-news-1407749|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> The two subsequently began developing the film, with Deshmukh backing the project as both actor and producer under Mumbai Film Company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=रितेश देशमुखशी वाद झाल्याने रवी जाधवने 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपट सोडला? पडद्यामागे नेमकं काय घडलं? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/director-ravi-jadhav-tell-why-he-did-not-direct-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie/974182 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134546/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/director-ravi-jadhav-tell-why-he-did-not-direct-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie/974182|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the next few years, multiple writers—including Tejas Palve, [[Vishwas Patil]] and [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]—worked on successive drafts of the screenplay, and a look test and preliminary poster design were also completed during this phase.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2026-01-08 |title="आमच्यात भांडण.." रितेशबरोबरच्या वादांच्या चर्चांवर रवी जाधव व्यक्त ; राजा शिवाजी सिनेमाबद्दल म्हणाले.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/director-ravi-jadhav-finally-opens-up-about-amid-feud-about-riteish-deshmukh-for-raja-shivaji-movie-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Sakal |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134731/https://www.esakal.com/premier/director-ravi-jadhav-finally-opens-up-about-amid-feud-about-riteish-deshmukh-for-raja-shivaji-movie-entertainment-news-kds07|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the project did not move forward as initially planned. Jadhav later stated that personal circumstances and delays led to his withdrawal from the film, clarifying that there was no disagreement between him and Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title="माझं वैयक्तिकरित्या खूप नुकसान…", 'बँजो' चित्रपटाबद्दल रवी जाधव म्हणाले... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bollywood/ravi-jadhav-on-the-failure-of-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-banjo-movie-says-talks-about-his-personal-lost-nsp-98-5624243/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Loksatta |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107174032/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bollywood/ravi-jadhav-on-the-failure-of-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-banjo-movie-says-talks-about-his-personal-lost-nsp-98-5624243/|archive-date=2026-01-07|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In September 2016, reports suggested that [[Salman Khan]] had agreed to be part of the Marathi biopic, starring Riteish Deshmukh in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It was gracious of Salman Khan to be part of Shivaji biopic: Riteish Deshmukh |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-was-gracious-of-salman-khan-to-be-part-of-shivaji-biopic-riteish-deshmukh-2257747 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=DNA India |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927035428/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-was-gracious-of-salman-khan-to-be-part-of-shivaji-biopic-riteish-deshmukh-2257747|archive-date=2016-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-22 |title=Gracious of Salman Khan to be part of Shivaji biopic: Riteish Deshmukh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gracious-of-salman-khan-to-be-part-of-shivaji-biopic-riteish-deshmukh-3044852/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016191344/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gracious-of-salman-khan-to-be-part-of-shivaji-biopic-riteish-deshmukh-3044852/|archive-date=2020-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, Deshmukh stated that the screenplay had been completed and that the film could become one of the most expensive projects in Marathi cinema, with a budget reportedly exceeding ₹200 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-31 |title="छत्रपती शिवाजी" सिनेमाचं बजेट 200 करोड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/budget-chhatrapati-shivaji-200-crores/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308035605/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/budget-chhatrapati-shivaji-200-crores/|archive-date=2026-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> By November 2017, Deshmukh confirmed his active involvement in the scripting process and stated that he had been extensively reading historical texts such as ''Vedh Mahamanawacha'', ''Shree Raja Shivchatrapati'', and ''Shivcharitra''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-07 |title=Riteish Deshmukh's Shivaji biopic to go on floors next month; keeps mum about Housefull 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukhs-shivaji-biopic-go-floors-next-month-keeps-mum-housefull-4/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917235253/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukhs-shivaji-biopic-go-floors-next-month-keeps-mum-housefull-4/|archive-date=2021-09-17|url-status=live}}</ref> He also indicated that the film might be produced as a Hindi–Marathi bilingual and would move into pre-production after revisions to the first draft of the screenplay, with filming planned the following year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh: The Shivaji biopic will roll next year |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-shivaji-biopic-will-roll-next-year/articleshow/61536049.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107214448/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-shivaji-biopic-will-roll-next-year/articleshow/61536049.html |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He described the Shivaji Maharaj's biopic as "labour of love and a lifelong dream"<ref name=":OTTPlay">{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji first look: Riteish Deshmukh embodies the spirit of the Maratha warrior Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in latest poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raja-shivaji-first-look-riteish-deshmukh-embodies-spirit-of-maratha-warrior-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-in-latest-poster/0300bcb650500 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219181747/https://www.ottplay.com/news/raja-shivaji-first-look-riteish-deshmukh-embodies-spirit-of-maratha-warrior-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-in-latest-poster/0300bcb650500|archive-date=2026-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref> and one of his most ambitious productions, following earlier projects such as ''[[Balak-Palak]]'' (2013), ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]'' (2014), ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014), and ''[[Faster Fene]]'' (2017), noting that working within the constraints of regional cinema encouraged a strong focus on content.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-07 |title=Riteish Deshmukh's upcoming Hindi-Marathi bilingual, Shivaji biopic, to go on floors next year |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-upcoming-hindi-marathi-bilingual-shivaji-biopic-to-go-on-floors-next-year-4197261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705130156/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-upcoming-hindi-marathi-bilingual-shivaji-biopic-to-go-on-floors-next-year-4197261.html |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
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On 19 February 2020, coinciding with the 390th [[Shiv Jayanti]], a [[trilogy]] based on life of Shivaji Maharaj announced, with [[Nagraj Manjule]] set to direct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Riteish Deshmukh announces trilogy on Chhatrapati Shivaji with Sairat director Nagraj Manjule |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/riteish-deshmukh-announces-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-with-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule-1648179-2020-02-20 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=India Today |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054021/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/riteish-deshmukh-announces-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-with-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule-1648179-2020-02-20|archive-date=2022-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Nagraj Manjule come together for multilingual trilogy on Chhatrapati Shivaji |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Feb/20/riteish-deshmukh-nagraj-manjule-come-together-for-multilingual-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-17137.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206151244/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Feb/20/riteish-deshmukh-nagraj-manjule-come-together-for-multilingual-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-17137.html|archive-date=2021-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Riteish stated that he had wanted to work with Manjule, having been impressed by the filmmaker’s debut film ''[[Fandry]]'', and noted that Manjule himself was keen on making a film on Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh: Wanted to work with Nagraj Manjule even before Sairat released |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-wanted-to-work-with-nagraj-manjule-even-before-sairat-released/articleshow/74308809.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134842/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-wanted-to-work-with-nagraj-manjule-even-before-sairat-released/articleshow/74308809.html|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Riteish Deshmukh says he wanted to work with Nagraj Manjule even before Sairat released |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-says-wanted-work-nagraj-manjule-even-sairat-released/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423075256/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-says-wanted-work-nagraj-manjule-even-sairat-released/|archive-date=2025-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref> The first film in the trilogy was planned as a [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] release in 2021, with music composed by [[Ajay-Atul]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-21 |title=Riteish Deshmukh teams up with Nagraj Manjule for a trilogy on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/riteish-deshmukh-teams-up-with-nagraj-manjule-for-a-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj/articleshow/74242904.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218122543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/riteish-deshmukh-teams-up-with-nagraj-manjule-for-a-trilogy-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj/articleshow/74242904.cms|archive-date=2023-02-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-19 |title=Riteish Deshmukh and Nagraj Manjule join hands for trilogy on Chhatrapati Shivaji |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-chhatrapati-shivaji-trilogy-nagraj-manjule-video-6276004/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506225940/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-chhatrapati-shivaji-trilogy-nagraj-manjule-video-6276004/|archive-date=2022-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref>. Background score has been given by John Stewart Eduri.The makers planned the trilogy as three films tracing different phases of Shivaji's life- ''Shivaji'', centred on his early years; ''Raja Shivaji'', focusing on the establishment of the [[Maratha Empire]]; and ''Chhatrapati Shivaji'', covering the period of his wider political and military influence across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2020-02-27 |title=Riteish Deshmukh on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj trilogy: Hope to go on floors before the year ends |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/riteish-deshmukh-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-trilogy-hope-to-go-on-floors-before-the-year-ends-1650397-2020-02-27 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=India Today |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054256/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/riteish-deshmukh-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-trilogy-hope-to-go-on-floors-before-the-year-ends-1650397-2020-02-27|archive-date=2022-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022, Manjule stated that the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had disrupted the project's schedule, delaying production by nearly two years, though he clarified that the film had not been shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Director Nagraj Manjule says film on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj pushed due to pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nagraj-manjule-says-film-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-pushed-due-to-pandemic-7805375/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111849/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nagraj-manjule-says-film-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-pushed-due-to-pandemic-7805375/|archive-date=2023-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-07 |title=Nagraj Manjule says film on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj pushed due to pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nagraj-manjule-says-film-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-pushed-due-to-pandemic/articleshow/90052293.cms |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nagraj-manjule-says-film-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-pushed-due-to-pandemic/articleshow/90052293.cms|archive-date=2022-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, Manjule exited the project following Jio Studios’ announcement of its production slate, which included ''Khashaba'', to be directed by Manjule himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahire |first=Sameer |title=EXCLUSIVE : Nagraj Manjule On Chatrapati Shivaji Trilogy, Naal 2 and His Next Directorial — |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/exclusive-nagraj-manjule-on-chatrapati-shivaji-trilogy-naal-2-and-his-next-directorial/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Movie Talkies |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117072839/https://www.movietalkies.com/news/exclusive-nagraj-manjule-on-chatrapati-shivaji-trilogy-naal-2-and-his-next-directorial/|archive-date=2024-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-04-24 |title=Reliance Jio Studios Teams With Nagraj Manjule On Film About India's First Olympic Medallist, K. D. Jadhav |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/reliance-jio-studios-nagraj-manjule-olympic-medallist-k-d-jadhav-1235334651/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520023845/https://deadline.com/2023/04/reliance-jio-studios-nagraj-manjule-olympic-medallist-k-d-jadhav-1235334651/|archive-date=2023-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinde-Paul |first=Rasika |date=2026-01-03 |title=Riteish Deshmukh : २०२६ मध्ये 'हे' दोन मराठी चित्रपट १०० कोटी पार करणार! |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/raja-shivaji-and-khashaba-the-two-big-budget-films-from-marathi-film-industry/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Kalakruti Media |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124135131/https://kalakrutimedia.com/raja-shivaji-and-khashaba-the-two-big-budget-films-from-marathi-film-industry/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 19 February 2024, Riteish Deshmukh officially confirmed that he would direct the film himself and unveiled the first poster, announcing the title as ''Raja Shivaji''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-02-19 |title=Mukesh Ambani's Jio Studios, Riteish Deshmukh's Mumbai Film Company Set Young Shivaji Biopic (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/riteish-deshmukh-mukesh-ambani-jio-studios-shivaji-film-1235915386/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108143150/https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/riteish-deshmukh-mukesh-ambani-jio-studios-shivaji-film-1235915386/|archive-date=2025-01-08|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santosh Sivan]] was signed on as the film's cinematographer, marking his debut in [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title='Raja Shivaji': Riteish Deshmukh to play Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in his second directorial, poster out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-to-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-in-his-second-directorial-poster-out/articleshow/107823104.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220120327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-to-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-in-his-second-directorial-poster-out/articleshow/107823104.cms|archive-date=2024-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Riteish Deshmukh to direct, star in historical action drama 'Raja Shivaji' |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-to-direct-star-in-historical-action-drama-raja-shivaji/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Pune Mirror |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913201244/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-to-direct-star-in-historical-action-drama-raja-shivaji/|archive-date=2025-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref> The production design was served by Nikhil Kovale, Apurva Bhagat, and Shashank Tere. The action sequences were choreographed by Dawid Szatarski and Manohar Verma, while the costume design was carried out by [[Rushi Sharma]], [[Manoshi Nath]], and Pournima Oak.<ref name=":8" /><br />
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===Casting===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Riteish Deshmukh.jpg<br />
| image2 = Abhishek Bachchan.jpg<br />
| image3 = Sanjay Dutt at Mumbai Airport, 2018 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image4 = Fardeen Khan at the screening of Tadap.jpg<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
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| total_width = 540<br />
| footer = (''Left to right''): Riteish Deshmukh, Abhishek Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, Fardeen Khan, Mahesh Manjrekar, Sachin Khedekar<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image5 = Mahesh Manjrekar 1.jpg<br />
| image6 = Sachin Khedekar.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Genelia dsouza love big and cbs press meet.jpg<br />
| image2 = Bhagyashree.Patwardhan.jpg<br />
| image3 = Vidya Balan in 2023 (1) (cropped).jpg<br />
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| footer = (''Left to right''): Genelia Deshmukh, Bhagyahree and Vidya Balan<br />
}}<br />
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Riteish Deshmukh was confirmed to portray [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=शिवजयंतीला रितेश देशमुखची मोठी घोषणा! 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमात साकारणार मुख्य भूमिका |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-announced-movie-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-raja-shivaji-to-play-lead-role-a-a971/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124133201/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-announced-movie-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-raja-shivaji-to-play-lead-role-a-a971/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2025, ''[[The Times of India|ETimes]]'' reported that [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] had joined the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=Sanjay Dutt, Abhishek Bachchan, and Fardeen Khan to play Mughals in Riteish Deshmukh's 'Raja Shivaji'—Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-abhishek-bachchan-and-fardeen-khan-to-play-mughals-in-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivajiexclusive/articleshow/117940346.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323030717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-abhishek-bachchan-and-fardeen-khan-to-play-mughals-in-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivajiexclusive/articleshow/117940346.cms|archive-date=2025-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-02-07 |title=रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटाबद्दल मोठी अपडेट; 'हे' तीन बॉलिवूड अभिनेते साकारणार मुघल |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/riteish-deshmukh-announces-raja-shivaji-film-three-top-actors-to-play-mughal-emperors-psn14 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Sakal |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124133201/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-announced-movie-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-raja-shivaji-to-play-lead-role-a-a971/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2025, [[Bhagyashree]] was reported to have been cast as Shivaji Maharaj's mother,<ref name=":SS">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Riteish Deshmukh begins second schedule of Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/riteish-deshmukh-second-schedule-raja-shivaji-goregaon-film-city-23516631 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727054508/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/riteish-deshmukh-second-schedule-raja-shivaji-goregaon-film-city-23516631|archive-date=2025-07-27|url-status=live}}</ref> a development that was later officially confirmed by the makers through a poster unveiling the principal cast. The same announcement confirmed [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Amole Gupte]], and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Sanjay Dutt and Abhishek Bachchan to star in Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2025/May/23/riteish-deshmukh-sanjay-dutt-and-abhishek-bachchan-to-star-in-raja-shivaji |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622154416/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2025/May/23/riteish-deshmukh-sanjay-dutt-and-abhishek-bachchan-to-star-in-raja-shivaji|archive-date=2025-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=''Raja Shivaji'' Poster: Abhishek Bachchan, Fardeen Khan In Riteish Deshmukh's Directorial |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-poster-abhishek-bachchan-fardeen-khan-in-riteish-deshmukhs-directorial-8470671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723103531/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-poster-abhishek-bachchan-fardeen-khan-in-riteish-deshmukhs-directorial-8470671 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Raja Shivaji: Riteish Deshmukh reveals first look poster of his magnum opus, film to release on this date |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-reveals-first-look-poster-of-his-magnum-opus-film-to-release-on-this-date-101747839873997.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219042406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-reveals-first-look-poster-of-his-magnum-opus-film-to-release-on-this-date-101747839873997.html|archive-date=2025-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjay Dutt was subsequently reported to be portraying the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title='अफझल खान'च्या भूमिकेतील संजय दत्तचा 'डेडली' लूक; 'राजा शिवाजी'च्या सेटवरील व्हिडीओ व्हायरल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-look-revealed-as-afzal-khan-from-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-video-viral-a-a988/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124133532/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-look-revealed-as-afzal-khan-from-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-video-viral-a-a988/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":SD">{{Cite web |last=Khane |first=Ankita |date=2025-12-12 |title='राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात संजय दत्त अफजलखानाची भूमिका साकारणार; पहिल्यांदाच लूक समोर, VIDEO मुळे |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-looks-as-afzal-khan-in-raja-shivaji-movie-first-look-revealed-video-sparks-curiosity-1403941 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212071336/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-looks-as-afzal-khan-in-raja-shivaji-movie-first-look-revealed-video-sparks-curiosity-1403941|archive-date=2025-12-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Riteish Deshmukh's son, Rahyl Deshmukh, will make his acting debut in the film, playing the younger version of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-son-rahyl-deshmukh-makes-her-acting-debut-will-appear-in-raja-shivaji-movie-a-a991/|title= वडिलांच्या पावलांवर पाऊल! रितेश देशमुखच्या धाकट्या लेकाचं सिनेसृष्टीत पदार्पण,'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये साकारणार भूमिका | work= [[Lokmat]]|date=20 April 2026|access-date=20 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425072829/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-son-rahyl-deshmukh-makes-her-acting-debut-will-appear-in-raja-shivaji-movie-a-a991/|archive-date=25 April 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2025, reports stated that [[Vidya Balan]] had also joined the cast in an undisclosed role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-26 |title=Vidya Balan joins 'Raja Shivaji' cast, Riteish Deshmukh brings Sanjay Dutt, Abhishek Bachchan, Mahesh Manjrekar and others for Pan-India flick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-raja-shivaji-cast-riteish-deshmukh-brings-sanjay-dutt-abhishek-bachchan-mahesh-manjrekar-and-others-for-pan-india-flick/articleshow/122086172.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112121755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-raja-shivaji-cast-riteish-deshmukh-brings-sanjay-dutt-abhishek-bachchan-mahesh-manjrekar-and-others-for-pan-india-flick/articleshow/122086172.cms|archive-date=2025-11-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vidya Balan joins Riteish Deshmukh in Raja Shivaji; Ensemble gets even bigger |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-vidya-balan-joins-riteish-deshmukh-in-raja-shivaji-ensemble-gets-even-bigger-1392277 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723125752/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-vidya-balan-joins-riteish-deshmukh-in-raja-shivaji-ensemble-gets-even-bigger-1392277|archive-date=2025-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref> A month later, she confirmed during an interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' that she had completed her shooting portions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=रितेश देशमुखच्या आगामी 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात असणार विद्या बालन, भूमिकेविषयी व्यक्त केल्या भावना; म्हणाली… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/bollywood-actress-vidya-balan-share-experience-of-working-with-riteish-deshmukh-and-her-role-in-the-upcoming-movie-raja-shivaji-ssm-00-5246313/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107101508/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/bollywood-actress-vidya-balan-share-experience-of-working-with-riteish-deshmukh-and-her-role-in-the-upcoming-movie-raja-shivaji-ssm-00-5246313/|archive-date=2026-01-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Balan on Reuniting with Sanjay Dutt and Working with Riteish Deshmukh In Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/vidya-balan-on-reuniting-with-sanjay-dutt-and-working-with-riteish-deshmukh-in-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-film |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107101508/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/vidya-balan-on-reuniting-with-sanjay-dutt-and-working-with-riteish-deshmukh-in-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-film|archive-date=2026-01-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The role was initially offered to [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], but she declined due to scheduling conflicts with ''[[Bhooth Bangla|Bhoot Bangla]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=2026-05-06 |title=Vidya Balan Shines in What Tabu Said ‘No’ To |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/vidya-balan-shines-in-what-tabu-said-no-to-1955044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507112232/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/vidya-balan-shines-in-what-tabu-said-no-to-1955044 |archive-date=7 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en }}</ref> [[Boman Irani]] joined the cast after Riteish Deshmukh personally approached him for the role of Peer Baba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2026-05-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Director Boman Irani wants to follow Stanley Kubrick's footsteps: "I don't want anyone to say, 'Yeh Boman Irani style film hai'"; opens up on his surprise Raja Shivaji transformation: "Riteish Deshmukh wanted me to have a full buzurg look" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-director-boman-irani-wants-to-follow-stanley-kubricks-footsteps-i-dont-want-anyone-to-say-yeh-boman-irani-style-film-hai-opens-up-on-his-surprise-raja-shivaji-transformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507103830/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-director-boman-irani-wants-to-follow-stanley-kubricks-footsteps-i-dont-want-anyone-to-say-yeh-boman-irani-style-film-hai-opens-up-on-his-surprise-raja-shivaji-transformation/ |archive-date=7 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en }}</ref> [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] lawyer Siddharth Shinde was reported to have played a brief role in the film, which was later revealed by Riteish Deshmukh following his death in September 2025 through a social media post sharing photographs from the sets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title="मित्रा, आत्ता तर आपण शूटिंग केलं...", वकील सिद्धार्थ शिंदे यांच्या निधनानंतर रितेशची भावुक पोस्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-emotional-after-knowing-about-passing-away-of-dear-friend-siddharth-shinde-supreme-court-advocate-a-a945/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124133906/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-emotional-after-knowing-about-passing-away-of-dear-friend-siddharth-shinde-supreme-court-advocate-a-a945/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Yash |date=2025-09-17 |title=Riteish Deshmukh : रितेश देशमुखच्या मित्राचे निधन, फोटो शेअर करताना अभिनेता झाला भावुक |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-mourns-advocate-siddharth-shinde-death-supreme-court-lawyer-friend-emotional-post-photos-latest-marathi-news-yps99 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Saam TV |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013030707/https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukh-mourns-advocate-siddharth-shinde-death-supreme-court-lawyer-friend-emotional-post-photos-latest-marathi-news-yps99|archive-date=2025-10-13|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also reported that Marathi television actor Kapil Honrao had joined the film;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-05-22 |title='राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात 'सुख म्हणजे काय असतं' फेम अभिनेत्याची वर्णी; शेअर केली पोस्ट, प्रेक्षकांचा शुभेच्छांचा वर्षाव |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/marathi-tv-actor-entered-in-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-shared-post-psn14 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Sakal |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134338/https://www.esakal.com/premier/marathi-tv-actor-entered-in-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-shared-post-psn14|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> he later confirmed his participation through an Instagram story, revealing that he had been cast by Rohan Mapuskar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये झळकणार मराठी मालिकाविश्वातील 'हा' अभिनेता; म्हणाला... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-actor-kapil-honrao-cast-in-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-bollywood-news-1385976 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008222310/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-actor-kapil-honrao-cast-in-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-bollywood-news-1385976|archive-date=2025-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=मालिकाविश्वातील अभिनेत्याला मिळाली मोठी संधी! रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात झळकणार, साकारणार 'ही' भूमिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-fame-actor-kapil-honrao-play-this-role-in-raja-shivaji-movie-directed-by-riteish-deshmukh-sva-00-5392305/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922201009/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-fame-actor-kapil-honrao-play-this-role-in-raja-shivaji-movie-directed-by-riteish-deshmukh-sva-00-5392305/|archive-date=2025-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In early November 2025, media reports suggested that [[Salman Khan]] would make a cameo appearance as [[Jiva Mahala|Jeeva Mahala]], a loyal warrior of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=Salman Khan to play Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's right hand Jeeva Mahala in Riteish Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-right-hand-jeeva-mahala-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104183646/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-play-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-right-hand-jeeva-mahala-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji/|archive-date=2025-11-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan had earlier appeared in Marathi films such as ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014) and ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=2025-11-06 |title=Salman Khan Has A Cameo In Ritesh Deshmukh's 'Raja Shivaji' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-has-a-cameo-in-ritesh-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-1915331 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106170605/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-has-a-cameo-in-ritesh-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-1915331|archive-date=2025-11-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeeva Mahala is historically known for protecting Shivaji Maharaj during the attack by Sayyad Banda, a lieutenant of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]].<ref name=":MD" /> Reportedly, Khan's cameo includes a few intense close-up scenes, with the film's action designed by Parvez Shaikh.<ref name=":SK" /> According to ''[[Pinkvilla]]'', Khan allotted two days for the cameo shoot between 8 and 14 November 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Salman Khan allots 2 days for his cameo in Riteish Deshmukh-directed Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salman-khan-allots-2-days-for-his-cameo-in-riteish-deshmukh-directed-raja-shivaji-1398286 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123180845/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salman-khan-allots-2-days-for-his-cameo-in-riteish-deshmukh-directed-raja-shivaji-1398286|archive-date=2025-11-23|url-status=live}}</ref> amidst his commitments to other projects, and completed filming by 12 November.<ref name=":MD">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Salman Khan to have a cameo in Riteish Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-cameo-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-jeeva-mahala-23601841 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124134130/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-cameo-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-jeeva-mahala-23601841|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Salman Khan wraps cameo shoot for Riteish Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji, plans return for action sequences: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-wraps-cameo-shoot-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-plans-return-action-sequences-report/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112113608/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-wraps-cameo-shoot-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-plans-return-action-sequences-report/|archive-date=2026-01-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Salman Khan wraps shooting his cameo for Ritiesh Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-wraps-shooting-his-cameo-for-ritiesh-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-23603087 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216215312/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-wraps-shooting-his-cameo-for-ritiesh-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-23603087|archive-date=2025-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suresh Vishwakarma]] confirmed his role through a post on 28 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-28 |title=सैराट' फेम दिग्गज अभिनेते 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये झळकणार; रितेश देशमुखसोबत फोटो पोस्ट करत म्हणाले... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sairat-fame-actor-suresh-vishwakarma-in-raja-shivaji-shares-photo-with-riteish-deshmukh-1421997 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428082259/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sairat-fame-actor-suresh-vishwakarma-in-raja-shivaji-shares-photo-with-riteish-deshmukh-1421997|archive-date=2026-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-28 |title='सैराट'फेम अभिनेता 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये झळकणार, रितेशसोबत फोटो पोस्ट करत म्हणाला... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/suresh-vishwakarma-played-important-role-in-raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-movie-a-a945/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428082233/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/suresh-vishwakarma-played-important-role-in-raja-shivaji-riteish-deshmukh-movie-a-a945/|archive-date=2026-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
[[Principal photography]] for the film began in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=रितेश देशमुखचा ड्रीम प्रोजेक्ट असलेल्या 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमाच्या सेटवरील फोटो व्हायरल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-photos-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-on-set-of-raja-shivaji-movie-a-a998/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124135819/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-photos-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-on-set-of-raja-shivaji-movie-a-a998/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming initially covered Shivaji Maharaj's early years, with a [[Shivneri Fort]] set specially constructed at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":SS"/> The second schedule commenced in early April 2025 and covered several key phases of Shivaji Maharaj's life. Scenes filmed during this leg included his meeting with his wife, [[Sai Bhonsale|Rani Saibai]], his coronation ceremony at [[Raigad Fort]], and a major battle sequence. The schedule continued until mid-April.<ref name=":SS" /> During production in April 2025, a 26-year-old dancer, Saurabh Sharma, who was part of the film's choreography team, drowned in the [[Krishna River]] at Sangam Mahuli in [[Satara district]] after completing the shoot for a song sequence. His body was recovered two days later, and the incident occurred while filming was underway in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodke |first=Vaibhav |date=2025-04-22 |title=रितेश देशमुखच्या चित्रपटातील कलाकार कृष्णा नदीत बुडाला; साताऱ्यात शुटींगवेळी घडली दुर्घटना |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/satara/actor-drowns-in-krishna-river-accident-occurred-during-shooting-in-satara-bollywood-riteish-deshmukh-film-raja-shivaji-1355738 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422161746/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/satara/actor-drowns-in-krishna-river-accident-occurred-during-shooting-in-satara-bollywood-riteish-deshmukh-film-raja-shivaji-1355738|archive-date=2025-04-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Dancer filming Riteish Deshmukh movie Raja Shivaji drowns in river in Satara; body found after 2 days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dancer-filming-riteish-deshmukh-movie-raja-shivaji-drowns-in-river-in-satara-body-found-after-2-days-101745549552299.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726233557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dancer-filming-riteish-deshmukh-movie-raja-shivaji-drowns-in-river-in-satara-body-found-after-2-days-101745549552299.html |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Mumbai schedule began in October 2025, at Film City, Goregaon, where a massive sets that represented parts of a fort was built for the shoot.<ref name=":SS" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title='Raja Shivaji': Salman Khan wraps cameo shoot for Riteish Deshmukh's period drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raja-shivaji-salman-khan-wraps-cameo-shoot-for-riteish-deshmukhs-period-drama/articleshow/125330312.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102223150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raja-shivaji-salman-khan-wraps-cameo-shoot-for-riteish-deshmukhs-period-drama/articleshow/125330312.cms|archive-date=2026-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref> These sets remained in place for over six months. Several key forts were scanned, closely studied, and recreated with meticulous attention to detail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-17 |title=Riteish Deshmukh wraps Raja Shivaji with a poetic note: Sun paused for a moment... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/riteish-deshmukh-wraps-raja-shivaji-with-a-poetic-note-sun-paused-for-a-moment-2837127-2025-12-17 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217054432/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/riteish-deshmukh-wraps-raja-shivaji-with-a-poetic-note-sun-paused-for-a-moment-2837127-2025-12-17|archive-date=2025-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref> By late October filming had taken place across the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri mountain ranges]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Riteish Deshmukh shoots amid the Sahyadri range for 'Raja Shivaji' |url=https://ianslive.in/riteish-deshmukh-shoots-amid-the-sahyadri-range-for-raja-shivaji--20251025005130 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=IANS News |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024224132/https://ianslive.in/riteish-deshmukh-shoots-amid-the-sahyadri-range-for-raja-shivaji--20251025005130|archive-date=2025-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=Riteish Deshmukh shares stunning visuals from Raja Shivaji sets |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/riteish-deshmukh-shoots-amid-the-sahyadri-range-for-raja-shivaji-23600159 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029165111/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/riteish-deshmukh-shoots-amid-the-sahyadri-range-for-raja-shivaji-23600159|archive-date=2025-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming moved into its final phase in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title="वर्षभराचा प्रवास लवकरच...", रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमाविषयी महत्त्वाची अपडेट, झळकणार 'हे' दिग्गज कलाकार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-updates-star-cast-list-actor-shares-glimpses-from-set-sva-00-5495493/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Loksatta |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124135811/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-updates-star-cast-list-actor-shares-glimpses-from-set-sva-00-5495493/|archive-date=2026-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan completed filming his cameo portions during this period at a suburban studio in Mumbai.<ref name=":SK">{{Cite web |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=2025-11-15 |title=Salman Khan finishes cameo shoot for Riteish Deshmukh's Raja Shivaji |url=https://www.siasat.com/salman-khan-finishes-cameo-shoot-for-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-3296981/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214090117/https://www.siasat.com/salman-khan-finishes-cameo-shoot-for-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-3296981/|archive-date=2025-12-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Dutt's portions, in which he portrays the film's primary antagonist, were postponed and subsequently filmed in December 2025, marking the completion of his schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रितेश देशमुखच्या 'राजा शिवाजी'मध्ये सलमान खानची एन्ट्री, 'या' भूमिकेत दिसणार भाईजान |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/salman-khan-to-play-a-role-in-riteish-deshmukh-s-raja-shivaji-movie-along-with-sanjay-dutt-a-a945/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Lokmat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110041002/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/salman-khan-to-play-a-role-in-riteish-deshmukh-s-raja-shivaji-movie-along-with-sanjay-dutt-a-a945/|archive-date=2025-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रितेशच्या 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटात संजय दत्त अफजलखानाच्या भूमिकेत, सेटवरील VIDEO लीक |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-afzal-khan-look-viral-on-social-media-riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-movie-1558277.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=News18 Marathi}}</ref> Filming concluded on 16 December 2025. The film was shot over a period of approximately 100 days across locations including [[Mahabaleshwar]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], and Mumbai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=Riteish Deshmukh wraps shoot for epic historical drama Raja Shivaji; says, "For over 100 days, our team poured its heart, soul, and unwavering dedication into this dream" 100 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/riteish-deshmukh-wraps-shoot-epic-historical-drama-raja-shivaji-says-100-days-team-poured-heart-soul-unwavering-dedication-dream/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104203031/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/riteish-deshmukh-wraps-shoot-epic-historical-drama-raja-shivaji-says-100-days-team-poured-heart-soul-unwavering-dedication-dream/|archive-date=2026-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post-production===<br />
[[Post-production]] of the film began simultaneously with the wrapping-up of filming in December 2025.<ref name=":5" /> The VFX work of the film is done by [[Assemblage Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=‘Raja Shivaji’ prepares for theatrical release - |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/vfx/raja-shivaji-prepares-for-theatrical-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430144136/https://www.animationxpress.com/vfx/raja-shivaji-prepares-for-theatrical-release/ |archive-date=2026-04-30 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Animation Express |language=en}}</ref> and editing was handled by Urvashi Saxena.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Genelia Deshmukh visit Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Temple ahead of ‘Raja Shivaji’ release |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-visit-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-temple-ahead-of-raja-shivaji-release-3041197.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427100653/https://zeenews.india.com/people/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-visit-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-temple-ahead-of-raja-shivaji-release-3041197.html |archive-date=2026-04-27 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The Marathi version received a U/A certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) on 24 April 2026, with a final runtime of 195.05 minutes, while the Hindi version was certified on 28 April 2026 with a runtime of 187.05 minutes.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=25 April 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Raja Shivaji is 3 hours 15 minutes long; joins elite club of Animal, Pushpa 2, Dhurandhar, Border 2; CBFC replaces child violence visual in Riteish Deshmukh-starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-raja-shivaji-is-3-hours-15-minutes-long-joins-elite-club-of-animal-pushpa-2-dhurandhar-border-2-cbfc-replaces-child-violence-visual-in-riteish-deshmukh-starrer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426073044/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-raja-shivaji-is-3-hours-15-minutes-long-joins-elite-club-of-animal-pushpa-2-dhurandhar-border-2-cbfc-replaces-child-violence-visual-in-riteish-deshmukh-starrer/ |archive-date=2026-04-26 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2026-04-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Raja Shivaji to release with different runtimes in Hindi and Marathi; Hindi version shorter by 8 minutes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-raja-shivaji-to-release-with-different-runtimes-in-hindi-and-marathi-hindi-version-shorter-by-8-minutes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429080934/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-raja-shivaji-to-release-with-different-runtimes-in-hindi-and-marathi-hindi-version-shorter-by-8-minutes/ |archive-date=2026-04-29 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marketing==<br />
On 21 May 2025, [[Riteish Deshmukh]] released film's first motion poster along with the film's release date.<ref name=":2" /> Later, on 19 February 2026, he revealed the first-look poster featuring him as [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2026-02-19 |title=एका हातात तलवार दुसऱ्या हातात भगवा ! रितेशला 'राजा शिवाजी' सिनेमात शिवबांच्या लूकमध्ये पाहून चाहते भावूक |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/actor-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-raja-shivaji-first-look-poster-out-on-social-media-occasion-shiv-jayanti-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Sakal |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219121935/https://www.esakal.com/premier/actor-riteish-deshmukh-starrer-raja-shivaji-first-look-poster-out-on-social-media-occasion-shiv-jayanti-entertainment-news-kds07|archive-date=2026-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Raja Shivaji First Poster Featuring Riteish Deshmukh As Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Is Tribute To Maratha King |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/raja-shivaji-first-poster-featuring-riteish-deshmukh-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-is-tribute-to-maratha-king-on-shiv-jayanti-article-153645086 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Times Now |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219122548/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/raja-shivaji-first-poster-featuring-riteish-deshmukh-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-is-tribute-to-maratha-king-on-shiv-jayanti-article-153645086|archive-date=2026-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's teaser was showcased during screenings of ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' and was later released on social media on 31 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=Dhurandhar 2: Raja Shivaji first look teaser attached to Ranveer Singh's film |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-of-riteish-deshmukhs-film-attached-with-dhurandhar-2-23621469 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Mid-day |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318145816/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-of-riteish-deshmukhs-film-attached-with-dhurandhar-2-23621469|archive-date=2026-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=Raja Shivaji first look teaser to premiere with Dhurandhar The Revenge in theatres |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-premiere-dhurandhar-revenge-theatres/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318150526/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-premiere-dhurandhar-revenge-theatres/ |archive-date=2026-03-18 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> It was also showcased on [[Bigg Boss Marathi season 6|''Big Boss Marathi 6'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-05 |title='Raja Shivaji' teaser on TV: Riteish Deshmukh's historical film gets Bigg Boss Marathi 6 slot; First look to air at 8 PM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/raja-shivaji-teaser-on-tv-riteish-deshmukhs-historical-film-gets-bigg-boss-marathi-6-slot-first-look-to-air-at-8-pm/articleshow/130039714.cms |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The trailer launch event held at Jio World Drive, Mumbai, and it was also released on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-04-20 |title=Riteish Deshmukh’s ‘Raja Shivaji’ Trailer Bows From India’s Jio Studios |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-trailer-jio-studios-1236725850/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421070948/https://variety.com/2026/film/news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-trailer-jio-studios-1236725850/ |archive-date=2026-04-21 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Raja Shivaji'' was theatrically released on 1 May 2026, coinciding with [[Maharashtra Day]], in Marathi and Hindi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-03-31 |title=Riteish Deshmukh's Historical Epic 'Raja Shivaji' First Look Teaser Launches Online Following Theatrical Debut |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-1236703256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331143839/https://variety.com/2026/film/news/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-first-look-teaser-1236703256/ |archive-date=2026-03-31 |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "The 195-minute movie is epic in length but not in scope. There's little freshness or imagination in the slow-mo action scenes or in Santosh Sivan’s cinematography. Ajay-Atul's soundtrack has one catchy tune, the title song."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2026-05-01 |title=Review: ‘Raja Shivaji’ is a studious, plodding affair |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1092482/review-raja-shivaji-is-a-studious-plodding-affair |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP Majha]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and stated that the film adds pride to Maharashtra's legacy, with Riteish Deshmukh impressing through his detailed research, supported by impactful music from Ajay-Atul, making it an engaging and emotional cinematic experience despite minor flaws in VFX.<ref>{{Cite web |last=भाटीया |first=अमित |date=2026-05-01 |title=महाराष्ट्राच्या स्वाभिमानाला चार चाँद, रितेशचा रिसर्च, अजय-अतुलचं संगीत, मनं जिंकणारा 'राजा शिवाजी'! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/raja-shivaji-movie-review-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-riteish-deshmukh-has-left-his-mark-on-hearts-of-marathi-people-maharashtra-1422381 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Loksatta]]'' observed that Riteish Deshmukh presents ''Raja Shivaji'' in eight well-structured chapters covering key historical events and relationships effectively, but notes that some battle scenes feel artificial, with weak VFX, color grading, and editing, although the strong background music helps cover these flaws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji: ८ भागात कथेची अप्रतिम मांडणी, तांत्रिक उणिवा अन्...; 'कसा' आहे 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपट? वाचा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-film-marathi-review-updates-story-performance-sva-00-5871574/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Gayatri Nirmal of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' awarded 4 stars out of 5 stars, praised ''Raja Shivaji'' for approaching Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's story with visible respect and restraint, noting that the storytelling feels rooted and sincere, while also pointing out that some VFX portions feel average and occasionally pull viewers out of the experience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji Movie Review: Riteish Deshmukh shoulders history with sincerity in this stirring tale of Swarajya |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-shoulders-history-with-sincerity-in-this-stirring-tale-of-swarajya-1402708 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> Shreyas Pande of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Deshmukh "remains largely content with glorifying the king rather than inquiring into the nature of his glory" and observed that the efforts of making a conventional biopic convert the historical icon into a one-dimensional hero, fighting a generic good vs evil battle as the aesthetics genuflect in his honour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2026-05-01 |title=‘Raja Shivaji’ movie review: Riteish Deshmukh’s relentless historical remains effective in parts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-shivaji-maharaj-sanjay-dutt-abhishek-bachchan/article70928270.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated ''Raja Shivaji'' 3/5 stars and wrote that the film lacks extra cinematic punch, calling it a faithful and respectable tribute that follows the rulebook, but noting that it becomes one-toned after a point, with its impact weakening under the weight of the subject, as it stays on a surface level instead of exploring lesser-known anecdotes, even though the visual research is strong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Movie Review: Riteish Deshmukh Delivers Scale, Sincerity And Maratha Spirit In An Ode To Chhatrapati Maharaj |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-delivers-scale-sincerity-and-maratha-spirit-in-ode-to-chhatrapati-maharaj-review-154213353 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' opined that "''Raja Shivaji'' is a film that commands respect more than it commands engagement. The intent is noble, the scale undeniable. But for all it's visual grandeur, it doesn't translate into a consistent, gripping cinematic experience. It soars in parts, especially towards the end. But as a whole, it remains a spectacle that you admire more than you feel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji review: This epic drama, starring Riteish Deshmukh is more admirable than riveting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raja-shivaji-review-this-epic-drama-starring-riteish-deshmukh-is-more-admirable-than-riveting-101777626648793.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 stars, praised Riteish Deshmukh and Sanjay Dutt's performances, and noted that it has an "ultra-colourful Amar Chitra Katha aesthetic" and follows a "black-and-white universe" of good versus evil, with "not very cleverly hidden" CGI adding to its comic-book feel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji movie review: Riteish Deshmukh’s Amar Chitra Katha-style spectacle nearly stolen by Salman Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukhs-amar-chitra-katha-style-spectacle-nearly-stolen-by-salman-khan-10665875/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Shreyanka Mazumdar of ''[[News18]]'' rated Raja Shivaji 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film is a "sincere and ambitious" historical drama driven by Riteish Deshmukh’s controlled performance and steady direction, with strong key sequences, effective music, and solid technical aspects, though its lengthy runtime and pacing issues slightly affect the overall impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Review: Riteish Deshmukh Brings Valour And Vision Alive In This Powerful Historical Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukh-brings-valour-and-vision-alive-in-this-powerful-historical-drama-ws-l-10067664.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=News18}}</ref> Rachit Gupta, reviewing for ''[[Filmfare]]'', gave ''Raja Shivaji'' 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that "this story demands a roar," but the film ultimately delivers "a dignified murmur."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Review - Thundering Performances in a Not-so-epic Film |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/raja-shivaji-review-thundering-performances-in-a-not-so-epic-film-83624.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "''Raja Shivaji'' offers a fresh perspective on the making of a legendary leader, his unmatched strategic acumen and valour, but the execution is questionable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Movie Review: Riteish Deshmukh, Salman Khan, Sanjay Dutt and Abhishek Bachchan's film shows how Shivaji was the master of strategy, but… |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-salman-khan-sanjay-dutt-and-abhishek-bachchans-film-show-how-shivaji-was-the-master-of-strategy-but-14006621.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and stated that the film has its share of misses, with the VFX appearing decent but looking childish in some scenes, slow-motion shots becoming tiring especially during gory combat sequences, and the narrative sometimes feeling rushed due to the attempt to fit too much into a three-hour runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Movie Review: Riteish’s grand tribute to Shivaji Maharaj works well |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/raja-shivaji/movie-review/130674673.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3/5 rating and wrote that "Soap-style flaws, abrupt action, and logical gaps persist. But the heroism, the climax, and the sheer cultural weight of Shivaji Maharaj make you clap, roar, and cheer anyway."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Riteish Deshmukh’s Raja Shivaji Delivers Emotional Highs, Roaring Climax Despite Flaw |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukhs-raja-shivaji-delivers-emotional-highs-and-a-roaring-climax-despite-flaws-1953959 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote that "''Raja Shivaji'', for all its sweep and scale, does the unthinkable - go in for measured strokes rather than adopt massy methods in its emotive moments. It does not always work but the attempt itself is noteworthy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Raja Shivaji Review: This Riteish Deshmukh Film Isn't Always As Sharp As Its Tiger Claw But Has Moments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-review-this-riteish-deshmukh-film-isnt-always-sharp-as-its-tiger-claw-but-has-moments-11435654 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Bhavna Agarval of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded 3 stars out of 5 stars and said that "The film leans heavily into moments of valour and proclamation, building its hero in broad, reverential strokes" and noting that while it works in parts, especially when it taps into the emotional and ideological core of the story, it begins to feel stretched when it prioritises scale over storytelling, especially the first half, with the second half emerging as more thrilling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji review: Riteish Deshmukh’s grand ode has scale, needs sharper edges |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukh-grand-ode-has-scale-needs-sharper-edges-2904315-2026-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mayur Sanap of [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] gave 3 stars out of 5 stars, noted that Deshmukh presents it with a subtle, more controlled sense of grandeur avoids unnecessary larger-than-life treatment, unlike ''[[Chhaava]]'', but criticised uneven moments are further weakened by obvious CGI and some hectic editing, which do little to create any sense of awe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SANAP |first=MAYUR |title=Raja Shivaji Review: Riteish Deshmukh Fares Better As Director Than Actor |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukh-fares-better-as-director-than-actor/20260501.htm |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Sakshi Salil Chavan of [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] gave 2.5/5 stars, wrote that "violence dominates large stretches of the runtime," with "unconvincing CGI and uneven visual effects" disrupting immersion, and added that despite its grandeur and moments of quiet humanity, the film lacks cohesion and feels overwhelming due to its overextended runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-03 |title=Raja Shivaji Review {{!}} Riteish Deshmukh’s Directorial Debut Is Sincere, Yet Struggles Under Its Own Weight |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukhs-directorial-debut-is-sincere-yet-struggles-under-its-own-weight |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Pragati Awasthi of ''[[WION]]'' described ''Raja Shivaji'' as "a period drama that should connect emotionally through both story and presentation," and argued that the heavy use of CGI and music may make the movie feel good and gripping, but it's also where it loses its soul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji review: Riteish Deshmukh's film is stylish, lacks substance |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-review-riteish-deshmukh-s-film-is-stylish-lacks-substance-1777634013815 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated 4 stars out of 5 stars and wrote that "RAJA SHIVAJI pays a fine ode to one of India's greatest kings and works due to its execution, abundance of drama, emotion, mass-appealing moments and a climax that is sure to lead to a frenzy in cinemas."<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji Movie Review: RAJA SHIVAJI pays a fine ode to one of India’s greatest kings |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raja-shivaji/critic-review/raja-shivaji-movie-review/raja-shivaji-pays-a-fine-ode-to-one-of-indias-greatest-kings/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|archive-date=2026-05-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501154435/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raja-shivaji/critic-review/raja-shivaji-movie-review/raja-shivaji-pays-a-fine-ode-to-one-of-indias-greatest-kings/}}</ref> <br />
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Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote that while the film carries scale and ambition, the screenplay feels loose in several places and often resembles a television drama, with excessive slow-motion and uneven VFX weakening the impact; despite moments of grandeur and strong music, it ultimately remains an attractive but emotionally underwhelming retelling of history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा शिवाजी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/raja-shivaji/moviereview/130708463.cms |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Santosh Bhingarde of ''[[Sakal]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote that although the film feels slightly lengthy, the editing is handled effectively, and Santosh Sivan’s cinematography captures its grandeur beautifully; however, some unnecessary scenes slow the narrative, and while cinematic liberties are taken in the Afzal Khan episode, it is still presented in a grand and dramatic manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2026-05-02 |title=शिवकालिन इतिसाहातील एक सुवर्ण पान! भव्य सेट, दमदार संवाद आणि अॅक्शन सीन; कसा आहे 'राजा शिवाजी'? |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/raja-shivaji-movie-review-riteish-deshmukh-marathi-historical-film-analysis-amk08 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref> Swati Vemul of ''[[TV9 Marathi]]'' observed that ''Raja Shivaji'' feels somewhat lengthy, particularly in the second half where tighter editing could have improved the pacing; however, it felt that the film's overall presentation outweigh this shortcoming, making it not only inspiring but also a chance to reconnect with a glorious past.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vemul |first=Swati |date=2026-05-01 |title=Raja Shivaji Review : शौर्य, पराक्रमाची महागाथा; 'राजा शिवाजी' पाहताना उफाळून येतील भावना, रितेश देशमुखची कामगिरी कशी? |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-movie-review-in-marathi-riteish-deshmukh-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-genelia-salman-abhishek-sanjay-dutt-1659343.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Anupama Gunde of ''[[Pudhari]]'' rated 3/5 stars, wrote that Raja Shivaji attempts to explore Shivaji Maharaj's personal and emotional world while highlighting the contributions of [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale|Sambhaji]] and [[Shahaji]], but falls short in delivering emotional depth, with relationships and key moments lacking impact despite the film's grand historical canvas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gunde |first=Anupama |date=2026-05-02 |title=Raja Shivaji Movie : शिवाजी महाराजांच्या भावविश्वाचा वेध - राजा शिवाजी |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/shivaji-maharaj-personality-family-life-jijabai-shahaji-sambhaji-history-ab96 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> B.H. Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted that ''Raja Shivaji'' "carries a heightened emotional charge, no doubt, rousing almost to the point of being provocative," and that "there is a grandiosity to the storytelling here that feels sincere," while pointing out that the production scale is uneven and the editing occasionally choppy, and praising Santosh Sivan's work as "top-notch" for capturing the Maratha landscape with vigour and scale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2026-05-02 |title=Raja Shivaji Movie review: Occasionally mesmerising, largely laborious |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2026/May/02/raja-shivaji-movie-review-occasionally-mesmerising-largely-laborious |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
On its opening day, ''Raja Shivaji'', which was released across approximately 6,000 shows, collected ₹11.35 crore net in India, with the Marathi version contributing ₹8 crore and the Hindi version ₹3.35 crore, while the total gross collection reached ₹13.51 crore.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2026-05-02 |title=Raja Shivaji Box Office Collection Day 1: Riteish Deshmukh film sets Marathi record, earns over ₹11 cr on opening day |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-box-office-collection-day-1-riteish-deshmukh-film-sets-marathi-record-earns-over-rs-11-cr-on-opening-day-11777661965744.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Raja Shivaji' Box-Office Collection: Riteish Deshmukh's magnum opus creates hysteria, collects a historic Rs 11.35 crore on day one |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-box-office-riteish-deshmukhs-magnum-opus-creates-hysteria-collects-a-historic-rs-11-35-crore-on-day-one-14006692.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' reported opening day Marathi net collection around ₹7.50 crore and Hindi net around ₹3.75 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Din Dull Start - Marathi Film Raja Shivaji Huge Opening |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502182245/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9747 |archive-date=2026-05-02 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Box Office Update: New Releases And Holdovers |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502182434/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9749 |archive-date=2 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Box Office India }}</ref> Prior to release, the film recorded advance bookings of ₹5.14 crore gross, including approximately ₹4.25 crore from the original Marathi version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Box Office Collection: 'राजा शिवाजी' चित्रपटानं सर केला बॉक्स ऑफिसचा गड, पहिल्या दिवशी तब्बल इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/raja-shivaji-box-office-collection-day-1-riteish-deshmukh-historical-drama-film-witnessed-strong-start/articleshow/130708639.cms |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> It surpassed the opening-day record of ''[[Sairat]]'', which had collected an estimated ₹4.23 crore.<ref name=":9" /> By its first weekend, the film collected ₹43.66 crore and crossed the ₹50 crore mark worldwide in just five days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-05-04 |title=Riteish Deshmukh’s ‘Raja Shivaji’ Posts Record Opening Weekend for Marathi Cinema |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/riteish-deshmukh-raja-shivaji-record-opening-weekend-marathi-cinema-1236736590/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji: Riteish says stars worked free, film crosses Rs 50 crore mark |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/trending-now/everyone-has-worked-for-free-riteish-deshmukh-reveals-big-actors-didnt-charge-fee-for-raja-shivaji-3992983 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> On the sixth day, it also crossed ₹53.30 crore in net collections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-07 |title=Raja Shivaji and the death of the regional ceiling: Is Riteish Deshmukh rewriting Marathi cinema’s box-office destiny? |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/raja-shivaji-and-the-death-of-the-regional-ceiling-is-riteish-deshmukh-rewriting-marathi-cinemas-box-office-destiny/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> ''Raja Shivaji'' earned ₹62.42 crore in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Box Office Collection Day 7: Riteish Deshmukh’s Passion Project Maintains Momentum; Check |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/raja-shivaji-box-office-collection-day-7-riteish-deshmukh-passion-project-maintains-momentum-8bxzg4d |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Raja Shivaji<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Ajay-Atul]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 1 May 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji Full Album Out Now: Ajay-Atul Drop Soulful Melody Phool Parijaat |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/raja-shivaji-full-album-out-now-ajay-atul-drop-soulful-melody-phool-parijaat-ws-kl-10069593.html |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
| recorded = 2024-25<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 20:59<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| label = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Warner Music India]]<br />
*Desh Music<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji trailer to release on April 20 with a grand launch to be held in Mumbai |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/raja-shivaji-trailer-to-release-on-april-20-with-a-grand-launch-to-be-held-in-mumbai-article-13892272.html |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Marathi<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 20:59<br />
| title1 = Raja Shivaji Anthem - Chatrapati<br />
| length1 = 6:04<br />
| extra1 = [[Ajay Gogavale]]<br />
| title2 = Phool Parijat<br />
| length2 = 5:08<br />
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| title3 = Jai Shivrai<br />
| length3 = 4:07<br />
| extra3 = Ajay Gogavale<br />
| title4 = Bhau Sambha<br />
| extra4 = Ajay Gogavale<br />
| length4 = 3:07<br />
| title5 = Sata Janmachi Gaath<br />
| extra5 = Ajay Gogavale<br />
| length5 = 2:33<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Legal issues==<br />
A [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed by an NGO Shree Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Foundation, objecting to the omission of the honorific "[[Chhatrapati]]" from the film's title. The petition argued that the title was disrespectful to [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]] and sought a stay on the film's release until it was changed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Raja Shivaji: Bombay HC dismisses PIL over the omission of 'Chhatrapati' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raja-shivaji-bombay-hc-dismisses-pil-over-the-omission-of-chhatrapati-23628241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430130905/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raja-shivaji-bombay-hc-dismisses-pil-over-the-omission-of-chhatrapati-23628241 |archive-date=2026-04-30 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 April 2026, the [[Bombay High Court]] dismissed the petition as "motivated" and stated that the title did not contain any [[derogatory language]]. The High Court also stated in their decision that the PIL was filed less than a week prior to the release of the film. The filmmakers of the film reported that they depicted Shivaji Maharaj's life prior to becoming a Chhatrapati in 1674 and received a disclaimer from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] confirming this.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|raja-shivaji}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s biographical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s war adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s war drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Biographical action films]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Aurangzeb]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]<br />
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Riteish Deshmukh]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1630]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1659]]<br />
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[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Historical epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action war films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian war drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian war epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language period drama films]]<br />
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aneet_Padda&diff=486508Aneet Padda2026-05-04T12:32:56Z<p>Nskschool: added new details needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2002)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Aneet Padda<br />
| image = Aneet Padda at an event in Juhu (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Padda in 2026<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|13|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Amritsar, Punjab]], India<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Jesus and Mary College]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|}}<br />
| years_active = 2022–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aneet Padda''' (born 13 October 2002) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films and series. She began her career with a brief role in the drama ''[[Salaam Venky]]'' (2022) and had her first lead role in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] series ''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]'' (2024). Her lead role as a songwriter diagnosed with [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]] in [[Mohit Suri]]'s romantic drama ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]'' (2025) earned her wider recognition.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Padda was born on 13 October 2002 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mahima |date=13 October 2025 |title=Ahaan Panday shares sweet birthday post for Saiyaara co-star Aneet Padda with unseen pics from a Coldplay concert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ahaan-panday-shares-sweet-birthday-post-for-saiyaara-co-star-aneet-padda-with-unseen-pics-from-a-coldplay-concert-101760352469960.html |access-date=13 October 2025 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |location=India}}</ref> She completed her schooling from the [[Spring Dale Senior School]] in Amritsar.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/aneet-padda-studied-sociology-at-this-delhi-university-college-before-her-big-yrf-debut/articleshow/122827792.cms|title=Aneet Padda studied sociology at this Delhi University college before her big YRF debut|website=The Times of India|access-date= 28 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Who is Aneet Padda? Saiyaara star was once an extra in Kajol's Salaam Venky, now the outsider leads Mohit Suri's YRF film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-aneet-padda-saiyaara-star-was-extra-in-kajol-salaam-venky-how-outsider-bagged-mohit-suri-yrf-film-ahaan-panday-101752822816852.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Digital Streams Limited |date=18 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> As of November 2025, Padda is studying for her bachelor's degree, majoring in [[political science]] with a minor in English from the [[Jesus and Mary College]] of the [[University of Delhi]] and will complete final exams in December and January 2026.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= 23 July 2025|title= She almost lost the role that made her a household name, until her co-star stepped in. This is Aneet Padda's story.|url= https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMcEvV_xzhM/?hl=en|website= Instagram|location= India |publisher= Brut India|access-date= 30 July 2025}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|date= 3 August 2025|title= 'Saiyaara' star Aneet Padda's old college bio goes viral; Fans REACT - 'Relatable and refreshing'|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saiyaara-star-aneet-paddas-old-college-bio-goes-viral-fans-react-relatable-and-refreshing/articleshow/123072409.cms|website= The Times of India|location=India|publisher= Times Entertainment|access-date= 3 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |date=10 November 2025 |title=Aneet Padda to start Shakti Shalini's shoot after wrapping up college exam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/aneet-padda-preps-for-shakti-shalini-after-wrapping-up-college-exams-101762747526782.html |website=hindustantimes.com |location=India |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Padda has stated that her desire to pursue acting came from performing in a play as a child, having not previously been particularly interested in cinema. She has recalled a lack of support from her father, who had once aspired to be an actor himself. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Padda said she had sent over 50 cold emails to production companies in an effort to secure work, but soon realised that this was typically handled by casting agencies. She was subsequently hired for a coffee advertisement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aneet Padda is more than your girl next door - Cosmopolitan India |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/features/story/aneet-padda-is-more-than-your-girl-next-door-1285996-2025-10-05 |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=www.cosmopolitan.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
While studying for her undergraduate degree in [[Delhi]], Padda began modelling in advertisements, dividing her time between [[Mumbai]] and [[Chandigarh]] for professional commitments and Delhi for her studies, with one of her earliest assignments being a textile ad shot in Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=20 July 2025 |title=Who Are Ahaan Panday And Aneet Padda? Meet Saiyaara Actors Who Studied At Oberoi International School And Jesus and Mary College Delhi |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/who-are-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-meet-saiyaara-actors-who-studied-at-oberoi-international-school-and-jesus-and-mary-college-delhi-article-152308630 |website=www.timesnownews.com |location=India |publisher=Times Now News |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Padda began her acting career with a brief role in ''[[Salaam Venky]]'' (2022), a drama about [[euthanasia]] in which she played the love interest of [[Vishal Jethwa]]'s character.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who Are Ahaan Panday And Aneet Padda? All You Need To Know About The Gen Z Stars Of Saiyaara |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/who-are-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-leading-duo-in-saiyaara-8905832 |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''<nowiki/>'s Shilpa Nair was appreciative of her appearance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salaam-venky-movie-review-kajol-struggles-to-keep-this-heavily-melodramatic-saga-afloat/article66246746.ece/|title='Salaam Venky' movie review: Kajol struggles to keep this heavily-melodramatic saga afloat|website=TheHindu|date=10 December 2022 |access-date= 10 December 2022}}</ref> In 2024, Padda had her first lead role in [[Nitya Mehra]]'s [[List of Amazon India originals#Drama|Amazon Prime Video]] series ''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]'', a coming-of-age drama centred around a friend group who attend a boarding school.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=DYK Saiyaara's Aneet Padda Made Her Acting Debut With Big Girls Don't Cry? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/dyk-saiyaaras-aneet-padda-made-her-acting-debut-with-big-girls-dont-cry-9450239.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title='Big Girls Don't Cry': Ananya Panday announces Prime Video's coming-of-age drama series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/big-girls-dont-cry-ananya-panday-announces-prime-videos-coming-of-age-drama-series/article67916724.ece |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She played Roohi, a member of the group struggling to cope with the strained relationship between her parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Girls Don't Cry Season 1 Review : This teen drama is a one-time watch for its endearing performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/english/big-girls-dont-cry/season-1/amp_seasonreview/108425403.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Padda wrote, composed and sang an original track for the series, titled "Masoom".<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Aneet Padda? The Breakout Star of Saiyaara Everyone Is Talking About |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/who-is-aneet-padda-the-breakout-star-of-saiyaara-everyone-is-talking-about-75704.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Despite mixed reception towards the series overall, the performances of the ensemble were positively received by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title='Big Girls Don't Cry' Review: Good performances marred by inconsistent screenplay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/big-girls-dont-cry-review-pooja-bhatt-nitya-mehra-coming-of-age-series-2514597-2024-03-14 |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Padda has since credited Mehra for her support when she moved from Delhi to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.<ref name=":1" /><br />
[[File:Aneet Padda at Vogue Values Women of Excellence 2026 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Padda in 2026]]<br />
In 2025, she first appeared alongside Dalai Mulchandani in Mehra's segment of the anthology series ''Yuva Sapno Ka Safar'', which was digitally released on to Waves''.<ref name="Telegraph" />'' Following this, Padda had her [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] with [[Mohit Suri]]'s romantic drama ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]'', in which she starred opposite debutant Ahaan Panday.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=From Amritsar To YRF Heroine: This 22-Year-Old Is The New National Crush |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-star-aneet-padda-her-amazing-journey-so-far-ws-l-9448437.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Suri was initially impressed by Padda's self-tape audition, but found her first formal audition lacking in authenticity.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=22 July 2025 |title=Decided to cast Aneet Padda in Saiyaara after brilliant first audition, recalls Mohit Suri: ‘I wanted a simple girl who is back home at 8:30 pm’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/decided-to-cast-aneet-padda-in-saiyaara-after-brilliant-first-audition-mohit-suri-10141735/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=Indian Express |location=India}} </ref> However, he was persuaded by Panday to give her a second opportunity after which she was ultimately cast as Vaani, an aspiring lyricist diagnosed with [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]], who forms a relationship with an emerging singer (played by Panday).<ref> {{Cite web |title=Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda Interview On Overnight Success With 'Saiyaara': 'We Don't Think This is Stardom' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-on-their-new-found-fame-with-saiyaara |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> In a positive review of the film, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<nowiki/>'s Rahul Desai commended Padda for bringing "a kind of literary sheen to a woman that might have easily been reduced to a coming-of-age device in someone else's journey" and praised the chemistry between her and Panday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=12 July 2025 |title=Saiyaara Movie Review: Ahaan Panday & Aneet Padda in a Love Story to Remember |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/saiyaara-movie-review-ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-in-a-love-story-to-remember |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> ''Saiyaara'' set several box-office records upon its release, grossing over {{INRConvert|5.79|b}} to emerge as the year's [[List of Indian films of 2025|fourth highest-grossing Indian film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saiyaara: All The Box Office Records Broken By Ahaan Panday And Aneet Padda's Debut Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saiyaara-all-the-box-office-records-broken-by-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-paddas-debut-film-8914830 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Padda will reunite with Nitya Mehra for the courtroom drama ''Nyaya'', starring [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report: Aneet Padda and Fatima Sana Shaikh to Star in Nitya Mehra's Courtroom Drama |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/report-aneet-padda-and-fatima-sana-shaikh-to-star-in-nitya-mehras-courtroom-drama-76081.html |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en|date=27 July 2025}}</ref> She will also star as the title character in ''Shakti Shalini'', as part of the [[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]] which will begin filming March 2026.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 October 2025 |title=Shakti Shalini announcement video to debut with Thamma: First glimpse reveals Aneet Padda’s starring role : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shakti-shalini-announcement-video-debut-thamma-first-glimpse-reveals-aneet-paddas-starring-role/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=8 February 2026 |title=Aneet Padda Gears Up For Shakti Shalini Shoot |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aneet-padda-begins-shakti-shalini-shoot-in-march |website=outlookindia.com |location=India |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In the media ==<br />
<br />
Following the recognition she gained from her 2025 film ''Saiyaara'', Padda was announced as a celebrity ambassador for several brands, including [[Lakmé Cosmetics]], Mia by [[Tanishq]], [[Reliance Retail|Reliance Trends]] and [[Pepsi]] (along with Ahaan Panday).<ref> {{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Sara |date=13 September 2025|title=EXCLUSIVE: Aneet Padda wants you to live, love, laugh (for real this time) |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/exclusive-lakme-aneet-padda-wants-you-to-live-love-laugh-for-real-this-time |website=Vogue.in |location=India |publisher=Vogue India |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref> {{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=23 September 2025|title=Mia onboards Aneet Padda as brand ambassador with ‘precious, every day’ campaign |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/mia-onboards-aneet-padda-as-brand-ambassador-with-precious-every-day-campaign/124068240 |website=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com|location=India |publisher=Economic Times|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rani |first=Gayatri |date=13 March 2026 |title=Ahaan Panday, Aneet Padda’s ‘biggest trailer yet’ tease turns out to be Pepsi ad campaign - Watch |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ahaan-panday-aneet-padda-s-biggest-trailer-yet-tease-turns-out-to-be-pepsi-ad-campaign-watch-article-13859562.html |website=moneycontrol.com |location=India |publisher=Money Control |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes <br />
! class="unsortable" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Salaam Venky]]''<br />
| Nandini<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-aneet-padda-saiyaara-star-was-extra-in-kajol-salaam-venky-how-outsider-bagged-mohit-suri-yrf-film-ahaan-panday-101752822816852-amp.html|title=Who is Aneet Padda? Saiyaara star was once an extra in Kajol's film, now the outsider leads Mohit Suri's YRF film|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 July 2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''<br />
| Vaani Batra<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/big-girls-dont-crys-aneet-padda-signed-opposite-ahaan-panday-mohit-suri-yash-raj-films-romantic-drama-report/|title=Big Girls Don't Cry's Aneet Padda signed opposite Ahaan Panday in Mohit Suri and Yash Raj Films' romantic drama: Report|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|{{Pending film|[[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe|''Shakti Shalini'']]}}<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|Filming <br />
|<ref name="PV" /> <br />
|}<br />
<!--Do not include future projects unless a reliable source confirms that filming has begun. See [[WP:CRYSTAL]].--><br />
<!--Works without a valid source will be removed from the filmography.--><br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]''<br />
|Roohi Ahuja<br />
| [[Prime Video]] series<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''Yuva Sapno Ka Safar''<br />
|Harleen<br />
|Credited as Aneet Kaur;<br />
Segment: "Khatti Meethi Yaadein"<br />
|<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | title=Anthology film 'Yuva Sapno Ka Safar' to release on Waves OTT on April 11 | website=Telegraph | date=6 April 2025 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anthology-film-yuva-sapno-ka-safar-to-release-on-waves-ott-on-april-11/cid/2092722 | access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TBA}}<br />
| {{Pending film|Nyaya}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| Completed<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aneet-paddas-next-release-nyaya-streaming-project-shot-signing-saiyaara-yrf-aims-build-theatrical-heroine/|title=Aneet Padda's next release Nyaya is a streaming project she shot before signing Saiyaara, YRF aims to build her as a theatrical heroine|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Album<br />
! Song<br />
! class="unsortable" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]''<br />
|"Masoom"<br />
| <ref> {{cite web |last=Thakker |first=Namrata |date=28 April 2025 |title=Will She Be Bollywood's Next Big Star? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/will-she-be-bollywoods-next-big-star/20250428.htm |website=rediff.com |location=India |publisher=Rediff |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
! scope="col" |Year<br />
! scope="col" |Award<br />
! scope="col" |Category<br />
! scope="col" |Work<br />
! scope="col" |Result<br />
! scope="col" |Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |2024 <br />
|[[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]<br />
|Best Original Soundtrack in a Series<br />
|''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]''<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|Shared with Amit Trivedi, Rahul Pais, Nariman Khambata, Kanishk Seth, Shashwat Sachdev, Tarana Marwah and Gaurav Raina. <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=4 December 2024|title=Nominations for the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-69862.html |website=Filmfare.com |location=India |publisher=Filmfare |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2025<br />
|[[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|CNN-News18 Indian of the Year Awards]]<br />
|GenZ Icon Award<br />
|{{n/a}} <br />
|{{won}}<br />
| Along with Ahaan Panday<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Vij |first=Palak |date=28 November 2025 |title=Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda win GenZ Icon Awards at CNN-News18 IOTY 2025; latter calls Ahaan 'One of the best men in the world' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-win-genz-icon-awards-at-cnn-news18-ioty-2025-latter-calls-ahaan-one-of-the-best-men-in-the-world-article-13702220.html |website=moneycontrol.com |location=India |publisher=Money Control |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Bollywood Hungama|Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards]]<br />
|Most Iconic Debut of the Year – Female<br />
|rowspan="2" |''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=5 December 2025|title=Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards 2025: The Ba***ds Of Bollywood, Delhi Crime S3 and Black Warrant win big |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-2025-bads-bollywood-delhi-crime-s3-black-warrant-win-big/ |website=bollywoodhungama.com |location=India |publisher=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best On-Screen Jodi of the Year<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|Along with Ahaan Panday <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |2026<br />
|Vogue Values: Women of Excellence<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Asma |date=19 February 2026|title=Why Aneet Padda dedicated her first Vogue award to her mother |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/why-aneet-padda-dedicated-her-vogue-values-award-to-her-mother |website=vogue.in |location=India |publisher=Vogue |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |24th [[Zee Cine Awards]] 2026<br />
||[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Jury)]]<br />
|rowspan="7"|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |date=2 March 2026|title=Internet is not happy with Zee Cine Awards Best Actress: ‘Kriti Sanon is good too but Yami Gautam from Haq deserved it’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-sanon-wins-top-prize-at-zee-cine-awards-2026-internet-not-happy-yami-gautam-haq-tere-ishk-mein-101772441354116.html |website=hindustantimes.com |location=India |publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Viewers’ Choice – Best Actor – Female]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2 March 2026 |title=Saiyaara's Aneet Padda Wins Big At ZEE Cine Awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/saiyaara-aneet-padda-wins-big-at-zee-cine-awards/20260302.htm |website=rediff.com |location=India |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=12 February 2026|title=ZCA Viewer’s Choice Nominations|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-26-voting/|website=zeecineawards.com |location=India |publisher=Zee Cine Awards|access-date=13 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219090217/https://zeecineawards.com/zca-26-voting/|archive-date=19 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Debut (Female)]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[News18 Reel Awards|CNN-News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2026]]<br />
|Star of the Year (Female)<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=8 March 2026 |title=Saiyaara wins big at Showsha Reel Awards 2026, Aneet Padda says Mohit Suri, Ahaan Pandey 'changed my life' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saiyaara-wins-big-at-showsha-reel-awards-2026-aneet-padda-says-mohit-suri-ahaan-pandey-changed-my-life-13987269.html |website=firstpost.com |location=India |publisher=First Post |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]<br />
|Best Debut (Female)<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="PV">{{cite web|last=Jogani|first=Rishil |date=25 March 2026 |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2026: Ahaan Panday and Aneet Padda win Best Debut Actor Male and Female for Saiyaara|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2026-ahaan-panday-and-aneet-padda-win-best-debut-actor-male-and-female-for-saiyaara-1401740 |website=pinkvilla.com |location=India |publisher=Pinkvilla |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|The Hollywood Reporter India’s Women in Entertainment <br />
|Breakthrough Artist of the Year honour<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|author=<!-- not stated --> |date=26 March 2026 |title=Women in Entertainment 2026 Aneet Padda Wins Breakthrough Artist Award for 'Saiyaara': 'The Film Has Changed My Life'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/women-in-entertainment/all/aneet-padda-wins-breakthrough-artist-of-the-year-for-saiyaara-at-thr-indias-women-in-entertainment-awards|website=hollywoodreporterindia.com |location=India |publisher=Hollywood Reporter India|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Awards]] 2026<br />
|Breakthrough New Actor (Female)<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=30 March 2026 |title=Screen Awards 2026 Nominees |url=https://indianexpress.com/screen-awards/page-nominees |website=indianexpress.com |location=India |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=5 April 2026 |title=Chetak Screen Awards 2026: Aneet Padda wins Breakthrough New Actor Female award for Saiyaara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chetak-screen-awards-2026-aneet-padda-wins-breakthrough-new-actor-female-award-for-saiyaara-10615946/ |website=indianexpress.com |location=India |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Bollywood}}<br />
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|}}<br />
* {{Instagram}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Padda, Aneet}}<br />
[[Category:2002 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Amritsar]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female models]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sipahi_(caste)&diff=536115Sipahi (caste)2026-05-02T21:02:16Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Muslim community in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}<br />
<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --><br />
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Sipahi (caste)|timestamp=20260502210207|year=2026|month=May|day=2|substed=yes}}<br />
<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Sipahi (caste)|date=2 May 2026|result='''keep'''}} --><br />
<!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --> <br />
The '''Sipahi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=manyheadedmonster |date=2015-07-17 |title=Reading the Embattled Text: Muslim Sipahis of the Indian Army and Sheikh Ahmad's Dream, 1915-1918 |url=https://manyheadedmonster.com/2015/07/17/reading-the-embattled-text-muslim-sipahis-of-the-indian-army-and-sheikh-ahmads-dream-1915-1918/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=the many-headed monster |language=en}}</ref> are a Muslim community in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.{{cn|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Muslim}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sipahi (Caste)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-ethno-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Muthuswamy_Vallatharasu&diff=506945K. Muthuswamy Vallatharasu2026-05-02T05:53:16Z<p>Nskschool: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian lawyer, politician, and participant in the Indian independence movement}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| alma_mater = [[H. H. The Rajah's College, Pudukkottai]]<br>[[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]<br>[[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|12|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|7|30|1901|6|12|df=yes}}<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 1952<br />
| term_end = 1957<br />
| constituency = [[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]<br />
| successor = [[R. Ramanathan (INC politician)|R Ramanathan Chettiar]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br>[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''K. Muthuswamy Vallatharasu''' (12 June 1901 – 30 July 1968) was an Indian lawyer, politician, and participant in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was associated with social reform initiatives and served as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] from Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Muthuswamy Vallatharasu was born on 12 June 1901 in Koppampatti in the [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai region]] of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] (then part of the [[Madras Presidency]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBM6oUa4sEoC |title=Who's who |date=1956 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |pages=396 |language=en}}</ref> He pursued education at [[H. H. The Rajah's College, Pudukkottai|H. H. The Rajah's College in Pudukkottai]], [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College in Tiruchirappalli]], and the [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College in Thiruvananthapuram]], eventually qualifying as a lawyer.<ref name=":0" /> Muthuswamy Vallatharasu married Shrimati Thilakavathi Ammal on 11 September 1947. The couple had two sons and two daughters.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Social and political activism ==<br />
