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St. Xavier's Collegiate School

2026-05-06T22:37:50Z

NorineYoungblood: new new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's Collegiate School
| logo = XavKolKata.png
| image = File:Kolkata, Saint Xavier's Collegiate school.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = St. Xavier's Collegiate School
| location = 30 Mother Teresa Sarani
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.54837|88.35596|type:edu_source:Googlemaps_region:IN-WB|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| type = [[Private school]] [[Catholic school]]
| motto = {{langx|la|Nihil Ultra}}
| motto_translation = Nothing Beyond
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| patron = [[Francis Xavier]]
| established = {{start date and age|1860|01|16|df=y}}
| session = April–March
| rector = Jeyaraj Veluswamy
| principal = Rev. Fr Roshan Tirkey SJ
| headmaster = Gabriel Gomes
| faculty = 83
| gender = [[Single-sex school|Boys]]
| enrollment = 2,300
| classes = [[K-12 (education)|Kg-12]]
| avg_class_size = 40
| system =
| campus = Urban
| houses =
| colours = Blue and white {{color box|LightSkyBlue}}{{color box|white}}
| slogan =
| song =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = Xaverian; SXCS
| national_ranking =
| yearbook = The Xaverian
| communities =
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (year 10) [[Indian School Certificate]] (year 12)
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| annual_tuition = ≈{{INR}}1,00,900<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sxcsccu.edu.in/Academics/Fees |title=Payment of School Fees |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=St. Xavier's Collegiate School |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
| alumni =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.sxcs.edu.in}}
}}

'''St. Xavier's Collegiate School''' (informally '''SXCS''') is a [[Private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] primary and secondary school for boys, located in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. The school was founded in 1860 by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] under the supervision of Henri Depelchin, and it is named after [[Francis Xavier]], a 16th-century Jesuit missionary to India. The school has approximately 2,300 students.

==History==
One of the elite institutes of India, St. Xavier's Collegiate School was founded in 1860 by the Society of Jesus, an all-male [[Catholic religious order]]. The school is named after [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]], a Spanish Jesuit [[saint]]. The founder of the school is Fr. Henri Depelchin, S.J.,<ref name="ipstamp" /> who oversaw most of the groundwork during the early years.<ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sxcs.edu.in/sxcs.html|title=St. Xavier's Collegiate School for Boys Kolkata Calcutta India|last=India|first=St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata|website=www.sxcs.edu.in|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

===San Souci theatre===
The San Souci theatre at 30 Park Street (now Mother Teresa Sarani), Kolkata-700016, was burned to the ground in 1843. The property was purchased by Jesuits from Belgium and became the present campus.<ref name="India"/>

===Foundation years===
The motto, {{langx|la|Nihil ultra}} (translated as "nothing beyond"), along with the crest of the college date to the rectorship of Fr. O'Neill, S.J., 1904–1913.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sxccal.edu/sxc-AboutCollege.htm|title=St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata|website=www.sxccal.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

The present imposing five-storied building was built from 1934 to 1940 at a cost of Rs 9 lakhs, which was collected partly from the public of Calcutta, assistance from Belgium, and the huge rental received from the American army that occupied the building during [[World War II]].<ref name="ipstamp" /><ref name="history">sxccal.edu [http://www.sxccal.edu/history.htm history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092519/http://www.sxccal.edu/history.htm |date=19 December 2007 }} Retrieved on 6 February 2008</ref> Expansion of the school has been a long effort, with a campus slated for [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata]] and a second boys' hostel not far from the existing one.

A commemorative stamp was issued by the [[Indian Post Office]] on 12 April 1985 depicting the campus and in its commentary recognising the school's contribution to society.<ref name="ipstamp">indianpost.com [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20adhesive%20coated%20paper/ST.XAVIERS%20COLLEGE%20CALCUTTA Commemorative stamp], retrieved on 4 February 2008</ref> In 2019, the foundation stone was laid for a new kindergarten section.

== Programs ==
Students have excelled on the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] exam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kolkata-s-saugata-chowdhury-tops-icse-with-9920-2087013|title=Kolkata's Saugata Chowdhury tops ICSE with 99.20% {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-05-18|work=dna|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, a student secured the highest marks in the ICSE examination while in 2017 a student scored the highest marks, in the Indian School Certificate examination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahilonline.net/en/bengaluru-boy-tops-icse-exam-with-994|title=Bengaluru boy tops ICSE exam with 99.4%|work=SahilOnline {{!}} Reflection of the Truth|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/icse-and-isc-results-live-board-to-release-scores-at-3pm/story-gVYA3Q9o4vSNEc6jbXFvaK.html|title=ISC results 2017|date=2017-05-29|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref> In 2013 Xavier was ranked by Digital Learning as the top school in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2013/12/top-schools-in-west-bengal/|title=Top Schools in West Bengal|website=digitallearning.eletsonline.com|date=16 December 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

The school is divided into houses namely Berchmans, Britto, Gonzaga and Loyola, all trained in synchronized marching.<ref>{{Citation|last=sxcseduvideo|title=St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata - Sports Day 2010|date=2011-01-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SISkWZIKhos |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/SISkWZIKhos |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The tertiary section extended to coeducational Honors Arts and Science programs and Teacher Training while still on the high school campus.<ref name="ipstamp" />

In 2011 Xavier was judged the best eco-initiative school in Kolkata City for its preparation of compost manure for organic gardening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecojesuit.com/organic-gardening-st-xavier%E2%80%99s-collegiate-school-kolkata-leads-the-way/1766/|title=Organic gardening: St Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata leads the way {{!}} Ecology and Jesuits in Communication|website=www.ecojesuit.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> The school won a football tournament organized to promote outdoor exercise (so that youth do not become addicted to staying indoors with their computers).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/Kolkata-students-shine-in-inter-school-football-tournament/article15472622.ece|title=Kolkata students shine in inter-school football tournament|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref> The traveling cricket team in 2016 secured the first place in a tournament in [[Leicester]], England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/st-xaviers-win-goodwill-cricket-tournament-2016/45172.htm|title=St Xaviers win Goodwill Cricket Tournament 2016|work=Cricket World|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> In September 2016 the school hosted an exhibition of about 90 paintings of [[Mother Teresa]] to commemorate her canonization that month.

== Steps toward university ==
St Xavier's is expanding into tertiary education in collaboration with other groups, as with the Jesuit [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management|Xavier School of Management]] in [[Jamshedpur]], on a new 17-acre campus in [[Rajarhat]] near [[New Town, Kolkata]]. A research centre with post-graduate courses is also planned. While schools of engineering and medicine are being considered, plans are progressing slowly to assure that fees will remain low and a wide range of students will be able to afford the education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/st-xaviers-plans-new-school-newer-courses/|title=St Xavier's plans new school, newer courses|date=2015-10-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Abu Sayeed Ayyub]], Indian philosopher, teacher, literary critic<ref name="PSK">{{cite book |last1=Ayyub |first1=Abu Sayeed |title=Pather Shesh Kothay (পথের শেষ কোথায় (Where does the journey end)) |date=1977 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-7079-210-X |pages=9–10}}</ref>
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]], first Asian Nobel Laureate<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title=St Xavier's celebrates birth anniv of Tagore, an alumnus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/st-xaviers-celebrates-birth-anniv-of-tagore-an-alumnus/articleshow/100116953.cms# |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's College celebrates Rabindranath Tagore's birth anniversary |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/st-xaviers-college-celebrates-rabindranath-tagores-birth-anniversary/cid/1935707 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=":02"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2010-05-06 |title=Tagore's school to celebrate his 150th birth anniversary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tagores-school-to-celebrate-his-150th-birth-anniversary/article16299038.ece |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-08 |title=Tagore flunked school, St Xavier's School reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tagore-flunked-school-st-xaviers-school-reveals/articleshow/4497442.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], biologist, physicist, biophysicist, botanist, archaeologist and Fellow of the Royal Society<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wan |first=Meher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCbREAAAQBAJ |title=The Scientific Sufi: The Life and Times of Jagadish Chandra Bose |date=2023-03-20 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-967-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Monoranjon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bp4gAQAAMAAJ |title=Jagadishchandra Bose: A Biography |date=1970 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ipstamp" /><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Norman Pritchard]], first Asian-born athlete to win an Olympic medal<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2018-07-31 |title=The Kolkata connection of Gilbert Norman Pritchard and his family |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/the-kolkata-connection-of-gilbert-norman-pritchard-and-his-family-1502667334.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Off the cuff « Harmony Magazine |url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/columns_posts/off-the-cuff-4/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-17 |title=The search for India's first Olympic medallist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44722759 |access-date=2024-04-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
* [[Jyoti Basu]], longest-serving Chief Minister of West Bengal (1977–2000))<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Jyoti Basu {{!}} Indian Communist Leader & Chief Minister of West Bengal {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyoti-Basu |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Old boys |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/old-boys/cid/1261621 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-17 |title=Jyoti Basu: The Marxist who almost became India's PM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Jyoti-Basu-The-Marxist-who-almost-became-Indias-PM/article16840016.ece |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Alumni {{!}} Alumnorum Societas |url=https://alsoc.in/distinguished-alumni/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=alsoc.in}}</ref>
* [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], former Chief Minister of West Bengal<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" />
* [[Utpal Dutt]], Indian film and theatre actor, theatre director, and writer-playwright<ref>{{cite web|url=https://go4gkgreatindians.blogspot.com/2013/03/utpal-dutt.html|access-date=30 August 2024 |title=GO 4 GK GREAT INDIANS: Utpal Dutt }}</ref>
* [[Sanjiv Goenka]], industrialist <ref>{{Cite web |title=RPSG {{!}} Leadership |url=https://www.rpsg.in/leadership |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.rpsg.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=A builder of businesses |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/140919/a-builder-of-businesses.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
* [[Shashi Tharoor]], Member of Parliament<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-09-02 |title='Inconveniently Good At Taking Exams': Shashi Tharoor Shares His St Xavier's Calcutta Marksheet |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/shashi-tharoor-shares-his-st-xavier-calcutta-marksheet-his-recent-facebook-post-1627091 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shashi Tharoor's official website |url=http://shashitharoor.in/interviews_details/47 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=shashitharoor.in}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Raj Kapoor]], noted Bollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Celebrating Raj Kapoor: 18 facts about 'the greatest showman' of Hindi cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/raj-kapoor-surprising-facts-1106941-2017-12-14 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=Ritu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnyaW9L6cKYC |title=Raj Kapoor Speaks |last2=Kapūra |first2=Rāja |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-04952-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=Ritu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4NCDwAAQBAJ |title=Raj Kapoor: The One and Only Showman |date=2017-12-14 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-93-5277-041-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
* [[Shankar Roychowdhury|General Shankar Roy Chowdhury]], former Chief of Army Staff in the Indian Army and former Member of Parliament<ref name=":02" />
* [[Kaushik Basu]], former Chief Economist of the World Bank (2012–2016)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Look back in wonder - Xaverians meet to recollect, plan ahead & shake a leg |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/look-back-in-wonder-xaverians-meet-to-recollect-plan-ahead-shake-a-leg/cid/1263213 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Kaushik |date=2024-02-29 |title=In a new book, economist Kaushik Basu recalls his struggle with mental health as a college student |url=https://scroll.in/article/1064351/in-a-new-book-economist-kaushik-basu-recalls-his-struggle-with-mental-health-as-a-college-student |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE: KAUSHIK BASU |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/basuk_cv_feb2019.pdf |website=Brookings}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Sanjeev Sanyal]], Member of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talk by Sanjeev Sanyal on Oct 25 {{!}} IIM Bangalore |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/ctl-samiksha-series-sanjeev-sanyal |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.iimb.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeev Sanyal appointed as Principal Economic Adviser: All you need to know about him |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-sanjeev-sanyal-appointed-as-principal-economic-adviser-all-you-need-to-know-about-him-2311053 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Sourav Ganguly]], former captain of the Indian cricket team and 39th President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-18 |title=Sourav Ganguly says he will remember Basu for two things |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/sourav-ganguly-says-he-will-remember-basu-for-two-things/story-IBmb0M9wlGURVsDZhFpylJ.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Xaverian Award for Sourav Ganguly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/global-xaverian-award-for-sourav-ganguly/cid/1961363 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[P. Lal]], writer<ref>Rosalie Murphy, ''Contemporary poets of the English language'' (St. James Press, 1970)</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Neil O'Brien (quizmaster)|Neil O'Brien]], quizmaster and former Member of Parliament<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Devangshu |date=2016-06-26 |title=Quiz Master Neil O'Brien (1934-2016) – and a time when Calcutta was still casually multicultural |url=http://scroll.in/article/810646/quiz-master-neil-obrien-1934-2016-and-a-time-when-calcutta-was-still-casually-multicultural |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>
* [[Derek O'Brien (quizmaster)|Derek O'Brien]], quizmaster and Member of Parliament <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-30 |title=Personal agenda: Quizmaster Derek O'Brien |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/personal-agenda-quizmaster-derek-o-brien/story-4Ln7qwBJ1QxNAg3bSTapBN.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Derek O'Brien |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-derek-o-brien |website=India.gov.in: National Portal of India}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}
{{portal bar|Schools|Catholicism|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's Collegiate School}}
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1860]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in British India]]

Kundara Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T11:54:29Z

NorineYoungblood: Started New Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kundara
| state = Kerala
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 123
| map_image = Info park ,Kundara,kollam , kerala - panoramio.jpg
| map_caption = Kollam Technopark in [[Kundara]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,00,163 (2016)
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| mla = [[P. C. Vishnunath]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Kundara''' is a [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one among the 11 assembly constituencies in [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=Constituencies in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. C. Vishnunath]] of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==History==
The constituency was previously named Perinad Assembly constituency. In 1957, it was dissolved and [[Thrikkadavoor]] Assembly constituency was established. During the election of 1960, Thrikkadavur was a two-member constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/dfd976a8-6f0a-49ec-be30-ae37bf45032f |title=Interim Elections to the Kerala Assembly – 1960 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-12-10 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813170730/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/dfd976a8-6f0a-49ec-be30-ae37bf45032f |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1967, Kundara Assembly constituency was formed by dissolving Thrikkadavur. After the general assembly election held in 1967, P. K. Sukumaran of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] became the first elected member from Kundara Assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election – 1967 |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>

[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]] and [[J. Mercykutty Amma]] were ministers in the state cabinet while representing the constituency.

==Structure==
As per the recent changes on Assembly constituency delimitations, Kundara Assembly constituency consists of seven panchayaths from Kollam taluk including [[Elampalloor]], [[Kottamkara]], [[Kundara]], [[Nedumpana]], [[Perayam, Kollam|Perayam]], [[Perinad]] and [[Thrikkovilvattom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf |title=ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES AND THEIR EXTENT – Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |title=Constituencies – Kollam District |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer – Kerala |access-date=2018-12-10 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, 47.8% of the voters were males and 52.2% females. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] voters comprise 13.45% of the vote base.

==Major institutions in the constituency==
* Railway stations: 4 ([[Kundara railway station|Kundara]], [[Kundara East railway station|Kundara East]], [[Perinad railway station|Perinad]], [[Chandanattop railway station|Chandanattop]])
* Medical college hospital: 1 ([[Azeezia Medical College|Azeezia Medical College, Meeyannoor]])
* Government hospitals: 1 (Govt. Taluk Hospital, Kundara)
* [[Technopark, Kollam]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|Dr. P. K. Sukumaran
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1967–1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| rowspan="2" |[[A. A. Rahim (Congress)|A. A. Rahim]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1970–1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|1977–1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|V. V. Joseph
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1980–1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|Thoppil Ravi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1982–1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1987–1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|Alphonsa John
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1991–1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|J. Mercykutty Amma
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1996–2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2001–2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. A. Baby]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006–2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011–2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|J. Mercykutty Amma
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|rowspan=2|[[P. C. Vishnunadh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|2021 – 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|2026 – present
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[P. C. Vishnunadh]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = S L Sajikumar
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Robin Radhakrishnan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lathika Balakrishnan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Rahul R
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Riyas Kannanalloor
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,05,947 registered voters in the constituency for the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Kundara Election Result 2021 Live Updates: P C Vishnunadh from INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kundara-election-result-2021-live-updates-kundara-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697895.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. C. Vishnunadh]]|votes=76,405|percentage=48.85|change={{increase}}17.0|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]|votes=71,882|percentage=45.96|change={{decrease}}5.85|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Vanaja Vidhyadharan|votes=6,100|percentage=3.9|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Vinod Bahuleyan|votes=172|percentage=0.11|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Social Justice Party|candidate=Shiju M Varghese|votes=186|percentage=0.12|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Sibu Karamcodu|votes=229|percentage=0.15|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=710|percentage=0.45|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santhosh Adooran|votes=260|percentage=0.17|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=R. Rahul|votes=457|percentage=0.29|change={{increase}}0.08}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,523|percentage=2.89|change={{decrease}}17.07}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,56,401|percentage=75.94|change={{decrease}}0.28}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{-}}}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,00,163 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]|votes=79,047|percentage=51.81|change={{decrease}}0.67|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rajmohan Unnithan]]|votes=48,587|percentage=31.85|change={{decrease}}9.07|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. S. Shyam Kumar|votes=20,257|percentage=13.28|change={{increase}}8.60|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sharafath Mallam|votes=1,325|percentage=0.87|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Kabeer Kutty I. Puthezham|votes=1,132|percentage=0.74|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=S. M. Jaber|votes=698|percentage=0.46|change={{decrease}}0.18}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=687|percentage=0.45|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vijayakumar|votes=485|percentage=0.32|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=V. Anthony|votes=340|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.21}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=30,460|percentage=19.96|change={{increase}}9.73}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,52,558|percentage=76.22|change={{increase}}4.75}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}0.67}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,78,990 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. A. Baby]]|votes=67,135|percentage=52.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Jermias|votes=52,342|percentage=40.92|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vellimon Dileep|votes=5,990|percentage=4.68|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sandhya Pallimon|votes=957|percentage=0.75|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Suseela Mohan|votes=947|percentage=0.74|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Anthony Vincent|votes=553|percentage=0.43|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,703|percentage=11.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,924|percentage=71.47|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. A. Baby]]|votes=50,320|percentage=55.00|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]|votes=35,451|percentage=38.75|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kallada Sunilkumar|votes=3,263|percentage=3.56|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,869 |percentage=16.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=91,476|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser= Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,39,675 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]|votes=50,875|percentage=51.60|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]|votes=46,408|percentage=47.07|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,467 |percentage=4.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=98,589|percentage=70.61|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,30,808 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]|votes=46,322|percentage=50.41|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Alphonsa John|votes=39,846|percentage=43.37|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,476 |percentage=7.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=91,883|percentage=71.78|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser= Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,24,255 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundara}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Alphonsa John|votes=46,447|percentage=49.22|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[J. Mercykutty Amma]]|votes=45,075|percentage=47.77|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=C Rajendran|votes=2,036|percentage=2.16|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,372 |percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,358|percentage=76.88|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]

St. Cajetan Church

2026-05-04T00:06:18Z

NorineYoungblood: new post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{About||the church in Assagao|St. Cajetan Church, Assagao|the church in Moldova|Saint Cajetan Church, Rașcov}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Cajetan Church
| other name = Church of Divine Providence
| native_name_lang =
| image = Close up of Front Elevation of St. Cajetan Church, Goa.jpg
| caption = St. Cajetan Church in Old Goa
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position = none
| coordinates = {{coord|15|30|20.5|N|73|54|55.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| map caption = Location on a map of India
| country = [[India]]
| website =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedicated date =
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| attendance =
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| style = [[Corinthian order]]
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = {{start date and age|1661}}
| materials =
| division =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| musicgroup =
}}
'''St. Cajetan Church''', also known as the '''Church of Divine Providence''', is a church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] located in [[Old Goa]]. The church was completed in 1661 and is part of the [[World Heritage Site]], [[Churches and convents of Goa]].<ref name="GT">{{cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/136-the-convent-of-st-cajetan-and-church-of-divine-providence |title=The Convent of St. Cajetan and Church of Divine Providence |publisher=Goa Tourism |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817043007/http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/136-the-convent-of-st-cajetan-and-church-of-divine-providence |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NHT">{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/st-cajetans-church-an-architectural-gem/ |title=St Cajetan's Church – an architectural gem |publisher=[[The Navhind Times]] |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201327/http://www.navhindtimes.in/st-cajetans-church-an-architectural-gem/ |archive-date=8 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NHT2">{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/complaint-lodged-digging-inside-st-cajetan-church-premises/ |title=Complaint lodged over digging inside St Cajetan Church premises |publisher= [[The Navhind Times]] |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
Three Italian priests of the [[Theatines|Theatine order]] arrived in India to preach Christianity in 1639. In 1643, they began work on a hospital, but were banished by the Portuguese viceroy [[Filipe Mascarenhas]]. However, the leader of the Italian priests, Pedro Avitabili, went to Portugal and convinced king [[John IV of Portugal]] that their working with the Portuguese priests in Goa would be in the interests of Christianity. The king permitted the construction of the hospital in 1650, and in 1655 they also managed to obtain permission for setting up the church and a small convent near it. The church's construction was under the supervision of Italian architects, Carlo Ferrarini and Francesco Maria Milazzo.<ref name="GT" /><ref name="NHT" /><ref name="SE">{{cite web|title=Goan architecture|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20jose%20pereira.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815122429/http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20jose%20pereira.htm|archive-date=15 August 2016|access-date=25 June 2017|publisher=Seminar}}</ref>

The church is considered to have been modeled on [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_churchesofgoa.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Churches of Old Goa |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221072759/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_churchesofgoa.asp |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Seventeenth century travelers [[Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri]] and [[Pietro Della Valle]] have also likened the church to the [[Sant'Andrea della Valle]], which is the seat of the Theatine order.<ref name="NHT" />

== Structure ==
The church is in the form of a [[Greek cross]] and has a large dome with Latin inscriptions from the [[Gospel of Matthew]] on its inside. The Corinthian style facade of the church has four granite statues of Saints [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], [[John the Evangelist]] and [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]]. The church has seven altars, with the main altar dedicated to [[Our Lady of Providence]]. The main altar is based on the one at Church of San Nicolo, [[Verona]], and was ordered in 1713 by the Theatines under the patronage of [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]]. There are three altars on each side of the entrance, with the altar to [[Saint Cajetan]] is located on the right.<ref name="GT" /><ref name="NHT" />

Underneath the [[cupola]] on a raised square platform is a well, which is currently covered. The presence of the well has led to the belief that the site once had a Hindu temple. The cemetery below the altar was in 1842 converted into a vault for the bodies of dead Portuguese soldiers, before dispatching them to Lisbon.<ref name="GT" /><ref name="NHT" />

== See also ==
* [[17th-century Western domes]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Perspective view of Pastoral Institute St Pius X in St. Cajetan Church, Goa.jpg|Pastoral Institute St Pius X within the church
File:Goa vecchia, san gaetano, esterno, ex-convento, chiostri 01.jpg|Corridor in Pastoral Institute St Pius X
File:Dome of Church of St. Cajetan.jpg|Dome of the church
File:Elevation of Pastoral Institute St Pius X in St. Cajetan Church, Goa.jpg|Elevation of Pastoral Institute St Pius X
File:Windows of Pastoral Institute St Pius X in St. Cajetan Church, Goa.jpg|Windows on the Pastoral Institute St Pius X
File:Inside St. Cajetan Church, Goa.jpg|Inside the St. Cajetan Church
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Cajetan Church}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Old Goa]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Goa]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1661]]
[[Category:1661 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Baroque church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Church buildings with domes]]
[[Category:Theatine church buildings]]
[[Category:17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]

Gafruddin Mewati Jogi

2026-04-27T17:32:35Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian folk musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Gafruddin Mewati Jogi
| birth_place = Deeg, Bharatpur district, Rajasthan, India
| occupation = Folk musician
| known_for = Bhapang
| awards = Padma Shri (2026)
}}

'''Gafruddin Mewati Jogi''' is an Indian folk musician from Rajasthan, known for performing the traditional musical instrument ''bhapang''.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan folk artist Gafruddin Mewati Jogi to receive Padma Shri for playing bhapang |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/padma-award-2026-rajasthan-gafruddin-mewati-jogi-will-awarded-padma-shri-for-playing-musical-instrument-bhapang-10883574 |work=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri for folk artists including Gafruddin Mewati Jogi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-shri-gafruddin-mewati-jogi-taga-ram-bheel-talking-drum-mewat-twin-flutes-thar-rajasthani-folk-artists-10494597/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="PatrikaJaipur">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri Gafruddin Mewati Bhapang Artist from Deeg |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/padma-shri-gafruddin-mewati-bhapang-artist-deeg-rajasthan-20292155 |work=Patrika |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gafruddin Mewati Jogi is from Deeg in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan.<ref name="NBT">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardees from Rajasthan: Gafruddin Mewati Jogi profile |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/bharatpur/padma-shree-awardees-from-rajasthan-know-about-folk-artist-ghafaruddin-mewati-jogi-a-to-z-details/articleshow/127473728.cms |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="PatrikaAlwar">{{cite news |title=जानिए कौन हैं गफरुद्दीन मेवाती जोगी |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/janiye-kon-hai-gafruddin-mewati-jogi-from-alwar-rajasthan-who-will-receive-padma-award-20294450 |work=Patrika |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

Some reports identify him with the Mewati Jogi community associated with folk music traditions in the region.<ref name="NBT" /><ref name="ETV">{{cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee Gafruddin Mewati Jogi interview |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/bharat/a-special-interview-with-padma-shree-awardees-folk-artist-ghafaruddin-mewati-jogi-hindi-news-rjn26012600616 |work=ETV Bharat |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
He performs using the ''bhapang'', a traditional single-string instrument associated with folk music in Rajasthan and adjoining regions.<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="IE" />

Media reports describe his performances as being associated with regional folk traditions of the Mewat region.<ref name="IE" /><ref name="PunjabKesari">{{cite news |title=Alwar bhapang maestro Gafruddin Mewati Jogi honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://rajasthan.punjabkesari.in/alwar/news/alwar-bapang-maestro-gafuruddin-mewati-jogi-honoured-with-padma-shri-2282990 |work=Punjab Kesari |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

Coverage in regional media has also documented his continued involvement in folk performances.<ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite news |title=गफरुद्दीन मेवाती जोगी: भपांग कला से पहचान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/alwar/news/gufaruddin-mewati-jogi-padma-shri-rajasthani-folk-art-137040017.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He was awarded the '''Padma Shri''' in 2026 by the Government of India.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=1 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="MHA">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 List |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

He has been included among recipients recognised for contributions to traditional and folk arts.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Two Rajasthan folk artists honoured with Padma Shri under 'unsung heroes' category |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-rajasthan-folk-artists-honoured-with-padma-shri-under-unsung-heroes-category-101769346427160.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Music of Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

[[Category:Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]

Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T14:18:36Z

NorineYoungblood: started first entry w/ refs

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{for|the constituency in West Bengal|Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 41
| map_image = Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Bhabanipur
| mla = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2023
}}

'''Bhabanipur Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. Bhabanipur formed part of [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]]. There is an assembly segment by the same name in West Bengal Vidhan Sabha as well.

