Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Lok Poll

2023-10-06T10:56:09Z

NormandDew91793: Created page with ''''Lok Poll'''<ref>https://www.abplive.com/news/india/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-congress-position-in-karnataka-very-strong-poised-for-victory-pre-poll-survey-predictions-2388141/amp</ref><ref>https://www.oneindia.com/amphtml/india/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-congress-to-dethrone-bjp-with-129-134-seats-predicts-survey-3556839.html</ref><ref>https://www.news9live.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/karnataka-pre-poll-survey-predicts-clear-...'

'''Lok Poll'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-congress-position-in-karnataka-very-strong-poised-for-victory-pre-poll-survey-predictions-2388141/amp | title=कर्नाटक चुनाव से पहले इस सर्वे ने कांग्रेस को लेकर किया बड़ा दावा, बीजेपी के लिए आई बुरी खबर }}</ref><ref>https://www.oneindia.com/amphtml/india/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-congress-to-dethrone-bjp-with-129-134-seats-predicts-survey-3556839.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/karnataka-pre-poll-survey-predicts-clear-majority-for-congress-bjp-to-make-inroads-in-old-mysuru-au13-2072922/amp | title=Karnataka: Pre-poll survey predicts clear majority for Congress, BJP to make inroads in Old Mysuru | date=11 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehindustangazette.com/national/karnataka/congress-likely-to-win-karnataka-poll-survey-12876 | title=Congress likely to win Karnataka Poll Survey | date=11 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/politics/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-opinion-poll-results-bjp-likely-to-be-single-largest-party-congress-distant-second-says-pollster-4403308.html/amp | title=Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 Opinion Poll Results: BJP Likely to be Single Largest Party, Congress Distant Second, Says Pollster | 🗳️ LatestLY | date=November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangla.latestly.com/india/lok-sabha-opinion-polls-by-lokpoll-nda-might-get-256-upa-172-seats-in-2024-votes-138682.html/amp | title=Lokpoll Predictions: ঘুরছে খেলা! ২০২৪-এ লোকসভায় নরেন্দ্র মোদী-র কঠিন লড়াই, ইঙ্গিত লোক পোলের সমীক্ষায় | 🇮🇳 LatestLY বাংলা | date=20 August 2022 }}</ref> is a reputed polling firm that tracks Indian elections and publishes their findings. The firm has worked in Bihar, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, West Bengal, Goa, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura & Karnataka Assembly Elections.

==Election predictions==
=== [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election 2023]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;" |
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
! style="background:gray;{{party color|other}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]
!Others
|-
|Lok Poll<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fj8RhukB1eQ</ref>
|59-65
|'''129-134'''
|23-28
|0-2
|'''64-69'''
|INC majority
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''Election results'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |66
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''135'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |19
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |4
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''69'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |INC majority
|}

=== [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election 2023]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;" |
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}" |
! style="background:gray;{{party color|other}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
![[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|JCC]]
!Others
|-
|Lok Poll<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-Rzau8YT5s</ref>
|25-29
|'''56-60'''
|1-2
|0-2
|0-1
|'''29-32'''
|INC majority
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''Election results'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|}

=== [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2023]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;" |
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
! style="background:gray;{{party color|other}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
!Others
|-
|Lok Poll<ref>https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/india/lok-poll-survey-said-congress-will-defeat-bjp-in-madhya-pradesh-elections-522661.html</ref>
|90-95
|'''130-135'''
|1-2
|0-5
|'''37-42'''
|INC majority
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''Election results'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|}

=== [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly Election 2023]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;" |
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
! style="background:gray;{{party color|other}}" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
![[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Others
|-
|Lok Poll<ref>https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/telangana/telangana-elections-2023-lok-poll-telangana-pre-poll-survey-released-113261</ref><ref>https://www.siasat.com/telangana-assembly-polls-can-brs-record-hat-trick-win-heres-pre-poll-survey-2713827/#google_vignette</ref>
|45-51
|'''61-67'''
|6-8
|2-3
|0-1
|'''16-22'''
|INC majority
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |'''Election results'''
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" |TBA
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|id=LokPoll|name=Lok Poll}}
* {{Facebook|id=LokPoll.India|name=LokPoll}}
* {{Instagram|id=LokPoll.India|name=LOKPOLL}}

[[Category:Opinion polling in India]]
[[Category:Polling companies]]
[[Category:Public opinion research companies in India]]

2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election

2023-10-05T18:09:03Z

NormandDew91793: Created page with '{{Infobox election | election_name = 2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil | country = India | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = 2018 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil | previous_year = 2018 | next_election = 2028 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil | next_year = 2028 | election_date = 4 October 2023 | seats_for_election =26 out of 30 seats in the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Co...'

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2018 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
| previous_year = 2018
| next_election = 2028 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
| next_year = 2028
| election_date = 4 October 2023
| seats_for_election =26 out of 30 seats in the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]
| turnout = 77.61%<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-kargil-voting-election-october-4-2023/article67379860.ece | title=In first polls post-370, Kargil hill council elections sees over 78% turnout | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 October 2023 | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref>
| image1 = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|80px]]
| party1 = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| alliance1 =
| seats1 =
| last_election1 = 10
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|80px]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 =
| seats2 =
| last_election2 = 8
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| swing2 =
| image3 = [[File:BJP flag.svg|80px]]
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 =
| seats3 =
| last_election3 = 1
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = Chief Executive Member
| posttitle = Chief Executive Member
| before_election = Feroz Ahmad Khan
| before_party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| after_election = TBD
| after_party = TBD
}}

Elections were held in October 2023 for the 26 seats of [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/art-370-abrogation-to-development-why-3-young-candidates-are-in-fray-for-kargil-hill-council-8967132/ | title=Hope for pre-Art 370 abrogation to development: Why 3 young candidates are in fray for Kargil hill council | date=3 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-sees-first-post-370-polls-big-stakes-for-bjp-congress-nc/article67376689.ece | title=Kargil sees first post-370 polls; big stakes for BJP, Congress, NC | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 October 2023 | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/73-turnout-recorded-as-kargil-holds-first-polls-since-article-370-move-101696446316083.html | title=73% voter turnout recorded as Kargil holds first polls since Article 370 move | date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Schedule==
Election Department, [[Ladakh]] has announced the schedule to conduct the election for Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil on 9 September 2023:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2023/09/2023090886.pdf|title=The Ladakh Gazette|website=gov.in|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kargil-hill-council-election-2023-election-department-278-polling-stations-latest-updates-ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-lahdc-2023-09-10-891818 | title=Kargil hill council election 2023: Election Department to set up 278 polling stations| date=10 September 2023 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Date
|-
| Date from which nominations can be made
| 9 September 2023
|-
| Last date for making nominations
| 16 September 2023
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
| 18 September 2023
|-
| Last date for the withdrawal of nominations
| 20 September 2023
|-
| Date on which poll shall, if necessary, be held
| '''4 October 2023'''
|-
| Timing of Poll
| 8.00 AM to 4.00 PM
|-
| Date before which the Election shall be completed
| 11 October 2023
|-
|}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3" rowspan="2"|Parties
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats (14 needed for majority)
|-
!Votes
!%
!± %
!Contested<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2023/09/2023092296.pdf|title=List of Candidates in fray for the 5th General Elections to LAHDC Kargil-2023|website=gov.in|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
!Won
!+/-
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}|
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Plough.png|35px]]
|
|
|
| 17
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|35px]]
|
|
|
| 22
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|35px]]
|
|
|
| 17
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|35px]]
|
|
|
| 4
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|
|
| 25
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="FFFFFF"|
| colspan="2"| [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|
|
|
| Colspan=4 bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! align="centre" colspan="3"| Total
!
!
| Colspan=2 bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
! 26
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-
|}

==Also see==
* [[2023 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Leh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Ladakh]]
[[Category:2023 elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Ladakh]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023

2023-10-05T12:01:33Z

NormandDew91793: Created page with 'The Government of India has introduced three bills namely '''The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023''', '''The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023''' and '''The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023''' in the Lok Sabha on 11 August 2023 to repeal and replace Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Indian Evidence Act.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-cr...'

{{Short description|Penal code of Republic of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
| legislature = Parliament of India
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 100
| image_upright =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = A Bill to consolidate and amend the provisions relating to offences and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = Bill No. 121 of 2023
| territorial_extent =
| considered_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| bill_date = 11 August 2023
| introduced_by = [[Amit Shah]]
| committee_responsible = 
| preliminary_reading =
| preliminary_reading_for =
| preliminary_reading_against =
| preliminary_reading_abstention =
| preliminary_reading_absent =
| preliminary_reading_presentnotvoting =
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| passed2 = 
| conf_committee_passed2 = 
| committee_report2 = 
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| date_amendments_considered = 
| date_final_passage = 
| amends = 
| repeals = [[Indian Penal Code]]
| summary =
| status = pending
}}

The '''Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023''' (BNS-2023; {{Lang-hi|भारतीय न्याय संहिता|lit=Indian Justice Code|translit=Bhāratīya Nyāya Saṃhitā}}) is a proposed Bill introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]]. If enacted, it would replace the existing [[Indian Penal Code|Indian Penal Code (IPC)]].<ref>https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/04/indian-government-introduced-new-3-bills/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece|title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped|date=August 11, 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?from=mdr|title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha|date=August 11, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030|title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
On 11 August 2023, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]], [[Amit Shah]], Introduced the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 in [[Lok Sabha]]. This bill is considered to be a significant and monumental reform in the Indian Criminal Justice System.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11|title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish'|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html|title='Will repeal offence of sedition,' Amit Shah introduces 3 bills in Parliament|first=Sanchari|last=Ghosh|date=11 August 2023|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008|title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The following are some of the changes that the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, proposes to make to the Indian legal system:

* It repeals the sedition law, which has been criticized for being used to stifle dissent.
* It introduces new provisions to protect women and children from violence.
* It makes it easier for victims of crime to get justice.
* It strengthens the independence of the judiciary

== Structure ==
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita is subdivided into 19 chapters consisting of 356 sections.The structure of code is similar to the Indian Penal Code. The outline of the Sanhita is as follows:<ref>[https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita,_2023.pdf The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023] , PSR India</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita of 2023
!Chapters
!Sections
!Classification of Offences
|-
|Chapter 1
|Sections 1 to 3
|Preliminary
|-
|Chapter 2
|Sections 4 to 13
|Of Punishments
|-
|Chapter 3
|Sections 14 to 44
|General Exceptions
''of the Right to Private Defence (sections 34 to 44)''
|-
|Chapter 4
|Sections 45 to 62
|Of Abetment, Criminal Conspiracy and Attempt
|-
|Chapter 5
|Sections 63 to 97
|Of Offences against Women and Children

* ''Of Sexual Offences (63 to 72)''
* ''Of Criminal force and Assault against Women (73 to 78)''
* ''Of Offences relating to Marriage (79 to 85)''
* ''Of the Causing of Miscarriage, etc. (86 to 97)''
|-
|Chapter 6
|Sections 98 to 144
|Of Offences affecting the Human Body

* ''Of Offences affecting Life (98 to 111j''
* ''Of Hurt (112 to 125)''
* ''Of Criminal Force and Assault (126 to 134)''
* ''Of Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour (135 to 144)''
|-
|Chapter 7
|Sections 145 to 156
|Of Offences Against the State
|-
|Chapter 8
|Sections 157 to 166
|Of Offences Relating to the Army, Navy and Air Force
|-
|Chapter 9
|Sections 167 to 175
|Of Offences Relating to Elections
|-
|Chapter 10
|Sections 176 to 186
|Of Offences Relating to Coins, Bank Notes, Currency Notes and Government Stamps
|-
|Chapter 11
|Sections 187 to 195
|Of Offences Against the Public Tranquility
|-
|Chapter 12
|Sections 196 to 203
|Of Offences by Or Relating to Public Servants
|-
|Chapter 13
|Sections 204 to 224
|Of Contempt of Lawful Authority of Public Servants
|-
|Chapter 14
|Sections 225 to 267
|Of False Evidences and Offences against Public Justice.
|-
|Chapter 15
|Sections 268 to 295
|Of Offences affecting the Public Health, Safety, Convince, Decency and Morals
|-
|Chapter 16
|Sections 296 to 300
|Of Offences Relating to Religion
|-
|Chapter 17
|Sections 301 to 332
|Of Offences against Property

* ''Of Theft (301 to 305)''
* ''Of Extortion (306)''
* ''Of Robbery and Dacoity (307 to 311)''
* ''Of Criminal Misappropriation of Property (312 and 313)''
* ''Of Criminal Breach of Trust (314)''
* ''Of the Receiving of Stolen Property (315)''
* ''Of Cheating (316 and 317)''
* ''Of Fundamental Deeds and Disposition of Property (318 to 321)''
* ''Of Mischief (322 to 326)''
* ''Of Criminal Trespass (326 to 332)''
|-
|Chapter 18
|Sections 333 to 348
|Of Offences Relating to Documents and to Property Marks

* ''Of Documents (333 to 343)''
* ''Of Property Marks (344 to 348)''
|-
|Chapter 19
|Sections 349 to 356
|Of Criminal Intimidation, Insult, Annoyance, Defamation, Etc

* ''Intimidation, Insult and Annoyance (349 to 353)''
* ''Of Defamation (354)''
* ''Of breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person (355)''
* ''Repeal and Savings (356)''
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]]
* [[Bharatiya Sakshya Bill]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Codes of criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]

Vishnu Saravanan

2023-09-27T16:31:26Z

NormandDew91793: rmv duplicate parm

{{Short description|Indian sailor (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sailor
| name = Vishnu Saravanan
| image = SailCoach Malta IMG 6401.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Training at Malta before Tokyo Olympics
| full_name =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|2|24|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/athlete-profile-n1301725-saravanan-vishnu.htm |title=Sailing: SARAVANAN Vishnu |work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006100539/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/athlete-profile-n1301725-saravanan-vishnu.htm |archive-date=2021-10-06}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 1.98 m
| weight = 82 kg
| classes = [[Laser Standard]]
| club = Army Yachting Node Mumbai
| collegeteam =
| coach = Alexandr Denisuic
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Sailing at the 2022 Asian Games – ILKA7|Men's dinghy ILCA7]]}}
| hometown =
| Children =
}}
'''Vishnu Saravanan''' (born 24 February 1999) is an Indian [[sailor]]. He qualified for the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-vishnu-saravanan-the-young-army-sailor-who-is-creating-waves/379845 |title=Vishnu Saravanan, The Young Army Sailor Who Is Creating Waves |publisher=Outlook |date=10 April 2021 |accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/vishnu-ganapathy-varun-pair-qualify-for-olympics-unprecedented-4-indian-sailors-to-compete-in-tokyo/articleshow/81969008.cms |title=Vishnu, Ganapathy-Varun pair qualify for Olympics; unprecedented 4 Indian sailors to compete in Tokyo |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2021 |accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/financing-costly-sport-training-hassles-worth-it-olympic-entry-sailors-parents-146890 |title=Financing costly sport, training hassles worth it for Olympic entry: Sailors' parents |publisher=NewsMinute |date=10 April 2021 |accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref>He won the bronze medal at the [[Sailing at the 2022 Asian Games – ILKA7|Men's dinghy ILCA7]] event in the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="Desk 2023 l790">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=India Today Sports | title=Asian Games 2023: Vishnu Saravanan wins bronze in ILCA 7 event in sailing | website=India Today | date=27 Sep 2023 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/asian-games-2023-vishnu-saravanan-wins-bronze-in-ilca-7-event-in-sailing-2441133-2023-09-27 | access-date=27 Sep 2023}}</ref>

In Croatia in 2019, Vishnu Saravanan won Bronze medal at the Under-21 World Championships, which was his first notable achievement.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Sailing|www=vishnu-saravanan?ref=INDVS4}}
* {{Olympics.com|vishnu-saravanan}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Instagram|vishnu.saravanan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saravanan, Vishnu}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors for India]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Laser]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in sailing]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{India-yachtracing-bio-stub}}

Singhpuria Misl

2023-09-20T16:59:23Z

NormandDew91793: Created page with '{{Infobox ethnic group |image = |caption = |group =Singpuria Misl |pop = | popplace = • India • Pakistan| | langs = Punjabi language|Punja...'