Vallatharasu supported several social reform initiatives, including widow remarriage, inter-caste marriage, and the promotion of marriage ceremonies without Vedic rituals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=க.மு.வல்லத்தரசு சுயமரியாதை, சமதர்மம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/opinion/columns/832726-valladharasu-self-respect-samadharma.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> He was a co-founder of the "Erode Samadharma Project" in 1933, alongside figures like [[Singaravelar]], [[Periyar]], and [[Jeevanandam|Jeeva]], which aimed to promote social equality.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Kolathur |date=2021-06-25 |title=The Reason Behind the Exit of Socialists From Periyar's League |url=https://www.butitis.com/index.php/politics/304-the-reason-behind-the-exit-of-socialists-from-periyar-s-league |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.butitis.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Vallatharasu joined the Indian National Congress in the mid-1930s and rose to prominence as a leader in his region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFvVAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Parliament (1952-57): "Personalities"-Series 2 Authentic, Comprehensive and Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of Members of the Two Houses of Parliament |date=1954 |publisher=Arunam & Sheel |pages=301 |language=en}}</ref> In 1936, he was elected as a member of the local municipality, where he served for four years.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942, Vallatharasu participated in an effort to demolish the Ramanathapuram-Thirumayam Jail, leading to the release of [[Chinna Annamalai]], a fellow activist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=K.M. Vallatharasu |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?14244 |archive-url= |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> For this action, he was imprisoned for two and a half years, serving time in Thanjavur and Vellore jails.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Following India's independence, Vallatharasu supported the integration of the princely state of Pudukkottai into the Indian Union.<ref name=":2" /> In [[1952 Indian general election]], he contested and won from [[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai constituency]] as a candidate for the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] (later merged into [[Praja Socialist Party]]) after being denied a ticket by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> In [[1957 Indian general election]], he contested from 2 constituencies - Pudukkottai and [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]] and came second in both of them.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He contested [[1962 Indian general election]] from Thanjavur and lost.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Muthuswamy Vallatharasu died on 30 July 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW3VAAAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1968 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=2961 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallatharasu, K. Muthuswamy}}<br />
[[Category:1901 births]]<br />
[[Category:1968 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br />
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turk_Shahis&diff=542149Turk Shahis2026-04-30T16:57:32Z<p>Nskschool: made new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|665–870 CE Turkic dynasty based in Kabul}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Turk Shahis<br />
| common_name = Turk Shahis<br />
| status = Empire<br />
| era = [[Early Middle Ages]]<br />
| capital = [[Kabul]] (summer capital) <br> [[Udabhanda]] (winter capital)<br />
| common_languages = [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]<br />
| year_start = 665<br />
| year_end = 822 CE<ref name="MA283"/><ref name="KHM16">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase16?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab Conquest | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref><br />
| p1 = Hephthalites<br />
| p2 = Alchon Huns<br />
| p3 = Nezak Huns<br />
| p4 = Tokhara Yabghus<br />
| s1 = Zunbils<br />
| s2 = Hindu Shahi<br />
| s3 = Saffarid dynasty<br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_type = <br />
| image_coat = Tamgha of the Turk Shahis.png<br />
| symbol_width = 40px<br />
| coa_size = 200px<br />
| symbol_type = [[Tamga]]<br />
| image_map = {{Continental Asia in 720 CE|center||{{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=29.5|N |long=71|E |label= |label_size=|mark=Turk Shahi territory (fine).png|marksize=35}}||none}}<br />
| image_map_caption = Approximate location of the Turk Shahis circa 665–870 AD, with contemporary Asian polities.<br />
| image_map2 = {{Location map+<br />
|Hindu-Kush <br />
|float = center<br />
|border = none<br />
|width = 300 <!-- DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (300) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS --><br />
|caption = <br />
|nodiv = 1<br />
|mini = 1<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|places =<br />
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=11|N |long=46.9|E |label= |label_size=|mark=Turk Shahi territory (fine).png|marksize=185}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=39.1|N |long=65.3|E |label='''''[[Bukhar Khudahs|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHUDAHS</span>]]''''' |position=left |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=39.766667|N |long=64.433333|E |label=[[Bukhara|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Bukhara</span>]] |position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=40|N |long=71.5|E |label='''''[[Principality of Ushrusana|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">AFSHINS</span>]]''''' |position=left |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=39.1|N |long=68.3|E |label='''''[[Ikhshids of Sogdia|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">IKHSHIDS</span>]]''''' |position=left |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.728611|N |long=68.868056|E |label=[[Kunduz|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Kunduz</span>]]|position=right |label_size=100|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=39.7|N |long=66.983333|E |label=[[Samarkand|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Samarkand</span>]] |position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.341944|N |long=62.203056|E |label=[[Herat|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Herat</span>]] |position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=30.197778|N |long=71.469722|E |label=[[Multan|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Multan</span>]] |position=left |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=31.4|N |long=72|E |label='''''[[Caliphal province of Sind|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">CALIPHAL<br>SIND</span>]]''''' |position=left |label_size=80|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=32|N |long=76|E |label='''''[[Gurjara-Pratiharas|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">GURJARA-<br>PRATIHARAS</span>]]''''' |position=left |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.766667 |N |long=66.9|E |label=[[Balkh|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Balh</span>]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.5|N |long=70.3|E |label='''''<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">TURK SHAHIS</span>'''''|position=bottom |label_size=110|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=31.616667|N |long=65.716667|E |label=[[Kandahar|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Kandahar</span>]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=33.549167|N |long=68.423333|E |label=[[Ghazni|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Ghazni</span>]]|position=left |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.525278|N |long=69.178333|E |label=[[Kabul|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Kabul</span>]]|position=top|label_size=100|mark=Capital mark.svg|marksize=10}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=33|N |long=67|E |label=[[Zunbils|'''''<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">ZUNBILS</span>''''']]|position=bottom |label_size=100|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=35.920833|N |long=74.308333|E |label=[[Gilgit|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Gilgit</span>]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.7|N |long=74.3|E |label='''''[[Patola Shahis|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">PATOLAS</span>]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=40|N |long=74.8|E |label='''''[[Protectorate General to Pacify the West|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">TANG<br> EMPIRE</span>]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=38|N |long=65|E |label=''[[Tokhara Yabghus|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">TOKHARA YABGHUS</span>]]''|position=bottom |label_size=110|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.9|N |long=74.6|E |label=[[Karkota Empire|<div talign=center>'''''<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARKOTAS</span>'''''</div>]]|position=bottom |label_size=85|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.016667|N |long=72.433333|E |label=[[Hund (village)|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Hund</span>]]|position=bottom|label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=31.583056|N |long=64.369167|E |label=[[Lashkargah|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Bost</span>]]|position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.825|N |long=67.833333|E |label=[[Bamiyan|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Bamiyan</span>]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=34.737663|N |long=66.763899|E |label=[[Alkhis|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">Tang-i Safedak</span>]]|position=left |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon Brown.svg|marksize=7}}<br />
{{location map~ |Hindu-Kush |lat=36.3|N |long=66|E |label='''''[[Guzgan|<span class="mw-no-invert" span style="color:#4F311CFF">GOZGAN</span>]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=80|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}<br />
}}<br />
| image_map2_caption = The summer capital [[Kabul]], the winter capital [[Udabhanda|Hund]], and other important cities of the Turk Shahis and [[Zunbils]].<br />
| religion = [[Buddhism]]<br>[[Hinduism]]<br>[[Zoroastrianism]]<br />
| today = [[Afghanistan]] <br> [[Pakistan]]<br />
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{{Turk Shahi rulers}}<br />
The '''Turk Shahis''' were a dynasty of [[Western Turk]], or mixed [[Western Turk|Turco]]-[[Hephthalite]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H43zDwAAQBAJ&dq=kabul+shahi+not+turk&pg=PA63 |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University |year=2020 |pages=63|isbn=978-1-108-28475-2 }}</ref> that ruled from [[Kabul]] and [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]] to [[Gandhara]] in the 7th to 9th centuries AD.<ref name="MA283"/><ref name="HJK58">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34090-4 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"The advance of Islamic forces both into Tokharistan in the north and into Zabulistan farther south was opposed by local rulers of probably Western Turkish identity" in {{cite journal |last1=Vondrovec |first1=Klaus |title=Coinage of the Nezak |page=181 |url=https://www.academia.edu/880242 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
They may have been of [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] ethnicity.<ref name="academia.edu">"The new rulers of Kabul, who according to me were Khalaj Turks, extended their rule over the<br />
former territory of the Kapisi kingdom [Kapisa to Gandhara], while a branch of them became independent in Zabulistan. A Korean<br />
monk Huichao (慧超) who visited these regions in the third decade of the 8th century, reported that both regions were ruled by the Turkish kings." {{cite journal |last1=Inaba |first1=Minoru |title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia |pages=443–444 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5|pages=165|language=en|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ḵalaj i. Tribe – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|access-date=2021-01-15|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> The Gandhara territory may have been bordering the [[Karkota dynasty|Kashmir kingdom]] to the east.<ref name="MI443">{{cite book|last1=Inaba|first1=Minoru|url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558|title=Khotan in the last quarter of the first millennium: is there artistic evidence of the interrelation between Khotan and Tibet? A preliminary survey, Coins, Art and Chronology II: From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia|date=2010|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Vienna|pages=443–444|language=en}}</ref> From the 560s, the Western Turks had gradually expanded southeasterward from [[Transoxiana]], and occupied [[Bactria]] and the [[Hindu-Kush|Hindu Kush]] region, forming largely independent polities.<ref>"The period from 560 CE onwards would be that of the Western Turks, although it is not clear how and foremost when they gained power over Bactria and the Hindukush-region. Minoru Inaba states that "gradually having extended their power, they came to be independent ..."" in {{cite journal |last1=Vondrovec |first1=Klaus |title=Coinage of the Nezak |page=173 |url=https://www.academia.edu/880242 |language=en}}</ref> The Turk Shahis may have been a political extension of the neighbouring Western Turk [[Yabghus of Tokharistan]].<ref name="HJK58"/> In the Hindu Kush region, they replaced the [[Nezak Huns]] – the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers with origins among the [[Xionites|''Xwn'']] (Xionite) and/or ''[[Huna people|Huna]]'' peoples (who are sometimes also referred to as "Huns" who invaded Eastern Europe during a similar period).<ref name="HJK58"/><br />
<br />
The Turk Shahis arose at a time when the [[Sasanian Empire]] had already been conquered by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. The Turk Shahis then resisted for more than 250 years the eastward expansion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], until they fell to the Persian [[Saffarids]] in the 9th century AD.<ref name="MA21">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford|date=1 February 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|page=21|language=en}}</ref> The [[Ghaznavids]] then finally broke through into India after overpowering the declining subsequent [[Hindu Shahis]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]].<ref name="MA283" /><ref name="HJK58" /><br />
<br />
[[Kabulistan]] was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included [[Zabulistan]] and [[Gandhara]].<ref name="Turk Shahi">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Territorial extents ==<br />
The Turks under the [[Western Turk]] ruler [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]] crossed the [[Hindu-Kush]] and occupied [[Gandhara]] as far as the [[Indus River]] from circa 625 AD.<ref name="Vondrovec2014">{{cite book |author=Klaus Vondrovec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek6_jgEACAAJ |title=Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE) |year=2014 | publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-7001-7695-4}}</ref><ref name="HH475">{{cite book |last1=Laet |first1=Sigfried J. de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA475 |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |last2=Herrmann |first2=Joachim |date=January 1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=475 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, the territory of the Turk Shahi extended from Kapisi to Gandhara, with a Turkic branch becoming independent in Zabulistan at one point.<ref name="MI443" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA375|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|last2=Litvinsky|first2=B. A.|date=January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103211-0|page=375|language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu" /> The Gandhara territory may have been bordering the [[Kashmir kingdom]] and the [[Kanauj kingdom]] to the east.<ref name="MI443" /> The Turk Shahi capital of Gandhara, which possibly functioned as a winter capital alternating with the summer capital of Kabul, was [[Udabhandapura]].<ref name="UBA">"The capital of the state of Kapisa–Gandhara (possibly, its winter capital) was Udabhandapura, now the settlement of Hund, situated on the right bank of the Kabul river. Most of the city was surrounded by a defensive rampart." in {{cite book|last1=Harmatta|first1=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwigmxoCLT8C&pg=PA391|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk Rule (650–750)|last2=Litvinsky|first2=B. A.|publisher=Unesco|year=1992|isbn=978-92-3-103211-0|page=391|language=en}}</ref> The Korean pilgrim [[Hui Chao]], visiting the area in 723–729 AD, mentioned that these regions were ruled by Turk kings.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Establishment: Arab offensive and displacement of the Nezaks ===<br />
The last extant [[Nezak]] ruler Ghar-ilchi was recorded as the king of [[Jibin]] (former [[Kapisi]]/ [[Kabulistan]]) by the [[Tang dynasty]] in 653 AD.{{sfn|Rahman|2002a|p=37}} He was also likely to be the unnamed ruler who was confirmed as Governor of Jibin under the newly formed Chinese [[Protectorate General to Pacify the West|Anxi Protectorate]] in 661 CE and would broker a peace-treaty with the Arabs, the same year.{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}}{{Sfn|Ziad|2022|p=59, 89}} Nonetheless, in 664-665 CE, [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura]] launched an expedition to reconquer the territories lost during the Caliphate Wars.{{efn|In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs led by [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura]] of the [[Rashidun caliphate]] attacked Zabul and laid seize to [[Rukhkhaj]] and [[Zamindawar]].{{sfn|Morony|2012|p=216}} [[Lashkargah|Bost]] and [[Zabulistan]] submitted to the Arab invader by a [[Capitulation (treaty)|treaty of capitulation]] in 656 CE.{{sfn|Morony|2012|p=216}} However, the Muslims soon lost control of these territories during the [[First Fitna|First Civil War]] (656–661), which led to the replacement of the Rashidun caliphate by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 661.{{sfn|Morony|2012|p=216}}}} [[Kabul]] was occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months but soon revolted, only to be reoccupied after another year-long siege.{{Efn|[[Ibn A'tham al-Kufi]] notes that the ruler of Kabul mounted periodic resistance against Samura before retreating into the city.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=58-59}} This ruler is unfavorably compared to Samura, who had persisted in the siege despite difficulties.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=59}}}} These events mortally weakened the Nezaks though their ruler — not named in sources — was spared upon converting to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=59, 64}}<br />
<br />
Sometime soon (666/667?), the Nezaks were replaced by the Turk Shahis, first in Zabulistan and then in Kabulistan and Gandhara.<ref name=":12">{{cite book |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |page=12 |language=en}}</ref> Their ethnic identity remains unclear and the name might be a misnomer.{{efn|'Turk" was used rather liberally in sources to describe a wide spectrum of alien people. Xuanzang, returning via Kapisa in 643 C.E., had already noted Turk ascendancy in the region — Turks held power over Vṛjisṭhānā, a minor state between Kapisi and Gandhara.{{Sfn|Ziad|2022|p=50, 87}}}} According to [[Hyecho]], who visited the region about 50 years after the events, the first [[Turk Shahi|Shahi]] ruler of Kapisi — named Barha Tegin by [[Al-Biruni]] — was an usurper, who used to be a military commander in the service of the last Nezak King.{{sfn|Rahman|2002a|p=37, 39}}{{Sfn|Kuwayama|2000|p=59}}{{efn|{{blockquote|[[File:Wang wu tian zhu guo zhuan 往 五 天 竺 國 傳 by Hui chao Hyecho, visit of Gandhara (建馱羅國).jpg|thumb|left|Account of Gandhara by Hyecho (first three lines given here).]]From [[Kashmir]] I travelled further northwest. After one month's journey across the mountains I arrived at the country of [[Gandhara]]. The king and military personnel are all Turks. The natives are [[Barbarians|Hu]] people; there are [[Brahmin]]s. The country was formerly under the influence of the king of [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]]. A-yeh [''alternatively'' read as "The father", than a personal name, referring to Barha Tegin, father of then-King [[Tegin Shah]]{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993}}] of the Turkish King took a defeated cavalry [''alternatively'' "led an army and a tribe" ''or'' "led troops of his entire tribe"{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993}}] and allied himself to the king of Kapisa. Later, when the Turkish force was strong, the prince assassinated the king of Kapisa [''possibly'' [[Ghar-ilchi]]] and declared himself king. Thereafter, the territory from this country to the north was all ruled by the Turkish king, who also resided in the country.|[[Hyecho]] on [[Gandhara]], "[[Wang ocheonchukguk jeon|An account of travel to the five Indian kingdoms]]", c. 726 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ch'o |first1=Hye |last2=Ch'ao |first2=Hui |last3=Yang |first3=Han-sŭng |title=The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India |date=1984 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-89581-024-3 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C&pg=PA48 |language=en|postscript= Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works}}</ref>}}}} Al-Biruni provides a rather legendary account of Barhategin's rise, extrapolating from multiple mythological motifs,{{efn|The account goes as:<ref name="SK403">{{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan |journal=East and West |date=1976 |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |page=403 |jstor=29756318 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>{{blockquote|The Hindus had kings residing in Kabul, Turks who were said to be of Tibetan origin. The first of them, Barhatakin, came into the country and entered a cave in [[Kabul]], which none could enter except by creeping on hands and knees. [...] Some days after he had entered the cave, he began to creep out of it in the presence of the people, who looked on him as a newborn baby. He wore Turkish dress, a short tunic open in front, a high hat, boots and arms. Now people honoured him as a being of miraculous origin, who had been destined to be king, and in fact he brought those countries under his sway and ruled them under the title of a Shahiya of Kabul. The rule remained among his descendants for generations, the number of which is said to be about sixty. [...] The last king of this race was Lagatarman, and his Vizir was Kallar, a Brahman.|[[Al-Biruni]],''Tārīkh al-Hind'' ("History of India")}}}} and the precise circumstances surrounding the dawning of the Turk Shahis remain unclear.{{Efn|Baladhuri notes of the "Kabul Shah" that he purged all Muslims out of Kabul (city - ?) and "Rutbil" (ex-ruler of Zabul) and regained control of Bost and Rukhdwaj the same year, drawing Arab forces into renewed offensive.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=64}} Whether the "Kabul Shah" refers to the first Turk Shahi or the last Nezak cannot be confirmed; in case of the latter, the resulting conflict would have provided a ground for the rise of Turk Shahis.{{sfn|Ziad|2022|p=90}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Tang Protectorate and vassalage to the Tokhara Yabghus ===<br />
[[File:Upper Bala Hissar from west Kabul in 1879.jpg|thumb|The [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Bala Hissar fortress]], west [[Kabul]], originally built around the 5th century AD]]<br />
The Turk Shahis, like the rest of the [[Western Turks]], were nominally part of a protectorate under the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] since circa 658 AD.<ref>"China, at the other end of Central Asia, managed to bring the Western branch of the Qaγanate under Tang supremacy in 658 CE and consequently established a protectorate in Bactria which also extended south of the Hindukush." in {{cite journal|last1=Vondrovec|first1=Klaus|title=Coinage of the Nezak|url=https://www.academia.edu/880242|language=en|page=681}}</ref> The territory of the Turk Shahis was nominally partitioned into several Chinese Commanderies under administration of the [[Anxi Protectorate]]: the city of Yege (modern [[Mihtarlam]]) east of Kabul was considered as the seat of a Chinese Commandery for the [[Jibin]] country, and named the Xiuxian Commandery (修鮮都督府, ''Xiūxiān Dūdùfû''),{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}} the city of Yan at the border with [[Gandhara]] was the seat of the Yuepan Commandery (悅般都督府, ''Yuèpān Dūdùfû''), [[Ghazni]] was the seat of the Tiaozhi Commandery (條枝都督府, ''Tiáozhī Dūdùfû'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=稲葉穣 |first1=Inaba Minoru |title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2015 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=97–117, especially p. 108 Table 2 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Theobald|first1=Ulrich|author-link=Chinaknowledge|title=The Western Territories 西域 (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiyu.html|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref><br />
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According to Chinese sources, in particular the chronicles of the ''[[Cefu Yuangui]]'', the Turks in Kabul were vassals of the [[Tokhara Yabghus|Yabghus of Tokharistan]], who in turn swore allegiance to the Tangs.<ref name="SW1057">{{cite journal|last1=Sims-Williams|first1=Nicholas|date=2002|title=Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2002_num_146_3_22500|journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres|volume=146|issue=3|page=1057|doi=10.3406/crai.2002.22500}}</ref> A young brother of the [[Tokhara Yabghu]] Pantu Nili — named Puluo (僕羅 ''púluó'') in Chinese sources — visited the court of the [[Tang dynasty]] in [[Xi'an]] in 718 AD and gave an account of the military forces in the Tokharistan region, explaining that "two hundred and twelve kingdoms, governors and prefects" had been recognizing the authority of the Yabghus (specifically mentioning among them that "the king of Zabul rules two hundred thousand soldiers and horses, the king of Kabul two hundred thousand"), since the time of his grandfather, that is, probably since the time of their establishment.<ref name="SW1057" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kuwayama|first1=S.|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39251127.pdf|title=Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers|date=2002|publisher=Kyoto University|page=139}}</ref>{{efn|This account also shows that the Yabghu of Tokharistan ruled a vast area circa 718 AD, formed of the territories north and south of the [[Hindu Kush]], including the areas of [[Kabul]] and [[Zabul]].<ref>"The account herewith quoted as 3.5. shows that this king of Tokhara had political power to control the principalities belonging to the Governors-General to the north and the south of the Hindukush, not to mention the Yuezhi Governor General." in {{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |pages=153, 3–5 |jstor=29757642 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757642 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>}}{{efn|"On the Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year of the [[Kaiyuan era]], [[Ashina tribe|Ashi]] [[Tegin]] Puluo (阿史特勒僕羅) writes to the emperor: [[Tokharistan|Tokhara]] [[Yabghu]] (吐火羅葉䕶), his elder brother, is controlling as his subordinates two hundred and twelve persons, such as the local kings of various states, Dudu (Governors-General), and Cishi (heads of regional governments). The king of [[Zabul]] rules two hundred thousand soldiers and horses, the king of [[Kabul]] two hundred thousand, each king of [[Khuttal]], [[Chaghaniyan|Chaghanian]], Jiesu (解蘓國), [[Shighnan|Shughnan]], [[Hephthalites|Evdal]] (悒達國), Kumedha Wa'khan (䕶宻國), [[Guzgan]]an, [[Bamiyan]], Lieyuedejian (久越徳建國), and [[Badakhshan]] fifty thousand." ''[[Cefu Yuangui]]'' 3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 AD. in {{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |pages=143–144 |jstor=29757642 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757642 |issn=0012-8376}} {{PD-notice}} Original text of [[Cefu Yuangui]] 3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999: 六年十一月丁未阿史特勒僕羅上書訴曰僕羅克吐火羅葉䕶部下管諸國王都督刺史總二百一十二人謝颺國王統領兵馬二十萬衆罽賔國王統領兵馬二十萬衆骨吐國王石汗那國王解蘓國王石匿國王悒達國王䕶宻國王䕶時健國王范延國王久越徳建國王勃特山王各領五萬衆僕羅祖父已来並是上件諸國之王蕃望尊重僕羅兄般都泥利承嫡繼襲先𫎇恩勑差使持節就本國册立為王然火羅葉䕶積代以來扵大唐忠赤朝貢不絶本國緣接近大食吐蕃東界又是西鎮僕羅兄每徴發部落下兵馬討論擊諸賊與漢軍相知聲援應接在扵邊境所以免有侵漁僕羅兄前後屢𫎇聖澤媿荷國恩遂發遣僕羅入朝侍衛玉階至願獻忠殉命以為臣妾僕羅至此為不解漢法鴻臚寺不委蕃望大小有不比類流例髙下相懸即奏擬授官竊見石國龜兹并余小國王子首領等入朝元無功効並緣蕃望授三品将軍况僕羅身恃勤本蕃位望與親王一種北䫫大小與諸國王子懸殊却授僕羅四品中郎但在蕃王子弟娑羅門瞿曇金剛龜兹王子白孝順等皆數改轉位至諸衛將軍唯僕羅最是大蕃去神龍元年𫎇恩勑授左領軍衛翊府中郎將至今經一十四年久被淪屈不𫎇准例授職不勝苦屈之甚勑鴻臚卿准例定品秩勿令稱屈 in {{cite web |title=冊府元龜 (四庫全書本)/卷0999 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 |url=https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%83%E9%BE%9C_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B70999 |website=zh.m.wikisource.org}} }}<br />
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=== Conflict with the Arabs ===<br />
{{see also|Muslim conquest of Sistan|Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent}}<br />
[[File:Arabsumf1.png|thumb|325px|right|The Turk Shahis were affected by the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<br><br />
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}<br />
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}<br />
{{legend|#FFDEAD|Turk Shahis}}<br />
{{legend|#9932CC|[[Karkota dynasty|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}<br />
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632– 711 CE)<br>then, [[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}<br />
{{legend|#E0FFFF|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}<br />
]]<br />
Under [[Barha Tegin]], the Shahis mounted a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arab forces after [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura]] was replaced as [[List of caliphal governors of Sijistan|Governor of Sistan]] c.665 CE, taking back lost territory as far as the region of [[Arachosia]] and [[Kandahar]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="HJK583">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|title=The Huns|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34090-4|pages=58–59|language=en}}</ref><ref name="KV1832">{{cite book|last1=Vondrovec|first1=Klaus|url=https://www.academia.edu/880242|title=Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak)|page=183|language=en}}</ref> The capital was shifted from [[Kapisi|Kapisa]] to [[Kabul]].<ref name="MAL142">{{cite book |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |pages=14–15 |language=en}}</ref> The Arabs attempted a counter-offensive when [[Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi]] assumed the governorship of Sistan in 671 CE, attacking the Turkic "[[Zunbils|Rutbil]]" at [[Lashkargah|Bost]], and driving him to al-Rukhkhaj ([[Arachosia]]).<ref name=":0"/> Rabi's successor [[Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra]] continued the war upon being appointed in 673 CE, leading Rutbil to negotiate a peace treaty for both [[Kabulistan|Kabul]] and [[Zabul]], in which the governor of [[Sistan]] acknowledged control of these territories by Rutbil and the King of Kabul.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200|page=69|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Cameron A.|last=Petrie|isbn=9781785703065|date=2020-12-28}}</ref> Little more is known about the rule of Barha Tegin, but many of the early Turk Shahi coins are attributed to him.{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993|p=394}}<br />
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He was succeeded by his son [[Tegin Shah]] c. 680, whose regal title was "[[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] Tegin Shah" meaning "Tegin, King of the East", probably referring to his resistance against the [[Umayyad caliph]].<ref name="KV1832" /><ref name="KHM14">{{cite web|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|last2=Filigenzi|first2=Anna|last3=Kinberger|first3=Michaela|last4=Nell|first4=Daniel|last5=Pfisterer|first5=Matthias|last6=Vondrovec|first6=Klaus|title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. Kabulistan and Bactria at the Time of "Khorasan Tegin Shah"|url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase14?language=en|access-date=July 16, 2017|publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at}}</ref> His territory comprised the area from Kabulistan to Gandhara and initially included Zabulistan, which came to be ruled by Rutbil (Turkic: ''Iltäbär''), his elder brother, who founded the dynasty of the [[Zunbils]].<ref name="KHM14" /> Their relationship was at times antagonistic, but they fought together against Arab incursions.<ref name="KHM14" /><ref name="IM102-103">{{cite journal |last1=Minoru |first1=Inaba (稲葉穣) |title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2015 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=102–103 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 683 AD: their general Abu Ubaida ibn Ziyad was imprisoned in Kabul and Governor of [[Sijistan]] [[Yazid ibn Ziyad]] was killed as he attacked the city.<ref name="HJK58" /><ref name="AM71">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200|date=28 December 2020|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-78570-306-5|page=71|language=en}}</ref> In 684–685, Kabul briefly comes under Arab control.<ref name="AM71" /> In 698 [[Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] lead an 'Army of Destruction' against the Zunbils, was defeated and was forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons and take an oath not to invade Zunbil again.<ref name="Hugh Kennedy">{{cite book|author=Hugh Kennedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&q=Hugh+Kennedy%2CThe+Great+Arab+Conquests%27+%22army+of+destruction%22&pg=PT128|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2010|isbn=9780297865599|page=128}}</ref> About 700 [[Ibn al-Ash'ath]] tried again to invade with the 'Peacock Army', but after some initial progress eventually formed a peace treaty with the Turks, and turned around to lead a rebellion against the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] viceroy of the east, [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]].<ref>Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests', 2007, pages 194-198</ref><br />
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Tegin Shah apparently regained complete suzerainty over Zabulistan around 710 CE.<ref name="KHM14" /> This appears from the accounts in the Chinese chronicles, which relates that the rulers of Zabulistan "subjugated themselves to [[Jibin]] (Kabul)", sometime between 710 and 720 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minoru |first1=Inaba (稲葉穣) |title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2015 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–103 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During this period, it seems the Zunbils and the Turk Shahis intermittently accepted, or were forced to accept, payment of taxes to the Arabs, thereby acknowledging some form of political dependence, but resisted fiercely when the Arabs attempted to take a more direct military, political or religious control.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Petrie|first1=Cameron A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200|date=28 December 2020|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-78570-306-5|page=72|language=en}}</ref><br />
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From 711 CE, the Turk Shahis also had to face a Muslim threat from the southeast, as the campaigns of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] established the [[Caliphal province of Sind]], as far as [[Multan]], at the gates of [[Punjab]], which would last until 854 CE as an [[Ummayad]] and then [[Abbasid]] dependency.<ref name="CAP148">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-304-1 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148-149 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==== Tang dynasty investiture ====<br />
In 719/20 CE, the Tegin of Kabulistan ([[Tegin Shah]]) and the Iltäbär of [[Zabulistan]] (here named "Shiquer") sent a combined embassy to [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuanzong]], the Chinese Emperor of the [[Tang dynasty]] in [[Xi'an]], to obtain confirmation of their thrones.{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}} The Chinese emperor signed an investiture decree, which was returned to the Turk rulers. The official Chinese recognition of the enthronement of Tegin Shah appears in the annals of the ''[[Tangshu]]'':<br />
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[[File:Tegin Shah (obverse).jpg|thumb|Portrait of the Turk Shahis ruler [[Tegin Shah]], who received the investiture from the [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Tang Emperor]] in 719/720 CE, as "King of [[Kabul|Jibin]], ''Tegin'' (ruler) of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]]".<ref name="KHM14"/>{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}}]]<br />
{{blockquote|In the seventh year of the Kaiyuan reign [719 CE], [Jibin (Kabul) dispatched] envoys to the [Tang] court, who offered up a book of an astrological text, secret medical recipes, together with foreign medecines and other things. An imperial edict was issued to bestow on the king [of Jibin] the title [[Khalaj people|Geluodazhi]] Tele [for "Tegin"].|[[Old Book of Tang]], Book 198.<ref name="KHM14"/>{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Original Chinese: 开元七年，遣使来朝，进天文经一夹、秘要方并蕃药等物，诏遣册其王为葛罗达支特勒。|url=http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0101/00jts/209.htm |website=www.guoxue123.com}}</ref>}}<br />
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The word "''Geluodazhi''" in this extract (Chinese: 葛罗达支, pronounced in [[Early Middle Chinese]]: kat-la-dat-tcǐe), is thought to be a transliteration of the ethnonym [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]].{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=105}} Hence Tegin Shah was described as "Tegin of the Khalaj".{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=105}} This title also appears on his coinage in [[Gupta script]], where he is named "''hitivira kharalāča''", probably meaning "[[Iltäbär]] of the Khalaj".{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=105}}<br />
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In 720 CE, the ruler of [[Zabulistan]] (謝䫻, ''Xiėyù'') also received the title ''Gedaluozhi Xielifa'' (Chinese: 葛達羅支頡利發), ''Xielifa'' being the known Chinese transcription of the Turkish "[[Iltäbär]]", hence "Iltäbär of the Khalaj".<ref>Original Chinese in [[Cefu Yuangui]], book 0964 冊府元龜 (四庫全書本)/卷0964 "九月遣使冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為謝䫻國王葛達羅支特勒為𦋺賔國王", simplified Chinese "九月遣使册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为谢䫻国王葛达罗支特勒为𦋺賔国王", "In September [720 CE] ambassadors recorded that Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer was enthroned as king of Zabulistan, ''Gedaluozhi Tele'' was enthroned as king of [[Jibin]]." see {{cite book|last1=Inaba|first1=Minoru|url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558|title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia, in "Coins, Art and Chronology II The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderland"|date=2010|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3700168850|location=Vienna|page=452}} also " 開元八年，天子冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為王。至天寶中數朝獻。" "In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of Gedalouzhi Xielifa Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756)." in {{cite journal|last1=稲葉穣|first1=Inaba Minoru|date=2015|title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=49|issue=1–2|page=100|doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097|jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This appears in another extract from the ''[[Tangshu]]'' describing the country of Zabulistan (谢䫻, ''Xiėyù''), mentioning how Zabulistan was a vassal to the Kabul Shah around the same period, and how the Zunbil ruler, named "Shiquer", was also recognized by the Chinese court:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Alram |title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=稲葉穣 |first1=Inaba Minoru |title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2015 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–100 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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{{blockquote|The people from ''Tujue'' (Turks), ''Jibin'' ([[Kabul]]), and ''Tuhuoluo'' ([[Tokhara Yabghus|Tokharistan]]) live together in this country [Zabulistan]. Jibin recruits from among them young men to defend against ''Dashi'' (Arabs). They sent an envoy to the Tang in the first year of Jingyun (710) to present gifts. Later, they subjugated themselves to Jibin. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), the Emperor approved the enthronement of ''Gedalouzhi'' ("[[Khalaj people|Khalaj]]") ''[[Zabulistan|Xielifa]]'' ("[[Iltäbär]]") Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756).|[[Old Book of Tang]], Book 221: account of Zabulistan (谢䫻 ''Xiėyù'').<ref>Original Chinese: "谢䫻居吐火罗西南本曰漕矩吒或曰漕矩显庆时谓诃达罗支武后改今号东距罽賔东北帆延皆四百里南婆罗门西波斯北护时健其王居鹤悉那城地七千里亦治阿娑你城多郁金瞿草瀵泉灌田国中有突厥罽賔吐火罗种人𮦀居罽賔取其子弟持兵以御大食景云初遣使朝贡后遂臣罽賔开元八年天子册葛达罗支颉利发誓屈尔为王至天宝中数朝献" in {{cite web |title=唐书 (四库全书本)/卷221下 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7221%E4%B8%8B |website=zh.wikisource.org |language=zh-Hans}}, also: {{cite journal |last1=稲葉穣 |first1=Inaba Minoru |title=From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=2015 |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–100 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
These two Chinese accounts tend to confirm that the Turk Shahi and Zunbil rulers were Khalaj Turks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Inaba|first1=Minoru|title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558|page=445}}</ref> The Korean pilgrim [[Hyecho]] accompanied the return embassy in 726 AD, and wrote an account of his travel and visit at the court of Kabul, relating that Turk (''"T’u-chüeh"'') kings ruled the territories of Gandhara, Kapisa and [[Zabulistan]] at the time, that they were [[Buddhist]]s, and that the King of Kabul was the uncle of the ruler of Zabul.<ref name="HC370">"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in {{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA370|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|last2=Litvinsky|first2=B. A.|date=January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103211-0|pages=370–375|language=en}}</ref><ref name="KHM14" /><br />
<br />
=== Victory over the Arabs ===<br />
[[File:Royal figure with crown and halo, wearing a double-lapel caftan and boots, accompanied by a figure in armour.jpg|thumb|Royal figure with triple-crescent crown and halo, wearing a double-lapel caftan and boots, accompanied by a figure in armour. This is a possible depiction of Sun and Moon deities, showing Central Asian influence. Mural from the [[Fondukistan monastery]], circa 700 AD.<ref name="SN31">{{cite journal |last1=Novotny |first1=Susanne |title=The Buddhist Monastery of Fondukistān, Afghanistan – A Reconstruction |journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=2 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302542 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302542?journalCode=jiaa |issn=1783-9025|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackin |first1=J. |title=Les travaux de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan: Compte-Rendu Sommaire (Septembre 1936-Août 1937) |journal=Revue des arts asiatiques |date=1938 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |jstor=43475079 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475079 |issn=0995-7510}}</ref> Similarities can be seen with the [[Kizil Caves]] knights, indicating the continuity of Central Asian art under the patronage of the Western Turks.<ref name="EB145">Bosworth also says that the "[[Ephthalites]] were incapable of such work" in {{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145|title=The Turks in the Early Islamic World|date=15 May 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-88087-9|page=145|language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
In 739 CE, Tegin abdicated in favour of his son [[Fromo Kesaro]]:<ref name="HJK583"/>{{efn|{{harvnb|Martin|2011|p=127}}:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."}}<br />
{{blockquote|In the 27th year [of Kaiyuan, ie 739 CE], the king Wusan Tela Sa [for Khorasan Tegin Shah] submitted a memorial requesting that due to his old age, his son [[Fromo Kesaro|Fulin Jisuo]] may succeed him on the throne. The emperor agreed and dispatched an envoy in order to confer the king's title on him through an imperial edict.|[[Old Book of Tang]], Book 198.<ref name="KHM14"/>{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}}<ref>Original Chinese: 二十七年，其王乌散特勒洒以年老，上表请以子拂菻罽婆嗣位，许之，仍降使册命。{{cite web |title=卷一百九十八 列传第一百四十八_旧唐书 |url=http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0101/00jts/209.htm |website=www.guoxue123.com}}</ref>}}<br />
"[[Fromo Kesaro]]" is probable phonetic transcription of "Rome Caesar".<ref name="HJK58" /><ref name="Fromo Kesaro">{{cite journal|last1=Piras|first1=Andrea|title=Fromo Kesaro. Echi del prestigio di Bisanzio in Asia Centrale, in Polidoro. Studi offerti ad Antonio Carile, a cura di G. Vespignani (Centro italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo), Spoleto 2013, pp. 671-690.|url=https://www.academia.edu/5340750|language=en|page=681}}</ref> He was apparently named in honor of "Caesar", the title of the then [[Byzantine Empire|East Roman]] Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs during the [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Siege of Constantinople]] in 717 AD, and sent [[Sino-Roman relations|an embassy to China through Central Asia]] in 719 AD which probably met with the Turk Shahis.<ref name="HJK58" />{{efn|{{harvnb|Martin|2011|p=127}}:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."}} In Chinese sources "Fromo Kesaro" was aptly transcribed ''"Fulin Jisuo"'' (拂菻罽娑), "[[Daqin|Fulin]]" (拂菻) being the standard [[Tang dynasty]] name for "[[Byzantine Empire]]" and Jisuo (罽娑) the phonetic transcription of "Caesar":<ref name="AR37">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Abdur |title=Afghanistan. Ancien Carrefour entre l'Est et l'Ouest (New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis) |last2=Bopearachchi (Ed.) |first2=Osmund |last3=Boussac (Ed.) |first3=Marie-Françoise |date=2002 |publisher=Brepols |isbn=2-503-51681-5 |volume=XV |location=Turnhout, Belgium |pages=37–41}}</ref>{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=106}}<ref name="Fromo Kesaro" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Qiang|date=2017|title=Handbook of the International Symposium on "Byzantine Gold Coins in the World of Late Antiquity"|url=https://www.academia.edu/34687635|journal=中国 · 长春|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fromo Kesaro appears to have successfully fought against the Arabs.<ref name="HJK58" /><ref name="MA19-20">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford|date=1 February 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|page=1920|language=en}}</ref> His coinage suggests that the Arabs were defeated and forced to pay tribute to Fromo Kesaro, since Sasanian coins and coins of Arab governors were overstruck by him on the rim with the following text in the [[Bactrian script]]:<ref name="Overstrike">{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA381|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|last2=Litvinsky|first2=B. A.|date=1 January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103211-0|pages=381–382|language=en}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|[[File:Phromo kesaro coin with victory legend (and transcription).jpg|thumb|left|Sasanian drachm with Fromo Kesaro obverse and reverse rim overstrike in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]].<ref>"New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, [https://pictures.abebooks.com/inventory/30872542769_3.jpg plates. XI-XIII]</ref><ref name="Inscription"/>]]''Obverse:'' ϕρoµo κησαρo βαγo χoαδηo κιδo βo ταzικανo χoργo<br>''Reverse:'' oδo σαo βo σαβαγo ατo ι µo βo γαινδo<br><br><br />
''Fromo Kesaro, the Majestic Sovereign, [is] who defeated the Arabs and laid a tax [on them]. Thus they sent it.''|Rim legend of Sasanian and Arab coins overstruck by Fromo Kesaro<ref name="Overstrike"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Charlton |first1=Evan |title=India in the ancient world |date=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=9780333124291}}</ref><ref name="Inscription">{{cite book |last1=Harmatta |first1=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1996 |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |location=Paris |isbn=92-3-103211-9 |page=374 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35651106}}</ref>{{efn|The study of these new coins originally appeared in "New Coins of Fromo Kēsaro" by Helmut Humbach in: G. Pollet (ed.), "India and the Ancient World. History, trade and culture before A.D. 650". Professor P.H.L. Eggermont jubilee volume. Leuven 1987, 81-85, [https://pictures.abebooks.com/inventory/30872542769_3.jpg plates. XI-XIII]}} }}<br />
<br />
Since these coins did not come out from Fromo Kesaro's foundries, but were simply pre-existing Arab/Sasanian coins which he overstruck on the rim with his victorious legends in Bactrian, it would seem that in all likelihood the coins underwent this rather simple overstriking procedure in the field, probably during one of his victorious campaigns against the Muslims.<ref name="MA19-20"/><br />
<br />
Fromo Kesaro's victories may have forged parts of the epic legend of the Tibetan King whose name appears to be phonetically similar: [[Epic of King Gesar|Phrom Ge-sar]].<ref name="HJK58" /><ref name="Overstrike" /><br />
<br />
=== Dissolution of the Tang protectorate ===<br />
{{South Asia in 800 CE|right|{{center|The Turk Shahis and Zunbils in South Asia, with neighbouring polities, circa 750 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|70|23|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|35px]]}}}}<br />
In 745 AD, Fromo Kesaro's son [[Bo Fuzhun]] (勃匐準 ''Bo Fuzhun'' in Chinese sources) became the king, as recorded in the Old Book of Tang;{{efn|{{blockquote|天寶四年，又冊其子勃匐準為襲罽賓及烏萇國王，仍授左驍衛將軍<br>In the 4th year of the Tianbao reign [745 CE]{{efn|Tianbao (天寶, 742–756), era name used by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang}} another imperial edict was issued to make his [i.e. [[Fromo Kesaro]]'s] son Bo Fuzun succeed him on the throne as the King of [[Jibin]] and [[Oddiyana|Uddiyana]]. He was conferred the title of "General of Left Stalwart Guard".|[[Old Book of Tang]], Book 198.{{sfn|Balogh|2020|p=104}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuwayama |first1=S. |title=Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of papers |date=2002 |publisher=INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES KYOTO UNIVERSITY |page=259 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39251127.pdf}}</ref>}}}} he was simultaneously conferred with the Tang title "General of the Left", which probably alludes to a strategic relationship between the Chinese and the Turk Shahis, in the context of expanding Islamic frontiers.<ref name="CAP148" /><br />
<br />
The Chinese departed from the region c. 760 AD, following their strategic defeat at the [[Battle of Talas]] (751 AD) and the events of the [[An Lushan Rebellion]], thus weakening the geopolitical position of the Turk Shahis.<ref name="HC216">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA216|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|page=216ff|language=en}}</ref> [[Ya'qubi|Al-Yakubhi]] records that c. 775–785, a Turk Shahi ruler of Kabul—variously reconstructed as [[Khingal|Ḥanḥal/Khinkhil/Khingil/Khingal]]—was sent a proposal by [[Al-Mahdi]] (775-785), the third [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]], asking for his submission, to which he conceded.{{efn|{{blockquote|[[Al-Mahdi|Al-Mahdī]] sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of Kābul Shāh, whose name was [[Khingal|Ḥanḥal]]; the king of [[Tabaristan|Ṭabaristān]], the [[Ispahbadh|Iṣbahbadh]]; the king of [[Soghdia]], the [[Ikhshid|Ikhshīd]]; the king of [[Tokharistan|Tukhāristān]], [[Sharwin I|Sharwin]]; the king of [[Bamiyan]], the Shīr; the king of [[Ferghana|Farghana]], ------ ; the king of [[Usrushana|Usrūshana]], [[Afshin|Afshīn]]; the king of the [[Karluks|Kharlukhiyya]], Jabghūya; the king of [[Sijistān]], [[Zunbil|Zunbīl]]; the king of Turks, [[Tarkhan]]; the king of [[Tibet]], Ḥ-h-w-r-n; the king of [[Sind]], al-Rāy; the king of [[China]], [[Son of Heaven|Baghbür]]; the king of India and Atrāḥ, Wahūfūr; and the king of the [[Toquz Oghuz|Tughuz-ghuz]], Khāqān.|[[Ya'qubi]] (died 897/8), ''Ta'rikh'' ("History")<ref name="AY1138">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Mathew S. and al. |title=The Works Of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al Yaʿqūbī |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004364165 |pages=1138–1139, note 2959 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-works-of-ibn-wadih-al-yaqubi/The%20Works%20of%20Ibn%20W%C4%81%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%A5%20al-Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb%C4%AB%20volume%203/page/1138/mode/2up?}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=A. |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |journal=Ancient Pakistan |date=2002|page=41|url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf}}</ref>}}}}<ref name="SK442"/> He was either a unique ruler of the Turk Shahis or identical with Bo Fuzhun.<ref name="SK442">{{cite journal|last1=Kuwayama|first1=Shoshin|date=1999|title=Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39183379.pdf|journal=ZINBUN|volume=34|page=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome"|url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en|access-date=July 22, 2017|publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Inaba|first1=Minoru|title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558|language=en|page=446}}</ref><ref>天寶四年,又冊其子勃匐準為襲罽賓及烏萇國王,仍授左驍衞將軍。"Kesar's son Bo Fuzhun succeed him on the throne as the king of Jibin and Wuchang. He was conferred the title General of the Left Stalwart Guard" in {{harvnb|Balogh|2020|p=104}}</ref><ref name="KR171">{{cite book|last1=Rezakhani|first1=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=15 March 2017|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0031-2|page=171|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Renewed conflict with the Arabs and decline ===<br />
[[File:Royal couple, Fondukistan, 7th century CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Funerary stele of a royal couple in the Buddhist [[Fondukistan|Fondukistan monastery]], dedicated around the end of the 7th century CE under the Turk Shahis. King wearing a Central Asian [[caftan]] with double [[lapel]], a belt and pointed boots, and Queen of Indian type, holding hands over cushions. Circa 700 AD.<ref name="SN31" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackin |first1=J. |title=Les travaux de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan: Compte-Rendu Sommaire (Septembre 1936-Août 1937) |journal=Revue des arts asiatiques |date=1938 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |jstor=43475079 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475079 |issn=0995-7510}}</ref><ref name="KHM12" /><ref>A recent highly detailed view: {{cite web |title=Les trésors sataniques - Satanic treasures – Patrick Chapuis Photographe |url=https://patrickchapuis.photoshelter.com/image/I0000YsS2DZa4Dmw |website=patrickchapuis.photoshelter.com}}</ref>]]<br />
The struggle between the Arabs and the Turk Shahis continued into the 9th century AD.<ref name="HJK58" /> Hoping to take advantage of the [[Great Abbasid Civil War]] (811-819 AD), the Turk Shahi, named "Pati Dumi" in Arab sources, invaded parts of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name="AR37" /> Once the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] prevailed in the Civil War, he sent troops to confront the Turk invaders: in 814/815 AD, the Turk Shahis were soundly defeated by these Arab troops, which pushed as far as [[Gandhara]].<ref name="MA20">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford|date=1 February 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|page=20|language=en}}</ref><ref name="KHM16" /> The Turk Shah now had to convert to Islam, and had to pay an annual tribute of 1,500,000 dirhams and 2,000 slaves to the Abbasid governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name="MA20" /><ref name="KHM16" /> He also ceded a large and precious idol made of gold, silver and jewels, which was sent to [[Mecca]].<ref name="AR37" /> Following [[Al-Azraqi]]'s initial account of 834 AD, Quṭb ed-Dîn wrote:<br />
{{blockquote|Now, when this King converted to Islam, he decided that the throne with the idol should be given as an offering for the [[Ka'ba]].<br />
He therefore sent the throne to [[Al-Ma'mun]] in [[Merv]], who then sent it to [[Al-Hasan ibn Sahl]] in [[Wasit, Iraq|Wasit]], who in turn charged one of his lieutenants from [[Balkh]], Naçîr ben Ibrahim, with accompanying it to [[Mecca]]. This lieutenant arrived there in the year [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] 201 (816 AD) during the time of pilgrimage when Isḥâḳ ben Mûsá ben ´Isá was leading the pilgrims to the holy sites. When they returned from [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], Naçîr ben Ibrahim placed the throne with the carpet and the idol in the center of the square dedicated to [[Omar Ibn Al-Khattab]], between [[Safa and Marwa]], where it remained for three days.|Quṭb ed-Dîn, ''History of the city of Mecca''<ref>transl. from Wüstenfeld (Wüstenfeld, III, 186: 190–191). The transcription of the Arabic follows Wüstenfeld. in {{cite book |last1=Klimburg-Salter |first1=Deborah |title="Cultural Mobility, a Case Study: the Crowned Buddha of the Kabul Shāh" in: Coins, Art and Chronology II The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands |date=210 |publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften |pages=42–43|url=https://www.academia.edu/30022581}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[Al-Azraqi]] also made a very detailed description of the statue, which points to a crowned and bejewelled Buddha seated on a throne, a design otherwise well known and quite specific to this historical period for the region of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>"As we shall see, this particular conjunction of iconographic features described by al-Azraqî is quite rare and is in fact limited to the northwest of the subcontinent – from Afghanistan to Kashmir – and to this period." in {{cite book|last1=Klimburg-Salter|first1=Deborah|url=https://www.academia.edu/30022581|title="Cultural Mobility, a Case Study: the Crowned Buddha of the Kabul Shāh" in: Coins, Art and Chronology II The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands|date=210|publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften|pages=46}}</ref> In the south, the [[Zunbils|Zunbil]] Turk Shahis escaped unaffected and continued to rule for about two more decades, before falling in 870/871 AD to the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] under an upstart adventurer [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}<br />
<br />
===Takeover by the Hindu Shahis (822 CE)===<br />
{{main|Hindu Shahis}}<br />
According to the Arab chronicler [[al-Biruni]], the last Turk Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman—probable son of Pati Dumi—was deposed by a [[Brahmin]] minister, named Kallar around 822 AD.<ref name="AR37" /><ref>D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" ''Numismatic Chronicle'', Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, ''AFGHANISTAN REVISITED'' ... Appendix –B, pp. 164-68</ref> A new dynasty, the [[Hindu Shahi]] took over, with its capital in Kabul.<ref name="KHM16" /> To the south, the [[Zunbils]] held fort against Muslim forces until the Saffarid offensive of 870 CE.<br />
<br />
== Society and Religion ==<br />
[[File:Mes Aynak stupa.jpg|thumb|Remains of a Buddhist monastery at [[Mes Aynak]], near Kabul, which remained in use until the 9th century AD.<ref name="KHM13">{{cite web |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |last2=Filigenzi |first2=Anna |last3=Kinberger |first3=Michaela |last4=Nell |first4=Daniel |last5=Pfisterer |first5=Matthias |last6=Vondrovec |first6=Klaus |title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. The Turk Shahis in Kabulistan |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase13?language=en |access-date=July 16, 2017 |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at}}</ref>]]<br />
[[File:Wang wu tian zhu guo zhuan 往 五 天 竺 國 傳 by Hui chao 慧 超 Visit of Jibin by Hui chao (with transliteration).jpg|thumb|[[Hui Chao]] reported that the Turk King, Queen and dignitaries practiced Buddhism. 726 AD.<ref name="SK405" />]]<br />
The [[Alchon Huns]], predecessors of the Turk Shahis in Afghanistan and Gandhara, had brought destruction upon Buddhism.<ref name="HJK">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mi45DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China|last2=Vervaet|first2=Frederik Juliaan|last3=Adali|first3=Selim Ferruh|date=5 October 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-12131-6|pages=260–270|language=en}}</ref> When Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited northwestern India in {{circa|630}} AD, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.<ref name="HeirmanBumbacher2007">{{cite book|author1=Ann Heirman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ|title=The Spread of Buddhism|author2=Stephan Peter Bumbacher|date=11 May 2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-2006-4|location=Leiden|page=60}}</ref> The Turk Shahis are reported as having been supporters of Buddhism, and are generally believed to be Buddhists, though they also worshipped Hindu gods.<ref name="SK405">{{cite journal|last1=Kuwayama|first1=Shoshin|date=1976|title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318|journal=East and West|volume=26|issue=3/4|pages=405–407|issn=0012-8376|jstor=29756318}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC&pg=PA73|title=India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=978-81-8069-457-8|page=73|language=en}}</ref> There was a renewed patronage of Buddhism in the area of Afghanistan during the 7-8th century AD as a function of the expansion of the [[Tang dynasty]] power in [[Central Asia]] at that time, just as the Arabs were pressuring [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Sistan]].<ref name="GV432">{{cite journal|last1=Verardi|first1=Giovanni|last2=Paparatti|first2=Elio|date=2005|title=From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757657|journal=East and West|volume=55|issue=1/4|pages=432–433|issn=0012-8376|jstor=29757657}}</ref> The Korean pilgrim [[Hui Chao]] in 726 AD recorded in the Chinese language that the Turkic (突厥, Tū-chuèh) rulers of [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] ("[[Jibin]]") followed the [[Three Refuges|Triratna]] and dedicated many Buddhist temples:<ref name="SK405" /><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|(...) 至罽賓國。(...) 此國土人是胡。王及兵馬突厥。(...) 國人大敬信三寶。足寺足僧。百姓家各絲造寺。供養三寶。大城中有一寺。名沙糸寺。寺中貝佛螺髻骨舍利見在王官百姓每日供養。此國行小乘。<br><br />
(...) I arrived in [[Jibin]].(...) The natives of the country are Hu (Barbarian) people; the king and the cavalry are [[Western Turk|Turks]] (突厥, ''Tūjué''). (...) The people of this country greatly revere the [[Three Jewels]]. There are many monasteries and monks. The common people compete in constructing monasteries and supporting the Three Jewels. In the big city there is a monastery called Sha-hsi-ssu. At present, the curly hair ([[ushnisha]], 螺髻) and the relic bones of the Buddha are to be seen in the monastery. The king, the officials, and the common people daily worship these relics. [[Hinayana]] (小乘) Buddhism is practised in this country.|[[Hui Chao]], ''[[Memoir of the pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India]]'', 726 AD.<ref name="HCD50">{{cite book |last1=Jan |first1=Yun-Hua |last2=Iida |first2=Shotaro |last3=Yang |first3=Han-Sung |title=The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series) |date=1984 |publisher=Asian Humanities Pr |pages=50–51|isbn=978-0895810243|edition=English and Korean }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Su-Il |first1=Jeong |title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia |date=18 July 2016 |publisher=Seoul Selection |isbn=978-1-62412-076-3 |page=782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT782 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{PD-notice}} Text of the visit to Jibin by Huei-ch'ao: "又從此覽波國而行入山。經於八日程。至罽賓國。此國亦是建馱羅王所管。此王夏在罽賓。逐涼而坐。冬往建馱羅。趁暖而住。彼即無雪。暖而不寒。其罽賓國冬天積雪。為此冷也。此國土人是胡。王及兵馬突厥。衣著言音食飲。與吐火羅國。大同少異。無問男之與女。並皆著㲲布衫袴及靴。男女衣服無有差別。男人並剪鬚髮。女人髮在。土地出駝騾羊馬驢牛㲲布蒲桃大小二麥欝金香等。國人大敬信三寶。足寺足僧。百姓家各絲造寺。供養三寶。大城中有一寺。名沙糸寺。寺中貝佛螺髻骨舍利見在王官百姓每日供養。此國行小乘。亦住山裏山頭無有草木。恰似火燒山也" Within chapter 25 in {{cite web |title=원문/전문 보기 - 徃五天竺國傳(왕오천축국전) |url=http://www.davincimap.co.kr/davBase/Source/davSource.jsp?Job=Body&SourID=SOUR001273 |website=www.davincimap.co.kr}}<br>Translation of [[:File:Wang_wu_tian_zhu_guo_zhuan_往_五_天_竺_國_傳_by_Hui_chao_慧_超_Visit_of_Jibin_by_Hui_chao_(with_transliteration).jpg|the original Chinese text]]:<br>"From Lampaka (覽波國, [[Kashmir]]), I again entered the mountains. After eight days journey I arrived at the country of Kapisa ([[Jibin]] (罽賓國)). This country is also under the authority of the king of [[Gandhara]] (建馱羅). During the summer the king comes to Kapisa and resides here because of the cool temperature. During the winter he goes to Gandhara and resides at that warm place because there is no snow and it is warm and not cold. In the winter the snows accumulate in Kapisa. This is the reason for the cold. The natives of the country are Hu (Barbarians) people; the king and the cavalry are [[Western Turk|Turks]] (突厥, "Tuque"). The dress, language, and food of this place are mostly similar to [[Tokharistan]] (吐火羅國), though there are small differences. Whether man or woman, all wear cotton shirts, trousers, and boots. There is no distinction of dress between men and women. The men cut their beards and hair, but the women keep their hair. The products of this land include camels, mules, sheep, horses, asses, cotton cloth, grapes, barley, wheat, and saffron. The people of this country greatly revere the [[Three Jewels]]. There are many monasteries and monks. The common people compete in constructing monasteries and supporting the Three Jewels. In the big city there is a monastery called Sha-hsi-ssu. At present, the curly hair ([[ushnisha]], 螺髻) and the relic bones of the Buddha are to be seen in the monastery. The king, the officials, and the common people daily worship these relics. [[Hinayana]] (小乘) Buddhism is practised in this country. The land is situated in the mountains. On the mountains there is no vegetation. [It looks] as if the land had been burned by fire."<br>adapted from: {{cite book |last1=Jan |first1=Yun-Hua |last2=Iida |first2=Shotaro |last3=Yang |first3=Han-Sung|pages=50–51 |title=The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series) |date=1984 |publisher=Asian Humanities Pr |isbn=978-0895810243|edition=English and Korean }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The Kingdoms of Central Asia, often Buddhist or with an important Buddhist community, were generally under the formal control of the Tang dynasty, had regular exchanges with China, and expected Tang protection.<ref name="GV432" /> Chinese monks were probably directly in charge of some of the Buddhist sanctuaries of Central Asia, such as the temple of [[Suyab|Suiye]] (near [[Tokmok|Tokmak]] in present-day [[Kirghizistan]]).<ref name="GV432" /> During this period too, the Chinese [[Tang Empire]] extended its influence and promotion of Buddhism to the kingdoms of [[Central Asia]], including Afghanistan, with a corresponding influx of Chinese monks, while there was conversely a migration of Indian monks and artistic styles from India to Central Asia, as "[[Brahmanical]] revivalism" was pushing Indian Buddhist monks out of their country.<ref name="GV437">{{cite journal|last1=Verardi|first1=Giovanni|last2=Paparatti|first2=Elio|date=2005|title=From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757657|journal=East and West|volume=55|issue=1/4|pages=437–438|issn=0012-8376|jstor=29757657}}</ref><ref name="GV432" /><br />
<br />
According to the Chinese pilgrim [[Wukong (monk)|Wukong]], who arrived in Gandhara in 753 AD,<ref name="SK405" /> the country of [[Kapisi]] had its eastern capital in [[Gandhara]] during the winter, and its capital in Kapisi during the summer.<ref name="SK405" /> In [[Kashmir]], which he visited from 756 to 760 AD, he explained that Buddhist temples were dedicated by the ''Tü-kiu'' ("Turk") kings.<ref name="SK405" /> [[Brahmanism]] too seems to have flourished, but to a lesser extent, under the Turk Shahis, with various works of art also attributed to their period.<ref name="SK405" /><ref>Images of the sculptures of Khair Khana in {{cite web|title=Afghanistan Significant Site 120. Khair Khana|url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-120.html|website=www.cemml.colostate.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the end of the 10th century, the [[Samanid Empire]] led by the Turk [[Ghilman|ghulams]] [[Alp Tigin]] established itself in Eastern Afghanistan, later followed by the [[Ghaznavid dynasty]].<ref name="sinor">{{citation|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|year=1990|editor-last=Sinor|editor-first=Denis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521243049}}</ref><ref name="WR13">{{cite book|last1=Rienjang|first1=Wannaporn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZf6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 18th-19th March, 2019|last2=Stewart|first2=Peter|date=2 September 2020|publisher=Classical Art Research Centre|isbn=978-1-78969-696-7|page=13|language=en}}</ref> At that time, local Buddhist Turk communities seem to have mingled with the newly arrived Muslim Turks of the Samanid Empire, forming an ethnic continuity among the ruling class of Ghazni. The local Buddhist Turks progressively islamized, but there was a continuation in artistic development and Buddhist religious activities, not a break.<ref name="WR13" /> The Buddhist site of Qol-i Tut in Kabul remained in use until the end of the 11th century.<ref name="WR13" /><br />
<br />
== Coinage ==<br />
[[File:Turk Shahi portrait. King Sri Ranasrikari. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.jpg|thumb|An early Turk Shahi ruler, possibly [[Barha Tegin]],{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993|p=394|loc=Coin E.254}} with inscription "Lord Ranasrikari" ([[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg|7px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg|7px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ri.jpg|8px]] ''Sri Ranasrikari'', "The Lord who brings excellence through war"), with [[tamgha]] of the Turk Shahis: [[File:Tamgha of the Turk Shahis.jpg|12px]]. In this realistic portrait, he wears the double-lapel Turkic [[caftan]], and a crown with three [[crescent]]s (one hidden from view) surmounted by the head of a wolf, a [[Turkic mythology|Turkic symbol]].{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993|p=394|loc=For a clear example of the wolf, see [https://data1.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/dasantlitzdesfremden/coins/coin99%3Fref=showcases%252Fshowcase14&language=en.html]. Also: [[File:Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin.jpg|50px|Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin]]}} Late 7th to early 8th century AD.<ref>Göbl 1967, 254; Vondrovec type 254</ref><ref name="KHM13"/><ref>See coin 3 from the same ruler in {{cite web |url=https://data1.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/dasantlitzdesfremden/coins/coin101%3Fref=showcases%252Fshowcase14&language=en.html |title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. Kabulistan and Bactria at the Time of "Khorasan Tegin Shah" | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 16, 2017}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
From the middle of the 7th century AD, the Turk Shahis emulated the coinage of their predecessors, the [[Huna people|Hunnish]] [[Nezak]]-[[Alchons]].<ref name="MA283"/><ref name="KHM12"/> [[:File:Nezak Huns Anonymous (Nezak Shah) circa 500-560.jpg|The first coins of the Turk Shahi]] kept the winged bull's head of the Nezak as well as their legend "King of Nezak" (''nycky MLKA'') but in corrupted [[Pahlavi script]]. But the style of the rulers in the coins was now quite different, and the coins were of markedly higher silver quality.<ref name="MAL142"/> Soon, these coins introduced a new legend in replacement of the "King of Nezaks" legend, using the Indian honorific ''"[[Shri]]"'' ("Perfection") with the royal title "Shahi" in the [[Bactrian language]] ({{lang|xbc-Grek|σριο Þανιο}}, ''Srio šauoi'') and in Sanskrit (''Śri Sāhi'').{{sfn|Alram|2014|p=282}}<ref name="KHM12"/> This new coinage corresponds to the formal establishment of the Turk Shahis, sometime after 661 AD.<ref name="MA283"/><ref name="KHM12">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase12?language=en | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus |title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 12. Zabulistan: From the Alkhan-Nezak Crossover to the Turks |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 16, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In later stages, the crown adorned with a bull's head is replaced by a crown consisting in three crescent moons in the middle of which a flower or trident is set.<ref name="KHM12"/>{{efn|In nearby [[Kakrak Valley, Bamyan Province|Kakrak]], a valley next to [[Bamiyan]], a famous Buddhist mural named "The Hunter King" (7-8th centuries AD) shows a typically local royal figure seated on a throne, his bow and arrows on the side. He wears a triple-crescent crown which is said to have a close similarity to the triple-crescent crowns on the coinage found in northeastern Afghanistan in the area of [[Zabulistan]], for example [[:File:Coin_found_in_Ghazni_(Turk_Shahi).jpg|this coin]] from [[Ghazni]].<ref name="ODA49">Joseph Hackin affirms the "close connection" between the triple-crescent crown of the Kakrak Hunter King and [[:File:Coin found in Ghazni (Turk Shahi).jpg|this coin]] from [[Ghazni]], [[Zabulistan]], also describing the double-lapel caftan worn by the ruler on the coin: {{cite book |last1=Hackin |first1=Joseph |title=L'Œuvre de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Afghanistan (1922-1932) : vol.1 |date=1936 |page=49 |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/viewer/index.html?pages=VIII-5-A-a-33/V-1&pos=59&lang=en}}</ref><ref name="KHM14" /> Other authors have attributed the triple-crescent crown to [[Hephthalite]] influence.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal|last1=Compareti|first1=Matteo|date=2008|title=The Painting of the "Hunter-King" at Kakrak: Royal Figure or Divine Being?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283346535|journal=Studio Editoriale Gordini|page=133}}</ref> The painting may be an allegory of a King abandoning violence, particularly the hunting of animals, and converting to Buddhism.<ref>"According to Jäger’s interpretation, the so-called «Hunter-King» was a symbolic representation of a royal person who converted to Buddhism and abandoned hunting and violence in general." in {{cite journal|last1=Compareti|first1=Matteo|date=2008|title=The Painting of the "Hunter-King" at Kakrak: Royal Figure or Divine Being?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283346535|journal=Studio Editoriale Gordini|page=133}}</ref>}} Often the bull's head in the crown is also replaced by the symbol of a lion's or a wolf's head.<ref name="MAL16">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|title=Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford|date=1 February 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|pages=16–17|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993|p=394|loc=For a clear example of the wolf, see [https://data1.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/dasantlitzdesfremden/coins/coin99%3Fref=showcases%252Fshowcase14&language=en.html]. Also: [[File:Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin.jpg|50px|Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin]]}} In other coins the triple-crescent moons were kept, and the king was shown wearing a Central Asian [[caftan]].<ref name="KHM13"/><br />
<br />
Many of these coins are attributed to [[Shahi Tegin]], the second Turk Shahi ruler, and dated to circa 700 AD.<ref name="KV183">{{cite book |last1=Vondrovec |first1=Klaus |title=Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak) |page=183 |url=https://www.academia.edu/880242 |language=en}}</ref> After this transitory period, Turk Shahi coinage adopted the [[Sasanian coinage]] style, and added a trilingual legend in [[Bactrian script|Greco-Bactrian]], [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]], and [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]. Based on finds, Turk Shahi coins apparently circulated in Zabulistan, Kabulistan, [[Gandhara]] and [[Uddiyana]].<ref name="MA283" /><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="250" heights="125" perrow="4"><br />
File:Shahi Tegin (Sri Shahi). After 679 in the style of the Nezak Huns.jpg|Early coin of the Turk Shahis, in the style of the [[Nezak|Nezak Huns]]. The Turk Shahis replaced the [[Pahlavi language|Pahlavi]] legend of the Nezaks by a [[Bactrian script]] legend [[File:Srio Shaho on a Turk Shahi coin.jpg|20px]] ''{{lang|xbc-Grek|σριο Þανιο}}'' "Srio Shaho" i.e. "Lord King", with [[tamgha]]. The crown is now made of crescents. Late 7th century AD.{{sfn|Alram|2014|p=282}}<br />
File:Turk Shahi lion headdress.jpg|Crowns with the head of a lion or a wolf{{sfn|Kuwayama|1993|p=394|loc=For a clear example of the wolf, see [https://data1.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/dasantlitzdesfremden/coins/coin99%3Fref=showcases%252Fshowcase14&language=en.html]. Also: [[File:Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin.jpg|50px|Vilurayukari Period of Sahi Tigin]]}} as central symbol, on the obverses of two Turk Shahi coins. This new symbol replaced the earlier bull's head of [[Nezak Huns]] coinage.<ref name="MAL16"/><br />
File:Shahi Tegin 728 CE.jpg|[[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian]]-style trilingual coin of [[Tegin Shah]] towards the end of his reign. Iranian god [[Atar|Adur]] on the reverse. Obverse legend: "His Excellence, the [[Iltäbär]] of [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]], Worshipper of the highest God, His Excellence, the King, the divine Tegin […]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin105?ref=showcases/showcase14&language=en |title=The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 14. Kabulistan and Bactria at the Time of "Khorasan Tegin Shah"| last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 16, 2017}}</ref> Date in [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]]: 728 AD<br />
File:Turk Shahis. Sandan. After 688 CE.jpg|A Turk Shahis ruler named Sandan, otherwise unknown. Copy of a late issue of [[Khusrau II]], combining [[Brahmi script]] around the ruler, [[Bactrian script]] along the two rims, where "ςανδανο [[:wikt:βαγο|βαγο]] [[:wikt:χοαδηο|χοαδηο]]" "Lord King Sandan" is mentioned, and [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] around the altar on the reverse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coin type IOC.2367 British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_IOC-2367|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title="The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in "Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford"|date=1 February 2021|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|page=32|language=en}}</ref><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Art==<br />
There was a relatively high level of artistic activity in the areas controlled by the Turk Shahis during 7-8th centuries CE, either as a result of the Sasanian cultural heritage, or as a result of the continued development of [[Buddhist art]], with possible Hephthalite influence.<ref name="researchgate.net" /> The destruction upon Buddhism wrought by their predecessors had deeply weakened the [[Greco-Buddhism|Hellenistic-Buddhist art of Gandhara]].<ref name="HJK" /> Yet, consequent to Tang patronage of Buddhism, a [[Chinese art|Sinicized]]-[[Indian art|Indian]] phase re-developed during the 7th to 9th century CE.<ref name="GV437" /> The [[Western Turks]] in [[Afghanistan]] are generally associated with a major revival of [[Art of Gandhara|Gandharan Buddhist art]] between the 7th and 9th century CE, especially in the areas of [[Bamiyan]], [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]], with major new Buddhist sites such as [[Tapa Sardar]] in [[Ghazni]], or [[Tepe Narenj]] and [[Mes Aynak]] near [[Kabul]], which remained active at least until the 9th century CE.<ref name="WR13" /> This process and chronology are visible in the archaeological site of [[Tapa Sardar]] near [[Ghazni]] in [[Afghanistan]], while this new form of art appears in its mature state in [[Fondukistan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verardi|first1=Giovanni|last2=Paparatti|first2=Elio|date=2005|title=From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757657|journal=East and West|volume=55|issue=1/4|pages=405–444|issn=0012-8376|jstor=29757657}}</ref>[[File:Seated Bodhisattva, Fondukistan monastery, 7th century CE. Kabul Museum.jpg|thumb|Seated [[Bodhisattva]], [[Fondukistan monastery]], circa 700 CE. [[Kabul Museum]].]]<br />
<br />
===Buddhist works of art===<br />
The works of art of this period in eastern Afghanistan, with a sophistication and iconography comparable to other works of art of the [[Silk Road]] such as those of [[Kizil Caves|Kizil]], are attributable to the sponsorship of the "cosmopolitan" Turks, rather than their "Ephthalite" predecessors in this area (the [[Nezak]]-[[Alchon Huns]]), who, in the words of [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Edmund Bosworth]], "were not capable of such work".<ref name="EB145" /> And, soon after, the expansion of Islam made the creation of such works of art impossible.<ref name="EB145" /><br />
<br />
The style as well as the techniques used in making these works of art (modelling of clay mixed with straw, wool or horsehair), are characteristic of the paintings and sculptures of [[Central Asia]].<ref name="CR11" /> The production of [[Fondukistan]] must correspond to the southernmost expansion of this particular type of Buddhist art.<ref name="CR11">{{cite journal |last1=Hackin |first1=J. |title=Les travaux de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan: Compte-Rendu Sommaire (Septembre 1936-Août 1937) |journal=Revue des arts asiatiques |date=1938 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=11 |jstor=43475079 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475079 |issn=0995-7510}}</ref> The new region occupied by the Turk Shahis had numerous Buddhist monasteries, such as [[Mes Aynak]], which appear to have remained in use until the 9th century CE.<ref name="KHM13" /> Dedications including Turk Shahis coins have been found under a statue in the Buddhist [[monastery of Fondukistan]].<ref name="MA283" /><ref name="iranicaonline.org">For the photograph of the famous statue, named the "Royal Couple of Fondukistan", see: {{cite web|title=FondoqesāN – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/fondoqestan-#prettyPhoto[content]/0/|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Devotees or sponsors wearing Central Asian clothes such as the tight-fitting double-lapel [[caftan]] appear in the Buddhist [[Monastery of Fondukistan]], as in [[:File:Royal couple, Fondukistan, 7th century CE.jpg|the statue of a King wearing the caftan and pointed boots]], seated together with a Queen of Indian type, and dated to the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackin |first1=J. |title=Les travaux de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan: Compte-Rendu Sommaire (Septembre 1936-Août 1937) |journal=Revue des arts asiatiques |date=1938 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |jstor=43475079 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475079 |issn=0995-7510}}</ref><ref name="KHM12" /><br />
<br />
Dedications including coins of the Buddhist Turk Shahis and one Sasanian coin of [[Khusro II]] have been found under the statue of the royal couple with a king in Turk attire in the monastery of [[Fondukistan]], providing important insights regarding the datation of the statue as well as Buddhist art in general: as a result of the analysis the statue can be dated to after 689 CE, and as a consequence a date of circa 700 CE is generally given for it and the other works of art of Fondukistan.<ref name="SN31" /><ref name="MA283">"Contained within a clay urn were a gold bracteate with the portrait of a ruler, three early drachms of the Turk-Shahis (Type 236, one of which is countermarked), and a countermarked drachm of the Sasanian king [[Khusro II]] dating from year 37 of his reign (= 626/7). The two countermarks on Khusro 's drachm prove that the urn could only have been deposited after 689" {{harvnb|Alram|2014|pp=282–285}}</ref><ref name="iranicaonline.org" /> The royal couple consists in a princess in "Indian" dress, and a prince "wearing a rich [[caftan]] with double lapel and boots", characteristic of Central Asian clothing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fondukistan Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/story235?language=en |website=pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hackin |first1=J. |title=Les travaux de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan: Compte-Rendu Sommaire (Septembre 1936-Août 1937) |journal=Revue des arts asiatiques |date=1938 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |jstor=43475079 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43475079 |issn=0995-7510}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<gallery widths="200" class="center" heights="200" perrow="4"><br />
File:Painting of Maitreya Bodhisattva, Fondukistan, Afghanistan, circa 700 CE. National Museum of Afghanistan.jpg|Mural of a [[Bodhisattva]] [[Maitreya]] at the entrance of the niche of the royal couple. [[Fondukistan monastery]], circa 700 CE. [[National Museum of Afghanistan]].<br />
File:Afghanistan, bodhisattva, valle di ghorband, monastero di fondukistan, VII sec.JPG|The period of the Turk Shahis also corresponds to the last stages of [[Greco-Buddhist art]]. circa 700 CE, [[Fondukistan monastery]], [[Ghorband District]], [[Afghanistan]]<br />
File:Fondukistan Seated Buddha.jpg|Seated Buddha, [[Fondukistan monastery]]. [[National Museum of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Novotny |first1=Susanne |title=The Buddhist Monastery of Fondukistān, Afghanistan – A Reconstruction |journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=2 |pages=31–37 and [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSS178cfUleuOEDyFEQ1odHAmdRuEXZpT3rjA&usqp=CAU this page], also [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSA5pyFM8PUxS8s6dYzMzml0fbPkmyTOMuNjQ&usqp=CAU this page]|doi=10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302542 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302542?journalCode=jiaa |issn=1783-9025}}</ref><br />
File:Seated Maitreya, 7th-8th century, Kabul, Afghanistan.jpg|Seated Maitreya, 7th-8th century AD, near Kabul, Afghanistan. "Stylistically related to Shahi sculpture of northern Pakistan and Afghanistan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38109 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Hindu works of art===<br />
[[File:Surya of Khair Kaneh, Kabul, 7-8thcentury, Kabul Museum (B&W).jpg|thumb|Sun deity (either Mitra or Surya), wearing tunic and boots. [[Khair Khaneh]], [[Kabul]], 7-8th century CE, [[Kabul Museum]].<ref name="Le dieu Solaire">{{cite web |title=Recherches Archéologiques au Col de Khair khaneh près de Kābul : vol.1 / Page 77 (Grayscale High Resolution Image) |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/La-187-7/V-1/page-hr/0077.html.en |website=dsr.nii.ac.jp}}</ref><ref name="Afghanistan">{{cite book |last1=Dupree |first1=Louis |title=Afghanistan |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5891-0 |pages=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvr_AwAAQBAJ&q=mitra+khair+khaneh&pg=PA309 |language=en |quote=Khair Khaneh is situated in the pass separating the Kabul Valley from Kohistan (which includes Begram). Kushano–Sasanian and early Hindu art motifs mingle in a whitish-gray marble statue of the Sun God (either Surya or Mithra) seated on a ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adrych |first1=Philippa |first2=Robert |last2=Bracey |last3=Dalglish |first3=Dominic |last4=Lenk |first4=Stefanie |last5=Wood |first5=Rachel |title=Images of Mithra |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879253-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwFLDgAAQBAJ&q=solar+deity+khair+khaneh+mitra&pg=PA120 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1986 |edition=Volumes 56-57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSgGAQAAIAAJ&q=solar+deity+khair+khaneh+mithra |language=en |quote=To overcome the difficulty that Pingala wears a beard, the Kabirs had to be introduced, Great Gods of Samothrake who ... This feature brings the sun - god of Khair Khaneh as close as possible to the Iranian Mithras, who guides the soul of the ...}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Hinduism too seems to have flourished to some extent under the Turk Shahis, with various works of art also attributed to their period.<ref name="SKSK" /><ref>Images of the sculptures of [[Khair Khaneh]] in {{cite web |title=Afghanistan Significant Site 120. Khair Khana |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-120.html |website=www.cemml.colostate.edu}}</ref> In particular the famous statue of a [[Sun deity]] that is either [[Mitra]] or [[Surya]] in tunic and boots discovered in [[Khair Khaneh]] near Kabul,<ref name="Afghanistan" /> as well as a statue of [[Ganesha]] from [[Gardez]] are now attributed to the Turk Shahis in the 7-8th century CE, and not to their successors the Hindu Shahis as formerly suggested.<ref name="SKSK">"It is not therefore possible to attribute these pieces to the Hindu Shahi period. They should be attributed to the Shahi period before the Hindu Shahis originated by the Brahman wazir Kallar, that is, the Turki Shahis." p.405 " According to the above sources, Brahmanism and Buddhism are properly supposed to have coexisted especially during the 7th-8th centuries CE just before the Muslim hegemony. The marble sculptures from eastern Afghanistan should not be attributed to the period of the Hindu Shahis but to that of the Turki Shahis." p.407 in {{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan |journal=East and West |date=1976 |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–407 |jstor=29756318 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> In particular, great iconographical and stylistic similarities with the works of the Buddhist monastery of [[Fondukistan]] have been identified.<ref name="SKSK" /> Archaeologically, the construction of the [[Khair Khaneh]] temple itself is now dated to 608-630 CE, at the beginning of the Turk Shahis period.<ref name="KS407">{{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan |journal=East and West |date=1976 |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |page=407 |jstor=29756318 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Gardez Ganesha|marble statue of Ganesha]] from [[Gardez]] is now attributed to the Turk Shahis,<ref name="SKSK" /> and was donated by a certain "Śrī Ṣāhi Khiṃgāla", possibly the Turk Shahi king named "[[Khingala]]" who according to [[Ya'qubi|Al-Yakubhi]] gave his submission to [[Al-Mahdi]] in 775–785 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inaba |first1=Minoru |title=From Kesar the Kābulšāh and Central Asia |page=446 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7838558 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=KUWAYAMA |first1=Shoshin |title=Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries |journal=ZINBUN |date=1999 |volume=34 |page=44 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39183379.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Seated Avalokiteshvara, white marble, Khair Khaneh, 6th-7th century CE. Musée Guimet MA 8151.jpg|Seated [[Avalokiteshvara]], white marble, [[Khair Khaneh]], 6th-7th century CE. [[Musée Guimet]] MA 8151.<ref>{{cite book |title=De l'Inde au Japon, 10 ans d'acquisitions au musée Guimet |date=2007 |publisher=Musée Guimet |page=14, item 27 |url=https://docplayer.fr/106191083-De-l-inde-au-japon-10-ans-d-acquisitions-au-musee-guimet-juin-au-13-Decembere2007-selection-d-oeuvres.html}}</ref><br />
File:Khair Khaneh sanctuary (devotee 1).jpg|[[Khair Khaneh]] donor, wearing a tunic, boots and a sword.<br />
File:Ganesha from Gardez.jpg|The ''[[Gardez Ganesha]]'' is now dated to the 8th century and attributed to the Turk Shahis.<ref name="SKSK"/><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century|[[File:Turk Shahis. Sri Ranasrikari. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.jpg|150px|Turk Shahis. Sri Ranasrikari. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.]]}}<br />
* [[History of Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Umayyad campaigns in India]]<br />
* [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]<br />
* [[Western Turkic Khaganate]]<br />
* [[Hephthalites]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*{{Cite web<br />
| last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael<br />
| last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna<br />
| last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela<br />
| last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel<br />
| last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias <br />
| last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus <br />
| year = 2012–2013<br />
| access-date=1 November 2020 <br />
| title = The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit<br />
| publisher = Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet | location = Vienna, Austria<br />
| url = http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Alram|first=Michael|year=2014 |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=174 |pages=261–291|jstor=44710198 }} {{Registration required}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia | title= Nēzak | last = Grenet| first = Frantz | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nezak | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition | year = 2002 }}<br />
<!-- B --><br />
* {{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |language=en}}<br />
<!-- K --><br />
* {{cite journal|title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan|last=Kuwayama|first=Shōshin (桑山正進)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318|journal=East and West|issue=3/4|year=1976|volume=26|pages=375–407|language=en|issn=0012-8376|jstor=29756318}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|title=6-8 世紀 Kapisi-Kabul-Zabul の貨幣と發行者|last=Kuwayama|first=Shōshin (桑山正進)|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/66741/1/jic065_430.pdf|journal=東方學報|year=1993|volume=65|pages=371–430|language=ja}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Kuwayama|first=Shoshin|date=March 2000|title=Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/48769|journal=ZINBUN|volume=34|issue=1|pages=25–77|doi=10.14989/48769|issn=0084-5515}}<br />
<!-- M --><br />
*{{Cite book| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet<br />
| last = Martin | first = Dan | year = 2011<br />
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes<br />
| editor1-last = Akasoy | editor1-first = Anna<br />
| editor2-last = Burnett | editor2-first = Charles<br />
| editor3-last = Yoeli-Tlalim | editor3-first = Ronit<br />
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing | location = Farnham, Surrey<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117<br />
| pages = 117–144<br />
| isbn = 978-0-7546-6956-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Morony |first=Michael G. |chapter=Iran in the Early Islamic Period |editor-last=Daryaee |editor-first=Touraj |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-973215-9 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732159.013.0009}}<br />
<!-- P --><br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Payne|first1=Richard|title=The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity |journal=Journal of Late Antiquity |date=2016 |volume=9 |pages=4–41 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|doi=10.1353/jla.2016.0011|s2cid=156673274 }}<br />
<!-- R --><br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Abdul|date=August 2002a|title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 }}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |publisher=Australian National University |date=January 1976 |language=en |first=Abdur |last=Rehman}}<br />
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false}}<br />
<!-- Z --><br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Ziad |first1=Waleed |chapter=The Nezak Shahis of Kapisa-Gandhāra |title=In the Treasure Room of the Sakra King : Votive Coinage from Gandhāran Shrines |isbn=9780897227377 |year=2022|publisher=American Numismatic Society }}<br />
<br />
{{Gandhara}}<br />
{{Central Asian history}}<br />
{{Afghanistan topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]<br />
[[Category:Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 820s]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Fingers_of_Tibet&diff=499194Five Fingers of Tibet2026-04-29T21:51:07Z<p>Nskschool: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Chinese foreign policy}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese|c=西藏的五指|p=[[Tibet Autonomous Region|Xīzàng]] de wǔ zhǐ}}<br />
The '''Five Fingers of Tibet''' ({{zh|c=西藏的五指|p=Xīzàng de wǔzhǐ}}) is the incorrect interpretation of Chinese territorial claim to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region bordering [[India]], misattributed to [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/14736489.2024.2423543}}</ref><br />
[[File:China's "Tibet's palm and five fingers" map.png|thumb|China's "Tibet's five fingers" map]]<br />
It considers [[Tibet]] to be China's right hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery: [[Ladakh]], [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Bhutan]], and [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (now known as [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) that are considered China's responsibility to "liberate".<ref name="Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies"><br />
{{Cite web |title=India, China and the Nathu La India, China and the Nathu La Understanding Beijing's Larger Strategy towards the Region |publisher=Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/159755/IB204-CRP-Teshu-NathuLa.pdf |access-date=2020-06-29 }}<br />
</ref><ref name="the-hindu-haider"/><ref name="LSE"><br />
{{Cite web |first=Sarina |last=Theys |title=Running hot and cold: Bhutan-India-China relations |publisher=London School of Economics |date=25 January 2018 |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/01/25/running-hot-and-cold-bhutan-india-china-relations-doklam/ }}<br />
</ref> It has never been official Chinese policy.<ref name=":0" /> It is now been interpreted to be dormant,<ref name="grover" /> but concerns have often been raised over its possible continued existence or revival.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Singh states that the claim that "Mao articulated [the Five Fingers policy] remains heresay".<ref name=":0" /> [[Imperial China]] claimed [[suzerainty]] over [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], and [[Bhutan]] as an extension of its claim over Tibet.<ref><br />
{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Girilal |authorlink1=Girilal Jain |title=Panchsheela and After: A Re-Appraisal of Sino-Indian Relations in the Context of the Tibetan Insurrection |year=1960 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |page=158 |chapter=Threat to India's Integrity |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/panchsheelaafter0000jain/page/158 |via=archive.org |chapter-url-access=registration}}<br />
</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024|reason=not [[WP:HISTRS]]}} These claims were asserted by the [[List of Qing imperial residents in Tibet|Chinese amban in Tibet]] in 1908, who wrote to the Nepalese authorities that Nepal and Tibet, "being united like brothers under the auspices of China, should work in harmony for mutual good." He suggested the "blending of five colours" representing China, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan as part of his program to assert the Chinese claim in the face of [[British Raj|British]] opposition.<ref name="jain-nepal"><br />
{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Girilal |title=India meets China in Nepal |year=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=105–106 |chapter=Consequences of Tibet |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/indiameetschinai0000giri/page/105 |via=archive.org |chapter-url-access=registration}}<br />
</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024|reason=not [[WP:HISTRS]]}} On 15 November 1939, the founding [[chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), [[Mao Zedong]] termed Bhutan and Nepal as China's tributary states.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|After having inflicted military defeats on China, the imperialist countries forcibly took from her a large number of states tributary to China, as well as a part of her own territory. [[Japan]] appropriated [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], the [[Ryukyu Islands]], the [[Pescadores]], and [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]]; [[British Empire|England]] took [[Burma]], Bhutan, Nepal, and [[Hongkong]]; [[France]] seized [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]; even a miserable little country like [[Portugal]] took [[Macao]] from us. At the same time that they took away part of her territory, the imperialists obliged China to pay enormous indemnities. Thus heavy blows were struck against the vast feudal empire of China.<ref><br />
{{cite book |last1=Schram |first1=Stuart R. |authorlink1=Stuart R. Schram |title=The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung |year=1969 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |page=375 |chapter=China and the Underdeveloped Countries |isbn=978-0-275-67073-3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicalthought0000unse_k1v5/page/375 |via=archive.org |chapter-url-access=registration}}<br />
</ref>{{efn|The official version—in Mao's Selected Works, Vol III—omits mentions of Korea, Burma, Bhutan, Nepal, and Annam.}}|Mao Zedong}}{{better source|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
==Emergence in the 20th century==<br />
The "Five Fingers of Tibet" policy has been widely attributed to Mao's speeches in the 1940s,<ref name="muni"><br />
{{cite book |last1=Muni |first1=S. D. |title=India's Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension |year=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=9788175968530 |page=31 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indias-foreign-policy/F1F04841C04EEB6E509ACC3680D65FA9 |chapter=The Nehruvian Phase: Ideology Adjusts with Realpolitik }}<br />
</ref><ref name="the-hindu-haider"><br />
{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title=History, the standoff, and policy worth rereading |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/history-the-stand-off-and-policy-worth-rereading/article31854822.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 June 2020 }}<br />
</ref><ref name="news18"><br />
{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Sanjay |title=India-China Face-off : क्या है चीन की 'फाइव फिंगर्स ऑफ तिब्बत स्ट्रैटजी', जिससे भारत को रहना होगा अलर्ट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/what-is-china-dangerous-five-fingers-of-tibet-strategy-to-india-should-alert-3155525.html |publisher=[[News18 India]] |date=19 June 2020 |language=hi }}<br />
</ref> but has never been discussed in official Chinese public statements.<ref name="grover"><br />
{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=B. S. K. |title=Sikkim and India: Storm and Consolidation |year=1974 |publisher=Jain Brothers |pages=152–153 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3456/page/152 |via=archive.org}}<br />
</ref> This construct considered Tibet to be the palm of China's right hand, with Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (now known as [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) being its five fingers. In 1954, Chinese officers in Tibet claimed that they would "liberate Sikkim, Bhutan, Ladakh, and the NEFA, which were wrongfully being held by the Indian imperialists."<ref name="belfiglio"><br />
{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last1=Belfiglio |first1=Valentine John |title=The Foreign Relations of India with Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal Between 1947–1967: An Analytical Framework for the Study of Big Power-Small Power Relations |date=1970 |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]] |url=https://shareok.org/handle/11244/2727}}<br />
</ref>{{rp |55}} <br />
<br />
In 1954, the Chinese government published a book called "A Brief History of Modern China" for school students, which included a map showing the territories allegedly taken by "imperialist powers" between 1840 and 1919, terming them as "portions of China that must be reclaimed." This map included Ladakh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and the entire [[Northeast India]].<ref name="grover"/> This was noted in the memoirs of Indian diplomat [[Triloki Nath Kaul]] who was serving in [[Peking]] (now known as Beijing) at that time.<ref name="the-hindu-haider"/> Scholar B. S. K. Grover said that this map was a "serious reflection of Peking's ambitions" and not mere propaganda or "idle-boasting".<ref name="grover"/><br />
<br />