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Town details==

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Bajali district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Kokrajhar Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency.<ref name="bh re2">{{cite news |title=Bhabanipur Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Bhabanipur Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhabanipur-election-result-s03a041/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>
* Assembly Categorisation: Rural
* Literacy Level: 79%.
* Eligible Electors as per 2021 General Elections: 1,17,396 Eligible Electors. Male Electors:75,355 . Female Electors: 72,693.
* Geographic Co-Ordinates: 26°31'21.7"N 91°04'48.4"E..
* Total Area Covered: 378 square kilometres.
* Area Includes: Bhabanipur mouza in Barpeta thana; Bijni mouza in Sorbhog thana; and Hastinapur mouza in Patacharkuchithana, in Barpeta sub-division, of Bajali district of Assam.
* Inter State Border : Bajali.
* Number Of Polling Stations: Year 2011-167, Year 2016-169, Year 2021-41.

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==

Following is the list of past members representing Bihpuria Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.

* 1962: Mahadeb Das, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1967: D. Choudhary, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1972: Ghana Kanta Baro, [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2LVAAAAMAAJ|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|date=1977|publisher=Times of India Press|language=en}}</ref>
* 1978: Tarini Charan Das, [[Janata Party]].
* 1983: Mir Abdul Halim, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1985: Surendra Medhi, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1991: Milan Boro, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1996: Surendra Medhi, [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 1998: Binod Gayari.
* 2000: [[Dr. Manoranjan Das]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 2001: Sarbananda Choudhury, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2006: [[Dr. Manoranjan Das]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 2011: [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]], [[All India United Democratic Front]].
* 2016: [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]], [[All India United Democratic Front]].
* 2021: [[Phanidhar Talukdar]], [[All India United Democratic Front]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|2021 (by-polls)
|[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: [[Barpeta district|Bhabanipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes= 64,200|percentage= 56.41|change= New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sailendra Nath Das|votes= 38,559|percentage= 33.58|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Jubbar Ali|votes= 6,430|percentage= 5.65
|change= -38.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes= 1,120
|percentage= 0.98
|change= -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 25,651|percentage= 22.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,13,806|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Phanidhar Talukdar]]|votes={{formatnum:55546}}|percentage=44.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Dr. Ranjit Deka]], Ph.D|votes={{formatnum:52748}}|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abul Kalam Azad|votes={{formatnum:5400}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kamal Kumar Medhi|votes={{formatnum:3217}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binoy Kherkatary|votes={{formatnum:1594}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Ruhul Amin|votes={{formatnum:1434}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Makhan Swargiary|votes={{formatnum:1358}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1037|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,439|percentage=2.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=125603|percentage=84.32|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 148961
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Abul Kalam Azad (Indian politician)|Abul Kalam Azad]]
|votes = 28,383
|percentage = 25.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
|votes = 25,944
|percentage = 23.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Baruah]]
|votes = 22,380
|percentage = 20.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Milan Baro]]
|votes = 14,500
|percentage = 13.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Kanak Baro]]
|votes = 8,748
|percentage = 7.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajib Das]]
|votes = 6,620
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 706
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,439
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,280
|percentage = 86.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,27,341
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
* Abul Kalam Azad (AIUDF): 24,756 votes
* Phanidhar Talukdar (IND): 19,714 votes

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.35|91.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Bajali district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]

2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack

2026-04-21T17:44:54Z

NorineYoungblood: started new article added tags

{{short description|Attack on a University campus in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| place = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Delhi]]
| partof = [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
| image = JMI_students_and_locals_protesting_against_CAA_NRC.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Jamia students and locals protesting, c. 15 December 2019, a few hours before the attack.
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2019|12|15}}
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods = [[lathi charge]], [[tear gas]]
| status =
| result =
| side1 = Protestors (mostly Jamia students)
| side2 = [[Delhi Police]]
| leadfigures1 = Jamia Coordination Committee (leaderless)
| leadfigures2 = [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi]] under the jurisdiction of [[Ministry of Home Affairs|Home Ministry]]
| fatalities =
| injuries = 60-80<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests erupt across India over CAA, police action against Jamia students |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-lucknow-to-hyderabad-protests-across-campuses-against-police-crackdown-in-jamia/articleshow/72743549.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mausami |title=80 students undergo treatment at Delhi hospital after violence at Jamia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-protests-anti-citizenship-amendment-act-caa-injured-hospital-1629100-2019-12-17 |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
| detentions = 50
| arrests = 15
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

The '''Jamia Millia Islamia attack''' refers to the forceful entry by [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] into the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] university during a confrontation with student protesters that started outside the campus on 15 December 2019. Hundreds of police officers forcefully entered the campus and detained more than a hundred students during the confrontation with the protesters. The police used batons and [[tear gas]] to disperse protesters. The police also entered the university library and washrooms and in the process of the violence ransacked parts of it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cops-entered-bathrooms-libraries-and-beat-up-girls-jamia-students-recount-sunday-night-horror-2425629.html|title='Cops Entered Bathrooms, Libraries and Beat up Girls': Jamia Students Recount Sunday Night Horror|website=News18|date=16 December 2019|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> The visuals of students being dragged and [[assaulted]] by the police were telecast by news channels. About two hundred people were injured<ref name="Washington Post 16">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/protests-erupt-across-india-against-new-citizenship-law-after-police-storm-university-campus/2019/12/16/9ebbeae6-1ff0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|title=Protests erupt across India against new citizenship law after police storm university campus|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> and were admitted to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]] and the [[Holy Family Hospital (New Delhi)|Holy Family Hospital]].<ref name="TNIE Jamia 16">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/16/jamia-protest-two-men-admitted-to-safdarjung-hospital-with-gunshot-injury-say-sources-2077001.html|title=Jamia protest: Two men admitted to Safdarjung Hospital with 'gunshot injury', say sources|date=16 December 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

Thousands of people protested outside the [[Delhi Police#Headquarters|Delhi Police Headquarters]] immediately after the attack.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/citizenship-act-protests-live-delhi-jamia-university-violence-today-bengal-assam-kejriwal-bjp-caa-2424715.html|title=Protesting Against Jamia Crackdown, JNU Students Call for Overnight Stir; Thousands Gather at Delhi Police HQ|website=News18|date=15 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> Reactionary protests were held in all the major cities of India. The attack triggered widespread controversy and garnered international condemnation.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Human Rights Watch]] urged the Indian government to order a probe into the attack.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/repeal-caa-order-probe-police-brutality-human-rights-watch-centre-1629088-2019-12-17|title=Repeal CAA, order probe into police brutality: Human Rights Watch to Centre|website=India Today|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}The [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] are a series of ongoing protests in India against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], or CAA. The university of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] became a center of the protest.

=== 13 December protest ===
On 13 December 2019, the students of [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]] undertook a march to the Parliament protesting against the CAA. They were prevented from going ahead by the police who used batons and tear gas to disperse the protesters leading to clashes with them. Fifty students were detained by the police after the clash. According to the students, police attacked the peaceful protesters with stones and batons, in which several students were injured. The students then retaliated with stones.<ref name="The Hindu 13 Jamia"/> Police denied the allegations claiming that after the protesters were prevented from taking their march forward they attacked the policemen with stones, after which the police used [[tear gas]] shells.<ref name="The Hindu 13 Jamia">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/50-jamia-students-detained-after-clash-with-cops-during-protest-against-citizenship-bill/article30298456.ece|title=50 Jamia students detained after clash with cops during CAB protest|date=13 December 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Several students were injured in a [[baton charge]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news|title=50 Jamia students detained after clash with Delhi cops during Citizenship Act protest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/dec/13/50-jamia-students-detained-after-clash-with-delhi-cops-during-citizenship-act-protest-2075676.html}}</ref>

== Attack ==
On the morning of 15 December 2019, more than two thousand students of Jamia joined the protests against CAA in Delhi.<ref name="CNN spread">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/15/india/india-protests-assam-delhi-citizenship-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Protests spread across India over new citizenship law which excludes Muslims|date=16 December 2019|work=CNN|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Jamia Millia Student Body and Jamia Millia Islamia Teacher's Association (JTA) condemned the violence that happened on the same day in Delhi and stated that no student or teacher was involved in the violence.<ref name="quint CAA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/citizenship-amendment-bill-act-protests-north-east-assam-guwahati-tripura-west-bengal-live-updates|title=CAA Unrest: Dozens of Jamia Students Held, No Internet in Aligarh|date=15 December 2019|website=The Quint|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

On 15 December, students gathered outside Gate No. 7 of the university and marched towards India Gate along with local people of Jamia Nagar and other university students. When the students reached the traffic signal of Mata Mandir Marg New Friends Colony, Delhi Police attacked the students of Jamia Millia Islamia and dispersed the students by lathi charge, firing and tear gas. The students were beaten by the police including Shaheen Abdullah, Chanda Yadav, Akhtarista Ansari, [[Ladeeda Farzana]], and [[Aysha Renna]] at New Friends Colony. The confrontation started at Mata Mandir road around 5:30 pm.<ref name="Kuchay">{{Cite web |last=Kuchay |first=Bilal |title=Meet India's Jamia women who took on Delhi police in viral video |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/17/meet-indias-jamia-women-who-took-on-delhi-police-in-viral-video |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vijayta |date=2019-12-16 |title=Meet the brave women of Jamia who rescued a fellow student from the clutches of Delhi Police |url=https://scroll.in/article/947026/meet-the-brave-women-of-jamia-who-rescued-a-fellow-student-from-the-clutches-of-delhi-police |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Protestors were dismissed by the police lathi charge.<ref name="Kuchay"/> Visuals of burning buses began circulating on social media from the same spot where police had started beating the protesters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2019-12-18 |title=How a New Law in India Sparked Mass Protests and a Brutal Police Clampdown |url=https://time.com/5752186/india-protests-citizenship-act/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

At 6:46 pm on 15 December 2019, hundreds of police officers, during confrontations with protesters, forcefully entered the campus of Jamia, without the permission of college authority.<ref name="quint CAA" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jamia-protests-delhi-police-release-photos-of-70-people-involved-in-violence/articleshow/73732067.cms|title=Jamia protests: Delhi Police release photos of 70 people involved in anti-CAA protests near Jamia|date=29 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> The police used batons and tear gas on the protesting students.<ref name="Washington Post 16" /> Nearly a hundred students were detained by the Delhi police and released at 3:30 am next morning.<ref name="NDTV Police station">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-mau-protesters-cops-clash-over-citizenship-law-vehicles-burnt-police-use-tear-gas-2149780|title=UP Police Station Set On Fire, Citizenship Law Protesters Tear-Gassed|date=16 December 2019|work=NDTV.com|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> The visuals of students being dragged and [[assaulted]] by the police was telecast by news channels. Students from all across Delhi joined the agitation.<ref name=":0" /> About two hundred people were injured<ref name="Washington Post 16" /> and were admitted to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]] and the [[Holy Family Hospital (New Delhi)|Holy Family Hospital]].<ref name="TNIE Jamia 16" /> Also, the official of Jamia's neighboring hospital Al-Shifa said that on the evening of the incident, more than 100 injured people were brought to the hospitals for treatment.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Protests erupt in Indian cities over citizenship law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/16/india-police-storm-jamia-amu-to-break-citizenship-law-protests |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Speaking at a press conference on Monday 16 December, JMI's VC [[Najma Akhtar (academic)|Najma Akhtar]] said, “Our students have been protesting peacefully since Friday. What happened yesterday was unfortunate. We don’t care about buses being burnt, that’s the failure of the police. Our concern is only that our students stay safe. Police coming inside without any notice, damaging our property and the barbaric treatment towards students is not acceptable. A lot of damage has been done inside our buildings, we are not concerned about the material loss but about the emotional turmoil that our students had to go through.” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ara |first=Ismat |date=2019-12-16 |title='Our university isn't safe. Where do we go?' Jamia Millia VC's assurances fail to assuage students' anger, fear |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/12/16/our-university-isnt-safe-where-do-we-go-jamia-millia-vice-chancellors-assurances-fail-to-assuage-students-anger-fear |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref>

Police officials had defended the police action by saying that around 4000 people were protesting and the police had to disperse the crowd when the buses were burnt.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> However, Delhi Deputy CM Manish Sisodia has speculated about a conspiracy behind the burnt buses. He tweeted pictures in which a Delhi Police constable can be seen with a gallon near the burning buses. Journalists and activists have mixed reactions to this conspiracy and speculation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Check: Delhi Buses at the Centre of Conspiracy Theory Were Not Burnt |url=https://thewire.in/government/delhi-police-bus-burning-fact-check |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Attack on library ===
The police fired tear gas canisters inside the main library. Students scrambled over desks and smashed windows to escape.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/bloodstains-used-tear-gas-shell-in-library-capture-sunday-s-violence/story-FRVJH7Im0JGQU8kf5nqFAL.html|title=Bloodstains, used tear gas shell in Jamia library capture Sunday's violence|date=2019-12-17|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2019/dec/17/police-fire-teargas-inside-university-library-during-india-citizenship-protests-video|title=Police fire teargas inside university library during India citizenship protests – video|date=2019-12-17|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-25|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In a video, released on 15 December 2019, it can be seen that the students who were taking refuge inside the library were trying to escape from the reading room where tear gas was fired.<ref>{{cite news |title=On Camera, Jamia Students Take Cover In Library As Police Fire Tear Gas |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGWYWV12Z34 |access-date=17 February 2020 |work=The NDTV |date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
Later, the police denied entering the library.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/police-deny-entering-university-library/article30334044.ece|title=Police deny entering university library|last1=Bhandari|first1=Hemani|date=2019-12-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 15 February 2020, the Jamia Coordination Committee released a CCTV footage which confirms that indeed police and para-military personnel entered into the research scholar section of the library and randomly beat up students who can be seen sitting and reading at their respective seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive footage of Police brutality in Old reading hall |url=https://twitter.com/Jamia_JCC/status/1228772837583753216?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1228772837583753216&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FDelhi%2Fvideo-of-police-brutality-in-jamia-millia-islamia-library-goes-viral%2Farticle30834535.ece |access-date=16 February 2020 |work=Jamia Coordination Committee |publisher=Twitter |date=15 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jamia Protesters Release Video Of Cops Attacking Students In Library |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/jamia-protesters-release-video-of-cops-attacking-students-in-library-2180844 |access-date=16 February 2020 |work=The NDTV |date=16 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=Sidharth |title=Video of police brutality in Jamia Millia Islamia library goes viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/video-of-police-brutality-in-jamia-millia-islamia-library-goes-viral/article30834535.ece |access-date=16 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=16 February 2020}}</ref> Another video posted by Maktoob Media an online media platform, shows that the police broke the door of the PG reading room of the library and started beating the students.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-16|title=Beyond the 'Uncut Exclusive': CCTV footage released by media has more to say|url=https://en.maktoobmedia.com/2020/02/17/beyond-the-uncut-exclusive-cctv-footage-released-by-media-has-more-to-say/|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Maktoob|language=en-US}}</ref> The students could be seen pleading <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150" caption="Attack on Jamia Millia Islamia's Library.">
File:Attack on JMI's Library - remains of tear gas 06.jpg|''Remains of tear gas shield in the reading hall, central library, JMI.''
File:Attack on JMI's Library - remains of tear gas 07.jpg|''Remains of tear gas shield in the reading hall, central library, JMI''
File:Attack on JMI's Library - Belongings of students in reading hall 05.jpg|''Belongings of students and chair in reading hall after the police attack on the evening of 15 December 2019.''
File:Attack on JMI's Library - Blood stains of victim students on chair 01.jpg|''Blood stains from the victimized students found on a chair in the library after the police attack on the evening of 15 December 2019''
File:Attack on JMI's Library - Reading Hall Gate 04.jpg|''Broken gate of reading hall after the police attack on the evening of 15 December 2019.''
</gallery>with the police not to beat them but it was in vain. The police brutality and vandalism continued and at the end the police can be seen damaging the CCTV which was capturing the incidents.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |title=Extended footage of police brutality in Jamia library |url=https://twitter.com/MaktoobMedia/status/1229220850676588544 |access-date=17 February 2020 |work=Maktoob Media |date=16 February 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'' released another video on 17 February 2020, where it can be seen that police and para-military personnel entered the library and vandalised, breaking chairs and reading desk and damaging CCTVs. It can also be seen that the police [[Baton charge|lathi charg]]ed the frightened students who were trying their best to hide to save themselves from such brutality.<ref name=":13">{{cite news |title=Footage from Jamia library shows cops trying to vandalise CCTV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GY0CKCN5EM |access-date=17 February 2020 |work=The Quint |date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

=== Firing ===
On 16 December 2019, two students of Jamia were admitted to the [[Safdarjung Hospital]] with bullet injuries received during the protests on 15 December.<ref name="Washington Post 16" /> One of the victims, M. Tamin stated that he was not participating in the protest and was passing through the area on a motorcycle, when police suddenly started caning the protesters and he was shot in the leg by police from point blank range.<ref name="India Today Tamin">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-protest-aftermath-passerby-shot-in-leg-claims-police-took-shot-without-cause-1628811-2019-12-16|title=Jamia protest aftermath: Passerby shot in leg, claims police took shot without cause|last1=P|first1=Tanushree|date=16 December 2019|work=India Today|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The doctors treating him stated that the wounds were gunshot wounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/near-jamia-protest-site-2-men-received-gunshot-injury-police-say-wounds-could-be-due-to-tear-gas-shells-2426467.html|title=Near Jamia Protest Site, 2 Men Get 'Gunshot Injury'; Police Say Wounds Could be Due to Tear Gas Shells|website=News18|date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TanushreePande/status/1206791810124660739|title=#EXCLUSIVE Medical report of Mohd Tamin,passer-by who was allegedly shot by Delhi Police during #JamiaProtests reads GUN SHOT INJURY ON LEFT LEG. Tamin told me "I was crossing the area,when chaos broke out. Told police I'm not a protestor, but they took a straight shot at my leg"|last1=Pandey|first1=Tanushree|date=16 December 2019|website=@TanushreePande|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The police stated that they were investigating the allegations of gunshot.<ref name="TNIE Jamia 16" />

=== Serious injuries ===
Mohammad Minhajuddin, an LLM student from Jamia's law faculty, was in the library when police forcibly entered the campus and beat up the students. Minhajuddin lost his left eye due to a brutal beating by the police. According to media reports, Minhajuddin said that he was not involved in any kind of protest. In viral images and videos, he can be lying down on the floor of a bathroom of a library.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Penkar |first=co-authored by Shahid Tantray,Ahan |title=There is fear, but I will not lose hope: Jamia student who lost an eye during an attack by Delhi Police |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/jamia-student-lost-eye-during-police-attack |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Jamia student says lost sight in one eye |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/citizenship-law-protests-jamia-student-says-lost-sight-in-one-eye-6172446/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

When a student tried to catch the tear gas without exploding, the can exploded in his hand and the student lost his thumb. Friends took him to the nearest hospital, Holy Family, but the damage could not be repaired.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Attacked Students With Intent of Maximum Damage: Fact Finding Report on Jamia |url=https://thewire.in/government/jamia-police-attack-report |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Emergency protest ===
News of police attacks on students inside Jamia campuses was emerging on social media. On the same night of 15 December 2019, students of JNU, DU Ambedkar University and common citizens gathered outside the police headquarters at ITO. The protesters demanded the vacation of the Jamia campus and the release of students detained by the police. This protest was called by JNU Students Union and many students and citizens participated in this protest in the night itself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Andrea |date=2020-07-15 |title=Are Campus Police "Real" Police? Students' Perceptions of Campus versus Municipal Police |journal=CrimRxiv |doi=10.21428/cb6ab371.b9947246|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Poster in NRC protest.jpg|alt=No NRC Poster|thumb|258x258px|Poster of the movement against NRC-CAA policy on the wall of Jamia Millia Islamia after the attack on 15 December.]]
The university shut down until 5 January 2020 and the residents were asked to leave the campus.<ref name="HinduLiveCAA">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/citizenship-act-protests-live-updates/article30317284.ece|title=Citizenship Act protests live updates {{!}} Opposition spreading 'falsehood' about Citizenship Act: Shah|last1=|first1=|date=16 December 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBC Plea">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50805092|title=India PM plea for calm as citizenship unrest rages|date=16 December 2019|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Reuters16Dec">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-citizenship-protests/india-citizenship-law-protests-spread-across-campuses-idUSKBN1YK0DD|title=India citizenship law protests spread across campuses|date=16 December 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> After this, the students and alumni of the university started protesting fiercely at Jamia Gate No. 7. This protest runs for more than two months at the same place till the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title="Thought Cops Wouldn't Attack Women": Jamia Student Seen in Viral Video |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/jamia-millia-islamia-student-seen-in-viral-video-thought-cops-wouldnt-attack-women-2149942%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Investigation ===
After the violence, Jamia's VC [[Najma Akhtar (academic)|Najma Akhtar]] addressed the media where she condemned the police action and said that the police entered the campus without permission.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Sankalp Phartiyal, Aftab |last2=Ghoshal |first2=Devjyot |date=2019-12-18 |title='Night of horrors': Inside the Indian university stormed by police |language=en-GB |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSKBN1YL0JP/ |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref> On 12 January, vice-chancellor Najma Akhtar said that she would approach the court to file an [[First information report|FIR]] against the Delhi Police. However, no FIR is filed yet. She also assured students that campus security would be improved.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-approach-court-for-filing-fir-against-delhi-police-jamia-vc/articleshow/73228403.cms|title=Will approach court for filing FIR against Delhi Police: Jamia VC|date=2020-01-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328100729/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-approach-court-for-filing-fir-against-delhi-police-jamia-vc/articleshow/73228403.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> An internal probe by the Delhi police revealed that at least three bullets were fired during the crackdown.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/jamia-millia-islamia-caa-protest-police-firing|title=Jamia Violence: Delhi Police Internal Probe Reveals 3 Bullets Were Fired, Says Report|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/948825/jamia-violence-two-delhi-police-officers-fired-guns-during-caa-protests-reveals-internal-inquiry|title=Jamia violence: Two Delhi police officers fired guns during CAA protests, reveals internal inquiry|website=Scroll.in|date=5 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jamia protests: Delhi Police fired in air in self-defence, say sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-protests-delhi-police-fired-in-air-in-self-defence-say-sources-1634139-2020-01-05 |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref>

On 30 January, [[Delhi Police]] identified photos of 69 people suspected of being involved in violence and rioting during the protest against CAA in Jamia Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.molitics.in/news/143189/delhi-police-releases-photos-of-suspected-people|title=Jamia Violence: Police Releases Photos of 69 Suspected People|website=Molitics|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
Some celebrity alumni of Jamia, including [[Shah Rukh Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/say-something-youre-from-jamia-too-says-roshan-abbas-to-shah-rukh-khan-2427967.html|title=Say Something, You're From Jamia Too, Says Roshan Abbas to Shah Rukh Khan|website=News18|date=18 December 2019|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> [[Virender Sehwag]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/country-deserves-better-class-role-models/|title=The country deserves a better class of role models|date=2019-12-16|website=The Bridge|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> and [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/jamia-millia-islamia-people-are-calling-out-bollywood-for-its-silence-and-spinelessness-on-student-protests_in_5df6fef2e4b047e8889f865f|title=Jamia Who? CAA What? Many Bollywood Stars Are Still Silent On Student Protests|date=2019-12-16|website=HuffPost India|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> were criticized for the failure to condemn the crackdown on their alma mater. Hollywood actor [[John Cusack]] extended his support to the protesting students of Jamia Millia Islamia and also condemned the police brutality inside the Jamia campus.<ref name=":7" /> Immediately after the incident, social media platforms were filled with tweets. Bollywood celebrities including [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Manoj Bajpayee|Manoj Vajpayee]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Anubhav Sinha]], [[Vicky Kaushal|Vickey Kaushal]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Taapsee Pannu|Tapsee Pannu]], [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub|Zeeshan Ayyub]], [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]] and others have extended their support to protesting students by expressing their opinions over it on [[Twitter|X]](earlier [[twitter]]) and asking the government to maintain democratic decorum.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

=== Protests ===
[[File:A protest tree outside the Jamia Millia Islamia campus on 15 Feb 2020.jpg|thumb|240x240px|A protest tree outside the Jamia Millia Islamia campus on 15 February 2020]]
Protests were held in solidarity with Jamia students in several major universities across the subcontinent, including [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/protest-outside-iim-a-in-support-of-jamia-students-50-held/article30321091.ece|title=Protest outside IIM-A in support of Jamia students; 50 held|date=2019-12-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-25|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Banaras Hindu University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/citizenship-amendment-act-protests-india-in-solidarity-with-jamia-from-mumbai-university-to-bhu-students-across-india-protest-police-brutality-on-demonstrators-at-amu-jamia-guwahati-university-7788241.html|title='In solidarity with Jamia': From Mumbai University to BHU, students across India protest 'police brutality' on demonstrators at AMU, Jamia, Guwahati University|last=|first=|date=2019-12-16|website=[[Firstpost]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217211444/https://www.firstpost.com/india/citizenship-amendment-act-protests-india-in-solidarity-with-jamia-from-mumbai-university-to-bhu-students-across-india-protest-police-brutality-on-demonstrators-at-amu-jamia-guwahati-university-7788241.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/students-bangladesh-protest-with-jamia-millia-islamia-university_in_5dfaf0cfe4b0eb2264d3fdb7|title=Students In Bangladesh Protest In Solidarity With Jamia Millia Islamia And AMU|date=2019-12-19|website=HuffPost India|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> and [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/3-iits-join-chorus-against-crackdown-on-jamia-amu-students/articleshow/72746964.cms|title=3 IITs join chorus against crackdown on Jamia, AMU students|date=2019-12-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Over 400 scholars from US universities including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, and Tufts issued a joint statement expressing solidarity with Jamia students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-oxford-to-harvard-universities-abroad-see-protests-against-police-crackdown-in-jamia-amu/articleshow/72839850.cms|title=From Oxford to Harvard, universities abroad see protests against police crackdown in Jamia, AMU|date=2019-12-17|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/shocking-violence-harvard-yale-students-academics-condemn-police-action-in-jamia-amu/336509/|title='Shocking violence' — Harvard, Yale students & academics condemn police action in Jamia, AMU|last1=Sirur|first1=Simrin|date=2019-12-17|website=ThePrint|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/students-from-premier-foreign-universities-protest-police-crackdown-in-jamia-amu-11576584115534.html|title=Students from premier foreign varsities protest police crackdown in Jamia, AMU|date=2019-12-17|website=Livemint|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

JNU Teachers Association, along with the Jamia Teachers Association, held a candle march at India Gate on the evening of 23 December in protest against the unethical action taken by the administration against the students of Jamia and the beating of students by entering the college campus.
[[File:JTA with JNUTA at India Gate.jpg|thumb|Jamia Teacher's Association along with JNU Teacher's Association staged a candle marched at India Gate. ]]

Popular personality and leaders like [[Shashi Tharoor]],<ref name=":11" /> [[Medha Patkar]], [[Tushar Gandhi]],<ref name=":12" /> [[Kanhaiya Kumar]],<ref name=":13" /> [[Umar Khalid]],<ref name=":14" /> [[Najeeb Jung]]<ref name=":15" /> [[Arundhati Roy]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2020-01-11 |title=Arundhati Roy visits Jamia, donates books to students |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arundhati-roy-visits-jamia-donates-books-to-students/article30545422.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]]<ref name=":16" /> joined the student protest and address the students at gate no. 7 of Jamia Millia Islamia.