{{short description|Sovereign state of the Sikh Confederacy}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = '''Singhpuria Misl'''
| native_name = ਸਿੰਘਪੁਰੀਆ ਮਿਸਲ ''Singhpurī'ā Misal''
| common_name = Singhpuria Misl
| year_start = 1733
| year_end = 1816
| date_start =
| date_end =
| motto =
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| p2 = Durrani Empire
| flag_p2 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| s2 = Cis-Sutlej states{{!}} Cis-Sutlej states {{small|(British India)}}
| flag_s2 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| image_flag =
| flag = Nishan Sahib
| flag_border = no
| image_coat =
| era = Early modern period
| event_start =
| event_end =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Jalandhar]]
| national_anthem =
| stat_pop1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year2 =
| stat_area2 =
| ref_area2 =
| religion = {{plainlist|
*[[Sikhism]] {{small|(rulers)}}
*[[Islam]]
*[[Hinduism]]
}}
| currency =
| languages_type = Common language
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| government_type =
| title_leader = [[Misl]]dar
| leader1 = [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]]
| year_leader1 = 1733–1753
| leader2 = [[Khushal Singh Singhpuria|Khushal Singh]]
| year_leader2 = 1753–1795
| leader3 = Buddh Singh
| year_leader3 = 1795–1816
| title_representative =
| representative1 =
| year_representative1 =
| representative2 =
| year_representative2 =
| title_deputy =
| deputy1 =
| year_deputy1 =
| deputy2 =
| year_deputy2 =
| deputy3 =
| year_deputy3 =
| deputy4 =
| year_deputy4 =
| deputy5 =
| year_deputy5 =
| deputy6 =
| year_deputy6 =
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}

{{Misls}}
'''Singhpuria Misl''', also known as the '''Faizulpuria Misl<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |title=Advanced History of the Punjab: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period |publisher=New Academic Publishing Company |year=1972 |edition=2nd |series=Advanced History of the Punjab |volume=2 |pages=1–13 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Ancestors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh}}</ref>''', was founded by the Sikh warrior [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], a [[Virk]] [[Jat people|Jat]] who was born in 1697 and later became a prominent Khalsa leader.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singha|first=Dr H. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6B20l9AeQC&dq=%22Singhpuria+Misl%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA25|title=Sikh Studies|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-258-8|pages=25|language=en}}</ref> The misl took its original name from a village [[Faizullapur]] in [[Amritsar]] and then changed the name of the village to Singhpura, with the misl eventually following.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

== Events ==
Nawab Kapur Singh fought many battles. The [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]] was a turning point of Singhpuria Misl. After the fall of Sirhind a considerable portion of present-day [[Rupnagar District]] came under the Singhpuria Misl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Punjab (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RduAAAAMAAJ&q=After+the+fall+of+Sirhind+a+considerable+portion+of+present-day+Rupnagar+District+came+under+the+Singhpuria+Misl.|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Rupnagar|date=1987|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery|pages=77|language=en}}</ref>

By 1769, the Singpuria Misl had the following territories in its possession:- Some parts of the districts of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur in [[Doaba]], Kharparkheri and Singhpura in Bari-Doab and Abhar, Adampur, Chhat, Banoor, Manauli Ghanauli, Bharatgarh, [[Kandhola]], Chooni, Machhli Bhareli, Banga, Bela, Attal Garh and some other places in the province of Sirhind.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d9UDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Singhpuria+Misl%22&pg=PT3 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-745-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Leaders ==

*[[Nawab Kapur Singh]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Khushal Singh Singhpuria|Khushal Singh]]
*Budh Singh

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Budha Dal Jathedars|Baba Darbara Singh||Nawab Kapur Singh|Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Misls]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Punjab]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, India]]

Sambhav Jain

2023-09-17T01:21:11Z

NormandDew91793: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sambhav Jain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Film actor]]
| years_active = 2018 - present
}}

'''Sambhav Jain''' is an Indian [[Actor|film actor]] who is associated with [[Hindi cinema|Hindi Film Industry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=One must never sit idle, says Sambhav Jain who has multiple projects lined up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/mar/12/one-must-never-sit-idle-sayssambhav-jain-who-has-multiple-projects-lined-up-2275418.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm happily living my dream: Sambhav Jain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/im-happily-living-my-dream-sambhav-jain-101616861678865.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Actor Sambhav Jain opens up on playing lead alongside veteran actor Ranjeet in MX Player's 'Becharey' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/actor-sambhav-jain-opens-up-on-playing-lead-alongside-veteran-actor-ranjeet-in-mx-players-becharey/articleshow/82183372.cms |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for his films and TV series like [[Gully Boy]], [[Good Newwz]], [[Setters (film)|Setters]] and [[Rudrakaal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sambhav Jain to play a cop in the thriller drama Rudrakaal |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/mar/03/actor-sambhav-jain-to-play-a-cop-in-the-thriller-drama-rudrakaal-32084.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |title=Sambhav Jain as a young cop in thriller drama 'Rudrakaal' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sambhav-jain-as-a-young-cop-in-thriller-drama-rudrakaal-675072 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Kumar Raviraj |title=OTT has provided a much needed space to all talented artists, says Actor Sambhav Jain |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/ott-has-provided-a-much-needed-space-to-all-talented-artists-says-actor-sambhav-jain |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jain belongs to [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> He was associated with Asmita Theatre Group in Delhi and he acted in various plays.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jain came to limelight in 2019 with the playing character in [[Gully Boy|''Gully Boy'']] starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sambhav Jain, who will be seen in web series Made For Each Other, talks about the show |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sambhav-jain-who-will-be-seen-in-web-series-made-for-each-other-talks-about-the-show-262241 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

In the same year, he played as a Medical Intern in the film [[Good Newwz|''Good Newwz'']] starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kareena Kapoor|Kareen Kapoor]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Kiara Advani]].<ref name=":1" /> He also acted as Ramesh Shetty in the film [[Setters (film)|''Setters'']] starring [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]].

In 2020, he played as Akash in the web series ''Becharey''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Becharey |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/becharey |language=en |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>

He acted as mahesh in Television series ''[[Rudrakaal]]'' starring [[Bhanu Uday]] and [[Dipannita Sharma]], in 2021.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sambhav Jain to star in Shilpa Shetty's web series Rikshaw |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sambhav-jain-to-star-in-shilpa-shettys-web-series-rikshaw-229748 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> In the same year he played as abhishek in the tv series ''Rickshaw''.<ref name=":2" />

Jain also acted in short film ''The Icebreaker'' starring [[Divyenndu|Divyendu Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |title=Taali Media's new digital film seeks to reinvent social ties in digital age |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/taali-media-s-new-digital-film-seeks-to-reinvent-social-ties-in-digital-age-118102601309_1.html |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Movie/web
! scope="col" |Character
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2018
|The Icebreaker
|Johny
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|[[Gully Boy]]
|Bandra Boy
|
|-
|[[Good Newwz]]
|Medical Intern
|
|-
|[[Setters (film)|Setters]]
|Ramesh Shetty
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Sweet N Sour
|Kabir
|
|-
|Becharey
|Aksh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''2021''
|Rickshaw
|Abhishek
|
|-
|[[Rudrakaal]]
|Mahesh
|
|}

=== Plays ===
* Tamasha<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Sambhav}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance

2023-07-19T18:52:21Z

NormandDew91793: Initiated a new article.

{{Expand Swedish|11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance}}
{{short description|none}}

The '''11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance''' was an international women's conference which took place in Berlin in Germany on 17-22 June 1929. It was the eleventh international conference which was arranged under the [[International Alliance of Women]].

The conferense was arranged on the theme "The Youth Movement and the Women's Movement", and attracted over 15000 participants.<ref>[https://www.google.se/books/edition/Elections_Mass_Politics_and_Social_Chang/9Ih79U3L6XkC?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Conference+of+the+International+Woman+Suffrage+Alliance+berlin+1929&pg=PA209&printsec=frontcover Elections, Mass Politics and Social Change in Modern Germany: New Perspectives.] (1992). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

During the 11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, the more global character of the international women's movement, which had became visible since the conference in Rome a few years prior, resulted in issues around the Western dominance within the movement, voiced by the Indian representantive of the [[National Council of Women in India]].<ref>Parr, R. (2022). [https://www.google.se/books/edition/Citizens_of_Everywhere/M0VFEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Conference+of+the+International+Woman+Suffrage+Alliance+berlin+1929&pg=PA30&printsec=frontcover Citizens of Everywhere: Indian Women, Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism, 1920-1952.] Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Non-Western representatives voiced the need to organize women's movements also in other parts of the world, a need expressed notably by [[Saiza Nabarawi]].<ref>Kingsley Kent, S., Matera, M. (2017). [https://www.google.se/books/edition/The_Global_1930s/-AkqDwAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Conference+of+the+International+Woman+Suffrage+Alliance+berlin+1929&pg=PT148&printsec=frontcover The Global 1930s: The International Decade.]Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis.</ref> This tendency did have results. The [[Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union]], who participated in the 11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, was inspired by the Western women's movement to arranged the first women's conference in the Middle East, the [[First Eastern Women's Congress]] 1930.<ref>''Kristine Gift: [https://www.academia.edu/25090472/Unreliable_Allies_and_Powerful_Opponents_The_Uphill_Battle_of_Syrian_Women_Activists_during_the_Interwar_Period Unreliable Allies and Powerful Opponents: The Uphill Battle of Syrian Women Activists during the Interwar Period]''</ref> The [[Pan-Pacific Women's Association]] was founded in 1930 to organize the women of the Pacific hemisphere, in turn leading to the [[All-Asian Women's Conference]] in India in 1931.<ref>Broome, Sarah (2012-08-01). "Stri-Dharma: Voice of the Indian Women's Rights Movement 1928-1936". History Theses. doi:10.57709/3075581</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite book|first1=Janet K.|first2=Diane Long|isbn=0-8108-4946-1|last1=Boles|last2=Hoeveler|publisher=Scarecrow Press|title=Historical Dictionary of Feminism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&pg=PA21}}

{{Suffrage}}

[[Category:1929 conferences]]
[[Category:1929 in Germany]]
[[Category:Women's suffrage in Germany]]
[[Category:Events in Berlin]]
[[Category:Women's conferences]]
[[Category:1929 in women's history]]
[[Category:History of women in Germany]]

Ashank Desai

2023-07-05T06:20:35Z

NormandDew91793:

{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashank Desai
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]] [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = entrepreneur, philanthropist investor
| children =
| website =
| signature =
| networth =
| module =
| spouse =
}}
'''Ashank Desai''' is an Indian entrepreneur, philanthropist and investor. He is the founding member and past chairman of [[NASSCOM|Nasscom]] an Indian non-governmental trade association and advocacy group, focused mainly on the technology industry of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=DQINDIA |title=Ashank Desai – The Mast Head of a Different IT Revolution |url=https://www.dqindia.com/ashank-desai-the-mast-head-of-a-different-it-revolution/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=DATAQUEST |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the founder and chairman of [[Mastek]], a global technology services company.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Haven’t heard of a slowdown from clients; committed to grow above industry rate, says Mastek’s Ashank Desai |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/havent-heard-of-a-slowdown-from-clients-committed-to-grow-above-industry-rate-says-masteks-ashank-desai/articleshow/91979978.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Biography==

Desai graduated in Mechanical Engineering from the [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=To build a business in a new industry and in an environment where business was not trusted, was tough-Ashank Desai of Mastek |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/to-build-a-business-in-a-new-industry-and-in-an-environment-where-business-was-not-trusted-was-tough-ashank-desai/645.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref> He also holds a post graduate diploma in Business Management (PGDBM) from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] where he graduated in the year 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastek: Ashank Desai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990315-mastek-ashank-desai-780444-1999-03-14 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Desai has been involved in CII last ten years as Committee Member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashank Desai Centre for Leadership and Organisational Development |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/faculty-research/centers/Ashank-Desai-Centre-for-Leadership-and-Organisational-Development |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.iima.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> He is also the former president of the [[Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization|Asian Oceanian Computing Industry Organization]] (ASOCIO). The Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies at [[IIT Bombay]] was set up in 2016 to provide a fillip to the study of public policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Ahmedabad Launches Ashank Desai Centre For Leadership And Organisational Development |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iim-ahmedabad-launches-ashank-desai-centre-for-leadership-and-organisational-development-2466849 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2021, The Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad launched the Ashank Desai Centre for Leadership and Organizational Development (ADCLOD), that offers training, research, and consulting services to leaders at various levels in Indian and multinational organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashank Desai Centre for Leadership and Organisational Development |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/faculty-research/centers/Ashank-Desai-Centre-for-Leadership-and-Organisational-Development |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.iima.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Honors and Awards==
In 2021, Desai was honored with the Dataquest Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=D. Q. I. |title=Ashank Desai presented with the Dataquest Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 |url=https://www.dqindia.com/ashank-desai-presented-with-the-dataquest-lifetime-achievement-award-2021/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=DATAQUEST |language=en-US}}</ref> He has been felicitated by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], for his contribution to NASSCOM and the IT Industry over the last 25 years. Desai is a recipient of the Distinguished Alumnus Award from IIT Bombay in the year 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Bombay launches the ‘Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies’ |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1757032 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Ashank Datta Desai |url=https://alumni.acr.iitb.ac.in/awards/mr-ashank-datta-desai-2/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reference==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]

Harminder Dua

2023-06-08T05:54:03Z

NormandDew91793: Redirected page to British Journal of Ophthalmology

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
'''Professor Harminder Singh Dua''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|FRCS|FRCOphth}} ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਹਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੁਆਹ, born in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]) is an [[British Indians|Indian-British]] medical doctor and researcher.<ref name=bmj>[http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/advisory-panels/editorial-advisory-board/harminder-s-dua BMJ: Harminder Singh Dua biography]</ref> He is the chair and professor of ophthalmology at [[University of Nottingham]] and is the head of the Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Prior, he was associate professor at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]], [[Philadelphia]], USA when he was invited to chair in Nottingham in April 1994. He earlier did his Graduation in Medicine from Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130613/jsp/nation/story_17002533.jsp#.UnAFR_nryc8 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030093914/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130613/jsp/nation/story_17002533.jsp%23.UnAFR_nryc8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 October 2013 | title=Indian surgeon finds new layer in cornea | date=13 June 2013 | first=G.S. | last=Mudur | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | access-date=11 April 2018 }}</ref>

Dua is also the co-editor in chief with Arun Singh of the ''[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]]''. He was president of EuCornea, the European society of Cornea and Ocular surface disease specialists. He is also president of the EVERf (European Association for Vision and Eye Research Foundation) and past president of the association itself. He was elected to the chair of Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis and invited to join as member of the [[American Ophthalmological Society]] by thesis. In March 2011 he was elected president of the [[Royal College of Ophthalmologists]], UK commencing his duties on 25 May 2011. He has over 200 research publications, 20 published letters, and 14 book chapters to his credit.<ref name=bmj/>

Dua was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[2019 Birthday Honours]] for services to eye healthcare, health education and ophthalmology.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62666|supp=y|page=B8|date=8 June 2019}}</ref> In March 2021 he was appointed to the ceremonial post of [[Sheriff of Nottingham (position)|Sheriff of Nottingham]] for 2021-22.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Kate |title=Meet the new High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire |url=https://www.worksopguardian.co.uk/news/crime/meet-the-new-high-sheriff-of-nottinghamshire-3167027 |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=www.worksopguardian.co.uk |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Discovery of Dua's layer==
{{Main|Dua's layer}}
In a 2013 paper, Dua and others at the [[University of Nottingham]]<ref name=UPI>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Blog/2013/06/11/Scientists-discover-new-layer-of-human-cornea/3121370965203/|title=Scientists discover new layer of human cornea|author=Kristin Butler|publisher=UPI|date=12 June 2013|access-date=12 June 2013}}{{medrs|date=June 2013}}</ref> reported discovery of a previously unknown layer of the human [[cornea]] measuring just 15 [[micrometre]]s thick between the [[corneal stroma]] and [[Descemet's membrane]].<ref name=paper>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dua | first1 = H. S. | last2 = Faraj | first2 = L. A. | last3 = Said | first3 = D. G. | last4 = Gray | first4 = T. | last5 = Lowe | first5 = J. | title = Human Corneal Anatomy Redefined: A Novel Pre-Descemet's Layer (Dua's Layer)| doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.018 | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 120 | issue = 9 | pages = 1778–1785 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23714320}}</ref> They refer to the reported layer as [[Dua's layer]]. However, this was considered very controversial in the field due to the convention within the medical community to stop using eponyms.<ref> McKee, Hamish D.; Irion, Luciane C.D.; Carley, Fiona M.; Brahma, Arun K.; Jafarinasab, Mohammad R.; Rahmati-Kamel, Mohsen; Kanavi, Mozhgan R.; Feizi, Sepehr (May 2014). "Re: Dua et al.: Human corneal anatomy redefined: a novel pre-Descemet layer (Dua's layer) (Ophthalmology 2013;120:1778–85)". Ophthalmology. 121 (5): e24–e25. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.021. {{PMID|24560565}}. Abstract: We read the recent claim of the discovery of a new corneal layer by Dua et al with incredulity.1 The existence of pre-Descemet stromal tissue remaining after pneumodissection is well known. Their further investigation of this pre-Descemet stroma confirms that it is stroma, and not a new corneal layer.</ref> In 2001,he proposed Dua classification for chemical injuries in eye.

== See also ==

* [[List of British Sikhs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101210032353/http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/scs/divisions/ophthalmologyvisualsciences/people/harminder.dua University of Nottingham - Professor Harminder Dua page]
* [https://www.laservision.co.uk/consultant/professor-harminder-dua/ LaserVision Nottingham - Professor Harminder Dua page]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dua, Harminder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:British medical researchers]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]

Kulbir Bhaura

2023-05-23T23:22:52Z

NormandDew91793: Kulbir Bhaura

{{short description|British field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Kulbir Bhaura
| birth_name = Kulbir Singh Bhaura
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|15 October 1955}}
| birth_place = [[Jullundur]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{GBR2}} }}
{{MedalComp | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] | [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team competition]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team competition]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{ENG}} }}
{{MedalComp | [[Hockey World Cup]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup|1986 London]] | Team competition }}
}}

'''Kulbir Singh Bhaura''' (born 15 October 1955) is a British former [[field hockey]] player.