The claims over the "five fingers" were asserted "emphatically and frequently" from 1958 to 1961 over the Peking and [[Lhasa]] radio systems.<ref name="belfiglio"/>{{rp|96}}{{efn|The author does not cite any source.}} During a mass meeting in Lhasa in July 1959, Chinese lieutenant general [[Zhang Guohua (politician, born 1914)|Zhang Guohua]] said: "Bhutanese, Sikkimese and Ladakhis form a united family in Tibet. They have always been subject to Tibet and to the great motherland of China. They must once again be united and taught the [[Communism|communist]] doctrine."<ref name="grover"/><ref name=Benedictus><br />
{{citation |last=Benedictus |first=Brian |title=Bhutan and the Great Power Tussle |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=2 August 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/bhutan-and-the-great-power-tussle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222212344/https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/bhutan-and-the-great-power-tussle/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}<br />
</ref>{{efn |The statement attributed to [[Zhang Guohua (politician, born 1914)|Zhang Guohua]] (Old spelling: Chang Kuow-Hua or Chang Kuo-Hua), the head of the Chinese Mission in Tibet, made in a public meeting in Lhasa on 17 July 1959. This passage was apparently deleted from the version reported in ''China Today'', but it was reported by [[George N. Patterson]], the [[Kalimpong]] correspondent of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and also published in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Moraes |first=Frank |title=The Revolt in Tibet |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/revoltintibet031130mbp |via=archive.org |page=193}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |editor1-last=Palat |editor1-first=Madhavan K.|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Volume 51 (1–31 August 1959) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |url=https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-51/page/n481 |at=p. 452, note 82}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |title=The Eastern Economist, Volume 33, Issues 1-13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d90nAAAAMAAJ |year=1959 |page=228 |quote=Well, Mr. Chang ... seems to have delivered a speech in the mountain fastnesses of Tibet which had a passage (deleted from 'China Today') reading: "Bhutanese, Sikkimise and Ladakhis formed a united family in Tibet; they have been subjects of Tibet and the great motherland of China and must once again be united and taught the Communist doctrine". This has been duly reported in "The Daily Telegraph" abroad, and most people in Delhi will agree is unlikely to have been invented; it must have been printed in a Tibetan paper avidly read in Kalimpong.}}<br />
</ref>}}<br />
Alarmed, Bhutan closed off its border with China and shut off all trade and diplomatic contacts.<ref name=Benedictus/> It also established formal defence arrangements with India.<ref name=Bharadwaj><br />
{{citation |author=Sandeep Bharadwaj |title=Doklam may bring Bhutan closer to India |newspaper=livemint |date=9 August 2017 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GXIc4NLACn5jxHv6RkkX7I/Doklam-may-bring-Bhutan-closer-to-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816110000/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GXIc4NLACn5jxHv6RkkX7I/Doklam-may-bring-Bhutan-closer-to-India.html |archive-date=16 August 2017}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Relevance to 21st century policy==<br />
The policy is officially dormant now. However, fears have been expressed regarding its revival.<ref name="bradsher"><br />
{{cite journal |last1=Bradsher |first1=Henry S. |date=1969 |title=Tibet Struggles to Survive |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=752 |doi=10.2307/20039413 |issn=0015-7120 |jstor=20039413}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Purushottam |title=China – A desperate state to change the narratives and contexts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/beyond-the-fact/china-a-desperate-state-to-change-the-narratives-and-contexts/ |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2020 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[2017 China–India border standoff]] at [[Doklam]], an article in ''Qunzhong'' (a magazine run by the CCP's [[Jiangsu]] [[provincial party standing committee]]) quoted Mao Zedong's "five fingers" construct.<ref name="qunzhong"><br />
{{cite magazine |first=Liu |last=Litao |title=重新审视"印度象" |date=26 September 2017 |url=http://www.qunzh.com/qkzx/gwqk/jczx/2017/201718/201709/t20170926_34043.html |magazine=Qunzhong |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716193353/http://www.qunzh.com/qkzx/gwqk/jczx/2017/201718/201709/t20170926_34043.html |url-status=dead }}<br />
</ref> The article was contributed by a researcher from [[Nanjing University]]. It alleges that India's covert support to the [[Tibetan independence movement]] stems from the fact that it was impossible to fully control the "five fingers" without the "palm", Tibet.<ref name="qunzhong" /> It adds that as China's investments, trade, and economic relations with these regions increase, Chinese influence will overtake that of India and neutralize Indian control to a greater extent.<ref name="qunzhong" /><br />
<br />
[[Lobsang Sangay]], the leader of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], linked the policy with the border disputes between China and India.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nayanima |title='Doklam is part of China's expansionist policy' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/doklam-is-part-of-chinas-expansionist-policy/article9912954.ece |work=[[Business Line]] |date=17 October 2017 }}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Maha |title=Ladakh is the First Finger, China is Coming After All Five: Tibet Chief's Warning to India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ladakh-is-the-first-finger-china-is-coming-after-all-five-tibet-chiefs-warning-to-india-2675887.html |publisher=[[News18]] |date=18 June 2020 }}<br />
</ref> [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]], [[Seshadri Chari]], and M. M. Khajooria (former [[Director General of Police]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) have voiced similar concerns.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Khajooria |first1=M. M. |date=5 June 2020 |title=Maos' open palm & its five fingers |url=https://news.statetimes.in/maos-open-palm-its-five-fingers/ |work=[[State Times]]}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Adhir Ranjan |title=Chinese intrusion in Ladakh has created a challenge that must be met |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/resolve-and-prudence-india-china-border-dispute-galwan-valley-ladakh-6462309/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2020 }}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Chari |first1=Seshadri |title=70 yrs on, India's Tibet dilemma remains. But 4 ways Modi can achieve what Nehru couldn't |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/70-yrs-on-indias-tibet-dilemma-remains-but-4-ways-modi-can-achieve-what-nehru-couldnt/440055/ |work=ThePrint |date=12 June 2020 }}<br />
</ref> <br />
<br />
According to commentator [[Saurav Jha]], the "five fingers" policy arises from the historical geography of the [[Himalayas]] which allows bi-directional territorial claims between Tibet and the southern regions. This leads to tensions between the trans-Himalayan powers which is "ultimately tempered by a balance of military capability," and is the reason behind the longstanding [[Sino-Indian border dispute]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Saurav |title=India must stand firm |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/first-edit/india-must-stand-firm-843477.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=30 May 2020 }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Chinese expansionism]]<br />
* [[Chinese salami slicing strategy]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{noteslist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines]]<br />
[[Category:Bhutan–China relations]]<br />
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]<br />
[[Category:China–Nepal relations]]<br />
[[Category:Territorial disputes of China]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyotsna_Milan&diff=506793Jyotsna Milan2026-04-29T04:37:57Z<p>Nskschool: created</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer (1941–2014)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Jyotsna Milan<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|07|19|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|05|04|1941|07|19|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Bhopal]], India<br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = {{Cslist|Novelist|short story writer|poet|editor}}<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| language = {{Cslist|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{plainlist}}<br />
*[[University of Bombay]] (MA)<br />
*Awadhesh Pratap Singh University (MA)<br />
{{endplainlist}}<br />
| known for = <br />
| spouse = [[Ramesh Chandra Shah]]<br />
| relatives = [[Jyotindra Jain]] (brother)<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jyotsna Milan''' (19 July 1941 – 4 May 2014) was an Indian novelist, short story writer, poet and editor. She published two novels, several short story collections and two collections of poetry, and wrote in both [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="Nayi">{{cite book |editor1-last=Rosenstein |editor1-first=Ludmila L. |title=New Poetry in Hindi: Nayi Kavita: An Anthology |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781843311249 |pages=137–138}}</ref>{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}}<br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Milan was born in [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay) on 19 July 1941,<ref name="Who's Who">{{cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Kartik Chandra |title=Who's Who of Indian Writers, Volume 1: A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788126008735 |page=752 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pratlipi">{{cite web |title=ज्योत्स्ना मिलन {{!}} Jyotsna Milan |url=https://pratilipi.in/jyotsna-milan/ |website=Pratlipi: A Bilingual Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201192654/https://pratilipi.in/jyotsna-milan/ |archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> and was of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] heritage.{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}} She began writing poetry in childhood, encouraged by her father who was also a writer.<ref name="Nayi"/> Her siblings include art historian [[Jyotindra Jain]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=de Souza |first1=Eunice |title=Pavankumar Jain, poet |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/the-wisdom-of-coalitions/articleshow/21180043.cms |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=19 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref> She held a Master of Arts degree in [[Gujarati literature]] from the [[University of Bombay]] and a Master of Arts in English literature from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University.<ref name="Who's Who"/><ref name="Pratlipi"/><br />
<br />
For at least sixteen years Milan was the editor of ''Anasuya'', a journal published by the [[Self Employed Women's Association]] (SEWA).<ref name="Nayi"/> She translated a number of Gujarati language poems into Hindi, including works by [[Priyakant Maniyar]], [[Suresh Joshi]] and [[Niranjan Bhagat]], and has translated works by [[Ela Bhatt]].{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}} She was awarded the Muktibodh Fellowship by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in 1985 and a Senior Fellowship by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 1993.<ref name="Who's Who"/><br />
<br />
Milan was part of a new generation of woman poets in India who emerged in the 1980s.{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=192}} Her poem "Woman 2" was included in ''The Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry'' (1994), translated from Hindi,{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=20}} and in ''In Their Own Voice: The Penguin Anthology of Contemporary Indian Women Poets'' (1993) together with her poem "Wind-tree".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zide |editor1-first=Arlene R.K. |title=In Their Own Voice: The Penguin Anthology of Contemporary Indian Women Poets |date=1993 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140156430 |pages=131–132}}</ref> In 1982 a short story collection was published in English as ''Khandahar and Other Stories''.{{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}}<br />
<br />
While Milan did not consider herself a feminist poet, scholar Lucy Rosenstein observes that "woman's experience is unmistakably the prism of her creativity".<ref name="Nayi"/> The title of Milan's 1989 poetry collection ''Ghar Nahin'' translates to "Not a Home" in English, and Rosenstein notes that many of the poems in this collection relate to the theme of the confinement or imprisonment of women within the home.<ref name="Rosenstein">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenstein |first1=Lucy |title=Not a Home: Hindi Women Poets Narrating "Home" |journal=Journal of Commonwealth Literature |date=2005 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1177/0021989405054310 |s2cid=162723445 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0021989405054310?download=true |access-date=28 October 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
Milan was married to the writer [[Ramesh Chandra Shah]], and their daughter Rajula Shah is a filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mii Story |url=https://www.nomadsfilmschool.com/homepage |website=Rajula Shah |access-date=28 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She died in [[Bhopal]] on 4 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=ज्योत्सना मिलन नहीं रहीं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/c-58-2210883-NOR.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=दैनिक भास्कर |date=5 May 2014 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sublime Himalayas inspired the poet in me, says writer Ramesh Chandra Shah |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/sublime-himalayas-inspired-the-poet-in-me-says-writer-ramesh-chandra-shah/article1-1303483.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126171851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/sublime-himalayas-inspired-the-poet-in-me-says-writer-ramesh-chandra-shah/article1-1303483.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
* ''Apne Saath'' (novel, 1976){{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}}<br />
* ''Cheekh Ke Aar Paar'' (short story collection, 1979){{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}}<br />
* ''Kandahar Tatha Anya Kahaniyan'', also published in English as ''Khandahar and Other Stories'' (short story collection, 1982){{sfn|Dharwadker|Ramanujan|1994|p=236}}<ref name="Who's Who"/><br />
* ''Ghar Nahin'' (poetry collection, 1989)<ref name="Rosenstein"/><br />
* ''A Astu Ka'' (novel, 1990)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milan |first1=Jyotsna |title=A Astu Ka |date=1990 |publisher=Vagdevi Prakashan |location=Beekaner |isbn=81-85127-28-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Andhere Mein Intajar'' (poetry collection, 1996)<ref name="Who's Who"/><br />
* ''Jyotsna Milan ki Lokpriya Kahaniyan'' (short story collection, 2019)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Dharwadker |editor1-first=Vinay |editor2-last=Ramanujan |editor2-first=A. K. |title=The Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195628654}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160925155322/http://jyotsnamilan.in:80/ Archived version of official website], archived on 25 September 2016<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161023173757/http://jyotsnamilan.in/post.aspx?ID=P140722123527&title=A%20for%20Astu%20:%20an%20excerpt English translation excerpt] from Milan's novel ''A Astu Ka'' (''A for Astu''), translated by Rajula Shah<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnRGmRgQg00 Milan recites her work], video on [[YouTube]], filmed in 2004<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Milan, Jyotsna}}<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:2014 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women editors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century women poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Technical_Education,_Training_and_Skill_Development&diff=496304Department of Technical Education, Training and Skill Development2026-04-26T10:15:53Z<p>Nskschool: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox government agency<br />
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| minister1_pfo = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Minister of State (I/C)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Ministers, Government of West Bengal|url=https://wb.gov.in/pdf/List%20of%20Ministers_eng.pdf|access-date=9 November 2025|website=wb.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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The '''Department of Technical Education, Training and Skill Development''' is a [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] department. It is an [[interior ministry]] mainly responsible for the administration of the development of Technical Education.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.wb.gov.in/departments-details.aspx?id=D171018165634914&page=Technical-Education,-Training-&-Skill-Development|title=Egiye Bangal Department of Technical Education, Training & Skill Development|website=wb.gov.in|accessdate=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Technical Education & Training|url=https://pbssd.gov.in/about_pbssd/directorate_of_technical_education_training|access-date=3 October 2025|website=pbssd.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ministers==<br />
*[[Indranil Sen]] current minister <br />
*[[Humayun Kabir (Debra politician)|Humayun Kabir]]<br />
*[[Purnendu Basu]]<br />
*[[Ashima Patra]]<br />
*[[Purnendu Basu]]<br />
*[[Chakradhar Meikap]]<br />
*[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]<br />
*[[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
{{India-gov-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siva_Narayana_Murthy&diff=536276Siva Narayana Murthy2026-04-23T00:23:03Z<p>Nskschool: made new data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Siva Narayana Murthy<br />
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1955|03|05}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|12|07|1955|03|05}}<br />
| death_place = Pattukottai<br />
| occupation = Comedian<br />
| years_active = 1998-2015<br />
| known_for = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = 3 <br />
| family = <br />
}}<br />
'''Pattukottai Sivanarayana Moorthy''' also known as '''Siva Narayana Murthy''' (5 March 1955 &ndash; 7 December 2022) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked as a comedian in Tamil films. He mostly appeared in films alongside veteran comedians [[Vadivelu]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in comedy roles during his acting career.<ref>{{Citation |title=நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் சிவ நாராயணமூர்த்தி உடல்நலக்குறைவால் காலமானார்..! | date=7 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0d_1CPp8mM |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref> He was also known for his bulk physique appearance, moustache and voice in films.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He hailed from Ponnavarayankottai near [[Pattukkottai]] in [[Thanjavur district]]. he belonged to [[Zamindar]] category in the society.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=ஜமீன் பரம்பரை முதல் காமெடியன் வரை..சிவ நாராயணமூர்த்தியின் சோக கதை! | date=9 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8VBPSvStMk |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref> He was married to Pushpavalli. He had two sons namely Lokesh and Ramkumar and had a daughter Sreedevi.<ref>{{Citation |title=நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் சிவ நாராயணமூர்த்தி காலமானார் {{!}} Siva Narayanamoorthy {{!}} Cinema {{!}} ThanthiTV | date=7 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OIUFfB0LvQ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref> He died around 8.30 pm on 7 December 2022 at the age of 67 due to a sudden illness in his hometown Pattukottai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Tamil Actor Siva Narayan Murthy Passes Away at 68 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-siva-narayan-murthy-passes-away-at-68-6573505.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் சிவ நாராயணமூர்த்தி உயிரிழப்பு.. திரையுலகினர் இரங்கல்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/tamil-actor-siva-narayana-moorthy-dies-due-to-ill-health-851794.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> His final rites were held in Pattukottai on 8 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Tamil actor Siva Narayan Murthy dies at 68 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-actor-siva-narayan-murthy-passes-away-8312515/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Popular Tamil actor Siva Narayanamoorthy passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-tamil-actor-siva-narayanamoorthy-passes-away/articleshow/96075861.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
He had reportedly fallen into a debt trap owing to the debts he took in order to finance his only daughter's marriage. In an interview, he revealed that he was planning to sell his own house in order to repay the borrowed money worth Rs 20 lakh to creditors.<ref name=":1" /> However, his daughter reportedly lodged a court case and complaint to prevent his father from selling the house by indicating that she has a share in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |date=2022-12-08 |title=ஃபங்ஷனில் தோற்றத்தை பார்த்து நடிக்க அழைத்து வந்த விசு - சிவநாராயணனின் Flashback |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/actor-siva-narayana-moorthy-flash-back/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=ta-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
During his acting career, he often received minor roles but managed to make an impact in certain film comedy track sequences (usually pairing with Vadivelu and Vivek) despite appearing only for limited screentime. He had often acted in films in the roles of a policeman, textile owner, rowdy, politician and as a village simpleton. He also acted in over 200 films in his career and had also shared screenspace with prominent actors including [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Actor known for his comic roles passes away due to illness |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-known-for-his-comic-roles-passes-away-due-to-illness/articleshow/96071807.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He had acted in 20 films each with Vadivelu and Vivek.<br />
<br />
He was spotted by film director [[Visu]] in a function hosted by a Lions Club and Visu cast him in a role in television serial ''Veeduthorum Vasantham''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=பிரபல காமெடி நடிகர் Siva Narayana Moorthy திடீர் மரணம் {{!}} #RIPSivaNarayanaMoorthy | date=7 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cWjbO9Wh4M |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref> He made his film acting debut through 1998 film ''[[Poonthottam]]'' and Shared screenspace alongside [[Raghuvaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Popular comedian Sivanarayana Murthy dead |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/popular-comedian-sivanarayana-murthy-dead-1169937.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He initially chose villainous roles before switching to choose comedy roles in films.<br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
;Uncredited roles<br />
* ''[[Thamizhan]]'' (2002) <br />
* ''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003) <br />
* ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Inba (film)|Inba]]'' (2008) <br />
;Credited roles<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
* ''[[Poonthottam]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Chocklet]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2002)<br />
<br />
* [[Gemini (2002 film)|''Gemini'']] (2002)<br />
* ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' (2003)<br />
* ''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Jananam]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' (2006)<br />
* ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Manikanda]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Niram (2007 film)|Niram]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[En Uyirinum Melana]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Piragu]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Thangam]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Vambu Sandai]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Kadhal Endral Enna]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Azhaipithazh]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Surya (2008 film)|Surya]]'' (2008)<br />
* ''[[Karthik Anitha]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Pudhiya Payanam]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Kannukulle]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Madhavi (2009 film)|Madhavi]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' (2010)<br />
* ''[[Magizhchi]]'' (2010)<br />
* ''[[Bhavani (2011 film)|Bhavani]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)<br />
* ''[[Medhai]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum]]'' (2012)<br />
* ''[[Pathayeram Kodi]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''[[Thalakonam]]'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=733|title=தலக்கோணம்|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|date=8 October 2014|trans-title=Thalakonam|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093630/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=733|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Agathinai]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Vindhai]]'' (2015)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
* ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''<br />
* ''Veeduthorum Vasantham''<br />
* [[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm6505222}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Siva Narayana}}<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:2022 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banchharamer_Bagaan&diff=489475Banchharamer Bagaan2026-04-22T05:21:54Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1980 Bengali satirical comedy film by Tapan Sinha}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Banchharamer Bagaan<br />
| image = Banchharamer Bagaan (1980) poster.jpeg<br />
| director = [[Tapan Sinha]]<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1 = Based on<br />
| data1 = ''Shajano Bagaan'' by [[Manoj Mitra]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = Dhiresh Kumar Chakraborty<br />
| screenplay = Tapan Sinha<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1 = Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Tapan Sinha<br />Manoj Mitra<br />
}}<br />
| story = Manoj Mitra<br />
| starring = [[Manoj Mitra]]<br />[[Dipankar De]]<br />[[Rabi Ghosh]]<br />[[Nirmal Kumar]]<br />[[Bhanu Banerjee]]<br />[[Madhabi Mukherjee]]<br />Bhishma Guhathakurata<br />Debika Mukherjee<br />
| music = Tapan Sinha<br />
| cinematography = Bimal Mukherjee<br />
| editing = Subodh Roy<br />
| studio = D. K. Film Enterprises<br />
| distributor = D. K. Film Enterprises<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|10|17}}<br />
| runtime = 128 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Banchharamer Bagaan''''' ({{IPA|bn|ban.t͡ʃʰa.ra.meɾ ba.ɡan}}; {{Translation|'''''Banchharam's garden'''''}}) is a 1980 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[Comedy horror|comedy-horror]] film co-written and directed by [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=a.chatterji|first=shoma|title=The Cinema Of Tapan Sinha - An Introduction By Amitava Nag|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/14/21011/the-cinema-of-tapan-sinha---an-introduction-by-amitava-nag|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.thecitizen.in|language=en-US|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113061540/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/14/21011/the-cinema-of-tapan-sinha---an-introduction-by-amitava-nag|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bancharamer Bagan (1980) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bancharamer-bagan-33735|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629185805/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bancharamer-bagan-33735|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2019|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Produced by Dhiresh Kumar Chakraborty under the banner of D. K. Film Enterprises, the film is based on [[Manoj Mitra]]'s celebrated stage-play ''Shajano Bagaan''. It stars Mitra himself as Banchharam, an elderly frail peasant who outwits a tyrannical landlord attempting to seize his beloved garden by deceptively staying alive and healthy, despite having signed over his land in exchange for a monthly pension upon his promised death. [[Dipankar De]] plays [[Dual role|dual roles]] as the landlord and his son, alongside [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Nirmal Kumar]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], Bhishma Guhathakurata and Debika Mukherjee in the supporting roles, with [[Bhanu Banerjee]] and [[Rabi Ghosh]] in special appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Bancharamer Bagan' - From 'Shonar Pahar' to 'Belashese': Bengali cinema's tribute to senior citizens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/from-shonar-pahar-to-belashese-bengali-cinemas-tribute-to-senior-citizens/bancharamer-bagan/photostory/65386145.cms|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113061112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/from-shonar-pahar-to-belashese-bengali-cinemas-tribute-to-senior-citizens/bancharamer-bagan/photostory/65386145.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Sinha watched the play in 1978, he immediately decided to adapt it into a film, with Mitra reprising the role from the play. ''Banchharamer Bagaan'' marks the first collaboration between Sinha and Mitra, and also the debut of the latter. Music of the film is composed by Sinha himself, while Bimal Mukherjee and Subodh Roy handled its cinematography and editing respectively.<br />
<br />
''Banchharamer Bagaan'' was theatrically released on 17 October 1980, opening to highly positive response. It ran for over 210 days in theatres, emerging to be one of the highest-grossing Bengali films of the year. It attained a cult status over the years and is regarded as "one of the best comedy films" by ''[[The Times of India]]''. At the [[Filmfare Awards Bangla#1963-1985|18th Filmfare Awards East]], the film received several accolades, including Best Film, Best Director (Sinha) and Best Actor (Mitra).<br />
<br />
''Banchharamer Bagaan'' was remade into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Isi Ka Naam Zindagi]]'' (1992) and into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apur Panchali - From 'Shonar Pahar' to 'Belashese': Bengali cinema's tribute to senior citizens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/from-shonar-pahar-to-belashese-bengali-cinemas-tribute-to-senior-citizens/apur-panchali/photostory/65386131.cms|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Times of India|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426191517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/from-shonar-pahar-to-belashese-bengali-cinemas-tribute-to-senior-citizens/apur-panchali/photostory/65386131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ishan|date=2020-07-09|title=Bancharamer Bagan (1980) {{!}} Art House Cinema|url=https://arthousecinema.in/2020/07/bancharamer-bagan-1980/|access-date=2021-04-26|website=arthousecinema.in|language=en-US|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426191519/https://arthousecinema.in/2020/07/bancharamer-bagan-1980/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DasguptaDatta2018">{{cite book|author1=Rohit K. Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=100 Essential Indian Films|author2=Sangeeta Datta|date=15 December 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-7799-1|pages=32–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film revolves around the struggles of lonely aged persons. An elderly man becomes a one-man army against the corrupt society. There is an old peasant's garden, which the zamindar desperately want to occupy. Despite the continuous machinations and traps put forward by the zamindar, the aged, frail peasant Bancharam, in some way or the other, continues to live in his garden, and manages to maintain it as well.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ishan|date=2020-07-09|title=Bancharamer Bagan (1980) {{!}} Art House Cinema|url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2020/07/bancharamer-bagan-1980/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.arthousecinema.in|language=en-US|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113061140/https://www.arthousecinema.in/2020/07/bancharamer-bagan-1980/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Manoj Mitra]] as Banchharam<br />
* [[Dipankar De]] in [[Dual role|dual roles]] as<br />
** Chhakari Dutta, Panchkari's son and a landlord<br />
** Nakari Dutta, Chhakari's son and an advocate<br />
* [[Nirmal Kumar]] as Lawyer<br />
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] as Zamindar's Wife<br />
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] in [[Dual role|dual roles]] as<br />
** Sishir / Hontka, an aspiring film-producer<br />
** Kontka<br />
* Devika Mukherjee as Chumki<br />
* Bhishma Guhathakurta as Gopinath<br />
* [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]] as Chaubey Ji<br />
* Premangshu Bose as Chumki's Father<br />
* Ramen Roy Chowdhury as Hride, Nakari's nephew<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearances ===<br />
* [[Bhanu Banerjee]] as Priest<br />
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as Doctor<br />
==Special screening==<br />
*[[Kolkata International Film Festival]] in 2024 for [[Manoj Mitra]] Tribute Section<br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
Ratan Mukherjee of Rajlaxmi Pictures proposed to Sinha to remake the film in [[Hindi]], but the latter turned down it due to the creative differences, as the former had insisted Sinha to have [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. However, Mukherjee remade the film into Hindi under the title ''[[Isi Ka Naam Zindagi]]'' in 1992, with Kalidas as director. As per his previous plan, Pran played the lead, while [[Shakti Kapoor]] played the role of the landlord, replacing Bachchan who was in a hiatus at that time. It also starred [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Farah (actress)|Farha Naaz]] in the film, while it became a [[box-office bomb]]. In 2013, ''Banchharamer Bagaan'' was remade by [[Aditya Sarpotdar]] into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Bengali classic Bancharamer Bagan now in Marathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bengali-classic-bancharamer-bagan-now-in-marathi/articleshow/16474560.cms |access-date=2026-04-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|0310712}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1980 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Tapan Sinha]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagru_Assembly_constituency&diff=489072Bagru Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:23:37Z<p>Nskschool: added the stub first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bagru<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-56-Bagru.svg<br />
| mla = [[Kailash Chand Verma]]<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:352631}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 56<br />
}}<br />
'''Bagru Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in India.<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It comprises parts of [[Sanganer tehsil]] and [[Jaipur]] city, both in [[Jaipur district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| [[Ganga Devi (politician)|Ganga Devi]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| [[Kailash Chand Verma]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Ganga Devi (politician)|Ganga Devi]]<ref name=election2018/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Kailash Chand Verma]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagru<ref name="election2023"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Kailash Chand Verma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:145170}}<br />
|percentage = 56.54<br />
|change = +14.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Ganga Devi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:99920}}<br />
|percentage = 38.92<br />
|change = -5.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br />
|candidate = Tarachand Raigar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3732}}<br />
|percentage = 1.45<br />
|change = -5.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2407}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = -1.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:45250}}<br />
|percentage = 17.62<br />
|change = +15.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:256748}}<br />
|percentage = 72.81<br />
|change = +0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagru<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ganga Devi<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:96635}}<br />
|percentage = 44.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Kailash Chand Verma<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:91292}}<br />
|percentage = 42.3<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br />
|candidate = Dinesh Rai Bhati<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:15796}}<br />
|percentage = 7.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4203}}<br />
|percentage = 1.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5343}}<br />
|percentage = 2.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:215845}}<br />
|percentage = 72.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Jaipur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26.81|75.55|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jaipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahul_K._P.&diff=528123Rahul K. P.2026-04-18T00:32:06Z<p>Nskschool: Adding details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian association football player (born 2000)}}<br />
{{Indian name|Rahul|Kannoly Praveen}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Rahul K. P.<br />
| image = Rahul in 2024.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Rahul in 2024<br />
| fullname = Rahul Kannol Praveen<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|3|16|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| height = 1.67 m<br />
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]<br />
| currentclub = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
| clubnumber = 10<br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala State Football Team]]<br />
| youthyears2 = <br />
| youthclubs2 = [[AIFF Elite Academy]]<br />
| years1 = 2017–2019<br />
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]<br />
| caps1 = 37<br />
| goals1 = 5<br />
| years2 = 2019–2025<br />
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br />
| caps2 = 81<br />
| goals2 = 9<br />
| years3 = 2025–<br />
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br />
| caps3 = 12<br />
| goals3 = 3<br />
| nationalyears1 = 2015–2018<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 7<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2017–2019<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 3<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 0<br />
| nationalyears3 = 2019–2023<br />
| nationalteam3 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]<br />
| nationalcaps3 = 8<br />
| nationalgoals3 = 1<br />
| nationalyears4 = 2022–2024<br />
| nationalteam4 = [[India national football team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps4 = 7<br />
| nationalgoals4 = 0<br />
| club-update = 16:30, 20 March 2026 (UTC)<br />
| ntupdate = 15:53, 18 January 2024 (UTC)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rahul Kannoly Praveen''' (born 16 March 2000) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].<br />
<br />
==Club career==<br />
===Youth and early career===<br />
Born in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], Rahul played for the Thrissur district under-14 football team and later for the [[Kerala football team]] in the same age group. He was the top goalscorer in the under-14 category of the national championship held at [[Kolkata]] in 2013. Following that performance, he was selected into the [[AIFF Elite Academy]] who was preparing for the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] to be hosted in India.<ref name="U17">{{cite news|last1=Selvaraj|first1=Jonathan|title=How 14,000 became 21: The story of India's history boys|url=http://www.espn.in/football/u-17-world-cup/story/3218395/how-14,000-became-21-the-story-of-indias-history-boys|access-date=29 November 2017|work=ESPN.in|date=3 October 2017|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110234754/https://www.espn.in/football/u-17-world-cup/story/3218395/how-14,000-became-21-the-story-of-indias-history-boys|url-status=live}}</ref> After playing in the tournament, Rahul was selected to play for the [[Indian Arrows]], an [[All India Football Federation]]-owned team that would consist of U-20 players to give them playing time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Matos Names 25-member Indian Arrows Squad for Hero I-league 2017-18|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=29 November 2017|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617024057/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the side in the Arrows' first match of the season against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]. He started and played the whole match as Indian Arrows won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3-0 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|website=Soccerway|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617044323/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
A month later, on 26 December, Rahul scored his first professional goal against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. His 91st-minute goal was the last for the Arrows in a 3–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3-0 Shillong Lajong|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/26/india/i-league/aiff-xi/lajong-sc/2683986/|website=Soccerway|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155516/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/26/india/i-league/aiff-xi/lajong-sc/2683986/|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored again for the club in their next match against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] on 29 December. This time, his 33rd-minute goal was the equalizer as the Indian Arrows drew the match 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 1-1 Indian Arrows|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/29/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aiff-xi/2683990/|website=Soccerway|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155512/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/29/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aiff-xi/2683990/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
He became the first Indian player to score in the [[Indian Super Cup]] 2019 by scoring against [[Mumbai City FC]] during the qualification round.<br />
<br />
===Kerala Blasters: 2019–2025===<br />
<br />
On 19 March 2019, he signed for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-rahul-kp-indian-arrows-isl-super-cup/y4ay406qn8qm1dvhanxzrqjc8 |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters sign Rahul KP |website=goal.com |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628215618/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-rahul-kp-indian-arrows-isl-super-cup/y4ay406qn8qm1dvhanxzrqjc8 |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his debut on October 24, 2019, coming off the bench in the 54th minute as Kerala lost 1–0 to [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. On November 22 he scored his first competitive goal for the club in the 34th minute of the match against [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] from the assist of [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] as [[Kerala blasters|Kerala Blasters]] lost 2-1 and became the second youngest goalscorer for the club after [[Deependra Negi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Soni|first=George M.|date=2019-11-30|title=Sahal Samad and Rahul KP say they prefer to turn disappointments into motivation to play better|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/all-eyes-are-on-sahal-samad-and-rahul-kp-the-upcoming-stars-of-kerala-blasters-as-they-take-to-the-field-on-december-1/article30123199.ece|access-date=2020-08-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121221831/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/all-eyes-are-on-sahal-samad-and-rahul-kp-the-upcoming-stars-of-kerala-blasters-as-they-take-to-the-field-on-december-1/article30123199.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though he was ruled out in most matches due to injuries, Rahul made a total of eight appearances during the season.<br />
<br />
In September 2020, Rahul extended his contract with the Blasters until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=Rahul KP signs multi-year contract extension at Kerala Blasters|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-rahul-kp-kerala-blasters-contract-extension/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003105901/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-rahul-kp-kerala-blasters-contract-extension|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 December, he scored his first goal of the [[2020–21 Kerala Blasters FC season|2020-21 season]] in the South Indian Derby against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2020-21 highlights: Bengaluru FC beats Kerala Blasters 4-2|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/bfc-vs-kbfc-bengaluru-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-isl-live-score-streaming-updates/article33320100.ece|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Sportstar|date=13 December 2020 |language=en|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213194822/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/bfc-vs-kbfc-bengaluru-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-isl-live-score-streaming-updates/article33320100.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul once again scored against Bengaluru FC on 20 January 2021. He scored the crucial winner in the 94th minute of the game, sealing the victory for Blasters.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arun George|date=Jan 21, 2021|title=ISL: Kerala 'counter' late to beat BFC {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-counter-late-to-beat-bfc/articleshow/80380118.cms|access-date=2021-07-14|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121201607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-counter-late-to-beat-bfc/articleshow/80380118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, he was named in the Kerala Blasters squad for [[2021 Durand Cup]], where he played all three matches for the club in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Durand Cup 2021: Kerala Blasters FC announces squad|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Sportstar|date=2 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902164536/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul played his first match of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] season on 19 November in the season opener against [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] and assisted for the goal scored by [[Sahal Abdul Samad]], before being substituted due to an injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan trounce Kerala Blasters in ISL 8 opener|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/live/isl-2020-21-live-atk-mohun-bagan-kerala-blasters/blt07f8b7aaf28b85a2|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121172036/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/live/isl-2020-21-live-atk-mohun-bagan-kerala-blasters/blt07f8b7aaf28b85a2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 Highlights ATK Mohun Bagan vs Kerala Blasters: ATKMB opens campaign with 4-2 win; Boumous scores brace on debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-streaming-roy-krishna-boumous-sahal-vazquez-atkmb-kbfc/article37577667.ece|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Sportstar|date=19 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119192201/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-streaming-roy-krishna-boumous-sahal-vazquez-atkmb-kbfc/article37577667.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Blasters later confirmed that Rahul had suffered a partial tear on the [[Groin|groin muscle]] and would be out of action for minimum four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-22|title=Injury Update – Rahul KP - Kerala Blasters FC|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/injury-update-rahul-kp/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Kerala Blasters FC|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122193728/https://keralablastersfc.in/injury-update-rahul-kp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Kerala Blasters winger Rahul KP sidelined with groin injury|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2022-kerala-blasters-winger-rahul-kp-sidelined-with-groin-injury/article37624616.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Sportstar|date=22 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122133705/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2022-kerala-blasters-winger-rahul-kp-sidelined-with-groin-injury/article37624616.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=രാഹുലിന്റെ പരിക്ക് : വിശദീകരണവുമായി കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്സ്|trans-title=Rahul Injured: Kerala Blasters Update|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/specials/isl-2021-2022/injury-update-of-kp-rahul-by-kerala-blasters-1.6201405|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-22|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122114838/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/specials/isl-2021-2022/injury-update-of-kp-rahul-by-kerala-blasters-1.6201405}}</ref> He came back to pitch in the match against Hyderabad on 23 February 2022, where he assisted to the only goal scored by the Blasters in their 2–1 defeat against the Nizams.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 Highlights HFC 2-1 KBFC: Ogbeche and Siverio guide Hyderabad to first ever semifinal|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-hfc-vs-kbfc-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-live-isl-score/article38436231.ece|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Sportstar|date=23 February 2022 |language=en|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309105853/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-hfc-vs-kbfc-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-live-isl-score/article38436231.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Hyderabad qualify for semifinals with 2-1 win over Kerala|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-hyderabad-qualify-for-semifinals-with-2-1-win-over-kerala20220223214901/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223163810/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-hyderabad-qualify-for-semifinals-with-2-1-win-over-kerala20220223214901/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul scored his first goal of the season in the [[2022 Indian Super League final|final]] match of the 2021–22 ISL season against Hyderabad on 20 March, where his goal gave the lead for the Blasters initially, but the Blasters lost in [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] after Hyderabad equalized in the last moments of the regular 90 minutes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=ISL final: Hyderabad give Kerala the blues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-final-hyderabad-gives-kerala-the-blues-7828652/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320220013/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-final-hyderabad-gives-kerala-the-blues-7828652/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 November 2022, Rahul assisted Sahal for a goal in the 85th minute in a 3–0 away win against [[NorthEast United FC]] and won the Hero of the Match Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2022-11-05 |title=NorthEast United FC vs Kerala Blasters HIGHLIGHTS ISL: Sahal double helps KBFC to 3-0 win over NEUFC |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-live-northeast-united-fc-kerala-blaster-score-neufc-kbfc-indian-super-league-2022-23-updates/article66100163.ece |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105161110/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-live-northeast-united-fc-kerala-blaster-score-neufc-kbfc-indian-super-league-2022-23-updates/article66100163.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored his first goal of the season against ATK Mohun Bagan on 16 October, where he scored a long-range goal in the 81st minute, but the Blasters lost the match 2–5 at full-time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=M. R. Praveen |date=2022-10-17 |title=ATKMB wins 5-2 as Petratos' hat-trick destroys Kerala Blasters |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/atkmb-wins-5-2-as-petratos-hat-trick-destroys-kerala-blasters/article66018909.ece |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121072744/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/atkmb-wins-5-2-as-petratos-hat-trick-destroys-kerala-blasters/article66018909.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His second goal of the season was the winner against [[Chennaiyin FC]] on 7 February 2023, which the Blasters won 2–1 after Rahul's goal helped the Blasters to secure a comeback in the Southern Derby.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-07 |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters snatch a comeback 2-1 win against Chennaiyin FC |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-blasters-snatch-a-comeback-2-1-win-against-chennaiyin-fc/articleshow/97704093.cms |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-blasters-snatch-a-comeback-2-1-win-against-chennaiyin-fc/articleshow/97704093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul was sent-off after receiving a second yellow against ATK Mohun Bagan in the returning fixture on 18 February, as the Blasters lost the match by a score of 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-02-18 |title=ATKMB 2-1 KBFC highlights: Mohun Bagan qualifies for playoffs after McHugh brace guides it to 2-1 win against Kerala Blasters |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-atkmb-v-kbfc-updates-indian-super-league-highlights/article66525033.ece |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218162651/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-atkmb-v-kbfc-updates-indian-super-league-highlights/article66525033.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Blasters' elimination from the ISL season, Rahul was included in the Blasters' squad for the [[2023 Indian Super Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-04-03 |title=Super Cup 2023: Kerala Blasters announces 29-men squad |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-announces-super-cup-2023-squad-kbfc-players-schedule/article66694929.ece |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170347/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-announces-super-cup-2023-squad-kbfc-players-schedule/article66694929.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He played his first match of the tournament on 8 April as a substitute against [[RoundGlass Punjab FC]] for the Greek striker [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] in the 67th minute,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-04-08 |title=Kerala Blasters vs RoundGlass Punjab FC HIGHLIGHTS, Super Cup 2023: Diamantakos, Nishu and Rahul score to give Kerala 3-1 win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-roundglass-punjab-live-score-super-cup-2023-streaming-india-telecast-highlights-lineups/article66713945.ece |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170347/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-roundglass-punjab-live-score-super-cup-2023-streaming-india-telecast-highlights-lineups/article66713945.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> which they won 3–1 after Rahul scored the last goal for the Blasters in the last seconds of the additional time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-09 |title=Super Cup: Kerala Blasters start in style |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/super-cup-kerala-blasters-start-in-style/articleshow/99352620.cms |access-date=2023-04-11 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411200513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/super-cup-kerala-blasters-start-in-style/articleshow/99352620.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Rahul began his [[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24 season]] with the match against [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] on 13 August 2023 in the [[2023 Durand Cup]] tournament, where he came in as a substitute for [[Nihal Sudeesh]], but they lost by the score of 3–4 at full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-13 |title=Kerala Blasters 3-4 Gokulam Kerala Highlights: GKFC beats KBFC to win Kerala Derby in Durand Cup 2023 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-gokulam-kerala-live-score-kbfc-v-gkfc-updates-kerala-derby-streaming-goals-durand-cup-2023-highlights/article67190233.ece |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815141740/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-gokulam-kerala-live-score-kbfc-v-gkfc-updates-kerala-derby-streaming-goals-durand-cup-2023-highlights/article67190233.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
After making 89 appearances and scoring 9 goals across all competition for the Blasters for, Rahul left the Blasters in the 2025 winter transfer window, ending his more than five years stint at the club. He was the second most-capped Blasters' player at the time of his departure only behind [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissur winger Rahul leaves Kerala Blasters, joins Odisha FC |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/01/06/rahul-kp-leaves-kerala-blasters-joins-odisha-fc.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Odisha===<br />
On 6 January 2025, [[Odisha FC]] announced the signing of Rahul on a two year deal until 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Anindya |date=2025-01-04 |title=Odisha FC Poised to Secure the Signing of Rahul KP |url=https://en.bongfootball.in/odisha-fc-poised-to-secure-the-signing-of-rahul-kp/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-01-06 |title=ISL 2024-25: Rahul KP joins Odisha FC from Kerala Blasters on permanent transfer |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-kbfc-winger-rahul-kp-moves-to-odisha-fc-from-kerala-blasters-permanent-transfer/article69068021.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===West Ham United – TST===<br />
On 23 May 2025, [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] announced that Rahul would represent the club at the 2025 edition of [[The Soccer Tournament]] (TST), a seven-a-side competition. In doing so, he became the first Indian player ever to be selected by a [[Premier League]] club for this event.<ref>{{cite web|title=India international Rahul KP to represent West Ham United at TST |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/india-international-rahul-kp-represent-west-ham-united-tst |website=whufc.com |access-date=23 May 2025 |language=en |date=23 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 June 2025, he made his debut for West Ham United’s TST side in a 3–1 group stage win over Brown Ballers FC. He showcased impressive nimble footwork on the [[Winger (association football)|right wing]]. He featured in all three of the team’s group stage matches, playing against Brown Ballers FC, [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]], and Tenfifteen FC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hammers get off to winning start against Brown Ballers at TST |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/highlights-report-reaction-hammers-get-winning-start-against-brown-ballers-tst |website=whufc.com |access-date=4 June 2025 |language=en |date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala’s Rahul makes winning start with Premier League side West Ham in 7s event |url=http://onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/06/05/rahul-kp-makes-winning-start-west-ham-united-tst-tournament.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=5 June 2025 |language=en |date=5 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
===Youth===<br />
Rahul represented the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-17]] team which participated in the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] for which India was the host nation.<ref name="U17"/> He made his debut in the U-17 World Cup on 6 October 2022 in a 3–0 loss against the [[United States men's national under-17 soccer team|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-06 |title=India vs USA, FIFA Under-17 World Cup 2017: India lose 0-3 against USA in debut match |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/india-vs-usa-football-match-live-score-updates-fifa-under-17-world-cup-2017-jawarlal-nuhru-stadium-delhi-4877685/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924173128/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/india-vs-usa-football-match-live-score-updates-fifa-under-17-world-cup-2017-jawarlal-nuhru-stadium-delhi-4877685/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahul later went on to play for the [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20 team]] and the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23 team]].<br />
<br />
===Senior===<br />
On 20 September 2022, Rahul was named in India's squad for the Hung Tinh Friendly football tournament in [[Vietnam]]. He made his first senior appearance for India on 24 September 2022 in a 1–1 draw against [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]] by coming as a substitute for [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] in the 68th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2022-09-24 |title=Highlights India 1-1 Singapore: Ashique, Ikhsan goals keep scores level at FT; Both teams with a point |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-singapore-hung-thinh-tournament-live-score-updates-result-highlights-lineups/article65929625.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924154332/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-singapore-hung-thinh-tournament-live-score-updates-result-highlights-lineups/article65929625.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a member of the Indian team for the [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhingan and more last-minute addition to Asian Games team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2023/sep/16/jhingan-and-more-last-minute-addition-to-asian-games-team-2615283.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928193139/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2023/sep/16/jhingan-and-more-last-minute-addition-to-asian-games-team-2615283.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the only goal scorer in a 1-5 loss against [[China national football team|China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Football - China vs India - Group Round - Group A Results |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/football/results-men-gpa-000100-.htm |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920081012/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/football/results-men-gpa-000100-.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
In May 2021, Rahul was signed as the first ever [[South India|South-Indian]] brand ambassador of MyFitness, India's first U.S. FDA registered Peanut Butter brand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Rahul KP signs as first-ever South Indian brand ambassador of MyFitness|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-rahul-kp-myfitness/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528080317/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-rahul-kp-myfitness|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Style of play==<br />
Rahul primarily plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|right-winger]] and can be also deployed as a left-winger. He is naturally right-footed and is known for his speed, explosiveness, dribbling and work rate. Rahul has also been deployed as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] on several games.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raghunathan|first=Abhijit|date=2020-09-30|title=ISL 2020/21: Winger Rahul KP signs contract extension with Kerala Blasters FC|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-winger-rahul-kp-signs-contract-extension-kerala-blasters|access-date=2021-01-14|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115222359/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-winger-rahul-kp-signs-contract-extension-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
===Club statistics===<br />
{{updated|matches played till 16 August 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|rahul-kannoly-praveen/513925}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|Club<br />
!rowspan="2"|Season<br />
!colspan="3"|League<br />
!colspan="2"|Super Cup<br />
!colspan="2"|Continental<br />
! colspan="2" |Other<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
|-<br />
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
!Apps<br />
!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian Arrows]]<br />
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[I-League]]||17||2||1||1||–||–<br />
|–<br />
|–||18||3<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018-19 I-League|2018–19]]<br />
||20||3||2||0||–||–<br />
|–<br />
|–||22||3<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|Indian Arrows total<br />
!37!!5!!3!!1!!0!!0<br />
!0<br />
!0!!40!!6<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Kerala Blasters]]<br />
|[[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]||8||1||0||0||–||–<br />
|–<br />
|–||8||1<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020–21 Kerala Blasters FC season|2020–21]]<br />
||17||3||0||0||–||–<br />
|–<br />
|–||17||3<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season|2021–22]]<br />
|7|||1||0||0||–||–<br />
|3<br />
|0||10||1<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022–23 Kerala Blasters FC season|2022–23]]<br />
|19<br />
|2<br />
|2<br />
|1<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|21<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24]]<br />
|19<br />
|0<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|2<br />
|0<br />
|21<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season|2024–25]]<br />
|11<br />
|1<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|–<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Kerala Blasters total<br />
!81!!8!!2!!1!!0!!0<br />
!4<br />
!0!!87!!8<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[Odisha FC]]<br />
|[[2024–25 Odisha FC season|2024–25]]<br />
| rowspan="1"|[[Indian Super League]]||–||–||–||–||–||–<br />
|–<br />
|–||–||–<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |Career total<br />
!107!!12!!5!!2!!0!!0<br />
!4<br />
!0!!117!!14<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== International ===<br />
{{updated|21 November 2023}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|88786}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
!National team<br />
!Year<br />
!Apps<br />
!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[India national football team|India]]<br />
|2022<br />
|2||0<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|4||0<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total!!7!!0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Honours ==<br />
<br />
'''Kerala Blasters'''<br />
* [[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{Soccerway|513925}}<br />
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-34007-rahul-kannoly-praveen-profile Rahul Kannoly Praveen] at Indian Super League<br />
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/59992 Rahul Kannoly Praveen] at All India Football Federation<br />
<br />
{{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:KP, Rahul}}<br />
[[Category:2000 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:AIFF Academy players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]<br />
[[Category:I-League players]]<br />
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]<br />
[[Category:2023 AFC Asian Cup players]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hori_Habba&diff=503091Hori Habba2026-04-17T01:20:30Z<p>Nskschool: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian rural sport where competitors try to catch items attached to cattle}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox sport<br />
| name = Hori Habba (ಹೋರಿ ಹಬ್ಬ)<br />
| image = Simhadriya_Simha.jpg<br />
| alt = The Bull "Simhadriya Simha" in action at Hori Habba held at Shiralakoppa in 2016<br />
| imagesize = 300px<br />
| caption = The Bull "Simhadriya Simha" in action at Hori Habba held at [[Siralkoppa|Shiralakoppa]] in 2016.<br />
| union = <br />
| nickname = Animals in sport<br />
| first = <br />
| firstlabel = <br />
| region = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| registered = <br />
| clubs = <br />
| contact = <br />
| team = <br />
| mgender = No<br />
| type = Traditional sport<br />
| equipment = <br />
| venue = Open ground<br />
| olympic = No<br />
| world =<br />
| paralympic = No<br />
| obsolete = <br />
}}<br />
'''Hori Habba''', also known as '''Hatti Habba''', '''Kobbari Hori Competition''' is a rural sport in which hundreds of trained and decorated draught cattle and bulls are made to run through huge crowds <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/665326/sport-taming-bull.html|title=The sport of taming the bull|website=Deccan Herald|date=19 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> Catchers try to subdue the cattle and snatch away prizes such as [[copra]], cash, gift items tied to them. The sports is practiced mainly in [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]] and [[Uttara Kannada]] districts of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] during the [[Diwali|Deepavali]] festival.<br />
<br />
[[Jallikattu]] is a similar sport practiced in the Indian State of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
== Rules ==<br />
Decorated cattle are repeatedly made to run one by one on the predefined track with adequate time interval between any two cattle. For the cattle to win, it shall not loose the copra garland tied around its neck. Cattle with the maximum number of winning runs is awarded. Similarly, catcher who snatches highest copra garlands is awarded.<br />
[[File:Byadagi maantha catching the bull.jpg|thumb|Catcher Byadagi Maantha attempting to snatch copra]]<br />
<br />
== Preparation and Training ==<br />
To begin with, locals form an organising committee. The committee decides on the dates, forms rules and regulations and finalises the awards. Then the information is circulated to the public through handouts, social media (Facebook, WhatsApp) etc. A suitable stretch in and around the village is selected for the run. The stretch is secured on both sides using barricades, tractor trolleys etc. Adequate arrangements are made for the women and kids to sit, watch and cheer the bulls and participants. Adjacent trees, compound walls and terraces too cater as spectator galleries, though many prefers to stand!<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, owners of the bulls prepare them well ahead of the season by feeding them with nutritious food. They pamper them, give regular bath to keep them cool. Bulls, no doubt, grow strong and healthy. Owners from nearby areas may even train and familiarise the bulls to the actual track by making it run regularly.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Jallikattu]]<br />
* [[Running of the Bulls|Running of the bulls]]<br />
* [[Bull-leaping]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://vimore.org/watch/diA0WHpYvAE/hori-habba-janar-atta-cow-game-suvarna-news-special/ Suvarna News Special on Hori Habba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220304/https://vimore.org/watch/diA0WHpYvAE/hori-habba-janar-atta-cow-game-suvarna-news-special/ |date=23 March 2018 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sport in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankranti_(film)&diff=532856Sankranti (film)2026-04-16T19:36:46Z<p>Nskschool: made a article.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2005 Indian Telugu Language Film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sankranti<br />
| image = Sankranti film poster.jpg<br />
| story = [[N. Linguswamy]]<br />
| screenplay = Muppalaneni Shiva<br />[[Paruchuri brothers]]<br /><small>(dialogues )</small><br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br />
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]<br />
* [[Siva Balaji]]<br />
* [[Sharwanand]] <br />
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] <br />
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]<br />
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]]<br />
* [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]]<br />
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]<br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]<br />
}}<br />
| director = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]<br />
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]<br />
| music = [[S.A. Rajkumar]]<br />
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2005|02|18|df=y}}<br />
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan<br />
| editing = Nandamuri Hari<br />
| based_on = ''[[Aanandham]]''<br />
| runtime = 158 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sankranti''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] under Super Good Films and directed by [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]. The film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Aarthi Agarwal]] alongside [[Siva Balaji]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] with cinematography by B. Balamurugan and editing by Nandamuri Hari. The film released on 18 February 2005 and was successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Venkatesh had a mixed year with one hit Sankranthi and one flop, Subhashchandra Bose.}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2001 Tamil film ''[[Aanandham]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Raghavendra owns a provisional store and is the eldest among four brothers, and all live together in a home along with their parents Rama Chandraiah and Janakamma. Raghavendra is widely respected by everyone in the family and was responsible for bringing back their family to a good state after financial troubles a few years back where he also lost the love of his fiancé, Padma, as her parents broke off their engagement over Raghavendra's poverty. Raghavendra has since married Anjali, who is very responsible and kind to everyone. Vishnu is the second son in the family who assists Raghavendra in managing their provisional store. He is innocent and marries his relative Kalyani who is Padma's younger sister, but she is short-tempered and picks up quarrels often. Chinna is the third son in the family, and he goes to college where he falls for his classmate Kaveri, who is the only daughter of a rich arrogant man named Govardhan Chowdary. Vamsi is the youngest son and studies in college.<br />
<br />
Kalyani feels that only Raghavendra is respected by everyone and not Vishnu because Raghavendra manages the provisional store, while Vishnu just assists him. She keeps insisting Vishnu to start a separate provisional store, which he does not accept as that would separate him from his brothers. Meanwhile, Govardhan gets to know about Kaveri's love towards Chinna and warns him to forget her. Chinna gets a job and leaves to Delhi as he does not want to marry Kaveri against her father's wishes.<br />
<br />
One day, Kalyani begins a quarrel at home, saying that Raghavendra has a separate savings account in the bank and takes money from the account without the knowledge of other family members. Raghavendra feels bad upon hearing this. Suddenly, Kalyani and Vishnu's daughter faints and is rushed to the hospital. It is revealed that the child was suffering from a serious disease which only Raghavendra knew before, and he was saving money to meet out the medical expenses without informing others, as they will worry if they get to know about the child's disease. Kalyani realizes her mistake upon knowing this and apologizes to Raghavendra for her harsh behavior towards him and Anjali.<br />
<br />
Later, they start a rice mill. Raghavendra gets to know about Chinna's love towards Kaveri and goes to meet Govardhan with a marriage proposal. Govardhan agrees for the wedding but on a condition that Chinna should stay along with Kaveri in his home as he does not want to send his daughter to another home after wedding. Raghavendra agrees to the condition but does not inform this to Chinna as he will not agree. On the day of engagement, Chinna gets to know about the condition, cancels the wedding, and comes back to his home to meet his family members. Following him, Kaveri also comes, asking him to marry her against her father's wishes.<br />
<br />
Raghavendra convinces the couple that if they get married without Govardhan's permission, then it will be a big blow to Govardhan's status in society, and they should not be the reason behind that. He also convinces Kaveri to go back to her home immediately before anyone could know about this. When they step out of the home, they see Govardhan with a group of men to attack Raghavendra's family. However, he has overheard Raghavendra's conversation with Kaveri, realizes his good nature, and agrees for their wedding. Finally, Chinna and Kaveri get married happily, and Kaveri lives along with everyone in a joint family in Raghavendra's home.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Raghavendra<br />
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Vishnu<br />
* [[Siva Balaji]] as Chinna<br />
* [[Sharwanand]] as Vamsi<br />
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Anjali<br />
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Kalyani<br />
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Padma <br />
* [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] as Kaveri<br />
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Janakamma, mother of Raghavendra, Vishnu, Chinna and Vamsi<br />
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy<br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rama Chandraiah, father of Raghavendra, Vishnu, Chinna and Vamsi<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Govardhan Chowdary, Kaveri's father<br />
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Anji<br />
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Rayudu<br />
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Supermarket Owner<br />
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Nalla Balu<br />
* [[Suman Setty]] as Thief<br />
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]] as Thief<br />
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Police Officer<br />
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Sheshagiri<br />
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Satya Murthy<br />
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]<br />
* Malladi Raghava as Kavitha's father<br />
* Siva Parvathi as Padma and Kalyani's mother<br />
* Sri Harsha as Balaji<br />
* Chandra Mouli as Postman<br />
* Jahnavi as Kavitha<br />
* Dil Ramesh<br />
* Baby Srilekha as Shanthi, Vishnu and Kalyani's daughter<br />
* [[Tanish|Master Tanish]] as Young Chinna<br />
* [[Manoj Nandam|Master Manoj]] as Young Vamsi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
It was originally announced in 2001 that Tamil film ''Anandham'' will be remade in Telugu with Nagarjuna, Srikanth and Venu with R. R. Shinde as director which did not happen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/whatsupa.html|title=Super Good not to leave Nagarjuna|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=21 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011119182929/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/whatsupa.html|archive-date=19 November 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sankranti<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| released = 20 January 2005<br />
| recorded = 2005<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 32:10<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Cheppave Chirugali]]<br />
| prev_year = 2004<br />
| next_title = Naidu LLB<br />
| next_year = 2005<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and released by the ADITYA Music Company. The soundtrack of ''Sankranti'' was released at a function arranged in the Rama Naidu studios on the night of 20 January 2005. Sarath Kumar, K Raghavendra Rao and D Rama Naidu were invited as guests. The actors who attended included [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Aarthi Agarwal]], Aditi Agarwal, [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Siva Balaji]], and [[Sharwanand]]. [[Sarath Kumar]] and [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] released the soundtrack and gave the first copy to [[D. Ramanaidu]]. Anupama hosted this event. Aditya Music bought the audio rights to this film. The soundtrack was released on 21 January 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sankranthi.html|title=Sankranthi - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Venkatesh, Arti Agarwal & Sneha|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two songs ("Andala Srimathiki" and "Doli Doli") are based on "Mazhaiye" and "Doli Doli" from ''[[Punnagai Desam]]''. "Pelli Pata", "Aade Pade" and "Aasa Aasaga" are based on the songs "Gokulathu Radhai", "Pallangkuzhiyin", and "Aasai Aasaiyai" from ''Aanandham''. The song "Chilakaa" is based on "Sirichi Sirichi Vantha" composed by Bharathwaj for ''Vasool Raja MBBS''.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 32:10<br />
| title1 = Ela Vachenamma<br />
| lyrics1 = ES Murthy<br />
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
| length1 = 4:33<br />
| title2 = Andala Srimatiki<br />
| lyrics2 = ES Murthy<br />
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length2 = 4:41<br />
| title3 = Ade Pade<br />
| lyrics3 = Pothula Ravikiran<br />
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length3 = 4:49<br />
| title4 = Aasa Aasaga<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sitarama Sastry]]<br />
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length4 = 5:07<br />
| title5 = Chilakaa<br />
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravikumar<br />
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
| length5 = 5:07<br />
| title6 = Doli Doli<br />
| lyrics6 = ES Murthy<br />
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[S. A. Rajkumar]], K. S. Chithra, Kalpana<br />
| length6 = 5:34<br />
| title7 = Pelli Pata-I<br />
| lyrics7 = ES Murthy<br />
| extra7 = [[Parthasarathy (Parthu)|Parthasarathy]], Murali<br />
| length7 = 1:27<br />
| title8 = Pelli Pata-II<br />
| lyrics8 = ES Murthy<br />
| extra8 = Parthasarathy, Murali<br />
| length8 = 1:26<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Jeevi of idlebrain.com gave a review of rating 3.75/5 stating, "First half of the film is good and it establishes and defines each and every character. Second half is more effective because the director could really bring heavy emotions out and end the film smoothly. I recommend this film to everybody. Everybody should watch this film along with their family members to realize what they really miss in real life. This film also reminds us how to behave with our family members and how to share love/affection."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sankranthi.html|title=Sankranthi - Telugu cinema Review - Venkatesh, Sneha, Srikanth, Sangeeta|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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Phani of Totltollywood.com gave a review stating, "The film has got all plus points except for the average music and only little comedy. This is definitely a long runner at the box office since this is a family entertainer and the director did a great job in the presentation. Cast also delivered good performances. This is definitely a good emotional family entertainer."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/reviews/reviews.php?review=sankranthi |title=Sankranti Review |work=Total Tollywood |access-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723043434/http://www.totaltollywood.com/reviews/reviews.php?review=sankranthi |archive-date=23 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
Allindiansite.com said, "'Sankranti' is based on the concept of joint family. The story runs on the relations between the characters. It is a decent family entertainer with good dose of sentiments."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/sankranthi.html |title=Sankranthi - Telugu movie Review - It's All About Tollywood - AllIndianSite.com |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118080722/http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/sankranthi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was a blockbuster in 2005 and grossed around 30.7 crores domestically. Its total collection is 41.9 crore worldwide. This was the second highest grossing Telugu Film of 2005, following Chiranjeevi's Andarivaadu, which grossed 43cr worldwide.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0978702}}<br />
<br />
{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankranthi (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about families]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]<br />
[[Category:2005 drama films]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan&diff=549430Iqbal Academy Pakistan2026-04-16T13:37:19Z<p>Nskschool: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Iqbal Academy Pakistan<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_a = {{nastaliq|اقبال اکادمی پاکستان}}<br />
| native_name_r = <br />
| type =<br />
| seal = <br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| logo = Iap-logo.png<br />
| logo_width = 170px<br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| formed = {{Start date|1951}}<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <!-- up to |preceding6= --><br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding1 = <br />
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= --><br />
| jurisdiction = <br />
| headquarters = [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|31.5606214|N|74.3281451|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}<br />
| motto = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| minister2_name = <br />
| minister2_pfo = <!-- up to |minister7_name= --><br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
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| deputyminister2_pfo = <!-- up to |deputyminister7_name= --><br />
| chief1_name = <br />
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| chief2_position = <!-- up to |chief9_name= --><br />
| public_protector =<br />
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| parent_department = <br />
| parent_agency = [[Government of Pakistan]]<br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <!-- up to |child25_agency= --><br />
| keydocument1 = Iqbal Academy Ordinance No. XXVI of 1962<br />
| website = {{URL|www.iap.gov.pk}}<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
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| footnotes = <br />
| embed =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Iqbal Academy Pakistan''' ([[Urdu]]:{{nastaliq|اقبال اکادمی پاکستان}}) is an institute whose purpose is to study, promote, and disseminate the teachings of Islamic philosopher and poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]]. It was established by the [[Government of Pakistan]], through the Iqbal Academy Ordinance No. XXVI of 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/node/10 |title=About Iqbal Academy Pakistan &#124; Allama Iqbal Urdu Cyber Library |publisher=Iqbalcyberlibrary.net |access-date=2014-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331143216/http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/node/10 |archive-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], then president of the [[Punjab Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1930 and address deliverer]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Iqbal Academy Pakistan was originally established in 1951, under the administrative authority of the education department of the central government of [[Pakistan]], in [[Karachi]]. When the capital of [[Pakistan]] was moved to [[Islamabad]], the government decided to move Iqbal Academy from Karachi to [[Lahore]], as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], for whom the academy is named, was from Lahore. In 1976, the Academy moved to 116 McLeod Road, Lahore, to the old residence of Allama Iqbal. The federal government of [[Pakistan]] made a gift of a piece of land from a major estate in Lahore, behind one of the [[Avari Hotels]] and opposite [[Faletti's Hotel]], to build a state-of-the-art building named [[Aiwan-e-Iqbal]], as a monument and memorial to Iqbal. In 1996, the new building was formally opened by [[Nawaz Sharif|Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif]], and the Academy moved to the sixth floor.<ref name="AllamaIqbal.comWelcome">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Allama Iqbal Site |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |date=2015 |website=Iqbal—Poet-Philosopher |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2015|reason=summary not supported by sources}}<br />
<br />
==Aims and Objectives==<br />
The aims and objectives of the Academy are to promote and disseminate the study and understanding of the works and teachings of Allama Iqbal.<ref name="IAPWaheedHome">{{cite web |last=Waheed |first=Faisal |title=Home |url=http://www.iap.gov.pk |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><br />
* to promote the study and understanding of the works of Iqbal;<br />
* to institute scholarships and Lectureships for furthering the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal;<br />
* to publish books, pamphlets and periodicals relating to the said study;<br />
* to award prizes, rewards and donations to authors who, in the opinion of the Academy, have made contributions to the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal, and to enter into contracts with authors in order to carry out the purposes of this Ordinance;<br />
* to organize lectures, talks, discussions, study groups and conferences on Iqbal and to send delegates to conferences held in foreign countries for the study of Iqbal's works and teachings, or for any matter to which that study is relevant or by which it may be advanced or profited;<br />
* to confer in the prescribed manner Fellowships on scholars who, in the opinion of the Academy, have made contributions to the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal;<br />
* to co-operate with, or grant amalgamation or affiliation to, any other association established for a purpose similar to that of the Academy, whether the purpose of that other association is confined to the works and teachings of Iqbal or not; and<br />
* to do such other acts and things as may further the aims and objects of the Academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iap.gov.pk/iapord62.html |title=::: Iqbal Academy Pakistan ::: |publisher=iap.gov.pk |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623163237/http://iap.gov.pk/iapord62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
==Composition==<br />
The Composition of the Academy as laid down in the Iqbal Academy Ordinance 1962 is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahim |first1=Arshed |title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |url=http://iap.gov.pk/iapord62.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623163237/http://iap.gov.pk/iapord62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
*The Patron-in-chief; (The President of Pakistan)<br />
*Patrons; <br />
*The President; (The Minister…, Government of Pakistan)<br />
*The Vice President (nominated by the Federal Government for a period of three years)<br />
*Honorary members; Life Members; and Members<br />
<br />
==Functions==<br />
In order to translate its objectives into action and activity, Iqbal Academy undertakes measures such as publication programs; IT projects; outreach activities; the Iqbal Award Programme; website, research and compilation, audio-video, multimedia, archive projects; as well as exhibitions, conferences, seminars, projection abroad, research guidance, academic assistance, donations, and library services.<ref name="IAPWaheedIntro">{{cite web |last=Waheed |first=Faisal |title=Introduction |url=http://www.iap.gov.pk/intro.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
According to the Ordinance of the Academy, the Governing Body is the highest administration body of Iqbal Academy, and is headed by the Minister for the concerned ministry.<ref name="IAPWaheedComposition">{{cite web |last=Waheed |first=Faisal |title=Composition of the Academy |url=http://www.iap.gov.pk/composition.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Executive Committee, headed by the Vice President, is responsible for day-to-day affairs of the Academy.<ref name="IAPWaheedComposition"/> Following is a list of recent vice presidents of Iqbal Academy Pakistan:<br />
* Justice (Rtd) [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javed Iqbal]] (Son of Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]]) - 2007 to 2010<br />
* Dr. Shahzad Qaiser (Renowned Iqbal Scholar, son of Dr. Nazir Qaiser) 2010 to 2013<br />
* Mr. Munib Iqbal (Grandson of Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]]) 2015 to 2018<br />
* Dr. Shahzad Qaiser (Renowned Iqbal Scholar, son of Dr. Nazir Qaiser) 2018 to 2021<br />
<br />
The Academy is headed by a Director, The control of the Academy is vested in the Governing Body, headed by the Minister for National Heritage & Culture Division as its President.<ref name="IAPComposition">{{cite web |last=Arshed |first=Fahim |title=Composition of the Academy |url=http://iap.gov.pk/composition.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722003821/http://iap.gov.pk/composition.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr [[Muhammad Rafiuddin]] was the Academy's first Director, from 1953 to 1965. Following is the list of recent Directors of Iqbal Academy Pakistan:<br />
<br />
* Mr. Muhammad Suheyl Umar - 1993 to 2014<br />
* [[Ahmed Javed (scholar)|Mr. Ahmad Javaid]] - 2014 to 2015<br />
* Mr. Muhammad Suhail - 2015 to 2016<br />
* Mr. Muhammad Bakhsh Sangi - 2016 to 2018<br />
* Mr. Nazir Ahmad - 2018 to 2020<br />
* Prof. Dr. Baseera Ambreen - 2020 to 2022<br />
* Mr. Anjum Waheed - 2023<br />
* Dr. Abdul Rauf Rafiqui - 2023 to date<br />
<br />
==Academic Activities==<br />
The Iqbal Academy Pakistan’s research falls into seven domains:<br />
*BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH: the life & times of Allama Muhammad Iqbal<br />
*PHILOSOPHICAL VISION: of the poet-philosopher<br />
*POETIC EXCELLENCE: critical appreciation of Iqbal’s poetic artistry<br />
*RELEVANCE: Analysis, Critique & Significance to contemporary times <br />
*ACTUALIZATION: Resolving of contemporary issues in the light of Iqbal’s vision<br />
*TRANSLATION: Translation of Allama Iqbal’s work & works on Iqbal’s thought and philosophy in regional & foreign languages <br />
*RESEARCH JOURNALS: To disseminate the message of Allama Iqbal research journals published biannually in Eng. Urdu, Persian, Turkish & Arabic.<br />
<br />
==National/International Outreach==<br />
Iqbal Academy Pakistan engages different sectors of the society through outreach activities by conducting; Conferences, Seminars, Lectures, Workshops, Iqbal Study Circles, TV Talk Shows/Programs, Book Fairs & Exhibitions etc.<br />
<br />
The Iqbal Academy Pakistan is committed to the promotion of Iqbal’s thought not only in Pakistan but also across the globe. For this purpose many programs have been undertaken, including:<br />
Publications In Foreign Languages<br />
*Translation of the works of Iqbal in major Foreign Languages, <br />
*International Coordination, Networking And Creation Of Linkages<br />
*International Collaborations; Seminars & Conferences<br />
*International Representation; Scholars Exchange Program<br />
*Digital Communication Through The World Wide Web<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahim |first1=Arshed |title=Allama Iqbal |url=http://allamaiqbal.com/ |website=AllamaIqbal.com |publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Library==<br />
The Academy library is one of the oldest and richest libraries that specialize in Iqbal Studies. Its collection of books on Iqbal studies and related subjects have been translated into the major international languages as well as the regional languages of [[Pakistan]]. Holdings of important and rare periodicals augment its book holdings. The library not only supports the research projects of the Academy but also offers its research and reference facilities to a large number of outside students, teachers, and Iqbal scholars every year. The library has also developed the largest and most sophisticated website on Iqbal to facilitate research scholars, students, and general readers the world over through the internet.<ref name="IAPWaheedLibrary">{{cite web |last=Waheed |first=Faisal |title=Iqbal Academy Library |url=http://iap.gov.pk/lib.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123152150/http://iap.gov.pk/lib.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kitabdar===<br />
In 1989, Iqbal Academy Library developed Pakistan’s first true multilingual library management database software. The software is equally effective for professional and general library use. It can automate large research, reference-based libraries and personal collections alike.<ref name="IAPWaheedLibrary"/><br />
<br />
===Iqbal Cyber Library===<br />
In 2003, the Academy launched an online library, mainly of works in Urdu, called the Allama Iqbal Cyber Library ({{nastaliq|علامہ اقبال آفاقی کتب خانہ}}). Inspired by [[Project Gutenberg]], the library was conceived and developed by Qasim Shahzad under the supervision of Muhammad Suheyl Umar, and it was formally inaugurated by the Governor of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] Lt. Gen. [[Khalid Maqbool]]. The main objective of the cyber library is to provide an opportunity, to users globally, for online consultation of significant primary materials—including manuscripts, books, and reference sources—in a multilingual format. This web resource is a unique place on the web for Urdu lovers all over the world. Library holdings consist of 1425 holdings on 188 Subjects—including Iqbal studies (Iqbaliyat), Urdu literature, poetry, shairy, afsaney, ghazals, and other Urdu classics—from 799 contributors writing in 20 languages,<ref name="AICL">{{cite web |title=Allama Iqbal Cyber Library |url=http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/en/ |date=2014 |publisher=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801152921/http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Presidential Iqbal Award==<br />
Under the Presidential Order of 1981, the Academy was executing the National and International [[Presidential Iqbal Awards]], which were given on best books written in National and International languages, on Iqbal’s Life and Thought. The award has been reconstituted in 2019, by the Honourable President of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahim |first1=Arshed |title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |url=http://iap.gov.pk/notifications.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722003827/http://iap.gov.pk/notifications.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
Following are the categories of these awards:<br />
*Presidential National Iqbal Award (Urdu) – Annual basis<br />
*Presidential National Iqbal Award (English) – Three year basis<br />
*Presidential Iqbal Award (Pakistani Languages) – Three year basis<br />
*Presidential International Iqbal Award – Three year basis<br />
<br />
==IT, Websites, Mobiles Applications==<br />
Utilising modern means of dissemination the Academy’s IT Section promotes the organisational mission through various initiatives, including:<br />
Planning, development, maintenance and implementation of IT Policy, infrastructure and Management Information System.<br />
Planning and development of mobile apps based on works of Iqbal. <br />
Maintaining & up-gradation of 08 websites, Email system.<br />
Maintaining the Network Operation Center, Software & MIS development and implementation.<br />
Maintaining E-Governance Framework.<br />
Maintenance of pages on social media, like Facebook, Google+, twitter and channels on YouTube etc.<br />
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahim |first1=Arshed |title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |url=http://iap.gov.pk/policies.html |website=Iqbal Academy Pakistan |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722014103/http://iap.gov.pk/policies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
===Websites===<br />
Related to Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]], IT Section of the Academy have been managing various websites.<br />
<br />
==Publications and products==<br />
The Iqbal Academy promotes Iqbal studies through the sale of a number of unique audio, video, and other multimedia products.<ref name="IAPStore">{{cite web |title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan Online Store |url=http://www.iapproducts.com/ |publisher=Iapproducts.com |date=2010 |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123152445/http://www.iapproducts.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]<br />
*[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br />
*[[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javid Iqbal]]<br />
*[[Muhammad Munawwar Mirza]]<br />
*[[Waheed Qureshi]]<br />
*[[Lahore]]<br />
*[[Iqbal Academy, UK]]<br />
*[[Aiwan-e-Iqbal]]<br />
*[[Iqbal Review]]<br />
*[[Iqbaliat]]<br />
*[[Sialkot]]<br />
*[[Mazar-e-Iqbal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Gutenberg author|id=41313}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Allama Iqbal |sopt=t}}<br />
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/iqbal The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University]<br />
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293320/Sir-Muhammad-Iqbal Encyclopedia Britannica.]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042935/https://www.urdupoetrynetwork.com/category/allama-iqbal-poetry/ Allama Iqbal Urdu Poetry Collection]<br />
* [http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net Iqbal Cyber Library]<br />
<br />
{{Muhammad Iqbal}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Iqbal Academy Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Muhammad Iqbal]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagdishchandra_Bose_Aquarium&diff=505148Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium2026-04-15T10:47:50Z<p>Nskschool: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{primary sources|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{no footnotes|date=June 2014}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox zoo<br />
|zoo_name = Jagdish Chandra Bose Aquarium<br />
|logo = <br />
|logo_caption = <br />
|image = Surat aquarium 9.jpg<br />
|image_caption = Jagdish Chandra Bose Aquarium<br />
|location = Pal, [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] [[India]]<br />
|area = <br />
|floorspace = <br />
|num_species = 100+<br />
|largest_tank_vol = <br />
|total_tank_vol = <br />
|annual_visitors = <br />
|members = <br />
|exhibits = <br />
|website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jagdish Chandra Bose Aquarium''' is situated in the Pal area of [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is the first multidisciplinary underwater aquarium of its kind in the country and named after the Bengali scientist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]. Inaugurated on 1 March 2014 by [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
<br />
The aquarium will be the home of more than 100 species of fish, from [[Freshwater fish|fresh]], [[Brackish water aquarium|brackish]] and [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] waters, in 52 tanks. [[Aquascaping]] is underway as per the species' requirements, and each tank will replicate a collection of species' natural [[ecosystem]].<br />
<br />
The 25,722 square meter space will cost 20 Crores [[Indian Rupee]]s. During the first phase of aquarium construction, a [[jellyfish]] pool and a [[shark]] tank will be key attractions. The shark tank will be two floors high (40 feet long, 30 feet wide) and hold 700,000 liters. It will house two sharks. In the second phase, a [[dolphin tunnel pool]] habitat will be added.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Building ==<br />
Outside of the aquarium is a large [[whale]] skeleton is surrounded by a garden. The aquarium has two floors, containing many small tanks and a larger tank. <br />
[[File:Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium, Surat.jpg|thumb|right|outside view of aquarium]]<br />
<br />
== Species ==<br />