Bollywood director and producer [[Anurag Kashyap]] also came to visit the protest site of Jamia and interact with students.<ref name=":17" /> In his speech at the protest site, he said that he was excited to see the students of this country still alive and making their mark for rights and freedom in a democratic manner. He also raised the slogan of '[[Inquilab Zindabad]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ara |first=Ismat |date=2020-02-15 |title='We need to reclaim the Constitution': Anurag Kashyap at the citizenship law protest at Jamia |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/15/we-need-to-reclaim-the-constitution-anurag-kashyap-at-the-citizenship-law-protest-at-jamia |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> <gallery widths="140" heights="160" mode="packed-hover" caption="Congress leader Shashi Tharoor, Hindi Film Director Anurag Kashyap and former Delhi Governor and former JMI VC Najeeb Jung addressed students at a protest site in Jamia.">
File:Shashi Tharoor joins protesting student in jamia. - 01.jpg|alt=
File:Anurag Kashyap at jamia millia islamia - 01.jpg|alt=
File:Ex Delhi Governor Najeeb Jung at JMI - 01.jpg|alt=
</gallery>

=== Further violence ===
A [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile]] [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] opened fire at a protest at the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], injuring one student.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51308376|title=Student injured as man fires at university protest|date=2020-01-30|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/caa-protest-class-11-student-who-fired-at-jamia-protest-charged-with-attempted-murder-2172416|title=Class 12 Student Who Fired At Jamia Protest Charged With Attempted Murder|date=31 January 2020|work=NDTV news}}</ref> The event happened on the 72nd anniversary of the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]], also by a Hindu nationalist. He was arrested and charged with attempted murder.<ref name=":2"/> The man shouted slogans of "''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''" (Victory to Lord Rama) and "''Delhi Police Zindabad''" (Long live Delhi police).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/ivideos/man-opens-fire-in-delhis-jamia-at-anti-caa-rally-shouts-jai-shri-ram-yeh-lo-azadi-slogans-2479985.html|title=Man Opens Fire in Delhi's Jamia at Anti-CAA Rally, Shouts 'Jai Shri Ram, Yeh Lo Azadi' Slogans|website=News18|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> Before opening fire at the protestors, the attacker shouted "''Kisko chahiye Azadi? Main Dunga Azadi''" (Who wants freedom? I will give freedom).<ref name="firing1Jamia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/man-waves-gun-at-protesters-near-jamia-university-in-delhi-shouts-yeh-lo-aazadi-2172057|title=Massive Protests After Man Shoots Jamia Student, Shouts "Yeh Lo Azaadi"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>

On 2 February 2020, late at night when people were protesting, two unidentified men fired shots near gate 5 of the university, the third attack in the area after the second attack during the [[Shaheen Bagh protests#Threats to the protesters|Shaheen Bagh protest]]. Though there was no casualty reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamia firing: Two gunmen fire shots near gate 5 of university, third attack in area |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-milia-islamia-gate-5-firing-caa-shaheen-bagh-1642661-2020-02-03 |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

== Protest called off ==
The Protests outside Jamia were called off by students in the initial weeks of the coronavirus outbreak and Delhi CM [[Arvind Kejriwal]] announced a lockdown as a precautionary measure to contain the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|coronavirus]].<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==
* [[Campus violence in India]]
* [[JNU attack]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Video links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaY1LHCD8yE Interview with a victim who was blinded in one eye during the attack] by ''[[The Caravan]]'' magazine.
* [https://twitter.com/Jamia_JCC/status/1228772837583753216 CCTV footage of police brutality in old reading hall, M.A/MPhill section Jamia Library] by Jamia Coordination Committee (JCC).
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKv5ekeHngE Extended footage of Delhi Police brutality in PG reading room, Jamia Library] by The ''Maktoob Media''.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GY0CKCN5EM Footage from Jamia Library shows cops trying to vandalise CCTV] by ''The Quint''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGWYWV12Z34 Jamia Students Take Cover In Library As Police Fire Tear Gas] by The ''[[NDTV]]''
* [https://www.altnews.in/jamia-violence-media-misreport-wallet-as-stone-in-students-hand/ Media misreport wallet as ‘stone’ in student's hand] by the ''[[AltNews.in]]''
{{Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}
{{Campus violence in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamia Millia Islamia attack, 2019}}
[[Category:Attacks on universities and colleges in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks in India in 2019]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in India]]
[[Category:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Police brutality in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in 2019]]
[[Category:December 2019 in India]]
[[Category:December 2019 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2019 controversies]]
[[Category:2019 protests]]

Aizawl East 2 Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:30Z

NorineYoungblood: started the stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl East 2
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl East 2 highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 14
| established = 2008
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[B. Lalchhanzova]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16258}}
}}
'''Aizawl East 2''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It comprises wards 18-21 and 27-29 of [[Aizawl]] city and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 3 January 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Lalsawta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Robert Romawia Royte]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[B. Lalchhanzova]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 2<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[B. Lalchhanzova]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = {{formatnum:7289}}
|percentage = 48.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. Lalawmpuii
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:4533}}
|percentage = 30.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:54}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:15057}}
|percentage = 78.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 2<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:5869}}
|percentage = 41.26
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[B. Lalchhanzova]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = {{formatnum:4377}}
|percentage = 30.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:47}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:14223}}
|percentage = 79.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Aizawl district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.731|92.722|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kulgam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:30Z

NorineYoungblood: Started A Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kulgam
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 39
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 
| reservation =
| incumbent_image = Tarigami269.jpg
}}
'''Kulgam Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Kulgam]] is also part of [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/uri.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kulgam Assembly Constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1962
| rowspan="2" |Mohammed Yaqub Bhat
|{{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
|1967
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1972
|Abdul Razak Mir
|{{Party color cell|Jamaat-e-Islami}}
|[[Jamaat-e-Islami]]
|-
|1977
| rowspan="2" |Ghulam Nabi Dar
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
|1983
|-
|1987
|Haji Abdul Parak Mir
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|Independent
|-
|1996
| rowspan="5" |[[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]]<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|2002
|-
|2008
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
Major boundary change occurred between 2024 and 2014, comparisons may be not accurate.
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=33,634 |percentage=44.86% |change={{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayar Ahmad Reshi |party=Independent politician |votes=25,796 |percentage=34.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,561 |percentage=10.08% |change={{decrease}}27.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Aaqib Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=2,726 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zaman Irshad Parry |party=Independent politician |votes=993 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudarshan Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (Bhim) |votes=778 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Mir |party=Aman Aur Shanti Tehreek-E-Jammu and Kashmir |votes=646 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,358 |percentage=1.81% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,838 |percentage=10.45% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,978 |percentage=63.91% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,574 |percentage=38.69% |change={{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Laway |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=20,240 |percentage=38.06% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imran Nabi Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,273 |percentage=15.56% |change={{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Zargar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,944 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Nazim-Ud-Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=519 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Towseef Ahmad Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashida Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=674 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=334 |percentage=0.63% |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,178 |percentage=56.36% |change= {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,362 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,175 |percentage=34.24% |change={{decrease}}17.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Laway |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=16,939 |percentage=33.77% |change={{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Safder Ali Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,792 |percentage=11.55% |change={{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Ayoub Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,116 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Nizam Ud Din |party=Independent politician |votes=1,344 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Yousuf Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=975 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashida Akbar |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=236 |percentage=0.47% |change= {{decrease}}29.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,163 |percentage=61.61% |change= {{increase}}37.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}17.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,346 |percentage=51.72% |change={{decrease}}17.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,461 |percentage=21.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousf Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,011 |percentage=18.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Lone |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=503 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmed |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=493 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,885 |percentage=30.27% |change= {{decrease}}21.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,138 |percentage=24.40% |change= {{decrease}}32.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,159 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}17.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,837 |percentage=69.65% |change={{increase}}59.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habibullah Laway |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,671 |percentage=18.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ismail Bhat |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=2,745 |percentage=8.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Zargar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,098 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,166 |percentage=51.56% |change= {{increase}}40.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,351 |percentage=59.65% |change= {{decrease}}20.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}37.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}19.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji Abdul Pazak Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=15,607 |percentage=49.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,031 |percentage=38.50% |change={{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,196 |percentage=10.23% |change={{increase}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,576 |percentage=11.44% |change= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,247 |percentage=79.97% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,282 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,723 |percentage=38.03% |change={{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Ghulam Hassan |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=6,843 |percentage=26.77% |change={{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habib Ullah Laway |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,002 |percentage=19.57% |change={{increase}}10.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohamad Yousuf Tarigami]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,168 |percentage=8.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqoob |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,051 |percentage=4.11% |change={{decrease}}38.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Modh. Bandey |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,880 |percentage=11.26% |change= {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,566 |percentage=79.98% |change= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,833 |percentage=42.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak Mir |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=6,403 |percentage=30.91% |change={{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yaqub Baht |party=Janata Party |votes=2,944 |percentage=14.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habibuyllah Loqay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,851 |percentage=8.93% |change={{decrease}}18.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Banday |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,430 |percentage=11.73% |change= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,718 |percentage=74.92% |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,643 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jamaat-e-Islami |swing= {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak Mir |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=8,137 |percentage=38.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habibulla Lawi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,094 |percentage=33.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yazoob Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,815 |percentage=27.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,043 |percentage=4.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,046 |percentage=68.63% |change= {{increase}}63.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,951 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jamaat-e-Islami |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=M. Y. Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,729 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,729 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqub Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,928 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,928 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kulgam]]
* [[Kulgam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.65|75.02|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Nuzvid Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:22Z

NorineYoungblood: Created

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nuzvid
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (70-Nuzvid highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nuzvid Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kolusu Parthasarathy.jpg
| constituency_no = 70
| electors = 230,650
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Nuzvid Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 30|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 230,650 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Agiripalli mandal|Agiripalli]]
|-
| [[Chatrai mandal|Chatrai]]
|-
| [[Musunuru mandal|Musunuru]]
|-
| [[Nuzvid mandal|Nuzvid]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan=5| [[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Paladugu Venkata Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Kotagiri Hanumantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Paladugu Venkata Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Kotagiri Hanumantha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Chinnam Rama Kotaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]|votes=1,08,229|percentage=51.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]
|votes = 95,851
|percentage = 45.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Krishna Mareedu|votes=2,405|percentage=1.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,771|percentage=1.31|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,378|percentage=5.85|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,11,717|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]|votes=101,950|percentage=50.84%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Muddaraboina Venkateswara Rao|votes=85,740|percentage=42.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Vikunta Baskara Rao Basava|votes=5,464|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,210|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=188,586|percentage=87.84%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]|votes=95,565|percentage=50.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Muddaraboina Venkateswara Rao|votes=84500|percentage=45.16|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,397|percentage=5.51|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=188,586|percentage=87.85|change=-0.80}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chinnam Rama Kotaiah|votes=70,206|percentage=41.32|change=-1.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]|votes=65,063|percentage=38.30|change=-17.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Muttamsetti Vijaya Nirmala|votes=24,786|percentage=14.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,143|percentage=3.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=169,896|percentage=88.65|change=+10.75}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao]]|votes=80,706|percentage=55.64|change=+21.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Hanumantha Rao Kotagiri|votes=61,498|percentage=42.40|change=+7.53}}
{{Election box majority||votes=19,208|percentage=13.24|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,050|percentage=77.90|change=+3.90}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Nuzvid<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Meka Rangaiah Appa Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,671 |percentage=55.49% |change=55.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Raghavayya |party=Independent politician |votes=24,607 |percentage=44.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,064 |percentage=10.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,278 |percentage=78.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,991 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.78|80.85|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Rasika Sunil

2026-04-08T13:25:52Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rasika Sunil
| image = Rasika Sunil.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Rasika Sunil in 2024
| other_names =
| birth_name = Rasika Dhabadgaonkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|08|3}}
| birth_place = [[Akola, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| known_for = [[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Aditya Bilagi|2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2021|title=Rasika Sunil and Aditya Bilagi tie the knot in Goa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rasika-sunil-and-aditya-bilagi-tie-the-knot-in-goa/articleshow/87392711.cms|access-date=18 November 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Rasika Sunil Dhabadgaonkar''' (born 3 August 1992) professionally known as '''Rasika Sunil''' is an Indian model, television and film actress who mainly works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]]. She made her film debut with ''[[Poshter Girl]]'' (2016) and Television debut with ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title=माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको मालिकेला रसिका सुनील ठोकणार रामराम?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/rasika-sunil-aka-shanaya-will-exit-majhya-navryachi-bayko-a588/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Isha Keskar quits Majhya Navryachi Bayko; Rasika Sunil returns as Shanaya - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/isha-keskar-quits-mazhya-navryachi-bayko-rasika-sunil-returns-as-shanaya/articleshow/76800515.cms|access-date=2020-12-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in [[Akola, Maharashtra]]. She did her BMM Degree from [[Dr. V. N. Bedekar Institute of Management Studies|K. G. Joshi Bedekar College, Thane]]. She is a trained classical dancer and holds a Diploma in Bharatnatyam. She has also done Sangeet Visharad in Indian classical music. Thereafter, she participated in various competitions like Youth Festivals and Rajya Natya Spardhas. She participated in 52nd Natya Spardha and Won first prize for her play ''Love Aaj Kal''. Later, she went do commercial plays.

== Personal life ==
Rasika married Aditya Bilagi on 18 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Rasika Sunil: I'm dating Aditya Bilagi - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rasika-sunil-confirms-dating-la-based-aditya-bilagi/articleshow/80072537.cms|access-date=2021-01-10|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-02|title=रसिका सुनील 'या' व्यक्तीला करतेय डेट?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/is-rasika-sunil-dating-best-friend-aditya-bilagi-ssv-92-2370919/|access-date=2021-01-10|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her career with commercial plays. She participated in the ''Lux Jhakaas Heroine Contest'' on [[9X (TV channel)|9X TV]]. In 2016, she did a lavani in Kashala Lavato Naat in the Marathi film ''[[Poshter Girl]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rasika Sunil's Mind blowing Lavani Performance In Poshter Girl|url=https://megamarathi.com/news/rasika-sunils-mind-blowing-lavani-performance-poshter-girl/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Mega Marathi}}</ref> In the same year, she bagged role of "Shanaya Sabnis" in ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शनायाची एग्झिट लवकरच...|url=https://www.lokmat.com/videos/entertainment/shanayas-exit-soon-shanaya-exit-mazhya-navryachi-bayko-rasika-sunil-lokmat-cnx-filmy-a678/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko's Shanaya aka Rasika Sunil writes a goodbye message for her fans - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mazhya-navryachi-baykos-shanaya-aka-rasika-sunil-writes-a-goodbye-message-for-her-fans/articleshow/65590331.cms|access-date=2020-12-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She also appeared in the ''[[Bus Stop (2017 film)|Bus Stop]]'' in which she played a Youth girl. She also made her performance in ''Tum Bin Mohe'' a music video as an Actor, Singer and director also.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum Bin Mohe: Rasika Sunil Aka Shanaya Turns Singer, Actor, And Director With Her New Song|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/tum-bin-mohe-rasika-sunil-aka-shanaya-turns-singer-actor-and-director-with-her-new-song/5fa258c1aafb3d5f2f644f3b|access-date=2020-12-25|website=SpotboyE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rasika Sunil Promotes Her Debut Single In This Glamorous Marathi Traditional Look|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/rasika-sunil-promotes-her-debut-single-in-this-glamorous-marathi-traditional-look/5fb91e9faafb3d5f2f645b99|access-date=2020-12-25|website=SpotboyE}}</ref> She made her debut in International short film named ''Wild Geese''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Rasika Sunil shares a glimpse of her international short film - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/actress-rasika-sunil-shares-a-glimpse-of-her-international-short-film/articleshow/77545744.cms|access-date=2020-12-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[Poshter Girl]]''
|Sangita (Lavani Dancer)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Baghtos Kay Mujra Kar]]''
|Pandurang's wife
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-17|title=बघतोस काय मुजरा कर सिनेमाचा ट्रीझर रिलीज|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/mumbai/baghtos-kay-mujra-kar-official-teaser/325312|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bus Stop (2017 film)|Bus Stop]]''
|Maithili
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bus Stop (2017) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bus-stop-25135/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821014553/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bus-stop-25135/cast-crew|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2022|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tula Kalnnaar Nahi]]''
|Nandini
|
|-
|2018
|''Gat-Mat''
|Kaavya
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=GatMat (2018) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gat-mat-38335|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517074726/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gat-mat-38335|url-status=live|archive-date=17 May 2023|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|Shweta
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Girlfriend (2019) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/girlfriend-41533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526075339/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/girlfriend-41533|url-status=live|archive-date=26 May 2019|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''Wild Geese''
|Vanessa
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Urmi (film)|Urmi]]''
|Urmi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urmi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/urmi/movieshow/99206238.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phakaat]]''
|Lily
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Phakaat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/phakaat/movieshow/100127359.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sshort And Ssweet]]''
|Sanju's love interest
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title='Sshort & Ssweet' teaser: Ganesh Kadam gives us sneak peek into Sonali Kulkarni and Shridhar Watsar starrer-Watch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sshort-ssweet-teaser-ganesh-kadam-gives-us-sneak-peek-into-sonali-kulkarni-and-shridhar-watsar-starrer-watch/articleshow/104019027.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]''
|Neerja
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sridevi Prasanna Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/sridevi-prasanna-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=22 June 2024 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Danka Hari Namacha''
|''Zasha''
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Danka Hari Namacha Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} डंका हरी नामाचा {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/danka-hari-namacha-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=22 June 2024 |date=24 May 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2016-2021
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Shanaya Sabnis
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-08|title=पुन्हा 'शनाया'ची भूमिका साकारण्याबद्दल रसिका म्हणते...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/rasika-sunil-talks-about-rejoining-mjha-navryachi-bayko-serial-avb-95-2209854/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021-2022
|''Meter Down''
|Pranali
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meter Down (2021) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meter-down-48056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127151722/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meter-down-48056 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava|Sur Nava Dhyas Nava - Aavaj Tarunaicha]]''
|Host
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Majhya Navryachi Bayko actress Rasika Sunil is all set to host Sur Nava Dhyas Nava |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/majhya-navryachi-bayko-actress-rasika-sunil-is-all-set-to-host-sur-nava-dhyas-nava/articleshow/104101070.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''Diet Lagna''
|Hruta
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Diet लग्न मराठी नाटक • सर्व माहिती व वेळापत्रक • रंगभूमी.com |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/natak/diet-lagna/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=रंगभूमी.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''2 Vajun 22 Minitani''
|Sonali
|
|}

=== Album Song ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Tum Bin Mohe''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=रसिका सुनीलचं नवीन गाणं हिट! तुम बिन मोहे|url=https://www.lokmat.com/videos/entertainment/rasika-sunils-new-song-hit-tum-bin-mohe-lokmat-cnx-filmy-a678/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Show
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards|Zee Marathi Awards]]
|Best Character Female
| rowspan="4" |''[[Majhya Navryachi Bayko]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Negative Role Female
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार २०१६' विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/full-list-of-zee-marathi-award-2016-winners-1319777/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| rowspan="2" |Zee Marathi Awards
|Best Negative Role Female
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title=झी मराठी अवॉर्ड्सवर 'लागिरं झालं जी'ची ठसठशीत मोहोर|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2017-winners-lagira-zhala-jee-grabs-10-awards-1567407/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Character Female
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Yuva Chitra Padarpan Puraskar
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Baghtos Kay Mujra Kar]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-06|title=झी मराठीच्या लाडक्या 'शनाया'ला मिळाला हा पुरस्कार, फोटो शेअर करुन व्यक्त केला आनंद|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-rasika-sunil-got-an-award-for-movie-baghtos-kay-mujra-kar-5824762-PHO.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8762708}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil, Rasika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Akola]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra by occupation]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]

Gujarat State Wide Area Network

2026-03-29T15:21:22Z

NorineYoungblood: quick add citations as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|Indian state government internet infrastructure}}
{{Infobox website
|name = GSWAN
|logo =
|logocaption = GSWAN
|screenshot =
|collapsible =
|collapsetext =
|caption = GSWAN Website
|url = https://gswan.gujarat.gov.in/
|commercial = No
|type = Government Portal
|registration =
|language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[English language|English]]
|content_license =
|owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
|author =
|launch_date = 2001
|alexa =
|revenue =
|current_status = Online
}}

'''Gujarat State Wide Area Network (GSWAN)''' is an end-to-end IP based network designed for the service convergence (Voice, video and Data) on a single backbone, for the state Government of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The GSWAN was implemented in the year 2001-02.<ref name="GIL">{{Cite web |url=https://gil.gujarat.gov.in/gswan |title=Gujarat Informatics Limited |access-date=2025-08-18 }}</ref>

GSWAN is based on open standards, is scalable and has high capacity Network to carry Voice, Data and Video traffic between designated Government of Gujarat offices at State, District and Taluka levels via a dedicated [[Leased line|E1 leased line]]. The connectivity to end-user is based on standard leased circuits [[dial-up]] circuits or using [[Ethernet]] ports as appropriate for the individual offices. Single point Gateway with adequate capacity for Internet and provision for connecting other existing Networks have also been set up.<ref name="TCIL">[http://www.tcil-india.com/new/html/eGovernanceDetail.html TCIL, Govt of India]</ref>

*First tier
Secretariat Center at state capital, [[Gandhinagar]]. Various departments and hundreds of subordinate offices located at the state capital are connected to SC horizontally through SCAN (Secretariat Campus Area Network). SCAN had about 7000 Ethernet I/O’s at Gandhinagar and all these I/Os are interconnected with GSWAN for information exchange. 300 GSWAN phone connections provided to various offices at Secretariat for direct voice communication to any GSWAN node in the state.
*Second Tier
Constitutes District Centers, located at district collector’s office and multiple district level other offices connected with DC horizontally. All the 24 districts, except Gandhinagar, are connected on 2 Mbit/s (E1) leased lines with the Secretariat Center. The dialup access is given to all those Government offices in district, Taluka, that are not considered for direct integration on Ethernet / leased / OFC / Wireless.
*Third Tier
Constitutes Talukas Centers, located at Taluka Mamlatdar’s office and Taluka Development Office provision are kept for connecting Taluka level other offices horizontally. All 225 Talukas are connected to District Centers. (211 on 64 Kb leased lines, and rest of 14 Talukas on Ethernet).<ref name="GIL" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite news |first=Hiral |last=Dave |title=Saurashtra districts armed to the hilt to beat the monsoon flood |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saurashtra-districts-armed-to-the-hilt-to-beat-the-monsoon-floods/320694/ |work=Express India |date=June 10, 2008  |access-date=2008-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309151653/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Saurashtra-districts-armed-to-the-hilt-to-beat-the-monsoon-floods/320694/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite news |title=Gujarat will ride GSWAN, Modi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-18/ahmedabad/28329274_1_bpo-sector-cit-cii-gujarat-chairman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-18/ahmedabad/28329274_1_bpo-sector-cit-cii-gujarat-chairman |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |date=18 January 2004|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2008-06-10 }}

==External links==
* [https://gswan.gujarat.gov.in/ GSWAN Official Website]

{{gujarat}}
[[Category:Government of Gujarat]]
[[Category:E-government in India]]
[[Category:Communications in India]]

Deora, North 24 Parganas

2026-03-27T09:45:44Z

NorineYoungblood: Put Up Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deora
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8813|N|88.7757|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.5904
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 4,360
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages

| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743286
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Swarupnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Deora''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Swarupnagar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}|label-pos1=bottom|label1= Bankra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bankra, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2= Balihati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Balihati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=Deora, North 24 Parganas (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|30|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Itinda]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|15|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=[[Taki (India)]] (M) | shape-color16= #800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Deora is located at {{coord|22.8813|N|88.7757|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is overwhelmingly a rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Deora had a total population of 4,360, of which 2,255 (52%) were males and 2,105 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 296. The total number of literate persons in Deora was 3,716 (91.44% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 322778, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Deora covered an area of 1.5904 km2. It had 12 km roads with both open and closed drains. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank and tap water from treated sources. It had 1,200 domestic electric connections and 20 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities, it had 7 primary schools, 4 middle schools, 1 secondary school and 1 higher secondary school. The nearest college was 4 km away at [[Gobardanga]]. Deora produces paddy, jute and vegetables.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

On the Road (2025 Indian film)

2026-03-25T22:14:47Z

NorineYoungblood: New

{{update|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = On the Road
| image = On the Road (2025 Indian film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Surya Lakkoju
| producer = SPL Pictures
| writer = Surya Lakkoju
| starring = Raghav Tiwari Swati Mehra Karn Shastri Ravi Singh Rahul Kumar S. S. Angchok
| music = Surbhit Manocha Naveen Kumar
| cinematography = Gifty Mehra
| editing = Mandar Sawant
| studio = SPL Pictures
| released = {{film date|2025|10|10|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''On the Road''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu-language]] road thriller film written and directed by Surya Lakkoju and produced under the banner of SPL Pictures. The film stars Raghav Tiwari and Swati Mehra in the lead roles, with Karn Shastri, Ravi Singh, Rahul Kumar, and S. S. Angchok in supporting roles. It is noted for being the first Indian feature film shot entirely in [[Ladakh]]. The project is promoted as a visually striking road-trip thriller set in the challenging terrain of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma unveils trailer for ''On the Road'' promising an intriguing narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varma-unveils-trailer-for-on-the-road-promising-an-intriguing-narrative/articleshow/104392081.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Trailer of Ram Gopal Varma’s ''On the Road'' unveiled; film to release soon |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-ram-gopal-varmas-on-the-road-unveiled-film-to-release-in-november-8615640.html |work=News18 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="DC">{{cite web |title=RGV unveils ''On the Road'' trailer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/121023/rgv-unveils-on-the-road-trailer.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hans">{{cite web |title=Road-trip thriller 'On the Road' set for Oct 10 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/road-trip-thriller-on-the-road-set-for-oct-10-releasel-1011657#:~:text='On%20the%20Road'%20is%20India's,2025%2C%20across%20both%20Telugu%20states. |work=The Hans India |date=7 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows a seemingly ordinary man who joins a couple on a long road trip through Ladakh. What begins as a peaceful journey gradually turns into a series of dangerous and chaotic events. The story explores suspense, betrayal, and survival against the breathtaking backdrop of the Himalayas.