He was a member of the gold winning [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]] squad at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] in Seoul. Four years earlier, at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles, he secured the bronze medal with his team. Bhaura was also a member of the Silver medal-winning team in 1986 World cup in London and 1987 European Cup in Moscow. He played at international level for nine years for England and Great Britain.
<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bh/kulbir-bhaura-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418040930/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bh/kulbir-bhaura-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kulbir Singh Bhaura |website=SikhHockeyOlympians.com |url=http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/KulbirSinghBhaura.html |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728154950/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/KulbirSinghBhaura.html |archivedate=28 July 2014 }}</ref> A proud moment was when he was selected to represent World XI to play against Australia in 1987.

Bhaura was born in [[Jullundur]], [[East Punjab]], [[India]] into a [[Sikh]] family and came to England around the mid 1960s. After winning gold in 1988, he started working within the hockey industry, in marketing and developing equipment. He has visited hockey factories in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], developing hockey and cricket equipment under the brand name Pantheon. He was also involved in developing goalkeeping equipment and owned a ball manufacturing plant, "Chingford Balls". Bhaura owned THE PRO SHOP, specialising in hockey equipment and team-wear, based in Brentford (W London) and Hitchin (Hertfordshire). He was a European Distributor of the Gryphon Hockey brand since 1996. After Selling the Retail, Wholesale and Manufacturing operations in 2019, he now enjoys his retirement.

Bhaura is a prominent member of the Indian Gymkhana club based in Osterley in W London and continues to play and coach hockey there to this day.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* {{IOC profile|kulbir-bhaura}}

{{Navboxes
|bg = white
|fg = navy
|title=Kulbir Bhaura – International Tournaments
|list1=
{{Great Britain FH Squad 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{England FH Squad 1986 World Cup}}
{{Great Britain FH Squad 1988 Summer Olympics}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaura, Kulbeer}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:British male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]

Vic Dhillon

2023-05-01T22:45:43Z

NormandDew91793: Ontario MPP, 2003-

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vic Dhillon
| image =
| term_start1 = October 2, 2003
| term_end1 = June 7, 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Tony Clement]]
| successor1 = [[Amarjot Sandhu]]
| riding1 = [[Brampton West (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West]] [[Brampton West—Mississauga (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West—Mississauga]] (2003–2007)
| parliament1 = Ontario Provincial
| party = [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
| occupation = Businessman
}}
'''Vic Dhillon''' (born {{circa|1969}}) is a former [[politician]] in [[Ontario]], Canada. He was a [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]] member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] from 2003 to 2018 who represented the ridings of [[Brampton West—Mississauga (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West—Mississauga]] and [[Brampton West (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West]].

==Background==
Dhillon has lived in [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]], Ontario for most of his life. He has a degree in [[business administration]] from [[Lakehead University]], and helped found a family-owned business in [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]] after his graduation. He has done fundraising work for the Brampton Food Bank, and led a local initiative to send supplies to eastern Ontario during the [[ice storm]] of 1998. Dhillon worked as a constituency assistant to federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Gurbax Singh Malhi]] for five months after the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 federal election]], and then worked as an executive assistant to Liberal MP [[Colleen Beaumier]] for over nine years.<ref>{{cite news |first=Natalia |last=Williams |title=Bill Davis country hit by aggressive campaigning |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=May 26, 1999 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Mitchell |title=Rookie MPP is ready to work 24/7 |newspaper=Toronto Star |date= December 23, 2003 |page=B3}}</ref>

==Politics==
Dhillon ran in the [[1999 Ontario general election|1999 provincial election]] as the [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]] candidate in the riding of [[Brampton West—Mississauga (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West—Mississauga]]. He lost to high-profile [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] [[cabinet minister]] [[Tony Clement]] by 8,310 votes.<ref name="1999 results">{{cite web |url=http://results.elections.on.ca/results/1999_results/valid_votes.jsp?e_code=37&rec=0&district=Brampton+West-Mississauga&flag=E&layout=G |title=Summary of Valid Ballots by Candidate |publisher=Elections Ontario |date=June 3, 1999 |access-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> He ran again in the [[2003 Ontario general election|2003 election]] and this time defeated Clement by 2,512 votes.<ref name="2003 results">{{cite web |url=http://results.elections.on.ca/results/2003_results/valid_votes.jsp?e_code=38&rec=0&district=Brampton+West-Mississauga&flag=E&layout=G |title=Summary of Valid Ballots by Candidate |publisher=Elections Ontario |date=October 2, 2003 |access-date=2014-03-02}}</ref> Most political observers considered this to be a significant upset. Strong support from the riding's [[Indo-Canadian]] community was a factor, as was a provincial swing to the Liberals. He was elected without difficulty in [[2007 Ontario general election|2007]] in the new riding of [[Brampton West (provincial electoral district)|Brampton West]].<ref name="2007 results">{{cite web |url=http://elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/AB409CCD-84F3-46FA-B3BD-39AB659EFC2D/0/SummaryofValidBallotsCastforEachCandidate.pdf |title=Summary of Valid Ballots Cast for Each Candidate |publisher=Elections Ontario |date=October 10, 2007 |access-date=2014-03-02 |page=2 (xi) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007160233/http://www.elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/AB409CCD-84F3-46FA-B3BD-39AB659EFC2D/0/SummaryofValidBallotsCastforEachCandidate.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He was re-elected in [[2011 Ontario general election|2011]], and [[2014 Ontario general election|2014]].<ref name="2011 results">{{cite web |url=http://elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/7849B894-4C4F-490E-9E8C-271BCF0C0D4D/5712/SummaryofvalidvotescastforeacndGE2011.pdf |title=Summary of Valid Ballots Cast for Each Candidate |publisher=Elections Ontario |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=2014-03-02 |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330163815/http://elections.on.ca/NR/rdonlyres/7849B894-4C4F-490E-9E8C-271BCF0C0D4D/5712/SummaryofvalidvotescastforeacndGE2011.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="2014 results">{{cite web |title=General Election by District: Brampton West |publisher=Elections Ontario |date=June 12, 2014 |url=http://wemakevotingeasy.ca/en/general-election-district-results.aspx?d=008}}</ref>

In 2004, Dhillon was credited by local residents with saving Knights Table, a non-profit diner that provides meals for Brampton's poor and homeless. According to a ''[[Toronto Star]]'' report, Dhillon introduced the diner's management to Jaswant Singh Birk, who in turn provided the establishment with a generous lease after its previous contract expired.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dino |last=Sossi |title=Too many cooks save the broth |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=December 29, 2004 |page=B2}}</ref>

He was appointed as [[parliamentary assistant]] to the [[Minister of Government Services (Ontario)|Minister of Government Services]] on September 20, 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premier McGuinty shuffles parliamentary assistants |publisher=Canada NewsWire |date=September 20, 2006}}</ref>

Dhillon supported [[Gerard Kennedy]]'s bid to lead the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite news| title=Kennedy team discloses list of MPP supporters |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=June 22, 2006 |page=A2}}</ref> In December 2006, he introduced a private member's bill to protect transient workers from exploitation by hiring agencies.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rita |last=Daly |title=MPPs target 'temp' boom |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=December 8, 2006 |page=A1}}</ref> The bill was endorsed by the Toronto Star in the following week.<ref>{{cite news |title=License 'temp' agencies |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=December 11, 2006 |page=A18}}</ref>

Dhillon took part in an Ontario government business mission to [[India]] in January 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premier Kicks Off Business Mission To India |publisher=Canada NewsWire |date=January 14, 2007}}</ref>

Until August 2016, Dhillon served as a [[Parliamentary Assistant]] to the [[Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs (Ontario)|Minister of Aboriginal Affairs]]. From August 2016 to May 2018, he served as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Government and Consumer Services.

Dhillon ran for re-election in Brampton West in the [[2018 Ontario general election|2018 Ontario election]]. He placed third, after the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] and [[Ontario New Democratic Party|New Democratic Party]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4130083/ontario-election-2018-brampton-west-riding/|title=Ontario election 2018: Brampton West riding|date=30 May 2018|website=Global News|access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Ontario general election]]}}
{{CANelec|ON|PC|Amarjot Sandhu|14,951|39.39|+15.05}}
{{CANelec|ON|NDP|Jagroop Singh|14,461|38.09|+14.44}}
{{CANelec|ON|Liberal|Vic Dhillon|7,013|18.47|−26.76}}
{{CANelec|ON|Green|Julie Guillemet-Ackerman|999|2.63|−0.11}}
{{CANelec|ON|Libertarian|David Shaw|364|0.96|−0.64}}
{{CANelec|ON|Communist|Surjit Sahota|173|0.46|-}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|37,961|100.0  }}
{{CANelec/total|Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots|268|0.71|}}
{{CANelec/total|Turnout|38,229|47.67|}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible voters|80,196}}
{{CANelec/gain|ON|PC|Liberal|-}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Ontario]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.on.ca/content/dam/NGW/sitecontent/2018/results/officialresults-yellowbook/votescastbycandidate/pdf/Valid%20Votes%20Cast%20for%20Each%20Candidate%20-%202018%20Provincial%20General%20Election.pdf|title=Summary of Valid Votes Cast for each Candidate|publisher=Elections Ontario|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228175029/https://www.elections.on.ca/content/dam/NGW/sitecontent/2018/results/officialresults-yellowbook/votescastbycandidate/pdf/Valid%20Votes%20Cast%20for%20Each%20Candidate%20-%202018%20Provincial%20General%20Election.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>|}}
{{end}}
{{CANelec/top|ON|2014|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|ON|Liberal|Vic Dhillon|24,832|45.23|+1.47}}
{{CANelec|ON|PC|Randeep Sandhu|13,363|24.34|−8.52}}
{{CANelec|ON|NDP|Gugni Gill Panaich|12,985|23.65|+4.69}}
{{CANelec|ON|Green|Sayyeda Ebrahim|1,504|2.74|−0.52}}
{{CANelec|ON|Libertarian|Luis Chacin|878|1.60|–}}
{{CANelec|ON|Family Coalition|Dan Sullivan|800|1.46|–}}
{{CANelec|ON|Freedom|Ted Harlson|540|0.98|−0.18}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|54,902|100.0  }}
{{CANelec/total|Total rejected, unmarked and declined ballots|952|1.70}}
{{CANelec/total|Turnout|55,854|}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible voters|131,434}}
{{CANelec/hold|ON|Liberal|+5.03}}
{{CANelec/source|Source:[[Elections Ontario]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wemakevotingeasy.ca/media/EO_Site/official_GE/GE_2014/ED008-F0244.pdf|author=Elections Ontario|title=Official return from the records, 008 Brampton West|date=17 June 2014|access-date=27 June 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|}}
{{end}}
{{Ontario provincial election, 2007/Electoral District/Brampton West}}
{{Ontario provincial election, 2003/Electoral District/Brampton West—Mississauga}}
{{Ontario provincial election, 1999/Electoral District/Brampton West—Mississauga}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{OntarioMPPbio|id=vic-dhillon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Vic}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian politicians]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lakehead University alumni]]
[[Category:Ontario Liberal Party MPPs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Brampton]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]

Harry Bains

2023-05-01T22:42:04Z

NormandDew91793: Harry Bains

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{for|the Canadian Pediatrician|Harry Bain}}
{{Use Canadian English}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =[[The Honourable]]
| name = Harry Bains
| honorific-suffix =[[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| image = Harry Bains.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth based on age as of date|61|2013|4|25}}<ref>http://www.surreyleader.com/news/204720711.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| residence =
| office = Minister of Labour of [[British Columbia]]
| term_start = July 18, 2017
| term_end =
| premier = [[John Horgan]] [[David Eby]]
| predecessor = [[Shirley Bond]]
| successor =
| assembly1 = British Columbia Legislative
| constituency_AM1 = [[Surrey-Newton]]
| term_start1 = May 17, 2005
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Tony Bhullar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|New Democrat]]
| religion =
| profession =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Harry Bains''' is a Canadian politician serving as the Minister of Labour in [[British Columbia]]. He has been the [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|NDP]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Surrey-Newton]] since 2005.

== Career ==
Bains has experience in education due to his service on the [[Kwantlen University College]] Board of Governors as board member and vice chair from 1993 and 1999. He has also volunteered with [[Habitat for Humanity]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Bains was an elected officer of [[IWA Canada|Steelworkers-IWA Canada]] Local 2171 for over fifteen years. He has served most recently as full-time vice president of his local chapter, in which he led negotiations and helped in bargaining to improve workers wages and working conditions.<ref>[http://bcndpcaucus.ca/harry_bains/ About Harry Bains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627023237/http://www.bcndpcaucus.ca/harry_bains |date=2006-06-27 }} New Democrat Opposition</ref>

== Critic roles ==
Bains served as opposition critic for the 2010 winter Olympic Games,Transportation and Infrastructure, forestry. Bains also served as Jobs, Employment, Labour and Worksafe BC Critic in the NDP shadow cabinet.<ref>[http://harrybains.ca/about-the-mla/ About Harry Bains] Harrybains.ca</ref>

== Election results ==
{{British Columbia provincial election, 2020/Surrey-Newton}}
{{British Columbia provincial election, 2017/Surrey-Newton}}
{{British Columbia provincial election, 2013/Surrey-Newton}}
{{British Columbia provincial election, 2009/Surrey-Newton}}
{{British Columbia provincial election, 2005/Surrey-Newton}}

== Personal life ==
Bains and his wife Rajvinder live in Surrey with their two children. He is an advocate for workers' rights and equality.<ref>[http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/36th3rd/h0329P9.HTM Official Report of DEBATES OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY] - MARCH 29, 1999</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
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Greek language

2023-04-19T15:56:08Z

NormandDew91793: Finished writing a new contribution.

{{short description|Indo-European language}}
{{Hatnote|For the Greek language used during particular eras, see [[Proto-Greek language]], [[Mycenaean Greek]], [[Ancient Greek]], [[Koine Greek]], [[Medieval Greek]], and [[Modern Greek]].}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Greek
| nativename = {{lang|el|ελληνικά}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-el|eliniˈka}}
| ethnicity = [[Greeks]]
| states = {{plainlist|
*[[Greece]]
*[[Cyprus]]
*southern [[Albania]]
*[[Calabria]] and [[Salento]] (Italy)
*and other regions of the [[Balkans]], [[Black Sea]] coast, [[Asia Minor]] and [[Eastern Mediterranean]]}}
| nation = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Greece}}
*{{flag|Cyprus}}
*{{flag|European Union}}
}}
| speakers = 13.5 million
| date = 2012
| ref = e18
| refname = Greek
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Graeco-Phrygian]] (?)
| fam3 = [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Greek]]
| dia1 = [[Ancient Greek dialects|Ancient dialects]]
| dia2 = [[Koine Greek|Koine]]
| dia3 = [[Medieval Greek|Medieval]]
| dia4 = [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Modern dialects]]
| stand1 =
| script = [[Greek alphabet]]
| iso1 = el
| iso2b = gre
| iso2t = ell
| lc1 = ell
| ld1 = [[Modern Greek]]
| lc2 = grc
| ld2 = [[Ancient Greek]]
| lc3 = cpg
| ld3 = {{nowrap|[[Cappadocian Greek]]}}
| lc4 = gmy
| ld4 = [[Mycenaean Greek]]
| lc5 = pnt
| ld5 = [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]]
| lc6 = tsd
| ld6 = [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]
| lc7 = yej
| ld7 = [[Yevanic]]
| glotto = gree1276
| glottorefname = Greek
| lingua = {{ublist|class=nowrap |56-AAA-a |56-AAA-aa {{small|to}} -am {{small|(varieties)}} }}
| map = Idioma Griego.PNG
| mapcaption = Areas where Modern Greek is spoken (in dark blue those areas where it is the official language).{{small|(The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority.)}}
| notice = IPA
}}
'''Greek''' ({{lang-el|label=[[Modern Greek]]|Ελληνικά|Elliniká}}, {{IPA-el|eliniˈka|pron}}; {{lang-grc|Ἑλληνική|Hellēnikḗ}}) is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages, native to [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], [[Italy]] (in [[Calabria]] and [[Salento]]), southern [[Albania]], and other regions of the [[Balkans]], the [[Black Sea]] coast, [[Asia Minor]], and the [[Eastern Mediterranean]]. It has the [[list of languages by first written accounts|longest documented history]] of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Greek language|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=29 April 2014|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244595/Greek-language}}</ref> Its writing system is the [[Greek alphabet]], which has been used for approximately 2,800 years;<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haviland|first1=William A.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT437|title=Anthropology: The Human Challenge|last2=Prins|first2=Harald E. L.|last3=Walrath|first3=Dana|last4=McBride|first4=Bunny|publisher=[[Cengage|Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-285-67758-3|pages=394|language=en|chapter=Chapter 15: Language and Communication|quote=Most of the alphabets used today descended from the Phoenician one. The Greeks adopted it about 2,800 years ago, modifying the characters to suit sounds in their own language.|author-link2=Harald Prins|author-link4=Bunny McBride}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR9WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT463|title=The World's Major Languages|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-29049-0|publication-date=2018|language=en|quote=... the Greek alphabet has served the Greek language well for some 2,800 years since its introduction into Greece in the tenth or ninth century BC.|author-link=Bernard Comrie}}</ref> previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as [[Linear B]] and the [[Cypriot syllabary]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of the Greek language : from its origins to the present|author=Adrados, Francisco Rodríguez|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12835-4|location=Leiden|oclc=59712402}}</ref> The alphabet arose from the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician script]] and was in turn the basis of the [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Cyrillic]], [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]], [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]], and many other writing systems.