Resident species include: [[Gold fish]], [[Man-eating animal|Man-eater Piranhas]], as well as other local and exotic species. Various small fish and [[shark]]s are seen in the large tank; while fish in the small tank include: [[Alligator gar|Alligator Gar]], [[Cichlid]], [[Ghost Fish]], [[Pterois|Lionfish]], [[Starfish]] and [[Stingray]]s. In the aquarium, the following can be found: [[American Lobster]], [[Moray Eel]], [[Snowflake Eel]] and [[Turtle]]s.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery perrow=6><br />
File:Surat aquarium 1.jpg|Lobster<br />
File:Surat aquarium 2.jpg|Alligator Gar<br />
File:Surat aquarium 3.jpg|Freshwater Fish<br />
File:Surat aquarium 4.jpg|Turtle<br />
File:Surat aquarium 5.jpg|StarFish<br />
File:Surat aquarium 6.jpg|Moray Eel<br />
File:Surat aquarium 7.jpg|Stingray<br />
File:Surat aquarium 8.jpg|Replica Of Tortoise<br />
File:Skeleton of whale at surat aquarium.jpg|Skeleton of Bryde's Blue Whale<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/surataquarium Surat Aquarium on Facebook ]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aquaria in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagalur_Cross_metro_station&diff=489017Bagalur Cross metro station2026-04-14T14:32:21Z<p>Nskschool: added initial entry initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Bagalur Cross<br />
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br />
| style = Namma Metro<br />
| image = {{Photomontage|position=center<br />
|photo1a=Bagalur Cross metro station (Oct '24).jpg<br />
|photo2a=Bagalur Cross metro station (Oct '24) - 1.jpg<br />
|photo2b=Bagalur Cross metro station (Oct '24) - 2.jpg<br />
|size=300<br />
|spacing=2<br />
|color=white<br />
|border=0<br />
|foot_montage=<br />
}}<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Under construction of this metro station as of October 2024 under Phase 2B of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| address = NH 44, Vinayak Nagar, Kattigenahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560063<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.12061|77.61056|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]<br />
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br><br />
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} *<br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''<br>* ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''</small><br />
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| connections = <br />
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| status = Under Construction<br />
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br />
| architect = <br />
| architectural_style = <br />
| wifi = <br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Yelahanka|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=Doddajala|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Yelahanka|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=Doddajala|to-right2=KIAL Terminals|note-row2=''Train services bound for '''{{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}''' will skip '''Bettahalasuru, Chikkajala''' and proceed towards '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Doddajala}}'''''}}<br />
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Bagalur Cross''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station will consist of the main [[Bagalur, Bangalore Urban|Bagalur]] area with many educational institutions like [[Chrysalis High]] (Yelahanka), [[Ryan International Group of Institutions|Ryan International School]], Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology followed by prime locations like [[Zodiac Clothing Company Ltd.]], Palanahalli Lake Park, [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] (Bagalur Campus) and '''BSF Institute of Technology'''. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2026-03-06|title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece|access-date=2026-04-14|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Bagalur Cross metro station, part of the 11.678 km Reach 2B – Package 2 (Hebbala - Bagalur Cross) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Bagalur Cross track layout<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| title-color = white<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = HSTg\HSTf<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Doddajala}} *<br />
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Yelahanka}} **<br />
HSTg\HSTf<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br/>* '''Skipping ''Chikkajala & Bettahalasuru'''''<br/>** '''Under Construction'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level<br />
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Northbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Doddajala metro station|Doddajala]] *</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Southbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Yelahanka metro station|Yelahanka]] </small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<small>* ''Skipping '''Chikkajala''' & '''Bettahalasuru''' - Future Stations''<br>** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bangalore]]<br />
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br />
*[[List of metro systems]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br />
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharsuguda_Assembly_constituency&diff=506203Jharsuguda Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:26:48Z<p>Nskschool: created</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jharsuguda}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jharsuguda<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 7<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Northen Division<br />
| district = [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mla = [[Tankadhar Tripathy]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,29,274{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jharsuguda''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jharsuguda district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1951. In the 2008 delimitation, [[Laikera Assembly constituency]] was merged into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==<br />
<br />
* Jharsuguda Block : Badmal, Dalki, Durlaga, H. Katapali, Hirma, Jamera, Katikela, Malda, Marakuta, Patrapali, Sripura and Talpatia GPs <br />
* Kirmira Block <br />
* Laikera Block<br />
* Kolabira Block <br />
* Jharsuguda Muncipalty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seats of Odisha |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls}}</ref><br />
<br />
[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC007.pdf Map of Jharsuguda Constituency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610114839/https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC007.pdf |date=10 June 2024 }}<br />
<br />
== Elected members ==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp130.htm|title= 130 - Jharsuguda Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |access-date= 27 March 2014}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|2023 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|60.93}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.97}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.1}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.28}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.04}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|69.10}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.36}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|38.16}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|66.18}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|58.16}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.08}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections have been held till date including one bypoll in 2023. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.<br />
<br />
List of members elected from Jharsuguda constituency are<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 |access-date=2014-02-20}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Jharsuguda Constituency''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jharsuguda Assembly Election Results 2024: Jharsuguda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jharsuguda-constituency-result-18007 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Tankadhar Tripathy]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|2023 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Naba Kishore Das}}<ref name="Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das on lead with margin of 48,721 votes">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |date=13 May 2023 |title=Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das on lead with margin of 48,721 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharsuguda-assembly-byelection-2023-result-odisha-bjds-dipali-das-on-lead-101683960310564.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514182409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharsuguda-assembly-byelection-2023-result-odisha-bjds-dipali-das-on-lead-101683960310564.html |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Dipali Das]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|rowspan=3|[[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="Reports on Election 2014(doc size 17Mb)" /><br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Birendra Pandey<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|[[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Birendra Pandey<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I) |dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Sairindri Nayak<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|-<br />
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|Jhasaketana Sahu<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Murali Prasad Mishra<br />
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|Binod Behari Singh Bariha<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|Manohar Singh Naik {{efn|As Jharsuguda (ST)}}<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bijoy Kumar Pani<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Jharsuguda-Rampella Constituency''}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|Manohar Singh Naik {{efn|As Jharsuguda-Rampella (ST)}}<br />
|{{full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bijoy Kumar Pani<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Tankadhar Tripathy]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dipali Das]] by a margin of 1,333 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin| <br />
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Jharsuguda]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Tankadhar Tripathy]]<br />
|votes = 91,105<br />
|percentage = 47.69<br />
|change = {{increase}}14.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Dipali Das]]|votes=89,772|percentage=47|change={{decrease}}13.93}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amita Biswal|votes=5,775|percentage=3.02|change={{increase}}0.46}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,297|percentage=0.68|change={{decrease}}0.5}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,333|percentage=0.67|change={{decrease}}26.73}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,91,020|percentage=83.32|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2023 Bypoll===<br />
In 2023 bye-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Dipali Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Tankadhar Tripathy]] by 48,721 votes.<ref name="Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das on lead with margin of 48,721 votes" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title = [[2023 elections in India|2023 Odisha Vidhan Sabha by-election]]: [[Jharsuguda]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Dipali Das]]<br />
|votes = 1,07,198<br />
|percentage = 60.93<br />
|change = {{increase}}4.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tankadhar Tripathy]]|votes=58,477|percentage=33.24|change={{increase}}3.15}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tarun Pandey|votes=4,496|percentage=2.56|change={{decrease}}8.14}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=2,074|percentage=1.18|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=48,271|percentage=27.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,75,932|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dinesh Kumar Jain by 45,699 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Jharsuguda]]<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS187.htm?ac=7|title=Assembly Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]] <br />
|votes = 98,620<br />
|percentage = 55.97<br />
|change = {{increase}}17.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Jain<br />
|votes = 52,921<br />
|percentage = 30.04<br />
|change = {{increase}}17.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Mahendra Naik<br />
|votes = 18,823<br />
|percentage = 10.68<br />
|change = {{decrease}}34.42<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,440<br />
|percentage = 0.82<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 45,699<br />
|percentage = 25.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,76.187<br />
|percentage = 78.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]] by 11,563 votes.<ref name="Reports on Election 2014(doc size 17Mb)">{{cite web |title=Reports on Election 2014 - See page no. 124, archived on |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Reports/General%20election%20report%20Final%20-1.9.2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606060636/http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2014/Reports/General%20election%20report%20Final%20-1.9.2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="archive.is">{{cite web |title=CEO ODISHA |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/main.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190219145759/http://ceoorissa.nic.in/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2019 |website=archive.is |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Jharsuguda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Jharsuguda|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS187.htm?ac=7|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162149/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS187.htm?ac=7|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Jharsuguda (7)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531163530/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=7|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]<br />
|votes = 74,499<br />
|percentage = 45.1<br />
|change = {{decrease}}4.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]<br />
|votes = 62,936<br />
|percentage = 38.1<br />
|change = {{increase}}6.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Anand Pradhan<br />
|votes = 21,047<br />
|percentage = 12.74<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 1,463<br />
|percentage = 0.89<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 11,563<br />
|percentage = 6.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,65,197<br />
|percentage = 83.79<br />
|change = 11.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,97,147<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]] by 22,516 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=22516 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: [[Jharsuguda]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]<br />
|votes = 62,663<br />
|percentage = 49.28<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal <br />
|candidate = [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]<br />
|votes = 40,147<br />
|percentage = 31.58<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Jain<br />
|votes = 15,095<br />
|percentage = 11.87<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 22,516<br />
|percentage = 17.71{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,27,151<br />
|percentage = 72.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Jharsuguda district]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jharsuguda district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coord|21.87|84.01|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jharsuguda district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamalapuram_Assembly_constituency&diff=507926Kamalapuram Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:25:33Z<p>Nskschool: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{For|similarly named places|Kamalapur (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kamalapuram<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (130-Kamalapuram highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Kamalapuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 192,941<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 130<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kamalapuram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pendlimarri]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinthakommadinne]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kamalapuram mandal|Kamalapuram]] <br />
|-<br />
| Vallur <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chennur, Kadapa district|Chennur]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Veerapunayunipalle]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<mapframe text="Mandals in Kamalapuram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q60192860,Q60192851,Q60192843,Q60192873,Q60192854,Q7918199"}</mapframe><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| [[Narreddi Sivarami Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| Narreddi Sambhu Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| [[Vaddamani Venkata Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| [[N. Pulla Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| [[Ranuva Seetha Ramiah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| [[Perla Siva Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| [[Vaddamani Venkata Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| [[Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| M. V. Mysura Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalupuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narreddi Sivarami Reddi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,787 |percentage=51.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramalinga Reddi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,785 |percentage=40.82% |change=40.82% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gangi Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,893 |percentage=8.03% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,002 |percentage=10.32% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,465 |percentage=65.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,303 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Venkata Mysura Reddy Mule]]<br />
|votes = 52,429<br />
|percentage = 48.50<br />
|change = +0<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 41,898<br />
|percentage = 43.07<br />
|change = -0<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes =10,331<br />
|percentage = 10.64<br />
|change = -0<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 97,274<br />
|percentage = 74.08<br />
|change = +2.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 57,542<br />
|percentage = 54.25<br />
|change = +11.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Putha Narasimha Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 46,254<br />
|percentage = 43.61<br />
|change = -10.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 11,288<br />
|percentage = 10.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 106,064<br />
|percentage = 74.44<br />
|change = +2.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 65,386<br />
|percentage = 48.41<br />
|change = +4.80<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Putha Narasimha Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 61,223<br />
|percentage = 45.32<br />
|change = -8.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[O Subba Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 3,366<br />
|percentage = 2.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,163<br />
|percentage = 3.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 135,080<br />
|percentage = 84.44<br />
|change = +10.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 78,547<br />
|percentage = 46.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Putha Narasimha Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 73,202<br />
|percentage = 45.00<br />
|change = -0.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 5,345<br />
|percentage = 1.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,57,094<br />
|percentage = 96.65<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 88,482<br />
|percentage = 55.88<br />
|change = +9.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Putha Narasimha Reddy ]]<br />
|votes = 61,149<br />
|percentage = 38.62<br />
|change = -6.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 27,333<br />
|percentage = 17.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,59,330<br />
|percentage = 82.58<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 95,207<br />
|percentage = 55.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 69,850<br />
|percentage = 40.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Jai Swaraj Party<br />
|candidate = Narreddy Kishore Reddy<br />
|votes = 193<br />
|percentage = 0.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = None Of The Above <br />
|votes = 2,128<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 25,357<br />
|percentage = 14.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,72,196<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|14.60|78.67|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kadapa district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caste_census&diff=492927Caste census2026-04-12T08:39:03Z<p>Nskschool: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Proposed type of census in India}}<br />
{{Infobox census<br />
| name = Caste census<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| region_type = Country<br />
| authority = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]],<br />
*[[Government of India]]<br />
| topic1 = Caste<br />
| additional_label1 = Proposed and Announced on<br />
| additional_data1 = 30 April 2025<br />
| additional_label2 = Part of<br />
| additional_data2 = Upcoming decadal census in India (due since 2021)<br />
}}<br />
'''Caste census''' is a proposed census to be conducted in [[India]] by the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]]. The proposed census was decided under the leadership of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] by the [[Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs|cabinet committee of political affairs]] (CCPA) on 30 April 2025. It has been decided that a caste enumeration should be included with the [[Next census of India|forthcoming census]]. The exact time has not been declared yet. It is unclear that when the next census will be held.<br />
<br />
The decision of the cabinet was announced by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Central Railway Minister]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]. It has been seen as ''a step that would help in drafting "equitable and targeted" policies'' by the present Central Government of India led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] in India. The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Central Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] has described the decision as a "historic decision". He has also described that the historic decision as “committed to social justice”.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Caste census to be part of next population survey: Centre's big move |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-data-to-be-part-of-next-population-census-centres-big-announcement-101746010277205.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Govt announces caste count in next census, Shah says 'historic decision' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-approves-caste-census-in-upcoming-population-census-9974708/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The leader of opposition [[Rahul Gandhi]] has welcomed the decision. He said "We have shown we can pressure govt" He has demanded a clear timeline for its completion. He has called it "The first step towards deep social reform".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title='We have shown we can pressure govt': Rahul Gandhi on Centre's caste census decision |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-have-shown-we-can-pressure-govt-rahul-gandhi-on-centres-caste-census-decision-welcome-it-but-need-a-timeline/articleshow/120768585.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
The caste census is a systematic recording of individuals’ caste identities during the nationwide census in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=Government approves caste census: What is it and why it matters - Explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-approves-caste-census-what-is-it-and-why-it-matters-explained/articleshow/120768650.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Central minister Ashwini Vaishnaw expressed his view on the proposed census and said that it would "strengthen the social and economic structure of our society while the nation continues to progress”.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Caste census will happen for the first time in 100 years by the Central Government of India. It will be the part of the [[Next census of India|upcoming census]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=जाति गणना से चली जाएगी भारत से जाति? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-india-to-include-caste-data-in-2025-census-a-significant-change-in-social-dynamics-201746025318631.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
According to Peabody, the first systematic caste-wise enumeration of households in the Indian subcontinent was conducted between 1658 and 1664 across seven districts of the then Marwar Kingdom, including Jodhpur city which was its capital. It was conducted by the then home minister Munhata Nainsi of the kingdom for the purpose of tax documentation. It was not to for classification of society or creation of social hierarchies but solving a tax related problem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=A 'caste census' carried out in the kingdom of Marwar, two centuries before the British |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-caste-census-carried-out-in-the-kingdom-of-marwar-two-centuries-before-the-british-10097222/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During the period of the [[British Raj|British rule]] in India, caste census was included in the ''decadal censuses'' to categorise the population by caste, religion and occupation. In 1871–72, the first detailed caste census was conducted by the government of British Raj in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Anish Gupta & Shubham |date=2024-12-05 |title=Is the caste Census a useful exercise? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/is-the-caste-census-a-useful-exercise/article68946495.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was practiced between the period 1881 to 1931. The last caste census was conducted in the year 1931 in which 4,147 castes were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=THE LOWDOWN: The politics of caste census and who benefits from knowing your 'jaati' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/the-lowdown/story/caste-census-national-population-count-explained-history-past-instances-2718003-2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The largest population in the whole of British India (including [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) was of [[Brahmin]]s. The population of Brahmins was recorded more than 1.42 crores. After Brahmin community, the second place was of ([[Chamar]])community. The population of Chamar was a little more than 1.12 crores. On the third place were [[Rajput]]s. The population of Rajputs was 81 lakhs. The Rajput caste was followed by the [[Kunbi]] caste of [[Maharashtra]]. The population of Kunbi caste was 64 lakhs and 34 thousands. The Kunbi caste was followed by [[Yadav|Yadav (Ahir)]] caste. The population of Yadav (Ahir) community was 56 lakhs and 82 thousands. The Yadav (Ahir) caste was followed by [[Teli]] community. The population of Teli community was 42 lakhs and 58 thousands. The Teli community was followed by ''Gwala'' community. The population of the Gwala community was 40 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=आखिरी बार हुई जाति जनगणना में कितने थे ओबीसी, ब्राह्मणों और राजपूतों की क्या |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/1931-caste-census-date-how-much-obc-brahim-and-rajput-all-details-201746182614142.amp.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> After the independence of India, the caste enumeration was stopped by the newly independent [[Government of India]] led by the prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru]] in 1951. The caste enumeration was stopped to avoid reinforcing social divisions in the Indian society. But, there was an exception made for the enumeration of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the decadal censuses. Therefore, the enumeration of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes is being conducted in every census since 1951. In 1961, the Government of India permitted states for conducting their own surveys to compile OBC lists, but national caste census was not conducted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=Government approves caste census: What is it and why it matters - Explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-approves-caste-census-what-is-it-and-why-it-matters-explained/articleshow/120768650.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=K. Ashok Vardhan |date=2024-07-10 |title=The case for a caste Census |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-case-for-a-caste-census/article68390396.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Census of India]]<br />
* [[Next census of India]]<br />
* [[2011 census of India]]<br />
* [[2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census]]<br />
* [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]]<br />
;Related articles<br />
* [[Demographics of India]]<br />
* [[Reservation in India]]<br />
* [[Caste system in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Data management]]<br />
[[Category:Surveys (human research)]]<br />
[[Category:Censuses in India]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sealdah%E2%80%93Jangipur_Road_Express&diff=533806Sealdah–Jangipur Road Express2026-04-12T07:48:05Z<p>Nskschool: made a page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway service in West Bengal, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox rail service|image=SDAH-JRLE_EXP_13178_DN_at_BP.jpg|type=[[Express trains in India|Express train]] (in 2022)|locale=[[West Bengal]]|operator=[[Eastern Railway zone|ER]]|start=[[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] (SDAH)|stops=51|end=[[Jangipur Road railway station|Jangipur]] (JRLE)|distance={{convert|259|km|0|abbr=on}}|journeytime=6hr 10mins|frequency=Daily|trainnumber=13177<br>13178|class=Second class (Unreserved)|seating=Yes|sleeping=No|catering=No|baggage=Below seat|stock=[[ICF coaches|ICF rake]]|el=[[25 kV AC]]|speed={{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (top operating speed) <br /><br />
{{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (average including halts).}}<br />
<br />
'''Sealdah-Jangipur Road Express''' is an unreserved [[Express trains in India|express train]] service operated in [[West Bengal]], India. It connects from [[Sealdah]] (in Kolkata) to [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]] (in Murshidabad).<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The inaugural run of this train was on 19 February 2012. It used to run on a local [[MEMU]] train with train no. 63177/63178. In 2022, the train was converted to [[ICF coach|ICF express]].<br />
<br />
== Locomotive ==<br />
The Express is regularly hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP 7]] electric locomotives from the Sealdah Loco Shed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPTARSHI |title=13177/Sealdah - Jangipur Road Express (UnReserved) - Sealdah to Jangipur Road ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-jangipur-road-express-13177/16977/325/1936 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Coach composition ==<br />
The express train has ten unreserved second-class coaches and two luggage-cum disabled coaches.<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
![[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]] {{pipe}} [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|<small>SDAH/WAP-7</small>]]<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |2<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |3<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |4<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |5<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |6<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |7<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |8<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |9<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |10<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |11<br />
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |12<br />
|-<br />
|'''13177'''<br />
|SLR<br />
|D1<br />
|D2<br />
|D3<br />
|D4<br />
|D5<br />
|D6<br />
|D7<br />
|D8<br />
|D9<br />
|D10<br />
|SLR<br />
|-<br />
|'''13178'''<br />
|SLR<br />
|D10<br />
|D9<br />
|D8<br />
|D7<br />
|D6<br />
|D5<br />
|D4<br />
|D3<br />
|D2<br />
|D1<br />
|SLR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Service ==<br />
The Express operates every day, covering a distance of {{convert|259|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 06 hrs 10 mins with an average speed of {{cvt|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) given is {{cvt|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishan_Kumar_(police_officer)&diff=510759Krishan Kumar (police officer)2026-04-09T09:19:54Z<p>Nskschool: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian police officer from Rajasthan}}'''Krishnan Kumar (KK) Bishnoi'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Krishnan Bishnoi, The Sambhal SP Restoring Peace After Mosque Survey Violence - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/who-is-krishnan-bishnoi-the-sambhal-sp-restoring-peace-after-mosque-survey-violence-9133743.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241204151041/https://www.news18.com/education-career/who-is-krishnan-bishnoi-the-sambhal-sp-restoring-peace-after-mosque-survey-violence-9133743.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 2018 batch, belonging to the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre. Since January 2026, he has served as the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) of [[Sambhal district]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet man who studied in France, left high-paying UN job, cracked UPSC to become IPS; his name is…, air was… |url=https://www.india.com/education/meet-man-who-studied-in-france-left-high-paying-un-job-cracked-upsc-to-become-ips-his-name-is-krishna-kumar-bishnoi-air-was-174-success-story-7421020/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Sambhal violence: Police to challenge CJM's order on FIR against 20 cops |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/sambhal-violence-police-to-challenge-cjm-s-order-on-fir-against-20-cops-101768416264293.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During his tenure, Bishnoi has been involved in investigations concerning financial fraud and the seizure of illegal property, specifically in the [[Gorakhpur]] and Sambhal regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} OfficerProfile |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/officerprofile?transid=2919&slugName=gorakhpur |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref> His decorations include the Chief Minister's Excellence Service Police Medal, the Platinum Commendation Award, and the Director General of Police's (DGP) Silver Medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sambhal SP Krishna Kumar Bishnoi & UP Police Officers Honored with Chief Minister's Excellent Service Medal - Know More About Them |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/sambhal-sp-krishna-bishnoi-up-police-chief-minister-medal-138008/#:~:text=Over%20his%20career,%20he%20has,103%20crore%20(Abhishek%20Yadav). |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान के IPS बेटे का यूपी में बजा डंका, सीएम योगी आदित्यनाथ ने खुद किया सम्मानित |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/ips-krishna-kumar-bishnoi-received-best-police-award-in-up-presented-by-cm-yogi-adityanath-20213231 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं IPS कृष्ण कुमार बिश्नोई? सीएम योगी से पाया खास मेडल, माता-पिता के साथ तस्वीर ने जीत लिया देश का दिल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/barmer-ips-krishna-kumar-bishnoi-best-police-award-sambhal-crime-action-local18-10013144.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260108102436/https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/barmer-ips-krishna-kumar-bishnoi-best-police-award-sambhal-crime-action-local18-10013144.html |archive-date=2026-01-08 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बाड़मेर के सिंघम के सीएम योगी भी मुरीद, IPS कृष्ण कुमार बिश्नोई को बेस्ट पुलिस अवार्ड से किया सन्मानित |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/rajasthan-ips-krishna-kumar-bishnoi-honored-with-best-police-award-from-cm-yogi-adityanath-in-up/1766989137982 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Zee Rajasthan |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Krishan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakheri&diff=511595Lakheri2026-04-07T09:08:57Z<p>Nskschool: Made New Stub From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{refimprove|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Lakheri<br />
| native_name = ACC City, Brick city<br />
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[City]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.67|N|76.17|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = Raav Lakha Gujjar<br />
| named_for = lakha gurjar<br />
| government_type = Nagar Palika<br />
| governing_body = Nagar Palika Lakheri <br />
| leader_title = Chairman<br />
| leader_name = [[Mrs. Asha sharma]] ([[Indian National Congress]])<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament]] Kota-Bundi<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Om Birla]] ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]])<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] keshoraipatan<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Chandrakanta Meghwal]] ([[Bhartiya Janta party|BJP]])<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 25<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 227<br />
| population_total = 29572<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Native<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Harauti language|Harauti]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/RAJASTHAN/BUNDI/Lakheri_PINCODE 323603/323615]<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 07438<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#RJ.E2.80.94Rajasthan|RJ]]-08<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 941 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lakheri''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Bundi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located in the southeast of Rajasthan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatravelportal.com/rajasthan-tourism/major-cities/ |title=Major Cities in Rajasthan |publisher=Indiatravelportal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-27 |archive-date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803094437/http://www.indiatravelportal.com/rajasthan-tourism/major-cities |url-status=dead }}</ref> around 180 kilometres south of the state capital, [[Jaipur]]. Lakheri has been a subdivision headquarters since 2002. Yugantar Sharma (RAS) is the Sub-division Officer and magistrate of Lakheri subdivision. It is the second largest city in the district, after [[Bundi]] and 104th largest city in rajasthan.<br />
<br />
Surrounded mostly by agricultural lands and villages, the most distinct feature of Lakheri is a cement manufacturing unit of Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (ACC). This plant is the longest-running cement plant in Asia having opened in 1912–1913. With the passage of time the plant has undergone expansions to incorporate the latest technology in cement production.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Lakheri is located at {{Coord|25.67|N|76.17|E|}}.<ref name="fallingrain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Lakheri.html |title=Lakheri, India Page |website=fallingrain.com |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> It is located in southeast Rajsthan, a region widely known as [[Hadoti]], the land of the [[Hada (clan)|Hadas]]. The River Mej passes through outskirts of Lakheri,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/river/15518812/Mez-River |title=Mez River |website=wikimapia.org |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> and serves as the main water source for the city. It has an average elevation of {{convert|252|m}}.<ref name="fallingrain"/> Lakheri has fertile land and greenery with irrigation supplied through a series of canals. The city is surrounded on three sides by small hills of Vidhyan range. There is a water pump house on the River Mej with a capacity of 3240 kilolitres per day built by Lakheri's cement works ACC Limited. The Mej dam is also on the river near Lakheri. A small water reservoir and a zigzag dam has been constructed to store rainwater in the town. <br />
<br />
Apart from these, there is a small pond named Mahesh Sagar located in the town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Lakheri,+Rajasthan,+India/@25.6693852,76.173932,2942m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x396fcc019e5625c7:0x1ed272d8be4d0ad0!8m2!3d25.6649505!4d76.181272 |title=Lakheri, Rajasthan, India |website=google.co.in |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><br />
[[Bundi]], the district headquarters Bundi is {{convert|65|km}} by bus and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] is {{convert|75|km}} from the town.<br />
===Climate===<br />
{{climate chart<br />
|lakheri<br />
|10.6|23.2|10<br />
|12.8|26.0|20<br />
|18.6|32.7|10<br />
|24.8|38.6|10<br />
|29.3|42.1|20<br />
|28.5|39.6|50<br />
|26.2|33.6|250<br />
|25.9|31.5|240<br />
|25.0|34.3|110<br />
|22.0|34|20<br />
|15.6|29.6|10<br />
|12.0|25.1|10<br />
|source=[http://www.mustseeindia.com/Kota-weather Kota weather]<br />
|float=right<br />
|clear=none<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Lakheri has a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with high temperatures throughout the year. Summers are long, hot, and dry, beginning in late March and lasting until the end of June. The temperatures average above {{convert|40|°C}} in May and June and frequently exceed {{convert|45|°C}}; temperatures as high as {{convert|49.5|°C||abbr=}} have been recorded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/heat-wave-claims-10-lives-kota-hottest-at-484-c_629219.html|title=Heat wave claims 10 lives; Kota hottest at 48.4&nbsp;°C|date= 26 May 2010|accessdate=23 April 2016|publisher =[[Zee News]]}}</ref> The monsoon season follows with comparatively lower temperatures, but higher humidity and frequent, torrential downpours. The monsoons subside in October and temperatures rise again. The brief, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until the last week of February. Temperatures hover between {{cvt|26.7|°C|}} (max) and {{cvt|3.5|°C||abbr=}} (min). This can be considered the best time to visit Lakheri because of the intense heat in the summer.<ref name="Climate">{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/rajasthan/lakheri-24625/ |title=Climate Lakheri |website=en.climate-data.org |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The average annual rainfall in the Lakheri is {{cvt|659|mm}}.<ref name="Climate"/> Most of the rainfall can be attributed to the southwest [[monsoon]], which has begins around the last week of June and may last until mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June with post-monsoon rains occasionally occurring in October. The winter is largely dry, although some rainfall does occur as a result of the [[Western Disturbance]] passing over the region.<ref name="Climate"/><br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Kota (same as Lakheri)<br />
|metric first = yes<br />
|single line = yes<br />
|Jan record high C = 33.4<br />
|Feb record high C = 37.0<br />
|Mar record high C = 42.7<br />
|Apr record high C = 48.5<br />
|May record high C = 48.4<br />
|Jun record high C = 47.3<br />
|Jul record high C = 44.3<br />
|Aug record high C = 41.0<br />
|Sep record high C = 41.0<br />
|Oct record high C = 40.4<br />
|Nov record high C = 38.0<br />
|Dec record high C = 33.2<br />
|Jan high C = 23.7<br />
|Feb high C = 26.9<br />
|Mar high C = 32.9<br />
|Apr high C = 38.8<br />
|May high C = 42.1<br />
|Jun high C = 40.0<br />
|Jul high C = 34.2<br />
|Aug high C = 32.0<br />
|Sep high C = 33.7<br />
|Oct high C = 34.3<br />
|Nov high C = 29.9<br />
|Dec high C = 25.3<br />
<br />
|Jan low C = 10.9<br />
|Feb low C = 13.7<br />
|Mar low C = 19.1<br />
|Apr low C = 25.0<br />
|May low C = 29.3<br />
|Jun low C = 29.2<br />
|Jul low C = 26.5<br />
|Aug low C = 25.4<br />
|Sep low C = 25.0<br />
|Oct low C = 21.8<br />
|Nov low C = 16.3<br />
|Dec low C = 11.9<br />
<br />
|Jan record low C = 1.8<br />
|Feb record low C = 4.5<br />
|Mar record low C = 8.6<br />
|Apr record low C = 14.0<br />
|May record low C = 20.0<br />
|Jun record low C = 18.8<br />
|Jul record low C = 20.4<br />
|Aug record low C = 18.4<br />
|Sep record low C = 16.4<br />
|Oct record low C = 14.1<br />
|Nov record low C = 7.1<br />
|Dec record low C = 3.8<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 5.4<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 4.4<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 4.0<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 3.2<br />
|May precipitation mm = 10.3<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.9<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 257.0<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 245.8<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 98.5<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 19.6<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 7.8<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 3.5<br />
|Jan rain days = 0.9<br />
|Feb rain days = 1.0<br />
|Mar rain days = 0.6<br />
|Apr rain days = 0.4<br />
|May rain days = 2.1<br />
|Jun rain days = 6.9<br />
|Jul rain days = 13.1<br />
|Aug rain days = 15.2<br />
|Sep rain days = 5.6<br />
|Oct rain days = 1.6<br />
|Nov rain days = 1.2<br />
|Dec rain days = 0.5<br />
|Jan humidity = 48<br />
|Feb humidity = 38<br />
|Mar humidity = 25<br />
|Apr humidity = 19<br />
|May humidity = 23<br />
|Jun humidity = 43<br />
|Jul humidity = 67<br />
|Aug humidity = 74<br />
|Sep humidity = 58<br />
|Oct humidity = 40<br />
|Nov humidity = 41<br />
|Dec humidity = 48<br />
|source 1 = [http://www.mustseeindia.com/Kota-weather Kota weather], [[India Meteorological Department]]: (Kota (A) record highs and lows up to 2010)<!--DO NOT REMOVE-->,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |title=Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall up to 2010 |format=PDF |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |page=64 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archivedate=16 March 2014 }}</ref> Monthly mean maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall (1961–2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/climateimp.pdf|title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|format=PDF|page=38|access-date=2016-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202816/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/climateimp.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|source 2 = NOAA (1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web<br />
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42452.TXT<br />
|title = Kota (A) Climate Normals 1971-1990<br />
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222133/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42452.TXT<br />
|archive-date = 2020-08-04<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|accessdate = 22 December 2012}}</ref><br />
|date= May 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|alt=As of the [[2011 Indian census]]|2011}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800584-lakheri-rajasthan.html |title=Lakheri Municipality City |website=census2011.co.in |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Lakheri had a population of 29,572. Males numbered 15,222 (51%), females 14,350 (49%). Lakheri had an average literacy rate of 76.87%, higher than the state average of 66.11%: male literacy was 89.8%, and female literacy was 63.265%. In Lakheri, 13% of the population (3,844) was under six years of age.<br />
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[[Harauti language|Harauti]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] is widely spoken in Lakheri, with [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] being the other languages spoken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthan-tourism.org/languages/rajasthan-languages.html|title=Languages of Rajasthan|publisher=Rajasthan Tourism|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><br />
{{bar box<br />
| title = Demographic Distribution of Religion in Kota, Rajasthan<ref name="KOTAREL">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800609-kota-rajasthan.html|title=Religion in Kota|publisher=Census 2011}}</ref><br />
| align = left<br />
| titlebar = #ddd<br />
| left1 = Religion<br />
| right1 = Percent(%)<br />
| float = right<br />
| bars = <br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|83.2}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.07}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|red|1.34}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|blue|0.9}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|yellow|0.4}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in the city practised by about 83.2% of the population. [[Muslim]]s form large minorities (14.07%) followed by [[Jainism|Jains]] (1.34%), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (0.9%) and [[Christianity|Christians]] (0.4%).<ref name="KOTAREL"/><br />
<br />
== Transportation==<br />
The city lies in between the main Delhi - Mumbai line. More than 1000 travelers commute daily from Lakheri to Kota, Jaipur and many other large cities by local train like Dehradun express, Avadh express, Firozpur janta express train. The city was previously bypassed by Indian Railway, which did not provide any passenger train stops. Gradually, train stops have been added, such as Kota Shriganganagar SF, Jodhpur Indore SF, but continuous urge for stoppage of dayodaya SF and jaipur-mumbai SF has been neglected by Railway Board.<br />
<br />
City is also connected to Bundi through SH29 and to Kota and Jaipur through SH1. Bus service in the city is in poor condition as Rajasthan Roadways has no routine bus service and no express, silver line or blue line buses. Two couple of buses one from kota and one from baran to jaipur passes through the town. Although private travellers' buses between indergarh and kota comes every half an hour.<br />
<br />
City is looking forward for development as the bharatmala project Delhi-Mumbai route is planned to pass through outskirt of lakheri.<br />
<br />
== Health services==<br />
There is a shortage of medical facilities in the city, except for the presence of the following:{{cn|date=January 2019}}<br />
<br />
:# Government community health centre<br />
:# ACC hospital<br />
:# Saxena nursing home<br />
:# Other private practitioners<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
The government and private schools in the city are affiliated with either the Central Board of Secondary Education or Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan and follow a 10+2 plan. The medium of instruction is either English or Hindi. Kota, the [[zonal headquarter]]s near Lakheri is known as an education city.<br />
<br />
In the past decade the city of Kota has emerged as a popular [[coaching]] destination for competitive examspreparation and [[for-profit]] educational services. The education sector of Kota has become a major contributor to the city's economy.<!--DO NOT REMOVE--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091122/spectrum/main1.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref> Kota is popularly referred to as "the coaching capital of India".<!--DO NOT REMOVE--><ref name="KOTAEDU">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-garish-free-market-in-education-115123100033_1.html|title=How Kota became India's capital for educational coaching|author=Anjali Puri|date=31 December 2015|accessdate=11 January 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/kota-the-coaching-capital/603210/0 |title=Kota, the coaching capital |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> Over 1.5 lakh students from all over the country flock every year to the city to preparation for various exams such as [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT)-[[Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE),<ref>{{cite web |title=Prepare for JEE Main |url=https://www.blog.matrixedu.in/prepare-for-jee-main-2021-in-60-days-with-this-study-plan/ |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]] (NEET-UG) and [[AIIMS]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20085558 |title=Meet the 'tutor kings and queens' |last=Sharma |first=Yojana |date=27 November 2012 |website=bbc.co.uk |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/jobs/IIT-hub-losing-edge/articleshow/6940644.cms? |title=IIT hub losing edge |date=17 November 2010 |website=gadgetsnow.com |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/cross-border/the-new-coaching-class-in-kota/33050/1 |title= The New Coaching Class in Kota |publisher=Forbesindia.com |date= |accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130429/jsp/bihar/story_16827959.jsp#.UibDn9L5mSo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503114502/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130429/jsp/bihar/story_16827959.jsp#.UibDn9L5mSo |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2013 |title=Home tips cut Kota JEE rush |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref><!--DO NOT REMOVE--> Many hostels and PGs for students are located in Kota in the vicinity of the coaching centres. Students live here for 2–3 years and prepare for their exams. In the past few years, reports of students committing suicide in the city have increased. According to these reports, students feel stressed and are pressured to crack their target competitive exam. To help students cope, many coaching centres have appointed counselors to help them.<!--DO NOT REMOVE--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/behind-the-successes-of-kotas-coaching-centres-a-harsh-reality-1216880|title=<br />
Behind the Successes of Kota's Coaching Centres, a Harsh Reality|work=[[NDTV]]|date=12 September 2015|author=Singh, Harsha Kumari|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Why-Kota-is-so-killing/articleshow/50421411.cms|title=Why Kota is so killing|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 January 2016|author=Singh, Akhilesh|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kota-coaching-factory-panic-calls-14-hr-days-morning-nightmares/|title=Kota coaching factory – Panic calls: 14-hr days, morning nightmares|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Dwivedi Johri, Ankita|date=26 November 2015|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150701/jsp/nation/story_28907.jsp#.VyyDG8u6ZDs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710011646/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150701/jsp/nation/story_28907.jsp#.VyyDG8u6ZDs|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|title=Suicides hit IIT coaching hub|accessdate=2016-05-06|publisher=Telegraphindia.com|date=1 July 2015|author=Rakhee Roy Talukdar}}</ref><!--DO NOT REMOVE--><br />
<br />
==College==<br />
:# Maharaja Moolsingh College, Lakheri<br />
<br />
== Schools in Lakheri ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}<br />
* ACC Works School<br />
*Govt. Sr.Sec. School<br />
*Govt. Girls Sr. Sec. School<br />
*Modern Public School, Nayapura<br />
*Shiv Bal Vidya Mandir Sec. School<br />
* Adarsh Vidhya Mandir<br />
*Blue Bird Public Sec. School<br />
*Pathan Public School<br />
*Sharda Sec. School<br />
*Govt.Sec. School, Station<br />
*Govt.Girls Sec. School, Ishwar Nagar<br />
*New Nehru Children School, Lakheri Gandhipurai<br />
*DAV Public School<br />
*Swami Vivekanand Sec. School, Ganeshpura Lakheri<br />
*Saini Public School<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Lakheri Movie Makers==<br />
'''LAKHERI MOVIE MAKERS'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/LakheriMovieMakers|title=Lakheri Movie Makers}}</ref> is a videography and video editing production founded by lakheri based boys Pawan Sharma and Abhinav Meena in year 2014. In year 2017 Lakheri Movie Makers made a documentary '''LAKHERI DARSHAN'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vnLDL_pi_c|title=Lakheri Darshan}}</ref> which was a social attempt to avail the natural, religious, historical tourism spots and industries of town Lakheri. Lakheri Darshan was directed by Pawan Sharma and the facts regarding documentary was obtained from related persons, internet and book Lakheri Picchaley Panney. <br />
<br />
==Places of interest around Lakheri==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}<br />
* [[Lakdeshwar Mahadev Temple]]<br />
* [[Raghunath Temple]]<br />
* [[Charbhuja Temple]]<br />
*[[Chamawali Mata Temple]]<br />
*[[Sandal Ke Balaji]]<br />
*[[JANKINATH Astal]]<br />
*[[Bhoomia Ji Maharaj]]<br />
*[[CNI Church]]<br />
*[[Dungar Wale Baba]]<br />
*[[Sakhawada]]<br />
*[[ZIGZAG Dam]]<br />
*[[Sukhadia Park]]<br />
*[[Toran Ki Bawdi]]<br />
*[[manduppa balaji]]<br />
*[[Indergarh Fort]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bundi district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bundi district]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabhiyum_Suhasiniyum&diff=538472Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum2026-04-06T15:22:19Z<p>Nskschool: made data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language sitcom}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum.jpeg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Drama]]<br>[[Sitcom]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = {{Plainlist|<br />
Season - 1<br />
* Shyam R Babu<br />
* Shabeer B N<br />
* Kishore Aanakkode<br />
* Ajin Raj<br />
* Greenson Pious <br />
Season - 2 <br />
* Vamanapuram Mani <br />
* Shabeer B N<br />
* Shihab Karunagapally<br />
* Ajin Raj <br />
}}<br />
| director = Rajesh Thalachira<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| open_theme = <br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 593<br />
| producer = Roy P Antony<br />
| editor = Renold Dany Kurishinkal<br />
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Robin<br />
* Sidharthan<br />
}}<br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 22 mins approx.<br />
| company = <br />
| network = [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|08|13}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|01|31}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum''''', also known as '''''Su... Su...''''', is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[sitcom]] directed by Rajesh Thalachira. It was broadcast on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum (Su Su) Cast, Episode Telecast Days, Timings and How to Watch Online|date=11 October 2024 |url=https://totalreporter.com/surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-su-su-cast-episode-telecast-days-timings-and-how-to-watch-online/|publisher=Total Reporter}}</ref> with the first season running from 13 August 2022 to 24 November 2023. The second season aired from 29 July 2024 to 31 January 2025. The main cast includes [[Mallika Sukumaran]] and Anumol,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-03 |title=New sitcom 'Su Su' featuring Mallika Sukumaran and Anu set for premiere soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-sitcom-su-su-featuring-mallika-sukumaran-and-anu-set-for-premiere-soon/articleshow/93326208.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with supporting roles played by Sidharth Prabhu, [[Manju Pathrose]], Riyas Narmakala, Sangeetha Sivan, Aswathi Thomas, and Muhammad Rafi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum Flowers TV Sitcom Starting on 7th August at 07:00 PM|date=5 August 2022 |url=https://www.keralatv.in/surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-flowers/|publisher=keralatv.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sangeetha Sivan is all excited to play a postwoman years after 'Sundariye Vaa'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sangeetha-sivan-is-all-excited-to-play-a-postwoman-years-after-sundariye-vaa/articleshow/93432257.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Initially a weekend show, it gained popularity and began airing daily from 26 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Su Su Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum Flowers TV Show Opened With 2.95 TVR|date=20 August 2022 |url=https://www.keralatv.in/su-su-surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-flowers/|publisher=keralatv.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Series overview==<br />
{{Series overview<br />
| caption = <br />
| color1 = #FF8C00<br />
| episodes1 = 431<br />
| start1 = {{Start date|df=y|2022|08|13}}<br />
| end1 = {{End date|df=y|2023|11|24}}<br />
| color2 = #008B8B<br />
| episodes2 = 162<br />
| start2 = {{Start date|df=y|2024|07|29}}<br />
| end2 = {{Start date|df=y|2025|01|31}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Plot summary ==<br />
Set in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], the story revolves around the life of the constantly bickering duo of a woman and her mother-in-law due to their differences which lead to various complications for the family.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
=== Main cast ===<br />
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Suhasini Chandrahasan<br />
* [[Anumol R. S.]] as Surabhi Pradheesh Chandrahasan<br />
* Sidharth Prabhu as Pradheesh Chandrahasan<br />
* Muhammad Rafi as Manoj aka Ondhu Manu<br />
* Jayaram V. Jayaram as Prashobh Chandrahasan<br />
* Sangeetha Sivan (Season 1)as Lakshmi Prashobh Chandrahasan <br />
* Aswathy Thomas(Presilla Jerin)(Season 2) as Lakshmi Prashobh Chandrahasan<ref name=S2>{{cite web|title=9 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക് അശ്വതി; ആശംസകളുമായി ആരാധകർ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-aswathy-thomas-come-back-in-mini-screen-sh7l95|publisher=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='നീണ്ട ഒമ്പത് വർഷത്തെ ഇടവേളയ്ക്കുശേഷം വീണ്ടും അഭിനയം ആരംഭിക്കാൻ പോകുന്നു'; സന്തോഷം പങ്കിട്ട് അശ്വതി തോമസ്!|date=23 July 2024 |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kumkumapoovu-serial-actress-aswathy-thomas-is-back-to-acting-write-up-goes-viral-116393.html|publisher=Filmibeat Malayalam}}</ref> <br />
* Naiha Sunil as Aami Prashobh Chandrahasan(Season 1) <br />
* Aaradhya Shiva (Paruu) as Pinky Prashobh Chandrahasan (Season 2) <br />
* [[Riyas Narmakala]] as Ambadikannan / Vakkeel Uncle<br />
* Sabu Sudarshan Pillai as മുത്തു<br />
* Sunil Sugadha as Sreedhara Menon (Season 1)<br />
*[[Sivaji Guruvayoor]] as Sreedhara Menon (Season 2)<br />
*[[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]] as manager Krishnanunni aka Unniyettan<br />
<br />
=== Recurring cast ===<br />
* [[Manju Pathrose]] as Kochammini<br />
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Surendran<br />
* Aswathy Nair as Achu<br />
* Benny John as Suvarna Kumar alias Mudiyan<br />
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] / [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Seetha Lakshmi <br />
* [[Shakeela]] as Urmila<ref>{{cite web|title=മല്ലികയോട് ഏറ്റുമുട്ടാന് ഷക്കീല വരുന്നു, ഇനി കളി മാറും!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/shakeela-in-su-su-surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-as-urmila/articleshow/98539734.cms|website=Samayam.Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ഫ്ളവേഴ്സിലൂടെ ഷക്കീല വീണ്ടും മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക്…|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/03/13/shakeela-is-back-in-miniscreen.html|website=Twenty Four News|date=13 March 2023 }}</ref><br />
* Abhilash Kottarakkara as Ambu<br />
* Sibi Joseph as Nikhil<br />
* Ramdas Sopanam as Palani Chettiyar<br />
* Krishnendhu Unnikrishnan as Nayanthara<br />
* Sreeramya Manu as Aasha<br />
* Ambili Nair as Thankamani<br />
* Reshmi Anil as Shamala<br />
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Sreedharan Menon<br />
* Kutty Akhil as Prakash Chandrahasan<br />
* Paaru as Devi<br />
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Colonel Vikram a.k.a. Vikramji<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran actor Janardhanan joins sitcom 'Su Su Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum' as Colonel Vikram|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/veteran-actor-janardhanan-joins-sitcom-su-su-surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-as-colonel-vikram/articleshow/104825887.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=30 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KR Vijaya to Janardhanan: Veteran movie actors who made their entry to Malayalam TV recently|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kr-vijaya-to-janardhanan-veteran-movie-actors-who-made-their-entry-to-malayalam-tv-recently/photostory/104972637.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=4 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=തള്ളൽ കഥകളുമായി ചിരിപ്പിച്ച് കേണൽ; മിനി സ്ക്രീൻ പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ ഇഷ്ടം കവർന്ന് ജനാർദ്ദനൻ|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/janardhanan-returns-to-television-with-new-sitcom-su-su-surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-914565/|website=Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2025<br />
| rowspan="2" | Kerala State Television Awards<br />
| Second Best Television Series<br />
| ''Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2025/kerala-state-television-awards-2023-full-winners-list-aanpirannol-kanmashi-lilly-take-top-honors-439713.html | title=Kerala State Television Awards 2023 Full Winners List: Aanpirannol, Kanmashi, Lilly Take Top Honors | publisher=[[Filmibeat]] | work=Sharath Bose | date=22 January 2025 | accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Second Best Actress<br />
| Anumol R. S.<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.flowerstv.in/fiction/surabhiyum-suhasiniyum/ Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum - Flowers TV]<br />
*[https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-malayalam-serial-surabhiyum-suhasiniyum-2-episodeno-Aug21-2024/detail/199562/0/ Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum - Sun NXT]<br />
*{{IMDb title|29248187}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abba_Aa_Hudugi&diff=476200Abba Aa Hudugi2026-03-27T02:57:46Z<p>Nskschool: update section to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1959 film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Abba Aa Hudugi<br />
| image = Abba Aa Hudugi VCD cover.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Film VCD cover<br />
| director = H. L. N. Simha<br />
| producer = H. L. N. Simha<br />
| writer = H. L. N. Simha<br />
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]<br>[[Mynavathi]]<br>[[Pandari Bai]]<br />
| music = [[P. Kalinga Rao]]<br />
| cinematography = B. Dorairaj<br />
| editing = R. Ramamurthy<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = Sri Jamuna Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|1959|||df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 134 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Abba Aa Hudugi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅಬ್ಬಾ ಆ ಹುಡುಗಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|''Wow, that girl''}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written, directed and produced by H. L. N. Sinha based on his own play of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uJTZhJc4Pg0&feature=youtu.be|title=ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ್ ಡಬ್ಬಲ್ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಪಡೆದ ಚಿತ್ರ ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರಮರ್ದಿನಿ &#124; Mahishasura Mardini &#124; Dharma Vijaya|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327041425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uJTZhJc4Pg0&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Rajashankar]] in his debut role, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in an extended cameo along with [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], [[Mynavathi]] and [[Pandari Bai]]. It is considered a landmark film in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title= A rousing end planned for H.L.N. Simha's birth centenary fete |url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/21/stories/2004072102410500.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040908100915/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/21/stories/2004072102410500.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 September 2004 |date= 21 July 2004 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 30 March 2014}}</ref> Critics have noted that the theme of the movie is loosely based on [[William Shakespeare]] 's ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/shakespeare-influenced-kannada-films-too/article8510212.ece|title=Shakespeare influenced Kannada films too|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 April 2016|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=10 September 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910075904/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/shakespeare-influenced-kannada-films-too/article8510212.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the title ''Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jQGaHVCoFNM&feature=youtu.be|title=Rajkumar Tamil Song &#124;&#124; Rajkumar Rare videos|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327041501/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=jQGaHVCoFNM&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> and was released in 1960. Dialogues were written by S. A. Subbaraman. This film also marked the only Kannada film for [[Malayalam]] actress [[Sukumari]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1|author=G. Neelamegam|language=Tamil|publisher=Manivasagar Publishers, Chennai 108 (Ph:044 25361039)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Mynavathi is the arrogant girl, who looks down on men. Rajashankar, plays the protagonist, who marries her, teaches her manners and educates her to behave well. Dr. Rajkumar, who costars, marries the younger sister of Mynavathi. The movie became a trend-setter. P. Kalinga Rao's song "Ba Chinna Mohana Nodenna" became a chart-buster.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Suresh<br />
* [[Rajashankar]] as Sarvottama<br />
* [[Mynavathi]] as Sharmishtha<br />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Jyoti<br />
* [[M. V. Rajamma]]<br />
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Shobh<br />
* [[B. R. Panthulu]]<br />
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]<br />
* H. L. N. Simha<br />
* [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]<br />
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] in a guest appearance<br />
* Ramadevi<br />
* [[Sukumari]] as dancer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music by [[P. Kalinga Rao]]. Lyrics were written by H. L. N. Simha. [[Playback singer]]s are [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Kalinga Rao]], [[Jikki]], [[S. Janaki]], T. S. Bagavathi, Swarnalatha, Mohana Kumari & Sohana Kumari.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Duration (mm:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Hrudaya Deviye Ninna" || P. B. Sreenivas & S. Janaki || rowspan=7|H. L. N. Simha || 02:55<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Baarena Manohara" || Jikki || 02:08<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Asheya Gopura Nirmisikondu" || P. B. Sreenivas & S. Janaki || 03:15<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Kanna Mucchale Aaduva" || Jikki, T. S. Bagavathi & Swarnalatha || 02:27<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Anandadaayakavu Priyakarana Olavu" || S. Janaki || 03:20<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "Oh Soma Soma" || || 02:48<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Ba Chinna Mohana Nodenna" || P. Kalinga Rao, Mohana Kumari & Sohana Kumari || 03:27<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || "Andhakara" ||T. S. Bagavathi || || 02:41<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Tamil<br />
For the Tamil-dubbed version ''Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam'', the music was composed by Jeevan. Lyrics were by Puratchidasan & Solai Rasu. [[Playback singer]]s are [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[Jikki]], [[A. P. Komala]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]].<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Duration (mm:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Idhaya Deviye Kannae" || P. B. Sreenivas & A. P. Komala || Solai Rasu || 02:55<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "" || || || 02:08<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Kaadhalil Inbathil Moozhgi" || P. B. Sreenivas & K. Rani || || 03:15<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "" || || || 02:27<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "" || || || 03:20<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "" || || || 02:48<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Malligai Poochendu Paar Athaan" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || Puratchidasan || 03:27<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || "" || || || 02:41<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{youTube|VrhdqI5beBM|Malligai Poochendu Paar Athaan}} - A song from the Tamil dubbed version of the film<br />
{{The Taming of the Shrew}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1959 films]]<br />
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on The Taming of the Shrew]]<br />
[[Category:1959 comedy films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1950s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Vista,_Hyderabad&diff=453432Bella Vista, Hyderabad2026-03-25T09:32:13Z<p>Nskschool: added content further and corrected details for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Coord|17.414122|N|78.459633|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Short description|Royal palace of the Nizam of Hyderabad}}<br />
Bella Vista is a royal palace of the Nizam during the existence of Hyderabad State, now located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.[1][2] It is an Indo-European building standing on a 10-acre (40,000 m<sup>2</sup>) verdant campus. The building's French architect named it Bella Vista, meaning beautiful sight, since it overlooks the Hussain sagar lake. It is located in the Saifabad suburb and is modeled on the Henley-on-Thames of England. Since 1956, the building has been home to the Administrative Staff College of India.{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Bella Vista<br />
| image = Ascihead.jpg<br />
| building_type = Royal Palace<br />
| architectural_style = French<br />
| structural_system = <br />
| location = [[Somajiguda]] , near Raj Bhavan, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. <br />
| completion_date = {{start date and age| 1910}}<br />
| opened_date = <br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| architect = French Architect<br />
| structural_engineer =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:BellaVistaPalast-DrawingRoom Hyderabad.jpeg|thumb|left|The drawing room of the Bella Vista Palace, prepared for the visit of the [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] in 1922.]] Muslehuddin Mohammed, bar-at-law, became Chief Justice of the High Court of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and was given the title ''Hakim-ud-Dowla''. He constructed the palace as his residence in 1905. He lived there from 1905 to 1914 when he fell victim to plague at the age of 57. On his death in 1916, the family decided to sell the palace. The [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|last Nizam]] purchased it, along with furniture, for Rs 60,000 in 1917.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/191216/60-royal-years-in-administrative-staff-college-of-india-life.html|title=Hyderabad: 60 royal years in ASCI life|date=2016-12-19|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was in this palace that the elder son of the Seventh Nizam-[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] who was heir apparent to the [[throne]] of Hyderabad - [[Prince of Berar]], [[Azam Jah]] lived with his wife, [[Princess Durru Shehvar]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Princess Dürrühsehvar of Berar|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1510174/Princess-Durruhsehvar-of-Berar.html|newspaper= The Telegraph|access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|title= A Song of Hyderabad|author= Bilquis Jehan Khan|publisher= thefridaytimes.com|access-date= 28 January 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064747/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/31122010/page29.shtml|archive-date= 22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative Staff College of India==<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Administrative Staff College of India<br />
| image = <br />
| logo = [[File:ASCI logo.png|600px]]<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1956}}<br />
| type = [[Civil service]] training institute<br />
| director = <br />
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], {{convert|9|acre|km2}}<br />
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]<br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| website = [http://www.asci.org.in/ asci.org.in/]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
ASCI was started jointly by the [[Government of India]] and representatives of industry as an autonomous institute in 1956 for training in the field of [[civil service]] development.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASCI — A college that moulds administrative mandarins |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/22/stories/2005082202220200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922082903/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/22/stories/2005082202220200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-22 |accessdate=2011-07-16}}</ref> Initially, the government Of India planned to set up the college in Britain. The first session was to commence in 1948 at [[Henley Business School|Henley]]. However, a committee of the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] in 1953 recommended that the Administrative Staff College be established in India. ASCI specialises in providing non-degree post-graduate diplomas for [[civil service|civil servants]] of corporate and government sectors and urban management.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Helps Train New Breed of Professional Urban Managers |url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21140710~menuPK:50003484~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:295584,00.html |accessdate=2011-07-16}}</ref> The research and consultancy activities of ASCI were started in 1973 with aid from [[Ford Foundation]]. [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer R. H. Khwaja took charge as ASCI director-general on 1 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indtoday.com/rh-khwaja-takes-charge-as-asci-dg/|title=RH Khwaja takes charge as ASCI DG|date=3 January 2017|website=indtoday.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]<br />
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]<br />
[[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad]]<br />
[[Category:Business schools in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]<br />
[[Category:1956 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command&diff=454998Andaman and Nicobar Command2026-03-24T00:22:21Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tri-services command of the Indian Armed Forces}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = Andaman and Nicobar Command<br>(ANC)<br />
| image = Crest of Andaman & Nicobar Command.png<br />
| image_size = 180px<br />
| caption = Insignia of Andaman and Nicobar Command<br />
| start_date = {{Start date|2001|10|1|df=yes}}<br/>({{Age in years and months|2001|10|1}} ago)<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = {{armed forces|India}}<br />
| type = [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|Integrated tri-services command]]<br />
| role = Theatre Command<br />
| size = <br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = [[Sri Vijaya Puram]]<br />
| garrison_label = Headquarters<br />
| nickname = <br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = <br />
| colors = <br />
| colors_label = <br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| equipment = {{bulleted list|81 mm & 120 mm mortars|130 mm field guns|Igla MANPADS|L-70 Air Defence Guns|ZU-23-2 Air Defence Guns|S-75 Dvina|S-125 Neva/Pechora|Akash SAM systems|BMP-2 ICV|Multiple other equipments(Su-30Mki jets, other fighters, anti-ship missile systems, Indian Navy and Coast guard ships) }}<br />
| equipment_label = <br />
| battles = <br />
| anniversaries = <br />
| decorations = <br />
| battle_honours = <!-- Commanders --><br />
| commander1 = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajay Kochhar]]<br />
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief]]<br />
| commander2 = [[Major General(India)|Major General]] Ajay Feroze Shah<br />
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff<br />
| commander3 = <br />
| commander3_label = <br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = <br />
| identification_symbol_label = <br />
| identification_symbol_2 = <br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = <br />
| aircraft_fighter = [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]]<br />
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo = [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17 V5]]<br />
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole = [[HAL Dhruv]]<br />
| aircraft_helicopter_utility = [[HAL Chetak]]<br />
| aircraft_recon = [[Dornier 228]]<br />
| aircraft_transport = {{bulleted list|[[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super Hercules]]|[[Antonov An-32]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Andaman and Nicobar Command''' '''(ANC)''' is a [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands|integrated tri-services command]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], based at [[Sri Vijaya Puram]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[Union Territory]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-the-indian-navy-can-dominate-the-indian-ocean/20120903.htm#1|title=How the Indian Navy can dominate the Indian Ocean|date=3 September 2012|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111083706/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-the-indian-navy-can-dominate-the-indian-ocean/20120903.htm#1|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> It was created in 2001 to safeguard India's strategic interests in [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Strait of Malacca]] by increasing rapid deployment of military assets in the region. It provides logistical and administrative support to naval ships which are sent on deployment to [[East Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="aapidsa">{{cite journal|last=Prakash|first=Admiral (Retd) Arun|year=2007|title=India's Higher Defence Organisation|url=http://www.idsa.in/system/files/JDS1(1)2007_0.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|volume=1|issue=1|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232945/http://www.idsa.in/system/files/JDS1%281%292007_0.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=dns27f13>{{cite news|title=India To Establish 2 Additional Missile Test Sites|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130227/DEFREG03/302270018/India-Establish-2-Additional-Missile-Test-Sites?odyssey=nav%7Chead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130408013308/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130227/DEFREG03/302270018/India-Establish-2-Additional-Missile-Test-Sites?odyssey=nav%7Chead|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2013|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=Defence News|date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="navyRP">Rajat Pandit (2010), ''{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130103115901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/india/28115911_1_anc-airfield-andamans {{Sic|hide=y|Strategically|-}}important A&N Command to get a boost]}}''. The Times of India, 6 February 2010. Accessed on 23 July 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[File:India_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands_relief_map.png|thumb|240x360px|Andaman and Nicobar Islands map with various channels and straits in India's exclusive economic zone, including Six Degrees Channel and the busiest Ten Degrees Channel (Grand / Great Channel)]]<br />
[[File:Straits_of_Singapore_locator_map.PNG|thumb|240x180px|Singapore Strait - a critical chokepoint: connects to South China Sea where several nations have conflicting claims over various islands.]]<br />
[[File:Sunda_Strait_map-fr.svg|thumb|240x180px|Sunda Strait, shallowest route unfit for larger commercial vessels.]]<br />
[[File:Lombok_strait.png|thumb|240x180px|Lombok Strait, alternative less popular and longer route in the influence zone of Australia's Cocos Keeling Island military base.]]<br />
<br />
=== Strategic Importance of ANC ===<br />
{{anchor | Strategic | Importance | Strategic importance | Strategy }}<br />
{{see also | Coastal_India#Channels | l1= Channels in Bay of Bengal, Laccadive Sea, and Arabian Sea }}<br />
<br />
<!-- This Section summary/lede largely based on the sourced text below within this section/subsections . --><br />
According to the [[International Hydrographic Organization]]'s (IHO) definitions of the [[Bay of Bengal#Extent|Bay of Bengal]] and [[Andaman Sea#Extent|Andaman Sea]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (A&N) fall on the maritime boundary of these two. [[Exclusive economic zone of India|Indian exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) to the north and west of A&N falls within the Bay of Bengal and to east of A&N falls within the Andaman Sea. Various [[strait]]s (narrow passages in the sea, also called the channels) in A&N are officially part of Andaman Sea, rather than the Bay of Bengal, connect the two and shipping routes beyond. The [[Ten Degree Channel]] (also called Great or Grand Channel) within India's EEZ is world's busiest shipping trade route which also connects to the very narrow and contiguous [[Strait of Malacca]] and the [[Singapore Strait]]. This route is considered world's biggest strategic [[choke point]]. India and allies could potentially impose a [[blockade]] in case of dispute with China whose economy significantly depends on the export trade through this route. Safety, security and freedom of navigation in this area are vital for the global economy. This area is part of the much larger Indian Ocean region through which 90% of the world's trade passes, which in turn is part of the larger Indo-Pacific region which hosts most of the global maritime trading activity.<br />
<br />
==== Control over vital global shipping route ====<br />
{{anchor | Trade | Shipping }}<br />
{{see also | Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal | Maritime Silk Route | Foreign trade of India | Maritime domain awareness | Maritime power | Bay_of_Bengal#Channels| l6 = Channels in Bay of Bengal }}<br />
<br />
The zone of influence of the ANC has deep significance in terms of history, culture, religion, economy and [[Foreign trade of India|trade]], EEZs, political and international relations, national security, safety and freedom of navigation of power projection of not only India but also [[Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal|other nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia]] as well as the $3 trillion in international trade which passes through the south Andaman Sea. ANC influence over the gateway to the [[Far East]] includes the [[Six Degree Channel]]<!-- As per wiki guidelines, pls retain the redlink to encourage creation of article. Thanks. --> and the Ten Degree Channel in the Indian EEZ in the Bay of Bengal, which is connected to the Strait of Malacca. These are crossed by over 94,000 merchant ships every year carrying world's 40% freight trade to and from China, South Korea and Japan. Andaman and Nicobar Islands account for 0.2% of India's land and 30% of its [[exclusive economic zone]].<ref name=stra2>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200706233421/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/growing-strategic-importance-andaman-nicobar-islands/ The Growing Strategic Importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]}}, Future Directions org, 15 JUNE 2017.</ref><ref name=stra3>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/more-muscle-for-india-s-andaman-and-nicobar-defence-posts-to-counter-hawkish-china/story-8YkEo28c3WZM9Lqq2iiJnK.html More muscle for India's Andaman and Nicobar defence posts to counter hawkish China], [[Hindustan Times]], 26 Aug 2017.</ref> [[Sea lines of communication]] (SLOC) carry more than 90% of global trade.<ref name=stra12/> In [[Indo-Pacific|Indo-Pacific Asia]], US$5 trillion annual shipping trade passes through the SLOC and [[choke point]]s of Southeast Asia and South China Sea (SCS).<ref name=stra12/> 80% of the global trade passes through Indian Ocean SLOC in oil and natural gas critical for advanced economies.<ref name=stra12>[https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers/4124-australia-s-own-indo-pacific-fortress-the-case-for-redeveloping-cocos-islands Australia's own Indo-Pacific fortress – The case for redeveloping Cocos Islands], Defence Connect, 28 MAY 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Control over critical shipping chokepoints ====<br />
{{anchor | Choke | Chokepoint | Blockade }}<br />
{{see also | Choke point | l1= Geostrategic chokepoint | Blockade | l2= Geostrategic blockade | Territorial disputes in the South China Sea | l3= South China Sea disputes | Philippines v. China | China–Vietnam_relations#Rekindled_tensions_over_maritime_territory | l5= China-Vietnam conflict | Eastern South Asia }}<br />
<br />
Since this area in Indian EEZ and ANC influence zone connects [[Indian Ocean]] with [[South China Sea]] and [[Pacific Ocean]], the safety of Malacca strait is paramount to the economies of numerous countries.<ref name=stra4>[https://www.c3sindia.org/defence-security/indias-strategic-dimensions-in-malacca-strait-by-vithiyapathy-p/ India's Strategic Dimensions in Malacca Strait By Vithiyapathy Purushothaman], 16 March 2015.</ref> Both USA and Russia support the freedom of navigation.<ref name=stra21/> Australia's "2013 Defence White Paper" emphasises importance of security of Indian Ocean SLOC trade which has surpassed Atlantic and Pacific oceans trade.<ref name=stra22>[https://eurasiantimes.com/india-australia-could-sign-pact-for-a-military-base-in-andamans-and-cocos-islands-experts/ India, Australia Could Sign Pact For A Military Base In Andaman's and Cocos Islands], Eurasian Times, 23 May 2020.</ref> However, China's activities in this region continues cause concern among several nations.<ref name=stra4/> Against the concern shown by United States, Japan and several other nations, China continues to claim [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|most of South China Sea]].<ref name=stra23/> China has militarized a reclaimed tiny islet in South China Sea which is also claimed by other nations.<ref name=stra23/> This has led to China's conflict with several Southeast Asian nations, including [[Philippines v. China|Philippines]] and [[China–Vietnam relations#Rekindled tensions over maritime territory|Vietnam]].<ref name=stra23/> In March 2020, [[Indian Navy]] discovered 12 underwater drones deployed by China in Indian Ocean for gathering [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] naval intelligence aimed at [[submarine warfare]].<ref name=stra22/><ref name=stra4/> China has allegedly done the similar underwater drone operation in [[Pacific Ocean]] as well.<ref name=stra22/><ref name=stra4/><br />
<br />
All 3 major global sea trade routes to Indian Ocean, from [[Cape of Good Hope]] and [[Gulf of Aden]] or [[Straits of Hormuz]], converge at narrow Six Degree Channel in Indian EEZ resulting in high shipping density, which enhances India's ability to exert influence over the vulnerability and protection of this maritime trade route.<ref name=stra21>[https://idsa.in/askanexpert/geo-strategic-potential-of-the-great-channel What is the geo-strategic potential of the Great Channel? How can it curtail the benefits of the Malacca Strait?], Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis.</ref> Shallow, congested and narrow [[Archipelagic state|archipelagic]] chokepoints in the influence zone of ANC are Straits of Malacca and [[Lombok Strait]] to and from South China Sea.<ref name=stra3/> Malaca strait is the busiest and most important chokepoint.<ref name=stra4/><ref name=stra20>Bill Tarrant, 2010, [http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/03/04/idINIndia-46652220100304Malacca Strait is a strategic 'chokepoint']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, retrieved 23 Jan 2015.</ref><ref name=stra3/> All trade vessels from Malacca Strait must pass through most important SLOC chokepoint located within India's Anadaman Nicobar EEZ, i.e. Six Degree Channel south of Anadaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref name=stra2/> Other two less frequently used channels within Indian EEZ are the [[Preparis Channel]]<!-- As per wiki guidelines, pls retain the redlink to encourage creation of article. Thanks. --> in north and the Ten Degree Channel between the Andaman and Nicobar island groups.<ref name=stra2/> Alternative to the shorter and busiest route through Malaca Strait and Six Degree Channel in Indian EEZ, guarded by Indian Military Base in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is Sunda and Lombok Straits chokepoints in Indonesia in the influence zone of [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands#RAAF|Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian Military Base]].<ref name=stra16/> Together, these chokepoints are the entry and exit points between Indian and Pacific Oceans, all of which lie within combined India-Australia military influence zone.<ref name=stra16/> This provides geostrategic advantage to Indian and Australian militaries [part of [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD]] along with USA and Japan] for joint anti-signal intelligence gathering, submarine tracking and warfare missions in Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref name=stra16>[https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/islands-opportunity-where-india-and-australia-can-work-together Islands of opportunity: Where India and Australia can work together], The Interpreter, 22 May 2020.</ref><br />
<br />
India is bolstering military capabilities in Andaman and Nicobar Islands by placing ship-based [[India and weapons of mass destruction#Indian nuclear triad|nuclear missile system]] as deterrence and a [[Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme|fleet of naval warships]] with [[Amphibious transport dock|Landing Platform Docks]] (LPDs) by 2020.<ref name=stra2/><ref name=stra18>[https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/new-naval-air-station-ins-baaz-commissioned-cns Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy], Ministry of Defence (Navy), 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
==== QUAD force multiplier ====<br />
{{anchor | QUAD }}<br />
{{see also | String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) | l1= China's String of Pearls encirclement strategy | India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Indian_nuclear_triad | l2= Indian nuclear triad | Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme | l3= India's LPD warships | China containment policy |Force multiplication | Command of the sea }}<br />
<br />
The [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] (QUAD), a strategic dialogue between Australia, India, Japan and USA, is aimed at countering the risk posed to the trade and security of navigation and nations in and around this region.<ref>Ching, Frank. [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2008/04/171_19480.html "Asian Arc of Democracy"] ''[[Korea Times]]'', 24 February 2008.</ref><ref name=Tanning>Twining, Daniel. [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/29d6bc30-6bc9-11dc-863b-0000779fd2ac.html "The new Asian order's challenge to China"]. ''[[Financial Times]]'', 26 September 2007.</ref><ref name="Brooks CNAS">Brooks, L., Busby, J. W., Denmark, A. M., Ford, L., Green, M. J., Ikenberry, G. J., Kaplan, R. D., Patel, N., Twining, D., and R. Weitz, 2009. [https://lbj.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/file/news/CNAS%20China's%20Arrival_Final%20Report-3.pdf "China's Arrival: A Strategic Framework for a Global Relationship"]. Eds. Abraham Denmark and Nirav Patel, ''[[Center for a New American Security]]''.</ref> QUAD nations continue to hold regular military exercise in the ANC influence area, such as [[Malabar (naval exercise)|Exercise Malabar]] (see also [[Balikatan|US-Philippines Annual Balikatan Exercise]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diplomat |first1=Franz-Stefan Gady, The |title=India, US, and Japan to Hold 'Malabar' Naval War Games This Week |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/india-us-and-japan-to-hold-malabar-naval-war-games-this-week/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="MilEx08">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm |title=Military Exercises –– Feb to Nov 2008 |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184931/http://www.indiadefence.com/MilEx.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Aimed at countering China's activities in Indo-Pacific, to ensure "free, open, inclusive and rules-based Indo-Pacific region ... and maintaining open, safe and efficient sea lanes for transportation and communication", India and Australia signed a military treaty for [[Military logistics|Mutual Logistics Support]] and [[Interoperability#Military|interoperability]] for reciprocal access to military bases.<ref name=stra23/> India has a similar treaty with U.S, while similar treaty with remaining member of QUAD, Japan, is awaited.<ref name=stra23/> India, which also has [[memoranda of understanding|MoU]] with USA and Japan for encrypted military communications, is likely to sign similar MoU with Australia.<ref name=stra23/> India, USA and Japan have been undertaking regular trilateral maritime exercises (Exercise Malabar), which Australia is also expected to join.<ref name=stra23>[https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-Australia-sign-military-pact-as-China-tensions-rise India and Australia sign military pact as China tensions rise], Asian Review, 4 June 2020.</ref> India-Australia Military Pact paves the way for extending their regional reach through coordinated power projection and mutual use of military facilities in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Australia's [[Cocos Island]].<ref name=stra22/> Australia, which already has [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF base]] at Cocos Islands, uses it for surveillance and to monitor the area extending between Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the north to Cocos Islands in south.<ref name=stra22/><br />
<br />
[[India–Singapore relations#Geo|India-Singapore Bilateral Agreement for Navy Cooperation]] also provides Indian Navy ships access to Singapore's [[Changi Naval Base]], logistical support and refuelling rights. This allows India, which has similar agreements with Vietnam, Japan, France, Australia and the United States, to counter China's "string of pearls" with "Necklace of Diamonds" ports: Changi Naval Base in Singapore, [[Chabahar Port]] in Iran, the [[Assumption Island]] in Seychelles, and [[Duqm Port]] in [[Oman]].<ref name=seac1>[https://eurasiantimes.com/from-singapores-changi-naval-base-to-omans-duqm-port-how-is-india-countering-chinese-string-of-pearls/ From Singapore's Changi Naval Base To Oman's Duqm Port, How Is India Countering Chinese String of Pearls?], Eurasian Times, 15 July 2020.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Historic and contemporary geostrategic soft and hard power ====<br />
{{anchor | Soft | Culture }}<br />
{{see also | Greater India | History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia | Indianisation | l3 = Hard and soft power projection of India }}<br />
[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|right|240x180px|Historic Indian cultural influence: Indianized Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms within [[Greater India]], which also included Andaman and Nicobar as an important staging area were spread across Indonesia and Malaysia ([[Srivijaya]], [[Majapahit]], [[Gangga Negara]], [[Kalingga]], [[Kutai]], [[Singhasari]], [[Tarumanagara]] and [[Pan Pan (kingdom)|Pan Pan]]), Malaysia ([[Langkasuka]]), Thailand ([[Dvaravati]]), Indochina ([[Champa]], [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]], and [[Chenla]]), and Myanmar ([[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]]).]]<br />
<br />
The area in and around ANC influence zone is part of historic [[Greater India]] which was dotted with numerous Indianised [[Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms]]. Since 45-47 CE, several ancient Indian empires, such as the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] [modern [[Odisha]]] and [[Reddi Kingdom|Andra]] traded and exerted Indian cultural influence over Southeast Asia through the Malacca Strait.<ref name=stra4/> From the 16th to 20th century, colonial western powers fought against each other for control of this maritime route, trade and the region.<ref name=stra4/><br />
<br />
The 750-km long Andaman and Nicobar archipelago consists of a chain of 572 islands.<ref name=":1"/> It is located about 1200&nbsp;km from mainland India, merely 40&nbsp;km from Myanmar, 160&nbsp;km from Indonesia and 550&nbsp;km from Thailand.<ref name=":1"/> India's [[Landfall Island]] is 40&nbsp;km from Myanmar's [[Coco Islands]]. India's southernmost territory [[Indira Point]] is 135&nbsp;km north of Indonesia's northernmost territory [[Rondo Island]].<ref name=rondo8>James Horsburgh, 1852, [https://books.google.com/books?id=faCjf8FPR14C&dq=rondo+island&pg=PA63 The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies], Page 63.</ref><ref name=indo1>{{Cite web |url=http://indonesia-tourism.com/blog/2012/05/rondo-island-the-rich-uninhabited-island/ |title=Rondo Island, The Rich Uninhabited Island |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103172516/http://indonesia-tourism.com/blog/2012/05/rondo-island-the-rich-uninhabited-island/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> India's [[Tillangchong]] island (north of Camorta Island in Nicobar) is just 440&nbsp;km from Thailand's [[Similan Islands#Geography|Ko Huyong]] ([[Similan Islands]] group). India's Campbell Bay on [[Great Nicobar Island]] is 488&nbsp;km from Thailand's [[Ko Racha]]<!-- As per wiki guidelines, pls retain the redlink to encourage creation of article. Thanks. --> (Racha Noi Island in [[Phuket Province]]). Campbell Bay is also 630&nbsp;km from Malaysia's nearest island ,[[Langkawi]].<br />
<br />
==== Port-development led encirclement ====<br />
{{anchor | port | ports }}<br />
{{see also | South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government | l1= Neighbourhood first policy | Look East policy (India) | l2= Look East policy | India–Myanmar_barrier#Look-East_Connectivity | l3= Look-East Connectivity projects }}<br />
<br />
To enhance regional connectivity, trade, safety, security, and to protect the Strait of Malacca channel,<ref name=portbuild1/> India is developing several strategic ports in the influence zone of ANC, namely the [[Port of Chittagong]] in Bangladesh with rail connectivity to [[Tripura]],<ref name=stra1/> [[Port of Mongla]] in Bangladesh,<ref name=stra1>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bangladesh-india-to-ink-pact-today-to-allow-n-e-states-use-chittagong-port/article25312701.ece Bangladesh, India to ink pact today to allow N-E States use Chittagong port] m The Hindu, 24 October 2018.</ref> [[Sittwe Port]] as part of the [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]] in Myanmar and<ref name=":01">{{cite news|last=Purushothaman|first=Vakkom|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|title=Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to link sea route in Myanmar with Mizoram|newspaper=The Northeast Times|access-date=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415053036/http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=update3>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-starts-construction-of-1600-cr-mizoram-myanmar-kaladan-road/article23577107.ece India starts construction of ₹1,600-cr Mizoram-Myanmar Kaladan road ], Business Line, 17 April 2018.</ref> [[Sabang, Indonesia#Port|Sabang deepsea port]] under the [[India–Indonesia relations#Strategic|India–Indonesia strategic military and economic partnership]].<ref name=portbuild1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/eyeing-southeast-asia-india-builds-port-in-indonesia/articleshow/68490478.cms Eyeing Southeast Asia, India builds port in Indonesia], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 20 March 2019.</ref> Along with India's [[Sagar Mala project]]s aimed at developing several coastal ports in India, India is also considering developing more ports in the influence zone of ANC, such as the [[Dawei Port Project]].<br />