== Cast ==
* Raghav Tiwari
* Swati Mehra
* Karn Shastri
* Ravi Singh
* Rahul Kumar
* S. S. Angchok

== Production ==
The film is directed by Surya Lakkoju and produced by SPL Pictures. Principal photography took place across various locations in Ladakh, making it the first Indian film to be shot entirely in the region.<ref name="TOI" /> The film will be released in multiple Indian languages including Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.

== Music ==
The music is composed by Surbhit Manocha, with cinematography by Gifty Mehra and editing by Mandar Sawant. The soundtrack complements the film's road-thriller theme and scenic Himalayan visuals.

== Release ==
''On the Road'' was released theatrically on 10 October 2025.<ref name name="Hans" />

== Reception ==
Following its release, ''On the Road'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.

''[[Sakshi Post]]'' called the film "a romantic crime thriller that shifts gears effectively," commending its emotional depth and strong visuals while noting that the pacing dips in parts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Road Movie Review: Romantic Crime Thriller Shifts Gears |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/road-movie-review-romantic-crime-thriller-shifts-gears-462587
|work=Sakshi Post |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5, writing that On the Road "boasts great visuals but limited thrills." The review mentioned that the first half engages emotionally, while the second half delivers better tension and atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Road Review: Surya Lakkoju’s road thriller has great visuals but limited thrills |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/on-the-road-review-surya-lakkojus-road-thriller-has-great-visuals-but-limited-thrills/b7e0698a4f489
|work=OTTplay |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

''[[The Hans India]]'' described the film as "a scenic ride of emotions, suspense, and raw human drama," applauding its visual grandeur and character-driven storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Road: A Scenic Ride of Emotions, Suspense & Raw Human Drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/on-the-road-a-scenic-ride-of-emotions-suspense-raw-human-drama-1013557
|work=The Hans India |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma unveils trailer for ''On the Road'' promising an intriguing narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-gopal-varma-unveils-trailer-for-on-the-road-promising-an-intriguing-narrative/articleshow/104392081.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 October 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Trailer of Ram Gopal Varma’s ''On the Road'' unveiled; film to release soon |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-ram-gopal-varmas-on-the-road-unveiled-film-to-release-in-november-8615640.html |work=News18 |access-date=8 October 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=RGV unveils ''On the Road'' trailer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/121023/rgv-unveils-on-the-road-trailer.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=8 October 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Road-trip thriller 'On the Road' set for Oct 10 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/road-trip-thriller-on-the-road-set-for-oct-10-releasel-1011657#:~:text='On%20the%20Road'%20is%20India's,2025%2C%20across%20both%20Telugu%20states. |work=The Hans India |date=7 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt29542970|title=On the Road}}

[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]

Gujarat Beechcraft incident

2026-03-24T13:26:32Z

NorineYoungblood: enhance page based on references and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Event during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Airliner accident
|name=Gujarat Beechcraft incident
|occurrence_type=Occurrence
|image=Beech18takeoffBF (1012941995).jpg
|caption=A Beechcraft Model 18 similar to the involved aircraft
|date={{start date|df=yes|1965|09|19}}
|summary=Shot down
|site=45 nautical miles southwest of [[Bhuj]] [[Gujarat]], [[India]].
| coordinates =
|aircraft_type=[[Beechcraft Model 18]]
|operator=[[India]]
|tail_number=
|origin=[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
|stopover=
|destination=[[Mithapur]]
|passengers=6
|crew=2
|injuries=
|fatalities=8
|survivors=0
}}
The '''Gujarat Beechcraft incident''' was an event during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. On 19 September that year an American-made [[F-86 Sabre]] jet fighter of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) shot down an Indian-registered civilian [[Beechcraft Model 18]] twin-engine [[light aircraft]].<ref name=Grief>{{cite news|last=Saxenal |first=Shoban |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/War-grief/articleshow/9680260.cms?referral=PM |title=War & grief |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="OI20110810">{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?730835|title=Pak Pilot's Remorse for 1965 Shooting of Indian Plane|last=Laskar|first=Rezaul|date=10 August 2011|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|accessdate=11 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812231400/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?730835|archivedate=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBC20110810">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14481483|title=Pakistan pilot's 'remorse' for 1965 shooting down|date=10 August 2011|work=BBC|accessdate=11 August 2011}}</ref> [[Balwantrai Mehta]], who at the time was the [[chief minister]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], was killed in the attack along with his wife, three members of his staff, a journalist and two crew members.<ref name="OI20110810"/>

Qais Hussain, a PAF [[flying officer]] during the 1965 war, was the pilot who fired on the aircraft. In August 2011 he wrote to Farida Singh, the daughter of the deceased civilian pilot, via email, expressing his condolences.

* '''Factors Leading to the Incident'''
Off-Course Flight: The civilian Beechcraft, carrying Gujarat Chief Minister Balwantrai Mehta, had drifted nearly 60 miles off its intended flight path. This placed it in a "sensitive area" that Pakistani controllers viewed as a potential precursor to opening a new war front.
Failed Visual Identification: Although the pilot, Jahangir Engineer, "waggled his wings" to signal mercy and civilian status, and Hussain relayed this to his controllers, the ground command (specifically HQ No. 2 Sector) maintained the order to shoot, likely due to the wartime "scramble-identification-shooting" protocol.
Operational Context: During the 1965 conflict, both air forces regularly conducted offensive and defensive sorties across the border to target airbases and support ground troops.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/india/29875863_1_transport-aircraft-pilot-condolence | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106033925/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/india/29875863_1_transport-aircraft-pilot-condolence | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak pilot writes to kin of Indian he killed in 1965 | date=11 August 2011}}</ref>
[[File:CHINA AVIATION MUSEUM AT DATANSHAN CHINA OCT 2012 (8915897427).jpg|thumb|center|A Pakistan Air Force F-86 Sabre similar to the involved aircraft]]

==See also==
*[[Atlantique incident]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://kaiser-aeronaut.blogspot.com/2011/04/gujarat-beechcraft-incident-1965-war.html The Gujarat Beechcraft Incident – 1965 War]

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1965}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:1965 mass murders]]
[[Category:Airliner shootdown incidents]]
[[Category:Military operations of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Aircraft shootdown incidents in India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Beechcraft Model 18]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1965]]
[[Category:1960s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kutch district]]
[[Category:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents]]
[[Category:September 1965 in Asia]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:1965 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]

St. Matthias' Church, Kunnamkulam

2026-03-23T18:43:03Z

NorineYoungblood: new new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox church
| name = South Bazar Church
| fullname = South Bazar St. Matthia's Church
| image = St. Matthias' Church, Kunnamkulam.jpg
| imagesize =
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| landscape =
| caption = St. Matthia's Church, Kunnamkulam
| pushpin map =
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| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
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| founded date = 18th century
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| diocese = [[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese]]
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| bishop = [[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]]
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'''St. Matthias' Church''', also known as the '''South Bazar Church''', is a [[parish]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] situated at [[Kunnamkulam]] in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Mathias Orthodox Church, Kunnamkulam, India |url=https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/14527/india/kerala/kunnamkulam/church/saint-mathias-orthodox-church |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=World Orthodox Directory |language=en}}</ref> It is commonly known as '''Ambala Palli'''.

It is a temple which is converted into a church<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Portal |url=https://landrevenue.kerala.gov.in/core/Office_websites/more_touristplaces.php?nm=1527Kunnamkulamvillageoffice |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=landrevenue.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> in the 18th century old, and it is situated at the middle of south bazar, north of the Anjoor-Kunnamkulam road and west of the Guruvayoor-Kunnamkulam road.

The church was converted from a Hindu temple at the behest of [[Sakthan Thampuran|Shakthan Thampuran]], the king of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] after the request of the Christians. The architectural style of the temple was retained, making the church's appearance distinctive.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|St. Matthias' Church, Kunnamkulam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Matthias' Church, Kunnamkulam}}
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]
[[Category:18th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-struct-stub}}
{{india-church-stub}}

Fort George, Mumbai

2026-03-21T22:55:16Z

NorineYoungblood: Put Up New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Other uses|Fort George (disambiguation){{!}}Fort George}}{{Infobox building
| name = Fort George
| native_name=
| image = Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg
| caption = Remains of the fort wall near St. George Hospital
| former_names =
| building_type = Fort
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], [[Mumbai]]
| address =
| client = British
| owner =
| current_tenants = [[St George Hospital, Mumbai|St George Hospital]]
| landlord =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1769
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date = 1862
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
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| architect =
| structural_engineer =
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| awards =
| references =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|18.94090|72.83759|display=inline}}
| altitude = {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
}}'''Fort George''' was an extension to the fortified walls of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) built in 1769, located in the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] area to which it lent its name.

The site upon which Fort George was later built was originally occupied by [[Dongri Fort]]. The hill on which it was situated, Dongri Hill, was razed in 1739, as it presented a vantage point for [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathi]] attackers to assault Bombay's fortifications. In 1769, Fort George, named after [[George III|George III of Great Britain and Ireland]], was built. It was the made center of British administration in [[Bombay Presidency]] until the Governor's Residence was moved to [[Parel]] in 1829. In 1862, the fort, made redundant by the establishment of British hegemony in the area and Bombay's urban growth, was mostly demolished on the orders of [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor]] [[Henry Bartle Frere]]. The north bastion of the fort was left intact, and is currently used by the Directorate of Archeology and Museums, Maharashtra State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pics & History: The Bombay Castle / Fort area |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/shifting-gears/208500-pics-history-bombay-castle-fort-area.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Bombay fort.jpg|Plan of Bombay fort 1750-1864. Fort George can be seen at the top of Centre Right
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970715/19650713.html|title=Fortifying colonial legacy|access-date=2008-11-10|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.]]|date=1997-06-15|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919114744/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970715/19650713.html|url-status=dead}}
*[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/c18.html 18th Century History of Mumbai]
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273&dq=Fort+George,+Bombay#PPA274,M1 Fort+George,+Bombay A Handbook for India: Being an Account of the Three Presidencies and of the Overland Route]''

{{Forts around Mumbai}}

[[Category:Forts around Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1862 disestablishments]]
[[Category:1769 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1862]]

Tropical monsoon climate

2026-03-21T12:44:55Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{Short description|Climate subtype in the Köppen climate classification system}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Am_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=2|Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).]]An '''area of tropical monsoon climate''' (occasionally known as a '''sub-equatorial''', '''tropical wet climate''' or a '''tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate''') is a [[tropical climate]] subtype that corresponds to the [[Köppen climate classification]] category '''''Am'''''. Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above {{convert|18|°C|0}} in every month of the year and a dry season.<ref name=McKnight>{{cite book | last1=McKnight | first1=Tom L | last2=Hess | first2=Darrel | year=2000 | chapter=Climate Zones and Types | title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation | location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey | publisher=Prentice Hall | isbn=978-0-13-020263-5 | chapter-url-access=registration | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn }}</ref>{{rp|200–1}} The tropical monsoon climate is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (or [[tropical rainforest climate]]) and the drier Aw (or [[tropical savanna climate]]).

A tropical monsoon climate's driest month has on average less than 60 mm, but more than <math display="inline">100-\left(\frac{Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}\right)</math>.<ref name=McKnight /> This is in direct contrast to a [[tropical savanna climate]], whose driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than <math display="inline">100-\left(\frac{Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}\right)</math> of average monthly precipitation. In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either have more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. A tropical monsoon climate tends to vary less in temperature during a year than does a tropical savanna climate. This climate has the driest month, which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice.<ref name=McKnight/>

==Varieties==
There are generally two varieties of a tropical monsoon climate:
* Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. Unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s), but not quite enough for a [[tropical rainforest climate|tropical rainforest]] classification. In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
* Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. This is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.

==Area==
[[File:AtardecerRioMAgdalena.jpg|thumb|[[Magdalena River]] at Honda, [[Colombia]].]]
Tropical monsoon are most commonly found in [[Africa]] ([[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]), [[Asia]] ([[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]), northern [[South America]], and [[Central America]]. This climate also occurs in sections of the [[Caribbean]], [[North America]] ([[South Florida]]), and northern [[Australia]].

==Factors==
The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the [[monsoon]] circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean toward land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat.

Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa, though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, the [[Intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along trade wind coasts.

==Countries and cities==
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
'''Asia'''
* [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
* [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
* [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]], Cambodia
* [[Qionghai]], China
* [[Wanning]], China
* [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
* [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
* [[Bandung]], Indonesia
* [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
* [[Makassar]], Indonesia
* [[Chichijima]], Japan
* [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]], Malaysia
* [[Langkawi]], Malaysia
* [[Malé]], Maldives
* [[Kulhudhuffushi]], Maldives
* [[Yangon]], Myanmar
* [[Calamba, Philippines|Calamba]], Philippines
* [[Manila, Philippines|Manila]], Philippines
* [[Quezon City]], Philippines
* [[Batticaloa]], Sri Lanka
* [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan
* [[Pingtung County|Pingtung]], Taiwan
* [[Taitung County|Taitung]], Taiwan
* [[Hat Yai]], Thailand
* [[Narathiwat]], Thailand
* [[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]], Thailand
* [[Cà Mau]], Vietnam
* [[Da Nang]], Vietnam
'''Oceania'''
* [[Cairns]], [[Queensland]], Australia
* [[Christmas Island]], Australia
* [[Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands|Saipan]], Northern Mariana Islands
{{col-2-of-2}}
'''Africa'''
* [[Douala]], Cameroon
* [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]], Equatorial Guinea
* [[Conakry]], Guinea
* [[Monrovia]], Liberia
* [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
* [[Umuahia]], Nigeria
* [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone
'''The Americas'''
* [[Recife]], [[Pernambuco]], Brazil
* [[Macapá]], [[Amapá]], Brazil
* [[Barrancabermeja, Colombia|Barrancabermeja]], Colombia
* [[Villavicencio]], Colombia
* [[Roseau]], Dominica
* [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic
* [[Cayenne]], French Guiana (bordering on ''Af'')
* [[Coatzacoalcos]], Mexico
* [[Villahermosa]], Mexico
* [[Managua]], Nicaragua
* [[Panama City]], Panama
* [[Pucallpa]], Peru
* [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
* [[Miami]], [[Florida]], United States
* [[Basseterre]], Saint Kitts and Nevis
* [[Nassau, The Bahamas|Nassau]], The Bahamas (bordering on ''Aw'')
* [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago
* [[Guanare]], Venezuela
* [[Mérida (state)|Mérida]], Venezuela
* [[Puerto Ayacucho]], Venezuela
{{col-end}}

===Select charts===
{{climate chart
|[[Manila]], Philippines
|23.9|29.9|19.4
|26.2|30.7|21.9
|25.3|32.1|21.8
|26.7|33.8|23.4
|27.0|33.6|159.1
|26.5|32.8|253.3
|25.9|31.5|432.3
|25.9|31.0|476.1
|25.7|31.2|396.4
|25.7|31.4|220.6
|25.3|31.3|119.9
|24.6|30.3|98.5
|source=[[PAGASA]]
|float=left
|clear=none
}}

{{climate chart
|[[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan
|16.2 |24.2 |19.1
|17.2 |25.0 |17.7
|19.7 |27.0 |32.3
|22.8 |29.3 |68.4
|25.2 |31.0 |202.2
|26.3 |32.1 |416.2
|26.7 |32.7 |377.2
|26.3 |32.1 |512.4
|25.9 |31.8 |224.5
|24.2 |30.1 |53.4
|21.6 |28.1 |25.6
|17.9 |25.3 |19.2
|source=Climate Data<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Kaohsiung City (Republic of China (Taiwan)) |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/republic-of-china/kaohsiung-city/kaohsiung-city-1054/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000525/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/republic-of-china/kaohsiung-city/kaohsiung-city-1054/ |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
|float=left
|clear=none
}}
{{climate chart
|[[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
|15|27|5
|19|30|28
|24|35|64
|26|39.0|150
|24|35.0|264
|25|34|533
|26.0|38|597
|24|33|518
|24|33|320
|23|32|180
|17|32|56
|14|24|15
|source=BBC<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002030 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311002800/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002030 | archive-date=11 March 2006 | title=Average Conditions - Chittagong, Bangladesh | publisher=BBC Weather | access-date=25 June 2018 }}</ref>
|float=left
|clear=none
}}

{{climate chart
| [[Conakry]], Guinea
|19 |32.2 |1
|20.2 |33.1 |1
|21.2 |33.4 |3
|22 |33.6 |22
|20.7 |33.2 |137
|20.2 |31.8 |396
|20.4 |30.2 |1130
|20.8 |29.9 |1104
|20.7 |30.6 |617
|20.4 |30.9 |295
|21 |32 |70
|20.1 |32.2 |8
|maxprecip=1200
|float=left
|clear=none
|source =HK<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/w_afr/conakry_e.htm |title=Climatological Normals of Conakry |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=2014-02-12 }}</ref>
}}

{{climate chart
|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| 24.3 |30.5 |363
| 24.2 |30.6 |323
| 24.7 |31.8 |191
| 25.0 |32.4 |153
| 25.1 |32.7 |110
| 24.8 |32.5 |75
| 24.4 |32.4 |66
| 24.5 |32.5 |53
| 24.7 |32.8 |61
| 24.9 |32.8 |111
| 24.8 |32.3 |124
| 24.6 |31.4 |196
|source= BMKG<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.staklimtangsel.id/images/rataunsurcuaca/rataunsurcuaca10.jpg |title=Climatological Average of Kemayoran Meteorological Station for 1981–2010 |publisher=Pondok Betung Climatological Station – Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics |accessdate=19 April 2021 |language=id |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062556/https://www.staklimtangsel.id/images/rataunsurcuaca/rataunsurcuaca10.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>
|float = left
|clear = none
}}

{{climate chart
|[[Miami]], Florida, US
| 15.1 | 24.0 | 51.1
| 15.8 | 24.7 | 52.8
| 17.9 | 26.2 | 60.7
| 19.9 | 28.0 | 72.4
| 22.3 | 29.6 | 157.7
| 23.9 | 30.9 | 237.0
| 24.6 | 31.7 | 144.8
| 24.8 | 31.7 | 192.5
| 24.4 | 31.0 | 193.8
| 22.3 | 29.2 | 143.3
| 19.3 | 26.9 | 67.6
| 16.4 | 24.8 | 46.5
|source=WMO<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldweather.org/093/c00267.htm#climate | title=Weather Information for Miami, Florida | publisher=World Meteorological Organization | access-date=25 June 2018 }}</ref>
|float=left
|clear=none
}}

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Tropical climate]]
* [[Tropical rainforest climate]]
* [[Tropical savanna climate]]
* [[Köppen climate classification]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koppen}}
{{Seasons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tropics|Climate, Monsoon]]
[[Category:Köppen climate types]]

N.S. Prasad

2026-03-21T12:29:37Z

NorineYoungblood: new some post needs work

{{Short description|Indian mandolinist (b. 1960)}}

{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = N.S. Prasad
| image = NSPrasad.jpg
| caption = N.S. Prasad
| birth_name = N.S. Prasad
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|03|15}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]], [[Fusion music]], [[Film score]]
| instrument = [[Mandolin]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Composer]]
| years_active = 1970s–present
| website = {{URL|https://mandolinprasad.in}}
}}

'''N.S. Prasad''' (born 15 March 1960), professionally known as '''Mandolin Prasad''', is an Indian [[mandolin]] player and composer primarily active in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]] and [[Sugama Sangeetha]]. He is a recipient of the [[Karnataka Kalashri]] (2009), the state of Karnataka's highest honor for music and dance, awarded by the Karnataka Sangeetha Nrithya Academy.<ref name="HinduFeature">{{cite news|last=Kambanna|first=Manasa|title=A mandolin meet: Interview with N.S. Prasad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-mandolin-meet/article26454992.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2019|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Prasad was born in [[Mysore|Mysore, India]]. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from [[University of Mysore|Mysore University]]. His musical training began on the [[Veena]] under Vidwan V. Desikachar before he transitioned to the mandolin, studying under H.S. Satyanarayana.<ref name="StarMysore">{{cite news|title='Mandolin Magic' on Sunday|url=https://starofmysore.com/mandolin-magic-on-sunday/|work=Star of Mysore|date=21 June 2019|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prasad is a graded artist for [[All India Radio]] (AIR).

=== Film and Composition ===
Prasad composed the musical score for the 2005 Kannada film ''[[Mithayi Mane]]'', directed by [[Aarathi]]. The film won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mithayi Mane (2005) - Awards and Festivals |url=https://mandolinprasad.in/profile.html |publisher=Mandolin Prasad Official |access-date=2026-01-19 |quote=Films – Mittai Mane – was awarded “BEST CHILDREN MOVIE” by Karnataka Government. Music by N.S. Prasad.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2005-06|url=https://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award_2005_06.asp|website=Viggy.com|access-date=2025-12-20}}</ref>
=== Sugama Sangeetha and Style ===
Prasad is recognized for adapting the mandolin, traditionally a Western or Carnatic instrument, to the nuances of [[Sugama Sangeetha]] (Kannada light classical music). He has been a frequent collaborator with the "Mysore school" of composers, focusing on the melodic interpretation of [[Bhaavageethe]] (expressionist poetry).<ref name="NewsONews">{{cite news |title=Mandolin Prasad: A Journey Through Kannada Sugama Sangeetha |url=https://www.newsonewsu.com/arts/mandolin-prasad-profile-kannada-sugama-sangeetha-in-kannada |work=NewsONews |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref> His technique often incorporates ''gamakas'' (ornamentations) characteristic of Indian classical music, allowing the mandolin to emulate the vocal delivery required for Kannada literary works.

He served as a music arranger for the composer [[C. Ashwath]] for three decades, contributing to the scores of films such as ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'', ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]'', ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'', and ''[[Nagamandala]]''.<ref name="HinduFeature"/>

=== Performance ===
As an accompanist, he has performed with Sugama Sangeetha artists including [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]], [[Shimoga Subbanna]], and [[Ratnamala Prakash]]. He frequently collaborates with his brother, flautist N.S. Muralidhar.<ref name="StarMysore"/>

== Discography ==
;Albums
Prasad has released several albums featuring both solo mandolin and fusion compositions:
* ''Sur Madhur'' (Solo)
* ''Kalasangama'' (Fusion)
* ''Ayyanaiyyane'' (with [[Unni Menon]])
* ''Ellelli Nodali'' (Instrumental)
;Films<ref>https://chiloka.com/celebrity/n-s-prasad-2</ref>
*''[[Mithayi Mane]]'' (2005)
*''Nanna Kanasina Hoove'' (2006)

== Awards ==
* '''2008:''' "Best String Player" awarded by the Bangalore Music Academy.<ref name="StarMysore"/>
* '''2009:''' [[Karnataka Kalashri]], awarded by the Karnataka Sangeetha Nrithya Academy (Government of Karnataka).<ref name="HinduFeature"/><ref name="StarMysore"/>
* '''2020:''' [[Mirchi Music Awards]] (Special Jury Award - South).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://mandolinprasad.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, N.S.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian mandolinists]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Music arrangers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Karnataka Kalashri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]

Odia script

2026-03-20T22:19:26Z

NorineYoungblood: improved article

{{short description|Script primarily used to write the Odia language}}
{{Distinguish|Naoriya Phulo script}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Odia script
| altname = {{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର}} {{Transliteration|or|ISO|'''Oṛiā akṣara'''}}
| type = [[Abugida]]
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]], [[Manda language (India)|Manda]], [[Pengo language|Pengo]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Kurukh language|Kisan Kurux]], [[Duruwa language|Duruwa]], [[Sora language|Sora]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kupia language|Kupia]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Halbi language|Halbi]]
| time = {{circa|14th century}} – present<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |page=41|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 }}</ref>
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script]]
| fam7 = [[Siddhaṃ script]]<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27" /><ref name="academia.edu"/>
| fam8 = [[Gaudi script]]<ref name="Cardona">{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ |page=487 |publisher=Routledge |place=London |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |isbn=0-7007-1130-9 }}</ref><ref name="salomon">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=101}}</ref>
| sisters = [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]], [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]], [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]], [[Nepalese scripts|Nepalese]]<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27" /><ref name="salomon"/><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1993 |page=143|isbn=9780521299442 }}</ref>
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf U+0B00–U+0B7F]
| iso15924 = Orya
| sample = File:Odia script.svg
| caption = 'Odiā akṣara' written in Odia script
| imagesize =
| footnotes =
}}

{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Odia language|Odia]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters = Odia script
}}
{{Writing systems in India}}

The '''Odia script''' ({{langx|or|'''ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର'''|Oṛiā akṣara|translit-std=ISO}}, also {{langx|or|'''ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି'''|Oṛiā lipi|translit-std=ISO}}) is a [[Brahmic script]], mainly used to write the [[Odia language]]. To a lesser extent, it is also used to write [[Sanskrit]] and other regional languages. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of [[Siddhaṃ script]] which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscripts]] and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an [[abugida]] wherein all consonants have an [[inherent vowel]] embedded within. [[Diacritic]]s (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as [[schwa]], at both medial and final positions. This absence of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa]] deletion, which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] and their equivalent usage in related [[Brahmic scripts]]. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a [[virama]] or halanta sign below the consonant.

== History ==
In Eastern India, a derivative of [[Siddhaṃ script]] yielded a group of scripts that eventually became [[Bengali-Assamese script]]s, [[Tirhuta script]] and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella.<ref name="Akshara Orthography 2019 p.27">{{cite book |last1=McBride |first1=Catherine |last2=Joshi|first2=R. Malatesha |title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ecDwAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Literacy+in+Akshara+Orthography,+R.+Malatesha+Joshi,+Catherine+McBride(2019 |publisher=Springer |date=2019 |page=27|isbn=9783030059774 }}</ref> The earliest known example of [[Odia language]], in the [[Kalinga script]], dates from 1051.<ref name="Linguistic Society of India 2014 p.96">{{cite book | author=Linguistic Society of India | title=Indian Linguistics | publisher=Linguistic Society of India. | issue=v. 75, nos. 3-4 | year=2014 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaYJvFu4jOwC | language=et | access-date=27 March 2020 | page=96}}</ref><ref name="Tripāṭhī 1962 p.">{{cite book | last=Tripāṭhī | first=Kunjabihari | title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script | publisher=Utkal University | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ | access-date=27 March 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Odia script in Dohakosa by Sarahapada.svg|thumb|300px|Sample of the Odia alphabet from a Buddhist text from around 1060 AD, written by Sarahapada]]
[[File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 19.jpg|thumb|300px|Temple inscription showing 13th century [[Siddhaṃ script]] variant ancestor of modern Odia script at [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]]]
[[File:Oriya land grant.jpg|thumb|300px|15th century copper plate grant of [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] emperor [[Purushottama Deva]], showing the distinct formation of the shape of the modern Odia script]]

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oriya.htm |title=Odia alphabet, pronunciation and language |publisher=Omniglot.com |access-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Development of Orissan scripts.jpg|thumb|400px|Development of Odia scripts]]

As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,

# Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
# Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
# Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
# Modern (current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE

The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,

# In Northern Odisha, where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]]-derived Gaudi style (that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
# In southern Odisha, where it is mixed with [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet|Telugu-Kannada]] round, cursive form.
# In Western Odisha, where it is mixed with [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] and [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] (squarish shape in upper-part).