The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of [[Homer]], [[ancient Greek literature]] includes many works of lasting importance in the [[European canon]]. Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible|Christian Bible]] was also originally written in Greek.<ref>Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland The text of the New Testament: an introduction to the critical 1995 p. 52.</ref><ref>Archibald Macbride Hunter Introducing the New Testament 1972 p. 9.</ref> Together with the [[Latin language|Latin]] texts and traditions of the [[Roman world]], the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute the objects of study of the discipline of [[Classics]].

During [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]], Greek was by far the most widely spoken [[lingua franca]] in the [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean world]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malkin |first1=Irad |title=A small Greek world : networks in the Ancient Mediterranean |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734818.001.0001 |isbn=9780199918553 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734818.001.0001}}</ref> It eventually became the official language of the [[Byzantine Empire]] and developed into [[Medieval Greek]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A study of the preservation of the classical tradition in the education, language, and literature of the Byzantine Empire|last=Manuel|first=Germaine Catherine|year=1989|location=HVD ALEPH}}</ref> In its [[Modern Greek|modern form]], Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 [[Languages of the European Union#Official EU languages|official languages of the European Union]]. It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, [[Turkey]], and the many other countries of the [[Greek diaspora]].

Greek [[Root (linguistics)|roots]] have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; [[List of Greek and Latin roots in English|Greek and Latin]] are the predominant sources of [[international scientific vocabulary]].

[[File:Homer British Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Idealised portrayal of the author [[Homer]]]]

==History==
{{Main|History of Greek}}
Greek has been spoken in the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]] since around the 3rd millennium BC,<ref name=BVG>{{harvnb|Renfrew|2003|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Georgiev|1981|p=192}}.</ref> or possibly earlier.<ref>{{harvnb|Gray|Atkinson|2003|pp=437–438}}; {{harvnb|Atkinson|Gray|2006|p=102}}.</ref> The earliest written evidence is a [[Linear B]] [[clay tablet]] found in [[Messenia]] that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient Tablet Found: Oldest Readable Writing in Europe|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greek|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Culture|language=en}}</ref> making Greek the world's [[List of languages by first written accounts|oldest recorded]] [[Modern language|living language]]. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct [[Anatolian languages]].

===Periods===
[[File:Proto Greek Area reconstruction.png|thumb|[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]]-speaking area according to linguist [[Vladimir I. Georgiev]]]]
The Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods:
* '''[[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]]''': the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the [[Geography of Greece|Greek peninsula]] sometime in the [[Neolithic]] era or the [[Bronze Age]].{{NoteTag|A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's ''Mycenaean Greece'' ({{harvnb|Hooker|1976|loc=Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim}}); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" ({{harvnb|Renfrew|1973|pp=263–276, especially p. 267}}) in ''Bronze Age Migrations'' by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).}}
* '''[[Mycenaean Greek]]''': the language of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]]. It is recorded in the [[Linear B]] script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards.
* '''[[Ancient Greek]]''': in its various [[Ancient Greek dialects|dialects]], the language of the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece|Classical]] periods of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek civilization]]. It was widely known throughout the [[Roman Empire]]. Ancient Greek fell into disuse in Western Europe in the [[Middle Ages]] but remained officially in use in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] world and was reintroduced to the rest of Europe with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and [[Greeks|Greek]] migration to western Europe.
* '''[[Koine Greek]]''' (also known as '''Hellenistic Greek'''): The fusion of [[Ionian Greek|Ionian]] with [[Attic Greek|Attic]], the dialect of [[Classical Athens|Athens]], began the process that resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a [[lingua franca]] across the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Near East]]. Koine Greek can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of [[Alexander the Great]]; after the Hellenistic colonization of the known world, it was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of India. After the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] conquest of Greece, an unofficial [[Multilingualism|bilingualism]] of Greek and [[Latin]] was established in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became the first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek because the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] used this form of the language to spread Christianity. Because it was the original language of the [[New Testament]], and the [[Old Testament]] was translated into it as the [[Septuagint]], that variety of Koine Greek may be referred to as '''New Testament Greek''' or sometimes '''Biblical Greek'''.
[[File: Anatolian Greek dialects.png|thumb|Distribution of varieties of Greek in [[Anatolia]], 1910. [[Modern Greek#Demotic|Demotic]] in yellow. [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]] in orange. [[Cappadocian Greek]] in green, with green dots indicating individual Cappadocian Greek villages.<ref>{{harvnb|Dawkins|Halliday|1916}}.</ref>]]
* '''[[Medieval Greek]]''' (also known as '''Byzantine Greek'''): the continuation of Koine Greek up to the demise of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the 15th century. ''Medieval Greek'' is a cover phrase for a whole continuum of different speech and writing styles, ranging from vernacular continuations of spoken Koine that were already approaching Modern Greek in many respects, to highly learned forms imitating classical Attic. Much of the written Greek that was used as the official language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine.
* '''[[Modern Greek]]''' (also known as '''Neo-Hellenic'''):<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ell|title=Greek|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century. It is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several [[Varieties of Modern Greek|dialects]] of it.

===Diglossia===
{{Main|Greek language question}}
In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of [[diglossia]]: the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the [[Greek language question]] was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: [[Demotic Greek|Dimotiki]], the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and [[Katharevousa]], meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and [[Ancient Greek]] developed in the early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to [[Standard Modern Greek]], used today for all official purposes and in [[education in Greece|education]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The modern Greek language : a descriptive analysis of standard modern Greek|last=Peter|first=Mackridge|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815770-0|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|oclc=11134463}}</ref>

===Historical unity===
[[File:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas]]
The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language.<ref>{{harvnb|Browning|1983}}.</ref> It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, "[[Homeric Greek]] is probably closer to [[Demotic Greek|Demotic]] than 12-century [[Middle English]] is to [[Modern English|modern spoken English]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Alexiou|1982|p=161}}.</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
{{Further|Greeks|Greek diaspora}}
[[File:Greek language in the Russian Empire (1897).svg|thumb|Geographic distribution of Greek language in the Russian Empire (1897 census)]]
Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable [[Greeks in Albania|Greek-speaking minority in Albania]] near the Greek-Albanian border.<ref name=" Ethnologue" /> A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] and the resulting [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange in 1923]] a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in [[Greeks in Turkey|Turkey]], though very few remain today.<ref name=":1" /> A small Greek-speaking community is also found in [[Greeks in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable [[Greek diaspora]] which has notable communities in the [[Greek Americans|United States]], [[Greek Australians|Australia]], [[Greek Canadians|Canada]], [[Greek South Africans|South Africa]], [[Greek Chilean|Chile]], [[Greek Brazilians|Brazil]], [[Greek Argentines|Argentina]], [[Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russia]], [[Greeks in Ukraine|Ukraine]], the [[Greeks in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and throughout the [[European Union]], especially in [[Greeks in Germany|Germany]].

Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], in what are today [[Southern Italy]], Turkey, Cyprus, [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], Israel, [[Egypt]], and [[Libya]]; in the area of the [[Black Sea]], in what are today Turkey, [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Ukraine]], Russia, Georgia, [[Armenia]], and [[Azerbaijan]]; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] in and around [[Greek colonisation|colonies]] such as [[Massalia]], [[Monoikos]], and [[Mainake (Greek settlement)|Mainake]]. It was also used as the official language of government and religion in the [[Nubia#Christian Nubia|Christian Nubian kingdoms]], for most of their history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burstein |first=Stanley |title=When Greek was an African Language |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-stanley-burstein-when-greek-was-an-african-language/ |quote=The revelation of the place of Greek cultural elements in the lives of these kingdoms has been gradual and is still ongoing, but already it is clear that Greek was the official language of government and religion for most of their history.{{nbsp}}... Greek remained the official language of Nubian Christianity right to the end of its long and remarkable history.{{nbsp}}... But these three factors do suggest how Greek and Christianity could have become so intimately intertwined and so entrenched in Nubian life and culture by the seventh century AD that Greek could resist both Coptic and Arabic and survive for almost another millennium before both disappeared with the conversion of Nubia to Islam in the sixteenth century AD. |institution=[[Center for Hellenic Studies]] |author-link=Stanley M. Burstein}}</ref>

===Official status===
Greek, in its modern form, is the [[official language]] of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/|title=Greece|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=23 January 2010}}</ref> It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside [[Turkish language|Turkish]]).<ref name=GreekCyprus>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of Cyprus, App. D., Part 1, Art. 3 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=3&Click=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407035710/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/302578ad62e1ea3ac2256fd5003b61d4?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=3&Click=|archive-date=7 April 2012}} states that ''The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish''. However, the official status of Turkish is only nominal in the Greek-dominated Republic of Cyprus; in practice, outside Turkish-dominated [[Northern Cyprus]], Turkish is little used; see A. Arvaniti (2006): Erasure as a Means of Maintaining Diglossia in Cyprus, ''San Diego Linguistics Papers'' 2: pp. 25–38 [27].</ref> Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's [[languages of the European Union#Official EU languages|24 official languages]].<ref name="European Union">{{cite web|title=The EU at a Glance – Languages in the EU|url=http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/languages/index_en.htm|work=Europa|publisher=European Union|access-date=30 July 2010|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621213949/http://europa.eu/about-eu/facts-figures/administration/index_en.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Greek is recognized as a [[minority language]] in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of [[Gjirokastër District|Gjirokastër]] and [[Sarandë District|Sarandë]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bytyçi |first=Enver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vy5lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=In the Shadows of Albania-China Relations (1960–1978) |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5275-7909-5 |page=20 |language=en |quote=Albania's official language is Albanian, but in municipalities where minorities reside, the languages of these minorities are also used, including Greek in several municipalities in Gjirokastra and Saranda, and Macedonian in a municipality in the East of the country.}}</ref> It is also an official minority language in the regions of [[Apulia]] and [[Calabria]] in Italy. In the framework of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], Greek is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, [[Hungary]], Romania, and Ukraine.<ref name="CouncilofEurope">{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1|title=List of Declarations Made with Respect to Treaty No. 148|publisher=Council of Europe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410102457/https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations|archive-date=10 April 2020|access-date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
{{See also|Ancient Greek grammar|Koine Greek grammar|Modern Greek grammar}}

The [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[syntax]], and [[vocabulary]] of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it.

===Phonology===
{{Main article|Modern Greek phonology|Koine Greek phonology|Ancient Greek phonology}}
[[File:Seferisrede.ogg|thumb|Spoken [[Modern Greek]]]]
Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only [[oral vowels]] and a fairly stable set of consonantal [[Phonemic contrast|contrasts]]. The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see [[Koine Greek phonology]] for details):
* replacement of the [[pitch accent]] with a [[stress (linguistics)|stress accent]].
* simplification of the system of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s: loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongisation of most diphthongs and several steps in a [[chain shift]] of vowels towards {{IPA|/i/}} ([[iotacism]]).
* development of the [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [[stop consonant|plosives]] {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and {{IPA|/tʰ/}} to the voiceless [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}}, respectively; the similar development of {{IPA|/kʰ/}} to {{IPA|/x/}} may have taken place later (the phonological changes are not reflected in the orthography, and both earlier and later phonemes are written with [[Phi (letter)|φ]], [[Theta|θ]], and [[Chi (letter)|χ]]).
* development of the [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] plosives {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} to their voiced fricative counterparts {{IPA|/β/}} (later {{IPA|/v/}}), {{IPA|/ð/}}, and {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.

===Morphology===
In all its stages, the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of Greek shows an extensive set of [[Productive (linguistics)|productive]] [[derivational affix]]es, a limited but productive system of [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]]<ref>{{harvnb|Ralli|2001|pp=164–203}}.</ref> and a rich [[inflection]]al system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominal]] and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the [[dative case]] (its functions being largely taken over by the [[Genitive case|genitive]]). The verbal system has lost the [[infinitive]], the [[Synthetic (linguistics)|synthetically]]-formed future, and [[perfect tense]]s and the [[optative mood]]. Many have been replaced by [[periphrastic]] ([[Analytic language|analytical]]) forms.

====Nouns and adjectives====
Pronouns show distinctions in [[grammatical person|person]] (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), [[grammatical number|number]] (singular, [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]], and plural in the ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and [[grammatical gender|gender]] (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and [[Declension (linguistics)|decline]] for [[grammatical case|case]] (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language).{{NoteTag|The four cases that are found in all stages of Greek are the nominative, genitive, accusative, and vocative. The dative/locative of Ancient Greek disappeared in the late Hellenistic period, and the instrumental case of Mycenaean Greek disappeared in the Archaic period.}} Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both [[Attributive adjective|attributive]] and [[Predicative adjective|predicative]] adjectives [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the noun.

====Verbs====
The inflectional categories of the Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have [[synthetic language|synthetic]] inflectional forms for:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Ancient Greek
! Modern Greek
|-
! Person
| first, second and third || also [[T–V distinction|second person formal]]
|-
! Number
| singular, [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] and plural || singular and plural
|-
! [[Grammatical tense|tense]]
| [[Present tense|present]], [[past tense|past]] and [[future tense|future]]
| past and non-past (future is expressed by a [[Periphrasis|periphrastic construction]])
|-
! [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
| [[Imperfective aspect|imperfective]], [[perfective aspect|perfective]] (traditionally called ''[[aorist]]'') and [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] (sometimes also called ''perfective''; see [[Perfective aspect#Perfective vs. perfect|note about terminology]])
| imperfective and perfective/aorist (perfect is expressed by a periphrastic construction)
|-
! [[Grammatical mood|mood]]
| [[realis mood|indicative]], [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] and [[optative mood|optative]]
| indicative, subjunctive,{{NoteTag|There is no particular morphological form that can be identified as 'subjunctive' in the modern language, but the term is sometimes encountered in descriptions even if the most complete modern grammar (Holton et al. 1997) does not use it and calls certain traditionally-'subjunctive' forms 'dependent'. Most Greek linguists advocate abandoning the traditional terminology (Anna Roussou and Tasos Tsangalidis 2009, in ''Meletes gia tin Elliniki Glossa'', Thessaloniki, Anastasia Giannakidou 2009 "Temporal semantics and polarity: The dependency of the subjunctive revisited", Lingua); see [[Modern Greek grammar#The verb|Modern Greek grammar]] for explanation.}} and imperative (other modal functions are expressed by periphrastic constructions)
|-
! Voice
| [[active voice|active]], [[Mediopassive voice|medio-passive]], and [[passive voice|passive]]
| [[Active voice|active]] and [[mediopassive voice|medio-passive]]
|}

===Syntax===
Many aspects of the [[syntax]] of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow the noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the [[Modern Greek grammar|modern form of the language]]. Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks the infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO.

===Vocabulary===
Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of [[Pre-Greek substrate|borrowings]] from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks,<ref>{{harvnb|Beekes|2009}}.</ref> some documented in [[Linear B|Mycenaean texts]]; they include a large number of Greek [[toponym]]s. The form and meaning of many words have changed. [[Loanword]]s (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, [[Venetian language#History|Venetian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. During the older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]/[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]) and [[Eastern Romance languages]] ([[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] and [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]]).