<br />
==== Protection of exclusive economic zone ====<br />
{{anchor | EEZ | EEZs }}<br />
{{ see also | Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India#Border | l1= EEZs of India and its neighbours }}<br />
<br />
The region suffers from the [[Piracy in the Strait of Malacca|problem of piracy]].<ref name=stra3/> ANC is guarantor of the safety and security of exclusive economic zone of India, which also lies in the vicinity of EEZs of several other nations including [[Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Exclusive economic zone of Thailand|Thailand]], Myanmar, [[Bangladesh–India border#Maritime|Bangladesh]], [[India–Maldives relations#Treaty|Maldives]] and [[Katchatheevu|Sri Lanka]].<br />
<br />
=== History of ANC ===<br />
{{see also | Maritime history of India }}<br />
[[File:The Libyan Polnochny class landing ship.JPEG|thumb|300px|[[Polnocny-class landing ship]]]]<br />
[[File:INS Saryu.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[INS Saryu]], one of the two [[Saryu-class patrol vessel]]s home-ported at [[INS Jarawa]], Port Blair, under the A&N Command.]]<br />
<br />
==== Inception and slow expansion ====<br />
<br />
The island chain had remained underdeveloped because of multiple factors including lack of inter-island connectivity, distance from the Indian mainland and high-cost of building materials. In the 1960s, the Indian security establishment responded to the increased security threats and established a unified Fortress Andaman and Nicobar (FORTAN) under the command of a [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] as the [[Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Fortress Commander]]. The Indian Army initially placed a battalion and subsequently the 108 Mountain Brigade, in 1990, under the command of the Fortress Commander. The Indian Air Force chose to keep its units under one of its mainland commands and maintained a liaison with the FORTAN headquarters. 37 Wing of the Indian Air Force was raised at [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|AFS Car Nicobar]] in 1993.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Andaman+and+Nicobar+Command|title=Andaman and Nicobar Command – Google Search|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
There was a consideration to replace Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN) with a Far Eastern Naval Command (FENC). The previous plan to set up FENC was set in motion in 1995 following a closed-door meeting in Washington between then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], and then [[President of the United States|US president]], [[Bill Clinton]]. At the time, Pentagon officials made a formal request to the United Front coalition government in New Delhi to open a base in the islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Bids to Rule the Waves: From the Bay of Bengal to the Malacca Strait|url=http://japanfocus.org/-Ramtanu-Maitra/1610#sthash.0wLyZbvr.dpuf|publisher=Japanfocus.org|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716082523/http://japanfocus.org/-Ramtanu-Maitra/1610#sthash.0wLyZbvr.dpuf|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Post Kargil war rapid capabilities expansion ====<br />
<br />
In 1999, after the [[Kargil War]], the Andaman and Nicobar Islands received more attention.<ref name=":1" /> The Group of Ministers (GoM) report on Reforming the National Security System recommended the replacement of the FORTAN, under the Indian Navy, with a Joint Andaman and Nicobar Command which will control the assets of the tri-services and the Coast Guard on the islands. The GoM had recommended that the commander of this joint command would report to the proposed [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS). The Andaman and Nicobar Command was in place by the end of September 2001 and [[Vice Admiral]] (later [[Admiral]] and [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]]) [[Arun Prakash]] was the first [[commander-in-chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]] (CINCAN).<ref name="aapidsa" /><ref name="usi">{{cite journal|last=Prakash|first=Admiral (Retd) Arun|year=2002|title=Joint Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) and Defence of Our Island Territories (Part I)|url=http://www.usiofindia.org/frame.htm|url-status=dead|journal=USI Journal|volume=CXXXlI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625042257/http://www.usiofindia.org/frame.htm|archive-date=25 June 2010|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="nic1j">{{cite web|url=http://ids.nic.in/WebAbhiIDS/brief.html|title=Andaman and Nicobar Command|publisher=NIC|access-date=1 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513102857/http://ids.nic.in/WebAbhiIDS/brief.html|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> A joint command at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands would help in to prevent smuggling, piracy, drug and gun trafficking, poaching and illegal immigration in the region and especially in the Malacca Strait. The command would also be in a position to assist the multinational Malacca Straits Security Initiative, aimed at curbing threats in the Malacca Straits.<ref name="dns27f13" /><ref name="tte11j99">{{cite news|title=Navy to have new command at Andamans|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan11/nation.htm#7|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=11 January 1999|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185326/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan11/nation.htm#7|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990111/01150405.html|title=Malacca strait|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> An Indian command in the islands could also counter any future threat from China, which was rumoured to have set up a surveillance post in Myanmar's [[Coco Islands#Reports of a Chinese signal gathering station|Coco Islands]], 40&nbsp;km off the northern tip of the Andamans, but this was proved incorrect.<ref>{{cite news|last=V. Pant|first=Harsh|title=China's Naval Expansion in the Indian Ocean and India-China Rivalry|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Harsh_V_-Pant/3353|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=The Asia-Pacific Journal|date=3 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203333/http://www.japanfocus.org/-Harsh_V_-Pant/3353|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='China a strategic partner, not a threat'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-a-strategic-partner-not-a-threat-114020800515_1.html|access-date=14 February 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=8 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221537/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-a-strategic-partner-not-a-threat-114020800515_1.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="BurmaNetNews">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223184102/http://www.burmanet.org/news/2007/01/09/irrawaddy-chinese-whispers-the-great-coco-island-mystery-andrew-selth/ Selth, Andrew (9 January 2007) "Irrawaddy: Chinese whispers: The Great Coco Island mystery" ''BurmaNet News'']}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary of bases and capabilities ==<br />
<br />
The following are the air and naval bases under the A&N command, from north to south, some of which are being upgraded under 2027 roll-on plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andamans, not just an Indian mainland buffer|url=http://frontierindia.net/andamans-not-just-an-indian-mainland-buffer#axzz2wMGpRx7c|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=Frontier India|date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227163100/http://frontierindia.net/andamans-not-just-an-indian-mainland-buffer#axzz2wMGpRx7c|archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> By 2020, India is placing ship-based [[India and weapons of mass destruction#Indian nuclear triad|nuclear missile system]], [[Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme|fleet of naval warships]] and [[Amphibious transport dock|Landing Platform Docks]] (LPDs).<ref name=stra2/><ref name=stra18/><br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="text-align:left;" | Base<br />
! Branch <br />
! Location<br />
! Airport<ref name=stra3/><br />
! Deepsea port<ref name=stra3/><br />
! Distance<br />
! Role<br />
! Upgrade<ref name=stra3/><br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Baaz]]<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|[[Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar)|Campbell Bay]] ([[Great Nicobar Island]])<br />
|3000&nbsp;ft (extended to 6,000 feet)<br />
|Jetty (upgraded to deepsea port for warships, installation of a robust radar network.<br />
|130&nbsp;km from INS Kardip<br />
|Naval Air Station with night landing facilities<br />
|New ammunition dump and relocating fighter jets and bigger planes such as long-range maritime reconnaissance Boeing P-8I and anti-submarine aircraft.<br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Jarawa]]<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|[[Port Blair]] ([[South Andaman Island]])<br />
|At INS Utkarsh<br />
|Jetty<br />
|180&nbsp;km from INS Kohassa<br />
|Logistics and Administrative support naval base with jetty<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Kardip]]<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|[[Kamorta (village)|Kamorta]] ([[Kamorta Island]]) <br />
|No<br />
|Jetty (upgraded to deepsea port for warships)<br />
|144&nbsp;km from Car Nicobar AFS<br />
|Logistics support for navy with extended jetty which can host larger cassels<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Kohassa]]<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|[[Shibpur (Andaman)|Shibpur village]] ([[Diglipur]] tehsil, [[North Andaman Island]]) <br />
|Yes (3000&nbsp;ft, planned to be extended to 10,000&nbsp;ft)<br />
|Aerial Bay jetty<br />
|1200&nbsp;km from Kalaikunda AFS<br />
|Naval Air Station with night landing facilities<br />
|New ammunition dumps and capacity upgrade for fighter jets and bigger planes like long-range maritime reconnaissance Boeing P-8I and anti-submarine aircraft.<br />
|-<br />
|[[INS Utkrosh]]<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|[[Port Blair]] ([[South Andaman Island]])<br />
|Yes<br />
|INS Jarawa jetty <br />
|180&nbsp;km from INS Kohassa <br />
|Joint Naval and Air Force Base at [[Port Blair Air Force Station|Veer Savarkar International Airport]] <br />
|Naval ammunition depot and bigger reinforced command with extended jetties for aircraft carriers and large warships. <br />
|-<br />
|[[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar AFS]]<br />
|{{Air force|india}}<br />
|[[Car Nicobar]]<br />
|Yes<br />
|Jetty<br />
|275&nbsp;km from INS Utkrosh<br />
|Air Force Base<br />
|Capacity upgrade to hold fighter squadrons for more than month.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Kalaikunda AFS]]<br />
|{{Air force|india}}<br />
|[[Kharagpur]] ([[West Bengal]])<br />
|Yes<br />
|No (inland)<br />
|1200&nbsp;km to INS Kohassa <br />
|Air Force Base<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Force structure==<br />
[[File:Andaman and Nicobar Command structure.png|thumb|300px|right|Structure of the Andaman and Nicobar Command. The stars in the boxes indicate [[Template:Star officer ranks|star officer rank]].]]<br />
=== Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command ===<br />
{{Main|Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command}}<br />
The Andaman and Nicobar Command is commanded by a [[Three-star rank#Indian three-star ranks|three-star officer]] (rank of [[Lieutenant General]] of the [[Indian Army]] or equivalent) who reports directly to the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) in [[New Delhi]]. The chief of staff of the command is a [[two-star rank#Indian two-star ranks|two-star officer]]; each component (sea, land, air) is commanded by a [[one-star rank#Indian one-star ranks|one-star officer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.and.nic.in/releases/anc4day.htm |title=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Pib.and.nic.in |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421041015/http://pib.and.nic.in/releases/anc4day.htm |archive-date=21 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands: India's Strategic Outpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319004415/https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andaman-and-nicobar-to-become-a-major-amphibious-warfare-base-1345123|title=Andaman and Nicobar to become a major amphibious warfare base|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030535/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andaman-and-nicobar-to-become-a-major-amphibious-warfare-base-1345123|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> The command is currently headed by [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajay Kochhar]], who took command on 1 October 2025 as the 19th CINCAN.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-charge-of-andaman-nicobar-command/2966652 |website=www.ptinews.com |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Chief of staff===<br />
The following is a list of chiefs of staff of the A&N command.<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!No<br />
!Name<br />
!Branch<br />
!Appointment Date<br />
!Left office<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]] K. B. Kapoor {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}<br />
|{{Army|India}}<br />
|12 December 2001<br />
|14 October 2003<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] R. Kala {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{navy|India}}<br />
|15 October 2003<br />
|24 April 2005<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. Chakraborty {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}<br />
|25 April 2005<br />
|6 June 2005<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] K. K. Nohwar {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}}<br />
|{{air force|India}}<br />
|7 June 2005<br />
|7 December 2006<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal KK Nohwar PVSM VM (Ret'd) |url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/KK-Nohwar-Nov-2021.pdf |website=capsindia.org |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] P. K. Nair <br />
|{{navy|India}}<br />
|8 December 2006<br />
|30 November 2008<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=36060 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]] A. K. Chaturvedi<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{army|India}}<br />
|1 December 2008<br />
|26 April 2010<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padhi takes over as Chief of Staff of Andaman Nicobar Command |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100427/1493546.html |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202060327/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100427/1493546.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]] N. P. Padhi<br />
|27 April 2010<br />
|6 May 2011<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padhi takes over as Chief of Staff of Andaman Nicobar Command |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100427/1493546.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202060327/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100427/1493546.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2022 |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=2 December 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |{{navy|India}}<br />
|7 May 2011<br />
|28 May 2012<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ANC to Bid Farewell Rear Admiral Karambir Singh |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/4412/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |access-date=2 December 2022 |date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref name = "RAdm Pillai COS ANC"/><br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sudhir Pillai {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}<br />
|28 May 2012<br />
|4 July 2014<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sudhir Pillai takes over as Chief Of Staff, Andaman and Nicobar Command |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/4468/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |access-date=2 December 2022 |date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref name = "RAdm Pillai COS ANC">{{cite web |title=Pillai new chief of Staff of Andaman Command |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pillai-new-chief-of-staff-of-andaman-command/story-uQaiAVT7dASNY8D6uvB09K.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Major General (India)|Major General]] C. E. Fernandes {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|SM}}}}<br />
| rowspan="4"|{{Army|India}}<br />
|5 July 2014<br />
|14 October 2014<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maj. Gen. CE Fernandes, SM, Takes Over as Chief of Staff |url=https://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5158:maj-gen-ce-fernandes-sm-takes-over-as-chief-of-staff&catid=37&Itemid=142 |website=www.andamanchronicle.net |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Major General (India)|Major General]] P. K. Siwach {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}<br />
|3 November 2014<br />
|30 March 2016<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Day 2015: Andaman & Nicobar Command Holds Sainik Sammelan |url=https://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6220:army-day-2015-andaman-nicobar-command-holds-sainik-sammelan&catid=37:top-news&Itemid=142 |website=www.andamanchronicle.net |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Major General (India)|Major General]] P. S. Saj<br />
|18 April 2016<br />
|4 May 2018<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Major General (India)|Major General]] Beji Mathews<br />
|5 May 2018<br />
|4 March 2020<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ANC Celebrates Armed Forces Veteran's Day |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/70107/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andaman and Nicobar Command Basketball Championship 2017-18 |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/62276/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |access-date=2 December 2022 |date=11 May 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Suraj Berry]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{navy|India}}<br />
|5 March 2020<br />
|17 July 2021<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1706897 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Dalbir Singh Gujral {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}<br />
|18 July 2021<br />
|30 November 2022<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ANC Hands Over Victory flame to Eastern Naval Command - ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/97469/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |access-date=2 December 2022 |date=29 August 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sandeep Sandhu {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}<br />
|1 December 2022<br />
|30 June 2024<br />
|<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Andaman & Nicobar Command |user=AN_Command |number=1598007809932939265 |date=30 November 2022 |title=CINCAN congratulated RAdm Dalbir Gujral on culmination of an outstanding tenure as ANC COS with major contribution to ongoing integration enhancement. The experience he observed is apt for the move to HQ IDS. He also welcomed RAdm Sandeep Sandhu to Team ANC & wished him the best. https://t.co/OloEszEl70 |language=en |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202050837/https://twitter.com/an_command/status/1598007809932939265 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Biplab Hota {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}<br />
|1 July 2024<br />
|6 January 2026<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Andaman and Nicobar Command, rear Admiral Biplab Hota, VSM Takes over as COS, Andaman & Nicobar Command |url=https://x.com/AN_Command/status/1808011309532995903 |website=x.com |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Biplab Hota, VSM Takes Over as Chief Of Staff, Andaman & Nicobar Command |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/129309/ |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |access-date=1 July 2025 |date=4 July 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Major General (India)|Major General]] Ajay Feroze Shah<br />
|{{Army|India}}<br />
|7 january 2026<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Andaman and Nicobar Command, Major General Ajay Feroze Shah Takes over as COS, Andaman & Nicobar Command |url=https://x.com/AN_Command/status/1808011309532995903 |website=x.com |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Colspan=2|'''Number of COS by Branch of Service'''<br />
|-<br />
!Branch<br />
!Count<br />
|-<br />
|{{Army|India}}<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|{{Navy|india}}<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|{{Air Force|India}}<br />
|1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Assets===<br />
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind in a group photograph at the Joint Services Operational Demonstration by the Integral combat platforms and forces of Andaman and Nicobar Command, at Radhanagar beach, Swaraj Dweep, Andama.jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|[[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]], with [[Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lt Gov]] [[Admiral (India)|Adm]] [[D. K. Joshi]] (Retd.) and [[CINCAN]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Manoj Pande]], at the Joint Services Operational Demonstration by the Integral combat platforms and forces of Andaman and Nicobar Command, at Radhanagar beach, Swaraj Dweep, Andaman and Nicobar in February 2021.]]<br />
<br />
The Naval Component is the largest component and is commanded by a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] (one star officer). Naval vessels in the component include [[Corvette|missile corvettes]], [[amphibious warfare vessel]]s, [[landing craft]]s, [[offshore patrol vessel]]s (OPV) and [[fast attack craft]]s (FAC). [[INS Karmuk (P64)|INS Karmuk]] and [[INS Kulish (P63)|INS Kulish]], two [[Kora-class corvette]]s were re-based to Port Blair from [[Eastern Naval Command]] on 6 April 2016 and 21 December 2017 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/andaman-islands-get-first-missile-corvette-585472-2016-04-05|title=Andaman islands get first missile Corvette|date=6 April 2016|publisher=India Today|access-date=6 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410031019/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/andaman-islands-get-first-missile-corvette/1/636068.html|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=A. Bharat Bhushan Babu |user=SpokespersonMoD |number=944092274304081920 |date=22 December 2017 |title=INS Kulish a Kora Class missile corvette with an array of missiles and guns has joined the Naval Component of the Andaman and Nicobar Command in Port Blair on 21 December 2017 https://t.co/ueR71CtBzs |language=en |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309010026/https://twitter.com/SpokespersonMoD/status/944092274304081920 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[INS Saryu (P54)|INS ''Saryu'']] and [[INS Sumedha|INS ''Sumedha'']], two [[Saryu-class patrol vessel]]s, have been based at Port Blair since 2013.<ref name="tsg4d">{{cite news|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/navy-ready-to-flex-muscles-in-south-china-sea|title=Navy ready to flex muscles in South China Sea|date=4 December 2011|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144436/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/navy-ready-to-flex-muscles-in-south-china-sea|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> In addition, four [[Bangaram-class patrol vessel|''Bangaram''-class patrol vessels]], two [[Car Nicobar-class patrol vessel|''Car Nicobar''-class patrol vessels]], one [[Trinkat-class patrol vessel]], three [[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir''-class tank landing ships]], one [[Shardul-class tank landing ship|''Shardul''-class tank landing ship]], eight [[Mk. IV LCU]]s and the SDB Mk.3 large patrol craft are also deployed under the naval component.<ref name=inbaaz>{{cite web|title=New Naval Air Station 'INS Baaz' commissioned by CNS|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/new-naval-air-station-ins-baaz-commissioned-cns-0|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129194103/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/new-naval-air-station-ins-baaz-commissioned-cns-0|archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andaman-and-nicobar-to-become-a-major-amphibious-warfare-base-1345123|title=Andaman and Nicobar to become a major amphibious warfare base|date=8 February 2010|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=19 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030535/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andaman-and-nicobar-to-become-a-major-amphibious-warfare-base-1345123|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> [[INAS 318]] with [[Dornier 228]] and Flight 321 are deployed at [[INS Utkrosh]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The 108 Infantry Brigade of the [[Indian Army]], comprising three [[battalion]]s, which includes the [[Bihar Regiment|21 Bihar]], is deployed at Birchgunj in Port Blair under the army component. A [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalion is also deployed at Campbell Bay.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-majors-computer-hacked-classified-data-may-have-been-leaked/articleshow/5899568.cms Army major's computer hacked; classified data may have been leaked] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613010247/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-majors-computer-hacked-classified-data-may-have-been-leaked/articleshow/5899568.cms |date=13 June 2010 }}, [[Times of India]], New Delhi, 7 May 2010</ref><ref name="tniex23m14">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Tiger-Outsmarts-Dragon-in-Andaman-Waters/2014/03/23/article2124696.ece#.Uy68i_mSyno|title=Tiger Outsmarts Dragon in Andaman Waters|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323141209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Tiger-Outsmarts-Dragon-in-Andaman-Waters/2014/03/23/article2124696.ece#.Uy68i_mSyno|archive-date=23 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[Indian Airforce]]'s 15 FBSU (forward base support units), comprising 153 Squadron and 4 Maritime Element, are deployed at Port Blair. 37 Air Wing, comprising Helicopters from 122 squadron and [[Dornier 228]] from 151 squadron, are deployed at [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|AFS Car Nicobar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-slowly-but-steadily-boost-military-presence-in-Andaman-and-Nicobar-Islands/articleshow/47182151.cms|title=India to slowly but steadily boost military presence in Andaman and Nicobar Islands – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 May 2015 |access-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128204528/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-slowly-but-steadily-boost-military-presence-in-Andaman-and-Nicobar-Islands/articleshow/47182151.cms|archive-date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The Andaman & Nicobar region of the [[Indian Coast Guard]] also falls under the purview of the command with RHQ and 745 squadron at Port Blair, DHQ 9 at Diglipur and DHQ 10 at Campbell Bay.<ref name=br1m>{{cite web|title=Andaman and Nicobar Command|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Today/Commands/67-Andaman-And-Nicobar-Command.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406010314/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Today/Commands/67-Andaman-And-Nicobar-Command.html|archive-date=6 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=tiex9a>{{cite news|title=Detained North Korean ship's China voyages under scanner|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story_mobile.php?storyid=499885|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=the Indian Express|date=9 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In July 2012, the navy commissioned [[INS Baaz]], a naval air station which is located 300 nautical miles south of Port Blair and is the southernmost air station of the Indian Armed Forces.<ref name=inbaaz/> INS Jarawa at Phoenix Bay in Port Blair is the support base for the ships and the main naval and air force establishment in Port Blair.<br />
<br />
===Modernization===<br />
<br />
In 2013, the navy proposed to station a nuclear submarine and a [[Landing ship dock|landing deck platform]] at the islands in the future, and the [[Indian Air Force]] has decided to station [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] fighters on the islands along with increasing the number of operational airfields. The Air Force also maintains an Air Defense Wing fielding a squadron of [[S-75 Dvina]] Long-Range SAMs and a squadron of [[S-125 Neva/Pechora]] Medium-range SAMs.<ref name=dns27f13 /> The army's single brigade is planned to be increased by deploying a division size force (about 15,000 troops) under the command.<ref name="navyRP"/><ref name=gs.org>{{cite web|title=Andaman and Nicobar Command|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/anc.htm|publisher=Global Security|access-date=1 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103035758/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/anc.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India to strengthen Andaman and Nicobar Command|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-to-strengthen-andaman-and-nicobar-command-to-take-on-china-450850|access-date=19 March 2014|newspaper=NDTV|date=26 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209090506/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-to-strengthen-andaman-and-nicobar-command-to-take-on-china-450850|archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> In 2015, it was reported that under the overall "island development plan", which includes a new naval air station at Campbell Bay, the existing runways at [[INS Baaz|Campbell Bay]] and [[INS Kohassa|Shibpur]] are to be extended, while more airstrips are proposed in the archipelago and more operational turn-around bases.<ref name=":0" /> The number of naval vessels based in the island chain will increase to 32 before 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Insight – From remote outpost, India looks to check China's Indian Ocean thrust|url = http://in.reuters.com/article/india-andamans-military-insight-idINKCN0PO2NB20150715|website = Reuters India|access-date = 1 January 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151228084534/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-andamans-military-insight-idINKCN0PO2NB20150715|archive-date = 28 December 2015}}</ref> In addition, Japanese war bunkers, constructed during Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar islands during the World War II, will be revived to bolster security.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Japanese war bunkers from World War II to be revived in Andaman and Nicobar Islands {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-japanese-war-bunkers-from-world-war-ii-to-be-revived-in-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-2139558|website = dna|access-date = 1 January 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228203024/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-japanese-war-bunkers-from-world-war-ii-to-be-revived-in-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-2139558|archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
[[File:Operators on Indian Navy's Boeing P-8I search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.JPG|thumb|200px|Operators on Navy's Boeing P-8I search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.]]<br />
[[File:India's search areas for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.jpg|thumb|200px|India's search areas for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.]]<br />
<br />
===Unilateral security and anti-piracy initiatives ===<br />
<br />
The Andaman and Nicobar Command manages Indian engagement with regional navies of [[Southeast Asia]]. It conducts bi-annual coordinated patrols (CORPATs) with the navies of Thailand and Indonesia, the annual [[SIMBEX]] maritime exercises with Singapore, and the biennial Milan multilateral naval exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/milan-2014-unequivocal-success|title=Milan 2014 : An Unequivocal Success|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=18 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013555/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/milan-2014-unequivocal-success|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 April 2016 |title=INS Karmuk engaged in Indo-Thai joint patrol |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/ins-karmuk-engaged-in-indo-thai-joint-patrol-english-news-1.1013778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426113026/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/ins-karmuk-engaged-in-indo-thai-joint-patrol-english-news-1.1013778 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=25 April 2016 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/27th-india-indonesia-coordinated-patrol-corpat|title=27th India – Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430121056/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/27th-india-indonesia-coordinated-patrol-corpat|archive-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> The Command also patrols India's exclusive economic zone to suppress gun running, narcotics smuggling, piracy, and poaching, and conducts maritime surveillance, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands, remote Indian archipelago, now part of MH370 hunt|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/03/14/an-introduction-to-the-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-a-remote-indian-archipelago-now-part-of-the-hunt-for-mh370/|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|date=14 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317234149/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/03/14/an-introduction-to-the-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-a-remote-indian-archipelago-now-part-of-the-hunt-for-mh370/|archive-date=17 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff M. Smith|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands: India's Strategic Outpost|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=18 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319004415/https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why has India blocked foreign tsunami aid to the Nicobar and Andaman islands?|url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/01/anda-j25.html|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=wsws.org|date=25 January 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317090746/http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/01/anda-j25.html|archive-date=17 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Unilateral war exercises===<br />
<br />
In April 2016, the command conducted an amphibious exercise called 'Jal Prahar' to check readiness and to ensure functional integrity of all three services on the islands. Ships, aircraft and troops along with tanks from both the Eastern Naval Command and Andaman & Nicobar Command participated in the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/army-completes-amphibious-exercise-jal-prahar/articleshow/51959299.cms|title=Army completes amphibious exercise 'Jal Prahar' – The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128113538/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-completes-amphibious-exercise-jal-prahar/articleshow/51959299.cms|archive-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> Defence of Andaman & Nicobar Islands Exercise (DANX-17) was conducted during 20–24 November 2017. Additional forces including [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] fighters, [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]], missile frigates and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] heavy lift aircraft also participated in the exercise. The purpose of the exercise was to practice the defence of the island chain and recapturing islands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-indian-military-andaman-indian-navy-1093675-2017-11-24|title=As China becomes more aggressive, in a first Indian Military conducts exercise to Liberate Andaman|access-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125114247/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-indian-military-andaman-indian-navy/1/1096693.html|archive-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370===<br />
<br />
For the effort to search for [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]], the commander-in-chief Andaman and Nicobar Command was nominated as the Overall Force Commander of the Indian forces.<ref name=comm1>{{cite news|title=Lost Malaysian Aircraft – Indian Navy Joins search operations|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/lost-malaysian-aircraft-indian-navy-joins-search-operations|access-date=19 March 2014|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=16 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319052653/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/lost-malaysian-aircraft-indian-navy-joins-search-operations|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> Surface and airborne assets from the Andaman and Nicobar Command took part in the effort. The ANC command contributed navy ships [[INS Saryu (P54)|INS ''Saryu'']], [[INS Kesari (2005)|INS ''Kesari'']] and [[INS Kumbhir (L22)|INS ''Kumbhir'']], and coast guard vessels [[Priyadarshini-class patrol vessel|ICGS ''Kanaklata Baruah'']], ICGS ''Bhikaji Cama'' and [[Samar-class offshore patrol vessel|ICGS ''Sagar'']].<ref name="TOI32024463">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missing-Malaysian-jet-Search-reaches-Chennai-coast-in-Bay-of-Bengal/articleshow/32024463.cms Missing Malaysian jet: Search reaches Chennai coast in Bay of Bengal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092036/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missing-Malaysian-jet-Search-reaches-Chennai-coast-in-Bay-of-Bengal/articleshow/32024463.cms |date=17 March 2014 }} Times of India 14 March 2012</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia Airlines MH370: India deploys 4 warships in search ops|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FzrTaQGNrZsxDInQsYkMoM/Malaysia-Airlines-MH370-India-deploys-4-warships-in-search.html|access-date=13 March 2014|newspaper=Livemint|date=14 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313213816/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FzrTaQGNrZsxDInQsYkMoM/Malaysia-Airlines-MH370-India-deploys-4-warships-in-search.html|archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-malaysia-airlines-idUSBREA2C0EP20140313 |title=India to deploy helicopters, ships in Malaysian jet search |work=Reuters |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313194828/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/uk-india-malaysia-airlines-idUSBREA2C0EP20140313 |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref> [[Eastern Naval Command]] (ENC) also contributed [[Shivalik-class frigate]]s [[INS Satpura (F48)|INS ''Satpura'']] and {{INS|Sahyadri|F49|6}}, and patrol vessel [[INS Batti Malv (T67)|INS Batti Malv]].<ref name=comm2>{{cite news|title=Lost Malaysian Aircraft – Indian Navy Joins search operations|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/lost-malaysian-aircraft-indian-navy-joins-search-operations|access-date=21 March 2014|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=21 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319052653/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/lost-malaysian-aircraft-indian-navy-joins-search-operations|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=comm3>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-Navy-joins-search-for-missing-Malaysian-plane-in-the-Malacca-Straits/articleshow/31855418.cms |title=Indian Navy joins search |first=Jayanta |last=Gupta |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312072837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-Navy-joins-search-for-missing-Malaysian-plane-in-the-Malacca-Straits/articleshow/31855418.cms |archive-date=12 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name=comm4>{{cite web|title=Search Operation for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 suspended|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_pressrelease.php?pg_id=107&news_id=847|publisher=Indian Air Force|access-date=30 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228203025/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_pressrelease.php?pg_id=107&news_id=847|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> For aerial maritime surveillance, the ANC command dedicated two navy [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]]s, coast guard [[Dornier 228]], and [[Indian Air Force]] [[C-130J Super Hercules]] from Port Blair, and navy [[Dornier 228]] from [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar]].<ref name=comm1/> along with air force [[Mil Mi-17]] from ENC.<ref name=comm2/><ref name=comm3/><ref name=comm4/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
; Integrated entities <br />
* [[Defence Planning Committee]], tri-services command at policy level with NSA as its chief <br />
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]], professional head of the Indian Armed Forces <br />
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]], tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff<br />
*[[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands]]<br />
**[[Northern Theatre Command (India)]]<br />
**[[Western Theatre Command (India)]]<br />
**[[Maritime Theatre Command]]<br />
**[[Air Defence Command (India)]]<br />
**[[Strategic Forces Command]]<br />
*** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]<br />
**[[Defence Cyber Agency]]<br />
** [[Defence Space Agency]]<br />
** [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]<br />
<br />
; Assets<br />
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]<br />
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]<br />
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]<br />
<br />
; General concepts<br />
* [[Joint warfare]], general concept<br />
* [[Credible minimum deterrence]]<br />
* [[List of cyber warfare forces]] of other nations<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://ids.nic.in/WebAbhiIDS/index.htm Official web site]<br />
* [https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-indias-strategic-outpost/ ''Andaman and Nicobar Islands: India's Strategic Outpost'', The Diplomat, Jeff M. Smith, 18 March 2014]<br />
<br />
{{Military of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Joint military units and formations of India]]<br />
[[Category:2001 establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Port Blair]]<br />
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_State_Senior_Men%27s_Football_League&diff=514875Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League2026-03-23T11:26:27Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Football league in India}}<br />
{{about|the men's competition|the women's competition|Maharashtra State Senior Women's Football League}}<br />
{{Infobox football league<br />
| logo = <br />
| pixels = <br />
| founded = {{start date and age|2025}}<br />
| organiser = [[Western India Football Association]] <br/> [[Mumbai Football Association]] <br />
| country = India<br />
| teams = 8 <br />
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]<br />
| relegation = [[Mumbai Premier League]]<br>[[Pune Football League]]<br />
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]<br />
| domest_cup = [[Nadkarni Cup]]<br />
| champions = [[Mumbay FC|Magic Made Soccer]] (2025)<br />
| most_successful_club = <br />
| tv = <br />
| season = <br />
| current = [[2026 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|2026]]<br />
| website = https://wifa.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Maharashtra State Senior Menʼs Football League''' ('''MSSMFL''') is the highest [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[Association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]], organised by the [[Western India Football Association]], currently contested by 8 clubs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=WIFA all set for Maharashtra State Senior Men’s Football League 2024-25 |url=https://wifa.in/wifa-all-set-for-maharashtra-state-senior-mens-football-league-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Western India Football Association - WIFA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2025-05-08 |title=Maharashtra football set for new era with launch of Maharashtra State Men's Football League |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/maharashtra-football-set-for-new-era-with-launch-of-maharashtra-state-mens-football-league/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
For the inaugural edition, eight clubs from six regions competed in a unified, month-long league at the Sinhgad Sports Complex in [[Lonavala]] from May 10 to June 5, 2025. The league follows a double [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format with 56 matches, offering a platform for the [[I-League 3]] promotion.<br />
<br />
== Clubs ==<br />
{{Location map+|Maharashtra|places={{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=18.5204 |long=73.8567 |label_size=90 |mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<span class="nowrap">Pune</span> |position=right}}<br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=19.0760 |long=72.8777 |label_size=90 |mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<span class="nowrap">Mumbai</span> |position=bottom}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Other single-club cities --><br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=17.6599 |long=75.9064 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Magic Made Soccer|Magic Made<br>Soccer]]</span> |position=bottom}}<br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=18.5236 |long=73.1360 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Milan SB Foundation|Milan<br>SBF]]</span> |position=bottom}}<br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=19.02 |long=73.02 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Navi Mumbai Sports Association|Navi Mumbai]]</span> |position=right}}<br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=16.9902 |long=73.3120 |label_size=90 |label=<span class="nowrap">[[Ratnagiri Pioneers FC|Ratnagiri<br>Pioneers]]</span> |position=bottom}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Pune clubs listed together --><br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=16.5 |long=81 |label_size=90 |label='''<span class="nowrap">[[Pune]] clubs:</span>'''<br><br />
<span class="nowrap">[[AIYFA Skyhawks FC|AIYFA Skyhawks]]</span><br><br />
<span class="nowrap">[[Snigmay FC|Snigmay]]</span>}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Mumbai clubs listed together --><br />
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18 |long=81 |label_size=90 |label='''<span class="nowrap">[[Mumbai]] clubs:</span>'''<br><br />
<span class="nowrap">[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]</span><br><br />
<span class="nowrap">[[MYJ–GMSC]]</span>}}|caption=Location of MSSMFL clubs|width=400}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Clubs<br />
!City<br />
|-<br />
|[[AIYFA Skyhawks FC]]<br />
|[[Pune]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Magic Made Soccer]]<br />
|[[Solapur]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Milan SB Foundation]]<br />
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers SC|MYJ–GMSC]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Navi Mumbai Sports Association|Navi Mumbai SA]]<br />
|[[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ratnagiri Pioneers FC]]<br />
|[[Ratnagiri]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Snigmay FC]]<br />
|[[Pune]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Champions ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"<br />
|-<br />
! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024–25 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|2024–25]] || [[Magic Made Soccer]] || [[MYJ–GMSC]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2025-06-13 |title=Magic Made Soccer clinches Maharashtra State Mens Football League Title: An Unbeaten Run to Glory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/magic-made-soccer-clinches-maharashtra-state-mens-football-league-title-an-unbeaten-run-to-glory/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Mumbai Football League]]<br />
*[[Pune Football League]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
{{Sports leagues of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]<br />
[[Category:2025 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2025]]<br />
<br />
{{India-footyclub-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_support_price_(India)&diff=517672Minimum support price (India)2026-03-23T03:59:50Z<p>Nskschool: Made Some Info More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Instrument of agriculture price policy in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
The '''minimum support price''' ('''MSP''') is the minimum price for select crops raised in [[kharif]] and [[Rabi crop|rabi]] seasons that the [[Government of India]] considers as remunerative for farmers and hence deserves support. This is different from procurement price and issue price. It is generally announced before the sowing/planting season.{{sfnp|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017|pp=35–36}} It is approved by the government and aims to safeguard the farmer to a minimum profit for the harvest while at the same time increasing [[Food security in India|food security]] in the country.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=3–4, 12}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Bera|first1=Sayantan|last2=Roche|first2=Elizabeth|date=2018-02-01|title=Budget 2018 on Agriculture: Can new MSP prop up rural economy?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/zz7NOxslQR3F3EV1tjTt3I/Budget-2018-promises-to-fix-crop-support-prices-at-50-over.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> MSP was initially an incentive for farmers to adopt technology with an aim of increasing the productivity of agricultural land in the 1960s, however in the 2000s it is seen as a [[market intervention]] and farmer income scheme.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2021|title=Govt ushered historic increase in MSP, doing everything possible to double farmers' income: PM Modi|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/govt-ushered-historic-increase-in-msp-doing-everything-possible-to-double-farmers-income-pm-modi/articleshow/81186653.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-24}}</ref> The effectiveness of such a price policy has varied widely between states and commodities.{{Sfn|Bhalla|Randhawa|Tyagi|1989}}{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=40–42}} Awareness among farmers of the existence of an MSP is poor at 23%, while awareness of MSP procurement agencies is also poor with only about 20–25% of wheat and paddy produce being sold at MSP.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Aditya|first1=K. S.|last2=Subash|first2=S. P.|last3=Praveen|first3=K. V.|last4=Nithyashree|first4=M. L.|last5=Bhuvana|first5=N.|last6=Sharma|first6=Akriti|date=2017|title=Awareness about Minimum Support Price and Its Impact on Diversification Decision of Farmers in India|journal=Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=514–526|doi=10.1002/app5.197|s2cid=158304705|issn=2050-2680|doi-access=free|hdl=1885/733749640|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kapil|first=Shagun|date=14 September 2021|title=Most farmers did not know of agencies that procured crop under MSP: Report|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/most-farmers-did-not-know-of-agencies-that-procured-crop-under-msp-report-79017|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Down to Earth}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian government sets the price for about two dozen commodities twice a year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chand|first=Ramesh|date=31 January 2018|title=Budget 2018: Focus on MSP ideal for tackling farm distress|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/budget-2018-focus-on-msp-ideal-for-tackling-farm-distress/articleshow/62715338.cms|access-date=2021-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|date=2018-02-03|title=Agriculture: Union Budget promises MSP 50% above cost, doesn't define which cost|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/budget/agriculture-budget-promises-msp-50-above-cost-doesnt-define-which-cost-5049635/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> MSP is fixed on the recommendations of the [[Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices|Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 March 2020|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India|title=Calculation of MSP|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1605054|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name="CACP" /> an apex advisory body for pricing policy under the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture]].{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=23}} CACP in turn recommends the pricing according to a diverse range of factors including national requirements, available resources, farmer wages, cost of living and product competitiveness.<ref name=":2" /> However, not all recommendations of CACP are adopted, sometimes, there can be significant difference with the price approved by the government.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=24}} [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) and the [[National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India|National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation]] (NAFED) are involved in implementing the MSP at the state level.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=24}} While providing a support price to farmers, MSP also supports the [[public distribution system]] which provides subsided food.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:2020 Indian farmers' protest - sitting protest.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Guaranteed MSP is one of the major demands of the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=Kishore|first1=Roshan|last2=Jha|first2=Abhishek|date=2021-11-23|title=Guaranteed MSP? Both farmers and govt need to look at three key points|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/guaranteed-msp-both-farmers-and-govt-need-to-look-at-three-key-points-101637687934124.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
In the 1960s, India saw food shortages such as the [[Bihar famine of 1966–1967]], resulting from droughts and war.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=4}} During the prime years of the [[Green Revolution in India|green revolution in India]] in that decade, a number of agriculture policy strategies were mooted including a government price policy for food grains.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=3}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=KP Prabhakaran|date=19 January 2021|title=The minimum support price conundrum and Indian farming|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/the-minimum-support-price-conundrum-and-indian-farming-75115|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Down to Earth}}</ref> One of the main goals was to increase the productivity of agricultural land.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=4}} High yield varieties, better equipment and fertilizers were among the strategies adopted.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=4}} Price policy support aimed at increasing land productivity was part of this.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=4}}<br />
<br />
This led to the setting up of the Agricultural Price Commission (APC) in 1965.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=3}} The Commission introduced a number of price policies including procurement at pre-decided prices, minimum support prices and a distribution system to supply food grains at subsidised rates.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=4}}{{sfnp|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017|pp=35-36}} This body was reconstituted into the [[Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices]] (CACP) in March 1985 with a new and broader terms of reference.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=6-7}} A number of other institutions are involved in the process of implementing the MSP, including central organisation along with their state level bodies. This includes the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) and the [[National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India|National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation]] (NAFED).{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=24}}<br />
<br />
These changes resulted in increased production of grains such as wheat and rice resulting in grain shortages to grain surpluses.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=4}} At the same time the implementation of these price policies was biased and resulted in a decreased focus on diversification, creating shortages in pulses and edible oils.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=4}} The severity of these adverse impacts vary according to state, region, commodity, and farmer.{{sfnp|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007|pp=5}} India is highly skewed in the distribution of its agricultural resources, and accordingly, select regions have benefitted from a MSP.{{Sfn|Krishnaji|1990}}<br />
<br />
As per 2013 [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Ministry of Statistics]] data only 23% of farmers in the rural agricultural households in India are aware of MSP of crops.<ref name=":5" /> Awareness varies from 0 to 50% according to state.<ref name=":5" /> Even fewer are aware of a procurement agency buying at MSP.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jadhav|first=Radheshyam|date=3 November 2021|title=How many agricultural households are aware of MSP?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/how-many-agricultural-households-are-aware-of-msp/article37318230.ece|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref> In 2018-19, a quarter of the total paddy sales and only 20% of wheat were sold at MSP.<ref name=":6" /> Attempts to ensure MSP is fulfilled have included the decades-old Price Support Scheme (PSS),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Price Support Scheme (PSS). The Operational Guidelines.|url=https://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/pssguidelines.pdf|website=agricoop.nic.in|publisher=Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.}}</ref> the 2015 Decentralized Procurement Scheme (DCP),<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2015|publisher=Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Government of India|title=Decentralised procurement to be encouraged to enhance the efficiency|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=133255#:~:text=Decentralised%20procurement%20to%20be%20encouraged%20to%20enhance%20the%20efficiency&text=Government%20is%20encouraging%20the%20State,by%20the%20State%20Governments%20themselves.|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> and more recently the 2018 umbrella campaign, the [[Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA)]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2020|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India|title=Functioning of PM-AASHA Scheme|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1657221|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Under AASHA, a price deficiency payment (PDP) system has been launched under which the government will partly compensate farmers for those who have had to sell their crops at market prices less than the MSPs.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Nirmal|first=Rajalakshmi|date=10 January 2018|title=All you wanted to know about Price Deficiency Payment|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-price-deficiency-payment/article9872658.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref> This could result in large savings for the government as it would not have to procure and store the crops.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
== Determinants of MSP ==<br />
While recommending price policy of various commodities under its mandate, the [[Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices|Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)]] keeps in mind the various Terms of Reference (ToR) given to it in 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=30 July 2009|title=Mandate. Terms of Reference of the Commission vide Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture and Cooperation)'s Resolution No. 49011/6/2009-EA|url=https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewContents.aspx?Input=1&PageId=33&KeyId=0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111012028/https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewContents.aspx?Input=1&PageId=33&KeyId=0|archive-date=11 November 2021|website=Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text=To advise on the price policy of paddy/rice, wheat, jowar, [...] and such other commodities as the Government may decide from time to time, with a view to evolving a balanced and integrated price structure in the perspective of the overall needs of the economy and with due regard to the interests of the producer and the consumer.}}<br />
<br />
According to the terms of reference, the Commission has been advised to keep a few points in mind when recommending the price policy. This includes incentivising the farmer for production as per national requirements, allowing for the rational use of resources, the impact on wages, cost of living and product competitiveness. The Commission can also recommend non-price measures and ways to make the price policy implementation effective.<ref name=":2" /> However, sometimes there are large variations between what is recommended by the CACP, and what is declared by the government due to selective politics.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=24}}<br />
<br />
There are a number of different ways MSP is calculated and it is not always clear what is intended in policy documents such as [[2018 Union budget of India]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Commodities under MSP==<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Wheat close-up.JPG<br />
| caption1 = Wheat<br />
| image2 = The best in India.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Rice<br />
| footer = Among food grains wheat and rice have unintentionally benefitted from biased implementation of MSP to the detriment of other crops covered under MSP such as pulses and oilseeds. Among other crops sugar cane and cotton have benefitted.{{sfnp|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017|pp=94}}<br />
| total_width = 440<br />
| header = Main crops boosted through price policy implementation<br />
| image3 = India1961-039 hg.jpg<br />
| image4 = BALLS OF COTTON (ANDHRA -SOUTH INDIA) READY FOR HARVEST.jpg<br />
| perrow = 2/2<br />
| caption3 = Sugarcane<br />
| caption4 = Cotton<br />
}}<br />
A total of 23 commodities are covered by MSP mechanism:<ref name="CACP">{{cite web|title=CACP|url=https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/content.aspx?pid=32|access-date=24 September 2020|website=cacp.dacnet.nic.in|publisher=Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture}}</ref> including FRP for Sugarcane.<br />
* Cereals:<br />
# [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]]<br />
# [[Wheat]]<br />
# [[Maize]]<br />
# [[Sorghum]]<br />
# [[Pearl millet]]<br />
# [[Barley]]<br />
# [[Finger millet|Ragi]]<br />
* Pulses:<br />
# [[Chickpea]] / [[Legume|Gram]] / Gramme<br />
# [[Tur (bean)|Tur]]<br />
# [[Moong]]<br />
# [[Urad (bean)|Urad]]<br />
# [[Lentil]]<br />
* Oilseeds:<br />
# [[Peanut]]<br />
# [[Rapeseed]]<br />
# [[Soyabean]]<br />
# [[Sesame]]<br />
# [[Sunflower]]<br />
# [[Safflower]]<br />
# [[Niger seed]]<br />
* Commercial crops:<br />
# [[Copra]]<br />
# [[Sugarcane]]<br />
# [[Cotton]]<br />
# Raw [[jute]]<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2021}}<br />
* 1964: Under [[Lakshmi Kant Jha|L. K. Jha]], the ''Report of the Jha Committee on Foodgrain Prices''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report of the Jha Committee on Foodgrain Prices. For 1964-65 season.|url=http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewQuestionare.aspx?Input=2&DocId=1&PageId=66&KeyId=511|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909074948/http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewQuestionare.aspx?Input=2&DocId=1&PageId=66&KeyId=511|archive-date=9 September 2021|website=Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare}}</ref> was the first step in organizing an agricultural price policy for the country.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=3}}<br />
* January 1965: Agricultural Prices Commission (APC) set up.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=3}}<br />
* August 1965: Under [[Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala|M. L. Dantwala]], APC submits its first report.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=3}} The commission suggests MSPs for paddy.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=4}}<br />
* 1985: Agricultural Prices Commission reconstituted as the [[Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices]] (CACP).<br />
* 1980: S. R. Sen Committee publishes report ''Cost of Cultivation''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Chikermane|first=Gautam|date=4 August 2018|title=70 Policies — Agricultural Prices Commission, 1965|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/43025-70-policies-agricultural-prices-commission-1965/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* 1990: [[C. H. Hanumantha Rao]] report.{{Sfn|Deshpande|2003|p=4}}<br />
* 2015: [[Shanta Kumar Committee]] Report recommends better price support for pulses and oilseeds. It also suggests competitive MSPs with regard to imports.{{sfnp|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017|pp=94}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2015|publisher=Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution|title=Recommendations of High Level Committee on restructuring of FCI|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114860|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><br />
* 2018: The finance minister announces that MSP on [[Kharif]] crops will be 50% more the production cost.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|agency=PTI|title=Union Budget 2018: Govt says MSP of Kharif crops to be at least 1.5 times of production cost|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/union-budget-2018-govt-says-msp-of-kharif-crops-to-be-at-least-1-5-times-of-production-cost/story-9jhdl2VNSjY6GXmDCWbjbL.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
* 2020: Farmers demand MSP guarantee as part of the demands during the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]].<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Challenges ==<br />
On a larger scale, trade policy is disconnected from MSP.{{sfnp|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017|pp=94}}<br />
<br />
'''Disparity among states'''<br />
* For example, In 2021, 95% paddy growers in Punjab benefited from MSP, while mere 3.6% in UP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-29 |title=Repeal of agri laws: Why some farmers are now insisting on legalising MSP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/repeal-of-agri-laws-why-some-farmers-are-now-insisting-on-msp/articleshow/87975570.cms |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Skewed Procurement'''<br />
* Largely confined to rice & wheat.<br />
<br />
'''Ecological harm'''<br />
* it promotes rice-wheat system, thereby causing<br />
** [[Water scarcity]]<br />
** Soil & Water pollution<br />
** Stubble burning etc.<br />
<br />
'''Fiscal burden'''<br />
* in 2023-24 budget, food & fertilizer subsidy alone constituted 1/8th of total Budget.<br />
<br />
'''Inflation'''<br />
* Economics have noted around 15 bps rise in inflation per 1 percentage point rise in MSP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sonal |last2=Nandi |first2=Aurodeep |date=2018-02-27 |title=The changing politics of food price inflation |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/stLIRNoASgl8C9cHunttGK/The-changing-politics-of-food-price-inflation.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''WTO issue'''<br />
* Under India's Public Stockholding Policy, the government, through agencies like the Food Corporation of India (FCI), procures crops like rice and wheat from farmers at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) to be distributed under welfare schemes such as the Public Distribution System (PDS). However, procurement at prices higher than market prices is considered to be subsidized, as per WTO rules. Hence, the support provided is counted towards the overall ceiling on trade-distorting support (Amber Box measures). Thus, it should not breach the ceiling (de minimis)—10% of the value of total production, as set by the WTO for developing nations under the Agreement on Agriculture. However, India has breached this limit. For example, it informed the WTO that the value of rice production in 2022-23 was $52.8 billion, while it provided subsidies of $6.39 billion, equaling 12.1%. Thus, for the fifth time, India has invoked the Peace Clause set out in the Bali Ministerial Decision on Public Stockholding for Food Security Purposes, which allows developing nations to breach the ceiling without legal consequences, though as an interim measure until a permanent solution is achieved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Ministerial conferences - in brief |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/briefing_notes_e/bfagric_e.htm |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.wto.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suneja |first=Kirtika |date=2024-04-08 |title=India uses peace clause fifth time, for rice subsidies given in 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/india-uses-peace-clause-fifth-time-for-rice-subsidies-given-in-2022/articleshow/109142037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Used Peace Clause to Provide Excess Support to Rice Farmers: India to WTO |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/used-peace-clause-to-provide-excess-support-to-rice-farmers-india-to-wto |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Minimum wage]]<br />
* [[Deficiency payments]]<br />
* [[Direct Benefit Transfer]]<br />
* [[Cash transfer]]<br />
* [[Maximum retail price]]<br />
* [[Recommended Retail Price|Recommended retail price]]<br />
* [[Doubling farmers' income]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
;Bibliography<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Bhalla|first1=G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGPhIsdbFEIC|title=Implementation and Administration of Agricultural Price Policy in Asia|last2=Randhawa|first2=N. S.|last3=Tyagi|first3=D. S.|date=1989|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102798-1|language=en}}<br />
* {{Citation|title=Extension of MSP: Fiscal and Welfare Implications (A study for the Planning Commission)|date=October 2007|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/ser_msp.pdf|others=Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe)|publisher=Planning Commission. NITI Aayog, Government of India|ref={{sfnref|Integrated Research and Action for Development|2007}}}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Deshpande|first=R S|title=Impact of Minimum Support Prices on Agricultural Economy|date=December 2003|url=http://www.isec.ac.in/40%20Impact%20of%20MSP%20on%20Agr.%20Eco%20Conso%20Rep.pdf|place=Bangalore|publisher=Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Unit. [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]].}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Krishnaji|first=N.|date=1990|title=Agricultural Price Policy: A Survey with Reference to Indian Foodgrain Economy|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=26|pages=A54–A63|jstor=4396433|issn=0012-9976}}<br />
* {{Cite report |url=https://farmer.gov.in/imagedefault/DFI/DFI%20Volume%201.pdf|title="March of Agriculture since Independence and Growth Trends" - Historical Analysis and Examination of India's Agricultural Production and Farmers' Income |work=Report of the Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income |publisher=[[Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income]], Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare|date=August 2017|volume=1|ref={{sfnref|Committee on Doubling Farmers' Income report, Vol. 1|2017}}}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
===Books===<br />
* {{Cite book|last=A|first=Gulati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwmRo0coVZkC|title=Agricultural Price Policy in India|date=1987|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|language=en|author-link=Ashok Gulati}}<br />
<br />
=== Journals ===<br />
* {{Cite journal| last1=Aditya|first1=K.S.|last2=Subash|first2=S.P.| last3=Praveen|first3=K.V.|last4=Nithyashree|first4=M.L.| last5=Sharma| first5=Akriti| last6=Bhuvana|first6=N.|date=7 August 2017|title=Awareness about Minimum Support Price and Its Impact on Diversification Decision of Farmers in India|journal=Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies|volume=4|issue=3|pages=514–526|doi=10.1002/app5.197|s2cid=158304705|doi-access=free|hdl=1885/733749640|hdl-access=free}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last1=Parikh|first1=Kirit S.|last2=Ganesh-Kumar|first2=A.|last3=Darbha|first3=Gangadhar|date=2003|title=Growth and Welfare Consequences of Rise in MSP|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=38|issue=9|pages=891–895|jstor=4413277|issn=0012-9976}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|date=1989|title=Government Fails to Sustain Minimum Prices|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=24|issue=3|pages=114–115|jstor=4394259|issn=0012-9976}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Raghavan|first=M.|date=2011|title=Political Economy of Farm Price Fixation: A Historical Sketch|journal=Social Scientist|volume=39|issue=3/4|pages=23–36|jstor=41633792|issn=0970-0293}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Shankar|first=Kripa|date=2009|title=Unfair Minimum Support Price|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=51|pages=86|jstor=25663920|issn=0012-9976}}<br />
<br />
=== Government ===<br />
* {{Cite report|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/writereaddata/files/document_publication/MSP-report.pdf|title=Evaluation Study On Efficacy of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) on Farmers (DMEO Report No.231)|date=January 2016|publisher=NITI Aayog: Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office. Government of India|issue=PEO Report No. 231|access-date=5 December 2020}}<br />
* {{Citation|last1=Singh|first1=S J|title=Impact of Minimum Support Prices on the Agricultural Economy of Madhya Pradesh|date=September 2002|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/ser_msp.pdf|volume=Study No. 87|place=Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya|last2=Shinde|first2=J R|last3=Jain|first3=S C|last4=Prasasd|first4=Kamta|last5=Upadhye|first5=S K|last6=Mishra|first6=C K}}<br />
<br />
=== News ===<br />
* {{Cite web|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|date=2020-10-06|title=Explained: Why it's an underestimate to say only 6% farmers benefit from MSP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-its-an-underestimate-to-say-only-6-farmers-benefit-from-msp-6704397/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://farmer.gov.in/mspstatements.aspx MSP fixed by the government 2010 to 2020 in Rs. per quintal] (''farmer.gov.in)''. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. 8 January 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210816185144/https://farmer.gov.in/mspstatements.aspx Archived] on 16 August 2021.<br />
{{Agriculture in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]<br />
[[Category:Price controls]]<br />
[[Category:Regulation in India]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaque_Bagwan&diff=504737Isaque Bagwan2026-03-18T16:01:01Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian police officer, 1974–2009}}<br />
'''Isaque Bagwan''' is a former Indian police officer. He is widely known for carrying out the first [[police encounter]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="q554"/><br />
<br />
==Life & Background==<br />
Bagwan joined police force in 1974.<ref name="w560">{{cite web | title=Bagwan dada | website=Mid-day | date=2009-05-30 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Bagwan-dada-46944 | access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bagwan became well known through media in 1982 when he was a sub-inspector and he carried out the police encounter of gangster [[Manya Surve]] at Wadala, Mumbai.<ref name="y101">{{cite web | last=Naidu | first=Jayprakash S | title=Explained: Who is ex-cop Isaque Bagwan, and what are the 'disproportionate assets' allegations against him? | website=The Indian Express | date=2022-03-30 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ex-cop-isaque-bagwan-disproportionate-assets-allegations-against-him-7837503/ | access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref> This was the first-ever registered encounter done by the Mumbai Police.<ref name="q554"/><br />
<br />
In 1983, gangster Amirzada Khan was shot dead in Mumbai's Sessions Court on the orders of gangster [[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]]. The assassin David Pardesi attempted to escape but was shot in the leg by Bagwan before he was arrested.<ref name="y101"/><ref name="e247">{{cite book | authorlink=S. Hussain Zaidi| last=Zaidi | first=Hussain | title=Dongri to Dubai - Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia | publisher=Roli Books Private Limited | date=2012-08-10 | isbn=978-81-7436-818-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc5bBAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT180 | access-date=2025-11-24 | page=180}}</ref> During the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], Bagwan won accolades for safeguarding people and restricting the movement of militants.<ref name="y101"/><ref name="q554"/> He took retirement in 2009.<ref name="p971"/><br />
<br />
In 2018, he published his memoir called "Me against the Mumbai Underworld".<ref name="y101"/><ref name="q554">{{cite web | title=Ex-cop Isaque Bagwan's memoir charts out Mumbai's dark underbelly | website=The Times of India | date=2018-06-26 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/ex-cop-isaque-bagwans-memoir-charts-out-mumbais-dark-underbelly/articleshow/64746021.cms | access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
He was depicted in the 2013 Bollywood movie ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''. His character was played by [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref name="p971">{{cite web | last=Mohandas | first=Vandana | title=Supercop's fight against Mumbai gangs | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2018-07-15 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/shelf-life/150718/supercops-fight-against-mumbai-gangs.html | access-date=2025-11-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagwan, Isaque}}<br />
[[Category:Indian police officers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Encounters in India]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vin_Diesel&diff=464841Vin Diesel2026-03-18T05:33:32Z<p>Nskschool: adjust content additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American actor (born 1967)}}<br />
{{redirect|Mark Sinclair}}<br />
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vin Diesel<br />
| image = Vin Diesel by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg<br />
| caption = Diesel at the 2013 [[San Diego Comic Con]]<br />
| birth_name = Mark Sinclair Vincent<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|7|18}}<br />
| education = <!-- Per MOS:INFOEDU, for graduates of post-secondary schools only --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|writer|director}}<br />
| years_active = 1990–present<br />
| partner = Paloma Jimenez (2007–present)<br />
| children = 3<br />
| signature = Vin Diesal's signature.svg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mark Sinclair Vincent'''<ref name="Real Name">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZQw8B3AwqU |title=Vin Diesel Reveals His Real Name |date=2024-10-11 |last=TheEllenShow |access-date=2025-11-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (born July 18, 1967), known professionally as '''Vin Diesel''', is an American actor and filmmaker.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Vin Diesel |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vin-Diesel |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> One of the world's [[List of highest-grossing actors|highest-grossing actors]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest-grossing leading star for action films at the global box office |website=Guinness World Records |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/509697-highest-grossing-leading-star-for-action-films-at-the-global-box-office |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> he is best known for portraying [[Dominic Toretto|Dominic "Dom" Toretto]] in the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vin Diesel: the man behind Dominic Toretto |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/vin-diesel |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Born in [[California]], Diesel attended [[Hunter College]] in New York City, where studies in creative writing led him to begin [[screenwriting]]. He wrote, directed, produced, and starred in the short drama film ''[[Multi-Facial]]'' (1995) and his debut feature ''[[Strays (1997 film)|Strays]]'' (1997). He came to prominence in the late 1990s and first became known for appearing in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' in 1998. He followed up with commercially successful films such as ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]'' (2000) and ''[[The Pacifier]]'' (2005). He gained stardom as a leading action star headlining numerous franchises, including ''Fast & Furious'', ''[[XXX (film series)|XXX]]'', and ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick (franchise)|The Chronicles of Riddick]]''.<br />
<br />
His voice acting work includes ''[[The Iron Giant]]'' (1999), the video games ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay]]'' (2004) and ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena]]'' (2009), and the voices of [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot I]] and Groot II in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU); he portrayed the characters in six [[superhero film]]s, beginning with ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014). Diesel has reprised his role as Groot for the [[Disney+]] animated shorts series ''[[I Am Groot]]'' (2022–2023), the television special ''[[The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special]]'' (2022), and the animated film ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'' (2018).<br />
<br />
He founded the production company [[One Race Films]], where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for his [[star vehicle]]s. Diesel also founded the record label Racetrack Records and video game developer [[Tigon Studios]], providing his voice and [[motion capture]] for all of Tigon's releases.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Mark Sinclair Vincent<ref name="Real Name" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/showbiz/10851668.Diesel_breaks_silence_over_Walker/ |work=[[The Press (York)]] |agency=[[Press Association]] |publisher=[[Newsquest]] |location=York, Yorkshire | title=Diesel breaks silence over Walker| date= December 3, 2013| access-date=October 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102309/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/showbiz/10851668.Diesel_breaks_silence_over_Walker/ |archive-date=October 6, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> was born on July 18, 1967.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2019/07/18/Famous-birthdays-for-July-18-Vin-Diesel-Kristen-Bell/8771563155558/|title=Famous birthdays for July 18: Vin Diesel, Kristen Bell|work=[[United Press International]]|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=August 7, 2019|archive-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190719181941/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2019/07/18/Famous-birthdays-for-July-18-Vin-Diesel-Kristen-Bell/8771563155558/|url-status=live|quote=Actor Vin Diesel in 1967 (age 52)}}</ref><ref name="filmr">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/3/Vin-Diesel.html |title=Vin Diesel Biography (1967–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=September 8, 2010}}</ref> His mother, Delora Sherleen Vincent (née Sinclair), is an [[astrologer]].<ref>{{cite news |date=August 12, 2002 |title=Vin Diesel: From nightclub bouncer to action hero |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/12/people.cel.diesel/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205546/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/12/people.cel.diesel/index.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He was raised by his white mother and adoptive African-American father, Irving H. Vincent, an acting instructor and theater manager.<ref name="filmr"/><ref name="jam2">{{cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/D/Diesel_Vin/2000/02/17/757953.html |title=Diesel is running hot |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date=February 17, 2000 |access-date=September 8, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715004628/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/D/Diesel_Vin/2000/02/17/757953.html |archive-date=July 15, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Cindy |date=August 9, 2002 |title=Fame game stumps Diesel |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F55D489DD7CCF36&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014621/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F55D489DD7CCF36&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> Diesel has stated that he is "of ambiguous ethnicity."<ref name="ref3">{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=Mal |date=June 22, 2001 |title='The Fast and the Furious' Vin Diesel Opens the Throttle in New Speed Movie and Joins an Elite 'Action-Star' Fraternity |url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers?sort=dsc&formType=basic&alltext=+%27The+Fast+and+the+Furious%27+Vin+Diesel+Opens+the+Throttle+in+New+Speed+Movie+and+Joins+an+Elite+%27Action-Star%27+Fraternity |access-date=March 2, 2008 |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |location=Norfolk, Virginia |id={{ProQuest|387399055}} |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415013724/https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers?sort=dsc&formType=basic&alltext=%20%27The%20Fast%20and%20the%20Furious%27%20Vin%20Diesel%20Opens%20the%20Throttle%20in%20New%20Speed%20Movie%20and%20Joins%20an%20Elite%20%27Action-Star%27%20Fraternity |url-status=dead }}</ref> His mother has Scottish roots.<ref>{{cite news|title=VinDiesel explains why Glasgow was perfect to shoot Fast 6 |url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/film/225437-vin-diesel-explains-why-glasgow-was-perfect-to-shoot-fast-furious-6/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618152711/http://entertainment.stv.tv/film/225437-vin-diesel-explains-why-glasgow-was-perfect-to-shoot-fast-furious-6/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=June 29, 2013 }}</ref> He has never met his biological father, and has said that "all I know from my mother is that I have connections to many different cultures";<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nsTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|chapter=From blaxploitation to mixploitation: Male leads and changing mixed race identities|first=Gregory T.|last=Carter|year=2008|title=Mixed Race Hollywood|editor1-first=Mary|editor1-last=Beltrán|editor2-first=Camilla|editor2-last=Fojas|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0814799895|page=210}}</ref> Diesel believes that his parents' relationship would have been illegal in parts of the United States due to [[anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abc7.com/archive/9219769/|title=Vin Diesel receives star on Hollywood Walk of Fame|publisher=[[KABC-TV]]|date=August 26, 2013|author=Chu, Hanna|access-date=December 6, 2013|archive-date=December 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212023134/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?id=9219769|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Diesel made his stage debut at age seven when he appeared in the children's play ''Dinosaur Door'', written by [[Barbara Garson]]. The play was produced at [[Theater for the New City]] in New York's [[Greenwich Village]]. His involvement in the play came about when he, his brother and some friends had broken into the Theater for the New City space on Jane Street with the intent to vandalize it. They were confronted by the theater's artistic director, Crystal Field, who offered them roles in the upcoming show instead of calling the police.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krulik |first1=Nancy E. |title=Vin Diesel: Fueled for Success |url=https://archive.org/details/vindieselfueledf00krul |url-access=registration |publisher=Simon Pulse, Gallery Books |date=November 1, 2002 |isbn=978-0689859823 |location= New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/vindieselfueledf00krul/page/14 14]}}</ref><ref name="ref1">{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=Mal |date=August 9, 2002 |title=xXx |url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers?sort=dsc&formType=advanced&advanced-1=XxX&inType-1=alltext&andornot-2=And&advanced-2=+MAL+VINCENT%2C+THE+VIRGINIAN-PILOT&inType-2=alltext&andornot-3=And&advanced-3=&inType-3=alltext&andornot-4=And&advanced-4=&inType-4=alltext&YMD_date=August+9%2C+2002&state%5B%5D=virginia |access-date=March 2, 2008 |work=The Virginian-Pilot |location=Norfolk, Virginia}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{cite news |last=Wloszcyna |first=Susan |date=June 4, 2004 |title=Vin Diesel, driving on a tankful of cool |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-06-10-vin-diesel-cool_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703213802/https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-06-10-vin-diesel-cool_x.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2004 |access-date=March 2, 2008 |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> Diesel remained involved with the theater throughout adolescence, going on to attend [[Hunter College]] in New York City, where studies in creative writing led him to begin screenwriting. He dropped out of Hunter to pursue acting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diesel, Vin |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/diesel-vin |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |quote=After three years at Hunter College, Diesel dropped out and moved to Hollywood. |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref> He has identified himself as a "multi-faceted" actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_4_100/ai_76513111 |title=Vin Diesel Shifts Acting Career into High Gear In 'The Fast and the Furious' |publisher=Findarticles.com |date=July 9, 2001 |access-date=September 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504201104/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_4_100/ai_76513111/ |archive-date=May 4, 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sinclair began going by his stage name "Vin Diesel" while working as a [[Bouncer (doorman)|bouncer]] at the New York nightclub [[Tunnel (New York nightclub)|Tunnel]], wanting a tougher sounding name for his occupation. Vin comes from his mother's married last name Vincent, while the surname [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]] came from his friends due to his tendency to be energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thelist.com/446223/the-real-reason-vin-diesel-changed-his-name/ |title=The Real Reason Vin Diesel Changed His Name |work=The List |last=Fallo |first=Julie |date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=August 11, 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===1990–1999: Early struggle and debut===<br />
[[File:VinDieselMunich2005.jpg|thumb|upright|Diesel in 2005]]<br />
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Diesel's first film role was as an uncredited extra in the drama film ''[[Awakenings]]'' in 1990. After several years of struggle to gain acting roles, Diesel decided to make his own short film to secure funds for his feature film debut. In 1994, he wrote, directed, produced, and starred in the short drama film ''[[Multi-Facial]]'', a semi-autobiographical film which follows a struggling multiracial actor stuck in the audition process. The film was selected for screening at the [[1995 Cannes Film Festival]]. As well as acting, Vin Diesel supported himself by working as a bouncer and telemarketer selling lightbulbs.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 12, 2012 |title=Vin Diesel: From nightclub bouncer to action hero |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/12/people.cel.diesel/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205546/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/12/people.cel.diesel/index.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |access-date=August 11, 2021 |work=CNN}}</ref><br />
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In 1997, Diesel secured funds to make his first feature-length film, ''[[Strays (1997 film)|Strays]]'', an urban drama in which he played a gang leader whose love for a woman inspires him to try to change his ways. Written, directed, and produced by Diesel, the film was selected for competition at the 1997 [[Sundance Festival]], leading to an [[MTV]] deal to turn it into a series which never came to fruition. Director [[Steven Spielberg]] took notice of Diesel after seeing him in ''Multi-Facial''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/vin-diesel-on-being-recruited-by-steven-spielberg-for-saving-private-ryan-160111672.html|title=Vin Diesel on Being Recruited by Steven Spielberg for 'Saving Private Ryan'|website=Yahoo|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> and cast him in a small role as a soldier in his 1998 Oscar-winning war film ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''. This marked Diesel's first major Hollywood film role. In 1999, he provided the voice of the [[title character]] in the animated film ''[[The Iron Giant]]''.<ref name="WBMakingTheMovie">{{cite web |title=The Iron Giant – Making the Movie |url=http://irongiant.warnerbros.com/cmp/ig_how_movie.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031045035/http://irongiant.warnerbros.com/cmp/ig_how_movie.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2013 |publisher=Warner Bros. |quote=What he does find is a 50-foot giant with an insatiable appetite for metal and a childlike curiosity about its new world.}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2000–2008: Breakthrough and setbacks===<br />
In 2000, Diesel had a supporting role in the drama thriller ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]'', where he appeared alongside [[Giovanni Ribisi]] and [[Ben Affleck]]. He got his breakthrough leading role as the [[anti-hero]] [[Riddick (character)|Riddick]] in the science-fiction film ''[[Pitch Black (film)|Pitch Black]]'' later that year.<br />
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Diesel attained [[action hero]] stardom with his portrayal of [[Dominic Toretto]] in the [[street racing]] action film ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'' (2001) and as [[Xander Cage]] in the action thriller ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]'' (2002). He turned down the chance to reprise his roles in the sequels ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]'' (2003) and ''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uproxx.com/up/vin-diesel-2-fast-2-furious-movie-roles/ |title=Why Vin Diesel Turned Down '2 Fast 2 Furious' And Six Other Popular Roles |last=Stice |first=Joel |work=Uproxx |date=July 18, 2014 |access-date=August 11, 2021 }}</ref> Instead he chose to reprise his role as Riddick in ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'' (2004), which was a box office failure considering the large budget.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=chroniclesofriddick.htm|title=The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) - Box Office Mojo|website=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref> He also voiced the character in two spin-off video games and the [[anime]] film ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury]]''.<br />
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In a departure from his previous tough guy action hero persona, in 2005, he played a lighthearted role in the action comedy film ''[[The Pacifier]]'', which was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pacifier.htm|title=The Pacifier (2005) - Box Office Mojo|website=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref><br />
[[File:Fast Five Cast 2.jpg|thumb|left|Diesel with the ''[[Fast Five]]'' cast and [[Natalie Morales (journalist)|Natalie Morales]] for ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]'' in 2011]]<br />
In 2006, he chose a dramatic role playing real-life mobster [[Jack DiNorscio]] in ''[[Find Me Guilty]]''. Although he received critical acclaim for his performance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviehole.net/20069384find-me-guilty|title=Find Me Guilty – Moviehole|website=moviehole.net|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140548/http://moviehole.net/20069384find-me-guilty|url-status=dead}}</ref> the film did poorly at the box office grossing only $2 million against a budget of $13 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=findmeguilty.htm|title=Find Me Guilty (2006) - Box Office Mojo|website=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref> Later that year, Diesel made a cameo appearance in ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'', reprising his role from ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]''.<br />
[[File:Dodge Charger - The Fast and the Furious.JPG|thumb|right|Diesel's main car, a Dodge Charger, from ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]'']]<br />
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In 2007, Diesel was set to produce and star as [[Agent 47]] in the [[Hitman (2007 film)|film adaptation]] of the video game ''[[Hitman: Codename 47|Hitman]]'', but eventually pulled back and served as executive producer on the film instead. In 2008, he starred in the science-fiction action thriller ''[[Babylon A.D.]]'' which was a critical and box office failure. <br />
<br />
===2009–present: Franchise films===<br />
Diesel returned to the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' series, alongside most of the principal cast from the original 2001 film, in ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]'', which was released in April 2009.<br />
<br />
Diesel reprised his role as Dominic Toretto in later installments of the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise, ''[[Fast Five]]'' (2011), ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' (2013), ''[[Furious 7]]'' (2015), ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' (2017), ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]'' (2021) and the most recent entry, ''[[Fast X]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/furious-8-gets-2017-release-791103|title='Furious 8' Gets 2017 Release Date|first=Rebecca|last=Ford|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=([[Prometheus Global Media]])|date=April 23, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/furious-8-to-debut-april-14-2017-1201478792/|title='Furious 8′ to Debut April 14, 2017|first=Brent|last=Lang|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=([[Penske Media Corporation]])|date=April 23, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref> He reprised his role as Riddick in the third film of ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'' series, simply titled ''[[Riddick (film)|Riddick]]'' (2013). In August 2013, Diesel received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. He voiced [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot]] in the 2014 [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] film ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]''.<ref>{{cite news | title=He is Groot: Diesel to star in 'Guardians of the Galaxy' | last=Truitt | first=Brian | work=[[USA Today]] | date=December 21, 2013 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/12/21/vin-diesel-guardians-of-the-galaxy-movie/4162507/ }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, he starred in the supernatural action film ''[[The Last Witch Hunter]]''.<ref name=Kojak>{{cite web|last1=Han|first1=Angie|title='xXx 3′ Is Definitely Happening, Will Shoot in Asia, Says Vin Diesel|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/vin-diesel-xxx-3/|website=/film|date=July 22, 2014|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> In 2016, Diesel appeared as a supporting character in [[Ang Lee]]'s war drama ''[[Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (film)|Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk]]''.<br />
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In 2017, Diesel also reprised his roles as Xander Cage in ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'',<ref name=Kojak/> and Groot in ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]''.<ref name="GotGVol2">{{cite web|url=http://marvel.com/news/movies/25742/marvel_studios_begins_production_on_marvels_guardians_of_the_galaxy_vol_2|title=Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel's 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2'|publisher=[[Marvel.com]]|date=February 17, 2016|access-date=February 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619111927/http://marvel.com/news/movies/25742/marvel_studios_begins_production_on_marvels_guardians_of_the_galaxy_vol_2|archive-date=June 19, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the course of several years, Diesel has discussed playing two separate roles within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2015/10/vin-diesel-teases-second-marvel-role-teasing-black-bolt-of-the-inhumans.html|title=Vin Diesel hints at second Marvel role, teasing Black Bolt of the Inhumans?|first=Gary|last=Collinson|work=Flickering Myth|date=October 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2015/10/16/vin-diesel-gives-ign-his-black-bolt-audition|title=Vin Diesel Gives IGN His Best Black Bolt Audition|first=Daniel|last=Krupa|date=October 16, 2015|work=IGN}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=ColliderVideos|title=Vin Diesel teases Black Bolt role in Marvel's Inhumans - Collider|date=October 12, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHHhxgDJwyY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/sHHhxgDJwyY| archive-date=October 28, 2021|access-date=January 17, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://screenrant.com/inhumans-marvel-movie-2018-casting-vin-diesel/|title=Vin Diesel Teases 'Inhumans' Involvement Again|date=December 29, 2014|newspaper=[[Screen Rant]]|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://screenrant.com/vin-diesel-black-bolt-inhumans-plan/|title=Vin Diesel Teases 'Genius' Plan For Black Bolt & Inhumans|date=October 16, 2015|newspaper=[[Screen Rant]]|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> In November 2016 director of ''Guardians of the Galaxy'', [[James Gunn]], confirmed that Diesel had been in talks to play [[Black Bolt|Blackagar Boltagon / Black Bolt]] for the planned ''[[Inhumans (film)|Inhumans]]'' film, but it was turned into a [[Inhumans (TV series)|television series]] instead without Diesel involved.<br />
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Diesel reprised his role of Groot once again in the [[crossover (fiction)|crossover]] films ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018) and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) which combined the superhero teams of [[Guardians of the Galaxy]] and [[Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]]. He has said, "[I] think there's gonna be a moment that we're all waiting for, and whether you know it or not, you are waiting to see [Groot] and [the Hulk] get down."<ref name="DieselConfirm">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/vin-diesel-groot-hulk-avengers-infinty-war/ |title=Vin Diesel: Groot & Hulk Must 'Get Down' in Avengers: Infinity War |last=Welch |first=Alex |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=January 20, 2016 |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121103512/http://screenrant.com/vin-diesel-groot-hulk-avengers-infinty-war/ |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Diesel portrayed [[Valiant Comics]] character ''[[Bloodshot (comics)|Bloodshot]]'' in the [[Bloodshot (film)|film of the same name]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nerdist.com/article/vin-diesel-will-be-valiants-bloodshot-in-upcoming-sony-adaptation/|title=Vin Diesel Will Be Valiant's Bloodshot In Upcoming Sony Adaptation|website=Nerdist|date=March 8, 2018 |access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> which released in March 2020.<br />