With regard to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavanshi]], Bhanja, [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-kara]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Sailodbhava]] dynasties.

Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-

# One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of [[Narasingha Deva I|Narasimhadeva]] (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
# The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
# The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
# The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
# Khilor inscription of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Anantavarman]] (12th CE) shows the [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]] or Proto-Oriya script<ref name="Cardona" /> round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
# The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of [[Anangabhima Deva III|Anangabhima III]] (1211–1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Chodagangadeva]] (1114–1115 CE) shows the Late [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
# In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II (1278–1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
# The copper-plate land-grant record of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] King [[Purushottama Deva|Purushottamadeva]] (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.

With regard to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda|Gita-Govinda]] (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rath |first1=Saraju |title=The Oriya Script: Origin, Development and Sources |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9999923 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref>

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]]. Furthermore, Grierson<ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-6 |publisher=dsal |page=33 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=6&pages=286#page/33/mode/1up}}</ref> in his famed ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'' mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], an [[Eastern Hindi language]], in the eastern border regions of [[Chhattisgarh]]. However it appears to have been replaced with the [[Devanagari script]].

== Alphabet ==
{{Listen|filename=Odia phonology.webm||title=Odia alphabet|description=The names of the letters and numericals in spoken Standard Modern Odia|format=[[Ogg]]}}

=== Consonants ===
Two categories of consonant letters are defined in Odia: the structured consonants ({{langx|or|ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ|bargya byan̄jana}}) and the unstructured consonants ({{langx|or|label=none|ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ|abargya byan̄jana}}).

The structured consonants are classified according to their [[place of articulation]], that is, where the tongue touches the palate.

{|class="wikitable letters-table"
|+ Odia consonants ({{lang|or|ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ}} {{transliteration|or|byan̄jana}})
|-
| rowspan=2 |
! colspan=4 | [[Plosives]]
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan=2 | [[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|-
! colspan=5 | Structured
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]]
! colspan="2"| [[Voiceless]]
! colspan="4"| [[Voiced]]
! Voiceless
! Voiced
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|Aspiration]]
! Unaspirated
!Aspirated
!Unaspirated
!Aspirated
!Unaspirated
!Aspirated
|-
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|{{letter|l=or|ch=କ|iso=ka|ipa=/kɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଖ|iso=kha|ipa=/kʰɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଗ|iso=ga|ipa=/ɡɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଘ|iso=gha|ipa=/ɡʱɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଙ|iso=ṅa|ipa=/ŋɔ/}}
| colspan=2 |
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ହ|iso=ha|ipa=/ɦɔ/}}
|-
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଚ|iso=ca|ipa=/tʃɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଛ|iso=cha|ipa=/tʃʰɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଜ|iso=ja|ipa=/dʒɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଝ|iso=jha|ipa=/dʒʱɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଞ|iso=ña|ipa=/ɲɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଯ|iso=ẏa|ipa=/dʒɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଶ|iso=śa|ipa=/sɔ/|color=purple|note={{noteTag|name=ess}}}}
|rowspan="4" colspan="2" |
|-
![[Retroflex]]
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଟ|iso=ṭa|ipa=/ʈɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଠ|iso=ṭha|ipa=/ʈʰɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଡ|iso=ḍa|ipa=/ɖɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଢ|iso=ḍha|ipa=/ɖʱɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଣ|iso=ṇa|ipa=/ɳɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ର|iso=ra|ipa=/ɾɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଷ|iso=ṣa|ipa=/sɔ/|color=purple|note={{noteTag|name=ess}}}}
|-
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ତ|iso=ta|ipa=/tɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଥ|iso=tha|ipa=/tʰɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଦ|iso=da|ipa=/dɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଧ|iso=dha|ipa=/dʱɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ନ|iso=na|ipa=/nɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଳ|iso=ḷa|ipa=/ɭɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ସ|iso=sa|ipa=/sɔ/|color=purple|note={{noteTag|group=nc|name=ess|Although there are three sibilants ଶ (talabya sa), ଷ (murddhanya sa), and ସ (dantya sa), in modern Odia, all three are pronounced identically.}}}}
|-
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ପ|iso=pa|ipa=/pɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଫ|iso=pha|ipa=/pʰɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ବ|iso=ba|ipa=/bɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଭ|iso=bha|ipa=/bʱɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ମ|iso=ma|ipa=/mɔ/}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ୱ|iso=wa|ipa=/wɔ/|note={{noteTag|reference=abargya ba|group=nc|Introduced by [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj|G.C. Praharaj]]}}}}
| colspan="2"|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Odia additional unstructured consonants
|-
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟ|iso=ya|ipa=/jɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲ|iso=la|ipa=/lɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡ଼|iso=ṛa|ipa=/ɽɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢ଼|iso=ṛha|ipa=/ɽʰɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କ୍ଷ|iso=kṣa|ipa=/kʰjɔ/}}
|}

{{noteFoot|group="nc"}}

In the first standardised Odia alphabet book, ''Barnabodha'' was compiled by [[Madhusudan Rao]] in 1895, the phonemes ''ba'', ''va'' and ''wa'' were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sounds ''va'' and ''wa''. This was because the phonemes ''ba'' and ''va'' had merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The phoneme ''wa'' could be written through the consonant ligature symbol ୍ୱ, which it shared with ''ba''. [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj]], who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, ''Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha'' (1931–40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script to represent the sound ''wa''.<ref name="archive">{{cite web |title=Purnachandra Odia Bhasakosha |url=https://archive.org/stream/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha.Complete/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha-Volume.6-Consonants-Ja.to.Sha#page/n725/mode/2up |page=725 |publisher=The Utkal Sahitya Press, Cuttack }}</ref><ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite web |title=Praharaj, Purnachandra Odia Bhasakosha |publisher=dsal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/}}</ref><ref name="odiabibhaba">{{cite web |title=Purnachandra Odia Bhasakosha |publisher=Srujanika |url=https://odiabibhaba.in/en/showcase/bhasakosha-e-2/ |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921050450/https://odiabibhaba.in/en/showcase/bhasakosha-e-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An alternate letter was created for ''wa'', ଵ, but it has not gained wide acceptance.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Others
|-
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଵ|iso=va,{{nbsp}}wa|color=green|note={{noteTag|reference=abargya ba|group=nc|This letter is used sporadically for ''va'' or ''wa'', as an alternative to the conventional ୱ, but has not gained widespread acceptance.}}}}
|-
|}

==== Ligatures ====
Clusters of two or more consonants form a [[Typographical ligature|ligature]]. Odia has two types of consonant ligatures, the "northern" and "southern" types. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like [[Devanāgarī]]; in some instances, the components of a northern-type ligature be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type, the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for [[Kannada script|{{IAST|Kannaḍa}}]] and [[Telugu script|Telugu]].

There are some ambiguities. The subjoined form of ଛ ''cha'' is also used for subjoined ଥ ''tha'':
* for ଛ ''cha'': ଚ୍ଛ ''ccha'', ଞ୍ଛ ''ñcha'', ଶ୍ଛ ''ścha''
* for ଥ ''tha'': ନ୍ଥ ''ntha'', ସ୍ଥ ''stha''
The sign for the nasal ଂ ''ṃ'' looks similar to the right side of the glyph used for ଫ ''pha'' and ଙ ''ṅa'':
* ଫ ''pha'' (versus ପଂ ''paṃ'')
* ଙ ''ṅa'' (versus ଡଂ ''ḍaṃ'' or ଉଂ ''uṃ'')
* ମ୍ଫ ''mpha'' (versus ମ୍ପଂ ''mpaṃ'')
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;overflow:scroll;color:darkred;background-color:#fcffff;font-size:125%"
|+ class="nowrap" style=font-size:80% | All double-consonant conjunct forms.<ref name="archive.org"/>
|-
!
! କ !! ଖ !!ଗ!!ଘ!! ଙ!!ଚ!! ଛ !! ଜ !! ଝ !! ଞ !! ଟ !! ଠ !! ଡ !! ଢ !! ଣ !! ତ !! ଥ !! ଦ !! ଧ !! ନ !! ପ !! ଫ !! ବ !! ଭ !! ମ !! ଯ !! ୟ !! ର !! ଲ !! ଳ !! ୱ !! ଶ !! ଷ !! ସ !! ହ
|-
!କ
||କ୍କ||କ୍ଖ||କ୍ଗ||କ୍ଘ||କ୍ଙ||କ୍ଚ||କ୍ଛ||କ୍ଜ||କ୍ଝ||କ୍ଞ||କ୍ଟ||କ୍ଠ||କ୍ଡ||କ୍ଢ||କ୍ଣ||କ୍ତ||କ୍ଥ||କ୍ଦ||କ୍ଧ||କ୍ନ||କ୍ପ||କ୍ଫ||କ୍ବ||କ୍ଭ||କ୍ମ||କ୍ଯ||କ୍ୟ||କ୍ର||କ୍ଲ||କ୍ଳ||କ୍ୱ||କ୍ଶ||କ୍ଷ||କ୍ସ||କ୍ହ
|-
!ଖ
||ଖ୍କ||ଖ୍ଖ||ଖ୍ଗ||ଖ୍ଘ||ଖ୍ଙ||ଖ୍ଚ||ଖ୍ଛ||ଖ୍ଜ||ଖ୍ଝ||ଖ୍ଞ||ଖ୍ଟ||ଖ୍ଠ ||ଖ୍ଡ||ଖ୍ଢ||ଖ୍ଣ||ଖ୍ତ||ଖ୍ଥ||ଖ୍ଦ||ଖ୍ଧ||ଖ୍ନ||ଖ୍ପ||ଖ୍ଫ||ଖ୍ବ||ଖ୍ଭ||ଖ୍ମ||ଖ୍ଯ||ଖ୍ୟ||ଖ୍ର||ଖ୍ଲ||ଖ୍ଳ||ଖ୍ୱ||ଖ୍ଶ||ଖ୍ଷ||ଖ୍ସ||ଖ୍ହ
|-
!ଗ
||ଗ୍କ||ଗ୍ଖ||ଗ୍ଗ||ଗ୍ଘ||ଗ୍ଙ||ଗ୍ଚ||ଗ୍ଛ||ଗ୍ଜ||ଗ୍ଝ||ଗ୍ଞ||ଗ୍ଟ||ଗ୍ଠ||ଗ୍ଡ||ଗ୍ଢ||ଗ୍ଣ||ଗ୍ତ||ଗ୍ଥ||ଗ୍ଦ||ଗ୍ଧ||ଗ୍ନ||ଗ୍ପ||ଗ୍ଫ||ଗ୍ବ||ଗ୍ଭ||ଗ୍ମ||ଗ୍ଯ||ଗ୍ୟ||ଗ୍ର||ଗ୍ଲ||ଗ୍ଳ||ଗ୍ୱ||ଗ୍ଶ||ଗ୍ଷ||ଗ୍ସ||ଗ୍ହ
|-
!ଘ
||ଘ୍କ||ଘ୍ଖ||ଘ୍ଗ||ଘ୍ଘ||ଘ୍ଙ||ଘ୍ଚ||ଘ୍ଛ||ଘ୍ଜ||ଘ୍ଝ||ଘ୍ଞ||ଘ୍ଟ||ଘ୍ଠ||ଘ୍ଡ||ଘ୍ଢ||ଘ୍ଣ||ଘ୍ତ||ଘ୍ଥ||ଘ୍ଦ||ଘ୍ଧ||ଘ୍ନ||ଘ୍ପ||ଘ୍ଫ||ଘ୍ବ||ଘ୍ଭ||ଘ୍ମ||ଘ୍ଯ||ଘ୍ୟ||ଘ୍ର||ଘ୍ଲ||ଘ୍ଳ||ଘ୍ୱ||ଘ୍ଶ||ଘ୍ଷ||ଘ୍ସ||ଘ୍ହ
|-
!ଙ
||ଙ୍କ||ଙ୍ଖ||ଙ୍ଗ||ଙ୍ଘ||ଙ୍ଙ||ଙ୍ଚ||ଙ୍ଛ||ଙ୍ଜ||ଙ୍ଝ||ଙ୍ଞ||ଙ୍ଟ||ଙ୍ଠ||ଙ୍ଡ||ଙ୍ଢ||ଙ୍ଣ||ଙ୍ତ||ଙ୍ଥ||ଙ୍ଦ||ଙ୍ଧ||ଙ୍ନ||ଙ୍ପ||ଙ୍ଫ||ଙ୍ବ||ଙ୍ଭ||ଙ୍ମ||ଙ୍ଯ||ଙ୍ୟ||ଙ୍ର||ଙ୍ଲ||ଙ୍ଳ||ଙ୍ୱ||ଙ୍ଶ||ଙ୍ଷ||ଙ୍ସ||ଙ୍ହ
|-
!ଚ
||ଚ୍କ||ଚ୍ଖ||ଚ୍ଗ||ଚ୍ଘ||ଚ୍ଙ||ଚ୍ଚ||ଚ୍ଛ||ଚ୍ଜ||ଚ୍ଝ||ଚ୍ଞ||ଚ୍ଟ||ଚ୍ଠ||ଚ୍ଡ||ଚ୍ଢ||ଚ୍ଣ||ଚ୍ତ||ଚ୍ଥ||ଚ୍ଦ||ଚ୍ଧ||ଚ୍ନ||ଚ୍ପ||ଚ୍ଫ||ଚ୍ବ||ଚ୍ଭ||ଚ୍ମ||ଚ୍ଯ||ଚ୍ୟ||ଚ୍ର||ଚ୍ଲ||ଚ୍ଳ||ଚ୍ୱ||ଚ୍ଶ||ଚ୍ଷ||ଚ୍ସ||ଚ୍ହ
|-
!ଛ
||ଛ୍କ||ଛ୍ଖ||ଛ୍ଗ||ଛ୍ଘ||ଛ୍ଙ||ଛ୍ଚ||ଛ୍ଛ||ଛ୍ଜ||ଛ୍ଝ||ଛ୍ଞ||ଛ୍ଟ||ଛ୍ଠ ||ଛ୍ଡ||ଛ୍ଢ||ଛ୍ଣ||ଛ୍ତ||ଛ୍ଥ||ଛ୍ଦ||ଛ୍ଧ||ଛ୍ନ||ଛ୍ପ||ଛ୍ଫ||ଛ୍ବ||ଛ୍ଭ||ଛ୍ମ||ଛ୍ଯ||ଛ୍ୟ||ଛ୍ର||ଛ୍ଲ||ଛ୍ଳ||ଛ୍ୱ||ଛ୍ଶ||ଛ୍ଷ||ଛ୍ସ||ଛ୍ହ
|-
!ଜ
||ଜ୍କ||ଜ୍ଖ||ଜ୍ଗ||ଜ୍ଘ||ଜ୍ଙ||ଜ୍ଚ||ଜ୍ଛ||ଜ୍ଜ||ଜ୍ଝ||ଜ୍ଞ||ଜ୍ଟ||ଜ୍ଠ||ଜ୍ଡ||ଜ୍ଢ||ଜ୍ଣ||ଜ୍ତ||ଜ୍ଥ||ଜ୍ଦ||ଜ୍ଧ||ଜ୍ନ||ଜ୍ପ||ଜ୍ଫ||ଜ୍ବ||ଜ୍ଭ||ଜ୍ମ||ଜ୍ଯ||ଜ୍ୟ||ଜ୍ର||ଜ୍ଲ||ଜ୍ଳ||ଜ୍ୱ||ଜ୍ଶ||ଜ୍ଷ||ଜ୍ସ||ଜ୍ହ
|-
!ଝ
||ଝ୍କ||ଝ୍ଖ||ଝ୍ଗ||ଝ୍ଘ||ଝ୍ଙ||ଝ୍ଚ||ଝ୍ଛ||ଝ୍ଜ||ଝ୍ଝ||ଝ୍ଞ||ଝ୍ଟ||ଝ୍ଠ||ଝ୍ଡ||ଝ୍ଢ||ଝ୍ଣ||ଝ୍ତ||ଝ୍ଥ||ଝ୍ଦ||ଝ୍ଧ||ଝ୍ନ||ଝ୍ପ||ଝ୍ଫ||ଝ୍ବ||ଝ୍ଭ||ଝ୍ମ||ଝ୍ଯ||ଝ୍ୟ||ଝ୍ର||ଝ୍ଲ||ଝ୍ଳ||ଝ୍ୱ||ଝ୍ଶ||ଝ୍ଷ||ଝ୍ସ||ଝ୍ହ
|-
!ଞ
||ଞ୍କ||ଞ୍ଖ||ଞ୍ଗ||ଞ୍ଘ||ଞ୍ଙ||ଞ୍ଚ||ଞ୍ଛ||ଞ୍ଜ||ଞ୍ଝ||ଞ୍ଞ||ଞ୍ଟ||ଞ୍ଠ||ଞ୍ଡ||ଞ୍ଢ||ଞ୍ଣ||ଞ୍ତ||ଞ୍ଥ||ଞ୍ଦ||ଞ୍ଧ||ଞ୍ନ||ଞ୍ପ||ଞ୍ଫ||ଞ୍ବ||ଞ୍ଭ||ଞ୍ମ||ଞ୍ଯ||ଞ୍ୟ||ଞ୍ର||ଞ୍ଲ||ଞ୍ଳ||ଞ୍ୱ||ଞ୍ଶ||ଞ୍ଷ||ଞ୍ସ||ଞ୍ହ
|-
!ଟ
||ଟ୍କ||ଟ୍ଖ||ଟ୍ଗ||ଟ୍ଘ||ଟ୍ଙ||ଟ୍ଚ||ଟ୍ଛ||ଟ୍ଜ||ଟ୍ଝ||ଟ୍ଞ||ଟ୍ଟ||ଟ୍ଠ||ଟ୍ଡ||ଟ୍ଢ||ଟ୍ଣ||ଟ୍ତ||ଟ୍ଥ||ଟ୍ଦ||ଟ୍ଧ||ଟ୍ନ||ଟ୍ପ||ଟ୍ଫ||ଟ୍ବ||ଟ୍ଭ||ଟ୍ମ||ଟ୍ଯ||ଟ୍ୟ||ଟ୍ର||ଟ୍ଲ||ଟ୍ଳ||ଟ୍ୱ||ଟ୍ଶ||ଟ୍ଷ||ଟ୍ସ||ଟ୍ହ
|-
!ଠ
||ଠ୍କ||ଠ୍ଖ||ଠ୍ଗ||ଠ୍ଘ||ଠ୍ଙ||ଠ୍ଚ||ଠ୍ଛ||ଠ୍ଜ||ଠ୍ଝ||ଠ୍ଞ||ଠ୍ଟ||ଠ୍ଠ||ଠ୍ଡ||ଠ୍ଢ||ଠ୍ଣ||ଠ୍ତ||ଠ୍ଥ||ଠ୍ଦ||ଠ୍ଧ||ଠ୍ନ||ଠ୍ପ||ଠ୍ଫ||ଠ୍ବ||ଠ୍ଭ||ଠ୍ମ||ଠ୍ଯ||ଠ୍ୟ||ଠ୍ର||ଠ୍ଲ||ଠ୍ଳ||ଠ୍ୱ||ଠ୍ଶ||ଠ୍ଷ||ଠ୍ସ||ଠ୍ହ
|-
!ଡ
||ଡ୍କ||ଡ୍ଖ||ଡ୍ଗ||ଡ୍ଘ||ଡ୍ଙ||ଡ୍ଚ||ଡ୍ଛ||ଡ୍ଜ||ଡ୍ଝ||ଡ୍ଞ||ଡ୍ଟ||ଡ୍ଠ||ଡ୍ଡ||ଡ୍ଢ||ଡ୍ଣ||ଡ୍ତ||ଡ୍ଥ||ଡ୍ଦ||ଡ୍ଧ||ଡ୍ନ||ଡ୍ପ||ଡ୍ଫ||ଡ୍ବ||ଡ୍ଭ||ଡ୍ମ||ଡ୍ଯ||ଡ୍ୟ||ଡ୍ର||ଡ୍ଲ||ଡ୍ଳ||ଡ୍ୱ||ଡ୍ଶ||ଡ୍ଷ||ଡ୍ସ||ଡ୍ହ
|-
!ଢ
||ଢ୍କ||ଢ୍ଖ||ଢ୍ଗ||ଢ୍ଘ||ଢ୍ଙ||ଢ୍ଚ||ଢ୍ଛ||ଢ୍ଜ||ଢ୍ଝ||ଢ୍ଞ||ଢ୍ଟ||ଢ୍ଠ||ଢ୍ଡ||ଢ୍ଢ||ଢ୍ଣ||ଢ୍ତ||ଢ୍ଥ||ଢ୍ଦ||ଢ୍ଧ||ଢ୍ନ||ଢ୍ପ||ଢ୍ଫ||ଢ୍ବ||ଢ୍ଭ||ଢ୍ମ||ଢ୍ଯ||ଢ୍ୟ||ଢ୍ର||ଢ୍ଲ||ଢ୍ଳ||ଢ୍ୱ||ଢ୍ଶ||ଢ୍ଷ||ଢ୍ସ||ଢ୍ହ
|-
!ଣ
||ଣ୍କ||ଣ୍ଖ||ଣ୍ଗ||ଣ୍ଘ||ଣ୍ଙ||ଣ୍ଚ||ଣ୍ଛ||ଣ୍ଜ||ଣ୍ଝ||ଣ୍ଞ||ଣ୍ଟ||ଣ୍ଠ||ଣ୍ଡ||ଣ୍ଢ||ଣ୍ଣ||ଣ୍ତ||ଣ୍ଥ||ଣ୍ଦ||ଣ୍ଧ||ଣ୍ନ||ଣ୍ପ||ଣ୍ଫ||ଣ୍ବ||ଣ୍ଭ||ଣ୍ମ||ଣ୍ଯ||ଣ୍ୟ||ଣ୍ର||ଣ୍ଲ||ଣ୍ଳ||ଣ୍ୱ||ଣ୍ଶ||ଣ୍ଷ||ଣ୍ସ||ଣ୍ହ
|-
!ତ
||ତ୍କ||ତ୍ଖ||ତ୍ଗ||ତ୍ଘ||ତ୍ଙ||ତ୍ଚ||ତ୍ଛ||ତ୍ଜ||ତ୍ଝ||ତ୍ଞ||ତ୍ଟ||ତ୍ଠ||ତ୍ଡ||ତ୍ଢ||ତ୍ଣ||ତ୍ତ||ତ୍ଥ||ତ୍ଦ||ତ୍ଧ||ତ୍ନ||ତ୍ପ||ତ୍ଫ||ତ୍ବ||ତ୍ଭ||ତ୍ମ||ତ୍ଯ||ତ୍ୟ||ତ୍ର||ତ୍ଲ||ତ୍ଳ||ତ୍ୱ||ତ୍ଶ||ତ୍ଷ||ତ୍ସ||ତ୍ହ
|-
!ଥ
||ଥ୍କ||ଥ୍ଖ||ଥ୍ଗ||ଥ୍ଘ||ଥ୍ଙ||ଥ୍ଚ||ଥ୍ଛ||ଥ୍ଜ||ଥ୍ଝ||ଥ୍ଞ||ଥ୍ଟ||ଥ୍ଠ||ଥ୍ଡ||ଥ୍ଢ||ଥ୍ଣ||ଥ୍ତ||ଥ୍ଥ||ଥ୍ଦ||ଥ୍ଧ||ଥ୍ନ||ଥ୍ପ||ଥ୍ଫ||ଥ୍ବ||ଥ୍ଭ||ଥ୍ମ||ଥ୍ଯ||ଥ୍ୟ||ଥ୍ର||ଥ୍ଲ||ଥ୍ଳ||ଥ୍ୱ||ଥ୍ଶ||ଥ୍ଷ||ଥ୍ସ||ଥ୍ହ
|-
!ଦ
||ଦ୍କ||ଦ୍ଖ||ଦ୍ଗ||ଦ୍ଘ||ଦ୍ଙ||ଦ୍ଚ||ଦ୍ଛ||ଦ୍ଜ||ଦ୍ଝ||ଦ୍ଞ||ଦ୍ଟ||ଦ୍ଠ||ଦ୍ଡ||ଦ୍ଢ||ଦ୍ଣ||ଦ୍ତ||ଦ୍ଥ||ଦ୍ଦ||ଦ୍ଧ||ଦ୍ନ||ଦ୍ପ||ଦ୍ଫ||ଦ୍ବ||ଦ୍ଭ||ଦ୍ମ||ଦ୍ଯ||ଦ୍ୟ||ଦ୍ର||ଦ୍ଲ||ଦ୍ଳ||ଦ୍ୱ||ଦ୍ଶ||ଦ୍ଷ||ଦ୍ସ||ଦ୍ହ
|-
!ଧ
||ଧ୍କ||ଧ୍ଖ||ଧ୍ଗ||ଧ୍ଘ||ଧ୍ଙ||ଧ୍ଚ||ଧ୍ଛ||ଧ୍ଜ||ଧ୍ଝ||ଧ୍ଞ||ଧ୍ଟ||ଧ୍ଠ||ଧ୍ଡ||ଧ୍ଢ||ଧ୍ଣ||ଧ୍ତ||ଧ୍ଥ||ଧ୍ଦ||ଧ୍ଧ||ଧ୍ନ||ଧ୍ପ||ଧ୍ଫ||ଧ୍ବ||ଧ୍ଭ||ଧ୍ମ||ଧ୍ଯ||ଧ୍ୟ||ଧ୍ର||ଧ୍ଲ||ଧ୍ଳ||ଧ୍ୱ||ଧ୍ଶ||ଧ୍ଷ||ଧ୍ସ||ଧ୍ହ
|-
!ନ
||ନ୍କ||ନ୍ଖ||ନ୍ଗ||ନ୍ଘ||ନ୍ଙ||ନ୍ଚ||ନ୍ଛ||ନ୍ଜ||ନ୍ଝ||ନ୍ଞ||ନ୍ଟ||ନ୍ଠ||ନ୍ଡ||ନ୍ଢ||ନ୍ଣ||ନ୍ତ||ନ୍ଥ||ନ୍ଦ||ନ୍ଧ||ନ୍ନ||ନ୍ପ||ନ୍ଫ||ନ୍ବ||ନ୍ଭ||ନ୍ମ||ନ୍ଯ||ନ୍ୟ||ନ୍ର||ନ୍ଲ||ନ୍ଳ||ନ୍ୱ||ନ୍ଶ||ନ୍ଷ||ନ୍ସ||ନ୍ହ
|-
!ପ
||ପ୍କ||ପ୍ଖ||ପ୍ଗ||ପ୍ଘ||ପ୍ଙ||ପ୍ଚ||ପ୍ଛ||ପ୍ଜ||ପ୍ଝ||ପ୍ଞ||ପ୍ଟ||ପ୍ଠ||ପ୍ଡ||ପ୍ଢ||ପ୍ଣ||ପ୍ତ||ପ୍ଥ||ପ୍ଦ||ପ୍ଧ||ପ୍ନ||ପ୍ପ||ପ୍ଫ||ପ୍ବ||ପ୍ଭ||ପ୍ମ||ପ୍ଯ||ପ୍ୟ||ପ୍ର||ପ୍ଲ||ପ୍ଳ||ପ୍ୱ||ପ୍ଶ||ପ୍ଷ||ପ୍ସ||ପ୍ହ
|-
!ଫ
||ଫ୍କ||ଫ୍ଖ||ଫ୍ଗ||ଫ୍ଘ||ଫ୍ଙ||ଫ୍ଚ||ଫ୍ଛ||ଫ୍ଜ||ଫ୍ଝ||ଫ୍ଞ||ଫ୍ଟ||ଫ୍ଠ||ଫ୍ଡ||ଫ୍ଢ||ଫ୍ଣ||ଫ୍ତ||ଫ୍ଥ||ଫ୍ଦ||ଫ୍ଧ||ଫ୍ନ||ଫ୍ପ||ଫ୍ଫ||ଫ୍ବ||ଫ୍ଭ||ଫ୍ମ||ଫ୍ଯ||ଫ୍ୟ||ଫ୍ର||ଫ୍ଲ||ଫ୍ଳ||ଫ୍ୱ||ଫ୍ଶ||ଫ୍ଷ||ଫ୍ସ||ଫ୍ହ
|-
!ବ
||ବ୍କ||ବ୍ଖ||ବ୍ଗ||ବ୍ଘ||ବ୍ଙ||ବ୍ଚ||ବ୍ଛ||ବ୍ଜ||ବ୍ଝ||ବ୍ଞ||ବ୍ଟ||ବ୍ଠ||ବ୍ଡ||ବ୍ଢ||ବ୍ଣ||ବ୍ତ||ବ୍ଥ||ବ୍ଦ||ବ୍ଧ||ବ୍ନ||ବ୍ପ||ବ୍ଫ||ବ୍ବ||ବ୍ଭ||ବ୍ମ||ବ୍ଯ||ବ୍ୟ||ବ୍ର||ବ୍ଲ||ବ୍ଳ||ବ୍ୱ||ବ୍ଶ||ବ୍ଷ||ବ୍ସ||ବ୍ହ
|-
!ଭ
||ଭ୍କ||ଭ୍ଖ||ଭ୍ଗ||ଭ୍ଘ||ଭ୍ଙ||ଭ୍ଚ||ଭ୍ଛ||ଭ୍ଜ||ଭ୍ଝ||ଭ୍ଞ||ଭ୍ଟ||ଭ୍ଠ||ଭ୍ଡ||ଭ୍ଢ||ଭ୍ଣ||ଭ୍ତ||ଭ୍ଥ||ଭ୍ଦ||ଭ୍ଧ||ଭ୍ନ||ଭ୍ପ||ଭ୍ଫ||ଭ୍ବ||ଭ୍ଭ||ଭ୍ମ||ଭ୍ଯ||ଭ୍ୟ||ଭ୍ର||ଭ୍ଲ||ଭ୍ଳ||ଭ୍ୱ||ଭ୍ଶ||ଭ୍ଷ||ଭ୍ସ||ଭ୍ହ
|-
!ମ
||ମ୍କ||ମ୍ଖ||ମ୍ଗ||ମ୍ଘ||ମ୍ଙ||ମ୍ଚ||ମ୍ଛ||ମ୍ଜ||ମ୍ଝ||ମ୍ଞ||ମ୍ଟ||ମ୍ଠ||ମ୍ଡ||ମ୍ଢ||ମ୍ଣ||ମ୍ତ||ମ୍ଥ||ମ୍ଦ||ମ୍ଧ||ମ୍ନ||ମ୍ପ||ମ୍ଫ||ମ୍ବ||ମ୍ଭ||ମ୍ମ||ମ୍ଯ||ମ୍ୟ||ମ୍ର||ମ୍ଲ||ମ୍ଳ||ମ୍ୱ||ମ୍ଶ||ମ୍ଷ||ମ୍ସ||ମ୍ହ
|-
!ଯ
||ଯ୍କ||ଯ୍ଖ||ଯ୍ଗ||ଯ୍ଘ||ଯ୍ଙ||ଯ୍ଚ||ଯ୍ଛ||ଯ୍ଜ||ଯ୍ଝ||ଯ୍ଞ||ଯ୍ଟ||ଯ୍ଠ||ଯ୍ଡ||ଯ୍ଢ||ଯ୍ଣ||ଯ୍ତ||ଯ୍ଥ||ଯ୍ଦ||ଯ୍ଧ||ଯ୍ନ||ଯ୍ପ||ଯ୍ଫ||ଯ୍ବ||ଯ୍ଭ||ଯ୍ମ||ଯ୍ଯ||ଯ୍ୟ||ଯ୍ର||ଯ୍ଲ||ଯ୍ଳ||ଯ୍ୱ||ଯ୍ଶ||ଯ୍ଷ||ଯ୍ସ||ଯ୍ହ
|-
!ୟ
||ୟ୍କ||ୟ୍ଖ||ୟ୍ଗ||ୟ୍ଘ||ୟ୍ଙ||ୟ୍ଚ||ୟ୍ଛ||ୟ୍ଜ||ୟ୍ଝ||ୟ୍ଞ||ୟ୍ଟ||ୟ୍ଠ||ୟ୍ଡ||ୟ୍ଢ||ୟ୍ଣ||ୟ୍ତ||ୟ୍ଥ||ୟ୍ଦ||ୟ୍ଧ||ୟ୍ନ||ୟ୍ପ||ୟ୍ଫ||ୟ୍ବ||ୟ୍ଭ||ୟ୍ମ||ୟ୍ଯ||ୟ୍ୟ||ୟ୍ର||ୟ୍ଲ||ୟ୍ଳ||ୟ୍ୱ||ୟ୍ଶ||ୟ୍ଷ||ୟ୍ସ||ୟ୍ହ
|-
!ର
||ର୍କ||ର୍ଖ||ର୍ଗ||ର୍ଘ||ର୍ଙ||ର୍ଚ||ର୍ଛ||ର୍ଜ||ର୍ଝ||ର୍ଞ||ର୍ଟ||ର୍ଠ||ର୍ଡ||ର୍ଢ||ର୍ଣ||ର୍ତ||ର୍ଥ||ର୍ଦ||ର୍ଧ||ର୍ନ||ର୍ପ||ର୍ଫ||ର୍ବ||ର୍ଭ||ର୍ମ||ର୍ଯ||ର୍ୟ||ର୍ର||ର୍ଲ||ର୍ଳ||ର୍ୱ||ର୍ଶ||ର୍ଷ||ର୍ସ||ର୍ହ
|-
!ଲ
||ଲ୍କ||ଲ୍ଖ||ଲ୍ଗ||ଲ୍ଘ||ଲ୍ଙ||ଲ୍ଚ||ଲ୍ଛ||ଲ୍ଜ||ଲ୍ଝ||ଲ୍ଞ||ଲ୍ଟ||ଲ୍ଠ||ଲ୍ଡ||ଲ୍ଢ||ଲ୍ଣ||ଲ୍ତ||ଲ୍ଥ||ଲ୍ଦ||ଲ୍ଧ||ଲ୍ନ||ଲ୍ପ||ଲ୍ଫ||ଲ୍ବ||ଲ୍ଭ||ଲ୍ମ||ଲ୍ଯ||ଲ୍ୟ||ଲ୍ର||ଲ୍ଲ||ଲ୍ଳ||ଲ୍ୱ||ଲ୍ଶ||ଲ୍ଷ||ଲ୍ସ||ଲ୍ହ
|-
!ଳ
||ଳ୍କ||ଳ୍ଖ||ଳ୍ଗ||ଳ୍ଘ||ଳ୍ଙ||ଳ୍ଚ||ଳ୍ଛ||ଳ୍ଜ||ଳ୍ଝ||ଳ୍ଞ||ଳ୍ଟ||ଳ୍ଠ||ଳ୍ଡ||ଳ୍ଢ||ଳ୍ଣ||ଳ୍ତ||ଳ୍ଥ||ଳ୍ଦ||ଳ୍ଧ||ଳ୍ନ||ଳ୍ପ||ଳ୍ଫ||ଳ୍ବ||ଳ୍ଭ||ଳ୍ମ||ଳ୍ଯ||ଳ୍ୟ||ଳ୍ର||ଳ୍ଲ||ଳ୍ଳ||ଳ୍ୱ||ଳ୍ଶ||ଳ୍ଷ||ଳ୍ସ||ଳ୍ହ
|-
!ୱ
||ୱ୍କ||ୱ୍ଖ||ୱ୍ଗ||ୱ୍ଘ||ୱ୍ଙ||ୱ୍ଚ||ୱ୍ଛ||ୱ୍ଜ||ୱ୍ଝ||ୱ୍ଞ||ୱ୍ଟ||ୱ୍ଠ||ୱ୍ଡ||ୱ୍ଢ||ୱ୍ଣ||ୱ୍ତ||ୱ୍ଥ||ୱ୍ଦ||ୱ୍ଧ||ୱ୍ନ||ୱ୍ପ||ୱ୍ଫ||ୱ୍ବ||ୱ୍ଭ||ୱ୍ମ||ୱ୍ଯ||ୱ୍ୟ||ୱ୍ର||ୱ୍ଲ||ୱ୍ଳ||ୱ୍ୱ||ୱ୍ଶ||ୱ୍ଷ||ୱ୍ସ||ୱ୍ହ
|-
!ଶ
||ଶ୍କ||ଶ୍ଖ||ଶ୍ଗ||ଶ୍ଘ||ଶ୍ଙ||ଶ୍ଚ||ଶ୍ଛ||ଶ୍ଜ||ଶ୍ଝ||ଶ୍ଞ||ଶ୍ଟ||ଶ୍ଠ||ଶ୍ଡ||ଶ୍ଢ||ଶ୍ଣ||ଶ୍ତ||ଶ୍ଥ||ଶ୍ଦ||ଶ୍ଧ||ଶ୍ନ||ଶ୍ପ||ଶ୍ଫ||ଶ୍ବ||ଶ୍ଭ||ଶ୍ମ||ଶ୍ଯ||ଶ୍ୟ||ଶ୍ର||ଶ୍ଲ||ଶ୍ଳ||ଶ୍ୱ||ଶ୍ଶ||ଶ୍ଷ||ଶ୍ସ||ଶ୍ହ
|-
!ଷ
||ଷ୍କ||ଷ୍ଖ||ଷ୍ଗ||ଷ୍ଘ||ଷ୍ଙ||ଷ୍ଚ||ଷ୍ଛ||ଷ୍ଜ||ଷ୍ଝ||ଷ୍ଞ||ଷ୍ଟ||ଷ୍ଠ||ଷ୍ଡ||ଷ୍ଢ||ଷ୍ଣ||ଷ୍ତ||ଷ୍ଥ||ଷ୍ଦ||ଷ୍ଧ||ଷ୍ନ||ଷ୍ପ||ଷ୍ଫ||ଷ୍ବ||ଷ୍ଭ||ଷ୍ମ||ଷ୍ଯ||ଷ୍ୟ||ଷ୍ର||ଷ୍ଲ||ଷ୍ଳ||ଷ୍ୱ||ଷ୍ଶ||ଷ୍ଷ||ଷ୍ସ||ଷ୍ହ
|-
!ସ
||ସ୍କ||ସ୍ଖ||ସ୍ଗ||ସ୍ଘ||ସ୍ଙ||ସ୍ଚ||ସ୍ଛ||ସ୍ଜ||ସ୍ଝ||ସ୍ଞ||ସ୍ଟ||ସ୍ଠ||ସ୍ଡ||ସ୍ଢ||ସ୍ଣ||ସ୍ତ||ସ୍ଥ||ସ୍ଦ||ସ୍ଧ||ସ୍ନ||ସ୍ପ||ସ୍ଫ||ସ୍ବ||ସ୍ଭ||ସ୍ମ||ସ୍ଯ||ସ୍ୟ||ସ୍ର||ସ୍ଲ||ସ୍ଳ||ସ୍ୱ||ସ୍ଶ||ସ୍ଷ||ସ୍ସ||ସ୍ହ
|-
!ହ
||ହ୍କ||ହ୍ଖ||ହ୍ଗ||ହ୍ଘ||ହ୍ଙ||ହ୍ଚ||ହ୍ଛ||ହ୍ଜ||ହ୍ଝ||ହ୍ଞ||ହ୍ଟ||ହ୍ଠ||ହ୍ଡ||ହ୍ଢ||ହ୍ଣ||ହ୍ତ||ହ୍ଥ||ହ୍ଦ||ହ୍ଧ||ହ୍ନ||ହ୍ପ||ହ୍ଫ||ହ୍ବ||ହ୍ଭ||ହ୍ମ||ହ୍ଯ||ହ୍ୟ||ହ୍ର||ହ୍ଲ||ହ୍ଳ||ହ୍ୱ||ହ୍ଶ||ହ୍ଷ||ହ୍ସ||ହ୍ହ
|}