==Greek loanwords in other languages==
{{details|English words of Greek origin|List of Greek and Latin roots in English}}
Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: ''mathematics'', ''[[physics]]'', ''[[astronomy]]'', ''democracy'', ''philosophy'', ''[[:wikt:athletics|athletics]], theatre, [[rhetoric]]'', ''[[baptism]]'', ''[[:wikt:evangelist|evangelist]]'', etc. Moreover, Greek words and [[morpheme|word elements]] continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: ''[[anthropology]]'', ''photography'', ''[[telephony]]'', ''[[isomer]]'', ''[[biomechanics]]'', ''[[cinematography]]'', etc. Together with [[Scientific Latin|Latin words]], they form the [[International scientific vocabulary|foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary]]; for example, all words ending in ''–logy'' ("discourse"). There are many [[English words of Greek origin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Scheler|1977}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsit.gr/ellada/poso-ellinikes-einai-oi-ksenes-glosses/2918001/|title=Πόσο "ελληνικές" είναι οι ξένες γλώσσες|website=NewsIt}}</ref>

==Classification==
Greek is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be [[Ancient Macedonian language|ancient Macedonian]], which most scholars suggest may have been a [[Ancient Greek dialects|dialect of Greek]] itself,<ref name="Olander-van Beek-2022">{{harvnb|Olander|2022|pp=12, 14}}; {{harvnb|van Beek|2022|pp=190–191, 193}}</ref><ref name= Crespo2018>{{cite book | last = Crespo | first = Emilio | chapter = The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2018 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | page = 329 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}</ref><ref name= Hatzopoulos2018>{{cite book | last = Hatzopoulos | first = Miltiades B. | chapter = Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives | title = Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea | editor1-last = Giannakis | editor1-first = Georgios K. | editor2-last = Crespo | editor2-first = Emilio | editor3-last = Filos | editor3-first = Panagiotis | date = 2018 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301 | page=299 | isbn = 978-3-11-053081-0 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Babiniotis|1992|pp=29–40}}; {{harvnb|Dosuna|2012|pp=65–78}}</ref> but is poorly attested and is difficult to conclude. Aside of the Macedonian question, current consensus regards [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical [[isogloss]]es, with some being exclusive between them;<ref name="Olander-van Beek-2022" /><ref>{{harvnb|Woodhouse|2009|p=171}}: "This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Obrador-Cursach|2020|pp=238–239}}: "To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:{{nbsp}}... The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44)."</ref> thus, scholars have proposed a [[Graeco-Phrygian]] subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated.<ref name="Olander-van Beek-2022" /><ref>{{harvnb|Obrador-Cursach|2020|p=243}}: "With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ligorio|Lubotsky|2018|pp=1816–1817}}: "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations,{{nbsp}}... It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE."</ref><ref>{{Glottolog|grae1234|Graeco-Phrygian}}</ref>

Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (see [[Graeco-Armenian]]) or the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] (see [[Graeco-Aryan]]), but little definitive evidence has been found.<ref>{{harvnb|van Beek|2022|pp=193–197}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Renfrew|1990}}; {{harvnb|Gamkrelidze|Ivanov|1990|pp=110–116}}; {{harvnb|Renfrew|2003|pp=17–48}}; {{harvnb|Gray|Atkinson|2003|pp=435–439}}</ref> In addition, [[Albanian language|Albanian]] has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other [[extinct language]]s of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Palaeo-Balkan]], and Greek has a central position in it.<ref>{{harvnb|Olsen|Thorsø|2022|pp=209–217}}; {{harvnb|Hyllested|Joseph|2022|pp=225–226, 228–229, 231–241}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Holm|2008|pp=634–635}}</ref>

==Writing system==
{{Greek Alphabet}}
{{See also|Greek Braille}}
===Linear B===
{{Main|Linear B}}

[[Linear B]], attested as early as the late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek.<ref name=":0"/> It is basically a [[syllabary]], which was finally deciphered by [[Michael Ventris]] and [[John Chadwick]] in the 1950s (its precursor, [[Linear A]], has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Linear B : an introduction|last=T.|first=Hooker, J.|publisher=Bristol Classical Press|isbn=978-0-906515-69-3|location=Bristol|oclc=7326206}}</ref> The language of the Linear B texts, [[Mycenaean Greek language|Mycenaean Greek]], is the earliest known form of Greek.<ref name=":0" />

===Cypriot syllabary===
{{Main|Cypriot syllabary}}
[[File: Cypriot syllabic inscription 600-500BC.jpg|thumb|Greek inscription in Cypriot syllabic script]]
Another similar system used to write the Greek language was the [[Cypriot syllabary]] (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate [[Cypro-Minoan syllabary]]), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cypriot-syllabary/28419|title=Cypriot syllabary|work=Britannica Academic|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

===Greek alphabet===
{{Main|Greek alphabet|Greek orthography}}
[[File:Greek alphabet variants.png|thumb|Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from [[Euboea]], [[Ionia]], Athens, and [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] comparing to modern Greek]]
Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the [[Phoenician alphabet]], with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] variant, introduced for writing classical [[Attic Greek|Attic]] in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit a faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of [[ink]] and [[quill]].

The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ([[capital letter|majuscule]]) and lowercase ([[lower case|minuscule]]) form. The letter [[sigma]] has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="33" | [[upper case]]
|-
|[[Alpha|Α]]||[[Beta|Β]]||[[Gamma|Γ]]||[[Delta (letter)|Δ]]||[[Epsilon|Ε]]||[[Zeta|Ζ]]||[[Eta|Η]]||[[Theta|Θ]]||[[Iota|Ι]]||[[Kappa|Κ]]||[[Lambda|Λ]]||[[Mu (letter)|Μ]]||[[Nu (letter)|Ν]]||[[Xi (letter)|Ξ]]||[[Omicron|Ο]]||[[Pi (letter)|Π]]||[[Rho|Ρ]]||[[Sigma|Σ]]||[[Tau|Τ]]||[[Upsilon|Υ]]||[[Phi|Φ]]||[[Chi (letter)|Χ]]||[[Psi (letter)|Ψ]]||[[Omega|Ω]]
|-
! colspan="33" | [[lower case]]
|-
|α||β||γ||δ||ε||ζ||η||θ||ι||κ||λ||μ||ν||ξ||ο||π||ρ||σ ς||τ||υ||φ||χ||ψ||ω
|}

====Diacritics====
{{main|Greek diacritics}}
In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of [[diacritic|diacritical signs]]: three different accent marks ([[acute accent|acute]], [[grave accent|grave]], and [[circumflex]]), originally denoting different shapes of [[pitch accent]] on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ([[rough breathing|rough]] and [[smooth breathing]]), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the [[trema (diacritic)|diaeresis]], used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in [[penmanship|handwriting]] saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in [[typography]].

After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified [[Greek diacritics|monotonic orthography]] (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system), is still used internationally for the writing of [[Ancient Greek]].

====Punctuation====
In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ''[[Interpunct#Ano teleia|ano teleia]]'' ({{lang|grc|άνω τελεία}}). In Greek the [[comma]] also functions as a [[silent letter]] in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing {{lang|el|{{linktext|ό,τι}}}} (''ó,ti'', 'whatever') from {{lang|el|ότι}} (''óti'', 'that').<ref>{{cite web |last=Nicolas |first=Nick |title=Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation |year=2005 |url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html |access-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html |archive-date=6 August 2012 }}</ref>

Ancient Greek texts often used ''scriptio continua'' ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics|last=Hugoe|first=Matthews Peter|others=Oxford University Press.|isbn=978-0-19-967512-8|edition=Third|location=Oxford|oclc=881847972}}</ref> [[Boustrophedon]], or bi-directional text, was also used in Ancient Greek.

===Latin alphabet===
Greek has occasionally been written in the [[Latin script]], especially in areas under [[Stato da Màr|Venetian rule]] or by [[Roman Catholicism in Greece|Greek Catholics]]. The term {{lang|grc-Latn|Frankolevantinika}} / {{lang|grc|Φραγκολεβαντίνικα}} applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because {{lang|grc-Latn|Frankos}} / {{lang|grc|Φράγκος}} is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe was under the control of the [[Frankish Empire]]). {{lang|grc-Latn|Frankochiotika}} / {{lang|grc|Φραγκοχιώτικα}} (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of [[Chios]]. Additionally, the term [[Greeklish]] is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications.<ref>{{harvnb|Androutsopoulos|2009|pp=221–249}}.</ref>

The Latin script is nowadays used by the [[Griko dialect|Greek-speaking]] communities of [[Southern Italy]].

===Hebrew alphabet===
The [[Yevanic]] dialect was written by [[Romaniote Jews|Romaniote]] and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the [[Hebrew Alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yevanic.htm|title=Yevanic alphabet, pronunciation and language|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

===Arabic alphabet===
Some [[Greek Muslim]]s [[Cretan Muslim|from Crete]] wrote their [[Cretan Greek]] in the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The same happened among Epirote Muslims in [[Ioannina]]. This usage is sometimes called [[aljamiado]], as when [[Romance language]]s are written in the Arabic alphabet.<ref name="Kotzageorgis">{{cite book
|last=Kotzageorgis
|first= Phokion
|editor1-last=Gruber |editor1-first=Christiane J. |editor2-last=Colby |editor2-first=Frederick Stephen |title=The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-cultural Encounters with the Islamic Mi'rāj Tales |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35361-0 |pages=297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjLHirJmvPUC&q=Reworking+the+Ascension+in+Ottoman+Lands:+An+Eighteenth-Century+Mi%27r%C4%81jn%C4%81ma+in+Greek+from+Epirus&pg=PA297 |language=en |quote=The element that makes this text a ''[[wiktionary:unicum|unicum]]'' is that it is written in Greek script. In the Ottoman Empire, the primary criterion for the selection of an alphabet in which to write was religion. Thus, people who did not speak—or even know—the official language of their religion used to write their religious texts in the languages that they knew, though in the alphabet where the sacred texts of that religion were written. Thus, the Grecophone Catholics of Chios wrote using the Latin alphabet, but in the Greek language (''[[frangochiotika]]''); the Turcophone Orthodox Christians of Cappadocia wrote their Turkish texts using the Greek alphabet (''[[karamanlidika]]''); and the Grecophone Muslims of the Greek peninsula wrote in Greek language using the Arabic alphabet (''[[tourkogianniotika]]'', ''[[tourkokretika]]''). Our case is much stranger, since it is a quite early example for that kind of literature and because it is largely concerned with religious themes."; p. 306. The audience for the Greek ''[[Mi'rājnāma]]'' was most certainly Greek-speaking Muslims, in particular the so-called ''[[Tourkogianniot]]es'' (literally, the Turks of Jannina). Although few examples have been discovered as yet, it seems that these people developed a religious literature mainly composed in verse form. This literary form constituted the mainstream of Greek ''[[Aljamiado]]'' literature from the middle of the seventeenth century until the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] in 1923. Tourkogianniotes were probably of Christian origin and were Islamized sometime during the seventeenth century. They did not speak any language other than Greek. Thus, even their frequency in attending mosque services did not provide them with the necessary knowledge about their faith. Given their low level of literacy, one important way that they could learn about their faith was to listen to religiously edifying texts such as the Greek ''Mi'rājnāma''.}}</ref>

==Example text==
Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' in Greek:
:{{lang|el|Όλοι οι άνθρωποι γεννιούνται ελεύθεροι και ίσοι στην αξιοπρέπεια και τα δικαιώματα. Είναι προικισμένοι με λογική και συνείδηση, και οφείλουν να συμπεριφέρονται μεταξύ τους με πνεύμα αδελφοσύνης.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|website=ohchr.org|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=grk}}</ref>

[[Romanization of Greek|Transcription]] of the example text into [[Latin alphabet]]:
:{{transliteration|el|Óloi oi ánthropoi gennioúntai eléftheroi kai ísoi stin axioprépeia kai ta dikaiómata. Eínai proikisménoi me logikí kai syneídisi, kai ofeíloun na symperiférontai metaxý tous me pnévma adelfosýnis.}}

Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:
:"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|newspaper=United Nations}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Greece|Language}}
* [[List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Alexiou|first=Margaret|year=1982|chapter=Diglossia in Greece|pages=156–192|editor-last=Haas|editor-first=William|title=Standard Languages: Spoken and Written|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-389-20291-2|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sza8AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Androutsopoulos|first=Jannis |chapter='Greeklish': Transliteration Practice and Discourse in a Setting of Computer-Mediated Digraphia|pages=221–249|editor1-last=Georgakopoulou|editor1-first=Alexandra|editor2-last=Silk|editor2-first=Michael|title=Standard Languages and Language Standards: Greek, Past and Present|year=2009|location=Aldershot|publisher = Ashgate Publishing Limited |chapter-url = http://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MEDIA139/Αναγνώσματα/Androutsopoulos,Greeklish(2009).pdf }}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last1=Atkinson|first1=Quentin D. |last2=Gray|first2=Russel D. |editor1-last=Forster |editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Renfrew |editor2-first=Colin |chapter=Chapter 8: How Old is the Indo-European Language Family? Illumination or More Moths to the Flame? |title = Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages |pages=91–109 |year=2006 |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |isbn=978-1-902937-33-5 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VlRiAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Babiniotis|first=George|chapter=The Question of Mediae in Ancient Macedonian Greek Reconsidered|pages=29–40|editor1-first=Bela|editor1-last=Brogyanyi|editor2-first=Reiner|editor2-last=Lipp|year=1992|title=Historical Philology: Greek, Latin and Romance|location=Amsterdam and Philadelphia|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027277473|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eNBAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Beekes|first=Robert Stephen Paul|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|year=2009|location=Leiden and Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17418-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wffLMgEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=Medieval and Modern Greek|year=1983|orig-year=1969|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23488-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b55B1J7I99AC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dawkins|first1=Richard McGillivray|last2=Halliday|first2=William Reginald|title=Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary|year=1916|location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngreekinas00hallgoog }}
* {{cite book|last=Dosuna|first=Julián Víctor Méndez|chapter=Ancient Macedonian as a Greek Dialect: A Critical Survey on Recent Work|pages=65–78|editor1-last=Giannakis|editor1-first=Georgios K. |title=Ancient Macedonia: Language, History and Culture|year=2012|location=Thessaloniki|publisher=Centre for the Greek Language |language= el |chapter-url= https://www.academia.edu/2342614 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gamkrelidze |first1=Tamaz V. |last2=Ivanov |first2=Vyacheslav |title=The Early History of Indo-European Languages |journal=Scientific American |volume=262 |issue=3 |pages=110–116 |url=http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106143844/http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm |archive-date=6 January 2014 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110 |bibcode=1990SciAm.262c.110G }}
* {{cite book|last=Georgiev|first=Vladimir Ivanov|title=Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages|year=1981|location=Sofia|publisher=Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|isbn=9789535172611|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmZiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Russel D.|last2=Atkinson|first2=Quentin D.|title=Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin|journal=Nature|volume=426|year=2003|pages=435–439|doi=10.1038/nature02029|issue=6965|pmid=14647380|bibcode=2003Natur.426..435G|s2cid=42340|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hamp|first=Eric P.|title=The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|volume=239|url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134950/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Holm|first=Hans J.|chapter=The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages|pages=628–636|editor1-last=Preisach|editor1-first=Christine|editor2-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first=Hans|editor3-last=Schmidt-Thieme|editor3-first=Lars|editor4-last=Decker|editor4-first=Reinhold|title=Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V., Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, March 7–9, 2007|year=2008|location=Berlin-Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-540-78246-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEmMvrOkQ-YC}}
* {{cite book|last=Hooker|first=J.T.|title=Mycenaean Greece|year=1976|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0YbAAAAYAAJ|isbn=9780710083791}}
* {{cite book|last=Jeffries|first=Ian|title=Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition|year=2002|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|isbn=978-0-415-23671-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqCnCOgGc5AC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ligorio |first1=Orsat |last2=Lubotsky |first2=Alexander |editor-last1=Klein |editor-first1=Jared |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first2=Brian |editor-last3=Fritz |editor-first3=Matthias |editor-last4=Wenthe |editor-first4=Mark |chapter=Phrygian |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |volume=3 |pages=1816–1831 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110542431-022/html |publisher=[[De Gruyter#Imprints and partnerships|De Gruyter Mouton]] |doi=10.1515/9783110542431-022 |hdl=1887/63481 |isbn=978-3-11-054243-1|s2cid=242082908 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Obrador-Cursach |first=Bartomeu |title=On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages |journal=[[Journal of Language Relationship]] |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=233–245 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 |doi-access=free |s2cid=215769896}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Olander |editor-first=Thomas |year=2022 |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/4B44B5ACF0D3BBA89B9408050F112A52 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |isbn=978-1-108-49979-8|s2cid=161016819 }}
** {{harvc |last=van Beek |first=Lucien |year=2022 |c=Chapter 11: Greek |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf/greek.pdf |in=Olander}}
** {{harvc |last1=Olsen |first1=Birgit Anette |last2=Thorsø |first2=Rasmus |year=2022 |c=Chapter 12: Armenian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BE08E658A526CBC9A058F25812443F99/9781108499798c12_202-222.pdf/armenian.pdf |in=Olander}}
** {{harvc |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |year=2022 |c=Chapter 13: Albanian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/235881199CF63D7E9D60E32DA7362DD9/9781108499798c13_223-245.pdf/albanian.pdf |in=Olander}}
* {{cite book|last=Ralli|first=Angeliki|title=Μορφολογία [Morphology]|year=2001|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdoseis Pataki|language=el}}
* {{cite book|last=Renfrew|first=Colin|chapter=Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin|pages=263–276|editor-last1=Crossland|editor-first1=R. A.|editor-last2=Birchall|editor-first2=Ann|title=Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield|location=London|publisher=Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited|year=1973|isbn=978-0-7156-0580-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUkbAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Renfrew|first=Colin|chapter=Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area|pages=17–48|editor-last1=Bammesberger|editor-first1=Alfred|editor-last2=Vennemann|editor-first2=Theo|title=Languages in Prehistoric Europe|year=2003|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH|isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Renfrew|first=Colin|title=Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins|year=1990|orig-year=1987|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38675-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R645AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Scheler|first=Manfred|year=1977|title=Der englische Wortschatz [English Vocabulary]|location=Berlin|publisher=E. Schmidt|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GchZAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-3-503-01250-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Tsitselikis|first=Konstantinos|chapter=A Surviving Treaty: The Lausanne Minority Protection in Greece and Turkey|pages=287–315|title=The Interrelation between the Right to Identity of Minorities and their Socio-economic Participation|editor1-last=Henrard|editor1-first=Kristin|location=Leiden and Boston|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2013|isbn=9789004244740|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUYzAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Woodhouse |first=Robert |title=An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day |url=https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/ |journal=Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=167–188 |doi=10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x |issn=2083-4624 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen|first=W. Sidney|title=Vox Graeca – A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek|location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1968|isbn=978-0-521-20626-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i89AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last1=Crosby|first1=Henry Lamar|last2=Schaeffer|first2=John Nevin|year=1928|title=An Introduction to Greek|location=Boston, MA; New York, NY |publisher=Allyn and Bacon, Inc. |url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00cros |url-access=registration|author1-link=Henry Lamar Crosby|author2-link=John Nevin Schaeffer}}
* {{cite book |author = Dionysius of Thrace |title = Bibliotheca Augustana |author-link = Dionysius of Thrace |script-title = el:Τέχνη Γραμματική |trans-title = Art of Grammar |url = http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html |language = el}}
* {{cite book|last1=Holton|first1=David|last2=Mackridge|first2=Peter|last3=Philippaki-Warburton|first3=Irene|title=Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language|year=1997|location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-10002-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K7Nhs6tfk-wC }}
* {{cite book |last=Horrocks|first=Geoffrey|title=Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers|year=1997|location=London and New York|publisher=Longman Linguistics Library (Addison Wesley Longman Limited) |isbn=978-0-582-30709-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QlpiAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Krill|first=Richard M. |title=Greek and Latin in English Today|year=1990|location=Wauconda, IL|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers|isbn=978-0-86516-241-9|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Jhl4aMrFMC }}
* {{cite book |last=Mallory|first=James P. |chapter=Greek Language|pages=240–246|editor1-last=Mallory|editor1-first=James P. |editor-last2=Adams|editor2-first=Douglas Q. |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|year=1997|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn=9781884964985 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC }}
* {{cite book|last=Newton|first=Brian|title=The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology |year=1972|location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08497-0 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pi44AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Sihler|first=Andrew L. |author-link=Andrew L. Sihler |title=New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin|year=1995|location=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508345-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLNfAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smyth|first1=Herbert Weir|last2=Messing|first2=Gordon|title=Greek Grammar|year=1956|orig-year=1920|location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-36250-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M3EyjIa6IPgC }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=el|Standard Greek}}
{{InterWiki|code=pnt|Pontic Greek}}
{{Wiktionary category}}
{{Incubator|grc|lang=Ancient Greek}}