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In September 2020, Diesel announced his venture into music, with the release of the song "Feel Like I Do", produced by [[Kygo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerken |first=Marika |date=September 27, 2020 |title=Vin Diesel partners with Kygo to release his first single 'Feel Like I Do' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/27/entertainment/vin-diesel-new-song-feel-like-i-do-trnd/index.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> He debuted the song on ''[[The Kelly Clarkson Show]]'' on September 24, stating: "I am blessed that on a year that I would normally be on a movie set — and as you know, that's not possible — I've had another creative outlet. Another way to show you, or share with you, my heart."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-09-25/vin-diesel-song-feel-like-i-do|title=Vin Diesel is the unexpected pop singer 2020 didn't know it needed|date=September 25, 2020|newspaper=LA Times|access-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref><br />
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Diesel will star in ''[[Riddick: Furya]]'', the fourth installment of [[The Chronicles of Riddick (franchise)|''The Chronicles of Riddick'']] franchise, announced in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=February 11, 2023 |title=Vin Diesel, David Twohy Reunite For 'Riddick: Furya': Hot EFM Title |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/vin-diesel-david-twohy-reunite-riddick-furya-hot-european-film-title-1235256547/ |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=Deadline}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
Diesel has said he prefers to maintain his privacy regarding his personal life, stating: "I'm not gonna put it out there on a magazine cover like some other actors. I come from the [[Harrison Ford]], [[Marlon Brando]], [[Robert De&nbsp;Niro]], [[Al Pacino]] code of silence."<ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 2006 |title=Diesel says rumors about him being homosexual are untrue |url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Diesel_Slams_Gay_Rumors/3487636 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209155220/http://www.hollywood.com/news/Diesel_Slams_Gay_Rumors/3487636 |archive-date=February 9, 2007 |publisher=[[World Entertainment News Network|WENN]] via Hollywood.com}}</ref><br />
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Diesel is noted for his distinctive [[Baritone|deep voice]]. He said his [[Voice change|voice broke]] around age 15, giving him a mature-sounding voice on the telephone,<ref>{{youTube|Gf3GKUzaG7s|Vin Diesel on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019}}</ref> which he often uses for his acting performances.<br />
<br />
Diesel is a longtime ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' fan,<ref>Diesel in {{cite web |url=http://www.ugo.com/channels/filmTv/features/thechroniclesofriddick/vindiesel.asp|title=Vin Diesel of 'The Chronicles of Riddick Interview| first=Shawn | last=Adler| publisher= UGO.com|date= n.d. | access-date=September 13, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616071451/http://www.ugo.com/channels/filmtv/features/thechroniclesofriddick/vindiesel.asp | archive-date= June 16, 2004}}</ref> and wrote the foreword for ''[[30 Years of Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons]]'' (2004). Canadian video game designer and developer [[merritt k]] created the 2015 [[ASMR]] game ''Vin Diesel DMing a Game of D&D Just for You'' for him.<ref name="Alexander 2015-1">{{cite web|first1=Leigh|last1=Alexander|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/05/27/having-vin-diesel-as-your-dung.html|title=Having Vin Diesel as your dungeon master is really soothing|work=Offworld|publisher=[[Boing Boing]]|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Alexander 2015-2">{{cite web|first1=Leigh|last1=Alexander|url=http://boingboing.net/2015/10/14/are-any-of-your-favorites-in-t.html|title=Are any of your favorites in this awesome game curation?|work=Offworld|publisher=[[Boing Boing]]|date=October 14, 2015|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kuchera 2015-1">{{cite web|first1=Ben|last1=Kuchera|url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/5/27/8674087/vin-diesel-dungeons-dragons-calm|title=Let Vin Diesel be your Dungeon Master in this relaxing, comforting game|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kuchera 2015-2">{{cite web|first1=Ben|last1=Kuchera|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/let-vin-diesel-dungeon-master-000002269.html|title=Let Vin Diesel be your Dungeon Master in this relaxing, comforting game|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-date=April 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130433/https://www.yahoo.com/news/let-vin-diesel-dungeon-master-000002269.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has expressed his love for the [[Dominican Republic]] and how he relates to its multicultural facets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr1.com/travelnews/archive/2005/tnews080905.html|title=Vin Diesel to film in DR| publisher= DR1.com| date=August 9, 2005| access-date= March 21, 2015| archive-date= January 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101221538/http://dr1.com/travelnews/archive/2005/tnews080905.html| url-status=live}}</ref> He is acquainted with its former president, [[Leonel Fernández]], and appeared in one of Fernández's earlier campaign advertisements. He later secured film production in the country for ''[[Los Bandoleros (film)|Los Bandoleros]]'' and ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]'' (both 2009).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/this-and-that/2009/7/30/32762/Vin-Diesel-adores-Dominicans-presents-Los-Bandoleros#12 |title=Vin Diesel "adores" Dominicans, presents 'Los Bandoleros' |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=[[Dominican Today|DominicanToday.com]] |access-date=March 21, 2015 |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207155144/http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/this-and-that/2009/7/30/32762/Vin-Diesel-adores-Dominicans-presents-Los-Bandoleros |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Relationships ===<br />
Sometime around 2001, Diesel dated his ''Fast & Furious'' co-star [[Michelle Rodriguez]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wloszczyna |first=Susan |date=August 6, 2002 |title=Vin Diesel, in high gear |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/2002-08-06-vin-diesel_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503021336/https://www.usatoday.com/life/2002-08-06-vin-diesel_x.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=February 4, 2007 |work=USA Today |publisher=[[Gannett Company|Gannett]]}}</ref> Since 2007, he has been in a relationship with Mexican model Paloma Jimenez; the couple have three children, two daughters born in April 2008 and March 2015,<ref name=usweekly2015>{{cite news | url = http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/vin-diesel-girlfriend-paloma-jimenez-welcome-third-child-2015163| title=Vin Diesel, Girlfriend Paloma Jimenez Welcome Third Child -- See the Sweet Photo| work= [[Us Weekly]]| date= March 16, 2015| first= Sierra|last=Marquina|access-date= March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20204899,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606172840/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20204899,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 6, 2008 |author=Jordan, Julie |title=Vin Diesel Becomes a Father |magazine=People |date=June 5, 2008 |access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> and a son born 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20204899,00.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606172840/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20204899,00.html| url-status= dead| archive-date= June 6, 2008| title=Vin Diesel Welcomes Third Child | work= [[People (magazine)|People]]| date=March 16, 2015| access-date= March 17, 2015|quote=Diesel and the 31-year-old model are also parents to son Vincent Sinclair, 4½....}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eonline.com/news/636315/vin-diesel-welcomes-his-third-child-with-girlfriend-paloma-jimenez-see-the-first-baby-photo| title = Vin Diesel Welcomes His Third Child With Girlfriend Paloma Jiménez—See the First Baby Photo!| first= Mike| last= Vulpo | publisher= [[E! News]]| date= March 16, 2015| access-date= March 17, 2015}}</ref> The younger daughter is named in honor of his co-star and close friend [[Paul Walker]], who died in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.today.com/parents/paul-walker-tribute-vin-diesel-reveals-his-new-babys-name-2D80564931| title=Vin Diesel reveals his new baby's very special name, a tribute to Paul Walker| first=Ree |last=Hines| work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] | date= March 23, 2015|access-date= March 23, 2015}}</ref> He is also the godfather of Walker's daughter, [[Meadow Walker|Meadow]]. Diesel also shares a close friendship with ''Fast & Furious'' co-star [[Tyrese Gibson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/movies/vin-diesel-shares-sweet-fast-x-post-with-tyrese-gibson-but-its-gibsons-response-that-has-me-emotional|title=Vin Diesel Shares Sweet Fast X Post With Tyrese Gibson, But It's Gibson's Response That Has Me Emotional|publisher=[[CinemaBlend]]|date=January 7, 2023|accessdate=January 8, 2023|first=Adreon|last=Patterson}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Legal issues ===<br />
In December 2023, former assistant Asta Jonasson sued Diesel for [[sexual battery]] and retaliation. The lawsuit alleges that, in 2010 during the filming of ''[[Fast Five]]'' in Atlanta, he brought her to his suite at the [[St.&nbsp;Regis Hotel]] and forced her onto his bed. Jonasson accuses him of "forcibly grabbing [her] and groping her breasts, and kissing her chest... and trying to pull down her underwear". She further accused him of pressing her against the wall and forcing her to touch his erect penis, and then he began to masturbate. She was fired a few days later which she believes was retaliatory with the suit reading, "It was clear to her that she was being fired because she was no longer useful—Vin Diesel had used her to fulfill his sexual desires and she had resisted his sexual assaults".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2023/film/news/vin-diesel-sexual-battery-assistant-1235848731/|title= Vin Diesel Sued for Alleged Sexual Battery of Assistant in 2010|website= Variety|date= December 21, 2023|accessdate= December 21, 2023}}</ref> The lawsuit also names Diesel's sister and production company as defendants for allegedly creating a hostile work environment and wrongfully terminating her, among other complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Crime |first1=Sean O'Driscoll Senior |last2=Reporter |first2=Courts |date=2023-12-22 |title=Vin Diesel sexual battery lawsuit: read in full |url=https://www.newsweek.com/vin-diesel-sexual-assault-allegation-fast-five-fast-furious-movie-atlanta-georgia-1854826 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On June 3, 2025, the four claims against Diesel filed under [[California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959|California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act]] (FEHA) were dismissed due to the plaintiff missing an administrative deadline. The remaining claims were set to move forward to a jury trial in August, but were delayed and later dropped in November.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aron |first=Hillel |title=Judge cuts claims from ex-assistant's suit against Vin Diesel |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/judge-cuts-claims-from-ex-assistants-suit-against-vin-diesel/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.courthousenews.com |date=June 3, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Film===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|+<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1990<br />
| ''[[Awakenings]]''<br />
| Orderly<br />
| Uncredited<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1995<br />
| ''[[Multi-Facial]]''<br />
| Mike<br />
| Short film; also writer, director and producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1997<br />
| ''[[Strays (1997 film)|Strays]]''<br />
| Rick<br />
| Also writer, director and producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1998<br />
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''<br />
| Private Adrian Caparzo<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 1999<br />
| ''{{sortname|The|Iron Giant}}''<br />
| The Iron Giant (voice)<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2000<br />
| ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]''<br />
| Chris Varick<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pitch Black (film)|Pitch Black]]''<br />
| [[Riddick (character)|Richard B. Riddick]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2001<br />
| ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]''<br />
| [[Dominic Toretto]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Knockaround Guys]]''<br />
| Taylor Reese<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2002<br />
| ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]''<br />
| Xander Cage<br />
| Also executive producer<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2003<br />
|''[[The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious]]''<br />
|Dominic Toretto<br />
| Short film; uncredited; archive footage<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[A Man Apart]]''<br />
| Sean Vetter<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2004<br />
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury]]''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick (voice)<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2005<br />
| ''[[The Pacifier]]''<br />
| Lieutenant Shane Wolfe<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2006<br />
| ''[[Find Me Guilty]]''<br />
| [[Jackie DiNorscio]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Uncredited cameo<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2007<br />
|''[[Hitman (2007 film)| Hitman]]''<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
| Executive producer only<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2008<br />
| ''[[Babylon A.D.]]''<br />
| Hugo Cornelius Toorop<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009<br />
| ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]''<br />
| rowspan="4" | Dominic Toretto<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Los Bandoleros (film)|Los Bandoleros]]'' <br />
| Short film; also writer, director, producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2011<br />
| ''[[Fast Five]]''<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]''<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''Riddick: Blindsided''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick (voice)<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Riddick (film)|Riddick]]''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2014<br />
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]''<br />
| [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot]] (voice)<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Furious 7]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Last Witch Hunter]]''<br />
| Kaulder<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2016<br />
| ''[[Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (film)|Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk]]''<br />
| Shroom<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2017<br />
| ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]''<br />
| Xander Cage<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]''<br />
| rowspan="4" | Groot (voice)<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | 2018<br />
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]''<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2019<br />
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2020<br />
|''[[Bloodshot (film)|Bloodshot]]''<br />
| [[Bloodshot (comics)|Ray Garrison / Bloodshot]]<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2021<br />
| ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2022<br />
| ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Groot (voice)<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2023<br />
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3]]''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Fast X]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Also producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | TBA<br />
| ''[[Riddick: Furya]]''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick<br />
| Filming; also producer<br />
|-<br />
<!--<br />
| 2025<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| Untitled eleventh ''Fast & Furious'' film{{dagger}}<br />
|- Do NOT unhide until production starts --><br />
|}<br />
<!--{{pending films key}}--><br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Vin Diesel in television}}<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2019, 2021<br />
| ''[[Fast & Furious Spy Racers]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto (voice)<br />
| 4 episodes; Executive producer<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2022–2023<br />
| ''[[I Am Groot]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot]] (voice)<br />
| Main role; 10 episodes <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2022<br />
| ''[[The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special]]''<br />
| Television special <br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | 2023 <br />
| ''[[Marvel Studios: Assembled]]'' || Himself || Episode: "The Making of ''Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3'' "<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2024<br />
| ''[[Ark: The Animated Series]]''<br />
| Santiago Da Costa (voice)<br />
| Also executive producer<br />
|}<br />
{{pending series key}}<br />
<br />
===Video games===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Vin Diesel in video games}}<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Voice role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2004<br />
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay]]''<br />
| [[Richard B. Riddick]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009<br />
| ''[[Wheelman (video game)|Wheelman]]''<br />
| Milo Burik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena]]''<br />
| Richard B. Riddick<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | 2020<br />
| ''[[Fast & Furious Crossroads]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | TBA<br />
| ''[[Ark 2 (video game)|Ark 2]]''<br />
| Santiago Da Costa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RG2aOpCQQSA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/RG2aOpCQQSA| archive-date=October 28, 2021|title=ARK II Announcement Trailer (1440p Final Version)|publisher=ARK: Survival Evolved|date=December 12, 2020|access-date=January 9, 2021}}{{cbignore}}<!--may be removed once article is up--></ref><br />
| Also executive producer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|+<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="row" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Fast & Furious: Supercharged]]''<br />
| Dominic Toretto<br />
| Attraction at [[Universal Studios Florida]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Singles===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Title<br />
! scope="col"| Year<br />
! scope="col"| Album<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Feel Like I Do"<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2020<br />
| rowspan="2" {{n/a|Non-album singles}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| "Days Are Gone" <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{{BLP sources section|date=May 2017}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Work<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1999<br />
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]<br />
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast]]<br><br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''<br />
| {{nom}}{{efn|name=fn1|Shared with the rest of the cast}}<ref>{{cite web |title=5th Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/5th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |accessdate=February 27, 2025 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award]]<br />
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast|Best Cast]]<br />
| {{Won}}{{efn|name=fn1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2012 |title=1998 Awards (2nd Annual) |url=https://ofcs.org/awards/1998-awards-2nd-annual/ |access-date=February 27, 2025 |website=[[Online Film Critics Society]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| [[Blockbuster Entertainment Award]]<br />
| Favorite Actor<br />
| ''[[Pitch Black (film)|Pitch Black]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || rowspan="2"| [[MTV Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Male Performance]]<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Team]]<br />
| {{Won}}{{efn|name=fn2|Shared with [[Paul Walker]]}} <br />
|-<br />
| [[Black Reel Award]]<br />
| [[Black Reel Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2003<br />
| MTV Movie Award<br />
| Best Male Performance<br />
| ''[[XXX (2002 film)|xXx]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teen Choice Award]]<br />
| Choice Movie Actor: Drama/Action Adventure<br />
| ''[[XXX (2002 film)|xXx]]''<br />''[[A Man Apart]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| [[Spike Video Game Awards|Spike Video Game Award]]<br />
| Best Performance by a Human Male <br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay|The Chronicles of Riddick:]]''<br />''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay|Escape from Butcher Bay]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2005<br />
| [[8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards|Interactive Achievement Award]]<br />
| [[D.I.C.E. Award for Outstanding Achievement in Character|Outstanding Character Performance - Male]]<ref>{{cite web |title=8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards: Finalists |url=http://www.interactive.org/awards/IAA-8/winners.asp |website=Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302084025/http://www.interactive.org/awards/IAA-8/winners.asp |archive-date=2005-03-02}}</ref><br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Teen Choice Award<br />
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor - Comedy|Choice Movie Actor: Comedy]]<br />
| ''[[The Pacifier]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Golden Raspberry Award]]<br />
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor|Worst Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Entertainment Merchants Association|Video Software Dealers Association Award]]<br />
| Male Star of the Year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinxperience.net/vin-diesel/awards/|title=Awards – VinXperience – The Vin Diesel fansite|access-date=April 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126220851/http://vinxperience.net/vin-diesel/awards/|archive-date=January 26, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2009<br />
| Spike Video Game Award<br />
| Best Performance by a Human Male<br />
| ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena|The Chronicles of Riddick:]]''<br />''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena|Assault on Dark Athena]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| MTV Movie Award<br />
| Best Male Performance<br />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| [[People's Choice Award]]<br />
| Favorite Action Star<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2011<br />
| [[National Association of Theatre Owners#CinemaCon|CinemaCon Award]] || Action Star of the Year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vin-diesel-receive-cinemacon-action-171911|title=Vin Diesel to Receive CinemaCon Action Star of the Year Award | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date= March 28, 2011| access-date=April 13, 2013 | archive-date= December 18, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111218125615/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vin-diesel-receive-cinemacon-action-171911| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Fast Five]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Teen Choice Award<br />
| Choice Movie Actor<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2012<br />
| [[Image Award]]<br />
| [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Black Reel Award<br />
| [[Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble|Best Cast Ensemble]]<br />
| {{nom}}{{efn|name=fn1}}<br />
|-<br />
| People's Choice Award<br />
| Favorite Action Star<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| Teen Choice Award<br />
| Choice Movie: Chemistry<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]''<br />
| {{nom}}{{efn|Shared with [[Paul Walker]] and [[Dwayne Johnson]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014<br />
| People's Choice Award<br />
| Favorite Action Movie Actor<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| MTV Movie Award<br />
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Duo]]<br />
| {{won}}{{efn|name=fn2}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2015<br />
| Phoenix Film Critics Society<br />
| Best Cast<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Black Reel Award<br />
| [[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Voice Performance|Outstanding Voice Performance]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Teen Choice Awards<br />
| Choice Movie Actor: Action<br />
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Furious 7]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Choice Movie: Chemistry<br />
| {{nom}}{{efn|name=fn1}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2016<br />
| rowspan="3"| People's Choice Awards<br />
| Favorite Movie<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Favorite Action Movie<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Favorite Action Movie Actor<br />
| N/A<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| Black Reel Award<br />
| Outstanding Voice Performance<br />
| ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]''<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neglia |first=Matt |date=February 22, 2018 |title=The 2018 Black Reel Awards (BRA) Winners |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2018-black-reel-awards-bra-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127011837/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2018-black-reel-awards-bra-winners/ |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=Next Best Picture}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]]<br />
| Favorite Movie Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/kids-choice-awards-2022-nominations-hosts-miranda-cosgrove-rob-gronkowski-1234974061/|title=Kids' Choice Awards Nominations Set; Miranda Cosgrove & Rob Gronkowski To Host Show|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Erik Pedersen|date=March 9, 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref><br />
|''[[F9: The Fast Saga]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<ref name="KidsChoiceAwards">{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Sets Sliming Record — Winners List |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/nickelodean-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1234998189/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410031044/https://deadline.com/2022/04/nickelodean-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1234998189/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| [[Golden Raspberry Award]]<br />
| Worst Actor<br />
|''[[Fast X]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/razzie-awards-nominations-2024-full-list-1235803012/ |title=Razzie Awards: 'Expend4bles' Leads Nominations |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://people.com/expend4bles-meg-2-and-shazam-fury-of-the-gods-among-2024-razzie-nominations-of-worst-movies-8547029 |title='Expend4bles', 'Meg 2', and 'Shazam! Fury of the Gods' Among 2024 Razzie Nominations of "Worst" Movies |last=VanHoose |first=Benjamin |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/razzie-nominations-2024-chris-evans-jennifer-lopez-1235879949/ |title=Razzie Noms 2024: Chris Evans and Jennifer Lopez Up for Worst Actors; 'Shazam 2' and 'Ant-Man 3' Tie with 4 Nods |last=Murphy |first=J. Kim |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/razzies-razzie-award-nominations-1235800390/ |title=Razzie Awards: 'Expend4bles', 'The Exorcist: Believer', 'Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey' Race to the Bottom |last=Evans |first=Greg |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Vin Diesel}}<br />
<!--* {{official website|http://www.vindiesel.com/}}--><br />
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[[Category:Screenwriters from New York City]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasannavadan_Bhagwanji_Desai&diff=526440Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai2026-03-15T03:54:15Z<p>Nskschool: Adding a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian demographer and economist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = P. B. Desai<br />
| birth_name = Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai<br />
| birth_date = 2 October 1924<br />
| birth_place = [[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhli]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|11 November 1994|2 October 1924}}<br />
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India<br />
| occupation = Professor<br />
| title = Director, [[Institute of Economic Growth]], [[New Delhi]]<br />
| spouse = Lina Desai<br />
}}<br />
'''Professor P. B. Desai''' (1924–1994) was an Indian demographer and economist. He was director of the [[Institute of Economic Growth]] (IEG) in [[New Delhi]] from 1974 to 1976. He headed the Population Research Center at the institute for many years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Growth (India) |first=Institute of Economic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vEf-ZFiNOkC |title=IEG at Fifty: Recollections, Retrospect and Prospect |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-675-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWBopUaCBZUC |title=Headcount: Memoirs of a Demographer |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08351-0 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Desai also served as honorary director of Centre for Parliamentarians on Population and Development in New Delhi. He was founder-member of Indian Society for the Study of Population (IASP), and its president from 1977 to 1979. He was editor of the journal Demography India from its inception in 1972 to 1980, and editor-in-chief from 1980 to 1987. Desai was [[Rapporteur|Rapporteur General]] at the [[United Nations world population conferences|United Nations world population conference]] in [[Bucharest]] in 1974. Other associations included those with [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[National Institute of Urban Affairs]], Delhi Planning Board, Family Planning Foundation of India and International Review Group on Social Science Research. He additionally served as a fellow at [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xqSXGaZfLwC |title=Demography India |date=1993 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
After retirement from IEG, Desai worked in Peace Research Center at [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankel |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzEQAQAAMAAJ |title=The Community Health Worker: Effective Programmes for Developing Countries |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-262236-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lFAAAAYAAJ |title=International Population Conference, New Delhi 1989, 20–27 September |date=1989 |publisher=International Union for the Scientific Study of Population |isbn=978-2-87108-016-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Indian Council of Social Science Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGdXAAAAYAAJ |title=ICSSR Newsletter |date=1986 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
• [[V. K. R. V. Rao|V.K.R.V. Rao]], P. B. Desai. Greater Delhi A Study in Urbanization 1940-1957. Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1965.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=V. K. R. V. |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/109681 |title=Greater Delhi: a study in urbanisation, 1940-1957 |last2=Desai |first2=Prasannavadan B. |date=1965 |publisher=Asia Pub. House |others=Institute of Economic Growth (India) |location=Bombay, New York}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Size and Sex Composition of Population in India 1901-1961. P. B. Desai. Published by Asia Publishing House, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twMvAAAAMAAJ |title=Size and Sex Composition of Population in India, 1901-1961 |date=1969 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22213-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Studies in Demography, [[Ashish Bose]], P. B. Desai, and S. P. Jain (eds), Chapel Hill, Univ of North Carolina Press, 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studies in Demography {{!}} Ashish Bose |url=https://uncpress.org/book/9780807873038/studies-in-demography/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=University of North Carolina Press |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Regional perspective of industrial and urban growth: the case of Kanpur. Papers and proceedings of the International Seminar on Urban and Industrial Growth of Kanpur Region January 29 to February 4, 1967. Chief editor: P. B. Desai; associate editors: I. M. Grossack [and] K. N. Sharma. Published by MacMillan, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17933 |title=Regional perspective of industrial and urban growth |date=1969 |publisher=Macmillan |editor-last=Grossack |editor-first=I. M. |location=Bombay |editor-last2=Sharma |editor-first2=K. N. |editor-last3=Desai |editor-first3=P. B.}}</ref><br />
<br />
• P. B Desai. A survey of research in demography: A project sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Pandurang Bhimarao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcw5AAAAIAAJ |title=A Survey of Research in Demography |last2=Desai |first2=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji |date=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Studies in Social Dynamics of Primary Health Care. Ashish Bose, P. B. Desai. Published by Springer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45sLAQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Social Dynamics of Primary Health Care |date=1983 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation (India) |isbn=978-0-391-02959-0 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Population in the Context of India's Development With Special Reference to Population Education. Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai. Published by UGC-UNFPA Project, Task Force on Curriculum Development, Population Education Resource Centre, Department of Adult & Continuing Education & Extension Work, Gujarat Vidyapith. 1987.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv_rAAAAMAAJ |title=Population in the Context of India's Development: With Special Reference to Population Education |date=1987 |publisher=UGC-UNFPA Project, Task Force on Curriculum Development, Population Education Resource Centre, Department of Adult & Continuing Education & Extension Work, Gujarat Vidyapith |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Report of the Orientation Programme for Maharashtra Legislators on Population and Development. Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai. Published by Indian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. 1991.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B98fAAAAIAAJ |title=Report of the Orientation Programme for Maharashtra Legislators on Population and Development |date=1991 |publisher=Indian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
• Planning in India, 1951-1978. By P. B. Desai. Published by Vikas Publishing House. 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Desai |first1=P. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AguAAAAMAAJ |title=Planning in India, 1951-1978 |last2=Desai |first2=Prasannavadan Bhagwanji |date=1979 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0832-9 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Desai was a [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] and a freedom fighter. He was jailed for about 10 months during the [[Indian independence movement]], including in solitary confinement for some time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian demographers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scholars]]<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:1994 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabla&diff=471094Tabla2026-03-14T19:59:50Z<p>Nskschool: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian pair of hand drums}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Hatnote group|<br />
{{Distinguish|Tablah}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Copy edit|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Instrument<br />
| name = ''Tabla''<br />
| image = Prop._Tabla.jpg<br />
| background = percussion<br />
| classification = [[Membranophone]] [[percussion instrument]]<br />
| hornbostel_sachs = 211.12<br />
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sets of instruments in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped<br />
| range = One octave (variable)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |title=India: The Rough Guide |date=1994 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-104-9 |page=1137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wcZAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ellingham |first1=Mark |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |date=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA73 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| developed = 18th century, India<br />
| related = [[Pakhavaj]], [[mridangam]], [[khol]], [[dholak]], [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]], [[madal]], [[tbilat]], [[Jori (instrument)|jori]], [[bongos]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Tabla drums demo.webm|thumb|A demo of ''tabla'' playing]]<br />
<br />
A '''''tabla'''''{{efn|name=nb1}} is a pair of [[hand drums]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Since the 18th century, it has been the principal percussion instrument in [[Hindustani classical music]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=P864 |year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2|pages=820, 864}}</ref> where it may be played solo, as an accompaniment with other instruments and vocals, or as a part of larger ensembles. It is frequently played in popular and folk music performances in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="brittabla">[https://www.britannica.com/art/tabla Tabla] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baily |first=John |title=Music of Afghanistan : professional musicians in the city of Herat|date=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25000-5|location=Cambridgeshire [England]|oclc=17299692}}</ref> The tabla is an essential instrument in the [[bhakti]] devotional traditions of [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]], such as during ''[[bhajan]]'' and ''[[kirtan]]'' singing.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC&pg=PA87|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|author2=Catherine Robinson|author3=Michael York|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-135-18978-5|pages=87–88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Derek B. Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL37scDf0PMC|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7546-6476-5|page=289}}</ref> It is one of the main [[qawwali]] instruments used by [[Sufi]] musicians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamal Salhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc5iAgAAQBAJ|title=Music, Culture and Identity in the Muslim World: Performance, Politics and Piety|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-317-96310-3|pages=183–184}}</ref> The instrument is also featured in dance performances such as [[Kathak]]. Tabla is a rhythmic instrument.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Nettl |editor1-first=Bruno |editor2-last=Stone |editor2-first=Ruth M. |editor3-last=Porter |editor3-first=James |editor4-last=Rice |editor4-first=Timothy |title=The Garland encyclopedia of world music |date=1998 |isbn=0-8240-6035-0|location=New York|oclc=36407898}}</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''tabla'' likely comes from ''tabl'', the Arabic word for drum.<ref name="EmmertMinegishi1980">{{cite book|author1=Richard Emmert|author2=Yuki Minegishi|title=Musical voices of Asia: report of (Asian Traditional Performing Arts 1978)|url=https://archive.org/details/musicalvoicesofa00asia|url-access=registration|access-date=25 December 2012|year=1980|publisher=Heibonsha|page=[https://archive.org/details/musicalvoicesofa00asia/page/266 266]}}</ref> The ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars, though earliest evidence trace its evolution from indigenous musical instruments of the [[Indian subcontinent]]; drums like structure is mentioned in Vedic-era texts.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1" /><br />
<br />
The tabla consists of two small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes.<ref name="brittabla" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=William Alves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=688hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|title=Music of the Peoples of the World|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=978-1-133-30794-5|page=252}}</ref> Each drum is made of hollowed-out wood, clay, or metal. The smaller drum (''dayan/tabla'') is used for creating treble and tonal sounds, while the primary function of the larger drum (''baya/dagga'') is for producing bass. They are laced with hoops, thongs, and wooden dowels on its sides; the dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membranes for tuning the drums.<ref name="SorrellNarayan1980p40">{{cite book|author1=Neil Sorrell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA40|title=Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction|author2=Ram Narayan|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9|pages=40–41}}</ref><br />
<br />
The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables (''[[Bol (music)|bol]]'').<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
===Traditions===<br />
According to legend, it was derived from the ancient barrel drum known as ''mridana,'' which the deity [[Krishna]] is said to have cut in half to create the ''tabla''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Origins and Development of Musical Instruments |last=Montagu |first=Jeremy |date=2007-10-29 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810877702 |pages=33 |language=English}}</ref><br />
The history of the tabla is although originated in Afghanistan it is unclear which king brought it to India.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1">{{cite book|author=Robert S. Gottlieb|title=Solo Tabla Drumming of North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&pg=PA1|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1093-8|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref name="Dean2012p104">{{cite book|author=Matt Dean|title=The Drum: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CdzdFgfV8YC&pg=PA104|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-8170-9|page=104}}</ref> There are two groups of theories; the first theorizes the instrument had indigenous origins while the other traces its origins to the [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invaders of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1"/> While the carvings in [[Bhaja Caves]] support the theory that the instrument had indigenous origins, clear pictorial evidence of the drum emerges only from about 1745, and the drum continued to develop in shape until the early 1800s.<ref name="Kippen 2000">{{cite book|author=James Kippen|title=Hindustani Tala, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT263|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351544382}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian origins===<br />
The origin of tabla is traced back to an indigenous ancient civilization. The stone sculpture carvings in Bhaja Caves depict a woman playing a pair of drums, which some have claimed as evidence for the ancient origin of the tabla in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=S Prajnanananda|title=A historical study of Indian music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guXibgtWsNwC|year=1981|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=82|isbn=9788121501774}}</ref><ref name=hilj4>{{cite journal |last=Meshram |first=Pradipkumar S. |date=1981 |title=The tabla in the Bhaja cave sculptures: A note |journal=Indica |volume=18 |page=57}}</ref><ref name=hilj1>Mark Hijleh, 2019, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b6h8DwAAQBAJ&dq=bhaja+caves+tabla&pg=PT48 Towards a Global Music History: Intercultural Convergence, Fusion, and transformation in the human musical history], Routledge</ref> A different version of this theory states that the tabla acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule, having evolved from ancient Indian ''puśkara'' drums. The evidence of the hand-held ''puśkara'' is found in many temple carvings, such as at the 6th and 7th century [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Muktesvara]] and Bhuvaneswara temples in India.<ref name="Dean2012p104"/><ref name="Gottlieb1993p2">{{cite book|author=Robert S. Gottlieb|title=Solo Tabla Drumming of North India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&pg=PA1|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1093-8|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref name="Singh2000p135">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564894-2|pages=135–136}}</ref> These arts show drummers who are sitting, with two or three separate small drums, with their palm and fingers in a position as if they are playing those drums.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p2"/> However, it is not apparent in any of these ancient carvings that those drums were made of the same material and skin, or played the same music, as the modern tabla.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p2"/><br />
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The textual evidence for similar material and methods of construction as ''tabla'' comes from [[Sanskrit]] texts. The earliest discussion of ''tabla''-like musical instrument building methods is found in the Hindu text ''[[Natyashastra]]''. This text also includes descriptions of paste-patches (''syahi'') such as those found on a tabla.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p2"/> The ''Natyashastra'' also discusses how to play these drums. The South Indian text ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', likely composed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE, describes thirty types of drums along with many stringed and other instruments. These are, however, called ''pushkara''; the name ''tabla'' appears in later periods.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter |display-authors=etal |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA327 |year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|page=327}}</ref><br />
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===Muslim and Mughal origins===<br />
This theory is based on the etymological links of the word ''tabla'' to the Arabic word ''tabl'' which means "drum". Beyond the root of the word, this proposal points to the documentary evidence that the Muslim armies had hundreds of soldiers on camels and horses carrying paired drums as they invaded the Indian subcontinent. They would beat these drums to scare the residents, the non-Muslim armies, their elephants and chariots, that they intended to attack. However, the war drums did not look or sound anything like ''tabla'', they were large paired drums and were called ''[[Naqareh|naqqara]]'' (noise, chaos makers).<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1"/><br />
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Another version states that Amir Khusraw, a musician patronized by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] invented the ''tabla'' when he cut an ''Awaj'' drum, which used to be hourglass-shaped, into two parts. However, no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with this evidence, nor was it found in the list of musical instruments that were written down by Muslim historians. For example, Abul Fazi included a long list of musical instruments in his ''Ain-i-akbari'' written in the time of the 16th-century Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], the generous patron of music. Abul Fazi's list makes no mention of ''tabla''.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1"/><br />
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The third version credits the invention of ''tabla'' to the 18th-century musician, with a similar-sounding name Amir Khusru, where he is suggested to have cut a ''[[Pakhawaj]]'' into two to create ''tabla''. Miniature paintings of this era show instruments that sort of look like ''tabla''. This theory implies that ''tabla'' emerged from within the Muslim community of Indian subcontinent and were not an Arabian import.<ref name="Gottlieb1993p1"/><ref name="Lavezzoli2006p37">{{cite book|author=Peter Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA37|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9|pages=37–39}}</ref> However, scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a ''pakhawaj'' drum into two to make ''tabla'' drums "cannot be given any credence".<ref name="SorrellNarayan1980p40"/><br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Stone carvings at Bhaje caves.jpg|thumbnail|200 BCE carvings at Buddhist [[Bhaja Caves]], [[Maharashtra]], India showing a woman playing a pair of drums and another dancer performing.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Meshram |first=Pradipkumar S. |year=1981 |title=The tabla in the Bhaja cave sculptures: A note |journal=Indica |volume=18 |pages=57–59}}</ref>]]<br />
Drums and [[Tala (music)|Talas]] are mentioned in the [[Veda|Vedic]] era texts.<ref name=":2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QOSXX270RxMC The theory and practice of Tabla], Sadanand Naimpalli, Popular Prakashan</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=66–68 |first=Lewis |last= Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9}}</ref> A percussion musical instrument with two or three small drums, held with strings, called ''Pushkara'' (also spelled ''Pushkala'') were in existence in pre-5th century Indian subcontinent along with other drums such as the [[Mridang]], but these are not called ''tabla'' then.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|author2=Ernst Leumann|author3=Carl Cappeller|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC| year=2002| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 978-81-208-3105-6|pages=638–639}}</ref> The pre-5th century paintings in the [[Ajanta Caves]], for example, show a group of musicians playing small tabla-like upright seated drums, a kettle-shaped ''mridang'' drum and cymbals.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Anil de Silva-Vigier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dczAQAAIAAJ |title=Music |author2=Otto Georg von Simson |publisher=New York Graphic Society |year=1964 |series=Man through his art |volume=2 |page=22 |oclc=71767819}}, '''Quote''': "To her left are two girls standing with cymbals in their hands, and two seated playing drums, one with a pair of upright drums like the modern Indian dhol, and the other, sitting cross-legged, with a drum held horizontally, like the modern mirdang."<br />
<br />
Tabla a quest, (Volume 1) by <nowiki>[[Ustad Julfikar Hussain]]</nowiki> and Debasish Talukdar. Pub. Anshiak Publication 2022. {{ISBN|978-93-5967-999-0}}</ref> Similar artwork with seated musicians playing drums, but carved in stone, are found in the [[Ellora Caves]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC&pg=PA24|year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20629-8|pages=24–25}}</ref> and others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pia Brancaccio|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C|year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18525-8|page=21}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6 ancient drum types of Madhya Pradesh, Indian subcontinent.jpg|thumb|left|Some drums of central India that look like ''tabla'', but do not have Syahi which creates the unique Tabla sound.]]A type of small Indian drums, along with many other musical instruments, are also mentioned in Tibetan and Chinese memoirs written by Buddhist monks who visited the Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE. The ''pushkala'' are called ''rdzogs pa'' (pronounced dzokpa) in Tibetan literature.<ref>[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=རྫོགས་པ་ རྫོགས་པ་], Tibetan English Dictionary (2011)</ref> The ''pushkara'' drums are also mentioned in many ancient Jainism and Buddhism texts, such as ''Samavayasutra'', ''Lalitavistara'' and ''Sutralamkara''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Radha Kumud Mookerji|title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC&pg=PA354 |year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0423-4|pages=354–355}}</ref><br />
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Various Hindu and Jain temples, such as the Eklingji in Udaipur, Rajasthan show stone carvings of a person playing tabla-like small pair of drums. Small drums were popular during the [[Seuna dynasty|Yadava rule]] (1210 to 1247) in the south, at the time when [[Sangita Ratnakara]] was written by [[Sarangadeva]]. [[Madhava Kandali]], 14th century [[Assamese people|Assamese]] poet and writer of [[Saptakanda Ramayana]], lists several instruments in his version of ''"Ramayana"'', such as tabal, [[Anklet|jhajhar]], [[dotara]], [[Veena|vina]], [[Rudra veena|bīn]], [[Vipanchi veena|vipanchi]], etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in 14th century or earlier). There is recent iconography of the drum-like structure dating back to 1799.<ref>[http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/solvynsonline/pages/Calcutta160.html] [[Frans Balthazar Solvyns]], ''A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings.'' (1799)</ref> There are [[Hindu]] temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction%20to%20Tabla.ppt |format=Microsoft PowerPoint |title=Introduction to Tabla, the Ancient Indian Drums |author1=Chintan Vaishnav |author2=Collin Joye |website=MIT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902141104/http://web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction%20to%20Tabla.ppt |archive-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> The tabla was spread widely across ancient India. A Hoysaleshwara temple in [[Karnataka]] shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_1988_num_77_1_1741|title=Persée|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1988 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1988.1741 |access-date=20 February 2015 |last1=Deloche |first1=Jean }}</ref><br />
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According to classifications of musical instruments defined in the ''[[Natyashastra]]'', Tabla is classified in the ''Avanadha Vadya'' category of rhythm instruments which are made by capping an empty vessel with a stretched skin.<ref name=":2" /><br />
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==Construction and features==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2009}}<br />
The tabla consists of two single-headed, barrel-shaped small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes: ''baya'' and ''daya'' for left and right drums, respectively.<ref name="brittabla" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
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[[File:Ustad Zakir Hussain 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Ustad Zakir Hussain]] performing at [[Konark]], [[Odisha]]. This illustrates the common sitting position used by tabla players.]]<br />
The smaller drum, played with the dominant hand, is called dayan (literally "right" side), dāhina, siddha or chattū, but is correctly called the "tabla." It is made from a conical piece of mostly [[teak]] and [[rosewood]] hollowed out to approximately half of its total depth. The ''daya tabla'' is played by the musician's right hand (dominant hand), and is about 15 centimetres (~6 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) high. The drum is tuned to a specific note, usually either the [[Tonic (music)|tonic]], [[Dominant (music)|dominant]] or [[subdominant]] of the soloist's key and thus complements the [[melody]]. This is the ground note of the ''[[raga]]'' called ''Sa'' (the tonic in Indian music).<ref name="brittabla" /> The tuning range is limited, although different dāyāñs are produced in different sizes, each with a different range. Cylindrical wood blocks, termed Gatta, are inserted between the strap and the shell allowing tension to be adjusted by their vertical positioning. Fine-tuning is achieved while striking vertically on the braided portion of the head using a small, heavy hammer. While tabla usually features two drums, a [[tabla tarang]] may consist of 10-16 dayas to perform melodies based on several [[ragas]].<br />
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The ''baya tabla'' is a bit bigger and kettledrum-shaped, about 20 centimetres (~8 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) in height. It played with the non-dominant hand, is called bāyāñ (literally "left") duggī or dhāmā (correctly called "dagga"), has a much deeper [[bass (sound)|bass]] [[timbre|tone]], much like its distant cousin, the [[kettle drum]]. The bāyāñs can be found to be made up of many different types of materials. Brass is the most common, copper is more expensive, but generally held to be the best, while aluminum and steel are often found in inexpensive models. Sometimes wood is used, especially in old bāyāñs from the Punjab. Clay is also used, although not favored for durability; these are generally found in the North-East region of Bengal. The ''baya'' construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the ''daya'' drum. The musician uses their hand's heel pressure to change the [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[tone colour]] of each drum during a performance.<ref name="brittabla" /><ref name="SorrellNarayan1980p40" /><br />
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The [[drumhead|head]] of each drum has a central area of "tuning paste" called the [[syahi]] (lit. "ink"; a.k.a. ''shāī'' or ''gāb''). ''Syahi'' is common in many drums of Indian origin. This method allows these drums to produce [[Overtone|harmonic overtones]] and is responsible for their unique sound.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Kumar|first2=Sivakali|s2cid=4159476|date=1920|title=Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=104|issue=2620|pages=500|doi=10.1038/104500a0|bibcode=1920Natur.104..500R|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429634}}</ref> ''Syahi'' is constructed using multiple layers of a paste made from starch (rice or wheat) mixed with a black powder of various origins. The precise construction and shaping of this area is responsible for the modification of the drum's natural overtones, resulting in the clarity of pitch (see [[inharmonicity]]) and variety of tonal possibilities unique to this instrument which has a bell-like sound. The skill required for the proper construction of this area is highly refined and is the main differentiating factor in the quality of a particular instrument. The earliest discussion of these paste-patches is found in the Hindu text ''[[Natyashastra]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottlieb, Robert S.|title=Solo tabla drumming of North India : its repertoire, styles, and performance practices|date=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=81-208-1095-3|edition=1st Indian|location=Delhi|oclc=30620399}}</ref><br />
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For stability while playing, each drum is positioned on a [[toroid]]al bundle called ''chutta'' or ''guddi'', consisting of plant fiber or another malleable material wrapped in cloth. They are commonly played while sitting cross-legged on the floor.<br />
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==Musical notation==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2018}}<br />
[[File:Keharwa Taal written in Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Notation.png|thumb|406x406px|Keharwa Taal written in [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] Notation. The [[Bol (music)|bols]] are written in both Latin and Devanagari. The [[Matra (music)|Matras]] (beat measure) are specified using numerals. 'X' indicates Sum (first beat) and 'O' serves as an indicator for Khaali.]]<br />
Indian music is traditionally practice-oriented and until the 20th century did not employ written notations as the primary media of instruction, understanding, or transmission. The rules of Indian music and compositions themselves are taught from a guru to a shishya, in person. Thus oral notation for playing tabla strokes and compositions is very developed and exact. These are made up of [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoetic]] syllables and are known as [[Bol (music)|bols]].<br />
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Written notation is regarded as a matter of taste and is not standardized. Thus, there is no universal system of written notation for the rest of the world to study Indian music. The two popular systems for writing notations were created by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] and [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Naimpalli, Sadanand.|title=Theory and practice of tabla|date=2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-149-7|location=Mumbai|pages=71–73|oclc=61285249}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> These notations are named after their respective creators. Both these systems have bols written down in a script such as [[Latin script|Latin]] or [[Devanagari]]. The differences arise in the representation of various concepts of a compositions, such as ''Taali, Khaali, Sum'' (the first beat in a rhythmic cycle''),'' and ''Khand'' (divisions). Another difference is the use of numerals in the Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande system to represent ''[[Matra (music)|matras]]'' and beat measures, whereas more sophisticated symbols are used in the Vishnu Digambar Paluskar system to denote one ''matra'', its fractions and combinations.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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==Basic strokes==<br />
Tabla's repertoire and techniques borrow many elements from [[Pakhavaj]] and [[Mridangam]], which are played sideways using one's palms. The physical structure of these drums also share similar components: the smaller pakhavaj head for the dayan, the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan, and the flexible use of the bass of the [[dholak]].<ref>Stewart R. Unpublished thesis, UCLA, 1974</ref> Tabla is played from the top and uses "finger tip and hand percussive" techniques allowing more complex movements.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web|date=September 2015|title=tabla (musical instrument) –|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579723/tabla}}</ref> The rich language of tabla is made up of permutations of some basic strokes. These basic strokes are divided into five major categories along with a few examples:<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Beronja |first=Srdjan |title=The art of the Indian tabla|date=2008|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn=978-81-291-1431-0|location=New Delhi|pages=127|oclc=318093440}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Courtney|first=Todd A. Dombrowski, David|title=Basic Technique of Tabla bols: Dhaa, Dhin, Ga, Ka, Naa, Na, Taa, Tak, TiRaKiTa, Tin, Tu, etc.|url=http://chandrakantha.com/tablasite/bsicbols.htm#Tu|website=chandrakantha.com|access-date=3 September 2016|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426081855/http://chandrakantha.com/tablasite/bsicbols.htm#Tu|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
# Bols played on the ''daya'' (right / treble drum)<br />
#* ''Na:'' striking the edge of the syahi with the last two fingers of the right hand<br />
#* ''Ta'' or ''Ra:'' striking sharply with the index finger against the rim while simultaneously applying gentle pressure to the edge of the syahi with the ring finger to suppress the fundamental vibration mode<br />
#* ''Tin:'' placing the last two fingers of the right hand lightly against the [[syahi]] and striking on the border between the syahi and the maidan (resonant)<br />
#* ''Te:'' striking the center of the syahi with the middle finger in Delhi gharana, or using middle, ring, and little fingers together in Varanasi style (non resonant)<br />
#* ''Ti:'' striking the center of the syahi with the index finger (non resonant)<br />
#* ''Tun'': striking the center of the syahi with the index finger to excite the fundamental vibration mode (resonant)<br />
#* ''TheRe:'' striking of syahi with palm<br />
# Bols played on ''baya'' (left / bass drum)<br />
#* ''Ghe:'' holding wrist down and arching the fingers over the syahi; the middle and ring-fingers then strike the maidan (resonant)<br />
#* ''Ga:'' striking the index finger<br />
#* ''Ka'', ''Ke'', or ''Kat:'' (on bayan) striking with the flat palm and fingers (non resonant)<br />
# Bols played on both the drums on unison<br />
#* ''Dha:'' combination of ''Na'' and (''Ga'' or ''Ghe'')<br />
#* ''Dhin:'' combination of ''Tin'' and (''Ga'' or ''Ghe'')<br />
# Bols played one after another in a successive manner<br />
#* ''Ti Re Ki Ta''<br />
#* ''TaK'' = ''Ta'' + ''Ke''<br />
# Bols played as [[Drum rudiment#Flam|flam]]<br />
#* ''Ghran'': ''Ge'' immediately followed by ''Na''<br />
#* ''TriKe'': ''Ti'' immediately followed by ''Ke'' and ''Te''<br />
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==Tabla talas==<br />
[[Tala (music)|Tala]] defines the musical meter of a composition. It is characterized by groups of [[Matra (music)|matras]] in a defined time cycle.<ref name=":2" /> Talas are composed of basic elements, [[Bol (music)|bols]]. ''Matra'' defines the number of beats within a rhythm. Talas can be of 3 to 108 matras. They are played in repeated cycles. The starting beat of each cycle is known as ''Sum''. This beat is often represented by a special symbol such as 'X'. This is the most emphasized beat of the cycle. Other emphasized parts of the tala which are represented by ''Taali'' (clap), while ''Khali'' (empty) portions are played in a relaxed manner. They are represented by a 'O' in Vishnu Narayanan Bhatkhande notation. Tali is often marked by a numeral representing its beat measure. Separate sections or stanzas of a tala are called ''Vibhagas''.<br />
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Three main types of [[tempos]] or ''layas'' are used in playing tabla talas: 1) Slow ''(vilambit)'' or half speed, 2) Medium ''(madhya)'' or reference speed, and 3) Fast ''(drut)'' or double speed. Keeping these three tempos as reference, other variations of these tempos are also defined such as ''Aadi laya'' where bols are played at one and a half speed of medium tempo. Others such as ''Ati Ati drut laya'' stand for a very fast tempo.<ref name=":3" /> Modern tabla players often use beats per minute measures as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhythm (taal) in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Rhythm.html|access-date=17 August 2020|website=raag-hindustani.com}}</ref><br />
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There are many talas in Hindustani music. [[Teental]] or trital is one of the most popular tala played on Tabla. It has 16 beat measures or ''matras'', and can be written down as 4 sections of 4 ''matras'' each. Teental can be played at both slow and fast speeds. Other talas such as Dhamaar, Ek, Jhoomra and Chau talas are better suited for slow and medium tempos. While some flourish at faster speeds, such as Jhap or Rupak talas. Some of the popular talas in Hindustani classical music include:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Beats<br />
! Division<br />
! Vibhag<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tintal|Teental]] (or Trital or Tintal)<br />
| 16<br />
| 4+4+4+4<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jhoomra]]<br />
| 14<br />
| 3+4+3+4<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tilwada]]<br />
| 16<br />
| 4+4+4+4<br />
| x 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]]<br />
| 14<br />
| 5+2+3+4<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ektal]] and Chautal<br />
| 12<br />
| 2+2+2+2+2+2<br />
| X 0 2 0 3 4<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jhaptal]] (or Japtal)<br />
| 10<br />
| 2+3+2+3<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Keherwa]]<br />
| 8<br />
| 4+4<br />
|X 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rupak Tala|Rupak]] (Mughlai/Roopak)<br />
| 7<br />
| 3+2+2<br />
| 0 X 2<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dadra]]<br />
| 6<br />
| 3+3<br />
| X 0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Rare Hindustani talas===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Beats<br />
! Division<br />
! Vibhaga<br />
|-<br />
| Adachoutal<br />
| 14<br />
<br />
| 2+2+2+2+2+2+2<br />
| X 2 0 3 0 4 0<br />
|-<br />
| Brahmtal<br />
| 28<br />
| 2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2<br />
| X 0 2 3 0 4 5 6 0 7 8 9 10 0<br />
|-<br />
| Dipchandi<br />
| 14<br />
| 3+4+3+4<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| Shikar (tal)|Shikar<br />
| 17<br />
| 6+6+2+3<br />
| X 0 3 4<br />
|-<br />
| Sultal<br />
| 10<br />
| 2+2+2+2+2<br />
| x 0 2 3 0<br />
|-<br />
| Teevra<br />
| 7<br />
| 3+2+2<br />
| x 2 3<br />
|-<br />
| Ussole e Fakhta<br />
| 5<br />
| 1+1+1+1+1<br />
| x 3<br />
|-<br />
| Farodast<br />
| 14<br />
| 3+4+3+4<br />
| X 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| Pancham Savari<br />
| 15<br />
| 3+4+4+4<br />
| x 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
| Gaj Jhampa<br />
| 15<br />
| 5+5+5<br />
| x 2 0 3<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Tabla Gharanas ==<br />
Tabla [[gharana]]s are responsible for the development of a variety of new bols, characteristic playing techniques, composition styles and rhythmic structures. Gharanas acted as a means of preserving these styles between generations of tabla players. The first recorded history of gharanas is in the early 18th century. Delhi gharana is considered to be the first and the oldest traditional tabla tradition. Its students were responsible for the spawn of other gharanas as well. Each of these gharanas includes a handful of prominent players and maestros. They carry the honorific title '[[Pandit]]' and '[[Ustad]]' for Hindu and Muslim tabla players, respectively. Modernization and accessible means of travel have reduced the rigid boundaries between these gharanas in recent times.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
===The different Gharanas in Tabla===<br />
* [[Delhi gharana|Delhi Gharana]]<br />
* [[Lucknow gharana (tabla)|Lucknow Gharana]]<br />
* [[Ajrara gharana|Ajrada Gharana]]<br />
* [[Farukhabad gharana|Farukhabad Gharana]]<br />
* [[Benares Gharana]]<br />
* [[Punjab Gharana]]<br />
<br />
==Kayda==<br />
A '''Kayda''' or '''Kaida''' is a type of Tabla composition. There are two major types of tabla compositions, fixed (pre-composed) and improvised (composed and improvised at the time of practicing or performing). A rhythmic seed (theme) is introduced, which is then used as a basis for elaboration through improvisation and/or composition. The word '''Kayda''' is an Arabic or Hindi word which means 'rule' or 'a system of rules'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कायदा - Meaning in English - Shabdkosh|url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/english-hindi/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE-meaning-in-hindi|access-date=9 December 2020|website=Shabdkosh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnatic-circle.com/tabla-lessonsnotes/kaidapaltas/|title=Kaida/Paltas -|website=Carnatic-circle.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> The rules for playing a kayda are complex, but in short, one must only use the bols that are in the original theme. This original theme is known as a Mukh. The kayda form originated in the [[Delhi Gharana]] of tabla playing and serves three fundamental and very important roles for tabla players.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tabla|url=https://www.melbournetablaschool.com/tabla.html|access-date=9 December 2020|website=Melbourne Tabla School|language=en}}</ref> The Dayan (right side tabla - also known as '''Dagga''') and Bayan (Left side tabla - just known as '''Tabla''') of the Tabla are used in synchronization to form a Kayda. Kaydas can be played in any Tala. But in most of the concerts, Teental and their Kaydas are played very often. Note that in [[tala (music)|tala]]s like [[Dadra]] and [[Keherwa]] or in {{transliteration|hi|italic=no|thekas}} like [[Bhajan]]i, {{transliteration|hi|italic=no|laggis}} are played, {{transliteration|hi|italic=no|kaydas}} are not played. The reason for this is that these {{transliteration|hi|italic=no|talas/thekas}} mentioned in the previous line are specifically played for Semi-Classical and light music ([[Bhajans]], [[Kirtans]], [[Thumris]], etc.) and not for Hindustani classical music. Different Gharanas have their own Kaydas.<br />
<br />
Basic structure of a kayda:<br />
<br />
#Mukh - Basic bol which is called as '''Mukh''' that means face of the particular Kayda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enghindi.com/english-word-for-mukh.html|title=English Word for mukh - मुख का अंग्रेजी में अर्थ - EngHindi.com|website=Enghindi.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> The kayda's bols are structured out of the Mukh.<br />
#Dohara - '''Dohara''' is the repetition of the Mukh 3 times. Dohara means to repeat. In Hindi it is called Doharana that means to repeat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindi2dictionary.com/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-meaning-english.html|title=(Doharana) दोहराना meaning in English &#124; Matlab &#124; Definition|website=Hindi2dictionary.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><br />
#Adha Dohara - '''Adha Dohara''' is the repetition of the first bol of the Mukh.<br />
#Vishram - '''Vishram''' means taking rest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-in-English|title=Meaning of विश्राम in English &#124; विश्राम का अर्थ (विश्राम ka Angrezi Matlab)|website=Shabdkosh.raftaar.in|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> As the name suggests, a minute of pause is taken from the bol.<br />
#Adha Vishram - '''Adha Vishram''' is the repetition of taking a pause i.e. repetition of the bol that was repeated in Vishram.<br />
#Palta - '''Palta''' is a variation of various bols, but these bols are stuck or are only from the bols which are there in the Mukh. This Palta is a section of the whole Kayda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.chandrakantha.com/post/creating-paltas-for-kaidas-8674634|title=Creating Paltas for Kaidas|website=Forum.chandrakantha.com|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://52kaidas.blogspot.com/2010/02/uthan-palta-theka.html|title=52 Kaidas: Uthan, Palta Theka|website=52kaidas.blogspot.com|date=22 February 2010|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Now what it means that Palta is a section. It means that like Mukh, Dohara, Adha Dohara, Vishram, Adha Vishram, these 4 names are not or cannot be repeated. So there is no duplication of all the 4 names taken. So all of the 4 names taken above are played only once. But a Palta, as said it is a section. joining various bols many such Palte (plural form of Palta) can be created.<br />
#Tihai - The musical phrase sung or played thrice to arrive at the Sam/Sum is called a '''Tithai'''. It is the last part of a Kayda. The Mukh's last part is played thrice i.e. 3 times and then the particular Kayda is ended.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Music Contexts: A Concise Dictionary of Hindustani Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFwbGi3oBHgC&pg=PA167|access-date=16 October 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-63-7|pages=167–}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable players ==<br />
<br />
* [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa|Ustad Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]]<br />
* [[Alla Rakha|Ustad Alla Rakha]]<br />
* [[Pandit Kishan Maharaj]]<br />
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Ustad Zakir Hussain]]<br />
* [[Yogesh Samsi|Pandit Yogesh Shamsi]]<br />
* [[Suresh Talwalkar|Pandit Suresh Talwalkar]]<br />
* [[Anindo Chatterjee|Pandit Anindo Chatterjee]]<br />
* [[Kumar Bose|Pandit Kumar Bose]] <br />
* [[Nayan Ghosh|Pandit Nayan Ghosh]]<br />
* [[Subhankar Banerjee (musician)|Pandit Shubhankar Banerjee]]<br />
* [[Swapan Chaudhuri|Pandit Swapan Chaudhuri]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
* [[Damaru]]<br />
* [[Dangdut]]<br />
* [[Doumbek]] – Arabian drum also known in Egypt as "tabla", "Egyptian tabla", or "Alexandrian tabla".<br />
* [[Drum]]<br />
* [[Madal]]<br />
* [[Mridanga]]<br />
* [[Mridangam]]<br />
* [[Pakhavaj]]<br />
* [[Tbilat]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist|refs=<br />
{{efn|name=nb1|In other languages:<!-- please keep languages in alphabetical order, all are equally important --> {{langx|as|তবলা}}, {{langx|bn|তবলা}}, {{langx|prs|طبلا}}, {{langx|gu|તબલા}}, {{langx|hi|तबला}}, {{langx|kn|ತಬಲಾ}}, {{langx|ml|തബല}}, {{langx|mr|तबला}}, {{langx|ne|तबला}}, {{langx|or|ତବଲା}}, {{langx|ps|طبله}}, {{langx|pa|ਤਬਲਾ}}, {{Langx|si|තබ්ලාව}}, {{langx|ta|தபலா}}, {{langx|te|తబలా}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|طبلہ}}}} }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming: A Survey Presentation Based on Performances by India's Leading Artists'', by Robert S. Gottlieb. Pub. Musikverlag E. Katzbichler, 1977. {{ISBN|978-3-87397-300-8}}.<br />
* ''The tabla of Lucknow: a cultural analysis of a musical tradition'', by James Kippen. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1988. {{ISBN|0-521-33528-0}}.<br />
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xk7L_DNcUC&q=Tabla Solo Tabla Drumming of North India: Text & commentary]'', by Robert S. Gottlieb, [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ., 1993. {{ISBN|81-208-1093-7}}.<br />
* ''Fundamentals of Tabla'' (Volume 1), by [[David R. Courtney]]. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 1995. {{ISBN|0-9634447-6-X}}.<br />
* ''Advanced Theory of Tabla'' (Volume 2), by [[David R. Courtney]]. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2000. {{ISBN|0-9634447-9-4}}.<br />
* ''Manufacture and Repair of Tabla'' (Volume 3), by [[David R. Courtney]]. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2001. {{ISBN|1-893644-02-2}}.<br />
* ''Focus on the Kaidas of Tabla'' (Volume 4), by [[David R. Courtney]]. Pub. Sur Sangeet Services, 2002. {{ISBN|1-893644-03-0}}.<br />
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z63zvthhbhAC&q=Tabla Theory and practice of tabla]'', by Sadanand Naimpalli. Popular Prakashan, 2005. {{ISBN|81-7991-149-7}}.<br />
* ''Tabla: A Quest: A Theoretical & Practical Guide'' (Volume 1) by [[Ustad Julfikar Hussain]] and Debasish Talukdar. Anshiak Publication, 2022. {{ISBN|978-93-5967-999-0}}.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Tabla}}<br />
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210231.html On Covered Instruments (puṣkara, 'drums')], Chapter XXXII of the ''[[Nāṭyaśāstra]]''<br />
* [https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/27/resources/7037 Lowell H. Lybarger Collection of Pakistani Music Materials] at the [https://library.harvard.edu/collections/isham-memorial-library Isham Memorial Library, Harvard University]<br />
<br />
{{Indian musical instruments}}<br />
{{Percussion}}<br />
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Afghan musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Battle drums]]<br />
[[Category:Directly struck membranophones]]<br />
[[Category:Drums of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Hand drums]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Pitched percussion instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan musical instruments]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghalib_Museum&diff=500305Ghalib Museum2026-03-14T10:28:03Z<p>Nskschool: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|a museum at the [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi|Ghalib Academy]]|The museum at Ghalib's Havelli in Ballimaran Old Delhi|Ghalib ki Haveli}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox museum<br />
| name = Mirza Ghalib Museum<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = File:Gm_01_artefacts.JPG<br />
| imagesize = 150 px<br />
| caption = Painting of Mirza Ghalib in Ghalib Museum<br />
| alt = Building of [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]<br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size =<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28.591460|77.243253|display=inline}}<br />
| established = {{Start date|1969|02|22|df=y}}<br />
| dissolved = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| location = Nizamuddin (West)<br />
| type = Memorial<br />
| accreditation = <br />
| key_holdings = Coins of Mughal Era, Handwritten Poems/[[letters of Ghalib]]<br />
| collections = Paintings, Calligraphy, Handwritten specimens<br />
| collection_size = <br />
| visitors = <br />
| director = <br />
| president = <br />
| curator = <br />
| owner = [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]<br />
| publictransit = Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium Metro<br />
| car_park = <br />
| network = <br />
| website = {{URL|www.ghalibacademy.org}} <br />
}}<br />
'''Mirza Ghalib Museum, New Delhi''' is a museum on the life and times of the 18th century Urdu poet [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]],<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT/delhi+govt/travel+and+tourism/museum|accessdate=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527221630/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT/delhi+govt/travel+and+tourism/museum|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> under the aegis of the [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]. The museum is situated in the vicinity of the tomb of the 13th century Sufi saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Khwaja Nizamuddin]].<br />
<br />
==About==<br />
The museum is housed on the third floor of the [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi|Ghalib Academy]] building. It was formally declared open by the 3rd President of India Dr. [[Zakir Husain]] on the occasion of the Ghalib Centenary on 22 February 1969. The museum presents pictures of Ghalib's residences, food habits and attires of the poet and his times. There are seals, coins dating to the mughal era, Postage stamps and specimen of handwriting housed in this museum. Paintings of renowned artists like those of [[M.F. Hussain]], [[Jayant Parikh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=List of artists in document Ghalib Academy: A Lasting Memorial |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1018752/a-historic-collection-of-indian-and-pakistani-art-is-gathering-dust-in-delhi#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh |website=Scroll.in |language=en |date=8 March 2022}}</ref> [[Satish Gujral]], Anis Farooqui are some of the main attractions of the museum. Ghalib's poetry [[calligraphy]] and other artworks based on Ghalib's poetry are also on display.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghalib Academy|url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/entertainment/ghalib_academy.jsp|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BRIEF REVIEW OF GHALIB ACADEMY, NEW DELHI|url=http://www.ghalibacademy.org/frame.htm|accessdate=11 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426204840/http://www.ghalibacademy.org/frame.htm|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The mausoleum of Mirza Ghalib is just next to the Academy building. It lies in the attached courtyard of the building just on the way to the dargah of Nizamuddin. [[Humayun's Tomb]] is also within walking distance from the museum.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Ghalib academy 16.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 15.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 14.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 13.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 12.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 11.JPG<br />
File:Ghalib academy 03.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Artefacts==<br />
*Calligraphy Works<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Gm 02 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 03 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 04 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 10 artefacts.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
*Letters<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Gm 05 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 06 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 09 artefacts.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
*Stamps<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Gm 08 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 11 artefacts.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
*Coins<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Gm 14 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 15 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 16 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 17 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 18 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 19 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 20 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 21 artefacts.JPG<br />
File:Gm 22 artefacts.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
*Postage Stamps<br />
To remember and commemorate Ghalib, postage stamps were issued not only in India but also in Pakistan as can be seen by the stamps exhibited<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
File:Gm 31 artefacts.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [[Ghalib]]<br />
* [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]<br />
* [[Ghalib ki Haveli]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Museums established in 1969]]<br />
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Biographical museums in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ghalib]]<br />
[[Category:1969 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
<br />
{{India-museum-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnats_of_Mithila&diff=508672Karnats of Mithila2026-03-13T15:09:59Z<p>Nskschool: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Medieval dynasty that ruled the Mithila region (1097–1324)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| native_name = Karnata dynasty<br />
| conventional_long_name = Karnatas of Mithila<br />
| common_name = Karnat dynasty<br />
| image_coat = Shatkona Seal at Simraungadh.jpg<br />
| coa_size = 280px<br />
| symbol_type = [[Shatkona]] seal from the Karnat capital of [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]]<br />
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1250|center||{{Annotation|183|91|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}||none}}<br />
| map_caption = {{center|Approximate location of the Karnata dynasty, with contemporary polities circa 1250.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=32, 146}}}}<br />
| Heterogenous group = <br />
| religion = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Hinduism]]<br />
* [[Buddhism]]<br />
}}<br />
| common_languages = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Sanskrit]]<br />
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
* [[Abahatta]]<br />
}}<br />
| era = [[Medieval India]]<br />
| status = <br />
| government_type = Monarchy<br />
| life_span = <br />
| year_start = 1097<br />
| year_end = 1324<br />
| event_start = <br />
| date_start = 10 July<br />
| event1 = <br />
| date_event1 = <br />
| event2 = <br />
| date_event2 = <br />
| event_end = <br />
| date_end = <br />
| capital = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Nanpur|Nanapura]] (pre-1097 CE)<br />
*[[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] (post-1097 CE)<br />
*[[Darbhanga]] (Second capital) }}<br />
| leader1 = Nanyadev<br />
| leader2 = Gangadeva<br />
| year_leader1 = <br />
| year_leader2 = <br />
| title_leader = <br />
| p1 = Pala Empire<br />
| s1 = Delhi Sultanate<br />
| s2 = Oiniwar dynasty<br />
}}<br />
The '''Karnats of Mithila'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhary |first1=Radha Krishna |title=THE KARṆĀTS OF MITHILĀ, (C. 1097-1355 A. D.) |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1954 |volume=35 |issue=1/4 |pages=91–121 |jstor=41784923 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784923}}</ref> or '''Karnata dynasty''' ({{IAST|Karṇāṭa}}) was a dynasty established in 1097 CE by [[Nanyadeva]]. The dynasty controlled the areas we today know as [[Tirhut]] or [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]] and adjoining parts of South Eastern [[Nepal]].<ref name=Jha1997>{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila |pages=13}}</ref> The main power centre of the Karnats was the citadel of [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] which was situated on the India - Nepal border.<ref name="Investigation">{{cite journal |last1=Vidale |first1=M |last2=Lugli |first2=F |title=Archaeological Investigation at Simraongarh |journal=Ancient Nepal |date=1992 |page=2 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_126-127_01.pdf |accessdate=6 August 2020}}</ref> <br />
The city of [[Darbhanga]] also became the second capital during the reign of [[Gangadeva]].<ref name=Sinha1974>{{cite journal | title=A Critical Evaluation of sources for identification of Gangeyadeva of Tirabhukti | author= CPN Sinha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 35| year=1974 | pages=39–42 |jstor = 44138754}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to French [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] and [[indologist]] [[Sylvain Lévi]], [[Nanyadeva]] established his supremacy over Simraungadh probably with the help of the Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2012/10/19/sylvain-l%C3%A9vis-le-n%C3%A9pal/ |title=Sylvain Lévi's Le Népal |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en |access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97375 |title=The Struggle For Empire |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |date=1957 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1957 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97375/page/n107 47]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUdIrgEACAAJ |title=Le Népal: Étude Historique D'Un Royaume Hindou - Scholar's Choice Edition |last=Levi |first=Sylvain |date=2015-02-18 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=9781297173240 |language=en}}</ref> After the reign of Vikramaditya VI in 1076 CE, he led a successful military campaign against the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&dq=B.P.+Sinha+in+George+E.+Somers&pg=PA253 |title=Dynastic History Of Magadha |last=Somers |first=George E. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170594 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=addWCgAAQBAJ&dq=Majumdar,+R.+C.+(1952),+p.320&pg=PA293 |title=Rise and Fall East India |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Ramkrishna |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Roopali |date=1974 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780853453154 |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of [[Harisimhadeva]], the Karnats also carried out raids into [[Nepal]] with the Karnat army under the leadership of the general and minister, [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]].<ref name =Choudhary1970>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut/page/n61/mode/2up |title=History of Muslim rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D. |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |date=1970 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |page=61 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under the Karnats, Mithila enjoyed almost full sovereignty from 1097 until 1324.<ref name="Jha2018">{{cite book|author=Pankaj Jha|title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ|date=20 November 2018|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909535-3}}</ref> The Karnat kings referred to themselves with the title of ''Mithileśwara''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saṅgīt |first1=Mahābhāratī |title=Nanyadeva |journal=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |date=2011 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-3462?rskey=VVhta9&result=20}}</ref> and the first recorded piece of [[Maithili language|Maithili]] literature, the ''[[Varna Ratnakara]]'' was also composed during their rule.<ref name="Intro">{{Cite book |last=Jyotiśvara. |title=Varṇa-ratnākara of Jyotiriśvara of Kaviśekharācārya |date=1998 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-0439-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=ix |oclc=40268712}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Origins===<br />
[[File:Pillar at Simroungarh.jpg|thumb|Pillar at Simraungadh]]<br />
The origins of [[Nanyadeva]], the founder of the Karnat dynasty, likely lie within [[South India]]. [[Sena dynasty]] inscriptions refer to [[Nanyadeva]] as ''Karnata-Kulabhusana'' indicating that he had his origins in the South and likely arrived in the North through the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] invasions. His ancestors were petty chieftains and adventurers in Eastern India who arrived in the territory of the [[Pala Empire]] to work as officials and later carved out their own principalities while also asserting their independence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=CPN |title=Origin of the Karnatas of Mithila - A Fresh Appraisal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1969 |volume=31 |pages=66–72 |jstor=44138330 }}</ref><br />
Nanyadeva was possibly one of a number of Karnata-origin officers who worked for the [[Pala Empire]]. In the wake of the [[Varendra rebellion]], the Palas grip on the region was substantially weakened and this provided an opportunity for Nanyadeva to assert his independence.<ref name=CompHist>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Comprehensive History Of Bihar, Volume 1, Part 2 |date=1974 |publisher=KP Jayaswal Research Institute |page=301-322 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n345/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Nanyadeva first arrived in the region in 1093 A.D., he originally established his stronghold in [[Nanpur|Nanapura]] in [[West Champaran district|Champaran]] and referred to himself as ''Mahashamantadhipati'' as confirmed by the local traditions of Mithila. The title suggests that he was likely originally a commander in the Chalukaya army. He later shifted his capital to [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shrestha |first1=Shiv Raj |title=Nanyadeva, his ancestors and their Abhijana (Original Homeland) |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_159_01.pdf |journal=Ancient Nepal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Nanyadeva's reign===<br />
[[File:Image of a horseman from 12th century land grant of Nanyadeva.jpg|thumb|Image of a horseman from 12th century land grant of [[Nanyadeva]]]]<br />
<br />
The reign of Nanyadeva can be precisely dated by an inscribed stone pillar at Simraungadh which says, translated into English, "In the [[Shaka era|Śaka year]] 1019, on Saturday, the 7th of ''[[Shravana (month)|śrāvaṇa]]'', in the ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/स्वाति#Sanskrit śvāti] [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/नक्षत्र#Sanskrit nakṣatra]'', king Nānyadeva took the land."<ref name="Thakur 1956">{{cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=Upendra |title=History of Mithila (Circa 3000 BC - 1556 AD) |date=1956 |publisher=Mithila Institute |location=Darbhanga |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505783/mode/2up |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|234}} This corresponds to a date of 10 July 1097 CE.<ref name="Sinha 1979"/>{{rp|35}}{{refn|group=note|A slightly different date – 18 July 1097 – is given in the Nepalese ''Muditakuvalayāśva'', which was written by Jagjyotiramala in 1628.<ref name="Sinha 1979"/>{{rp|35}}}}<br />
<br />
Parts of the Mithila region had formerly belonged to the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]. At some point (probably {{circa}} 1122), the Kalachuri king [[Yashahkarna]] appears to have invaded in an attempt to recapture the territory.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 240 --> Based on the [[Berighati inscription]], it seems that Yashahkarna's invasion caused significant devastation to the region but was ultimately unsuccessful, and after his retreat in 1124 or 1125, the Kalachuris made no more attempts to reconquer the region.<ref name="Thakur 1956"/>{{rp|240–1}}<br />
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Another event that happened during Nanyadeva's reign was a clash of some sort with the [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] ruler [[Vijaya Sena|Vijayasena]], possibly because both of them were trying to win territory in the east.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 243-4, 9 --> The [[Deopara inscription]], authored by the poet [[Umapatidhara]] under Vijayasena's direction, describes Nanyadeva as a "defeated hero" who Vijayasena took as a prisoner.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 243, 7-9 --> It says nothing about Vijayasena ''conquering'' Mithila, though, so while he may have inflicted a major defeat on Nanyadeva, Nanyadeva remained an independent ruler.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 250 --> Whatever the exact nature of this event, it seems to have left Nanyadeva a "negligible factor in North Indian politics" compared to the Senas and [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavalas]].<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 248, 51 --><ref name="Thakur 1956"/>{{rp|243–51}}<br />
<br />
At some point, possibly after the tussle with Vijayasena, Nanyadeva got involved in the Nepal region.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 251 --> According to Upendra Thakur, Nanyadeva may have championed Śivadeva, a prince of the [[Thakuri dynasty]] (which had been dethroned by another branch by around 1080), in his bid for the throne. By doing so, he expanded his own influence in Nepal.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 251 --><ref name="Thakur 1956"/>{{rp|251}} According to Sinha, the relationship between Nanyadeva and Śivadeva (who ruled between {{circa}} 1118 and 1123) is more uncertain – Nanyadeva may have supported Śivadeva, but they may have also been rivals.<ref name="Sinha 1979"/>{{rp|49}} The nature of Nanyadeva's authority in Nepal is also unclear.<!-- Kind of a combination of sources --> According to Thakur, Nanyadeva probably had "a loose sort of hegemony over the princes of Nepal", with the local princes recognising his nominal suzerainty but otherwise remaining mostly independent.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 252-3 --><ref name="Thakur 1956"/>{{rp|252–3}}<br />
<br />
According to local tradition, Nanyadeva's original capital was at Nānyapura in the present-day Champaran districts of Bihar, where ruins are still visible.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 241 --> Nepalese tradition, on the other hand, says Nanyadeva had his capital at Simraungadh.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 251 --> Whenever the shift happened, Simraungadh went on to serve as the main capital for the later Karnat rulers, while Nānyapura ended up becoming abandoned, and no later traditions or documents mention it.<!-- Thakur 1956, p. 251-2 --><ref name="Thakur 1956"/>{{rp|241, 51–2}}<br />
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Nanyadeva also apparently wrote a commentary on the ''[[Natya Shastra|Nāṭyaśāstra]]''.<ref name="Sinha 1979">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=C. P. N. |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas (C. 1097-1325 A.D.) |date=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/72754/mode/2up |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|50}}<br />
<br />
===Gangadeva and Malladeva===<br />
Nanyadeva was succeeded by his two sons, [[Gangadeva]] and [[Malladeva]]. It is likely that [[Gangadeva]] continued rule in Mithila while Malladeva maintained dominion over the territories in northeast Mithila and [[Nepal]]. Malladeva kept his stronghold in the village of Bheeth Bhagwanpur in what is now [[Madhubani district]]. The 15th-century poet, Vidyapati asserted in his writings that Malladeva was a "valiant warrior" and he spent time in the kingdoms of the neighbouring [[Gahadavala dynasty]] and the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]]. It was during this period that the [[Thakuri dynasty]] of [[Nepal]] asserted their independence leading to the loss of much of the Karnata territory in Nepal.<ref name=CompHist /> <br />
<br />
The [[Ramacharitam]] attests to the invasion of the [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] region by Gangadeva during his rule in Mithila at some point after 1147 CE which during this period was held by [[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|Madanapala]]. After Madanapala's death, the [[Sena dynasty]] came into power in [[Bengal]] and there is uncertainty as to whether Gangadeva fought with [[Vijaya Sena]] and his successors. On the whole, Gangadeva's reign over Mithila can be characterised as peaceful as the Sena dynasty was occupied with [[Sena-Gahadavala Conflicts|war with the Gahadavalas]]. This allowed Gangadeva to introduce internal reforms including the introduction of the [[Pargana]] system for revenue collection. The ''Mulla Taqia'' also details that Gangadeva shifted the capital to the city of [[Darbhanga]].<ref name=CompHist /><br />
<br />
===Narsimhadeva's reign===<br />
[[Narsimhadeva]] succeeded his father to the throne of Mithila in 1188 CE. His reign has been characterised as one of turbulence. One of the main sources of information regarding Narsimhadeva is the ''Puruṣaparīkṣā'' of [[Vidyapati]] which was written in the 13th/14th century. This source tells us that a "Narasimhadeva of the Karnata race" along with a "''Cacikadeva Cauhāna''", assisted the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]. This Sultan has been identified with [[Muhammad of Ghor]] who conquered Delhi in 1193 CE. There is, however, no evidence that the Karnatas were subservient to the Sultan of Delhi and this campaign may have just been a gesture of goodwill.<ref name=CompHist /><br />
<br />
To the east, the power of the Sena dynasty was growing under [[Lakshmana Sena]] and this likely led to a loss of territory of the Karnatas and this has been speculated to have included parts of modern-day [[Purnea district]]. <br />
In [[Nepal]], the situation was no better as the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]] under [[Arimalla]] likely broke off from Karnatas suzerainty.<ref name=CompHist /><br />
<br />
===Downfall===<br />
{{Main|Alauddin Khalji's invasion of Mithila}}<br />
[[File:Shah Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq arrives in Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his BasaUn al-uns, ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.jpg|thumb|Drawing depicting [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] capturing [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] from [[Harisimhadeva]] in 1324 CE]]<br />
[[Harisimhadeva]] (r. 1295 to 1324 CE), the sixth descendant of Nanyadeva was the last Karnat sovereign of Tirhut. During the later years of his reign, the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] came to power and ruled the [[Delhi sultanate|Delhi Sultanate]] and most of Northern India from 1320 to 1413 CE. In 1324 CE, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty and Sultan of Delhi, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]], turned his attention towards Bengal.<ref name="Jackson2003">{{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199|date=16 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|pages=199–200}}</ref><ref name=Choudhary1970 /> The Tughlaq army invaded Bengal. On his way back to Delhi, the Sultan heard about Simraungarh, which was flourishing inside the jungle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thapa |first=Netra Bahadur |year=1981 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |title=A Short History of Nepal |pages=38–39 |url=https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Nepal/1981%20A%20Short%20History%20of%20Nepal%20by%20Thapa%20s.pdf |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304094320/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Nepal/1981%20A%20Short%20History%20of%20Nepal%20by%20Thapa%20s.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harisimhadeva turned out to be the last king of the Karnata dynasty as he didn't show his strength and left the fort when he heard the news of an army of the Tughlaq Sultan approaching Simraungarh.<ref>{{Cite book |last='Abdoosi Akhsatan Dehlavi |first=Muhammad Bin Sadr Taj |url=http://archive.org/details/BasateenUl-Uns-MuhammadBinSadrTajAbdoosiAkhsitanDehlaviFarsi |title=Basateen ul-Uns |publisher=[[Public diplomacy of Iran#Islamic Culture & Relations Organizations|Islamic Culture & Relations Organizations]], Iran |year=1301–1335 |pages=21 |language=fa}}</ref> The Sultan and his troop stayed there for 3 days and cleared the dense forest. Finally on day 3, the army attacked and entered the huge fort whose walls were tall and surrounded by 7 big [[ditch]]es.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Abdul Malik Isami]] |url=http://archive.org/details/FutuhUs-SalatinFarsi |title=Futuh us-Salatin |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1948 |series=Madras University Islamic Series No. 9 |location=[[Madras]] |pages=38–39 |language=fa}}</ref><br />