===Vowels===
Odia is an alphasyllabic alphabet or an [[abugida]] wherein all [[consonant]]s have an inherent [[vowel]] embedded within. [[Diacritic]]s (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a [[syllable]], they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

There is no significant difference in the pronunciation of long and short vowels.

A different form of ଇ is used with the consonants ଖ (kha), ଥ (tha), ଧ (dha). This diacritic is a remnant from the Odia cursive style variant [[Karani script]].
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels with their diacritics and in syllables with କ୍<ref name="academia.edu"/><ref name="archive.org">{{cite web |title=Chabila Madhu Barnobodha |url=https://archive.org/details/ChabilaMadhuBarnobodha/page/n1/mode/2up }}</ref>
|- class="letters-wide"
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଅ|iso=a}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଆ|iso=ā}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଇ|iso=i}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଈ|iso=ī}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଉ|iso=u}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଊ|iso=ū}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଏ|iso=e}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଐ|iso=ai}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଓ|iso=o}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଔ|iso=au}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|ch=◌}}
|- class="letters-wide"
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=a|ch=◌}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=ā|ch=◌ା}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=i|ch= ି}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=ī|ch= ୀ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=u|ch=ୁ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=ū|ch= ୂ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=e|ch=◌େ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=ai|ch=ୈ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=o|ch=ୋ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|iso=au|ch= ୌ}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=‍◌୍|note={{noteTag|group=diacritic|This diacritic, the [[halanta]], is a "killer stroke" that suppresses a letter's inherent ''a'' vowel, making it an isolated consonant.}}}}
|-
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ +|ch=କ|iso=ka}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ + ା|ch=କା|iso=kā}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ + ି |ch=କି|iso=ki}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ + ୀ|ch=କୀ|iso=kī}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ + ୁ|ch=କୁ|iso=ku}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ +ୂ|ch=କୂ|iso=kū}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=କ + େ|ch=କେ|iso=ke}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ୈ + କ|ch=କୈ|iso=kai}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ୋ + କ|ch=କୋ|iso=ko}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ୌ + କ|ch=କୌ|iso=kau}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops= କ + ୍ |ch=କ୍|iso=k}}
|}
{{noteFoot|vowels}}
{| class=wikitable
|+ class= nowrap | Additional vowel diacritics
|-
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ଖ + ି |ch=ଖି|iso=khi}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ଥ + ି |ch=ଥି|iso=thi}}
|{{letter|l=or|tops=ଧ + ି |ch=ଧି|iso=dhi}}
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainheaders"
|+ class="nowrap" | All consonant and vowel combinations
|-
!
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଅ|iso=a}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଆ|iso=ā}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଇ|iso=i}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଈ|iso=ī}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଉ|iso=u}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଊ|iso=ū}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଋ|iso=r̥}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ୠ|iso=r̥̄}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଌ|iso=l̥}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ୡ|iso=l̥̄}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଏ|iso=e}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଐ|iso=ai}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଓ|iso=o}}
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଔ|iso=au}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=କ୍|iso=k}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=କୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଖ୍|iso=kh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଖୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଗ୍|iso=g}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଗୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଘ୍|iso=gh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଘୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଙ୍|iso=ṅ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଙୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଚ୍|iso=c}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଚୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଛ୍|iso=ch}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଛୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଜ୍|iso=j}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଜୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଝ୍|iso=jh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଝୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଞ୍|iso=ñ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଞୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଟ୍|iso=ṭ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଟୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଠ୍|iso=ṭh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଠୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଡ୍|iso=ḍ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଡୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଢ୍|iso=ḍh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଢୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଣ୍|iso=ṇ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଣୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ତ୍|iso=t}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ତୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଥ୍|iso=th}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଥୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଦ୍|iso=d}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଦୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଧ୍|iso=dh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଧୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ନ୍|iso=n}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ନୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ପ୍|iso=p}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ପୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଫ୍|iso=ph}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଫୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ବ୍|iso=b}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ବୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଭ୍|iso=bh}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଭୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ମ୍|iso=m}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ମୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଯ୍|iso=ẏ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଯୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ୟ୍|iso=y}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୟୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ର୍|iso=r}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ର}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ରୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଳ୍|iso=ḷ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଳୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଲ୍|iso=l}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଲୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ୱ୍|iso=w}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୱୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଶ୍|iso=ś}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଶୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ଷ୍|iso=ṣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଷୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ସ୍|iso=s}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ସୌ}}
|-
! {{letter|l=or|color=black|ch=ହ୍|iso=h}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହା}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହି}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୀ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୁ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୂ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୃ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୄ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୢ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୣ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହେ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ହୌ}}
|}

There is a set of four vocalics, each with an independent form and vowel diacritic, but only one, ଋ is used in modern Odia. ୠ, ଌ, ୡ and their diacritics are only used for Sanskrit transcription, so they are not always included in the Odia alphabet.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vocalics and examples with କ
|-
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଋ|color=green|iso=r̥}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ୠ|color=green|iso=r̥̄}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଌ|color=green|iso=l̥}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ୡ|color=green|iso=l̥̄}}
|-
|{{letter|l=or|color=green|top=କ + ୃ|ch=କୃ|ipa=kr̥}}
|{{letter|l=or|color=green|top=କ + ୄ|ch=କୄ|ipa=kr̥̄}}
|{{letter|l=or|color=green|top=କ + ୢ|ch=କୢ|ipa=kl̥}}
|{{letter|l=or|color=green|top=କ + ୣ|ch=କୣ|ipa=kl̥̄}}
|}

===Additional letters and diacritics ===
The ''anusvara'' and ''candrabindu'' diacritics are used to indicate nasalisation. A ''visarga'' adds a post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ḥ to the end of a syllable.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Additional letters and diacritics and examples with କ
|-
! scope=col colspan=2 {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଂ|ṃ, n|||ipa=/ɔ̃/, /ŋ/|note=[[anusvara]]}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=‍ଁ |ã|ipa=/ɔ̃/|note=[[chandrabindu]]}}
! scope=col {!} {{letter|l=or|ch=ଃ|ḥ|ipa=/h/|note=[[visarga]]}}
|-
|{{letter|l=or|ch=କଂ |kaṃ|ipa=/kɔ̃/|top= କ + ଂ }}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ବଂ |aṅ|ipa=/ɔŋ/|top= ବ + ଂ }}
|{{letter|l=or|top = କ + ‍ଁ|ch= କଁ|iso=kã|ipa=/kɔ̃/}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=କ + ଃ|ch=କଃ|iso=kaḥ}}
|}

==Other symbols ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Other signs and punctuation<ref name="archive.org"/><ref name="unicode">{{citation |title=Oriya(Odia) |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf}}</ref>
|{{letter|l=or|ch=‍।|top=danda|note=comma}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=‍॥|top=double danda|note=full stop}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=‍୰|top=iswara|note=''the late''{{br}}{{noteTag|group=other|This character is added before someone's name to indicate that they are deceased.}}}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=‍ଓ‍ଁ|top=[[Om]]}}
|}
{{noteFoot}}

== Karani script or Odia calligraphic style ==
{{main|Karani script}}

[[File:Koroni or Chata script sample.jpg|thumb|250px|Karani script sample from Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha]]
Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script<ref name="Shodhganga">{{cite web|url=http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/282609/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|date=2012|title=ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସାହିତ୍ୟଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସଂପାଦନା-୧ |publisher=Utkal University |author=Chitararijan Behera |website=Shodhganga |access-date=25 December 2020 }}</ref> developed by the [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] (କରଣ) community. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa ([[Odisha]]) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states ([[Orissa Tributary States]]). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.<ref name="academia.edu"/><ref name="inflibnet">{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/118610/11/11_chapter%204.pdf|date=27 September 2016|title=Chapter - IV: Development of Oriya Script, Language and Literature |website=Shodhganga |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

== Numerals ==
{{Main|Odia numerals}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Digits
|-
|{{letter|l=or|top=0|ch=୦|iso=śūnya,
suna}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=1|ch=୧|iso=eka}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=2|ch=୨|iso=dui}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=3|ch=୩|iso=tini}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=4|ch=୪|iso=cāri}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=5|ch=୫|iso=pāñca}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=6|ch=୬|iso=cha'a}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=7|ch=୭|iso=sāta}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=8|ch=୮|iso=āṭha}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=9|ch=୯|iso=na'a}}
|}

{|class=wikitable
|+ Fractions {{noteTag|group=fractions|Fraction symbols are largely obsolete since the decimalisation of the [[Indian rupee]] in 1957.}}
|-
|{{letter|l=or|top=¹⁄₁₆|ch=୵}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=⅛|ch=୶}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=³⁄₁₆|ch=୷}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=¼|ch=୲}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=½|ch=୳}}
|{{letter|l=or|top=¾|ch=୴}}
|}
{{noteFoot|fractions}}

== Comparison of Odia script with ancestral script ==

Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas sister scripts from [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the related distinctive parts of the letter only below the curved hoop.

{|class=wikitable
|+ Odia vowels and vocalics with their Siddham equivalents
|-
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଅ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଆ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଇ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଈ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଉ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଊ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଋ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୠ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ଌ}}
| {{letter|l=or|ch=ୡ}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଏ}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଐ}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଓ}}
|{{letter|l=or|ch=ଔ}}
|- class='letters-blue'
| {{letter|ch=𑖀|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖁|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖂|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖃|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖄|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖅|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖆|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖇|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖈|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖉|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖊|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖋|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖌|s=Sidd}}
| {{letter|ch=𑖍|s=Sidd}}
|}

== Sample text ==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]

====Odia in the Odia script====
{{Block indent|{{lang|or-Orya|ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଆଉ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।}}}}

====Odia in [[ISO 15919]]====
{{Block indent|{{translit|or|ISO|samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ēbaṁ maryẏādā o adhikārarē samāna. Sēmānaṅkaṭhārē buddhi o bibēka nihita achi ēbaṁ sēmānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manōbhābarē bẏabahāra karibā ucit.}}}}

====Odia in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]====
{{Block indent|{{IPA|sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjaːd̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. seman̪ɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ n̪iɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪}}}}

====Gloss====
{{Block indent|All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.}}

====Translation====
{{Block indent|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Oriya (Unicode block)}}

Odia script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:

{{Unicode chart Oriya}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Evolution of Oriya Language.jpg|A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at [[Ratnagiri, Odisha]]
File:Odia palm leaf manuscipt.JPG|Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
File:Palm leaf -jatak ତାଳ ପତ୍ର ଜାତକ.jpg|Palm leaf-jatak manuscript
File:Jataka.jpg|Jataka or Horoscope
File:Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia.jpg|Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia
File:14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript, Sanskrit, Oriya script.jpg|14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript written in Sanskrit, Odia script
File:Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Oriya script.jpg|Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Odia script
File:OriyaBK1 001.jpg|Odia manuscript
File:Odia calligraphy esabada Odia magazine eodissa.jpg|Odia calligraphy
File:Barnabodha (1896).pdf|Barnabodha by [[Madhusudan Rao]],1896
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Karani script]]
* [[Odia Braille]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch09.pdf The Unicode Standard: Chapter 9] – South and Southeast Asian Scripts (PDF)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oriya.htm Odia alphabet] – From Omniglot

;Unicode
* [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24106r-odia-dot-above.pdf Request to encode DOT ABOVE characters for the ORIYA/ODIA script in the UCS]

{{Odia language}}
{{Odisha}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odia alphabet}}
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]

Indian Railway Health Service

2026-03-20T21:19:50Z

NorineYoungblood: Started Pg

{{Short description|Indian government organisation}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
The '''Indian Railway Health Service''' ('''IRHS''') is an organised [[Central Civil Services|central Group A civil service]] of the [[Government of India]] under the [[Ministry of Railways]], consisting of doctors recruited by the [[Union Public Service Commission]]'s (UPSC) [[Combined Medical Services Examination]]. The officers of this service are responsible for providing comprehensive health care to serving railway employees, retired railway employees and their dependents, as well as other categories of staff such as contractors, vendors and licensed porters.

Previously known as the '''Indian Railway Medical Service''', the organisation was renamed as the Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS) on 15 January 2020, because of the introduction of the Indian Railways Management Service (IRMS).

==See also==
* [[Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]
* [[Indian Railways organisational structure]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mgt_ser/downloads/IRHS%20Profile.pdf Profile of Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402130639/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railways official website]
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,304,366,519,757 Health Directorate, Indian Railways]

{{Public Services of India}}

[[Category:Indian Railways Services|Medical Services]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India]]

Mandodari

2026-03-20T14:19:20Z

NorineYoungblood: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Chief wife of Lanka king Ravana in Hindu epic Ramayana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| member_of = [[Panchakanya]]
| image = File:Mandodari based on Raja Ravi Varma's painting (cropped).jpg
| texts = [[Ramayana]] and its versions
| caption = [[Raja Ravi Varma]]'s lithograph on Mandodari
| affiliation = [[Rakshasa|Rakshasi]] [[Panchakanya]]
| Devanagari = मंदोदरी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mandodarī
| abode = [[Lanka]]
| father = [[Mayasura]]
| mother = [[List of characters in Ramayana#Hema|Hema]]
| consort = [[Ravana]], and later [[Vibhishana]]
| children = [[Meghanada]], [[Atikaya]], [[Akshayakumara]] (sons)
| siblings = Mayavi, Dundubhi and Vyomasura (brothers)
}}

'''Mandodari''' ({{langx|sa|मंदोदरी}}, {{IAST|Mandodarī}}, lit. "soft-bellied";<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1jRWziY9m4cC&pg=PA429 Rāmopākhyāna: the story of Rāma in the Mahābhārata p.429]</ref>) was the [[queen consort]] of [[Ravana]], the king of [[Lanka]], according to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The ''Ramayana'' describes her as beautiful, pious, and righteous. She is extolled as one of the ''[[Panchakanya]]'', the recital of whose names is believed to dispel sin.