; General background
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051013090119/http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.
* [http://greeklinguistics.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway], useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek.
* Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], a portal for Greek language and linguistic education.
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
* [http://ucbclassics.dreamhosters.com/ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html Ancient Greek Tutorials], Berkeley Language Center of the University of California, Berkeley

; Language learning
{{Wikiquote |code = el }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162856/https://greeklinguistics.com/grammar/ Hellenistic Greek Lessons] Greek-Language.com provides a free online grammar of Hellenistic Greek.
* [http://www.komvos.edu.gr/ komvos.edu.gr], a website for the support of people who are being taught the Greek language.
* [http://www.ntgreek.net/ New Testament Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206230904/http://www.ntgreek.net/ }} Three graduated courses designed to help students learn to read the Greek New Testament
* [http://www.pi-schools.gr/lessons/hellenic/ Books on Greek language that are taught at schools in Greece] {{in lang|el}}
* [[:wikt:Appendix:Greek Swadesh list|Greek Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words]] (from Wiktionary's [[:wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists|Swadesh list appendix]])
* [https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-greek-course.php USA Foreign Service Institute Modern Greek basic course]
* {{cite web | url = https://isidore.co/LatinInflector/greek/ | title = Greek Inflector | first=Alan | last=Aversa }} Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered, using Perseus.

; Dictionaries
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190711164623/https://www.greeklinguistics.com/Dictionaries.html Greek Lexical Aids], descriptions of both online lexicons (with appropriate links) and Greek Lexicons in Print.
* [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], dictionaries of all forms of Greek (Ancient, Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern)
* scanned images from [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ S. C. Woodhouse's English–Greek dictionary], 1910

; Literature
* [http://www.snhell.gr/en/index.html Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies], a non-profit organization that promotes modern Greek literature and culture
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219040636/http://www.kenef.phil.uoi.gr/static/digital.htm Research lab of modern Greek philosophy], a large e-library of modern Greek texts/books

{{-}}
{{Greek language | 1 | 2 }}
{{Languages of Greece}}
{{Languages of Cyprus}}
{{Languages of Albania}}
{{Languages of Turkey}}
{{Languages of Italy}}
{{Greece topics}}
{{Greek language periods}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Language}}
[[Category:Graeco-Phrygian]]
[[Category:Greek language| ]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Greek alphabet]]
[[Category:Languages of Albania]]
[[Category:Languages of Apulia]]
[[Category:Languages of Armenia]]
[[Category:Languages of Calabria]]
[[Category:Languages of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Languages of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Languages of Greece]]
[[Category:Languages of Hungary]]
[[Category:Languages of Romania]]
[[Category:Languages of Sicily]]
[[Category:Languages of Turkey]]
[[Category:Languages of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Languages with own distinct writing systems]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]

Harcharan Singh (writer)

2023-02-08T16:01:20Z

NormandDew91793: Created page with ''''[http://drharcharansingh.com Dr. Harcharan Singh]''' born in 1915, was an eminent Punjabi dramatist and writer. He obtained Master's degree in Punjabi and His...'

{{Short description|Indian dramatist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox
|name = Harcharan Singh
|abovestyle = background:#cfc;
|title = Harcharan Singh
|above = Punjabi Playwright
|subheader = 10 December 1914 - 12 April 2006 (age 92)
| image = [[File:Dr. Harcharan Singh.jpg|200px|alt=Dr. Harcharan Singh]]
|caption = ''The Man Of All Seasons''
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;
|datastyle =
|header1 = Books written
| label1 =
| data1 =
|header2 =
| label 2 =
| data2 = Kal Ajj Te Bhalak (1971)
|header3 =
| label 3 =
| data3 = Ratta Sallu (1953)
|header4 =
| label 4 =
| data4 = Shobha Shakti (1961)
| header5 =
| label5 =
| data5 = Chamkaur Di Garhi (1966)
| header6 =
| label6 =
| data6 = Hind Di Chaddar (1975)
| header7 = Married
| label7 =
| data7 =
| header8 =
| label8 =
| data8 = Dharam Kaur in 1938
| header9 = Children<ref name="lifehistory">{{cite book|editor1-last=Singh Ghuman|editor1-first=Kapoor|editor2-last=Singh Kasail|editor2-first=Kirpal|editor3-last=Singh Lamba|editor3-first=Gobind|title=Life History of Dr. Harcharan Singh|publisher=Language Dept. Govt. of Punjab|location=India|language=Punjabi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
| data10 = Dr. Amarjit Singh Banwatt
| data11 = Jasbir Kaur Gahunia
| data12 = Jagbir Kaur Vaid
| data13 = Amrit Kaur Gahunia
| data14 = Harbux Singh Latta
}}
'''Dr. Harcharan Singh''' (1914–2006) was an Indian dramatist and writer in the [[Punjabi language]]. He dedicated 69 years of his life to Punjabi theater, in which he authored 51 books and staged numerous plays all over the world.<ref name="monograph" />

==Life==
Singh was born in 1914 at Chak # 576, near Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan) to father, Kirpa Singh, and mother, Rakkhi.<ref name="lifehistory" /> He was sent to his ancestral village, Urapar in Jalandhar District, for education. After passing class 8th from the Govt. School, Chakdanna, Singh was sent to Khalsa School, Jalandhar, for Matric (Class 10). Singh enrolled in B.A. at [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] in 1933. Then he obtained his master's degree in Punjabi and history from [[Forman Christian College|FC College Lahore]]. Moreover, he earned his Ph.D. degree in orientalism and oriental history, with particular emphasis on classical, pre-[[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] Indo-Aryan dynasties of the Punjab and Himalayas for his thesis "Theatre Traditions in Punjab" from [[Delhi University]] in 1943.<ref name=sikhencyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/famous-sikh-personalities/singh-harcharan-1915 | title=Singh, Harcharan (1915-) | encyclopedia=The Sikh Encyclopedia | accessdate=6 April 2018 }}</ref>

He was the head of Punjabi Dept., [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, for 10 years, from 1965 to 1975. He held the post of chairman at the Punjab Sangeet Natak Academy from 1982 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 1997. He was then appointed the chairman of Punjab Arts Council, Chandigarh, from 1999 to 2002.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA330|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=330–}}</ref>

==Writing==
Singh wrote his first play, ''Kamla Kumari'', in 1937, which was first staged in Amritsar on 21 January 1938.<ref name="lifehistory"/> He established the Punjab Art Theatre at Lahore in 1939 and popularized theatrical activities in Punjab.<ref name="monograph">{{cite book|author1=Satish Kumar Verma|title=A Monograph on Punjabi Playwright Dr Harcharan Singh|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-4593-8|page=35|language=Punjabi}}</ref> He initiated a trend in Punjabi theatre with his wife Dharam Kaur, who dared to act female role in his play Anjorh, staged at YMCA Hall Lahore in 1939. This paved the way for women on Punjabi stage.<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1097|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1097–}}</ref>

[[File:Anjorh 1949.jpg|thumbnail|Anjorh 1941]]

Singh authored 51 books in Punjabi.<ref name="monograph" /> He was an authority on Sikh historical plays.<ref name="Tribunenonika">{{cite news|author1=Nonika Singh|title=Interview with Dr. Harcharan Singh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/sunday/view.htm|accessdate=14 March 2016|issue=Sunday Review|publisher=The Tribune India|date=4 October 1998|language=English}}</ref> His well-known historical plays are ''Chamkaur Di Garhi'', ''Punian Da Chan'', ''Miti Dhundh Jag Chanan Hoa'', ''Jafarnama'', ''Sarhand Di Kandh'', ''Hind Di Chadar'', ''Rani Jindan'', ''Kama Gata Maru'' and ''Shubh Karman Te Kabh Hoon Na Taron''. The play ''Chamkaur Di Garhi'' was first staged on the occasion of the tercentenary birth celebration of Shri Guru Gobind Singh at famous Sunmukh Nanda Auditorium, Bombay, in December 1966. For the last 38 years, different theatrical groups have been staging this play in India and abroad. Six of his plays have been translated into Hindi and one into Russian.

About a dozen of his books have won awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award Winners|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI|website=Sahitya-Akademi.gov.in|accessdate=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was given the prestigious [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1973 for his play ''Kal Aj Te Bhalak'' (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). He was honored by Punjab Govt. as Shromani Sahitkar in 1974. Besides these decorations he was honored by more than a dozen national and international institutions. The feature film ''Sarbansdani Guru Gobind Singh'' was based on his famous play ''Chamkaur Di Garhi''.<ref name="Sarbansdani Film">{{cite web|title=Sarbans Dani Film|url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Gobind_Singh_(Film)&oldid=93606|website=Sikhi Wiki}}</ref> His historical play ''Rani Jindan'' was performed by Punjabi Kala Kendra Chandigarh in 20 big cities of Canada and the US in 1981.

Singh wrote the scripts of Bole So Nihal, (a world-famous multimedia Sight & Sound Panorama on 500 years of Sikh History, specially produced for the Birth of Khalsa celebrations,) Sher-e-Punjab (a multimedia Sight & Sound Panorama on 40 glorious years of Khalsa Raj) and Guru Maneo Granth, (another mega multi-media sight & sound panorama dedicated to the 400th centenary of the Prakash of [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]). These shows have been shown in 50 cities of [[Punjab]] and India besides in 54 major cities of the US, Canada and UK since 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prashar|first1=A.S.|title=Sight, sound, royalty relived|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011012/art-trib.htm#1|accessdate=14 March 2016|issue=Arts Tribune|publisher=Tribune India|date=12 October 2001}}</ref><ref name="Sight and Sound Shows">{{cite web|title=Sight and Sound Shows|url=http://lattaproductions.com/w/sight-and-sound-shows/|website=Latta Productions|publisher=Latta Productions}}</ref>

==List of books<ref name="List of books">{{cite book|author1=Satish Kumar Verma|title=Monograph on Dr. Harcharan Singh|date=2014|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-4593-8|pages=36–39|edition=1st|language=Punjabi|chapter=List of Books}}</ref><ref name="List of Books - Upto 1974">{{cite book|editor1-last=Singh Ghuman|editor1-first=Kapoor|editor2-last=Singh Kasail|editor2-first=Kirpal|editor3-last=Singh Lamba|editor3-first=Gobind|title=Dr. Harcharan Singh - Life History|date=1974|publisher=Language Dept. Govt. of Punjab|location=Bhasha Bhavan Patial India|pages=1–2|language=Punjabi|chapter=List of Books - Old}}</ref>==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! First published in !! Book title !! Publisher !! ISBN
|-
| 1 || 1937 || Kamla Kumari || Self Published || NA
|-
| 2 || 1938 || Raja Porus || Self Published ||NA
|-
| 3 || 1939 || Dur Durade Shahron || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 4 || 1941 || Anjorh || NA || NA
|-
| 5 || 1943 || Khedan De Din Chaar || NA || NA
|-
| 6 || 1949 || Dosh || Punjabi Publisher, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 7 || 1953 || Ratta Sallu || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 8 || 1954 || Tera Ghar So Mera Ghar || Sundar Pustak Bhandhar, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 9 || 1955 || Punia Da Chan || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 10 || 1961 || Shobha Shakti || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 11 || 1966 || Chamkaur Di Garhi || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 12 || 1969 || Mitti Dhundh Jag Chanan Hoa || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 13 || 1971 || Kal Ajj Te Bhalak || Navyug Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 14 || 1973 || Lehande Da Noor (Poetic Drama) || Punjabi Pyare Publisher, Chandigarh ||NA
|-
| 15 || 1974 || Samaaj De Tham || NA || NA
|-
| 16 || 1975 || Hind Di Chaddar || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 17 || 1977 || Dekh Kabira Roya || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 18 || 1979 || Sahit Te Sabhyachar De Ambar Tare || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 19 || 1980 || Maseeha Suli Te Muskuraya || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 20 || 1981 || Rani Jindhan || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 21 || 1983 || Kamagata Maru || Raghbir Rachna Publishers, Chandigarh || NA
|-
| 22 || 1984 || Ambar Kala || NA || NA
|-
| 23 || 1989 || Aag Bujao || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 24 || 1992 || Shubh Karman Te Kabhu Na Tro || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || 81-7205-090-9
|-
| 25 || 1995 || Mitti Puche Ghumiar Toh || Navyug Publishers, New Delhi ||81-86216-70-7
|-
| 26 || 2004 || Guru Maneo Granth || NA || NA
|-
| 27 || 2005 || Jene Lahor Nahin Dekhea (Stories) || Tarlochan Publishers, Chandigarh || 81-7914-120-9
|-
| 28 || 2006 || Udhala (Stories) || Tarlochan Publishers, Chandigarh || 81-7914-135-7
|-
| 29 || 1960 || Murkhe Di Khusboo (One Act Play) || Ludhiana Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 30 || NA || Marhian Di Puja || NA || NA
|-
| 31 || NA || Khet De Baney || NA || NA
|-
| 32 || 1997 || Baapu Di Ghorhi || Punjabi University, Patiala || 81-7380-262-9
|-
| 33 || NA || Kanchan Matti || NA || NA
|-
| 34 || 1972 || Zafarnama (One Act Play) || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || 81-7205-104-2
|-
| 35 || NA || Sirhand Di Kand || NA || NA
|-
| 36 || 1940 || Jeevan Leela || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 37 || 1943 || Sipiyan (Stories) || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 38 || 1957 || Meri Chonvi Ikangi || Sundar Pustak Bhandar, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 39 || 1979 || Che Rang (Collection of One Act Plays) || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 40 || 1944 || Panj Geetrha || P.S. Datta, Lahore || NA
|-
| 41 || 1942 || Sapt Rishi (Collection of One Act Plays) || Lahore Book Shop, Lahore || NA
|-
| 42 || 1989 || Meri Pratinidh Rachna || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 43 || 1988 || Meri Sahitik Save-Keevni || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 44 || 1979 || Natak Kala Te Mera Anubhav || Language Dept. Govt of Punjab || NA
|-
| 45 || 1964 || Punjabi Sahit Dhara || Surjit Book Depot, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 46 || 1977 || Meri Chonvi Kahaniyan || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 47 || NA || Naat Kala Te Hor Lekh || Pepsu Book Depot, Patiala || NA
|-
| 48 || 1971 || Eshwar Chandan Nanda || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 49 || 1972 || Punjabi Vartak Da Janam Te Vikas || Pepsu Book Depot, Patiala || NA
|-
| 50 || 1949 || Sanjha Raaj (Collection of One Act Plays) || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 51 || 1955 || Navi Saver || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harcharan}}
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Punjabi University]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Narinder Singh Randhawa

2023-02-08T16:00:52Z

NormandDew91793: A new article on Narinder Singh Randhawa, Padma Bhushan award winner

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narinder Singh Randhawa
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|03|13}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|11|26|1927|03|13}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Agricultural scientist Writer
| yearsactive = 1967–1996
| known for = Plant nutrition Soil fertility
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] National Citizen Award
}}
'''Narinder Singh Randhawa''' (1927–1996) was an Indian agricultural scientist, writer and the director general of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR).<ref name="Haque1996">{{cite book|author=Tajamul Haque|title=Sustainability of Small Holder Agriculture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJPp0jKFr4EC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-578-2|pages=7–}}</ref><ref name="Malik1997">{{cite book|author=Bala Singh Malik|title=Farm Women: Their Roles and Training Needs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo8un0T_mwkC&pg=PA3|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-391-1|pages=3–}}</ref> He was the president of the Indian Society of Soil Science during 1980–81 term<ref name="Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.isss-india.org/history | title=Presidents | publisher=Indian Society of Soil Science | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> and was a recipient of National Citizen Award and [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1989, for his contributions to agricultural science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Randhawa, born on 13 March 1927, secured his doctoral degree (PhD) from the [[University of California]] in 1964.<ref name="Deceased Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N81-0623 |title=Deceased Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> Returning to India, he joined the ''All India Coordinated Project on Micronutrients in Soils and Plants'' of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] as a national coordinator in 1967 and served the project till 1977. During this period, he also served [[Punjab Agricultural University]] as a professor at the Department of Soils and stayed at the university till 1979, holding positions such as that of a senior professor, head of the department, dean of the College of Agriculture, and the director of research. In 1979, he returned to ICAR as the deputy director general and continued there till his superannuation in 1985 as the director general. In between, he also had a short stint as a government secretary at the Department of Agricultural Research and Education of the [[Ministry of Agriculture]].<ref name="Deceased Fellow" />