<br />
The remains are still scattered all over the Simraungadh region. The king Harisimhadeva fled northwards into what is now Nepal. The son of Harisimhadeva, Jagatsinghadeva, married the widowed princess of [[Bhaktapur]], Nayak Devi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://simroungarh.wix.com/home | title=Simroungarh &#124; Nepal &#124; Heritage & Archaeological Site }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
[[File:12th century Stone Inscription from Simroungarh in Tirhuta script.jpg|thumb|12th century Stone Inscription in the [[Tirhuta]] script made during the reign of [[Narsimhadeva]]]]<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
[[File:Statue of Brahma from Simroungarh at National Museum Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Statue of Brahma recovered from Simraungadh]]<br />
Inscriptions and artefacts related to the Karnat dynasty have been found throughout the Mithila region including in both Simraungadh and Darbhanga. From Simraungadh, [[stele]]s have been recovered that resemble Pala-Sena art. This was likely due to the close contact the kingdoms had with each other due to being neighbours, which allowed for cultural exchange. Many of these steles depict various Hindu goddesses known as bhagwati locally and are typical of Mithila's artistic output in the second half of the 12th century, especially in relation to the ornaments.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cimino |first1=Rosa Maria |title=Simraongarh: The Forgotten City and its art |journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies |date=1986 |volume=13 |pages=277–288 |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/9735 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Society==<br />
Under the Karnatas, Mithila operated as a [[feudal]] state. The [[Land tenure|landowning class]] mostly the [[Maithil Brahmin]] held much of the power and the Kings held absolute authority.<ref name=Sinha71>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=CPN |title=Some Aspects of Social and Economic Life of Mithila ( c. A.D. 1097 to 1325) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1971 |volume=33 |pages=118–125 |jstor=44145321 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145321}}</ref> The writings of poet, ''Sridhara'' contain poems detailing the depressed conditions of the peasantry who were subject to coercion from the landlord class. [[Agriculture]] was the main profession practiced during this period as confirmed by the writings of [[Jyotirishwar Thakur]]. Crafts and trade guilds were also present.<ref name=Sinha71 /><br />
<br />
The culture of Mithila was also orthodox and conservative and this conservatism was reinforced by the institution of [[Kulinism]] which as per local tradition, was introduced by the final Karnat King, [[Harisimhadeva]].<ref name=Sinha71 /> This system provided an elite position to those belonging to certain communities and is also linked with the introduction of the [[Panjis|Panji Prabandh]] system which tracked the genealogy of certain castes and this system still survives today. The introduction of Panjis can be traced even further back and goes back to the reign of Nanyadeva.<ref name=Sinha71 /><br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
[[File:Simroungarh Shiva statue probably.jpg|thumb|A statue of the Hindu deity, [[Shiva]] at the ruins of the Karnat capital of [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]]]]<br />
As they belonged to warrior-class immigrants from the region of [[Karnataka]], the Karnats generally supported and patronised [[Hinduism]]. This is made clear from the inscriptions and images associated with the dynasty that have been reported so far.<ref name=Prasad2021>{{cite book |last1=Nath Prasad |first1=Birendra |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000416732 |pages=307–308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEkgEAAAQBAJ&q=Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa}}</ref> An inscribed of [[Vishnu]] has been recovered from the village of [[Andhra Tharhi]] in [[Madhubani district]] and records that it was donated by a Karnat minister by the name of Śrīdharaṇadāsa during the rule of [[Nanyadeva]].<ref name=Prasad2021 /><br />
<br />
Another inscription was located in the village of Bhithbhagwanpur, this time of [[Lakshmi Narayana]] and containing the writing, ''Om Sri Malladevasya'' which was left by the Karnat prince, [[Malladeva]] who kept his stronghold in the village. Brahmanical sculptures have continued to be found throughout Mithila during the Karnat period.<ref name=Prasad2021 /><br />
<br />
[[Buddhism]] was also present during the Karnat period of Mithila with [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] Buddhist monk and traveller, [[Dharmasvamin]], being offered the role of chief priest by [[Ramasimhadeva]] and being gifted with [[gold]], [[rice]] and medicine despite the latter being a Hindu. Dharmasvamin politely declined the offer. The Naulagarh inscription also records the building of Buddhist monasteries within the Karnata territory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Nisha |title=Situating Buddhism in the Mithila region: Presence of Absence |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society |date=2018 |volume=LX |pages=39-63 |url=https://asiaticsocietykolkata.org/uploads/Journal%20Vol.%20LX.%20No.%204_2018.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Under the Karnatas, Mithila experienced a period of relative peace which allowed authors, poets and artists to receive royal patronage. The [[Maithili language]] grew strongly during this period as new literature and folk songs were created. The philosopher, [[Gangesha Upadhyaya|Gangeśa Upādhyāya]], introduced the [[Navya-Nyāya]] school of thought which remained active in India until the 18th century. <br />
The general religious attitude of the people was conservative and the priestly & Intellectual leadership aristocracy of [[Maithil Brahmins]] dominated the society and the royal court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=CPN |title=Some aspects of cultural life of Mithila under the Karnatas (c. 1097 to 1325 A.D.) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1973 |volume=34 |pages=170 |jstor=44138616 }}</ref> <br />
The ''[[Varna Ratnakara]]'' of [[Jyotirishwar Thakur]] was also composed during the reign of [[Harisimhadeva]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Chandreshwar Prasad Narayan |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas, C. 1097-1325 A.D |date=1979 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |pages=82–85 |url=https://archive.org/details/72754/page/62/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later Karnats===<br />
After Harisimhadeva fled Mithila, evidence exists of Karnat Kings still ruling some parts of the region up to the 15th century during the same time when the [[Oiniwar dynasty]] controlled central Mithila. In Champaran, the ruler was Prithvisimhadeva and his successors including Madansimhadeva. Their territory extended up to [[Gorakhpur district]]. Prithvisimhadeva was considered to be a descendant of Harisimhadeva. <br />
Other remnants of the Karnat dynasty were also found in [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]] and [[Madhepura district]]s, where inscriptions have been found that refer to a ruler called Sarvasimhadeva.<ref name=Sinha1970>{{cite journal | title=Decline of the Karnatas of Mithila | author= CPN Sinha | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 32| year=1970 | pages= 79–84|jstor = 44141053}}</ref><br />
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===Descendants===<br />
It is said that after his defeat, Harisimhadeva fled to [[Kathmandu]] where his descendants became the founders of the [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla dynasty]] of Kathmandu. The Mallas were noted to be great patrons of the [[Maithili language]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brinkhaus |first1=Horst |title=The Descent of the Nepalese Malla Dynasty as Reflected by Local Chroniclers |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1991 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=118–122 |doi=10.2307/603754 |jstor=603754 }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is also said that another branch of the Karnats remained in Mithila. Their descendants became the [[Gandhavariya]] [[Rajput]]s of North [[Bihar]] who held many chiefdoms in the region.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283324 | title=Origin of the Gandhavaria Rajputs of Mithila | author=P. Pathak | journal=The Journal of the Bihar Puravid Parisad | year=1983 | volume= Vii And Viii | pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283324/page/n568 406]–420}}</ref><ref name=CompHist /><br />
<br />
==Rulers==<br />
There is debate as to who succeeded Nanyadeva as ruler of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila as he had two sons, [[Gangadeva]] and [[Malladeva]]. Most scholars agree that Gangadeva was the ruler. However, it is generally accepted that Malladeva formed his stronghold in the village of Bheet-[[Bhagwanpur, Vaishali|Bhagwanpur]].<ref name=Sinha1974 /> The rulers of the Karnat dynasty are as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! S.N. !! Name of the rulers !! Timeline !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Nanyadeva]]<ref name='Visit'>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1835 |title=Account of a Visit to the Ruins of Simroun, once the capital of the Mithila province |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society |volume=4 |pages=121−124 |url=https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835}}</ref> || 1097 - 1147 CE<ref name='Mithila'>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC |title=Mithilak Itihas |trans-title=मिथिलाक इतिहास|last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=9789380538280 |pages=70–112 |language=hi}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Gangadeva]]<ref name='Visit'/> || 1147 - 1187 CE<ref name='Mithila'/> || <br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Narsimhadeva]]<ref name='Visit'/> || 1187 - 1227 CE<ref name='Mithila'/> || <br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Ramasimhadeva]]<ref name='Visit'/> || 1227 - 1285 CE<ref name='Mithila'/> || <br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Shaktisimhadeva]]<ref name='Visit'/> || 1285 - 1304 CE<ref name='Mithila'/> ||<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Harisimhadeva]]<ref name='Visit'/> || 1304 - 1324 CE<ref name='Mithila'/> ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |year=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |url-status=dead }}<br />
[[Category:Karnata dynasty| ]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval history of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1320s]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Law,_Aligarh_Muslim_University&diff=498816Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University2026-03-09T01:48:28Z<p>Nskschool: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox law school<br />
| name = Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University<br />
| motto = He taught man what he knew not<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1891}}<br />
| type = [[Law School]]<br />
| city = [[Aligarh]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| website = {{URL2|https://amu.ac.in/faculties/faculty-of-law}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University''' is the [[law school]] of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] which has a history of over 100 years of teaching and writing [[law]]. Law classes were inaugurated by Justice Douglas Straight on 29 December 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=The Europeans who made Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-europeans-who-made-aligarh-muslim-university-7124832/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the faculty was listed on number 6 in [[India]]'s best law colleges list compiled by ''[[India Today]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2014 |title=Rank 6 - Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University |date=2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530205350/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2014/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which it retained in 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2015/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801121538/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2015/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2015|title=Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University Best Law Colleges 2015 India Today Survey|work=intoday.in}}</ref> and 2016 as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2016/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806234521/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2016/ranks.jsp?ST=Law&LMT=5&Y=2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2016|title=Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University Best Law Colleges 2016 India Today Survey|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Academics==<br />
<br />
===Scholar-in-Residence===<br />
<br />
The Aligarh Muslim University has appointed [[N. R. Madhava Menon]], father of modern Indian legal education as Scholar-in-Residence in the Department of Law. Prof. Menon was the first PhD produced by the Department of Law at AMU. He is known as one of the long-serving, popular legal educators of the country, an institution-builder, the architect of the five-year integrated LL.B. programme and the Founder Vice-Chancellor of two of the leading law universities of India (National Law School of India University, Bangalore and National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata). Prof. (Dr.) N.R. Madhava Menon has endeavoured for nearly five decades to put Indian legal education at par with those of the developed countries.<br />
<br />
Menon has also been:<br />
*A Teacher at Aligarh Muslim University, Faculty of Law.<br />
* Member of the Law Commission of India,<br />
* Member of several expert committees including Legal Aid Committee(1973), The Civil Services Examination Reform Committee (2000-2001) and Criminal Justice Reform (2002-2003), appointed by the Government of India.<br />
<br />
===Memorandum of Understanding===<br />
<br />
One of the greatest achievements of the Faculty of law is the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between AMU and George Washington University, USA, one of the world's leading higher educational Institutions in law, on 17 February 2010. This remarkable venture facilitates the faculty members and Ph.D. or SJD candidates from each other institutions to participate for a semester or two as visiting scholars for the purpose of conducting research.{{fact|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
===Publications===<br />
<br />
The department publishes Aligarh Law Journal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isil-aca.org/journals.htm|title=The Indian Society of International Law}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Programs Offered==<br />
<br />
The Faculty of Law is currently offering the following courses:<br />
<br />
* Five years integrated Bachelor of Arts & Bachelor of Laws(B.A., LL.B.),<br />
* Two Year Master of Laws (LL.M.),<br />
* Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and<br />
* Diploma courses<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
<br />
=== Law faculty building ===<br />
<br />
Faculty of law was earlier situated at Sir Syed Hall which was later on shifted to the present commerce faculty. At present the faculty is situated at Qila road building of the university.<br />
<br />
=== Seminar library ===<br />
<br />
Seminar law library is the oldest seminar library of the faculty. It has around journals and books dating back to 19th century. It has approximately 35000 books including text books, reference books and research books apart from 35 National Journals and 15 International Journals.<br />
<br />
===Legal aid clinic and mediation centre===<br />
<br />
Faculty maintains this centre to provide legal guidance and advisement to indigent and poverty ridden litigants by associating students under the supervision and guidance of committed law teachers together with local judiciary.<br />
<br />
==Law Society==<br />
{{main|Law Society, Aligarh Muslim University}}<br />
The Law Society was founded in 1894 as a non-profit student organization. It has a long traditional character of uplifting its students' participation and performance in legal academia and practice. The Dean, Faculty of Law is the President of the Law Society.<br />
<br />
The Society is committed to promoting the growth of the students in both academic and cultural fields. It provides a platform for the students to polish their skills in Mooting, Legal Research, Legal Writing, Debating, participating in quiz competitions, etc. It also provides an environment for constructive recreation of the students by organizing fests, reading clubs, etc. The Society aims to establish networks with legal professional forums and professionals in order to build the presence of AMU Law graduates in the legal arena. The endeavor is to instill in law students an excellent expression of thought on paper and to provide them a space for growth, improvement, and better learning. Ms. Ayesha Nasir Alavi served as the Secretary of the Law Society of the session 2020–21. Mr. Akash Varshney served as its vice president for the session 2022–2023. Mr. Hammad Khan is currently serving as the hon'ble Secretary of the Law Society for the academic year 2024-25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karki |first=Aprajita |date=2021-03-11 |title=Azad ka Amrut Mahotsav: Essay Writing Competition by Aligarh Muslim University: Submit by March 16 |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/aligarh-muslim-university-essay-writing-competition/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Lawctopus |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dr. Ambedkar Chair of Legal Studies & Research==<br />
<br />
The sub-committee on education set up for centenary celebrations Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, in one of its recommendations in the year 1992, suggested for setting up Dr. Ambedkar Chair in different disciplines of different institutions/ universities. In pursuance of the recommendation and followed by the decision, Dr. Ambedkar Chair were set up for undertaking study and research programmes on various aspects of the philosophy, thoughts, ideologies, missions and ideals of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, by [[Dr. Ambedkar Foundation]], the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/chair.htm |title=A Brief Report in Respect of the Scheme of Dr |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030406195855/http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/chair.htm |archive-date=6 April 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ambedkar chair was created by [[Dr. Ambedkar Foundation]], Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India, New Delhi in 1992. Professor Mohammad Shabbir is the founding director of the chair.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
<br />
The chair to its credit, publishes its well reputed legal journal entitled Quest for Justice regularly since 2005–06.<br />
<br />
It also organizes National Essay Competition every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. BR Ambedkar on behalf of government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/advtec2015.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203721/http://www.ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/advtec2015.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rankings==<br />
{{Infobox India university ranking<br />
| NIRF_L_2022 = 12<br />
}} <br />
The Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University was ranked 12 among law schools in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_L_2022/><br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
The following notable individuals have read law at the Faculty of Law, Aligarh.<br />
<br />
{{See also|Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni}}<br />
<br />
===Actors and entertainers===<br />
* [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], Urdu/Hindi movie scriptwriter and director, journalist<br />
<br />
===Jurists===<br />
<br />
*Justice [[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali]], Supreme Court of India; chief justice, J & K. High Court <ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.amu.ac.in/introducingfaculty.html |title=:: Faculty of Law &#124; Aligarh Muslim university :: |access-date=2015-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419052745/http://law.amu.ac.in/introducingfaculty.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
*Justice [[Baharul Islam]], [[Supreme Court of India]] (1980-1983), Chief Justice of [[Gauhati High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges|work=supremecourtofindia.nic.in|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017050944/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*Justice [[Ram Prakash Sethi]], Supreme Court of India <ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_rps.htm|title=R|work=supremecourtcaselaw.com|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114175204/http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_rps.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
* [[Abdul Hakeem Khan]], Chief Justice of Pakistan<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amu.ac.in/department/law/faculty-members | title=Faculty Members - Law &#124; AMU }}</ref><br />
* [[Mufti Baha-ud-din Farooqi]], 12th Chief Justice of the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-chief-justice-farooqi-passes-away/articleshow/37843170.cms|title = Former Chief Justice Farooqi passes away|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
*[[Syed Wazir Hasan]], Chief Justice of Awadh Chief Court.<br />
<br />
===Academics=== <br />
* [[N. R. Madhava Menon]]<br />
* [[Faizan Mustafa]], Vice-Chancellor, NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad; Founder Vice-Chancellor, National Law University, Orissa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/prof-faizan-mustafa-new-vc-national-law-university-cuttack|title=Prof Faizan Mustafa is new VC of Nalsar|work=India Education Review|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034710/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/prof-faizan-mustafa-new-vc-national-law-university-cuttack|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Tahir Mahmood]]<br />
* [[Shakeel Ahmed Samdani]]<br />
<br />
===Administrator===<br />
* [[S M Khan]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
* [https://amu.ac.in/ University website]<br />
<br />
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}<br />
{{Aligarh Muslim University}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Departments of the Aligarh Muslim University]]<br />
[[Category:Law schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Law schools in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryada_Ramanna&diff=459714Maryada Ramanna2026-03-03T17:49:07Z<p>Nskschool: further refined information for accuracy also and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2010 Telugu film directed by S. S. Rajamouli}}<br />
{{distinguish|Maryade Ramanna}}<br />
{{About|the 2010 film|the 1967 film|Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Maryada Ramanna<br />
| image = Maryada_Ramanna.JPG<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
| producer = [[Shobu Yarlagadda]]<br />[[Prasad Devineni]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli<br />
| story = S. S. Kanchi<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |S. S. Kanchi}}<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Our Hospitality]]''|[[Buster Keaton]]}}<br />
| starring = [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br />[[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]]<br />[[Nagineedu]]<br />
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]<br />
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| studio = [[Arka Media Works]]<br />
| distributor = Arka Media Works<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|23}}<br />
| runtime = 125 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = {{INR|120–140 million|link=yes}}<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-05|title=భళి భళి భళిరా భళి రాజమౌళి|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823002513/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><br />
| gross = {{INR|285 million|link=yes}}<br/>{{small|([[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]])}}<ref name="nie" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Maryada Ramanna''''' ({{Translation|'Respectable, brotherly Ram'}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], who co-wrote the script with S. S. Kanchi. Produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda]] and [[Prasad Devineni]] under [[Arka Media Works]], the film stars [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] and [[Nagineedu]] in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], with cinematography by [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|Ram Prasad]]. <br />
<br />
It is Inspired by the Buster Keaton's silent comedy film ''[[Our Hospitality]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARYADA RAMANNA |url=https://www.americancinematheque.com/now-showing/maryada-ramanna-10-23-22/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=American Cinematheque |language=en-US}}</ref> When Rajamouli watched ''Our Hospitality'', he liked it immensely and wanted to retell the story in his own way.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=August 2010 |title=అన్నమయ్య లాంటి చిత్రం చేస్తా! |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/9CcjL |access-date=2022-08-28 |website= |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |via=Ghost Archive}}</ref> He attempted to contact the original creators but discovered that the original writers had long since died and that the film's [[copyright]] had expired, as it had been over [[List of copyright duration by country|75 years]] since its release.<ref name="inspiration">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/makkhi-director-all-set-to-break-into-bollywood/articleshow/16819525.cms |title='Makkhi' director all set to break into Bollywood |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823060948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/makkhi-director-all-set-to-break-into-bollywood/articleshow/16819525.cms |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> S. S. Kanchi and Rajamouli adapted the story with a [[Rayalaseema]] backdrop, focusing on the factional violence and hospitality that co-existed in the region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2010 |title=Maryada Ramanna press meet - Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-maryadaramanna.html |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=SS Rajamouli said, “Rayalaseema is known for factionism and violence. But is also known for hospitality. Maryada Ramanna is about a man who is torn with his two extremities of factionism and hospitality." |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823060949/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-maryadaramanna.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Makkhi' director all set to break into Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/makkhi-director-all-set-to-break-into-bollywood/articleshow/16819525.cms |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=In one area of Andhra Pradesh family feuds that persist for many generations is a reality. That’s what I showed in Maryada Ramanna. I saw families that were perfectly cultured and courteous, killing each other. I don’t think this peculiar contradictory culture of the co-existence of violence and hospitality exists in Punjab. |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823060948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/makkhi-director-all-set-to-break-into-bollywood/articleshow/16819525.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The film was released theatrically on 23 July 2010, the film opened to positive reviews from critics and audiences alike. Made on a budget of {{INR|120–140 million|link=yes}}, the film was commercially successful and earned a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of over {{INRConvert|285|m|lk=yes}}.<ref name=":2" /> It became one of the highest grossing Telugu films of 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-28 |title=Bahubali Director SS Rajamouli Completes 20 Years in Industry: A Look At His Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-completes-20-years-in-industry-a-look-at-his-journey-4257230.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605184946/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-completes-20-years-in-industry-a-look-at-his-journey-4257230.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-05 |title=భళి భళి భళిరా భళి రాజమౌళి |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Sakshi |language=te |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823002513/http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/special-story-to-ssrajamouli-473713 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Top Ten Telugu Films of the year 2010 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-ten-telugu-films-of-the-year-imagegallery-2-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgbsi.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Sify]] |quote=Top director Rajamouli's Maryada Ramanna starring Sunil and Saloni collected about Rs 30 Crores. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615072302/https://www.sify.com/movies/top-ten-telugu-films-of-the-year-imagegallery-2-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgbsi.html |archive-date=15 June 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It received four [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film|Best Popular Feature Film]]. The film was remade in five languages: [[Maryade Ramanna|Kannada]], [[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re|Bengali]], [[Son of Sardaar|Hindi]], [[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham|Tamil]] and [[Ivan Maryadaraman|Malayalam]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
'''1982''': Gandikota of [[Rayalaseema]] suffers from constant violence due to a feud between two families. The first being the one of Ramineedu, who has two teenage sons Mallasuri and Baireddy and the second being the one of Raghava Rao who has an infant son. In a scuffle, Raghava Rao assassinates Ramineedu's brother and subsequently dies from his wounds whilst his wife flees with his son and is raised to be oblivious to the feud. Ramineedu and his sons swear vengeance to not spare anyone from Raghava Rao's clan. <br />
<br />
'''2010''': An orphaned Ramu gets ousted from his job and plans to buy an [[autorickshaw]] to make his living but fails to finance it by himself. He receives a legal notice pertaining to five acres of land he has inherited in Gandikota and sets off to the village in a train intending to sell the land to meet his needs. He befriends his co-passenger Aparna, who introduces him to her father Ramineedu and the latter vows to help him sell his land unmindful of the fact that Ramu is the son of Raghava Rao. Ramu is sheltered at Ramineedu's home while Mallasuri perceives his identity and notifies Ramineedu and Baireddy of it; however, they wait for him to step out of the house to kill him as an established tradition prevents them from shedding blood in the house. Overhearing the conversation, Ramu realizes that he must not leave the house at any cost in Ramineedu and his sons' presence and soon makes excuses not to step out of the house. <br />
<br />
Ramu pretends to be wounded by a swing and Srikanth, Aparna's cross-cousin and a doctor who is expected to marry her, declares to Aparna secretly that Ramu is fine and suspects that he might be acting as he has fallen in love with her and doesn't wish to leave the home. Srikanth plays along with Ramu and declares to Ramineedu and his sons that he needs rest. Realizing that Ramu is taking advantage of their tradition, Ramineedu and his sons conspire to have him step out of the house. Ramineedu and his sons are further obstructed as the death anniversary of Ramineedu's brother falls on the next day and relatives arrive on the occasion. Theorizing that the presence of relatives will rescue him from being killed, Ramu plots to have them stay for a longer time that will make his plans to escape possible and upon learning that Srikanth's parents strongly want him to marry Aparna when they put forth the discussion in front of Ramineedu, Ramu persuades Srikanth to marry Aparna and convinces Srikanth's father to arrange the wedding the very next day so that their wedding would desist the relatives from leaving. <br />
<br />
Srikanth agrees to marry while Aparna begins to feel that none knows her better apart from Ramu as the latter describes her attributes to convince Srikanth to marry her. To lure Ramu out of the residence, Ramineedu arranges for the engagement ceremony to take place at the temple. Aparna meets Ramu and learning about his story, she plans to help him escape and suggests him to hide in one of the vast flower baskets being taken to the temple for fulfilling a vow and meet her at the mosque so that she could help him out of the village. Before he could do so, Mallasuri gets impatient and takes Ramu to the penthouse intending to kill him without informing his father and Baireddy. However, Ramu locks Mallasuri in the penthouse and hides in one of the flower baskets which is seen by Baireddy, who plans to kill him during the procession midway but later realizes that Ramu is not in the basket and remained in the house while Mallasuri frees himself from the penthouse. Ramu prepares to leave the village but Mallasuri and Baireddy chase him while Aparna informs Srikanth that she loves Ramu; he understands her feelings and meets Ramineedu notifying him of the same but he refuses to oblige and leaves to murder Ramu while Aparna has already left to meet him. <br />
<br />
Aparna meets Ramu and tells him the way out of the village but he resists her from coming with him making her aware that he doesn't reciprocate her feelings and was trying to save his own life. Ramineedu and sons find them and attempts to murder Ramu for daring to elope with Aparna and as revenge for his father murdering Ramineedu's brother but Aparna resists them and declares that she was the one who had feelings for him and Ramu didn't share her feelings. Ramu realizes her love for him and surrenders himself to Ramineedu and sons, who brutally beat him. As her father and brothers intend to kill Ramu, Aparna jumps from the bridge into the river and Ramu rescues her by risking his own life making Ramineedu and his sons realize their mistakes. Perceiving that nobody can care for her like Ramu did, Ramineedu gives in and drops his revenge plans to unite them.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Kovelamudi Ram 'Ramu', Raghava Rao's son<br />
* [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] as Kovelamudi Aparna Ram aka Appu, Ramineedu's younger daughter; Ramu's wife <br />
* [[Nagineedu]] as Ramineedu<br />
* [[Supreeth]] as Mallasuri, Ramineedu's elder son <br />
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Baireddy, Ramineedu's second son<br />
* [[Brahmaji]] as Srikanth, Mallasuri, Baireddy, and Aparna's cousin<br />
* [[Anuj Gurwara]] as Ghanshyamdas, a businessman<br />
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Ramu's uncle<br />
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Broker<br />
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Kovelamudi Raghava Rao, Ramu's father<br />
* Sandhya Janak as Ramineedu's wife<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywoods-favorite-mommy-sandhya-janak/articleshow/13034616.cms|title=Tollywood's favorite mommy|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2012|access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref><br />
* [[Sri Simha|Master Simha]] as Obuleshu<br />
;Voice cast<br />
* [[Ravi Teja]] as bicycle<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''Maryada Ramanna'' was inspired by a 1923 Buster Keaton silent film ''Our Hospitality''. One could say I copied the film. I don’t mind. When I saw the original I liked it so much I wanted to re-tell the same story in my own way. I even tried to find the original creators. But no one existed. The original writers died in the 1930s. Technically any material that has existed for more than 75 years can be used without a copyright claim. But if you use material in [a] Hindi film from a contemporary Punjabi, Oriya or Telugu film you need to take permission.<br />
| source = &nbsp;— Rajamouli on the genesis of ''Maryada Ramanna''<ref name="inspiration"/><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Rajamouli wanted to re-tell the 1923 silent comedy film ''[[Our Hospitality]]'' in his own way. He later found out that the film's [[copyright]] had expired as it had been over [[List of countries' copyright lengths|75 years]] since the film's release.<ref name="inspiration" /> He and his cousin S. S. Kanchi had adapted that story with a [[Rayalaseema]] backdrop, focusing on the factional violence and hospitality that co-existed in the region.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The film was officially launched in June 2009 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryada Ramanna film launch|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-arka.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609043808/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-arka.html|archive-date=9 June 2009|access-date=5 June 2009|publisher=idlebrain}}</ref> Rajamouli said, <blockquote>"I decided that my next project would be ''Maryada Ramanna'' during ''[[Magadheera]]'' shooting itself because it is a one and a half years project that demands a lot of physical labour and mental strain. I didn't want to commit another physically exhausting film immediately after ''Magadheera''. ''Maryada Ramanna'' gave us time to recharge our batteries so that we could come up with another huge project." </blockquote>He also revealed the film's plot on the film's launch to minimize the expectations of the audience because of ''Magadheera''<nowiki/>'s success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2010 |title=Interview with SS Rajamouli |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli-maryadaramanna.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114105429/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli-maryadaramanna.html |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Maryada Ramanna<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 6 July 2010<br />
| recorded = 2010<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 19:57<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = Vel records<br />
| producer = M. M. Keeravani<br />
| prev_title = [[Jhummandi Naadam]]<br />
| prev_year = 2010<br />
| next_title = [[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]<br />
| next_year = 2011<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The audio was released at a function held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Hyderabad. The launch of the audio release was a webcast live on the internet, and it received a positive response from internet viewers globally.<ref name="audio">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2010/maryada-ramanna-audio-released-050710.html|title=Maryada Ramanna music launched in style|date=5 July 2010|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=5 July 2010|archive-date=12 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912190604/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2010/maryada-ramanna-audio-released-050710.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dasari Narayana Rao released the audio and handed over the first copy to K. Raghavendra Rao. The function was also attended by noted film fraternity like [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Junior NTR]], [[Ravi Teja]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[V. V. Vinayak]], [[Dil Raju]], [[Prabhas]], Sirivennela and other prominent cast and crew of the film. Meanwhile, music director M. M. Keeravani's birthday was also celebrated at a star-studded function.<ref name="audio" /><br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 19:57<br />
| title1 = Ammayi Kitiki Pakkana<br />
| note1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]<br />
| extra1 = [[N. C. Karunya|Karunya]], Chaitra<br />
| length1 = 3:37<br />
| title2 = Udyogam Oodipoyindi<br />
| note2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
| length2 = 3:45<br />
| title3 = Telugammayi<br />
| note3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]<br />
| extra3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]] & [[Geetha Madhuri]]<br />
| length3 = 4:05<br />
| title4 = Raaye Raaye<br />
| note4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad<br />
| extra4 = [[Raghu Kunche]] & Geetha Madhuri<br />
| length4 = 4:21<br />
| title5 = Parugulu Thiyy<br />
| note5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length5 = 4:10<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film received favourable reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2010|title=I am basking in the success of Maryada Ramanna, says director|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article539961.ece|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821122418/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article539961.ece|archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tollywood loves Maryada Ramanna|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-loves-maryada-ramanna-news-telugu-kkfqe4cfbbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212014645/http://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-loves-maryada-ramanna-news-telugu-kkfqe4cfbbi.html|archive-date=12 February 2011|access-date=2010-07-29|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Raghu Chaitanya from ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' said "The climax is perhaps the only drawback in the entire movie as the director opts to take the clichéd path of emotions and love. [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] perfectly fits the bill as the innocent guy who comes back to sell his land and make money [...] [[S. S. Rajamouli|SS Rajamouli]] emerges a winner showing that he can make good movies without huge budgets and big star cast."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maryada-ramanna-emerges-a-winner/127610-47-79.html|title='Maryada Ramanna' emerges a winner|publisher=IbnLive|access-date=28 July 2010|archive-date=31 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731085253/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maryada-ramanna-emerges-a-winner/127610-47-79.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a two and a half stars explained "Comedian [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], who turned hero with ''[[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andalaramudu]]'' a few years ago this time returns with another roaring comic flick and puts in a restrained performance. However, a well-designed set, great cinematography and mellifluous tunes by [[M. M. Keeravani|Keeravani]] takes this comic caper to a different plane."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Maryada-Ramanna/movie-review/6210914.cms|title=Movie Review-Maryada Ramanna|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2010|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106060736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Maryada-Ramanna/movie-review/6210914.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Sify]]'' which gave a verdict as "Worth a watch" further noted "[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] would no longer look like a comedy hero. His dances are simply superb, [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] is beautiful and holds natural sex appeal. It is unfortunate that her talents remained undetected for the last three years, but for [[S. S. Rajamouli|Rajamouli]], now. She performed with perfection all through the movie. Definitely, she awaits a bright future hereafter, it seems. ''Maryada Ramanna'' has a judicious mix of fun, thrill and suspense."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maryada-ramanna-review-telugu-14950743.html|title=Maryada Ramanna|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702175320/http://www.sify.com/movies/maryada-ramanna-review-telugu-14950743.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave a three stars, commented ''Maryada Ramanna'' is thoroughly enjoyable. [[S. S. Rajamouli|Rajamouli]] sure has a winner on his hands. [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] is able to captivate the audience and [[Saloni Aswani|Saloni]] looks pretty and is convincing too. Nagineedu portrays the role brilliantly. There are quite a few others like Brahmaji, [[Anuj Gurwara]] and Rao Ramesh who perform well."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-review-maryada-ramanna.htm|title=Maryada Ramanna is fun|publisher=Rediff|access-date=23 July 2010|archive-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725053102/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-review-maryada-ramanna.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Remakes==<br />
<br />
''Maryada Ramanna'' was remade in several languages. [[Nagineedu]] reprised his role from the original film in the Tamil and Malayalam versions. It is Rajamouli's second most remade film behind ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'', which was remade six times in five languages. <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Language<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2011<br />
|''[[Maryade Ramanna]]''<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maryade Ramanna Movie Review {3.5/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maryade-ramanna/movie-review/12197664.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]''<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Son of Sardaar]]''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]''<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]''<br />
|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The film grossed {{INRConvert|10|m|year=2010}} in its first weekend of release in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/maryadaramanna-3days-usa.html|title=Maryada Ramanna collects 1 crore rupees share in 1st weekend in USA|access-date=30 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729135157/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/maryadaramanna-3days-usa.html|archive-date=29 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film collected a share of {{INRConvert|105.8|m|year=2010}} (after tax and theatre rentals) within 7 days in India{{efn|Gross ref|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/maryadaramanna-1stweek-india.html|title=Maryada Ramanna collects 10.58 crores share (after tax) in 1-week in India|access-date=31 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803070438/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/maryadaramanna-1stweek-india.html|archive-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Overall the film managed to gross over {{INRConvert|400|m|year=2010}} with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of over {{INRConvert|290|m|year=2010}} and was amongst the top grossers of the year 2010.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Top-Ten-Telugu-Films-of-the-year-imagegallery-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgb.html#galname|title=Top Ten Telugu Films of the year|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102194415/http://www.sify.com/movies/Top-Ten-Telugu-Films-of-the-year-imagegallery-tollywood-kmvrrBcdbgb.html#galname|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nie">{{Cite web |title=Tollywood: The big hits of 2010 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/dec/29/tollywood-the-big-hits-of-2010-214939.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912190602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/dec/29/tollywood-the-big-hits-of-2010-214939.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}.<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
*'''[[Nandi Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/hyderabad/29858062_1_feature-film-film-on-national-integration-music-director-award|title=Creativity to the fore in low budget films|access-date=6 August 2011|date=6 August 2011|archive-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924124716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/hyderabad/29858062_1_feature-film-film-on-national-integration-music-director-award|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
** [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film|Best Popular Feature Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] – [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]]<br />
** [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] – [[Nagineedu]]<br />
** [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[M. M. Keeravani]] for the song "Telugammayi"<br />
** [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1582546}}<br />
<br />
{{Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film}}<br />
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s adventure comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about feuds]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1982]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films set on trains]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Sound film remakes of silent films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Buster Keaton]]<br />
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Frost&diff=446858Robert Frost2026-03-02T02:05:02Z<p>Nskschool: page edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American poet (1874–1963)}}<br />
{{About|the poet|other people with the same name}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Robert Frost<br />
| image = Robert Frost NYWTS 4.jpg<br />
| caption = Frost in 1949<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|3|26}}<br />
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[San Francisco]], California, U.S.}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|1|29|1874|3|26}}<br />
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.<br />
| occupation = Poet, playwright<br />
| education = [[Dartmouth College]] (no degree)<br />[[Harvard University]] (no degree)<br />
| notableworks = ''[[A Boy's Will]]'', ''[[North of Boston]]'', ''[[New Hampshire (poetry collection)|New Hampshire]]''<ref name="Poetry Foundation">{{cite web|title=Robert Frost|url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/robert-frost|website=The Poetry Foundation|access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref><br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Elinor Miriam White|1895|1938|end = died}}<br />
| children = 6<br />
| awards = {{ubl|[[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]]|[[List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients|Congressional Gold Medal]]}}<br />
| signature = Robert Frost Signature.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Robert Lee Frost''' (March{{nbsp}}26, 1874{{snd}}January{{nbsp}}29, 1963) was an American poet. Known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American [[Colloquialism|colloquial speech]],<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica | title=Robert Frost | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035504/Robert-Frost | edition=Online | year=2008 | access-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref> Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural life in [[New England]] in the early 20th century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes.<ref name=":Poetry Foundation">{{cite web| title=Robert Frost| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/robert-frost|website=Poetry Foundation|access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Frequently honored during his lifetime, Frost is the only poet to receive four [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry|Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry]]. He became one of America's rare "public literary figures, almost an artistic institution".<ref name="Stine 1983 110">''Contemporary Literary Criticism''. Ed. Jean C. Stine, Bridget Broderick, and Daniel G. Marowski. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale Research, 1983. p 110.</ref> Appointed [[United States Poet Laureate]] in 1958, he also received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 1960, and in 1961 was named [[poet laureate]] of [[Vermont]]. [[Randall Jarrell]] wrote: "Robert Frost, along with [[Wallace Stevens|Stevens]] and [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot]], seems to me the greatest of the American poets of this century. Frost's virtues are extraordinary. No other living poet has written so well about the actions of ordinary men; his wonderful dramatic monologues or dramatic scenes come out of a knowledge of people that few poets have had, and they are written in a verse that uses, sometimes with absolute mastery, the rhythms of actual speech".<ref>Jarrell, Randall. "Fifty Years of American Poetry." ''No Other Book: Selected Essays''. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.</ref> In his 1939 essay "The Figure a Poem Makes", Frost explains his [[poetics]]:<blockquote>No tears in the writer, no tears in the reader. No surprise for the writer, no surprise for the reader. For me the initial delight is in the surprise of remembering something I didn't know I knew...[Poetry] must be a revelation, or a series of revelations, for the poet as for the reader. For it to be that there must have been the greatest freedom of the material to move about in it and to establish relations in it regardless of time and space, previous relation, and everything but affinity.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Best American Essays of the Century| page=176| editor=Joyce Carol Oates| year=2000}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
===Early life===<br />
[[File:Robert Frost, 1910s.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Frost, {{circa}} 1910]]<br />
Robert Frost was born in [[San Francisco]] to journalist William Prescott Frost Jr. and Isabelle Moodie.<ref name=britannica/> His father was a descendant of Nicholas Frost of [[Tiverton, Devon]], England, who had sailed to [[New Hampshire]] in 1634 on the ''Wolfrana'', and his mother was a Scottish immigrant.<br />
<br />
Frost was also a descendant of [[Samuel Appleton (born 1625)|Samuel Appleton]], one of the early English settlers of [[Ipswich, Massachusetts]], and [[George Phillips (Watertown)|Rev. George Phillips]], one of the early English settlers of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], Massachusetts.<ref>Watson, Marsten. ''Royal Families - Americans of Royal and Noble Ancestry. Volume Three: Samuel Appleton and His Wife Judith Everard and Five Generations of Their Descendants''. 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
Frost's father was a teacher and later an editor of the ''[[San Francisco Evening Bulletin]]'' (which later merged with the ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]''), and an unsuccessful candidate for city tax collector.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rothman |first=Joshua |date=January 29, 2013 |orig-date=January 29, 2013 |title=Robert Frost: Darkness or Light? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/robert-frost-darkness-or-light |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019033538/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/robert-frost-darkness-or-light |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> After his death on May 5, 1885, the family moved across the country to [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], Massachusetts, under the patronage of Robert's grandfather William Frost Sr., who was an overseer at a New England mill. Frost graduated from [[Lawrence High School (Massachusetts)|Lawrence High School]] in 1892, where he published his first poem in the high school magazine, served as class poet and, with his future wife Elinor White, was co-valedictorian.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ehrlich | first=Eugene | author2=Carruth, Gorton | title=The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States | volume=50 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1982 | isbn=0-19-503186-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00euge }}</ref><ref name=":Poetry Foundation"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Public School Products |url=https://time.com/archive/6803600/education-public-school-products/ |date=September 14, 1959 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=June 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611222001/https://time.com/archive/6803600/education-public-school-products/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frost's mother joined the [[The New Church|Swedenborgian]] church and had him baptized in it, but he left it as an adult.<br />
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Although known for his later association with rural life, Frost grew up in the city. He attended [[Dartmouth College]] for two months, long enough to be accepted into the [[Theta Delta Chi]] fraternity. Frost returned home to teach and to work at various jobs, helping his mother teach her class of unruly boys, delivering newspapers and working in a factory maintaining [[carbon arc lamp]]s. He said that he did not enjoy these jobs, feeling that his true calling was to write poetry.<br />
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===Adult years===<br />
[[File:Robertfrostfarm.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Robert Frost Farm (Derry, New Hampshire)|Robert Frost Farm]] in [[Derry, New Hampshire]], where he wrote many of his poems, including "Tree at My Window" and "[[Mending Wall]]"]]<br />
[[File:Robert Frost NYWTS 5.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Frost's 85th birthday in 1959]]<br />
[[File:Robert Frost's epitaph.jpg|thumb|upright=1|"I had a lover's quarrel with the world", an excerpt from his poem "The Lesson for Today", is the epitaph engraved on Frost's tomb.]]<br />
In 1894, he sold his first poem, "My Butterfly. An Elegy" (published in the November 8, 1894, edition of [[The Independent (New York City)|''The Independent'']] of New York) for $15 (${{Inflation|US|15|1894}} today). Proud of his accomplishment, he proposed marriage to Elinor Miriam White, but she demurred, wanting to finish college at [[St. Lawrence University]] before they married. Frost then went on an excursion to the [[Great Dismal Swamp]] in [[Virginia]] and asked Elinor again upon his return. Having graduated, she agreed, and they were married in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], [[Massachusetts]], on December 19, 1895.<br />
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Frost attended [[Harvard University]] from 1897 to 1899, but he left voluntarily due to illness.<ref name="TutenZubizarreta2001">{{cite book|author1=Nancy Lewis Tuten|author2=John Zubizarreta|title=The Robert Frost encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47NFEPDDBMgC&pg=PA146|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29464-8|page=145|quote=Halfway through the spring semester of his second year, Dean Briggs released him from Harvard without prejudice, lamenting the loss of so good a student.}}</ref><ref name="Parini2000">{{cite book|author=Jay Parini|title=Robert Frost: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHWqRHJiAlwC&pg=PA12-IA9|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-8050-6341-7|pages=64–65}}</ref><ref name="Meyers1996">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Meyers|title=Robert Frost: a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/robertfrost00jeff|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780395856031|quote=Frost remained at Harvard until March of his sophomore year, when he decamped in the middle of a term&nbsp;...}}</ref> Shortly before his death, Frost's grandfather purchased [[Robert Frost Farm (Derry, New Hampshire)|a farm]] for Robert and Elinor in [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]], [[New Hampshire]]; Frost worked the farm for nine years while writing early in the mornings and producing many of the poems that would later become famous. Ultimately his farming proved unsuccessful and he returned to the field of education as an English teacher at New Hampshire's [[Pinkerton Academy]] from 1906 to 1911, then at the New Hampshire Normal School (now [[Plymouth State University]]) in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire|Plymouth]], New Hampshire.<br />
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In 1912, Frost sailed with his family to [[Great Britain]], settling first in [[Beaconsfield]], a small town in [[Buckinghamshire]] outside London. His first book of poetry, ''[[A Boy's Will]]'', was published the next year. In England he made some important acquaintances, including [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]] (a member of the group known as the [[Dymock poets]] and Frost's inspiration for "[[The Road Not Taken]]"<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Road Not Taken: Finding America in the Poem Everyone Loves and Almost Everyone Gets Wrong|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DQMbBQAAQBAJ|publisher = Penguin|date = August 18, 2015|isbn = 9780698140899|language = en|first = David|last = Orr}}</ref>), [[T. E. Hulme]] and [[Ezra Pound]]. Although Pound would become the first American to write a favorable review of Frost's work, Frost later resented Pound's attempts to manipulate his American [[metre (poetry)|prosody]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Jeffrey |title=Robert Frost: A Biography |date=1996 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=9780395728093 |pages=107–109}}</ref> Frost met or befriended many contemporary poets in England, especially after his first two poetry volumes were published in London in 1913 (''A Boy's Will'') and 1914 (''[[North of Boston]]'').<br />
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In 1915, during [[World War I]], Frost returned to America, where [[Henry Holt and Company|Holt's]] American edition of ''A Boy's Will'' had recently been published, and bought a farm in [[Franconia, New Hampshire|Franconia]], New Hampshire, where he launched a career of writing, teaching and lecturing. This family homestead served as the Frosts' summer home until 1938. It is maintained today as [[The Frost Place]], a museum and poetry conference site. He was made an honorary member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]] at Harvard<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1926|jstor=42914052|journal=The Phi Beta Kappa Key|volume=6|issue=4|pages=237–240|title=Phi Beta Kappa Authors}}</ref> in 1916. During the years 1917–20, 1923–25, and, on a more informal basis, 1926–1938, Frost taught English at [[Amherst College]] in Massachusetts, notably encouraging his students to account for the myriad sounds and intonations of the spoken English language in their writing. He called his colloquial approach to language "the sound of sense".<ref name="www.learner.org series57">{{cite web|url=http://www.learner.org/resources/series57.html|title=Resource: Voices & Visions|website=www.learner.org|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
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He won the first of four [[Pulitzer Prize]]s for ''[[New Hampshire (poetry collection)|New Hampshire: A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes]]'' (1923).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/robert-frost|title=The 1924 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Poetry|website=Pulitzer.org|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> He would win Pulitzers for ''[[Collected Poems of Robert Frost|Collected Poems]]'' (1930),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/robert-frost-0|title=The 1931 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Poetry|website=Pulitzer.org|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> ''[[A Further Range]]'' (1936)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/robert-frost-1|title=The 1937 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Poetry|website=Pulitzer.org|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> and ''A Witness Tree'' (1942).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/robert-frost-2|title=The 1943 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Poetry|website=Pulitzer.org|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
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From 1921 to 1962, Frost spent almost every summer and fall teaching at the [[Bread Loaf School of English]] of [[Middlebury College]], at its mountain campus at [[Ripton, Vermont|Ripton]], [[Vermont]]. He is credited with being a major influence upon the development of the school and its writing programs. The college now owns and maintains his former Ripton farmstead, a [[National Historic Landmark]], near the Bread Loaf campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Bread Loaf School of English |url=http://www.middlebury.edu/blse/about/history |website=Middlebury Bread Loaf School of English |access-date=February 11, 2018}}</ref> In 1921, Frost accepted a fellowship teaching post at the [[University of Michigan, Ann Arbor]], where he resided until 1927, when he returned to teach at Amherst. While teaching at the University of Michigan, he was awarded a lifetime appointment at the university as a Fellow in Letters.<ref name = Frost/> The Robert Frost Ann Arbor home was purchased by [[The Henry Ford]] Museum in [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]], [[Michigan]] and relocated to the museum's Greenfield Village site for public tours. Throughout the 1920s, Frost also lived in his [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial-era]] house in [[Shaftsbury, Vermont|Shaftsbury]], Vermont. In 2002, the house was opened to the public as the [[Robert Frost Stone House Museum]]<ref name="stone_house">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bennington.edu/robert-frost-stone-house-museum|title=Robert Frost Stone House Museum &#124; Bennington College|website=www.bennington.edu}}</ref> and was given to [[Bennington College]] in 2017.<ref name="stone_house"/><br />
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In 1934, Frost began to spend winter months in [[Florida]].<ref name="Helen Muir" /> In March 1935, he gave a talk at the [[University of Miami]].<ref name="Helen Muir" /> In 1940, he bought a {{convert|5|acre|adj=on}} plot in South Miami, Florida, naming it ''Pencil Pines''; he spent his winters there for the rest of his life.<ref name="Helen Muir">{{cite book|title=Frost in Florida: a memoir|last=Muir|first=Helen|publisher=Valiant Press|year=1995|isbn=0-9633461-6-4|pages=11, 17}}</ref> In her memoir about Frost's time in Florida, [[Helen Muir (reporter)|Helen Muir]] writes, "Frost had called his five acres ''Pencil Pines'' because he said he had never made a penny from anything that did not involve the use of a pencil."<ref name="Helen Muir" /> His properties also included a [[Robert Frost House|house]] on Brewster Street in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts.<br />
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Frost was appointed [[United States Poet Laureate]] in 1958 by [[Librarian of Congress]] [[Lawrence Quincy Mumford]], serving for one year until succeeded by [[Richard Eberhart]]. He was 86 when he performed a reading at the [[inauguration of John F. Kennedy]] on January 20, 1961. Frost began by attempting to read his poem "Dedication", which he had composed for the occasion, but due to the brightness of the sunlight he was unable to see the text, so he recited "[[The Gift Outright]]" from memory instead.<ref>"John F. Kennedy: A Man of This Century". ''CBS''. November 22, 1963.</ref> In the summer of 1962, he accompanied Interior Secretary [[Stewart Udall]] on a visit to the Soviet Union in hopes of meeting [[Nikita Khrushchev]] to lobby for peaceful relations between the two Cold War powers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jfkthelastspeech.org/frost-the-poet-politician/|title=The Poet - Politician - JFK The Last Speech|work=JFK The Last Speech|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/25/specials/frost-last.html|title=Robert Frost's Last Adventure|last=Udall|first=Stewart L.|date=June 11, 1972|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2008/0408/p13s01-bogn.html|title=When Robert Frost met Khrushchev|date=April 8, 2008|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=October 25, 2018|issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/listen-2|title=Remembering John F. Kennedy's Last Speech|last=Schachter|first=Aaron|date=August 10, 2018|work=All Things Considered|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the early hours of January 29, 1963, Frost died at [[Peter Bent Brigham Hospital]] in Boston, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/25/specials/frost-obit.html|title = Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute|agency = [[Associated Press]]|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = January 30, 1963|accessdate = September 24, 2024}}</ref> He was buried in the Old Bennington Cemetery in Bennington, Vermont. His [[epitaph]], from the last line of his poem "The Lesson for Today" (1942), is: "I had a lover's quarrel with the world."<br />
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===Personal life===<br />
[[File:Robert Frost's Grave.JPG|thumb|upright=1|The Frost family grave in Bennington Old Cemetery]]<br />
Frost's personal life was plagued by grief and loss. In 1885, when he was 11, his father died of [[tuberculosis]], leaving the family with just eight dollars. Frost's mother died of [[cancer]] in 1900. In 1920, he had to commit his younger sister Jeanie to a mental hospital, where she died nine years later. Mental illness apparently ran in Frost's family, as both he and his mother suffered from [[Major depressive disorder|depression]], and his daughter Irma was committed to a mental hospital in 1947. Frost's wife, Elinor, also experienced bouts of depression.<ref name = Frost/><br />
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Elinor and Robert Frost had six children: son Elliott (1896–1900, died of [[cholera]]); daughter Lesley Frost Ballantine (1899–1983); son Carol (1902–1940); daughter Irma (1903–1967); daughter Marjorie (1905–1934, died as a result of [[puerperal fever]] after childbirth); and daughter Elinor Bettina (died just one day after her birth in 1907). Only Lesley and Irma outlived their father. Frost's wife, who had heart problems throughout her life, developed [[breast cancer]] in 1937 and died of [[heart failure]] in 1938.<ref name="Frost">{{cite book |last=Frost |first=Robert |editor1-last=Poirier |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=Mark |title=Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays |series=The Library of America |volume=81 |location=New York |publisher=Library of America |year=1995 |isbn=1-883011-06-X |url=https://archive.org/details/collectedpoemspr00fros }}</ref><br />
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==Work==<br />
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===Style and critical reception===<br />
Critic [[Harold Bloom]] argued that Frost was one of "the major American poets".<ref name="bloom">{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Harold |title=Robert Frost |date=1999 |publisher=Chelsea House |page=9}}</ref><br />
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[[Randall Jarrell]]'s influential essays on Frost include "Robert Frost's 'Home Burial{{'"}} (1962), an extended close reading of that particular poem,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jarrell |first=Randall |title=On 'Home Burial' |url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/burial.htm |year=1999 |orig-year=1962 |website=English Department at the University of Illinois |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133241/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/burial.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and "To The Laodiceans", (1952) in which Jarrell defended Frost against critics who had accused Frost of being too "traditional" and out of touch with Modern or [[Modernist poetry]]. Jarrell wrote "the regular ways of looking at Frost's poetry are grotesque simplifications, distortions, falsifications—coming to know his poetry well ought to be enough, in itself, to dispel any of them, and to make plain the necessity of finding some other way of talking about his work." Jarrell's close readings of poems like "Neither Out Too Far Nor In Too Deep" led readers and critics to perceive more of the complexities in Frost's poetry.<br />
[[File:RobertFrost.jpg|thumb|left|160px|U.S stamp, 1974]]<br />
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[[Brad Leithauser]] notes that "the 'other' Frost that Jarrell discerned behind the genial, homespun New England rustic—the 'dark' Frost who was desperate, frightened, and brave—has become the Frost we've all learned to recognize, and the little-known poems Jarrell singled out as central to the Frost canon are now to be found in most anthologies".<ref>Leithauser, Brad. Introduction. ''No Other Book: Selected Essays''. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Nelson | first=Cary | title=Anthology of Modern American Poetry | page=84 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=0-19-512270-4 }}</ref> Jarrell lists a selection of the Frost poems he considers the most masterful, including "The Witch of Coös", "Home Burial", "A Servant to Servants", "Directive", "Neither Out Too Far Nor In Too Deep", "Provide, Provide", "[[Acquainted with the Night]]", "[[After Apple Picking]]", "[[Mending Wall]]", "The Most of It", "An Old Man's Winter Night", "To Earthward", "[[Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening]]", "Spring Pools", "The Lovely Shall Be Choosers", "Design" and "[[Desert Places]]".<ref>Jarrell, Randall. "Fifty Years of American Poetry." ''No Other Book: Selected Essays''. HarperCollins, 1999.</ref><br />
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{{Quote box<br />
| title = From "Birches"<ref>{{cite web|title=Birches by Robert Frost|url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173524|website=The Poetry Foundation|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| salign = right<br />
| source = Robert Frost<br />
| quote = <poem>I'd like to get away from earth awhile<br />
And then come back to it and begin over.<br />
May no fate willfully misunderstand me<br />
And half grant what I wish and snatch me away<br />
Not to return. Earth's the right place for love:<br />
I don't know where it's likely to go better.<br />
I'd like to go by climbing a birch tree,<br />
And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk<br />
Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,<br />
But dipped its top and set me down again.<br />
That would be good both going and coming back.<br />
One could do worse than be a swinger of birches.</poem><br />
}}<br />
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In 2003, the critic Charles McGrath noted that critical views on Frost's poetry have changed over the years (as has his public image). In "The Vicissitudes of Literary Reputation," McGrath wrote, "Robert Frost&nbsp;... at the time of his death in 1963 was generally considered to be a New England folkie&nbsp;... In 1977, the third volume of Lawrance Thompson's biography suggested that Frost was a much nastier piece of work than anyone had imagined; a few years later, thanks to the reappraisal of critics like [[William H. Pritchard]] and Harold Bloom and of younger poets like [[Joseph Brodsky]], he bounced back again, this time as a bleak and unforgiving modernist."<ref>McGrath, Charles. "The Vicissitudes of Literary Reputation." ''The New York Times Magazine''. June 15, 2003.</ref><br />
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In ''The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry'', editors [[Richard Ellmann]] and Robert O'Clair compared and contrasted Frost's unique style to the work of the poet [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]] since they both frequently used New England settings for their poems. However, they state that Frost's poetry was "less [consciously] literary" and that this was possibly due to the influence of English and Irish writers like [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[W. B. Yeats]]. They note that Frost's poems "show a successful striving for utter colloquialism" and always try to remain down to earth, while at the same time using traditional forms, despite the trend of American poetry towards [[free verse]], which Frost famously said was "'like playing tennis without a net.'"<ref name="Ellman 1988.">Ellman, Richard and Robert O'Clair. ''The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry'', Second Edition. New York: Norton, 1988.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Faggen|first1=Robert|title=Editor|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|edition=First}}</ref><br />
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The [[Poetry Foundation]] makes the same point, placing Frost's work "at the crossroads of nineteenth-century American poetry [with regard to his use of traditional forms] and modernism [with his use of idiomatic language and ordinary, everyday subject matter]." They also note that Frost believed that "the self-imposed restrictions of meter in form" was more helpful than harmful because he could focus on the content of his poems instead of concerning himself with creating "innovative" new verse forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Frost |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/robert-frost |date=March 21, 2018 |language=en-us |website=Poetry Foundation |access-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref><br />
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An earlier study by the poet [[James Radcliffe Squires]] spoke to the distinction of Frost as a poet whose verse soars more for the difficulty and skill by which he attains his final visions, than for the philosophical purity of the visions themselves. "He has written at a time when the choice for the poet seemed to lie among the forms of despair: Science, solipsism, or the religion of the past century ... Frost has refused all of these and in the refusal has long seemed less dramatically committed than others ... But no, he must be seen as dramatically uncommitted to the single solution ... Insofar as Frost allows to both fact and intuition a bright kingdom, he speaks for many of us. Insofar as he speaks through an amalgam of senses and sure experience so that his poetry seems a nostalgic memory with overtones touching some conceivable future, he speaks better than most of us. That is to say, as a poet must."<ref>Squires, Radcliffe. ''The Major Themes of Robert Frost'', The University of Michigan Press, 1963, pp. 106–107.</ref><br />
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The classicist [[Helen H. Bacon]] has proposed that Frost's deep knowledge of Greek and Roman [[classics]] influenced much of his work. Frost's education at Lawrence High School, Dartmouth, and Harvard "was based mainly on the classics". As examples, she links imagery and action in Frost's early poems "Birches" (1915) and "Wild Grapes" (1920) with [[Euripides]]' ''[[Bacchae]]''. She cites certain motifs, including that of the tree bent down to earth, as evidence of his "very attentive reading of ''Bacchae'', almost certainly in Greek". Bacon compares the poetic techniques used by Frost in "One More Brevity" (1953) to those of [[Virgil]] in the ''[[Aeneid]]''. She notes that "this sampling of the ways Frost drew on the literature and concepts of the Greek and Roman world at every stage of his life indicates how imbued with it he was".<ref>Bacon, Helen. "Frost and the Ancient Muses." The Cambridge Companion to Robert Frost. Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 75–99.</ref><br />
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===Themes===<br />
In ''Contemporary Literary Criticism'', the editors state that "Frost's best work explores fundamental questions of existence, depicting with chilling starkness the loneliness of the individual in an indifferent universe."<ref name="Stine 1983 110 129">''Contemporary Literary Criticism''. Ed. Jean C. Stine, Bridget Broderick, and Daniel G. Marowski. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale Research, 1983, pp. 110–129.</ref> The critic T. K. Whipple focused on this bleakness in Frost's work, stating that "in much of his work, particularly in ''North of Boston'', his harshest book, he emphasizes the dark background of life in rural New England, with its degeneration often sinking into total madness."<ref name="Stine 1983 110 129"/><br />
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In sharp contrast, the founding publisher and editor of ''[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]]'', [[Harriet Monroe]], emphasized the folksy New England persona and characters in Frost's work, writing that "perhaps no other poet in our history has put the best of the Yankee spirit into a book so completely."<ref name="Stine 1983 110 129"/> She notes his frequent use of rural settings and farm life, and she likes that in these poems, Frost is most interested in "showing the human reaction to nature's processes." She also notes that while Frost's narrative, character-based poems are often satirical, Frost always has a "sympathetic humor" towards his subjects.<ref name="Stine 1983 110 129"/><br />
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===Influenced by=== <!-- from deprecated infobox parameter --><br />
* [[Robert Graves]]<br />
* [[Rupert Brooke]]<br />
* [[Thomas Hardy]]<ref name="Ellman 1988."/><br />
* [[W. B. Yeats|William Butler Yeats]]<ref name="Ellman 1988."/><br />
* [[John Keats]]<br />
* [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]<ref name="crawley">{{cite journal |last1=Crawley |first1=Mary |title=Troubled Thoughts about Freedom: Frost, Emerson, and National Identity |journal=The Robert Frost Review |date=Fall 2007 |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=27–41 |jstor=24727384 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24727384}}</ref><br />
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===Influenced=== <!-- from deprecated infobox parameter --><br />
* [[Robert Francis (poet)|Robert Francis]]<br />
* [[Seamus Heaney]]<ref name="www.learner.org series57"/><br />
* [[Richard Wilbur]]<ref name="www.learner.org series57"/><br />
* [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/edward-thomas|title=Edward Thomas|first=Poetry|last=Foundation|date=March 16, 2019|website=Poetry Foundation}}</ref><br />
* [[James Wright (poet)|James Wright]]<br />
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==Awards and recognition==<br />
Frost was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] 31 times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomination Archive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3248 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref><br />
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[[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s 1965 alumni directory notes that Frost received an [[honorary degree]] there. Although he never graduated from college, Frost received over 40 honorary degrees, including from [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] universities, and became the only person to have received two honorary degrees from [[Dartmouth College]]. During his lifetime, the Robert Frost Middle School in [[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax]], Virginia, the Robert L. Frost School in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], Massachusetts, and the main library of [[Amherst College]] were named after him.<br />
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In 1960, Frost was awarded a United States [[Congressional Gold Medal]], "In recognition of his poetry, which has enriched the culture of the United States and the philosophy of the world";<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/goldmedal.aspx|title=Office of the Clerk – U.S. House of Representatives, Congressional Gold Medal Recipients|access-date=October 5, 2012|archive-date=July 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055434/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/goldMedal.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was formally bestowed on him by [[John F. Kennedy]] in March 1962.<ref name=Parini1999>{{cite book |last=Parini |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Parini |title=Robert Frost: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari |url-access=registration |year=1999 |location=New York |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari/page/408 408], 424–425 |isbn=9780805063417}}</ref> Also in 1962, he was awarded the [[Edward MacDowell Medal]] for outstanding contribution to the arts by the [[MacDowell Colony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macdowellcolony.org/events-MedalDay.html |title=The MacDowell Colony – Medal Day |access-date=July 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106114133/http://macdowellcolony.org/events-MedalDay.html |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 1922, the Vermont State League of Women's Clubs elected Frost as Poet Laureate of Vermont. When a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' editorial strongly criticized the decision of the Women's Clubs, [[Sarah Cleghorn]] and other women wrote to the newspaper defending Frost.<ref name="Frost2007">{{cite book|author=Robert Frost|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3_GxPnBbI4C&pg=PA289|title=The Collected Prose of Robert Frost|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-674-02463-2|page=289}}</ref> Frost was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1931 and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Robert Lee Frost |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/robert-lee-frost |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Frost&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828013224/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Frost&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=dead }}</ref> On July 22, 1961, Frost was named [[Poet Laureate]] of Vermont by the state legislature through Joint Resolution R-59 of the Acts of 1961, which also created the position.<ref name="TutenZubizarreta2001p249">{{cite book|author1=Nancy Lewis Tuten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjZuWeTJpAkC&pg=PA15|title=The Robert Frost Encyclopedia|author2=John Zubizarreta|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=978-0-313-29464-8|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Fagan2009">{{cite book|author=Deirdre J. Fagan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iA70iL5LnEIC&pg=PA249|title=Critical Companion to Robert Frost: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0854-4|page=249}}</ref><ref name="State1985">{{cite book|author=Vermont. Office of Secretary of State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWCHAAAAMAAJ|title=Vermont Legislative Directory and State Manual: Biennial session|year=1985|page=19|quote=Joint Resolution R-59 of the Acts of 1961 named Robert Lee Frost as Vermont's Poet Laureate. While not a native Vermonter, this eminent American poet resided here throughout much of his adult ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y__vAAAAMAAJ|title=Vermont Legislative Directory and State Manual|publisher=Secretary of State|year=1989|page=20|quote=The position was created by Joint Resolution R-59 of the Acts of 1961, which designated Robert Frost state poet laureate.}}</ref> Frost won the 1963 [[Bollingen Prize]].<br />
<br />
===Pulitzer Prizes===<br />
* 1924 for ''[[New Hampshire (poetry collection)|New Hampshire: A Poem With Notes and Grace Notes]]''<br />
* 1931 for ''[[Collected Poems of Robert Frost (1930)|Collected Poems]]''<br />
* 1937 for ''[[A Further Range]]''<br />
* 1943 for ''[[A Witness Tree]]''<br />
<br />
==Legacy and cultural influence==<br />
[[File:RF Hall.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Robert Frost Hall at [[Southern New Hampshire University]]]]<!-- Some of the items listed below take from the particular poems' articles --><br />
* Robert Frost Hall is an academic building at [[Southern New Hampshire University]] in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.snhu.edu/about-us/leadership-and-history/history|access-date=September 6, 2017|publisher=Southern New Hampshire University}}</ref><br />
* In the early morning of November 23, 1963, [[Westinghouse Broadcasting]]'s Sid Davis reported the arrival of President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s casket at the [[White House]]. Since Frost was one of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report with a passage from "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", but was overcome with emotion as he signed off.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Brush with History - "We Heard the Shots …": Aboard the Press Bus in Dallas 40 Years Ago|url=http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/navmedmpte/courses/Documents/My_Brush_with_History.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926223807/http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/navmedmpte/courses/Documents/My_Brush_with_History.pdf|archive-date=September 26, 2012|access-date=June 30, 2013|website=med.navy.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Sid|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqx868HQXpAC&q=%22Sid+Davis%22+kennedy&pg=PA173|title=President Kennedy Has Been Shot: Experience The Moment-to-Moment Account of The Four Days That Changed America|last2=Bennett|first2=Susan|last3=Trost|first3=Catherine ‘Cathy’|last4=Rather|first4=Daniel ‘Dan’ Irvin Jr|publisher=Sourcebooks|year=2004|isbn=1-4022-0317-9|edition=illustrated|series=Newseum|location=Naperville, [[Illinois|IL]]|page=173|chapter=Return To The White House|access-date=December 10, 2011|via=Google Books}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (1889–1964), the first Prime Minister of India, had kept a book of Robert Frost's close to him towards his later years, even at his bedside table as he lay dying.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footwa.com/and-miles-to-go-before-i-sleep/2187/|title = And miles to go before I sleep|date = October 9, 2011}}</ref><br />
* The poem "I Could Give All to Time" is the source for the title of [[Wallace Stegner]]'s 1987 novel ''[[Crossing to Safety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2012/1207/Crossing-to-Safety-Wallace-Stegner-s-poignant-classic-turns-25|title = 'Crossing to Safety': Wallace Stegner's Poignant Classic Turns 25|website = Christian Science Monitor|date=December 16, 2015}}</ref><br />
* The poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is featured in both the 1967 novel ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]'' by [[S. E. Hinton]] and the [[The Outsiders (film)|1983 film adaptation]], first recited aloud by the character Ponyboy to his friend Johnny. In a subsequent scene Johnny quotes a stanza from the poem back to Ponyboy by means of a letter which was read after he passes away.<br />
* His poem "[[Fire and Ice (poem)|Fire and Ice]]" influenced the title and other aspects of [[George R. R. Martin]]'s fantasy series ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adriasnews.com/2012/10/george-r-r-martin-interview.html?spref=tw|title=George R.R. Martin: "Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake"|website=www.adriasnews.com|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://interestingliterature.com/2014/05/06/five-fascinating-facts-about-game-of-thrones/|title=Five Fascinating Facts about Game of Thrones|date=May 6, 2014|work=Interesting Literature|access-date=March 22, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Nothing Gold Can Stay (album)|Nothing Gold Can Stay]]'' is the name of the debut [[studio album]] by American [[pop-punk]] band [[New Found Glory]], released on October 19, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSIC {{!}} New Found Glory|url=http://www.newfoundglory.com/music/|access-date=August 3, 2016|website=www.newfoundglory.com|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729103841/http://www.newfoundglory.com/music/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister [[Pierre Trudeau]], on October 3, 2000, his eldest son [[Justin Trudeau|Justin]] rephrased the last stanza of the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" in his eulogy: "The woods are lovely, dark and deep. He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."<ref>{{cite web|date=October 3, 2000|title=Justin Trudeau's eulogy|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/10/03/|access-date=December 10, 2011|work=On This Day|publisher=[[CBC Radio]]|location=Toronto, [[Ontario]], Canada}}</ref><br />
* A ''[[Garfield]]'' comic strip published on October 20, 2002, originally featured the titular character reciting "Nothing Gold Can Stay".<ref name="mezzacotta">{{cite web|title=No. 2799: Original, Original Strip|url=https://www.mezzacotta.net/garfield/?comic=2799|access-date=November 26, 2019|website=mezzacotta}}</ref> However, this was replaced in book collections and online edition,<ref name="Garfield.com">{{cite web|title=Daily Comic Strip on October 20th, 2002|url=https://garfield.com/comic/2002/10/20|website=Garfield.com}}</ref> likely due to the poem being still under copyright when the comic ran (the poem has since lapsed into public domain, in 2019).<ref name="englewoodreview1">{{cite web|title=Robert Frost – 5 Poems from NEW HAMPSHIRE (Newly released to the Public Domain)|url=http://englewoodreview.org/robert-frost-5-poems-from-new-hampshire/5/|access-date=November 26, 2019|website=Englewood Review of Books|date=February 2019}}</ref><br />
* The poem "Fire and Ice" is the epigraph of [[Stephenie Meyer]]'s 2007 book, ''[[Eclipse (Meyer novel)|Eclipse]]'', of the [[Twilight (novel series)|''Twilight'' Saga]]. It is also read by [[Kristen Stewart]]'s character, [[Bella Swan]], at the beginning of the 2010 [[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse|''Eclipse'' film]].<br />
* "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is referenced in [[First Aid Kit (band)|First Aid Kit's]] 2014 album ''[[Stay Gold (First Aid Kit album)|Stay Gold]]'': "But just as the moon it shall stray&nbsp;/ So dawn goes down today&nbsp;/ No gold can stay&nbsp;/ No gold can stay."<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen M. Deusner|date=June 12, 2014|title=First Aid Kit: Stay Gold Album Review|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19342-first-aid-kit-stay-gold/|access-date=October 6, 2016|work=Pitchfork}}</ref><br />
* "Nothing Gold Can Stay" (February 4, 2015) is the title given to the tenth episode of the [[The Mentalist (season 7)|seventh season]] of ''[[The Mentalist]]'' in which a character is killed.<br />
* The character of Baron Quinn recites "Fire and Ice" in an episode of AMC's ''[[Into the Badlands (TV series)|Into the Badlands]]''.<br />
* Verses of "Fire and Ice" are referenced and recited throughout the 2017 episodic video game ''[[Life Is Strange: Before the Storm]]''.<br />
* The line "Nothing gold can stay" is featured in the 2018 single "[[Venice Bitch]]" by American singer [[Lana Del Rey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey – Venice Bitch Lyrics &#124; Genius Lyrics|date=September 17, 2018 |url=https://genius.com/Lana-del-rey-venice-bitch-lyrics|access-date=December 29, 2019|publisher=Genius.com}}</ref> Del Rey also previously used this line in her 2015 single "[[Music to Watch Boys To]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey – Music To Watch Boys To Lyrics &#124; Genius Lyrics|url=https://genius.com/Lana-del-rey-music-to-watch-boys-to-lyrics|access-date=January 1, 2020|publisher=Genius.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the original collections of Frost materials, which he personally helped compile, is held in the Special Collections department of the [[Jones Library]] in Amherst, Massachusetts. The collection consists of approximately twelve thousand items, including original manuscript poems and letters, correspondence, photographs, and audio and visual recordings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/frost/frost_print.html#contact |title=Robert Frost Collection |publisher=Jones Library, Inc. website, Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052023/http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/frost/frost_print.html#contact |archive-date=June 12, 2009 }}</ref> The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds a small collection of his papers. The University of Michigan Library holds the Robert Frost Family Collection of manuscripts, photographs, printed items, and artwork.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=sclead&idno=umich-scl-frostfamily | title=Robert Frost Family Collection 1923-1988 }}</ref> The most significant collection of Frost's working manuscripts is held by Dartmouth.<br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
[[File:The Road Not Taken - Robert Frost.png|alt="The Road Not Taken", as featured in Mountain Interval (1916)|thumb|282x282px|"The Road Not Taken", as featured in ''Mountain Interval'' (1916)]]<br />
<br />
===Poetry collections===<br />
* 1913. ''[[A Boy's Will]]''. London: [[David Nutt (publisher)|David Nutt]] (New York: Holt, 1915)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/117/|title=Robert Frost. 1915. A Boy's Will|website=www.bartleby.com|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
** "[[The Demiurge's Laugh]]"<br />
* 1914. ''[[North of Boston]]''. London: David Nutt (New York: Holt, 1914)<br />
** "[[After Apple-Picking]]"<br />
** "[[The Death of the Hired Man]]"<br />
** "[[Mending Wall]]"<br />
* 1916. ''[[Mountain Interval]]''. New York: Holt<br />
** "[[Birches (poem)|Birches]]"<br />
** "[[Out, Out]]"<br />
** "[[The Oven Bird]]"<br />
** "[[The Road Not Taken]]"<br />
* 1923. ''Selected Poems''. New York: Holt.<br />
** "The Runaway"<br />
** Also includes poems from first three volumes<br />
* 1923. ''[[New Hampshire (poetry collection)|New Hampshire]]''. New York: Holt (London: [[Grant Richards (publisher)|Grant Richards]], 1924)<br />
** "[[Fire and Ice (poem)|Fire and Ice]]"<br />
** "[[Nothing Gold Can Stay (poem)|Nothing Gold Can Stay]]"<br />
** "[[Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening]]"<br />
* 1924. ''Several Short Poems''. New York: Holt<ref>{{Cite book|title=Several short poems.|first=Robert|last=Frost|date=March 16, 1924|publisher=Place of publication not identified|oclc = 1389446}}</ref><br />
* 1928. ''Selected Poems''. New York: Holt.<br />
* 1928. ''[[West-Running Brook]]''. New York: Holt<br />
** "[[Acquainted with the Night]]"<br />
* 1929. ''The Lovely Shall Be Choosers,'' ''The Poetry Quartos'', printed and illustrated by [[Paul Johnston (fine press printer and book designer)|Paul Johnston]]. Random House.<br />
* 1930. ''[[Collected Poems of Robert Frost]]''. New York: Holt (UK: [[Longmans Green]], 1930)<br />
* 1933. ''The Lone Striker''. US: [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]]<br />
* 1934. ''Selected Poems: Third Edition''. New York: Holt<br />
* 1935. ''Three Poems''. Hanover, NH: Baker Library, [[Dartmouth College]].<br />
* 1935. ''The Gold Hesperidee''. Bibliophile Press.<br />
* 1936. ''From Snow to Snow''. New York: Holt.<br />
* 1936. ''[[A Further Range]]''. New York: Holt (Cape, 1937)<br />
* 1939. ''Collected Poems of Robert Frost''. New York: Holt (UK: Longmans, Green, 1939)<br />
* 1942. ''[[A Witness Tree]]''. New York: Holt (Cape, 1943)<br />
** "[[The Gift Outright]]"<br />
** "[[A Question (poem)|A Question]]"<br />
** "[[Poetry analysis#"The Silken Tent" by Robert Frost|The Silken Tent]]"<br />
* 1943. ''Come In, and Other Poems''. New York: Holt.<br />
* 1947. ''Steeple Bush''. New York: Holt<br />
* 1949. ''Complete Poems of Robert Frost''. New York: Holt (Cape, 1951)<br />
* 1951. ''Hard Not To Be King''. House of Books.<br />
* 1954. ''Aforesaid''. New York: Holt.<br />
* 1959. ''A Remembrance Collection of New Poems''. New York: Holt.<br />
* 1959. ''You Come Too''. New York: Holt (UK: [[The Bodley Head|Bodley Head]], 1964)<br />
* 1962. ''[[In the Clearing]]''. New York: [[Holt Rinehart & Winston]]<br />
* 1969. ''The Poetry of Robert Frost''. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.<br />
<br />
===Plays===<br />
* 1929. ''A Way Out: A One Act Play'' (Harbor Press).<br />
* 1929. ''The Cow's in the Corn: A One Act Irish Play in Rhyme'' (Slide Mountain Press).<br />
* 1945. ''[[A Masque of Reason]]'' (Holt).<br />
* 1947. ''A Masque of Mercy'' (Holt).<br />
<br />
=== Letters ===<br />
* 1963. ''The Letters of Robert Frost to Louis Untermeyer'' (Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Cape, 1964).<br />
* 1963. ''Robert Frost and John Bartlett: The Record of a Friendship'', by [[The Author & Journalist|Margaret Bartlett Anderson]] (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).<br />
* 1964. ''Selected Letters of Robert Frost'' (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).<br />
* 1972. ''Family Letters of Robert and Elinor Frost'' (State University of New York Press).<br />
* 1981. ''Robert Frost and Sidney Cox: Forty Years of Friendship'' (University Press of New England).<br />
* 2014. ''The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 1, 1886–1920'', edited by Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, and Robert Faggen. [[Belknap Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0674057609}}. (811 pages; first volume, of five, of the scholarly edition of the poet's correspondence, including many previously unpublished letters.)<br />
* 2016. ''The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 2, 1920–1928'', edited by Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, [[Robert Bernard Hass]], and Henry Atmore. Belknap Press. {{ISBN|978-0674726642}}. (848 pages; second volume of the series.)<br />
* 2021. ''The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 3, 1929–1936'', edited by Mark Richardson, Donald Sheehy, Robert Bernard Hass, and Henry Atmore. Belknap Press. {{ISBN|978-0674726659}}. (848 pages; third volume of the series.)<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
* 1957. ''Robert Frost Reads His Poetry''. [[Caedmon Records]], TC1060. ([[spoken word]])<br />
* 1966. ''Interviews with Robert Frost'' (Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Cape, 1967).<br />
* 1995. ''Collected Poems, Prose and Plays'', edited by [[Richard Poirier]]. [[Library of America]]. {{ISBN|978-1-883011-06-2}}. ([[Omnibus edition|omnibus]] volume.)<br />
* 2007. ''The Notebooks of Robert Frost'', edited by Robert Faggen. [[Harvard University Press]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/browse.php|title=Browse Subjects, Series, and Libraries &#124; Harvard University Press|website=www.hup.harvard.edu|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-date=March 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315072322/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/browse.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Biography|Poetry}}<br />
* [[List of poems by Robert Frost]]<br />
* ''[[Frostiana]]''<br />
* [[List of New Hampshire historical markers (126–150)#126|New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 126]]: Robert Frost 1874–1963<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== General sources ==<br />
* {{cite web| author=Pritchard, William H.| year=2000| title=Frost's Life and Career| url=http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/life.htm| access-date=March 18, 2001| archive-date=December 16, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216111024/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/life.htm| url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Welford Dunaway |title=Robert Frost and J. J. Lankes: Riders on Pegasus |location=Hanover, New Hampshire |publisher=Dartmouth College Library |year=1996 |oclc=1036107807 }}<br />
* "Vandalized Frost house drew a crowd". ''[[Burlington Free Press]]'', January 8, 2008.<br />
* Robert Frost (1995). ''Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays''. Edited by Richard Poirier and Mark Richardson. Library of America. {{ISBN|1-883011-06-X}} (trade paperback).<br />
* [http://www.ketzle.com/frost/frostbio.htm Robert Frost Biographical Information]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons}}<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{wikisource|works=or}}<br />
* [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/192 Robert Frost: Profile, Poems, Essays] at Poets.org<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100805001609/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=2361 Robert Frost, profile and poems] at the Poetry Foundation<br />
* [https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/poet/robert-frost Profile] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702143419/https://www.modernamericanpoetry.org/poet/robert-frost |date=July 2, 2022 }}) at Modern American Poetry<br />
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4678/the-art-of-poetry-no-2-robert-frost| journal= The Paris Review| title=Robert Frost, The Art of Poetry No. 2| author= Richard Poirier| date=Summer–Fall 1960 | volume= Summer-Fall 1960| issue= 24}}<br />