Mandodari was the daughter of [[Mayasura]], the King of the [[Asura]]s (demons), and the ''[[apsara]]'' (celestial nymphs) Hema. She marries Ravana and bears three sons: Meghanada ([[Indrajit]]), [[Atikaya]] and [[Akshayakumara]]. Despite her husband's faults, Mandodari loves him and advises him to follow the path of righteousness. She repeatedly advises Ravana to return Sita to Rama, but her advice falls on deaf ears. Her love and loyalty to Rāvana are praised in the ''Rāmāyana''.

In a version of Ramayana, [[Hanuman]] tricks her into disclosing the location of a magical arrow which Rama uses to kill Ravana. Many versions of Ramayana state that after Ravana's death, [[Vibhishana]]—Ravana's younger brother who joins forces with Rama, does so on Mandodari's advice.

==Birth and early life==
The ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions that [[Mayasura]] visited [[Svarga]] (heaven), where the [[apsara]] [[List of characters in Ramayana|Hema]] was given to him by the gods. They had two sons, Mayavi and Dundubhi, and a daughter, Mandodari. Later, Hema returned to heaven; Mandodari and her siblings were left with their father.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manmathnath Dutt|url=https://archive.org/stream/Ramayana_201309/Ramayana-VOL-4-Uttara-Kanda#page/n15/mode/2up|title=Ramayana - Uttara Kanda|date=1891}}</ref><ref name="manushi" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vālmīki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCtAAQAAIAAJ&q=hema+maya+mandodari|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India|last2=Goldman|first2=Sally J. Sutherland|last3=Lefeber|first3=Rosalind|last4=Pollock|first4=Sheldon I.|date=1984|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-06663-9|language=en}}</ref>

There are varying accounts of Mandodari's birth. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] text ''Uttara Ramayana'' mentions that Mayasura is married to the ''[[apsara]]'' Hema. They have two sons, Mayavi and Dundubhi, but long for a daughter, so they start performing penances to seek the favour of the god [[Shiva]]. Meanwhile, an apsara named Madhura arrives at [[Mount Kailash]], the abode of Shiva, to pay her respects. In absence of his wife [[Parvati]], Madhura makes love with the god. When Parvati returns, she finds traces of ashes from her husband’s body on the breasts of Madhura. Agitated, Parvati curses Madhura and sends her to live in a well as a frog for twelve years. Shiva told Madhura that she will become a beautiful woman and be married to a great valorous man. After twelve years, Madhura becomes a beautiful maiden again and cries out loudly from the well. Mayasura and Hema, who are performing penance nearby, answer her call and adopt her as their daughter. They bring her up as Mandodari.<ref name = "Mani476"/><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008) [2003], A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, pages 208-9</ref> In this version, [[Meghanada]], the son of the demon-king [[Ravana]] and Mandodari, is said to originate from the seed of Shiva embedded in Mandodari's body.<ref name="manushi" />

[[File:Emerald_Buddha_Temple_-_2017-06-11_(099).jpg|thumb|Scene from the Thai ''[[Ramakien]]'', Thotsakan (Ravana), carries Montho (Mandodari) back to his kingdom.]]

In the Telugu ''[[Ranganatha Ramayanamu|Ranganatha Ramayana]]'', Parvati creates a doll, which is turned into a damsel by Shiva. However later, Parvati becomes worried due to the maiden's beauty; Shiva turns her into a frog, who is later turned back to a human and granted to Mayasura as a daughter.<ref name="manushi" /> In another Telugu tale and the [[Kuchipudi]] dance tradition, Ravana asks Shiva for Parvati as his wife. Shiva consents; however Parvati creates a look-alike maiden from a frog and entrusts her to Ravana. Since the woman was created from a frog, she was called Mandodari.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb4gjzmWBGo Mandodari - Born of a Frog] Devlok Mini with Devdutt Pattnaik Feb 16, 2018</ref> In the ''[[Ananda Ramayana]]'', Vishnu creates Mandodari from sandalwood paste smeared on his body and rescues Parvati from Ravana by handing him Mandodari as the real Parvati.<ref name="manushi" />

The frog motif also reiterated in other stories. The [[Odia language|Odia]] ''Dharma Purana'' narrates that the earth sends her son Maninaga to poison their cow's milk of the sages Mandar and Udar, who had denied her the share of the milk. A female frog jumps in the vessel to save the sages. Cursed by the sages for her supposed gluttony, she turns into a beautiful maiden called Vengavati. She has pre-marital coitus with [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]. Ravana demands her hand in marriage from the sages, who refuse. Ravana assumes Vali's form and kidnaps Vengavati. The real Vali and Ravana pull in opposite directions, thereby tearing her apart. As a consequence, [[Angada]] (generally described as [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]]'s son) is born. The death-god [[Yama]] and wind-god [[Vayu]] resurrect her and is named as Mandodari, after the two sages. [[Mahari dance]] tradition narrates a similar tale where a snake poisoned the milk of a hermit; the female frog jumps in the milk and dies to rescue the sage. She is cursed by the hermit in the misbelief of her greed and turns into the beautiful Mandodari.<ref name="manushi">{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pradip |date=March–April 2004 |title=Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part I) |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf |journal=[[Manushi]] |issue=141 |pages=9–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928063740/http://manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==Marriage with Ravana==
Ravana comes to the house of Mayasura and falls in love with Mandodari. Mandodari and Ravana are soon married with [[Vedic]] rites. Mandodari bears Ravana's three sons: [[Meghanada]] (Indrajit), [[Atikaya]] and [[Akshayakumara]].<ref name = "Mani476"/> [[Mandore]], a town located 9 km north of [[Jodhpur]], is believed to be the native place of Mandodari. Ravana is treated as a son-in-law among some local [[Brahmin]]s and has a temple dedicated to him here.<ref name="Times Of India#">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Saluting-the-virtues-of-Ravan/articleshow/49344194.cms | title=Saluting the virtues of Ravan | work=Shailvee Sharda | date=14 October 2015 | agency=Times Of India | access-date=14 October 2015 | author=Times Of India | location=Lucknow}}</ref>

Despite Ravana's faults, Mandodari loves him and is proud of his strength. She is aware of Ravana's weakness towards women.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Ayyer|2006|pp=50-51}} A righteous woman, Mandodari tries to lead Ravana to righteousness, but Ravana always ignores her advice. She advises him not to subdue the ''[[Navagraha]]'', the nine celestial beings that govern one's destiny, and not to seduce [[Vedavati]], who would be reborn as Sita and cause the destruction of Ravana.{{sfn|Ayyer|2006|pp=50-51}}

==Saviour of Sita==
[[File:Mandodaree Repressing the Wrath Of Ravana.jpg|thumb|Mandodari stops Ravana from slaying Sita.]]
Mandodari is described as a beautiful woman in Valmiki's Ramayana. When [[Hanuman]], the monkey messenger of Rama, comes to Lanka in search of Sita, he is stupefied by Mandodari's beauty when he enters Ravana's bed chambers and mistakes Mandodari for Sita.<ref name = "Mani476">Mani p. 476</ref> When Hanuman finally finds Sita, he finds Ravana threatening to kill Sita unless she marries him. Ravana raises his sword to behead Sita when she refuses. Mandodari saves Sita by holding Ravana's hand. Mandodari says that the murder of a woman is a heinous sin and thus Ravana should not kill Sita. She asks Ravana to entertain himself with his other wives and give up the idea of having Sita as his wife. Ravana spares Sita's life, but does not give up his wish to marry Sita.{{sfn|Wheeler|1869|p=338}} Though Mandodari considers Sita inferior to her in beauty and ancestry, Mandodari acknowledges Sita's devotion to Rama and compares her to goddesses like [[Sachi]] and [[Rohini (nakshatra)|Rohini]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}}

==During the war==
[[File:Hanuman obtaining Mandodari's weapon.jpg|thumb|Hanuman steals from Mandodari the weapon that leads to Ravana's death]]
When all attempts for a peaceful return of Sita fail, Rama declares war on Ravana's Lanka. Before the final battle against Rama, Mandodari makes a last attempt to dissuade Ravana, but to no avail.{{sfn|Wheeler|1869|p=365}} Finally, Mandodari stands by her husband in the final battle like an obedient and faithful wife,{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}} though she advises her son Meghanada, alias Indrajit ("One who had conquered [[Indra]]; the god-king of heaven"), not to fight Rama.{{sfn|Wheeler|1869|p=370}}

Several manuscripts of the ''Ramayana'' mention a story in which Angada drags Mandodari by her hair in presence of Ravana as a punishment for Ravana's treatment of Sita. Satyatirtha, a commentator on ''Ramayana'', dismisses this story as spurious.{{sfn|Goldman et al.|2009|p=1320}} According to this story: When all of Ravana's sons and warriors die, Ravana organizes a ''[[yajna]]'' ("fire sacrifice") to assure his victory. Rama sends a troop of monkeys headed by Hanuman and the monkey prince [[Angada]] to destroy this ''yajna''. The monkeys create havoc in Ravana's palace, but Ravana continues the ''yajna''. Angada drags Mandodari by her hair in front of Ravana. Mandodari pleads to her husband to save her and reminds him what Rama is doing for his wife. The enraged Ravana abandons the ''yajna'' and strikes Angada with his sword. With the ''yajna'' disturbed, Angada's purpose is served and he leaves Mandodari and escapes. Mandodari again implores Ravana to surrender Sita to Rama, but he refuses.{{sfn|Wheeler|1869|pp=373-4}} Other Ramayana adaptations present more gruesome descriptions of the incident. The ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]'' narrates that the monkeys dragged Mandodari and tore off her clothes. In ''Bicitra Ramayana'', it is Hanuman who humiliates Mandodari. The Thai adaptation ''[[Ramakien]]'' narrates that Hanuman sleeps with Mandodari in the form of Ravana and destroys her chastity, which protects Ravana's life.{{sfn|Lutgendorf|2007|p=211}}

Ravana fights the final duel with Rama. Rama fails to kill Ravana with his ordinary arrows, but finally kills with a magical arrow. While Valmiki's Ramayana narrates that the magical arrow was given to Rama by Indra, in other versions the magical arrow is hidden in Mandodari's bed chambers or under her bed. While Mandodari is engrossed in worshipping the goddess [[Parvati]] for Ravana's wellbeing, Hanuman comes to her disguised as a hermit. After winning her confidence, he tricks her into revealing the secret location of the arrow. Hanuman seizes the arrow and gives it to Rama, leading to Ravana's end.{{sfn|Lutgendorf|2007|pp=154, 217}} Mandodari appears at the death scene of Ravana in a disarrayed state and laments his death.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Wheeler|1869|p=382}} In this battle, Mandodari loses her husband, her sons and her kinsmen.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/>

==Remarriage to Vibhishana==
While the Ramayana of Valmiki is silent on Mandodari's fate after Ravana's death,{{fact|date=November 2022}} many versions of Ramayana state that after the death of Ravana, Rama advises Vibhishana to take Mandodari as his wife, even though he already had a wife.{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=222}} A theory suggests that Ravana's race may have had [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] families and thus, to restore order in the kingdom after Ravana's death, it was necessary for Vibhishana to marry the reigning queen to get the right to rule.{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=222}} Another theory suggests it may be a non-[[Aryan]] custom to marry the reigning queen.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> The marriage between Mandodari and Vibhishana is purely an "act of statesmanship", rather than a marriage based on their "mutual sexual interference".{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=222}} Mandodari may have agreed to marry Vibhishana, her younger brother-in-law, as this would lead the kingdom to prosperity and stability as allies of Rama's Ayodhya, and she would continue to have a say in governance.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> Another reason for the marriage is as an alternative to suicide for the widowed Mandodari, which is averted by Rama.{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=222}}

==Mother of Sita==
[[File:Ravi Varma-Ravana Sita Jathayu.jpg|thumb|right|Ravana abducts Rama's wife, Sita. According to some ''Ramayana'' adaptations, Ravana was abducting his own daughter from a union with Mandodari.]]

Though Valmiki's Ramayana does not record Mandodari as being the mother of Sita, some later adaptations of the Ramayana depict Mandodari as the mother of Sita or at least the cause of the latter's birth.

The ''[[Adbhuta Ramayana]]'' narrates: Ravana used to store the blood of sages he killed in a large pot. The sage [[Gritsamada]] was practicing penance to acquire the goddess [[Lakshmi]] as his daughter. He stored milk from [[Darbha]] grass and purified it with [[mantra]]s in a pot so that Lakshmi would inhabit it. Ravana poured the milk from this pot into his blood pot. Mandodari is frustrated seeing the evil deeds of Ravana, so she decides to commit suicide by drinking the contents of the blood-pot, which is described to be more poisonous than poison. Instead of dying, Mandodari gets pregnant with the incarnation of Lakshmi due to the power of Gritsamada's milk. Mandodari buries the foetus in [[Kurukshetra]], where it is discovered by [[Janaka]], who named her Sita.<ref name = "Mani721"/>{{sfn|Shashi|1998|pp=14-15, Sarga VIII of Adbhuta Ramayana}}

The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' says: When Ravana wants to marry Mandodari, [[Mayasura|Maya]] warns him that her horoscope indicated her first-born would destroy her clan and should be killed. Ignoring Maya's advice, Ravana buries his first child by Mandodari in a casket in Janaka’s city, where it is discovered and grew up as Sita.<ref name = "Mani721"/> [[Jain]] adaptations of the Ramayana like ''[[Vasudeva-hindi|Vasudevahindi]]'', ''Uttara-purana'', and others also state that Sita is the daughter of Ravana and Mandodari, and is abandoned when she is prophesied to be the cause of the end of Ravana and his family.{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=237}}

In the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''Seri Rama'' and the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]-[[Java]]nese ''Rama Keling'', Ravana wants to possess Mandodari, the mother of Rama, but instead marries a pseudo-Mandodari, who looks like the real one. Rama's father has a union with this pseudo-Mandodari, resulting in the birth of Sita, who is nominally Ravana's daughter.{{sfn|Shashi|1998|p=243}}

According to the ''Ananda Ramayana'', king Padmaksha had a daughter named Padma - an incarnate of the goddess Lakshmi. When her marriage is organized, Rakshasas (demons) kill the king. The grief-stricken Padma jumps into fire. Ravana discovers her body, which had turned into five jewels, in the fire and takes it to Lanka sealed in a box. Mandodari opens the box and finds Padma inside it. She advises Ravana to cast off the box containing the ill-fated Padma, who led to the doom of her father. When the lid of the box is closed, Padma curses Ravana that she will return to Lanka and cause his doom. Ravana buries the box in the city of Janaka, who discovers Padma and brings her up as Sita.<ref name = "Mani721">Mani p. 721</ref>

==Assessment==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Brahma gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016175.jpg|thumb|right|Queen Mandodari and the women of Lanka mourning the death of [[Ravana]]. She brings a flower garland to lay upon her husband's body which rests on cremation wood. Bas-relief of 9th century [[Prambanan]] temple, Java, [[Indonesia]].]]
<blockquote>
{{IAST|Ahalyā draupadi sita tārā mandodari tathā 
pañcakanyā smarenityaṃ mahapātaka nāśanaṃ }}
 
Remembering ever the five goddess-[[Ahalya]], [[Draupadi]], [[Sita]], [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] and Mandodari 
Destroys the greatest of sins.<ref name="panchakanya">{{cite journal|last=Devika|first=V.R.|title=Women of substance: Ahalya|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date = October 29, 2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|page = 52}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Hindus remember the ''panchakanya'' - the five maidens in this daily prayer, though none of them is considered an ideal woman who could be emulated.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=48-49}} Mandodari, with Ahalya, Sita and Tara, belong to the ''Ramayana'', while Draupadi is from the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/panchkanya/pk01.htm|title=Panchkanya: Women of Substance|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pradip|date=1999–2010|publisher=Boloji Media Inc|access-date=15 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114164455/http://boloji.com/hinduism/panchkanya/pk01.htm|archive-date=14 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the five [[mahabhuta|elements]], Mandodari is equated to water, "turbulent on the surface and deep in her spiritual quest".{{sfn|Ayyer|2006|pp=50-51}} The writer Dhanalakshmi Ayyer says:{{sfn|Ayyer|2006|pp=50-51}}
<blockquote>
Her story is a reminder that the universal denigration of a group, based on the behaviour of a few, cannot cloud the greatness of the individual. Mandodari defies the stereotype of this racism. She is simple, unswerving, and self-effacing, driven by the light of knowledge which gives meaning to solid materialism in an age that is shrouded by impulse, passion, and desire. She is the instrument that awakens the mind and counsels reason when irrationality becomes the core being. That she goes unheard and unheeded does not change her path. To her, the [[dharmic]] part is inward-looking, while the role of the dutiful wife is the external self. Mandodari thought that her duty to her husband on issues of morals and values ended with her telling him what she thought of his actions. She neither put up any brave fight to stop him nor considered it her duty to do so.
</blockquote>

Mandodari's role is short in the Ramayana but very important. She is described as a pious and righteous royal lady.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}}{{sfn|Ayyer|2006|pp=50-51}} Compared to the rest of the ''panchakanya'', Mukherjee considers Mandodari's life as "less colourful and eventful". He adds: "Mandodari seldom got prominence ... Her image lacks substance and fades quickly",{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=39}} though he lays stress on her love and loyalty towards her husband.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=48-49}} Pradip Bhattacharya, author of the book ''Panchkanya: Women of Substance'' notes that "there is hardly anything special that Valmiki (Ramayana) has written about her (Mandodari) except that she warns her husband to return Sita and has enough influence to prevent his [sic] raping her."<ref name="Bhattacharya"/>

==References==
; Notes
{{Reflist}}

; Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ayyer|first=Dhanalakshmi |title=Women of substance: Mandodari : Pure as water|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|year=2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|pages = 50–1 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Robert P. Goldman |editor2=Sally J. Sutherland Goldman |editor3=Barend A. van Nooten |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India |volume=VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDibDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1320 |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3326-9 |page=1320 |ref={{harvid|Goldman et al.|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Lutgendorf|first=Philip|title=Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=US }}
*{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Prabhati|title=Hindu Women: Normative Models |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ovdvq7mjpUC&q=Hindu+Women%3A+Normative+Models.+Calcutta%3A+Orient+Blackswan|year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=Calcutta|isbn=81-250-1699-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|series=Encyclopaedia Indica|volume=21-35|year=1998|publisher=Anmol }}
* {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=James Talboys |title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Rámáyana and the Brahmanic period|volume=II|year=1869|publisher=N. Trübner|location=London|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C1DRAAAAMAAJ&q=mandodari+&pg=PA373 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Dutt|first=Manmathnath|url=https://archive.org/stream/Ramayana_201309/Ramayana-VOL-4-Uttara-Kanda#page/n15/mode/2up|title=Ramayana - Uttara Kanda|date=1891}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Women in Hindu mythology]]

Deepti Bhatnagar

2026-03-19T00:30:35Z

NorineYoungblood: minor correct formatting as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian former film actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepti Bhatnagar
| image = Deepti Bhatnagar at SAB TV revamp launch (03) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhatnagar in 2013
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Randeep Arya
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress|[[television presenter]]}}
| relatives = [[Veerendra]] (father-in-law)
| website = {{url|www.deeptibhatnagar.com}}
}}
'''Deepti Bhatnagar''' is a former Indian actress and model known for her work primarily in [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, along with a few appearances in other languages. She made her film debut in ''[[Ram Shastra]]'' (1995), directed by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Asha |title=A career reborn on small screen |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020916/ldh1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025623/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020916/ldh1.htm |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=8 September 2011 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> She gained recognition with the Telugu film ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996), which became the second highest-grossing Telugu film of the year. Bhatnagar also appeared in the American film [[Inferno (1997 film)|''Inferno'']] (1997) and the Hindi film [[Mann (1999 film)|''Mann'']] (1999).

==Early life==
Bhatnagar was born in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Akash |title=I want to use my brains, not just my face: Deepti Bhatnagar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-want-to-use-my-brains-not-just-my-face-Deepti-Bhatnagar/articleshow/18531225.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2016 |date=17 February 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919221531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-want-to-use-my-brains-not-just-my-face-Deepti-Bhatnagar/articleshow/18531225.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deepti Bhatnagar |url=http://www.seasonsindia.com/modelwatch/deepti_sea.htm |website=Seasons India |access-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718121358/http://www.seasonsindia.com/modelwatch/deepti_sea.htm |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> She Went to school in Delhi and attended [[Meerut University]]. She moved to Mumbai in 1992 to identify a good ad agency to promote her [[handicraft]]s factory in [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Career==
In 1992, Bhatnagar was promoting her handicrafts in [[Mumbai]], when she got an opportunity to sign for an ad agency to model for the Roopmilan saris' press ad and after that ad she signed 12 more campaigns.<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web |title=One-way yatra to success |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/main2.htm |work=[[The Sunday Tribune]] |access-date=8 September 2011 |author=K. Devgan |date=17 November 2002 |archive-date=11 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211125145/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/main2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She had given up her interest in running the handicraft factory and entered into the professional modeling world. She won the [[Eve's Weekly Miss India]] contest in 1990.<ref name="tribune1"/> Soon afterwards, she was modeling in [[Singapore]] for various international fashion shows.<ref name="tribune1"/>

== Television ==
In 1998, Bhatnagar appeared in a television show ''Yeh Hai Raaz'', replacing Ruby Bhatia in the lead role of a tough cop.<ref name="trib_Trib">{{Cite web |title=Deepti has a lot to smile about |last=Khosla |first=Mukesh |work=The Tribune |date=11 October 1998 |access-date=2 July 2016 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct11/sunday/filmtv.htm |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109050438/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct11/sunday/filmtv.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, she ventured into television production with the travel shows ''[[Yatra (2002 TV program)|Yatra]]'', a [[religious]] [[travel guide]] show and ''Musafir Hoon Yaaron'', an around the world travel guide show, both aired on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prabha |first1=Kanak |title=What's cooking! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/whats-cooking/article2925813.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2016 |date=24 February 2012 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919221526/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/whats-cooking/article2925813.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She also hosted both the shows.<ref name="interview">{{cite web |title=Interview with producer - anchor Deepti Bhatnagar |work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/producer/dipti_bhatnagar.htm |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=8 September 2011 |date=13 December 2002 |archive-date=30 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230191808/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/producer/dipti_bhatnagar.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

She also produced a TV serial ''[[Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai]]'' in 2003 on ''[[StarPlus]]''.

==Personal life==
Bhatnagar is married to Randeep Arya, the director of her show, ''Musafir Hoon Yaron''.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=About Deepti |url=http://deeptibhatnagar.com/deepti.html |website=Deepti Bhatnagar Productions |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224033333/http://deeptibhatnagar.com/deepti.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Together they have two sons.<ref name="bio"/> Their first son, Shubh, was born in 2003. Six years later, in 2009, they welcomed their second son, Shiv. The couple enjoys a fulfilling family life, balancing their professional careers with the joys and responsibilities of parenthood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remember Deepti Bhatnagar? This is how the 90s beauty looks now |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/Remember-90s-beauty-Deepti-Bhatnagar-Age-is-just-a-number-for-this-52-year-old-actress-63043/11 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" |Language
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Ram Shastra]]''
| Nitu Sinha
|[[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]''
| Swapna
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| ''Rajwade''
| Swapna
| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997
| ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]''
| Vijayalakshmi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Kaalia (1997 film)|Kaalia]]''
| Priya
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Qahar]]''
| Dr.Sapna
|-
| ''[[Inferno (1997 film)|Inferno]]''
| Shalimar
| [[English language|English]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998
| ''[[Auto Driver]]''
| Sravani
| Telugu
|-
|''Hitler''
|Priya
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|-
| ''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]''
| Venee
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1999
| ''[[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]''
| Radha 'Rani' D. Rai
|-
| ''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]''
| Vandana
| Telugu
|-
|''[[Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain]]''
|Hum Banjaare [[item number]]
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Ganga Ki Kasam]]''
|Geeta
|-
| ''[[Kaama]]''
|
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''
| Anita Singhania
| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| ''[[Galate Aliyandru]]''
| Dancer
| [[Kannada]]
|-
| ''[[Maa Annayya]]''
| Radha
| Telugu
|-
|''[[Snegithiye]]''
|Herself
|Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''
| Dancer at Ghod Bharai
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
| ''Uljhan''
| Anjali Mathur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Kondaveeti Simhasanam]]''
| Rani
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Agni Varsha]]''
| Dancer ('Chal Re Sajan')
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Rok Sako To Rok Lo]]''
| Dev's Bhabhi
|-
|2007
|''[[Raakilipattu]]''
|Herself
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
| Older Sahasra (Cameo)
| Telugu
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year!! Album !! Music Video !! Other notes
|-
| 1996
| ''Lal Garara''
| Lal Garara
| [[Hans Raj Hans]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Dance Attack -'' Featuring Cheshire Cat
|Mera Laung Gawacha (Remix)
| [[Bally Sagoo]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
{{main|List of Indian film actresses}}
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0080300}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|deepti-bhatnagar}}
* {{Instagram|dbhatnagar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatnagar, Deepti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}
{{Model-stub}}

Mettur Thermal Power Station

2026-03-17T13:41:51Z

NorineYoungblood: new basic details v1 - done

{{Short description|Power station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Mettur Thermal Power system
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Mettur Thermal Power Station in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|46|19|N|77|48|49|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: 7 January 1987 Unit 2: 1 December 1987 Unit 3: 22 March 1989 Unit 4: 27 March 1990 Unit 5: 12 October 2013
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Bituminous coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 4 x 210 MW, 1 x 600 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 1,440 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Mettur Thermal Power Station''' is a coal-fired [[electric power station]] located in [Thoppur-Mettur Dam-Bhavani-Erode Rd, Mettur, Tamil Nadu 636406] Salem district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is operated by [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited]]. The power station was commissioned during various periods from 1987 and this is the first inland thermal Power Station of Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited.The coal from [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited]] (Talcher and Ib Valley) and [[Eastern Coalfields Limited]] (Raniganj and Mugma) are transported to the load ports of Paradip ([[Orissa, India|Orissa]]), [[Visakhapatnam Port|Vizag]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) and [[Haldia]] ([[West Bengal]]). Thereafter the coal is transported to the discharge ports of [[Ennore]] and [[Tuticorin]] by ships. From Ennore Port the coal is transported again through rail to [[Ennore Thermal Power Station]] and Mettur Thermal Power Station.<ref name=tangedco.gov.in>{{cite web|last=Thermal|first=Power Station|title=tangedco|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/tmtps.pdf|accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

BGR Energy Systems Ltd was the EPC contractor for 600 MW unit 5 of the power plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/ptr3.php |title=home page |website=www.tangedco.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230203148/http://www.tangedco.gov.in/ptr3.php |archive-date=2012-12-30}} </ref>

==Plants==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit !! cost in Crores Rs !! Continuous running in days !! Capacity(M.W) !! Date of
Commissioning
|-
|I|| 384.30 || 227 days || 210 || 7 January 1987
|-
| II || 384.30 || 205 days || 210 || 12 January 1987
|-
| III || 351.76 || 272 days || 210 || 22 March 1989
|-
| IV || 351.76 || 311 days || 210 || 27 March 1990
|-
| V || 398.00 || 193 days|| 600|| 12 October 2013<ref name="UnitV">[https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/MTPP_English%2017.10.17.pdf tangedco.gov Mettur Thermal Power Station- Stage-III]</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Atmaram Govind Kher

2026-03-17T09:52:59Z

NorineYoungblood: started new data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (1894–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
'''Atmaram Govind Kher''' was an Indian politician, who served as a [[Speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|speaker]] of the [[1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], [[2nd Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[5th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Hon'ble Speakers |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/speaker/present_speaker_en_.aspx#/formerspeakers/3 |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SPEAKERS OF U.P.LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/speakers.htm |website=Legislative Bodies in India}}</ref> He is three times speaker in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 March 2022 Newspaper |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2022/epaper/march/lucknow-hindi-edition-2022-03-30.pdf |website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UTTAR PRADESH SPEAKER LIST |url=https://www.oneindia.com/uttar-pradesh-speakers-list/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 25 September 1894 in [[Gursarai]], [[Jhansi]] and married Shantabai Kher on 9 June 1916.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Speaker |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Ex-Speaker-en/1/1 |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref> On 4 January 1982, he died.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Atmaram Govind Kher Former Speaker of U.P. Legislative Assembly |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/prev_speaker_atmaram-govind-kher |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

State Central Library, Kerala

2026-03-11T08:03:59Z

NorineYoungblood: new entry!