Randhawa was known to have done research in micro-nutrient management of soil and [[soil fertility]] and published several books, articles and monographs.<ref name="editor chief">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=BO1a-JEAAAAJ&hl=en | title=editor chief | publisher=Google Scholar | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mudahar2013">{{cite book|author=Mohinder Mudahar|title=Fertilizer sulfur and food production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmVDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1540-9|pages=235–}}</ref><ref name="Adriano2013">{{cite book|author=Domy C. Adriano|title=Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1FWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42|date=19 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-21510-5|pages=42–}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] Council (1993–95), the research advisory council of the [[Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research]] (1986–90) and the consultative group of the [[CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers|CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Center]] (1985–90). He presided two science organizations, Indian Society of Soil Sciences and Indian Society of Plant Nutrition and was the vice president of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and the vice chair of the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]], Hyderabad from 1985 to 1990. He delivered several award orations including the inaugural ''Dr. S. P. Raychaudhuri Memorial Lecture'' of the Indian Society of Soil Science (1990)<ref name="Dr. S.P. Raychaudhuri Memorial Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.isss-india.org/memorial-lectures | title=Professor J.N. Mukherjee – ISSS Foundation Lecture | publisher=Dr. S.P. Raychaudhuri Memorial Lecture | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> and the ''Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture'' of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (1993).<ref name="Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm | title=Professor N.R. Dhar Memorial Lecture | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> The Indian Council of Agricultural Research awarded him the [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] in 1975 and he received the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1989.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> A recipient of the National Citizen Award (1990), he was an elected Fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]<ref name="NAAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/page.php?pageid=8 | title=NAAS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Deceased Fellow" />

Randhawa died on 26 November 1996, at the age of 69.<ref name="Deceased Fellow" /> The [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] have instituted an annual award, ''Dr. N.S.Randhawa Award'', in his honor.<ref name="Dr. N.S.Randhawa Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.cirs.info/prix-fiche,langue.eng-id.1419.html | title=Dr. N.S.Randhawa Award | publisher=International Center for Scientific Research | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> His contributions have been compiled in an article, Contributions of ''Dr. N. S. Randhawa to Indian Horticulture'', published in Punjab Horticultural Journal.<ref name="Dr. N. S. Randhawa to Indian Horticulture">{{cite journal | url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302314913 | title=Dr. N. S. Randhawa to Indian Horticulture | author=K. K. Singh | journal=Punjab Horticultural Journal | year=2013 | issn=0033-4324}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author1=Dalip Singh Sidhu|author2=S. S. Miglani|author3=N. S. Randhawa|title=Farm business analysis of Sutlej Bed Seed Farm, Ropar, 1974-75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxs9AAAAYAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Communication Centre, Punjab Agricultural University}}
* {{cite book | title=Micronutrient Research in Soils and Plants in India: A Review | author=J. S. Kanwar, N.S. Randhawa | year=1978 | pages=185 | isbn=978-0861865567}}
* {{cite book|author1=J. C. Katyal|author2=N. S. Randhawa|author3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=Micronutrients|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGEhAQAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-101445-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Gurcharan Singh Randhawa|author2=Amitabha Mukhopadhyay|title=Floriculture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H4-39ZufiEC|year=1986|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-057-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=J. C. Katyal|author2=N. S. Randhawa|title=Les oligo-éléments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEmugO3FXFAC|year=1986|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-201445-4}}
* {{cite book|author=N. S. Randhawa|title=Agricultural Research in India: An Overview of Its Organization, Management and Operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkHbAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-102613-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=G. S. Bhalla|author2=N. S. Randhawa|author3=D. S. Tyagi|title=Implementation and Administration of Agricultural Price Policy in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGPhIsdbFEIC|year=1989|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102798-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=N. S. Randhawa|author2=K. V. Sundaram|title=Small Farmer Development in Asia and the Pacific: Some Lessons for Strategy Formulation and Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVKlYUtieR0C|year=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102895-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=N.S. Randhawa|author2=Takele Gebre|title=Multilevel Planning for Agricultural and Rural Development in Ethiopia: Content, Impact and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Qr-PAAACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=FAO}}
* {{cite book|author1=N. S. Randhawa|author2=P. B. S. Sarma|author3=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|title=National water policy, agricultural scientists' perceptions: proceedings of the round table conference, August 12-14, 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i1IAAAAYAAJ|year=1998|publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|isbn=978-81-900426-1-1}}
* {{cite book | title=Neem | publisher=New Age International Publishers | author=N.S. Randhawa, B.S. Parmar | year=2007 | pages=348 | isbn=978-8122420463}}

== See also ==
* [[Punjab Agricultural University]]
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.iuss.org/files/revieuw_of_soil_research_in_india_part_i_compressed.pdf | title=Review of Soil Research in India | publisher=Indian Society of Soil Science | author=12th International Congress of Soil Science | date=February 1982}}
* {{cite web | url=http://drtc1.isibang.ac.in/indus/handle/1/2/browse?value=Forwarded+by+Dr.+N.S.+Randhawa+DG%2C+ICAR.&type=author | title=Browsing Indian Agricultural Repositories by Author "Forwarded by Dr. N.S. Randhawa DG, ICAR." | publisher=Indus | date=2016 | access-date=23 July 2016}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol37B_1971_6_Art06.pdf | title=Forecast and Control of Nutritional Diseases in Plants (full text) | author=N. S Randhawa, N. S Parischa | journal=Punjab Agricultural University | year=1971 | volume=37 | issue=6}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Narinder Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:University of California alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Punjab Agricultural University]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Amrit Velā

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{{Short description|Religious Time For Reciting Hymns In Sikhism}}
[[File:Kundian.jpg|thumb|Amrit Vela is an important time for [[Sikh]]s]]
{{Sikh practices}}

'''Amrit Velā''' ({{lang-pa|ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ ਵੇਲਾ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA-pa|ãːmɾʱɪt ʋelaː}}, {{lit|never ending time}}) does not refer to a specific time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dharma|title=Meditation As Medicine: Activate the Power of Your Natural Healing Force|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=9781439117538|page=34}}</ref> According to the [[Pahar|''pahar'' system of time]], most [[Sikhs]] typically interpret this time to start at around 3:00am.<ref name="McLeod">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863446|page=15}}</ref> [[Guru Nanak]] in the [[Japji Sahib]] (4th Pauri) says, "in amrit velā meditate on the grandeur of the one true Name".<ref name="McLeod" /> The importance of Amrit Vela is found throughout the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The Guru Granth Sahib states that "those who consider themselves a Sikh must wake up daily at Amrit vela and be in tune with the [[Nam japna|''Naam'']] (the Lord's Name)"<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib|page=Ang 305|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=305&g=1&h=1&r=1&t=1&p=0&k=0&fb=0}}</ref>
[[File:Illustration titled 'Morning prayers at the Sikh chapel in the regimental lines', found on page 228.jpg|thumb|Illustration titled 'Morning prayers at the Sikh chapel in the regimental lines' from ''The Sikhs'' (1904) by [[John James Hood Gordon]]]]
In the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|SPGC Sikh Rehat Maryada]] it is written to arise in the Amrit Velā, bath, and meditate on the divine ''Naam'' (through [[Simran]] and [[Nam Japo|Naam Japna]]). Here, Amrit Vela is defined as "three hours before the dawn".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=Old.sgpc.net|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> Sikhs recite their morning ''[[Nitnem]]'' during Amrit vela. Traditionally after ''Nitnem'' Sikhs meet with the [[Sangat (term)|Sangat]] (congregation) to recite [[Asa di Var]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar|title=The Prescribed Sikh Prayers (Nitnem)|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170173779}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Amrita|Amrit]]
* [[Khalsa]]
* [[Meditation]]
* [[Nitnem]]
* [[Outline of Sikhism]]
* [[Sikh beliefs]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Simran]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Singh, Puran (1929). ''The Spirit Born People.'' Peshawar: Languages Department, Punjab.
* Singh, Raghbir (2001). ''Bandginama. (English Translation)'' New Delhi: Atma Science Trust

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140504204836/http://www.amritvela.net/definition.php Definition of Amrit Vela]
* [http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhism101/qt/Amrit-Vela-Cheat-Sheet-5-Ways-To-Jaap-Naam-50-Minutes-By-5-Am-For-5-Days.htm Amritvela Cheat Sheet]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzlTGlNOpm0 Q&A - Amrit Vela and Sadh Sangat #7 @ UCL Sikh Society Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf8ckFxvK-g Amrit Vela - Importance - Guru's Hukam (Gurbani Lines) Video]
* [http://sikhchic.com/columnists/amrit_vela_rise_shine Amrit Vela: Rise & Shine]

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrit Vela}}
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Sikh prayer]]
[[Category:Sikh terminology]]
[[Category:Time in religion]]

Hanuman Garhi

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2020 China–India skirmishes

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Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)

2022-01-16T15:46:44Z

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{{Short description|UK Government department responsible for defence}}
{{About|the department established in 1964|the department from 1947 to 1964|Ministry of Defence (1947–1964)|its headquarters|Ministry of Defence Main Building}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Defence
| type = Department
| logo = MinistryOfDefence.svg
| logo_width = 155px
| logo_caption = Logo
| image = Ministry of Defence, London from air.jpg
| image_size = 240
| image_caption = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building|MoD Main Building]], [[Westminster]]
| formed = 1 April 1964 (as modern department)
| jurisdiction = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|Main Building]], [[Whitehall]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], [[London]]
| coordinates = {{coord|51.5040|-0.1249|format=dms|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}}
| employees = {{ubl
| 60,000 (FTE) civilian staff (April 2021)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mod-biannual-civilian-personnel-report-2021/mod-biannual-civilian-personnel-report-bcpr-1-april-2021|title=MOD biannual civilian personnel report: 2021|accessdate=6 March 2022}}</ref>
| 198,940 military personnel<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2021/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-october-2021|title=UK Armed Forces Quarterly Service Personnel Statistics 1 October 2021|accessdate=6 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
| budget = £55 billion; [[fiscal year|FY]]{{nbsp}}2021<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/budget-2020-documents/budget-2020|title=Budget 2020|publisher=HM Treasury|accessdate=12 March 2020}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Secretary of State for Defence]]
| chief1_name = Sir [[Tony Radakin]]
| chief1_position = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| chief2_name = [[David Williams (British civil servant)|David Williams]]
| chief2_position = [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence|Permanent Secretary]]
| child1_agency = [[Defence Electronics and Components Agency]]
| child2_agency = [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]]
| child3_agency = [[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Ministry of Defence''' ('''MOD''' or '''MoD''') is the [[Departments of the United Kingdom Government|department]] responsible for implementing the defence policy set by [[Government of the United Kingdom|His Majesty's Government]], and is the headquarters of the [[British Armed Forces]].

The MOD states that its principal objectives are to defend the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/Organisation/DefenceVision/TheDefenceVision.htm| title=The Defence Vision, Ministry of Defence website| accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref> The MOD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and [[defence procurement]].

The expenditure, administration and policy of the MOD are scrutinised by the [[Defence Select Committee]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/24/defence-committee |title=Defence Committee |work=parliament.uk |access-date=29 December 2021 |quote=The Defence Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies. |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229204516/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/24/defence-committee |url-status=dead }}</ref> except for [[Defence Intelligence]] which instead falls under the [[Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://isc.independent.gov.uk/ |title=Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament |work=gov.uk |access-date=29 December 2021 |quote=The ISC oversees the policies, expenditure, administration and operations of MI5, MI6, GCHQ, Defence Intelligence, the Joint Intelligence Organisation, the National Security Secretariat (NSS) and Homeland Security Group.}}</ref>

==History==
During the 1920s and 1930s, British [[civil servant]]s and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during the [[First World War]], concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom: the [[Royal Navy]], the [[British Army]] and the [[Royal Air Force]]. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by the coalition government of [[David Lloyd George]] in 1921, but the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, [[Stanley Baldwin]] created the position of [[Minister for Co-ordination of Defence]]. [[Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield|Lord Chatfield]] held the post until the fall of [[Neville Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain's]] government in 1940. His success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments, and his lack of political influence.

On forming his government in 1940, [[Winston Churchill]] created the office of Minister of Defence, to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until [[Clement Attlee]]'s government introduced the [[Ministry of Defence (1947–64)|Ministry of Defence Act of 1946]]. After 1946, the three posts of [[Secretary of State for War]], [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], and [[Secretary of State for Air]] were formally subordinated to the new [[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]], who had a seat in the Cabinet. The three service ministers — Admiralty, War, Air — remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

From 1946 to 1964, five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the [[United Kingdom Admiralty|Admiralty]], the [[War Office]], the [[Air Ministry]], the [[Ministry of Aviation]], and [[Ministry of Defence (1947–64)|an earlier form]] of the Ministry of Defence. Those departments merged in 1964, and the defence functions of the [[Ministry of Aviation Supply]] were merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| author=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/History/HistoryOfTheMOD/ |title=History of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence website |publisher=Mod.uk |access-date=2013-06-03}}</ref> The unification of all defence activities under a single ministry was motivated by a desire to curb [[interservice rivalry|interservice rivalries]] and followed the precedent set by the American [[National Security Act of 1947]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Hobkirk| first=Michael| date=1987-09-01| title=Reform across the sea: A comparison of defence policy making in the UK and the USA| url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03071848708522824| journal=The RUSI Journal| volume=132| issue=3| pages=55–60| doi=10.1080/03071848708522824| issn=0307-1847}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Ministers in the Ministry of Defence are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/government-and-opposition1/opposition-holding/| title=Her Majesty's Official Opposition| website=UK Parliament| language=en|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Our ministers |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence| website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Minister
! Rank
! Portfolio
|-
| The Rt Hon. [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] MP
| [[Secretary of State for Defence|Secretary of State]]
| Overall responsibility for the department; strategic operations and operational strategy, including as a member of the National Security Council; defence planning, programme and resource allocation; strategic international partnerships: US, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf, NATO; nuclear operations, policy and organisations; strategic communications.
|-
| The Rt Hon. [[James Heappey]] MP
| [[Minister of State for the Armed Forces]]
| Operations and operational legal policy; Brexit no deal planning; force generation (including exercises); military recruitment and retention policy (regulars and reserves); cyber; Permanent Joint Operating bases; international defence engagement strategy; lead for defence engagement in Africa and Latin America; human security; operational public inquiries, inquests; youth and cadets; commemorations, ceremonial duties, medallic recognition and protocol policy and casework
|-
| [[James Cartlidge]] MP
| [[Minister for Defence Procurement|Minister of State for Defence Procurement]]
| Delivery of the Equipment Plan; nuclear enterprise; defence exports; innovation; defence science and technology including Dstl; information computer technology; the Single Source Regulations Office (SSRO); DIO estates and investment; environment and sustainability
|-
| The Rt Hon. [[Annabel Goldie|The Baroness Goldie]] DL
| [[Minister of State for Defence]] {{small|(unpaid)}}
| Corporate governance including transformation programme; single departmental plan, risk reporting and health, safety and security; EU relations, including Brexit (excluding No Deal planning); engagement with retired senior Defence personnel and wider opinion formers; arms control and counter-proliferation, including strategic export licensing and chemical and biological weapons; UK Hydrographic Office; Statutory Instrument programme; Australia, Asia and Far East defence engagement; Defence Fire and Rescue; safety and security; Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland devolved authorities; ship wrecks, museums and heritage; Ministry of Defence Police; ministerial correspondence and PQs
|-
| The Rt Hon. [[Andrew Murrison]] MP
| [[Minister for Defence People|Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Defence People, Veterans and Service Families]]
|
* civilian and service personnel policy; armed forces pay, pensions and compensation; Armed Forces Covenant; welfare and service families; community engagement; equality, diversity and inclusion; mental health; Defence Medical Services; the people programme (Flexible Engagement Strategy, Future Accommodation Model and Enterprise Approach); estates service family accommodation policy and engagement with welfare
|}

==Senior military officials==
[[File: 191120-N-BD231-113 (49106133536) (Tony Radakin cropped).jpg|alt=Admiral Sir Tony Radakin, the Chief of the Defence Staff.|left|thumb|[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[Tony Radakin|Sir Tony Radakin]], the Chief of the Defence Staff.|209x209px]]

===Chiefs of the Defence Staff===
The [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] (CDS) is the professional head of the British Armed Forces and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the [[Secretary of State for Defence]] and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].