* [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/179 Robert Frost Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028162544/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/amherst/ma181_main.html |date=October 28, 2011 }} and L [https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/259 awrence H. Conrad Collection of Vachel Lindsay and Robert Frost Material in Archives and Special Collections], Amherst College, Amherst, MA<br />
* [http://midddigital.middlebury.edu/local_files/robert_frost/index.html Robert Frost at Bread Loaf (Middlebury College)]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508122448/http://midddigital.middlebury.edu/local_files/robert_frost/index.html |date=May 8, 2006 }}.<br />
* [http://robertfrostfarm.org Robert Frost Farm in Derry, NH]<br />
* [http://www.frostplace.org/ The Frost Place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614031002/http://www.frostplace.org/ |date=June 14, 2012 }} – a museum and poetry conference center in Franconia, N.H.<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016003540/http://oyc.yale.edu/english/modern-poetry/content/sessions/lecture02.html Yale College Lecture on Robert Frost] – audio, video and full transcripts of Open Yale Courses<br />
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript/robert-frost-and-zionism-visits-western-wall-israel Robert Frost Declares Himself a "Balfour Israelite" and Discusses His Trip to the Western Wall]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173110/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/11287 Drawing of Robert Frost by Wilfred Byron Shaw] at [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]]<br />
<br />
===Libraries===<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052023/http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/frost/frost_print.html#contact Robert Frost Collection] in Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA<br />
* [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/144 Robert Frost book collection] and [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/105 Robert Frost papers] at the [[University of Maryland Libraries]]<br />
* [http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-PC006/ The Victor E. Reichert Robert Frost Collection] from the [[University at Buffalo Libraries]] Poetry Collection<br />
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2234 Robert Frost Collection] at Dartmouth College Library<br />
<br />
===Electronic editions===<br />
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/robert-frost}}<br />
* {{Gutenberg author | id=1091| name=Robert Frost}}<br />
* {{FadedPage|id=Frost, Robert (Robert Lee)|name=Robert Frost|author=yes}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Lee Frost}}<br />
* [http://town.hall.org/radio/HarperAudio/012294_harp_ITH.html Robert Frost reading his poems at Harper Audio (recordings from 1956)]<br />
* {{Librivox author |id=338}}<br />
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{{Robert Frost}}<br />
{{LOC Poets Laureate}}<br />
{{PulitzerPrize PoetryAuthors 1922–1950}}<br />
{{VT Poets Laureate|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Frost, Robert}}<br />
[[Category:Robert Frost| ]]<br />
[[Category:1874 births]]<br />
[[Category:1963 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century American poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]<br />
[[Category:American poets laureate]]<br />
[[Category:American male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Amherst College faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Bollingen Prize recipients]]<br />
[[Category:Caedmon Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]<br />
[[Category:Dartmouth College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Formalist poets]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Middlebury College faculty]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bennington, Vermont]]<br />
[[Category:People from Derry, New Hampshire]]<br />
[[Category:People from Franconia, New Hampshire]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lawrence, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Phillips family (New England)]]<br />
[[Category:Plymouth State University people]]<br />
[[Category:Poets laureate of Vermont]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from California]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from New Hampshire]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Vermont]]<br />
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners]]<br />
[[Category:Sonneteers]]<br />
[[Category:Sports poets]]<br />
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from San Francisco]]<br />
[[Category:American inaugural poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._N._Parvathy&diff=531267S. N. Parvathy2026-02-28T08:18:25Z<p>Nskschool: Adding entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Independent sources|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = S. N. Parvathy<br />
| birth_name = Parvathy<br />
| birth_place = [[Burma]]<br />
| occupation = Actress, Television Actress, Stage Actress<br />
| years_active = 1965 – present<br />
| notable_works = [[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]<br/>[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]<br/>[[Agaya Gangai]]<br/>[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]<br/>[[Chinna Mapillai]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]] and Kalaiselvam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''S. N. Parvathy''' is an Indian actress who appears in supporting roles in [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] films and serials. She often plays roles of a mother in films. She has worked in popular movies like ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'', ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'', ''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'', ''[[Agaya Gangai (film)|Agaya Gangai]]'', ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'', ''[[Anna Nagar Muthal Theru]]'' and ''[[Chinna Mapillai]]''. Her debut movie was ''Panam Tharum Parisu'', released in 1965. She has acted in more than 200 films and 5000 dramas. She won the [[Kalaimamani]] award in 1985.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Film career ==<br />
Parvathy has acted seven plays in the same day. She started playing dramas at the age of 13. [[A. V. M. Rajan]] has acted in several plays from Troupe to [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]'s Troupe. She first acted as a mother in the film ''Panam Tharum Parisu''. At the time, she was only 17 years old. Her life was spent in hardship until she starred in the movie ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''. Since then, she has become a supporting actress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actress-sn-parvathy-shares-her-experiences-about-actor-manorama|title="குப்பைக் கீரை கடைஞ்சா ஆசையா சாப்பிடும்!" - மனோரமா பற்றி பார்வதி|website=vikatan|date=29 May 2019 |language=ta|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/56310/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-How-Actress-SN-Parvathi-turn-as-actress.htm|title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: அகதியாக வந்து நடிகை ஆனவர் {{!}} Flashback : How Actress SN Parvathi turn as actress|last=Dinamalar|date=2017-02-17|website=Dinamalar Cinema|language=ta|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/162439-50.html|title=உயர்ந்த மனிதன் - 50: வெட்கப்பட்ட கதாநாயகிகள்!|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=26 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
Parvathy is a recipient of the state government's [[Kalaimamani]] and Kalaiselvam awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/151045-name-confusion-in-recently-announced-kalaimamani-awardees-list|title=எனக்கு இரண்டாவது முறை 'கலைமாமணி' விருதா? - குழப்பத்தில் நடிகை எஸ்.என்.பார்வதி|website=vikatan|date=March 2019 |language=ta|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Serial<br />
!Role <br />
!TV Channel<br />
|-<br />
|1999–2000<br />
|Sontham<br />
|<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|Vazhndu Kattukiren<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|Roja<br />
|Parimalam<br />
|[[Jaya TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2004–2006<br />
|[[Ahalya (TV series)|Ahalya]]<br />
|<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|Kanavarukaga<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2008<br />
|Pallankuzhi<br />
|<br />
|[[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]]<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Manikoondu]]<br />
|Rasama<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2010–2013<br />
|[[Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]<br />
|Meenakshi<br />
|-<br />
|2018–2020<br />
|[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]] <br />
|Pappamaal<br />
|[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
|2019–2020<br />
|[[Pandavar Illam]]<br />
|Pattammal<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020 <br />
|[[Chithi 2]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Namma Madurai Sisters]]<br />
| <br />
|[[Colors Tamil]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2026−present<br />
| ''Kanaa Kandenadi''<br />
|<br />
| [[Star Vijay]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== 1960s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1965<br />
|Panam Tharum Parisu<br />
|<br />
|Debut<br />
|-<br />
|1967<br />
|[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]<br />
|Parvathi's Mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1967<br />
|[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]<br />
|Savior of thangamuthu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1967<br />
|Paal Manam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1968<br />
|[[Neelagiri Express]]<br />
|Sabapathy's wife<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1968<br />
|[[Galatta Kalyanam]]<br />
|Ranjitham, stage actress<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1968<br />
|[[Kanavan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1968<br />
|[[Uyarndha Manithan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1969<br />
|[[Kanne Pappa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1970s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Enga Mama]]<br />
| Gopal's wife<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|Snegithi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|[[Sumathi En Sundari]]<br />
|Parvathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|Deivam Pesuma<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|[[Punnagai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|[[Justice Viswanathan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Nawab Naarkali]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|Vazhaiyadi Vazhai<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Ponmagal Vanthal|Pon Magal Vanthal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|[[Suryagandhi]]<br />
|Parvathi, Radha's Mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|Prarthanai<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|[[Rajaraja Cholan|Raja Raja Cholan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|[[Thirumalai Deivam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|Sontham<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|[[Anbai Thedi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|Prayaschitham<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|Pandhattam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|Kulagowravam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1975<br />
|[[Cinema Paithiyam]]<br />
| Teacher<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1975<br />
|[[Andharangam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|[[Chakravarthy (1977 film)|Chakravarthy]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|[[Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Manthoppu Kiliye]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Imayam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|Veetukku Veedu Vasapadi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]<br />
|Rakkamma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1980s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Yamanukku Yaman]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Kumari Pennin Ullathile|Kumaripennin Ullathile]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Ponnagaram]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|[[Nandu (film)|Nandu]]<br />
|Uma's mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|Oruthi Mattum Karaiyinile<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|Kathoduthan Naan Pesuven<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|[[Kilinjalgal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|Sumai<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|[[Meendum Kokila]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Kalyana Kalam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Paritchaikku Neramaachu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Agaya Gangai (film)|Agaya Gangai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Rani Theni]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Thunai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|[[Veetula Raman Veliyila Krishnan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Mel Maruvathoor Arpudhangal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Kodai Mazhai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Naan Adimai Illai]]<br />
|Maid<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Krishnan Vandhaan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]<br />
|Shenbagam <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Oorkavalan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Anna Nagar Muthal Theru]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]<br />
|Radha's mother-in-law<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Uthama Purushan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1990s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Athisaya Piravi]]<br />
|Kalaiyan's mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Kizhakku Vaasal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Neengalum Herothan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]<br />
|Parvathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|[[Kumbakarai Thangaiah]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Annaamalai|Annamalai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Chinna Mapillai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Maamiyar Veedu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Vedan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Vivasaayi Magan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2000s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]<br />
|Rajeswari's Grand Mother<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|[[Veerasamy]]<br />
|Veerasamy's mother<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2020s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|[[Madha Gaja Raja]]<br />
|Madha Gaja Raja's grandmother<br />
|Filmed in 2012 and released after 12 years<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=2989006|name=S.N. Parvathy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvathy, S. N.}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975_elections_in_India&diff=4812251975 elections in India2026-02-27T21:35:20Z<p>Nskschool: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
{{Update|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = Elections in India <br />
| country = India <br />
| previous_election = 1974 elections in India <br />
| previous_year = 1974<br />
| election_date = 1975<br />
| next_election = 1977 elections in India <br />
| next_year = 1977<br />
}}<br />
{{Politics of India}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of elections that happened in India during 1975. This is also the year when Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], one of the consequences of which was the suspension of elections.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=2017-12-05|title=The 1975 Gujarat Assembly election|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/the-1975-gujarat-assembly-election/article21262462.ece|access-date=2020-07-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legislative Assembly elections==<br />
{{Empty section|date=June 2020}}<br />
===[[Gujarat]]===<br />
{{Main|1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election}}<ref name="Gujarat1975">{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1975 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF GUJARAT|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1975/Statistical%20Report%20Gujarat%201975.pdf|publisher=ECI New Delhi|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127205811/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1975/Statistical%20Report%20Gujarat%201975.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:India Gujarat Legislative Assembly 1975.svg]]<br />
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=3280514|seats1=75|sc1=-65<br />
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes2=1901751|seats2=56|sc2=+40<br />
|party3=Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha|votes3=929428|seats3=12|sc3=New<br />
|party4=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4=710490|seats4=18|sc4=-1<br />
|party5=[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]|votes5=116873|seats5=2|sc5=New<br />
|party6=Rashtriya Majdoor Paksha|votes6=97719|seats6=1|sc6=+1<br />
|party7=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]|votes7=58509|seats7=2|sc7=+2<br />
|party20=Others|votes20=31038|seats20=0|sc20=0<br />
|party21=Independents|votes21=933430|seats21=16|sc21=+8<br />
|total_sc=+13<br />
|invalid=342317<br />
|electorate=13981348<br />
|source=ECI<ref name=election1975>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3831-gujarat-1975/ |title=Statistical Report on Generlal Election, 1975 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Legislative By-elections==<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1975 elections in India#Meghalaya|1975 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Songsak<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/bye-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/1973-45-songsak-bye-elections.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110052138/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/bye-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/1973-45-songsak-bye-elections.pdf|access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=10 January 2025 |title=Bye-Election to Legislative Assembly : 1975 |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,268 |percentage=82.68% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangsan Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=17.32% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,793 |percentage=65.37% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,743 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Rajya Sabha elections==<br />
{{Further|1975 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}<br />
These people were elected and subsequently served from 1975 to 1981.<br />
===Gujarat===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ <br />
! Member Name !! Party<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harisinh B Mahida]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Viren J Shah]] || IND<br />
|-<br />
| Prof [[Ramlal Parikh]] || JAN<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Sikkim]]===<br />
*[[Leonard Soloman Saring]] – INC<br />
<br />
===[[West Bengal]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
<br />
! Member Name !! Party <br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Jaharlal Banerjee || INC |<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pratima Bose]]|| INC<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Prof [[D P Chattopadhyaya]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalyan Roy]] || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ahmad H Mondal || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Indian elections}}<br />
{{Legislatures of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1975 elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:1975 elections in Asia|India]]<br />
[[Category:1975 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yenepoya_School&diff=458537The Yenepoya School2026-02-22T18:16:47Z<p>Nskschool: added lead for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|School in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = The Yenepoya School<br />
| native_name =<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| logo = <br />
| seal_image = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_translation = <br />
| location = <br />
| address = <br />
| region = <br />
| city = [[Mangaluru]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| province = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| zipcode = <br />
| country1 = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.84917|74.846723|region:IN-KA_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| schooltype = <br />
| fundingtype = <br />
| type = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| denomination = <br />
| patron = <br />
| established = <br />
| founded = <br />
| grades = <br />
}}<br />
'''The Yenepoya School''' is a school situated in [[Mangaluru]] city of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/yenepoya-students-selected-for-natl-level-competition-766351.html|title=Yenepoya students selected for natl-level competition|date=4 October 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|newspaper=Deccan Herald|author=Naina J A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-students-shine-in-class-10-cbse-exam/article24028322.ece|title=Mangaluru students shine in class 10 CBSE exam|date=30 May 2018|accessdate=23 December 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/yenepoya-teacher-award-2018-697289.html|title=Apply for Yenepoya Teacher Award-2018|date=10 October 2018|accessdate=23 December 2019|newspaper=Deccan Herald|author=Naina J A}}</ref> It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/cent-per-cent-result-for-cbse-schools-in-district/article7258671.ece|title=Cent per cent result for CBSE schools in district|date=29 May 2015|accessdate=23 December 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|author=Raghava M}}</ref> A [[Centre of Excellence]] (CoE) for Robotics and Automation is present in this school.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=558720|title=Moodbidri: COE in Robotics & Automation inaugurated at TYS|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=23 December 2019|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Facilities and Amenities ==<br />
Some of the facilities offered by this school are as follows<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyenepoyaschool.com/campus-life/facilities-and-amenities|title=The Yenepoya School - Facilities and Amenities|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref><br />
* Physics Lab<br />
* Chemistry Lab<br />
* Biology Lab<br />
* Swimming pool<br />
* Gym<br />
* Skateboarding ramp<br />
* Bowling machine<br />
* Music classes<br />
* Dance classes<br />
* Arts/craft classes<br />
* Theatre classes<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{official website|https://www.theyenepoyaschool.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yenopoya School, The}}<br />
<!-- Categories --><br />
[[Category:Schools in Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&diff=44617625 kV AC railway electrification2026-02-22T08:45:15Z<p>Nskschool: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Standard current and voltage settings for most high-speed rail}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|article|date=July 2009}}<br />
{{Unfocused|date=September 2022}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Europe rail electrification en.svg|thumb|300px|[[Railway electrification|Railway electrification system]]s used in Europe:<br />
{{legend|#c0c1c5|Non-electrified}}<br />
{{legend|#003399|750{{nbsp}}V DC}}<br />
{{legend|#5bc6ff|1.5{{nbsp}}kV DC}}<br />
{{legend|#46a43b|3{{nbsp}}kV DC}}<br />
{{legend|#c39467|[[15 kV AC railway electrification|15 kV AC]]}}<br />
{{legend|#ffd617|'''25{{nbsp}}kV AC'''}}<br />
High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey and the United Kingdom operate under 25{{nbsp}}kV, as do high power lines in the former Soviet Union.]]<br />
[[Railway electrification|Railway electrification system]]s using [[alternating current]] (AC) at {{nowrap|25 [[kilovolt]]s (kV)}} are used worldwide, especially for [[high-speed rail]]. It is usually supplied at the standard [[utility frequency]] (typically 50 or 60{{nbsp}}Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25{{nbsp}}kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency.<br />
<br />
[[File:East coast main line. - geograph.org.uk - 103409.jpg|thumbnail|The [[East Coast Main Line]] in the United Kingdom is electrified using {{nowrap|25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead lines]].]]<br />
This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before [[World War II]] in [[Rail transport in Hungary|Hungary]] and in the [[Black Forest]] in [[Rail transport in Germany|Germany]], it came into widespread use in the 1950s.<br />
<br />
One of the reasons it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state [[rectifier]]s and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance required under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major [[civil engineering]] in order to provide the increased [[Engineering tolerance|clearance]] to live parts. Where existing [[loading gauge]]s were more generous, this was less of an issue.<br />
<br />
Railways using older, lower-capacity [[direct current|direct-current]] systems have introduced or are introducing {{nowrap|25 kV}} AC instead of {{nowrap|3 kV}} DC/{{nowrap|1.5 kV}} DC for their new high-speed lines.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Many trial sites were developed at the beginning of the 20th century but developing a main frequency electrification was not easy. One of those trials, the [[Seebach-Wettingen railway electrification trial]], not successful at 50{{nbsp}}Hz for problems at the motors and interferences with the near telegraph lines, was the beginning of the standardization of the [[15 kV AC railway electrification|low frequency railway electrification]].<br />
<br />
The first successful operational and regular use of a utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by [[Kálmán Kandó]] in Hungary, who used {{nowrap|16 kV}} AC at {{nowrap|50 Hz}}, asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line).<ref name="Hollingsworth Cook p.">{{cite book | last1=Hollingsworth | first1=J. B. | last2=Cook | first2=Arthur F. | title=The great book of trains : featuring 310 locomotives shown in more than 160 full-colour illustrations and 500 photographs | publisher=Salamander Books | publication-place=London | date=1998 | isbn=0-86101-919-9 | oclc=60209873 | pages=254–255}}</ref> Although Kandó's solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design.<br />
<br />
The first railway to use this system was completed in 1936 by the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]] who electrified part of the [[Höllentalbahn (Black Forest)|Höllentalbahn]] between Freiburg and Neustadt installing a 20{{nbsp}}[[Volt|kV]]{{nbsp}}50 [[Hertz|Hz]] [[alternating current|AC]] system. This part of Germany was in the French zone of occupation after 1945. As a result of examining the German system in 1951 the [[SNCF]] electrified the line between [[Aix-les-Bains]] and [[La Roche-sur-Foron]] in southern France, initially at the same 20{{nbsp}}kV but converted to 25{{nbsp}}kV in 1953. The 25{{nbsp}}kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1.5{{nbsp}}kV [[Direct current|DC]], SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in the 1960s.<ref>Haydock, David (1991). ''SNCF''. "Modern Railways" special. London: Ian Allan. {{ISBN|978-0-7110-1980-5}}</ref><ref>Cuynet, Jean (2005). ''La traction électrique en France 1900–2005''. Paris: La Vie du Rail. {{ISBN|2-915034-38-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
The main reason why electrification using utility frequency had not been widely adopted before was the lack of reliability of [[Mercury arc rectifier]]s that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use [[Traction motor|DC series motors]], which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a [[rectifier]] is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives.<br />
<br />
It was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have had less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors were the most common choice for traction purposes until the 1990s, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic.<br />
<br />
In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance [[three-phase]] AC induction motors. The [[N700 Series Shinkansen|N700 Shinkansen]] uses a three-level converter to convert {{nowrap|25 kV}} single-phase AC to {{nowrap|1,520 V}} AC (via transformer) to {{nowrap|3 kV}} DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum {{nowrap|2,300 V}} three-phase AC (via a [[VVVF|variable voltage, variable frequency]] inverter using [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBTs]] with [[pulse-width modulation]]) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]].<br />
<br />
The choice of {{nowrap|25 kV}} was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at the greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that {{nowrap|25 kV}} was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures.<br />
<br />
To avoid [[short circuit]]s, the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as "[[the wrong type of snow]]", have caused failures in the past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when [[Eurostar#2009|four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel]].<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Electric power for {{nowrap|25 kV AC}} electrification is usually taken directly from the three-phase [[Electric power transmission|transmission system]]. At the transmission substation, a step-down [[transformer]] is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply and lowers the voltage to {{nowrap|25 kV}}. This is then fed, sometimes several kilometres away, to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. [[Switchgear]] at feeder stations, and at track sectioning cabins located halfway between feeder stations, provides switching to feed the overhead line from adjacent feeder stations if one feeder station loses grid supply.<br />
<br />
Since only two phases of the high-voltage supply are used, phase imbalance is corrected by connecting each feeder station to a different combination of phases. To avoid the train pantograph bridging together two feeder stations which may be out-of-phase with each other, [[Overhead line#Neutral section (phase break)|neutral sections]] are provided at feeder stations and track sectioning cabins. [[Static VAR compensator|SVCs]] are used for load balancing and voltage control.<ref>''SVCs for load balancing and trackside voltage control'', ABB Power Technologies. [http://library.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/c9f996d4f6c5c601c12570c9004b1754/$File/A02-0196E.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206165307/http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot221.nsf/VerityDisplay/C9F996D4F6C5C601C12570C9004B1754/%24File/A02-0196E.pdf|date=2007-02-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply the French [[TGV]].<ref>[http://www.justmystage.com/home/overheadtml/france1.html TGV power] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213517/http://www.justmystage.com/home/overheadtml/france1.html |date=May 4, 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Standardisation==<br />
Railway electrification using {{nowrap|25 kV}}, {{nowrap|50 Hz AC}} has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system:<br />
<br />
*EN{{nbsp}}50163:2004+A1:2007 – "Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"<ref>{{cite book|author1=British Standards Institution|title=BS EN 50163:2004+A1:2007 Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems|date=January 2005|doi=10.3403/30103554}}</ref><br />
*IEC{{nbsp}}60850 – "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"<ref>[http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/mysearchajax?Openform&key=60850&sorting=&start=1&onglet=1/ IEC 60850] – "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"</ref><br />
<br />
The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 width=20% | Electrification<br />system<br />
! colspan=5 | Voltage<br />
|-<br />
! width=16% | Min.<br />non-permanent<br />
! width=16% | Min.<br />permanent<br />
! width=16% | Nominal<br />
! width=16% | Max.<br />permanent<br />
! width=16% | Max.<br />non-permanent<br />
|-<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|25}} kV}} 50{{nbsp}}Hz<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|17.5}} kV}}<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|19}} kV}}<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|25}} kV}}<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|27.5}} kV}}<br />
| {{nowrap|{{val|29}} kV}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system").<br />
<br />
===25 kV AC at 60 Hz===<br />
{{See also|List of railway electrification systems#25 kV AC, 60 Hz|l1=List of railway electrification systems: 25 kV AC, 60 Hz}}<br />
The railway electrification at main frequency born in Hungary and became popularized in France, both countries with 50 Hz as main frequency. The [[United Kingdom]] also uses this system universally except for the former [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]] south of [[London]], and on various local metro networks including the [[London Underground]] – which all use a variation of DC "third rail" electrification. In countries where {{nowrap|60 Hz}} is the normal grid power frequency, {{nowrap|25 kV}} at {{nowrap|60 Hz}} is used for the railway electrification.<br />
*In [[Canada]] on the [[Deux-Montagnes line]] of the [[Agence métropolitaine de transport|Montreal Metropolitan transportation Agency]].<br />
*In [[Japan]] on the [[Tokaido Shinkansen|Tokaido]], [[San'yō Shinkansen|San'yō]] and [[Kyushu Shinkansen|Kyushu]] Shinkansen lines.<br />
*In [[South Korea]] on the [[Korail]] network.<br />
*In [[Taiwan]] on the [[Taiwan High Speed Rail]] line (standard gauge) and on [[Taiwan Railway]]'s electrified lines ({{Track gauge|1067mm|disp=or}} [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]]).<br />
*In the [[United States]] on newer electrified portions of the [[Northeast Corridor]] (i.e. the New Haven-Boston segment) intercity passenger lines, [[New Jersey Transit]] commuter lines, [[Denver]] [[RTD Commuter Rail]], [[Caltrain]], and select isolated short lines.<br />
<br />
== 2 × 25 kV autotransformer system ==<br />
[[File:Onderdel spoorwegnet.gif|thumb|500px|{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
1. Supply transformer<br/><br />
2. Power supply<br/><br />
3. Overhead line<br/><br />
4. Running rail<br/><br />
5. Feeder line<br/><br />
6. Pantograph<br/><br />
7. Locomotive transformer<br/><br />
8. Overhead line<br/><br />
9. Autotransformer<br/><br />
10. Running rail<br />
}}]]<br />
The 2 × 25{{nbsp}}kV [[autotransformer]] system is a [[split-phase electric power]] system which supplies 25{{nbsp}}kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50{{nbsp}}kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with the 50{{nbsp}}kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases so the voltage between them is 50{{nbsp}}kV, while the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25{{nbsp}}kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from the neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. <br />
<br />
This system was initially deployed on [[San'yō Shinkansen]] in Japan in 1972 and in [[LGV Sud-Est|Paris-Lyon High speed rail line]] in France in 1981,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Courtois |first=C. |date=1993 |title=Why the 2*25 kV alternative? (autotransformer traction supply) |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/274637 |journal=IEE Colloquium on 50kV Autotransformer Traction Supply Systems – the French Experience |pages=1/1–1/4}}</ref> and has gone on to be used by [[Rail transport in New Zealand|New Zealand Railways]] in 1988,<ref name="nzro_winter_1988">{{cite journal |author=Tom McGavin |date=Autumn 1988 |title=North Island Main Trunk Electrified |journal=New Zealand Railway Observer |publisher=[[New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=49 |issn=0028-8624}}</ref> Indian Railways,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,532,565 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> [[Russian Railways]], Italian High Speed Railways, UK [[High Speed 1]], most of the [[West Coast Main Line]] and [[Crossrail]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balfour Beatty gets £16m Crossrail substation contract |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/balfour-beatty-gets-16m-crossrail-substation-contract |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.theconstructionindex.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> with some parts of older lines being gradually converted,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} French lines (LGV lines and some other lines<ref>The remainder of the French lines use 1 × 25 kV booster-transformer system.</ref>), most Spanish high-speed rail lines,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.bane.dk/db/filarkiv/14202/INECO%20Comparative%20Study%201x25%20-%202x25.pdf |title=Comparative Study of the Electrification Systems 1×25 kV and 2×25 kV |date=June 2011 |publisher=[[ENAIRE#Ineco|Ineco]] |location=Madrid |access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref> [[Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system|Amtrak]] and some of the Finnish and Hungarian lines.<br />
[[Image:Interferencep962b.png|thumb|Diagram of New Haven system forerunner of 2 x 25 kV system<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |date=May 2, 1914 |title=Reduction of Inductive Interference from the Power Lines of the New Haven Railroad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ahMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA960 |journal=[[Electric Railway Journal]] |volume=43 |issue=18 |pages=960–966 |access-date=February 15, 2011}}</ref>]]<br />
The 2 x 25 system traces its roots back in the upgrading of the [[electrification of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]] which was electrified in 1907 and [[Electrification of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad#Revised 1914 autotransformer architecture|upgraded in 1914]]. The line was initially electrified with 11 kV 25 Hz system and then upgraded as "2 x 11 kV" system (but it was never named in this way).<br />
<br />
Although the railroad considered the 1907 electrification highly successful, two problems required an ultimate redesign of the transmission system. The first was electromagnetic interference in adjacent, parallel telegraph and telephone wires caused by the high currents in the traction power system.<br />
<br />
The second was that the system's geographic growth and the evolving state of electrical technology created a need for higher transmission voltages. The railroad could have simply raised the operating voltage of the entire system, however this would have required all the catenary insulators to be upgraded to withstand a higher potential, and replacement of all the locomotive high voltage equipment. And while higher transmission voltages had become common in the seven years since the initial electrification, generators were still limited by economics to a maximum output voltage of around 11{{nbsp}}kV.<br />
<br />
The solution decided upon by the railroad, after several years of study, was a balanced [[autotransformer]] system.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Arthur |first=W. |date=1914 |title=New Haven Improves Method of Electric Operation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJQlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA988 |journal=Railway Age Gazette |volume=56 |pages=988–989 |access-date=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Austin |first=Edwin |url=https://archive.org/details/singlephaseelec00austgoog |title=Single-phase Electrical Railways |date=1915 |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/singlephaseelec00austgoog/page/n277 252]–269 |access-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1915 |title=Feeding Heavy Single-Phase Load from Three-Phase Units |url=https://archive.org/stream/electricalworld66newy#page/1300/mode/1up |journal=Electrical World |volume=66 |issue=24 |pages=1300–1302 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}. Primarily focused on turbine generator details at Sherman Creek Generating Station.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=May 2, 1914 |title=Minimizing Induction from Single-Phase Railway |url=https://archive.org/stream/electricalworld63newy#page/984/mode/1up |journal=Electrical World |volume=63 |issue=18 |pages=984–986 |access-date=April 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>"New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Electrification," ''Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company Special Publication 1698'', June 1914. Two drawings are available [http://thenhrhtanewhavenrailroadforum.yuku.com/topic/6091/West-Farms-Junction-The-Early-Years here].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=December 18, 1915 |title=Purchased Power for the New Haven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ItMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1200 |journal=Electric Railway Journal |volume=46 |issue=25 |pages=1200–1204 |access-date=December 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Torchio |first=P. |year=1916 |title=Supply of Single-Phase Loads from Central Stations |journal=Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=1293–1313 |doi=10.1109/T-AIEE.1916.4765431 |issn=0096-3860 |s2cid=51632492}} Discussion of New Haven Substation at West Farms supplied from commercial utility power stations.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1915 |title=West Farms Substation of New Haven Railroad |url=https://archive.org/stream/electricalworld66newy#page/1365/mode/1up |journal=Electrical World |volume=66 |issue=24 |pages=1365–1367 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}. Includes a schematic of generator, transformer, and interconnection arrangement.</ref><br />
<br />
==Variations==<br />
Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used.<br />
<br />
===20 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz===<br />
In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in [[Tohoku Region]], [[Hokuriku Region]], [[Hokkaido]] and [[Kyushu]], of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60{{nbsp}}[[Hz]].<br />
<br />
===12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz===<br />
Some lines in the United States have been electrified at {{nowrap|12.5 kV 60 Hz}} or converted from {{nowrap|11 kV 25 Hz}} to {{nowrap|12.5 kV 60 Hz}}. Use of {{nowrap|60 Hz}} allows direct supply from the 60{{nbsp}}Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for {{nowrap|25 kV 60 Hz}} or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on {{nowrap|11 kV 25 Hz}} lines. Examples are:<br />
*[[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[New Haven Line]] from Pelham, NY to New Haven, CT (Since 1985; previously 11{{nbsp}}kV 25{{nbsp}}Hz).<br />
<br />
=== 6.25 kV AC at 50 Hz ===<br />
Early 50{{nbsp}}Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom was planned to use sections at {{nowrap|6.25 kV AC}} where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between {{nowrap|25 kV}} and {{nowrap|6.25 kV}}. The {{nowrap|6.25 kV}} sections were converted to {{nowrap|25 kV AC}} as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary.<br />
<br />
The research was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at [[Crewe railway station|Crewe]]. A section of {{nowrap|25 kV}} overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}<br />
<br />
=== 50 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz ===<br />
Occasionally {{nowrap|25 kV}} is doubled to {{nowrap|50 kV}} to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are:<br />
*The [[Sishen–Saldanha railway line|Sishen–Saldanha]] iron ore railway ({{nowrap|50 Hz}}).<br />
*The [[Deseret Power Railway]] which is an isolated coal railway ({{nowrap|60 Hz}}).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Railroad Coordination Manual Of Instruction, Section 2.1.5 Deseret Power Railway |url=http://shrp2.transportation.org/Documents/RailroadCoordination_MOI.pdf| publisher =Utah Department of Transportation |date=May 2015|access-date=8 November 2016|page=102}}</ref><br />
*The now closed [[Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad]] which was also an isolated coal railway ({{nowrap|60 Hz}}).<br />
*The now closed [[Tumbler Ridge]] Subdivision of [[BC Rail]] ({{nowrap|60 Hz}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcra.org/railwaynews/may2004.htm |title=GF6C #6001 PRESERVED |publisher=West Coast Railway Association, BC |date=May 2004 |access-date=2011-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218102742/http://www.wcra.org/railwaynews/may2004.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Temporary boosted voltage===<br />
For [[TGV world speed record]] runs in France the voltage was temporarily boosted, to 29.5{{nbsp}}kV{{cn|date=December 2025}} and 31{{nbsp}}kV at different times.<ref>{{Cite news<br />
|title=French Train Hits 357 MPH Breaking World Speed Record<br />
|date=4 April 2007<br />
|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/french-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other voltages on 50 Hz electrification===<br />
*In [[France]], [[Mont Blanc Tramway]] and [[Chemin de fer du Montenvers]]: {{nowrap|11 kV}}<br />
*In [[Germany]], [[:de:Hambachbahn|Hambachbahn]] and [[:de:Nord-Süd-Bahn (Garzweiler)|Nord-Süd-Bahn]]: {{nowrap|6.6 kV}}<br />
<br />
== Multi-system locomotives and trains ==<br />
{{main|Multi-system (rail)}}<br />
<br />
Trains that can operate on more than one voltage, such as 3{{nbsp}}kV and 25{{nbsp}}kV, are established technologies. Some locomotives in Europe are capable of using four different voltage standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/traxx-locomotive-family-meets-european-needs/32588.article| title=Traxx locomotive family meets European needs |quote=Traxx MS (multi-system) for operation on both AC (15 and 25 kV) and DC (1·5 and 3 kV) networks| date=2008-01-07|access-date=2019-09-27|publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[15 kV AC railway electrification]]<br />
* [[List of railway electrification systems]]<br />
* [[Rotary phase converter#Electric railways|Rotary phase converter]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Keenor, Garry. Overhead line electrification for railways. <br />
* {{cite book | last=Boocock | first=Colin | title=East Coast Electrification | publisher=Ian Allan | year=1991| isbn=0-7110-1979-7}}<br />
* {{Gillham-Electric}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Glover | first=John | title=Eastern Electric | publisher=Ian Allan | year=2003 | isbn=0-7110-2934-2}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Machefert-Tassin | first1=Yves |last2=Nouvion | first2=Fernand | last3=Woimant | first3=Jean| title=Histoire de la Traction Electrique, vol.1 | publisher=La Vie du Rail | year=1980 | isbn=2-902808-05-4}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Nock | first=O.S.<br />
| title= Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester<br />
| publisher=Ian Allan | location = London<br />
| year=1965|oclc=59003738}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Nock | first=O.S. | title=Electric Euston to Glasgow | publisher=Ian Allan | year=1974| isbn=0-7110-0530-3}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Proceedings of the British Railways Electrification Conference, London 1960 – Railway Electrification at Industrial Frequency | publisher=London: British Railways Board | year=1960}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Semmens | first=Peter | title=Electrifying the East Coast Route | publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd.| year=1991| isbn=0-85059-929-6}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway electrification}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:25 Kv Ac Railway Electrification}}<br />
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification| ]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powayan&diff=449022Powayan2026-02-20T21:18:13Z<p>Nskschool: Improved structure and clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Powayan<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28|04|N|80|06|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]<br />
| established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 50000<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name="2011 census data"&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=149876|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Powayan''' or '''Pawayan''' is a town and a subdivisional headquarters in [[Shahjahanpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], 27&amp;nbsp;km from [[Shahjahanpur]], 47km from Tilhar. It is located in the fertile agricultural belt of Northern India and is 300&amp;nbsp;km from [[Delhi]] and 200&amp;nbsp;km from [[Lucknow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tehsils {{!}} District Shahjahanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://shahjahanpur.nic.in/public-utility-category/tehsils/|access-date=2021-10-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Sometime after 1250 AD, one branch of Gaur Rajputs established kingdoms at Chandra, Maholi and Katesar in [[Sitapur]] in present Uttar Pradesh. A daughter of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra House]] of Gaurs was married to Rao Gopal Singh, the Katehria chieftain of Nahil. Rao Gopal Singh was killed in a battle by [[Rohilla]] [[Pathan]]s and his widow sought the aid of her Gaur kinsmen on behalf her two infant sons. Thereupon Bhupat Singh and Himmat Singh of Chandra led a force into the district to re-establish the Katehrias at Nahil. Repeated attacks and disputes with the pathans compelled Bhupat Singh to send his son, Raja Udai Singh to Nahil's aid. Raja Udai Singh defeated the pathans at Deokali and established his ''Raj'' at Powayan. He established a Fortress at Powayan around 1705 AD and there after his descendants established Powayan as the largest Rajput Estate in [[Rohilkhand]] area. Legend goes that Powayan was established originally from east of Nahil or formed the Poorvaiyan chowk. Poorvaiyan over passage of time got distorted to Powayan or Powayan. With time the estate of Nahil lost luster and Puwayan flourished under the Gaur rulers. The title of ‘Raja’ is hereditary and was recognized by the [[Company rule in India|colonial British]] in subsequent years. The estate of the Tilakdhari Rajas of Powayan had 537 villages in Parganas of Powayan, Baragaon and Khutar.{{CN|date=October 2019}}. The 9th and the last official Raja of Powayan was Raja Ajay Varma Singh, who established Powayan Inter college and donated land for many institutions for public welfare. His elder son Raja Surendra Singh was an independent MLA. The other two sons Raja Wg. Cdr. Abhay Singh and Raja Jai Singh continued their father's legacy. The present members of the erstwhile royal family, the 12th generation, maintain charitable institutions and enjoy a high repute in Powayan Tehsil. <br />
<br />
The Powayan Tahsil is bounded on the south-west by Tilhar and Shajahanpur, south and east by Kheri district, north and west by Puranpur &amp; Bisalpur tahsils of [[Pilibhit district]]. The total area of Puwayan [[Tehsil]] is 378,418 acres or 591 sq. miles. The language spoken is primarily Hindi with a dialect that is a mixture of Kanaujia and Braj. As per the census of 1901 there were a total of 5408 inhabitants, of whom 3776 were Hindus, 1384 Muslims and 248, other religions. A large fair was held every year on Dusshera and a smaller gathering known as Chhariyan takes place in the month of Chait.{{CN|date=October 2019}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Powayan had a population of 28,613. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Powayan has an average literacy rate of 65%, : male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 52%. In Powayan, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
Powayan has an agriculturally based economy, as is the case with most of the towns in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Powayan is also known in local areas for production and maintenance of agricultural equipment, with many families involved in such businesses. Powayan is also known as "Mini Punjab " of UP as a large population of this area are Sikhs and have progressed well.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
[[File:Hira Thind 2 Photo by Jim Singh Photography.jpg|thumb|100px| Hira Thind]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Khutar]]<br />
* [[Jewan]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Shahjahanpur-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shahjahanpur district]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vattappattu&diff=543821Vattappattu2026-01-20T06:19:22Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Traditional male folk song and dance form from Malabar, Kerala}}<br />
{{Infobox dance<br />
| name = Vattappattu<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = {{lang|ml|വട്ടപ്പാട്ട്}}<br />
| etymology =<br />
| genre = Muslim folk song and performance<br />
| origin = [[Kerala]], India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vattappattu''' (Malayalam: വട്ടപ്പാട്ട്) is a traditional male folk song and performance art form from the Malabar region of Kerala, India. It is often described as the male counterpart to the female-dominated *Oppana* and is traditionally performed during wedding-related celebrations and Kerala school youth festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ചിരിയില്ലാതെ എന്ത് വട്ടപ്പാട്ട്...|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/2018/06/03/23765-kalolsavam-vattappattu|publisher=MediaOne Online|date=3 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vattappattu is a traditional form of folk music and poetry that originated in the Malabar region of Kerala|url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ijaz-ahmed-047158211_vattappattu-vattappattu-is-a-traditional-activity-7127726327893213185-U8sj|website=LinkedIn|date=2024|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History and context ==<br />
Vattappattu is customarily performed by men from the groom’s side during traditional Muslim wedding ceremonies. It combines song, rhythmic clapping, and light movement, and the lyrics often reflect Islamic traditions, local stories, and celebratory themes.<ref>{{cite web |title=ചിരിയില്ലാതെ എന്ത് വട്ടപ്പാട്ട് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/2018/06/03/23765-kalolsavam-vattappattu |website=mediaoneonline |publisher=mediaoneonline |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref><br />
In recent years, Vattappattu has transitioned from weddings to becoming a competitive cultural item at Kerala School Kalolsavams and youth festivals such as the State School Youth Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vattappattu Competition at Youth Festival|url=https://www.keralafolklore.com|publisher=Kerala Folklore Academy|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala School Kalolsavam|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_School_Kalolsavam|website=Wikipedia|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Performance ==<br />
The performance typically features a lead singer and a chorus of male performers dressed in white mundu, kurta, and headgear. They engage in rhythmic clapping and occasionally incorporate humor and choreography. Unlike Oppana (female version), Vattappattu emphasizes camaraderie and communal celebration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vattapattu, the male version of Oppana|url=https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/performing-art-forms/vattappattu-male-oppana-8714.php|publisher=India Video|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cultural significance ==<br />
Vattappattu helps preserve Malabar’s Muslim cultural heritage and fosters community bonding. It is especially popular in schools and colleges during cultural festivals, maintaining its relevance among younger audiences.{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Oppana]]<br />
* [[Mappila songs]]<br />
* [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]]<br />
* [[Nayadikali]]<br />
* [[Vadakkan Pattukal]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakuntala_Baliarsingh&diff=534406Shakuntala Baliarsingh2026-01-19T20:08:05Z<p>Nskschool: made new biography.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and translator}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Shakuntala Baliarsingh<br />
| image = Odia Wikimedians celebrating 3rd anniversary of odia wikisource (cropped).jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|2|18}}<br />
| birth_place = Narangarh, [[Khordha district]], [[Orissa]], India<br />
| occupation = Writer, translator<br />
| notable_works = Odia Sahityare Jatiyabadi Chetana<br />
| awards = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2009)<br>[[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2015<br />
| signature = File:Sakuntala Baliarsingh Autograph - or.png<br />
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shakuntala Baliarsingh''' ({{Langx|or|ଶକୁନ୍ତଳା ବଳିଆରସିଂହ}}; born 25 February 1948) is an Indian Odia language writer and translator.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
[[File:Sakuntala Baliyarsingh.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Baliarsingh in 2017]]<br />
Baliarsingh was born in 1948 at Narangarh in [[Khordha district]], India. She studied at [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Kartik Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA95 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Baliarsingh has published over 30 books, including ''Angyata basara itikatha'', ''Swaymsidha'', ''Bipanna Nabika'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-02-15 |title=Odia writer Sakuntala Baliarsingh to get Sahitya Akademi award for translation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Bhubaneswar/Odia-writer-Sakuntala-Baliarsingh-to-get-Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-translation/articleshow/50999097.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''Odia Sahityare Jatiyabadi Chetana,'' which explores the impact of Indian nationalism and consciousness on [[Oriya (individual language)|Oriya]] literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Subhakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ&q=Shakuntala+Baliarsingh |title=Construction of an Identity Discourse: Oriya Literature and the Jagannath Cult (1866-1936) |date=2002 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1041-7 |pages=xvi |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411134306/https://books.google.com/books?id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ&q=Shakuntala+Baliarsingh |url-status=live }}</ref> She also writes articles for newspapers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-03 |title=For author, morning rituals govern the day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/75510903.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, Baliarsingh was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for her Odia translation of [[Tripurasundari Laxmi]]'s work ''Kaberi Bhali Jhiatie,'' which was originally written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-15 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003021525/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baliarsingh, Shakuntala}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Odia-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian translators]]<br />
[[Category:India stubs]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil–Odia translators]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:People from Khordha district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi_Sarani&diff=474135Indira Gandhi Sarani2026-01-12T06:36:39Z<p>Nskschool: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{short description|Road in Kolkata, India}}<br />
{{infobox street<br />
| name = Indira Gandhi Sarani<br />
| native_name = <br />
| marker_image =<br />
| image = File:Red Road - Kolkata 2013-04-10 7739.JPG<br />
| caption = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| former_names = Red Road<br />
| postal_code = 700021<br />
| addresses =<br />
| length_km = <br />
| length_ref = <br />
| width =<br />
| location = [[Kolkata]], India<br />
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]<br />
| metro = [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]], [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street]]<br />
| client =<br />
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| direction_a = north<br />
| terminus_a = [[Eden Gardens]]<br />
| direction_b = south<br />
| terminus_b = [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] West Gate<br />
| junction =<br />
| commissioning_date =<br />
| construction_start_date =<br />
| completion_date = 1820<br />
| inauguration_date = <!-- {{Start date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| demolition_date = <br />
| designer = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| status = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Red Road''', is a road in Central [[Kolkata]] that runs from [[Eden Gardens]] (Rashmoni Avenue-Gostho Paul Sarani Junction) to [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] West Gate (Dufferin Road-Outram Road Junction). South of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] West Gate, Red Road becomes Casuarina Avenue /Khiddirpore Road.<ref>Google maps</ref> The road, a wide boulevard, was built in 1820.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p 72, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> It bisects the Kolkata [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]].<ref name="Farquharson2004"/> The British authorities intended for the road to be able to host large parades.<ref name="Farquharson2004"/> The name 'Red Road' was given due to its surfacing.<ref name="Farquharson2004">{{cite book|author=Robert H. Farquharson|title=For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMMO-X1D2I8C&pg=PA97|year=2004|publisher=Trafford|isbn=978-1-4120-1536-3|page=97}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:CTS Cadets.jpg|thumb|[[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] Parade on Red Road]]<br />
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the road, in the heart of Calcutta, served as a landing strip for [[Fighter aircraft]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Calcutta Airstrip Again is Street|newspaper=The Victoria Advocate|date=3 December 1945|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19451203&id=NF4dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KFoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4707,6654470&hl=en}}</ref> The annual [[Kolkata Marathon]] starts from the outside of the Rangers Club on Red Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsx.com/sports/16008-ninth-edition-of-kolkata-marathon-to-be-held-on-march-6 |title=Ninth edition of Kolkata marathon to be held on March 6 |publisher=NewsX |date=2015-12-24 |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227011320/http://www.newsx.com/sports/16008-ninth-edition-of-kolkata-marathon-to-be-held-on-march-6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Nair1987">{{cite book|author=P. Thankappan Nair|title=A history of Calcutta's streets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o40cAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Firma KLM|page=420}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]<br />
<br />
{{India-road-stub}}</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehboob_Ali_Kaiser&diff=476172Mehboob Ali Kaiser2025-12-31T02:12:56Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Choudhary Mehboob Ali Kaiser<br />
| image = Mehboobkaisar01.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|05|13|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Saharsa]], [[Bihar]], India<br />
| residence = Simri Bakhtiyarpur<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| constituency1 = [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[16th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br />
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014<br />
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br />
| office = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|Vice President of Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
| term_start = 21 April 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office2 = [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2010<br />
| term_end2 = 2013<br />
| predecessor2 = Anil Kumar Sharma<br />
| successor2 = [[Ashok Chaudhary]]<br />
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] <br />
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
[[Lok Janshakti Party]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Sahiba Ali|1981}}<br />
| children = 3 (2 daughters, 1 son)<br />
| website = <br />
| date = 12 December<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/4612?from=members<br />
}}<br />
'''Choudhary Mehboob Ali Kaiser''' is an Indian [[politician]] and Member of Parliament from [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] Lok Sabha Constituency. He started his political career from [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
He was [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] where he represented [[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri-Bakhtiarpur]] constituency for three terms. He also served as Cabinet Minister in Bihar Government. After being denied ticket by [[Indian National Congress]] for [[2014 Indian general election|General Elections in 2014]], he joined [[Lok Janshakti Party]] days before 2014 general election and successfully contested from [[Khagaria]] constituency.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Mehboob Ali Kaiser was born in [[Saharsa]] and he is son of Late Choudhary Salahuddin who was a former Cabinet minister of Bihar. He belongs to a Nawab family and is the grandson of Nawab Nazirul Hasan of Simri Bakhtiyarpur (erstwhile princely state). He served as Minister for Science and Technology & Minister of Higher Education in [[Bihar Government]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125055207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rahul-to-kick-off-Bihar-poll-campaign-on-Sept-4/Article1-594453.aspx Rahul to kick off Bihar poll campaign] Hindustan Times</ref> He studied at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Mehboob Ali Kaiser was a Secretary in All-India Congress Committee (AICC) from 2007 to 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092559010100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011201653/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092559010100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-10-11 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Rahul Gandhi made general secretary | date=2007-09-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was the President of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 2010 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Congress-wooing-Muslims-ahead-of-Bihar-polls/articleshow/6129274.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Congress wooing Muslims ahead of Bihar polls | date=2010-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher = Financial Express |title = Congress sacks warring leaders in Bihar unit |url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/congress-sacks-warring-leaders-in-bihar-unit/628534/|date = 3 June 2010|accessdate = 2010-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher = Hindustan Times|title = New Bihar PCC chief has his task cut out.|url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/New+Bihar+PCC+chief+has+his+task+cut+out.-a0228058499|accessdate = 2010-07-15}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
He later joined RJD on 21 April 2024.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
{{16th LS members from Bihar}}{{17th LS members from Bihar}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser, Mehboob Ali}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:People from Saharsa district]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics&diff=473733India at the 1928 Summer Olympics2025-12-23T17:55:28Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox country at games<br />
| NOC = IND<br />
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]<br />
| games = Summer Olympics<br />
| year = 1928<br />
| flagcaption = Flag of India<br />
| oldcode = <br />
|website = <br />
| location = [[Amsterdam]]<br />
| competitors = 21 in 2 sports<br />
| sports = <br />
| flagbearer = <br />
| rank = 24<br />
| gold = 1<br />
| silver = 0<br />
| bronze = 0<br />
| officials = <br />
| appearances = auto<br />
| app_begin_year = 1900<br />
| app_end_year = <br />
| summerappearances = <br />
| winterappearances = <br />
| seealso = <br />
}}<br />
India competed at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. It was the country's fourth [[India at the Summer Olympics|participation]] in the [[Summer Olympics]] its [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|debut]] at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]]. The Indian team consisted of 21 athletes and competed in two sports. India competed in the men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]] event for the first time in the history of the Games, and won the gold medal. It was the country's first gold medal, and the began a streak in the sport that continued through the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Games]].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
In 1927, the provisional Indian Olympic Committee was recognized by the [[International Olympic Committee]] and formally became the [[Indian Olympic Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/india|title=India – National Olympic Committee (NOC)|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326005433/https://www.olympic.org/india/|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The organization was formed to promote the development of sports in India, host the national games, and select teams for the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/national-games-india-olympics-history|title=History of National Games: India's homespun Olympics!|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029071508/https://olympics.com/en/news/national-games-india-olympics-history|url-status=live|work=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
India competed in the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Amsterdam]], Netherland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/editions/9|title=1928 Summer Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It was the country's fourth [[India at the Summer Olympics|participation]] in the [[Summer Olympics]] after its [[India at the 1900 Summer Olympics|debut]] in the [[1900 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="India">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND|title=India at the Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The Indian team consisted of 21 athletes, who competed in two sports.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND/editions/9|title=India at the 1928 Summer Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[Indian Hockey Federation]], which had been established earlier in 1925, sent the [[India men's national field hockey team|men's field hockey team]] to the 1928 Games for the first time.<ref name="Hockey">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-hockey-team-won-first-olympic-games-gold-medal-1928-amsterdam|title=How Indian hockey cast a spell to win the 1928 Olympics gold|date=3 April 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Olympics.com]]|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821103744/https://olympics.com/en/news/india-hockey-team-won-first-olympic-games-gold-medal-1928-amsterdam|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Medalists ==<br />
[[File:India_hockey_team_1928.jpg|thumb|The Indian field hockey team that won the gold medal]]<br />
<br />
{{further|1928 Summer Olympics medal table}}<br />
The hockey team won India's first gold medal in the Olympics at the Games.<ref name="Hockey"/> This was the first gold medal won by any nation from Asia at the modern Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-hockey-team-won-first-olympic-games-gold-medal-1928-amsterdam|title=Indian hockey won the first Olympic gold medal at hockey in 1928 Amsterdam|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023153422/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-hockey-team-won-first-olympic-games-gold-medal-1928-amsterdam|url-status=live|work=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> It began a winning streak in the sport that continued through the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1928-olympics-indias-first-step-towards-ascending-hockey-throne/article3613550.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 August 2016|title=1928 Olympics: India's first step towards ascending hockey throne|date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127162022/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1928-olympics-indias-first-step-towards-ascending-hockey-throne/article3613550.ece|archive-date=27 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!Medal<br />
!Name<br />
!Sport<br />
!Event<br />
!Date<br />
|-<br />
| {{gold medal}} || [[India men's national field hockey team]]<br/>{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|small=yes|style=width:22em|{{ubl|[[Richard Allen (field hockey)|Richard Allen]]|[[Dhyan Chand]]|[[Michael Gateley]]|[[William Goodsir-Cullen]]|[[Leslie Hammond]]|[[Feroze Khan (field hockey)|Feroze Khan]]|[[George Marthins]]|[[Rex Norris (field hockey)|Rex Norris]]|[[Broome Pinniger]]|[[Michael Rocque (field hockey)|Michael Rocque]]|[[Frederic Seaman]]|[[Ali Shaukat]]|[[Jaipal Singh]]|[[Sayed Yusuf]]}}}}<br />
|colspan=2 align=center|[[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]] || {{dts||5|26}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Competitors ==<br />
There were 21 athletes who took part in two sports.<ref name="List"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ Competitors representing India<br />
|-<br />
! width=70|Sport<br />
! width=40|Men<br />
! width=40|Women<br />
! width=4|Total<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]<br />
| 7 || 0 || 7<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]<br />
| 14 || 0 || 14 <br />
|- class="sortbottom"<br />
! Total !! 21 !! 0 !! 21<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Athletics==<br />
{{main article|Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics}}<br />
Seven athletes represented India in athletics at the Games.<ref name="List"/><br />
<br />
;Men<br />
;Track Events<br />
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|Athlete<br />
!rowspan=2|Event<br />
!colspan=2|Heats<br />
!colspan=2|Quarterfinals<br />
!colspan=2|Semifinals<br />
!colspan=2|Final<br />
|-<br />
!Result<br />
!Rank<br />
!Result<br />
!Rank<br />
!Result<br />
!Rank<br />
!Result<br />
!Rank<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Ronald Burns (athlete)|Ronald Burns]]<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100 m]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 6<br />
|align=center colspan=6 rowspan=3 {{n/a|Did not advance}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 m]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 4<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2| [[James Hall (athlete)|James Hall]]<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200 m]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 4<br />
|-<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|400 m]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 2 '''Q'''<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 5<br />
|align=cter colspan=4 rowspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[J. Murphy (1928 Olympics)|J. Murphy]]<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|800 m]]<br />
|align=center colspan=2 {{n/a}}<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 7<br />
|-<br />
| Gurbachan Singh<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]<br />
|align=center colspan=4 {{n/a}}<br />
|align=center colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not finish}}<br />
|align=center colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chavan Singh]]<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10000 m]]<br />
|align=center colspan=6 {{n/a}}<br />
|align=center colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not finish}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| [[S. Abdul Hamid (athlete)|S. Abdul Hamid]]<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|110 m hurdles]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 4<br />
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2 {{n/a}}<br />
|align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]<br />
|align=center| Unknown<br />
|align=center| 6<br />
|}<br />
<small>Note: Ranks given are within the heat or particular round.</small><br />
<br />
;Field Events<br />
<br />
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|Athlete<br />
!rowspan=2|Event<br />
!colspan=2|Qualification<br />
!colspan=2|Final<br />
|- style="font-size:95%"<br />
!Distance<br />
!Position<br />
!Distance<br />
!Position<br />
|-align=center<br />
|-align=center<br />
|align=left|[[Dalip Singh (athlete)|Dalip Singh]]<br />
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|Long Jump]]<br />
|6.45<br />
|37<br />
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not advance}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Field hockey==<br />
[[File:Indian_hockey_players_1928_Olympics.jpg|thumb|The Indian hockey players holding the flag at the Olympics]]<br />
[[File:Indian hockey team 1928 Olympics match.jpg|thumb|The Indian hockey team during a match at the Olympics]]<br />
{{main article|Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics}}<br />
<br />
The [[Fédération Internationale de Hockey]] was established in 1926, and field hockey returned to the Olympic Programme for the 1928 Games after missing from the [[1924 Summer Olympics|previous Games]].<ref name="Event">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/35519|title=Field hockey, 1928 Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> This was the first appearance of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]] at the Olympic Games.<ref name="Hockey"/> The Indian team, which was established only in 1926, did an international tour before the Games. During the tour, [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]] and the constituent teams refused to play the Indian team. However, India beat Hockey Association XI consisting of multiple English internationals, and an Anglo-Scottish XI during the tour. Great Britain, who were the defending Olympic champions from the [[Field hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Games]], withdrew their entry to the Games, probably because of the possibility of losing to India, which was still a British dependency at that time.<ref name="Event"/><br />
<br />
The Indian team won all the four matches in the preliminary round, scoring 26 goals and not conceding a single goal. In the other group, [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] topped the table, after a 2-1 win over [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]].<ref name="Event"/> The hockey team won the country's only medal, a gold, after beating Netherlands in the finals at the [[Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam|Olympisch Stadion]].<ref name="Hockey"/><br />
<br />
;Roster<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads|IND}}<br />
<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|A}}<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|A2}}<br />
----<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|A3}}<br />
----<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|A6}}<br />
----<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|A7}}<br />
;Gold Medal Match<br />
{{#lst:Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|E2}}<br />
<br />
==Swimming==<br />
{{main|Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics}}<br />
<br />
Dwarka Das Mulji qualified for three swimming events. He would have become the first Indian Olympic swimmer, however, he did not start the events.<ref name="List"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/922234|title=Dwarka Das Mulji|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.amateur-boxing.vip.interia.pl/Championships/OlympicGames2000.html Official Olympic Reports]<br />
*[http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp International Olympic Committee results database]<br />
<br />
{{Nations at the 1928 Summer Olympics}}<br />
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nations at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|1928]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Hareesh&diff=531218S. Hareesh2025-11-24T01:06:30Z<p>Nskschool: Adding new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| embed = <br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = S. Hareesh<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = S. Hareesh Writer.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|5|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Neendoor]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| occupation = Writer, [[screenwriter]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| home_town = <br />
| period = <br />
| genre = Novel, short story, translations, films<br />
| subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --><br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = ''[[Meesa]]''<br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = {{ubl|2020&nbsp;[[JCB Prize for Literature]]|2020&nbsp;Nandanar Award|2019&nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]|2018&nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]]|2017&nbsp;[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]|2009&nbsp;Thomas Mundassery Award|2008&nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] [[Geetha Hiranyan]] Endowment|V. P. Sivakumar Memorial Keli Award}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| years_active = 1995–present<br />
| module = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --><br />
| portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --><br />
}}<br />
'''S. Hareesh''' (born 15 May 1975) is an Indian [[writer]], [[translator]] and [[screenwriter]] of [[Malayalam literature]] and [[Malayalam cinema|cinema]]. He is best known for his short stories and his acclaimed but controversial [[debut novel]], ''[[Meesa]]'', which explores [[caste]] in [[Kerala]] in the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2020-01-23|title=I drew on the stories I have been hearing from childhood to write 'Meesha', says author S Hareesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/s-hareesh-on-his-first-novel-meesha-which-is-getting-translated-into-english-as-moustache/article30633087.ece|access-date=2020-11-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The novel, initially serialized in the [[Mathrubhumi Weekly|''Mathrubhumi'' weekly]], was withdrawn after protests by right-wing [[Hindutva]] groups and caste-community organizations for "maligning Hindu women and temple priests".<ref name=":0" /> It was later published as a full novel by [[DC Books]].<ref name=":0" /> Hareesh is the recipient of several honours including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] and the [[Geetha Hiranyan]] Endowment of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. In November 2020, the English translation of ''Meesa,'' titled ''Moustache'', was selected for the [[JCB Prize for Literature]], the Indian literary award with the highest prize money.<ref name="mangalam.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/438125-latest-news-s-hareesh-bags-jcb-literature-award.html|title=എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ മീശ നോവലിന് ജെ.സി.ബി സാഹിത്യ പുരക്സാരം}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Malayalam author S Hareesh wins the JCB Prize for Literature 2020|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/s-hareesh-wins-the-jcb-prize-for-literature-2020-6996117/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Biography ==<br />
S. Hareesh was born on 15 May 1975 at [[Neendoor]] in [[Kottayam district]] in the South Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="S Hareesh - Mathrubhumi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2018/speakers/s-hareesh-1.2549784 |title=S Hareesh | publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=23 January 2018 | author=Mathrubhumi International Festival of Letters | access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Who is S Hareesh? IE">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-s-hareesh-5294127/ |title=Who is S Hareesh? IE |date=2018-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref><br />
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Hareesh published his first book in 2005, a short story anthology titled ''Rasavidyayude Charithram'' ('The History of Alchemy'), which won him the Geetha Hiranyan Endowment Award of Kerala Sahithya Akademi.<ref name=":0" /> This was followed by a Malayalam translation of ''The Last Lecture'' by [[Randy Pausch]], which was published by [[DC Books]] in 2012.<ref name="Anthya Prabhashanam (The Last Lecture)">{{Cite web |title=Anthya Prabhashanam (The Last Lecture) |url=https://www.indulekha.com/anthyaprabhashanam-randy-pausch-the-last-lecture-malayalam |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=www.indulekha.com |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124032628/https://www.indulekha.com/anthyaprabhashanam-randy-pausch-the-last-lecture-malayalam |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four years later, he published his second short story collection titled ''Aadam,'' which won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-06|title=Who is S Hareesh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-s-hareesh-5294127/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, his debut novel, ''[[Meesa]]'', was serialised in [[Mathrubhumi weekly]], but he had to withdraw it due to pressures from Hindu right-wing groups.<ref name="Kerala Gets Its Own Perumal Murugan, Thanks (Again) to the Sangh Parivar">{{Cite web |title=Kerala Gets Its Own Perumal Murugan, Thanks (Again) to the Sangh Parivar |url=https://thewire.in/books/kerala-author-s-harish-withdraws-book-due-to-sang-parivar-threat |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Later, the novel was published in book format by [[DC Books]]. The same year, he brought out another short story anthology, ''Appan''. ''Meesa'' was translated by Crossword Award winner, [[Jayasree Kalathil]] and the book was published under the title, ''Moustache'', by Harper Perennial India in 2020.<ref name="S Hareesh's Moustache is a diligently told story of a troubled yet awe-inspiring land">{{Cite web |title=S Hareesh's Moustache is a diligently told story of a troubled yet awe-inspiring land |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tag/s-hareesh |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
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The 2018 film ''[[Aedan (film)|Aedan]]'' was based on one of the three stories in Hareesh's short story collection ''Adam''.<ref name="Aedan: Garden of Desire (2018) - IMDb">{{Cite web |title=Aedan: Garden of Desire (2018) - IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5933698/fullcredits |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref> The story ''Maoist'' from the collection has been adapted by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] for his film ''[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]'',<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Anandan|first=S.|title=Who is S. Hareesh?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/who-is-s-hareesh/article24603467.ece |access-date=5 August 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 August 2018}}</ref> the film was India's official entry at the 2020 [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2020 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Why Lijo Jose's Jallikattu deserves to be India's Oscars 2021 entry: An overview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-lijo-jose-s-jallikattu-deserves-to-be-india-s-oscars-2021-entry-an-overview-1744314-2020-11-26 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam film Jallikattu is India's entry for 2021 Oscars">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Malayalam film Jallikattu is India's entry for 2021 Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jallikattu-is-indias-entry-for-oscars-2021-7065545/ |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He is employed as a village assistant at Kaipuzha in Kottayam.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Awards and recognition ==<br />
Hareesh won his first major honors in 2008 when he was selected the Geetha Hiranyam Endowment by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] for his short story anthology ''Rasavidyayude Charithram''.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award%20Pages.pdf |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |date=2019-03-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> The next year, he received the Thomas Mundassery Award for short story.<ref name="S Hareesh- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2019">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=Mjg3 |title=S Hareesh- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2019 |date=2019-03-23 |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com |access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the Best Story Writer for his anthology, ''Adam'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sahithya-akademi-awards-announced/article22819193.ece |title=Sahithya Akademi awards announced |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-02-22 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the V. P. Sivakumar Memorial Keli Award<ref name="S. Hareesh - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/s._hareesh-profile-11672-25.htm |title=S. Hareesh - Veethi profile |date=2019-03-23 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> as well as the Nandanar Award in 2020.<ref name="'മീശ' നോവലിന് അംഗീകാരം; എസ് ഹരീഷിന് നന്തനാര്&zwj; പുരസ്കാരം">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title='മീശ' നോവലിന് അംഗീകാരം; എസ് ഹരീഷിന് നന്തനാര്&zwj; പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://www.reporter.live/s-hareesh-got-nandanar-award/7557/ |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=Reporter Live |language=en-US |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051916/https://www.reporter.live/s-hareesh-got-nandanar-award/7557/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="നന്തനാര്&zwj; സാഹിത്യപുരസ്കാരം എസ് ഹരീഷിന്">{{Cite web |last=www.dcbooks.com |date=2020-10-20 |title=നന്തനാര്&zwj; സാഹിത്യപുരസ്കാരം എസ് ഹരീഷിന് |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/s-harish-wins-nandanar-literary-award.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=DC Books |language=en-gb}}</ref> ''Aedan'', the film based on his short story for which he wrote the screenplay fetched him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] (adapted) in 2017.<ref name="Kerala State Film Awards: Debut films steal the show - Times of India">{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Debut films steal the show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-film-awards-debut-films-steal-the-show/articleshow/63226786.cms |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2020 the English translation of ''Meesa,'' titled ''Moustache'', received the [[JCB Prize for Literature]].<ref name="mangalam.com"/> The novel won another award, the 2019 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] which was announced in February 2021.<ref name="kerala sahithya academy award announced">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=kerala sahithya academy award announced കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ 'മീശ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2021/02/15/kerala-sahithya-academy-award-announced.html |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=www.twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
=== Short story anthologies ===<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Rasavidhyayude Charithram |date=2005 |publisher=Current Books}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://opac.cusat.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=9161 |title=Rasavidhyayude charithram |last=Hareesh |first=S. |date=2005 |publisher=Current books |access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |title=Aadam |date=2016 |publisher=[[DC Books]]}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Appan |year = 2018|publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8-126-47733-3 |page=130}}<br />
<br />
=== Novels ===<br />
* {{Cite book |title=[[Meesa]] |publisher=DC Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-8-126-47737-1 |page=328}}<br />
* {{Cite book | title=August 17 | publisher = DC Books | year=2022| isbn= 978-9-354-82575-0 | page=368}}<br />
* {{Cite book | title=Pattunool Puzhu | publisher = DC Books | year=2024| isbn= 978-9-364-87667-4 | page=290}}<br />
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=== Translations ===<br />
* {{Cite book |author1=[[Randy Pausch]] |author2=[[Jeffrey Zaslow]] |title=[[The Last Lecture]] |trans-title=Anthyaprabhashanam |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8-126-42672-0 |page=212 |language=ml |translator=S. Hareesh}}<br />
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=== Works available in English ===<br />
* {{Cite book |author=S. Hareesh |title=[[Moustache (novel)|Moustache]] |translator=[[Jayasree Kalathil]] |publisher=Harper Perennial India |year=2020 |isbn=978-9-353-57602-8 |page=360}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year<br />
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Screenplay<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Story<br />
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Dialogues<br />
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Director<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Aedan (film)|Aedan]]'' || {{Yes}}|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Sanju Surendran]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Churuli]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Thekku Vadakku]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Prem Shankar <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}<br />
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]<br />
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
{{Portal|India|Literature}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/889421/read-these-excerpts-from-malayalam-writer-s-hareeshs-novel-meesha-which-some-people-want-banned |title=Excerpts from Malayalam writer S. Hareesh's controversial novel 'Meesha' |last=Hareesh |first=S. |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-23}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=December 11, 2020 |first=Bhavya|last=Dore |title=Speaking His Truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20201221-speaking-his-truth-1748785-2020-12-11 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=The best books of 2020 based on your mood |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/the-best-books-of-2020-based-on-your-mood |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Vogue India |date=15 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Pradeep |date=2020-12-18 |title=From Kuttanad's belly, Jallikattu writer Hareesh takes the bull by the horns |url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/from-kuttanads-belly-jallikattu-writer-hareesh-takes-the-bull-by-the-horns/ |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=S.anandan |date=2020-12-04 |title=Master of the labyrinth: S. Hareesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/master-of-the-labyrinth-s-hareesh/article33246814.ece |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=Interview: S Hareesh, author, Moustache, winner of the JCB prize 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-s-hareesh-author-moustache-winner-of-the-jcb-prize-2020/story-Rsj8T9VxLkuEPMZmLaaRdM.html |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=hindustantimes.com |date=20 November 2020 |language=en}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm8340689}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=മീശനാടിന്റെ കഥാകാരൻ - Interview _ എസ് ഹരീഷ് |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQftsHTfBcc |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Media One TV - YouTube video}}<br />
* {{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-02-22 |title=Sahithya Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sahithya-akademi-awards-announced/article22819193.ece |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}<br />
* [[:ml:എസ്. ഹരീഷ്|Malayalam Wiki]]<br />
* {{Cite web |title=In Conversation with S. Hareesh and Jayasree Kalathil (Moustache). - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk5BH-PSdPY |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=www.youtube.com}}<br />
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{{Vayalar Awards}}<br />
{{Malayalam Literature}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hareesh, S.Hareesh, Harish, SHareesh}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]</div>Nskschoolhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahamastakabhisheka&diff=474850Mahamastakabhisheka2025-11-14T09:00:15Z<p>Nskschool: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Duodecennial Jain festival involving large-scale anointment of Jain images}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox holiday<br />
| holiday_name = Mahamastakabhisheka<br />
| image = Shravanbelgola Gomateshvara head and torso.jpg<br />
| caption = Anointing of the [[Gommateshwara statue]] in 2006<br />
| nickname = Translation: Head Anointing of Gommateshwara<br />
| observedby = [[Jain]]s<br />
| date = Decided by the luni-solar [[Jain calendar]]<br />
| observances = Prayers, [[Jain rituals]]<br />
| celebrations = Anointing the statue of ''Gommateshwara'' with milk, saffron, sugarcane juice, sandal paste, rice flour, flowers etc.<br />
| longtype = Religious<br />
| significance = Completion of the statue of [[Gommateshwara statue]]<br />
| frequency = every 12 years<br />
| date2018 = <br />
| date2030 = <br />
| type = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (2).jpg|thumb|Gommateshwara statue during the Grand Consecration in August 2018]]<br />
<br />
The '''''Māhāmastakābhiṣeka''''' ("Grand Consecration") refers to the ''[[abhiṣeka]]'' (anointment) of the [[Jainism|Jain]] idols when held on a large scale. The most famous of such consecrations is the anointment of the [[Bahubali]] [[Gommateshwara statue]] located at [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is an important Jain festival held once every 12 years. It is an integral part of the ancient and composite Jain tradition.<br />
<br />
The festival is held in veneration of a {{convert|17.4|m|adj=on}} high monolithic statue of the [[Siddha]] Bahubali. The anointing last took place in February 2018, and the next ceremony will take place in 2030.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=TNN|title=Mahamastakabhisheka of Bahubali begins today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mahamastakabhisheka-of-Bahubali-begins-today/articleshow/1405368.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-08/india/27796348_1_bahubali-mahamastakabhisheka-shravanabelagola|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=19 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 February 2006}}</ref> The ceremony in 2018 is said to be the 88th in the series that commenced in the year 981 AD and was the second Mahamastakabhisheka of the 21st century. The ceremony is expected to be graced by numerous Jain [[ascetics]]. The February 2018 event was held under the leadership of Charukeerthi [[Bhattaraka]] Swamiji of Shravanabelagola from 17 to 25 February 2018.Next will be at 2030 by Abhinava Charukeerthy Bhattaraka Mahaswamiji <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Dates-for-Mahamastabhisheka-at-Shravanabelagola-announced/article16444430.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 October 2016| access-date=26 February 2018|title=Dates for Mahamastabhisheka at Shravanabelagola by |author=Staff Reporter}}</ref><br />
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== Anointment of the Gommateshwara Bahubali image ==<br />
Bahubali, the son of [[Rishabhanatha]], the first of the twenty-four Jain [[Tirthankara]]s, is worshipped for living with exceptional qualities that he displayed during all stages of his life from conception, birth, renunciation, enlightenment and salvation. This 58.8 feet tall statue is the most magnificent among all Jain works of art. It was built in circa 983.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=212}} The Bahubali statue is described as one of the mightiest achievements of ancient Karnataka in the realm of sculptural art. The statue stands upright in the posture of meditation known as kayotsarga, reaching a height of nearly 57 feet atop the [[Vindhyagiri Hill|Vindhyagiri]] - accessible through a flight of 700 steps.{{Sfn|Muni Kshamāsāgara|2006|p=49}}<br />
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===Procedure===<br />
Purified water and [[sandalwood]] paste is poured over the statue from a scaffolding. This event continues for weeks. As the ''Mahamastakabhisheka'' begins, consecrated water is sprinkled onto the participants by devotees carrying 1,008 specially prepared vessels (kalashas). The statue is then bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and [[saffron]] paste, and sprinkled with powders of [[sandalwood]], [[turmeric]], and [[vermilion]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC|title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|first=Brajesh|last=Kumar|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|date=2003|isbn=9788171821853|page=199}}</ref> Offerings are made of petals, gold and silver coins, and precious stones. Most recently, the ceremony's finale has included an enormous shower of flowers from a waiting helicopter.{{Sfn|Sangave|p=106}}<br />
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==Other Mahamastakabhishekas==<br />
Apart from the anointment of the [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravana Belgola]], anointment of the Jaina images take place at Jain temples throughout India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Drivedi|first1=Rakesh Narayan|page=65|title=राही मासूम रज़ा और उनके औपन्याससक पात्र}}</ref> Anointment of the other Gommateshwara statues in Karnataka are also honoured with a Mahamastakabhisheka festival every 12 years.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}<br />
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* [[Dharmasthala]] Mahamastakabhisheka was last held from 9 to 18 February 2019. The previous Mahamastakabhishekas were held in 1982, 1995 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A, DHNS |first=Naina J. |title=Mahamastakabhisheka at Dharmasthala from February 9 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mahamastakabhisheka-711077.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Karkala]] Mahamastakabhisheka - The last Mahamastakabhisheka was held from 21 to 31 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Karkala decks up for 'Mahamastakabhisheka' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karkala-decks-up-mahamastakabhisheka-2107747 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Venur]] Mahamastakabhisheka - The last one was from 28 January 2012 to 5 February 2012. The next one will be in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venur.in/?page_id=145 |title=Venur Mahamastakabhisheka 2012 |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218031135/http://www.venur.in/?page_id=145 |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref><br />
*[[Kumbhoj]] Mahamastakabhisheka - The last Mahamastakabhisheka was held in 2015, and the next will be in 2027.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Jain rituals and festivals]]<br />
*[[Panch Kalyanaka]]<br />
*[[Jainism in Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 |ref=none }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09NCaJ_3GFwC|title=Naga Varmma's Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana|first=Lewis |last=Rice|date=1985|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120600621}}<br />
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC|title=Gazetteer of Mysore|first=B. L. |last=Rice|publisher=Asian Educational Services|date=2001|isbn=9788120609778|ref=none }}<br />
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ3S6CW5KKQC|title=The Sacred Sravana-Belagola|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith Prakash|first=Vilas Adinath|last=Sangave|access-date=16 November 2017|ref={{SfnRef|Sangave}} |year=1981}}<br />
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSieVNwsAAIC|title=In quest of the self|first=Muni |last=Kshamāsāgara|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|isbn=9788126311668|access-date=16 November 2017|ref={{SfnRef|Muni Kshamāsāgara|2006}} |year=2006}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Mahamastakabhisheka}}<br />
* [http://www.mahamasthakabhisheka.com Mahamasthakabhisheka Bahubali Official Website]<br />
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/4736362.stm BBC News Special: Interview and Photo Reportage]<br />
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{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Jain festivals]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]</div>Nskschool