The CDS is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (VCDS) who deputises and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the armed services aspect of the MOD through the Central Staff, working closely alongside the Permanent Secretary. They are joined by the professional heads of the three British armed services ([[Royal Navy]], [[British Army]] and [[Royal Air Force]]) and the Commander of [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|Strategic Command]]. All personnel sit at [[OF-9]] rank in the [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO rank system]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| url=https://data.gov.uk/organogram/ministry-of-defence|title=Organogram - Ministry of Defence|website=data.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114101/https://data.gov.uk/organogram/ministry-of-defence |archive-date=8 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Together the Chiefs of Staff form the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] with responsibility for providing advice on operational military matters and the preparation and conduct of military operations.

The current Chiefs of Staff are as follows.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence|title=Ministry of Defence - Our senior military officials|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] – [[Tony Radakin|Admiral Sir Tony Radakin]]
* [[Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff]] – [[Gwyn Jenkins|General Gwyn Jenkins]]
* [[First Sea Lord|First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff]] – [[Ben Key|Admiral Sir Ben Key]] (Head of the [[Royal Navy]])
* [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] – [[Patrick Sanders (British Army officer)|General Sir Patrick Sanders]] (Head of the [[British Army]])
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] – [[Sir Richard Knighton|Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton]] (Head of the [[Royal Air Force]])
* [[Commander Strategic Command]] – [[James Hockenhull|General Sir James Hockenhull]] (Head of [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|Strategic Command]])

=== Other senior military officers ===
The Chief of Staff is supported by several [[Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff|Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff]] and senior officers at [[OF-8]] rank.<ref name=":1" />
* Chief of Defence People – Lieutenant General [[James Swift (British Army officer)|James Swift]]
* Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Military Strategy and Operations) – Lieutenant-General [[Roland Walker]]
* Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Financial and Military Capability) – Air Marshal [[Richard Knighton|Sir Richard Knighton]]
* Chief of Joint Operations – Lieutenant-General [[Charles Stickland]], based at [[Northwood Headquarters]]
* Defence Senior Adviser Middle East – Air Marshal [[Martin Sampson]]
* [[Chief of Defence Intelligence]] – Adrian Bird
* Director-General of the [[Defence Safety Authority]] – Air Marshal Stephen Shell

Additionally, there are a number of [[Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff|Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff]], including the [[Defence Services Secretary]] in the [[Royal Household]] of the [[Monarch|Sovereign]] of the [[United Kingdom]], who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3A7A2BEA-C92D-431A-B146-AC9E9860EB36/0/central_tlb.pdf |title=Central Top Level Budget Organogram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043154/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3A7A2BEA-C92D-431A-B146-AC9E9860EB36/0/central_tlb.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-08 |accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>

==Senior management==
'''Permanent Secretary and other senior officials'''
The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by several civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence]] (generally known as the [[Permanent Secretary]]) is the senior civil servant at the MOD. Their role is to ensure that it operates effectively as a government department and has responsibility for the strategy, performance, reform, organisation and the finances of the MOD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence|title=Ministry of Defence - Our management|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
The role works closely with the Chief of the Defence Staff in leading the organisation and supporting Ministers in the conduct of business in the Department across the full range of responsibilities.
* [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence]] – [[David Williams (British civil servant)|David Williams]]
* Chief Operating Officer — Nina Cope
* Director General Finance – Charlie Pate
* Director General Nuclear – Vanessa Nicholls
* Director General Security Policy - Dominic Wilson
* Director General Commercial - Andrew Forzani
* Director General Strategy and International – Angus Lapsley
* [[Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence|MOD Chief Scientific Adviser]] – [[Angela McLean (biologist)|Dame Angela McLean]]
* MOD Chief Scientific Adviser (Nuclear) – Professor Robin Grimes
* Lead Non-Executive Board Member – [[Gerry Grimstone|Lord Grimstone]]
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Audit Committee – Simon Henry
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the Defence Equipment and Support Board – [[Paul Skinner]]
* Non-Executive Defence Board Member and Chair of the People Committee – Danuta Gray

==Defence policy==
{{See also|Foreign policy of the United Kingdom}}
The [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015]] included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM pledges £178 billion investment in defence kit |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-pledges-178-billion-investment-in-defence-kit |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=23 November 2015 |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UK announces rapid strike forces, more warships in new defence plan|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124125230/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/11/23/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=live|access-date=23 November 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:<ref name="SDSR2015">{{cite web|title=National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf|publisher=HM Government|access-date=23 November 2015|pages=27, 29}}</ref>
* Defend and contribute to the security and resilience of the UK and Overseas Territories.
* Provide the nuclear deterrent.
* Contribute to improved understanding of the world through strategic intelligence and the global defence network.
* Reinforce international security and the collective capacity of our allies, partners and multilateral institutions.
The review stated the Armed Forces will also contribute to the government's response to crises by being prepared to:<ref name="SDSR2015" />
* Support humanitarian assistance and disaster response, and conduct rescue missions.
* Conduct strike operations.
* Conduct operations to restore peace and stability.
* Conduct major combat operations if required, including under NATO Article 5.

==Governance and departmental organisation==
[[File:Army Careers Oxford 20051022.jpg|thumb|180px|A British armed forces careers office in [[Oxford]]]]

=== Governance ===
Defence is governed and managed by several committees.
* The [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]] provides the formal legal basis for the conduct of defence in the UK through a range of powers vested in it by statute and Letters Patent. It too is chaired by the Secretary of State, and its members are ministers, the senior officers and senior civilian officials.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence/about/our-governance|title=Our governance|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=A Short Guide to the Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/A-short-guide-to-the-Ministry-of-Defence.pdf |website=nao.org.uk |publisher=National Audit Office UK |access-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref>
* The Defence Board is the main MOD corporate board chaired by the Secretary of State oversees the strategic direction and oversight of defence, supported by an Investment Approvals Committee, Audit Committee and People Committee. The board's membership comprises the Secretary of State, the Armed Forces Minister, the [[Permanent Secretary]], the Chief and Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the [[Chief of Defence Materiel]], Director General Finance and three non-executive board members.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto"/>
* Head Office and Corporate Services (HOCS), which is made up of the Head Office and a range of corporate support functions. It has two joint heads the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Permamant Secretary who are the combined TLB holders for this unit they are responsible for directing the other TLB holders.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Head Office and Corporate Services Organogram |url=https://data.gov.uk/organogram/head-office-and-corporate-services-mod/2017-09-30 |website=data.gov.uk |publisher=MOD UK |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919094440/https://data.gov.uk/organogram/head-office-and-corporate-services-mod/2017-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Departmental organisation ===
The following organisational groups come under the control of the MOD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations#ministry-of-defence|title=Departments, agencies and public bodies|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/A-short-guide-to-the-Ministry-of-Defence.pdf|title=A Short Guide to the Ministry of Defence|website=National Audit Office|page=40|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

'''Top level budgets'''

The MOD comprises seven top-level [[budget]]s. The head of each organisation is personally accountable for the performance and outputs of their particular organisation. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/defence-nuclear-organisation/about|title=About us – Defence Nuclear Organisation|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Navy Command (Royal Navy)|Navy Command]] - Royal Navy
* [[Army Headquarters (United Kingdom)|Army Command]] - British Army
* [[RAF Air Command|Air Command]] - Royal Air Force
* [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|Strategic Command]]
* [[Defence Nuclear Organisation]]
* [[Defence Infrastructure Organisation]]
* Head Office and Corporate Services
'''Bespoke trading entity'''
* [[Defence Equipment and Support]] (DE&S)
'''Executive agencies'''
* [[Defence Electronics and Components Agency]] (DECA)
* [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] (Dstl)
* [[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office|UK Hydrographic Office]] (UKHO) – also has [[trading fund]] status.
* Submarine Delivery Agency (SDA)
'''Executive non-departmental public bodies'''
* [[National Museum of the Royal Navy]]
* [[National Army Museum]]
* [[Royal Air Force Museum]]
* [[Single Source Regulations Office]] (SSRO)
'''Advisory non-departmental public bodies'''
* Advisory Committee on Conscientious Objectors
* Advisory Group on Military Medicine
* [[Armed Forces' Pay Review Body|Armed Forces Pay Review Body]]
* Defence Nuclear Safety Committee
* Independent Medical Expert Group
* National Employer Advisory Board
* Nuclear Research Advisory Council
* [[Scientific Advisory Committee on the Medical Implications of Less-Lethal Weapons]]
* Veterans Advisory and Pensions Committees
'''Ad-hoc advisory group'''
* Central Advisory Committee on Compensation
'''Other bodies'''
* [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
* [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College|Defence Sixth Form College]]
* [[Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee]]
* [[Fleet Air Arm Museum]]
* [[Independent Monitoring Board]] for the [[Colchester Garrison#Military Corrective Training Centre (MCTC)|Military Corrective Training Centre]] ([[Colchester]])
* [[Reserve Forces and Cadets Association|Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Associations]]
* [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]]
* [[Royal Marines Museum]]
* [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]]
* Service Complaints Ombudsman
* [[Service Prosecuting Authority]]
* United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association
'''Public corporations'''
* [[Oil and Pipelines Agency|The Oil and Pipelines Agency]] (OPA)
'''Enabling organisation'''
* [[Defence Business Services]] (DBS)

In addition, the MOD is responsible for the administration of the Sovereign Base Areas of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] in Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27626/overseas_territories.pdf|title=Overseas Territories: The Ministry of Defence's Contribution|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Directorate-General Security Policy}}</ref>

===Contracting===
Competitive procurement processes are used whenever possible,<ref>[[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]], [https://www.nao.org.uk/press-releases/improving-value-for-money-in-non-competitive-procurement-of-defence-equipment/ Improving value for money in non-competitive procurement of defence equipment], published 25 October 2017, accessed 10 February 2023</ref> and all new direct tender and contract opportunities valued over £10,000 are advertised on a system called the Defence Sourcing Portal. A separate internal policy generally operates in respect of low value purchasing below this threshold.<ref>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-ministry-of-defence-procurement-process The Ministry of Defence Procurement process], updated 15 February 2021, accessed 10 February 2023</ref>

DEFCON contract conditions are numbered defence [[contract term|contract conditions]] are in contracts issued by the MOD (not to be confused with [[DEFCON]] as used by the [[United States Armed Forces]], which refers to a level of military "defense readiness condition").

Examples include:
*DEFCON 534: Subcontracting and [[prompt payment]]
*DEFCON 620: a change control procedure <ref name=dc658>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-condition-658-cyber-flow-down Defence condition 658: cyber (flow-down)], updated 10 September 2021, accessed 2 July 2022</ref>
*DEFCON 658 (cyber) applies to all suppliers down the [[supply chain]]<ref name=dc658 />
*DEFCON 659 relates to security measures for disclosure of "Secret Matters" including within the supply chain, requiring a contractor to ensure that employees "engaged on any work in connection with the Contract have notice that the [[Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989|Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989]] apply to them and will continue so to apply after the completion or termination of the Contract", potentially also requiring employees to "sign a statement acknowledging that, both during the term of the Contract and after its completion or termination", they are bound by the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 (and where applicable by any other legislation).<ref>Cabinet Office, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/710891/2018_May_Contractual_process.pdf Contractual Process], Appendix 1: DEFCON 659 Security Measures, Version 7.3, May 2018, accessed 2 July 2022</ref>
*DEFCON 705: the MOD's standard [[intellectual property|IPR]] condition for fully funded research and technology contracts.

A full set of the DEFCONs can be accessed via the MoD's Defence Gateway (registration required).<ref>Ministry of Defence, [https://www.defencegateway.mod.uk Defence Gateway]</ref>

==Property portfolio==
The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 [[hectare]]s of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MOD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".<ref name="LHbulletin">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mod-land-holdings-bulletin-index|title=MOD land holdings bulletin: index|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%).<ref name="LHbulletin"/> These are largely managed by the [[Defence Infrastructure Organisation]].

=== Main Building ===

{{Main|Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)}}
[[File:Ministry of Defence Main Building Mars 2014.jpg|right|thumb|The MOD Main Building, Whitehall, London]]
The headquarters of the MOD are in [[Whitehall]] and is known as [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|MOD Main Building]]. This structure is [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by [[Vincent Harris]] to house the [[Air Ministry]] and the [[Board of Trade]]. A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a [[Private Finance Initiative]] contract by [[Skanska]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FE7BE9AA-DD65-4971-8C00-B913E1EA84FA/0/mainbuilding.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806040415/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FE7BE9AA-DD65-4971-8C00-B913E1EA84FA/0/mainbuilding.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Better Defence Builds Project Case Study|archivedate=6 August 2009}}</ref> The northern entrance in [[Horse Guards Avenue]] is flanked by two monumental statues, ''Earth'' and ''Water'', by [[Charles Wheeler (sculptor)|Charles Wheeler]]. Opposite stands the [[Gurkha]] Monument, sculpted by [[Philip Jackson (sculptor)|Philip Jackson]] and unveiled in 1997 by [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the [[Fleet Air Arm Memorial|Fleet Air Arm]] and [[Royal Air Force Memorial|RAF]] (to its east, facing the riverside).

[[Henry VIII]]'s wine cellar at the [[Palace of Whitehall]], built in 1514–1516 for [[Cardinal Wolsey]], is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly {{convert|19|ft|m}} deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after the [[Second World War]]. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/49055/old_war_office_build.pdf|title=The Old War Office Building; a History|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Fraud===
{{main|Gordon Foxley}}
The most notable fraud conviction has been that of [[Gordon Foxley]], Director of Ammunition Procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.<ref name="Mike Hall">{{cite news|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo961016/debtext/61016-37.htm|title=House of Commons Debates - Wednesday 16 Oct 1996 - Mr. Mike Hall (Warrington, South)|work=Hansard|access-date=19 January 2008|publisher=parliament.uk}}</ref>

===Germ and chemical warfare tests===
A government report covered by ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper in 2002 indicated that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret [[Biological warfare|germ warfare]] tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swathes of the population without the public being told."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience|title=Millions were in germ war tests|author=Antony Barnett|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. However, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. The report estimated these tests affected millions of people, including during one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from [[Torquay]] to the [[New Forest]], were exposed to bacteria including ''[[Escherichia coli|E.coli]]'' and ''[[Bacillus atrophaeus|Bacillus globigii]]'', which mimics [[anthrax]]." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of the [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] at [[Porton Down]] who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons."

===Territorial Army cuts===
In October 2009 the MOD was heavily criticised for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8300530.stm "Cuts force TA to cease training"], BBC News, 10 October 2009</ref>

===Overspending===
In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control.<ref name='Sky News'>{{cite news |first=David |last=Bowden |title=MoD Overspends Equipment Budget By £6.5bn |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/mod-overspends-equipment-budget-by-6-5bn-10458392}}</ref>
Specific examples of overspending include:
* Eight [[Boeing Chinook (UK variants)#Chinook HC Mk3|Boeing Chinook HC3]] were ordered in 1995 as dedicated [[special forces]] helicopters.<ref name='BBCChinook'/> The aircraft were to cost £259 million and the forecast in-service date was November 1998.<ref name='BBCChinook'/> However, although delivered in 2001, the Mk3 could not receive airworthiness certificates as it was not possible to certify the [[avionics]] [[software]], and would not enter service until 2017.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/uk-signs-deal-to-get-grounded-chinook-hc3-helicopters-into-service/76757.article UK signs deal to get grounded Chinook HC3 helicopters into service] By Craig Hoyle 18 October 2007</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Dominic |title=PICTURES: RAF welcomes updated Chinook HC5 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/helicopters/pictures-raf-welcomes-updated-chinook-hc5/123525.article |work=/www.flightglobal.com |access-date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> The procurement was described by [[Edward Leigh]], then Chairman of the [[Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)|Public Accounts Committee]], as "one of the most incompetent procurements of all time" and the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] issued a scathing report on the affair, stating that the whole programme was likely to cost £500 million.<ref>{{cite news |title = £500m 'wasted' on Chinooks that have never flown|work = The Times |location= London |date = 4 June 2008 | first=Michael | last=Evans}}</ref><ref name='BBCChinook'>{{cite news |title = Chinook blunder 'left RAF short' |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3606325.stm |work = BBC News |date = 7 April 2004}}</ref>
* In 2010 the [[BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4|Nimrod MRA4]] maritime patrol aircraft procurement was cancelled after £3.4 billion had been spent on the programme. In addition there were termination costs which were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/10121520-I.pdf|title=Ministry of Defence: The Major Projects Report 2011 |author= |website=www.nao.org |publisher=National Audit Office |access-date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> In January 2011 it was reported by the ''Financial Times'' that when the decision was taken to scrap the aircraft, "[it] was still riddled with flaws".<ref>{{cite news |title=A failure of UK budget surveillance |newspaper=Financial Times }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Defence Review]]
* [[The Lancaster House Treaties (2010)]]
* [[Stabilisation Unit]]
* [[United Kingdom budget]]
* [[UK National Defence Association]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Chester, D. N and Willson, F. M. G. ''The Organisation of British Central Government 1914–1964'': Chapters VI and X (2nd edition). London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968.

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-defence-works-the-defence-operating-model How Defence Works: the defence operating model ]

{{Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)}}
{{Departments of the United Kingdom Government|type=Ministerial|title=Defence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry Of Defence (United Kingdom)}}
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)| ]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defence ministries|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1964|United Kingdom, Defence]]
[[Category:Military of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs ministries|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British landowners]]
[[Category:NATO defence ministries|United Kingdom]]