{{short description|Public library in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox library
|image = State Central Library, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (2009).jpg
|image_size = 200px
|name = State Central Library, Kerala
|country = [[India]]
|type = [[Public library]]
|location = [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|website = {{URL|www.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in}}
|coordinates = {{Coord|8.506392|76.952244|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}
[[File:Central Library, Palayam.jpg|alt=central library building|thumb|Central Library Main Building]]
'''State Central Library''' of [[Kerala]], also known as '''Thiruvananthapuram Public Library''' is a [[public library]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]].

== History ==
The library was established in 1829 during the reign of King [[Swathi Thirunal]] of [[Travancore]]. The work of starting and organising the library was entrusted to Edward Cadogan, a British resident and the grandson of [[British Museum]] founder [[Hans Sloane]]. Cadogan was the first president of the Thiruvananthapuram Public Library committee, which managed the affairs of the library. At that time, only a privileged class who were called to attend the [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] of the king was allowed admission to the library. In 1898 it was opened to the public and became known as "Thiruvananthapuram People’s Library".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/thiruvananthapuram/library-stands-tall-even-digital-age-925|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902212644/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/thiruvananthapuram/library-stands-tall-even-digital-age-925|access-date=October 27, 2024|archive-date=September 2, 2012|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=This library stands tall even in digital age|date=September 2, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other landmarks in the history of the library:

* 1900 - [[Moolam Thirunal|Sree Moolam Thirunal]] constructed the present building for housing the library, which is an architectural beauty of [[gothic architecture]], in commemoration of the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]].<ref name=state>{{cite web|url=https://statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/en/history/|access-date=October 27, 2024|publisher=State Central Library|title=History}}</ref>
* 1938 - The administration of the Thiruvananthapuram Public Library was handed over to University of [[Travancore]] (now [[University of Kerala]]).<ref name=state />
* 1948 - The state government was directed to take over the administration of the library from the university by a resolution of the state legislature.<ref name=state />
* 1958 - The library was declared as the ‘State Central Library’ of Kerala.<ref name=state />
* 1988 - The library was given the status of a minor department under the administrative control of Higher Education Department of [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name=state />
* 2005 - A New Heritage Model building was constructed within the campus for children's library.<ref name=study>{{cite web|url=https://study.niteshkverma.com/mlis/top10_public_lib_in_india|access-date=October 26, 2024|title=India's Top 10 Must-Visit Public Libraries}}</ref>
* 2007- Online reservation and RF ID facility was introduced.<ref name=study />
* 2016- First transgender membership card issued to [[Sheethal Shyam]], a transgender activist.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-11-16 |title=In a first, public library gives membership to transgender |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/Nov/15/in-a-first-public-library-gives-membership-to-transgender-1538976.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Sections==
#Technical Department
#Malayalam Library
#English Library
#Circulation Section (Books & Periodicals)
#Hindi / Sanskrit Section
#Reference Section
#Children's Library
#Binding Section
#Reprographic Section
#Closed Reference Section
#Members Reading Room (For A & B Members only)
#General Reading Room (For C & D Members & Non-Members)
#Cash Section
#Library Office
#Internet Browsing Centre
#Kerala Gazette Section
#Multimedia Section
#Digital Library
#British Library Collection<ref name=study>{{cite web|url=https://study.niteshkverma.com/mlis/top10_public_lib_in_india|access-date=October 26, 2024|title=India's Top 10 Must-Visit Public Libraries}}</ref>

=== Digital library ===

The library has a searchable digital collection containing 707 rare documents, in English and Malayalam, and 480 digitised books in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://103.251.43.202/rarebooks/index.php|title=Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online|publisher=Kerala State Central Library|access-date=October 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235227/http://103.251.43.202/rarebooks/index.php|archive-date=May 11, 2021}}</ref>

=== Children's library===

The New Heritage Model building within the campus is devoted for children's library. A multimedia section is also functioning in this building.

The library is also conducting a certificate course in [[library and information science]].<ref name=study>{{cite web|url=https://study.niteshkverma.com/mlis/top10_public_lib_in_india|access-date=October 26, 2024|title=India's Top 10 Must-Visit Public Libraries}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|State Central Library Kerala}}
* [http://www.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/ Official website of State Central Library, Kerala]
* [http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_highedu/index.htm Official webpage of Department of Higher Education, Kerala State]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official website of Government of Kerala]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Libraries in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:1829 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1829]]
[[Category:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]

Garib (film)

2026-03-03T23:17:41Z

NorineYoungblood: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Garib (film)
| image = Garib (film).jpg

| caption =
| director = Ramchandra Thakur
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Nisar Ahmad Ansari|[[Meena Kumari]]|Surendra Nath}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Garib''''' is an Indian [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=12 August 2012|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>

The film also had Baby Meena ([[Meena Kumari]]) as a child artist.<ref name="Mehta 2016">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Vinod | title=Meena Kumari | date=2016-12-01 | isbn=9789350296271 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1brjAAAAQBAJ&q=Adhuri+Kahani | access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = 0139234}}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mian Shahul Mouhammed Kalhoro

2026-02-13T14:39:21Z

NorineYoungblood: new initial entry first draft - done

{{about|the Sindhi shah|the 17th-century king of Sindh|Kalhora}}
{{short description|Sindi Kalhora Dynasty ruler (1620-1657)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image =
| alt = Shrine of Mian Shahul Dahammad Kalhoro 2019
| name = Mian-Shahul-Mouhammed-Kalhoro
| title = Kalhora Dynasty Ruler
| caption =
| succession = 4th [[Kalhora Rulers|Kalhora Ruler]]
| reign = {{nowrap|20 April 1620 – 26 December 1657}}
| predecessor = [[Mian Elyas Muhammad]] (as [[Kalhora Dynasty|Ruler of Sindh]])
| successor = [[Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro]]
| birth_name = Mian Shahul Muhammad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1600|2|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sukkur]], [[Kalhora Dynasty]] (present-day [[Sindh, Pakistan]])
| death_date = 1657 (aged 57)
| death_place = [[Dittal Abro]], Kalhora Dynasty (present-day Sindh, Pakistan)
| burial_place = Dittal Abro, [[Dittal Abro]], (present-day Sindh, Pakistan)
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| spouses =
| spouses-type =
| issue =
| full name = Mian-Shahul-Muhammand-Kalhoro
| house = Kalhora Dynasty
| father = [[Mian Dawood Kalhoro]], Ruler of [[Sindh]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Christine Isom-Verhaaren, ''Allies with the Infidel'', (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 58.</ref>
| dynasty = Kalhora Dynasty
}}

'''Mian Shahul Mouhammed Kalhoro:''' ([[Urdu]]) ميان شاهال محمد خان کلھوڑو : was the famous Ruler of the [[Kalhora Dynasty]] that ruled [[Sindh]] from 1620 to 1657. He was not only ruler but saint also after his elder brother death [[Main Elyas Muhammad Kalhoro]] he became the ruler of Sindh. He dug [[Ghar canel]] and irritated local lands when his influence increased he forcefully occupied lands as well, those lands belonged to [[Jalal Khan Abro]], and [[Halar Khan Abro]], on which they fought and he was killed in battle and later he buried on the upper bank of Ghar canel in village [[Dittal Abro]], [[Qambar Shahdadkot District]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OtRAQAAIAAJ&q=As+the+Kalhoras+were+also+a+Baluch+Dynasty+and+all+these+so-called+Chaukhandi+tombs+(i.e.+cubical+tombs)+are+also|title=Pakistan Quarterly|last=|first=|date=1958|publisher=As the Kalhoras were also a Baluch Dynasty|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

This article includes content derived from "''History of Sind - translated from Persian books''" by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg (1853-1929), published in [[Karachi]] in 1902 and now in the [[public domain]].

[[Category:Kalhora dynasty]]

[[Category:1600 births]]
[[Category:1657 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Sindh]]

Niranjanaben Mukulbhai Kalarthi

2026-02-09T14:39:11Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{short description|Indian author and educator}}
[[File:Niranjanaben Mukulbhai Kalarthi receives the Nari Shakti Puraskar.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Woman receives award from president of India|Kalarthi receives the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], 2022]]

'''Niranjanaben Mukulbhai Kalarthi''' is an Indian author and educator. She was awarded the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2022.

== Career ==
Writing in [[Gujarati language]] under the name '''Mukulbhai Kalarthi''', Kalarthi published the books ''Ba ane Bapu'' about [[Gandhi]] and ''Gujaratna Shirchhatra Sardar'' about [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref name="Tatsat">{{cite news |last1=Kainthola |first1=Deepanshu |title=President Presents Nari Shakti Puraskar for the Years 2020, 2021 |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Kalarthi is an administrator of the Swaraj Ashram at [[Bardoli]] and was present at the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]].<ref name="EDT">{{cite news |title=Greenman Viral Desai Celebrated Gandhi Jayanti by Conducting a Satyagraha at Sardar Ashram |url=https://edtimes.in/greenman-viral-desai-celebrated-gandhi-jayanti-by-conducting-a-satyagraha-at-sardar-ashram/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=ED Times |date=8 September 2021}}</ref> She is also a trustee of the [[Navajivan Trust]] which publishes the works of Gandhi.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Saeed |last2=Chauhan |first2=Ashish |title=Navajivan to publish popular literature |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/navajivan-to-publish-popular-literature/articleshow/58937346.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=1 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref> She has founded groups which promote the Gujarati language and for this was awarded the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2022.<ref name="Tatsat" /> She also received a [[National Award for Teachers (India)|National Teachers Award]] in 1989.<ref name="Tatsat" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalarthi, Niranjanaben Mukulbhai}}
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

K. N. Tailor

2026-02-07T23:11:47Z

NorineYoungblood: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1939–2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. N. Tailor
| image = File:ಕೆ ಎನ್ ಟೈಲರ್ 4.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1939
| birth_place = [[Kadandale]], [[Mangalore]]
| death_date = 18 {{death year and age|2015|1939|3}}
| death_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor, director, producer
| alma_mater =
| years active =
| parents =
}}
'''Kadandale Narayana Tailor''' (1939 – 18 March 2015)<ref name="M. 2015">{{cite web | last=M. | first=Raghava | title=Tributes paid to K.N. Tailor | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 March 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tributes-paid-to-kn-tailor/article7030496.ece | accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref> was an Indian actor, director and producer in [[Tulu cinema|Tulu films]].

==Early life and career==
Tailor was born at [[Kadandale]] of [[Karkala]] Taluk of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district in 1939. From his childhood he had an infatuation for acting in dramas. By profession he was a tailor and his aptitude was for stage activities including acting, directing and producer. He became the proprietor of drama troupe. The Ganesh Natak Sabha which he established in 1958 in Mangalore staged as many as 17 dramas all over the country and abroad and earned a name for him in the field of stage activities.

His performance in the field of Tulu cinema also is significant, and he has been described as "the first 'superstar' of Tulu cinema".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tulu-director-k-n-tailor-passes-away-115031800628_1.html | title=Tulu director K N Tailor passes away | newspaper=[[Business Standard]] | date=18 March 2015 | accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> He provided script, dialogue, direction and himself acted in as many as nine films. Most popular among them are ''Yer Malthina Thappu'' (1974), ''Dareda Bodedi'', ''Pagetha Puge'', ''Bisathi Babu'' and ''Yan Sanyasi Aape''. Tailor was mainly responsible for attracting people towards [[Tulu language]], literature and culture through Tulu dramas and cinemas.

==Awards and recognition==
He has won many regional and state level awards including:
* special state award for Bhagyavanthedi Tulu film in 1982
* Karnataka Natak Academy Award in 1989 and Kannada Rajyotsava Award in 1994
* Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy accorded Taylor its 1996–1997 award
* Lifetime Achievement award in 2014, from the Tulu Film Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=http://v4news.com/first-tulu-film-award-tulu-cultural-revolution-held/ | title=First Tulu Film Award Tulu Cultural Revolution held | publisher=V4 News | accessdate=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030919/http://v4news.com/first-tulu-film-award-tulu-cultural-revolution-held/ | archive-date=3 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Taulava Award from the Tulu Nataka Kalavidara Okkoota, for contributions to Tulu theatre<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/taulava-award-for-kn-taylor/article1974187.ece | title=Taulava Award for K.N. Taylor | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Dec312007/district2007123043994.asp | title=K N Tailor presented Taulava award | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | accessdate=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410055510/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Dec312007/district2007123043994.asp | archive-date=10 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/11727-tulu-actor-director-k-n-taylor-no-more.html Tulu Actor-Director K N Taylor No More]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, K. N.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]

Gavri Devi

2026-02-07T19:20:15Z

NorineYoungblood: Put Up Biography

{{Short description|Indian folk singer (1920–1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gavri Devi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Gavri Devi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|04|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1988|06|29|1920|04|14}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Gavari Bai
| occupation = Folk singer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Mand (singing style)|Mand singing]]
| awards = [[Rajasthan Ratna]] (2013) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]](1986)
}}

'''Gavri Devi''' (also known as '''Gavari Bai''') (14 April 1920 – 29 June 1988) was an Indian folk singer from [[Rajasthan]], India, known for her [[Mand (singing style)|Mand]], a singing style of folk music.<ref name=patrika/><ref>{{cite book |title=Rājasthāna vārshikī |date=1997 |page=9 |publisher=Pañcagaṅgā Prakāśana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zFuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Rāmasiṃha Solaṅkī |author2=Sukhvir Singh Gahlot |title=Jodhapura mahilā samāja [लोक संगीत गायिका गवरी देवी] |date=1997 |publisher=Jodhapura Mahilā Samāja |pages=16, 17, 18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lUKAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE}}</ref> In addition to [[Mand (singing style)|Mand]] singing, she used to sing [[Thumri]], [[Bhajan]] and [[Ghazal]]. She was also known as [[Rajasthan]]'s Maru Kokila.<ref name=patrika/> The [[Government of Rajasthan]] honored her posthumously with [[Rajasthan Ratna]], the highest civilian award of Rajasthan in 2013 for her contribution to art and music.<ref name = "Rajasthan Ratna award 2013" >{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-selects-7-persons-for-rajasthan-ratna-award-2013/414669-3-239.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924065540/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-selects-7-persons-for-rajasthan-ratna-award-2013/414669-3-239.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2013|title= Rajsthan Ratan award for 2013|publisher=Ibn live|date= 16 August 2013|accessdate= 16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gavri Devi gets Rajasthan Ratna Award 2013 |url=https://www.rajasthangk.net/2013/09/gavri-devi-gets-rajasthan-ratna-award.html |publisher=Rajasthan gk.net |date=2 September 2013}}</ref>

At the age of 20, she was married to Mohanlal Gameti from Jodhpur, with whom she had a daughter. She also received encouragement from [[Umaid Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur]] to pursue music. She performed music across India, including states such as [[Orissa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Bengal]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=patrika/>

In the year 1957, Gavri Devi started giving the program of [[Mand (singing style)|Mand Singing]] on [[Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]], which became quite popular. She presented the program of Mand singing at the ceremony organized by the Department of Tourism, [[Government of Rajasthan]] every year. In 1983, She gave her special performance, ''[[Kesariya Balam|Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]''' at the ''Festival of India'', which was organized by India, in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].<ref name=patrika/> She was listed in [[Who's Who in Asia]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nāṭāṇī |first1=Kamaleśa Kumāra |title=Rājasthāna jñāna kosha |date=1999 |publisher=Jain Prakash Mandir Publication |page=20 |isbn=9788187449034 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1xuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE}}</ref>

In 1986, the [[Government of India]] honored her with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the highest Indian recognition given to practicing artists for her contribution to folk music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) |url=https://sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeetnatak.org]] |date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002122718/https://sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref> The award was bestowed by then Indian president [[R. Venkataraman]].<ref name=patrika>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nandkishor |title=हजारों दुख सहे लेकिन मांड गायकी से बनाई देश-दुनिया में पहचान |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/rajasthan-ratna-maand-singer-maru-kokila-gavri-devi-6230767/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> Gavri Devi died on 29 June 1988.<ref>{{cite news |title=मांड गायिका गवरी नहीं रहीं |url=https://www.facebook.com/gavridevimaandsinger/photos/ms.c.eJw10MkNBEEIA8CMVhgwR~;6JraCZZ8ngPrS0nV5IqnX~;dBzCtesZXY7q9rPl5pAzY3PmuWRyjXOKrf32Eznz1XEOnRzF53rz~_OYLTSl64Ow1~_xnffOz9Je~;~_Dazt~_jt09g11bh9rvZxi28fkufe9xDufQCCJMpztGZ~;Z46zXT1Wbfrn~;oMn2mVyf~_b5f4853F0p5ufwByhZRiw~-~-.bps.a.282945441752403/282948195085461 |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=30 June 1988 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Gavri}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Hannah Marshman

2026-01-29T19:19:01Z

NorineYoungblood: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|British missionary (1767–1847)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
[[File:HannahMarshman.jpg|thumb|upright|Hannah Marshman]]

'''Hannah Marshman''' (13 May 1767 – 5 March 1847) was an English [[missionary]] who founded a school at [[Serampore]], India.

She was the daughter of John Shepherd, a farmer, and his wife Rachel, and the granddaughter of John Clark, pastor of the Baptist church at [[Crockerton]], [[Wiltshire]].<ref>Thomas Hamilton, "Marshman, Joshua (1768–1837)", rev. Michael Laird, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18163 accessed 16 August 2007]</ref> Her mother died when she was eight. In 1791 Hannah Shepherd married [[Joshua Marshman]]. In 1794, the couple moved from [[Westbury Leigh]] in Wiltshire to Bristol, where they joined the [[Broadmead Baptist Church]]. The couple were to eventually have 12 children; of these only five were alive when Hannah Marshman died.

Hannah Marshman is considered to be the first woman missionary in India.<ref name=MISS>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718165819/http://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/07/hannah-marshman.html Missionaries of the World website, ''Hannah Marshmann'', article dated July 4, 2011]}}</ref>

== Missionary work ==
On 29 May 1799, Hannah, Joshua and their two children set out from [[Portsmouth]] for India, aboard the ship ''Criterion''. Although there was a threat of a French naval attack, the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of Serampore (a few miles north of Calcutta) on 13 October 1799. They had chosen to land here because the [[East India Company]] was at that time hostile to missionaries. They settled in the Danish colony and were joined there by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] on 10 January 1800.

On 1 May 1800, Joshua and Hannah Marshman opened two boarding schools at Serampore. The schools became the most popular in the Presidency and their son [[John Clark Marshman]] received his education from his parents. He was part of the growing mission family, eating at the communal table and joining with other children in mission life. As with all other mission family members, he was encouraged to become a fluent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaker.

Meanwhile, the [[Church Mission Society|Missionary Society]] had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Mudnabatty and began a teaching school. He was followed by [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], a printer; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival.

The spirit of the early community's unity was somewhat broken when new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed. One missionary demanded "...a separate house, stable and servants." There were also other differences, as the new missionaries found their seniors - particularly Joshua Marshman - to be somewhat dictatorial, assigning them duties which were not to their liking.

In 1800, when she first met them, Marshman was appalled by the neglect in which William Carey and his wife looked after his four boys; aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.<ref name=MISS /> Carey had not spoiled, but rather simply ignored them. Marshman, her husband and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at Fort William College. They offered the boys structure, instruction and companionship. To their credit – and little to Carey's – all four boys went on to useful careers.

At one point, Marshman wrote about Carey, "The good man saw and lamented the evil but was too mild to apply an effectual remedy."

==The Serampore Girls' School and Serampore College==
[[File:Hannah Shepherd Marshman Used Chair - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0758.jpg|thumb|upright|Hannah used this chair at the Serampore College.]]

Mrs Marshamann started a school in 1800, as well as operating two boarding schools for English children (the fees of which helped keep the Serampore mission viable).<ref>[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/rest-of-the-serampore-trio Christian History Institute website, ''The Rest of the Serampore Trio'', article by Vinita Hampton Wright ]</ref>

On 5 July 1818, [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], [[Joshua Marshman]] and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] issued a prospectus (written by Marshman) for a proposed new "College for the instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and other youth in Eastern literature and European science". Thus was born [[Serampore College]] - which still continues to this day.

==Death and memorial==
[[File:Joshua Marshman grave plaque.jpg|thumb|upright|left]]
Hannah Marshman died in 1847.<ref>[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/obit/#hmarshmanobit Bengal Obituary] (1848)</ref>

The following inscription to her memory is placed in the Mission Chapel at Serampore: "In Memory of Hannah Marshman, widow of Joshua Marshman, D. D. the last surviving Member of the Mission Family at Serampore, she arrived in this settlement in October 1799, and opened a seminary to aid in the support of the Mission in May 1800, after having consecrated her life and property to the promotion of this sacred cause and exhibited an example of humble piety and energetic benevolence for forty-seven years. She died at the age of eighty, March 5, 1847."

The full text of her obituary in the Bengal Obituary can be found [[s:Hannah Marshman|here]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE5GDwAAQBAJ|title=British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861|author=Sutapa Dutta|date=November 2017|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-727-3|pages=66–74}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/obit/#hmarshmanobit Obituary] at [[William Carey University]]

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshman, Hannah}}
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Bristol]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:British missionary educators]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Nathnagar, Bihar

2026-01-20T21:11:52Z

NorineYoungblood: new basic post initial version - done

{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nathnagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town in Bhagalpur district
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.21217|N|86.9832|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anga]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Urban Agglomeration]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bhagalpur|Bhagalpur Urban Agglomeration]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = census town
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,600
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=4 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Angika]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=9 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA12 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = BR-10
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
| website =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nathnagar''' is a town in [[Bhagalpur district]] in the [[Anga]] region of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is a census town of Bhagalpur district and the headquarters of Nathnagar C.D block.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सभी 19 नगर निगमों के नाम |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/239576-nurpur-bihar.html|access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Census2011 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला एक और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दर्जा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Back in the early vedic period Nathnagar's Champanagar was the capital of the Anga Mahajanpada.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Blocks in Bhagalpur district]]

{{Bhagalpur-geo-stub}}

Afreen Hyder

2026-01-05T22:12:03Z

NorineYoungblood: started initial post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian taekwondo player (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Afreen Hyder
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = 2000
| birth_place = Srinagar, Kashmir
| years_active = 2007–present
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Taekwondo]]
| rank = 173rd
| updated = <code>16 November 2023</code>
}}

'''Afreen Hyder''' (born 2000) is an Indian [[taekwondo]] practitioner from [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], [[India]]. Hyder has been an All India Rank 1 holder and has previously been ranked among the top 100 female Taekwondo athletes in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu News: सीनियर नेशनल ताइक्वांडो में आफरीन को रजत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/senior-national-taekwondo-jammu-news-c-10-jmu1037-201075-2023-09-13 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> As of 30 December 2023, she is ranked 200th in the senior division women's 62 kg World Kyorugi rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Taekwondo |url=http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/ranking/ranking.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.worldtaekwondo.org}}</ref> Hyder is the first female taekwondo athlete from Kashmir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-07-21 |title=Meet Afreen Hyder, Kashmiri female taekwondo athlete aiming for Olympics |url=https://theprint.in/sport/meet-afreen-hyder-kashmiri-female-taekwondo-athlete-aiming-for-olympics/1048669/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Network">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2023-09-13 |title=JK's Afreen Hyder Wins Silver In Senior National Taekwondo Championship |url=https://kashmirlife.net/jks-afreen-hyder-wins-silver-in-senior-national-taekwondo-championship-327775/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=A Journey Through Curfews & Politics: Kashmir First Female Taekwondo Athlete, Afreen Hyder Aims Paris Olympics 2024 Medal For India - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.india.com/sports/a-journey-through-curfews-and-politics-kashmirs-first-female-taekwondo-athlete-afreen-hyder-aims-paris-olympics-2024-medal-for-india-exclusive-6266623/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.india.com |language=en | date=28 August 2023 | first=Debayan | last=Bhattacharyya}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hyder was born in Srinagar in 2000. She completed her schooling at [[List of Delhi Public School Society schools|Delhi Public School]] (DPS) in Srinagar and has started pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Abid |date=2023-02-16 |title=Afreen makes Kashmir proud again |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/afreen-makes-kashmir-proud-again/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=खेल से ज्यादा खूबसूरती के लिए चर्चित है यह कश्मीरी एथलीट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/web-stories/sports/kashmiri-taekwondo-athlete-afreen-hyder-photos-2023-06-12 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Razvii |first=Sahil |date=2023-11-07 |title=जम्मू की रहने वाली आफरीन हैदर ने गोवा में नेशनल गेम्स में जीता सिल्वर मेडल. |url=https://lallanpost.com/afreen-haider-resident-of-jammu-won-silver-medal-in-the-national-games-in-goa/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Lallanpost |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hyder represents [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] in national and international competitions and was the first taekwondo sportswoman to do so at the time.<ref name=":1" /> She won her first ever medal at the national level in 2010.<ref name=":0" />

Hyder won a silver medal at the 2022 Senior National Taekwondo Championship, which took place in Maharashtra from the 10th to 12 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जम्मू की ताइक्वांडो खिलाड़ी आफरीन हैदर ने नेशनल गेम्स में जीता सिल्वर मेडल |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/sports-news/jammu-s-taekwondo-player-afreen-haider-silver-medal-national-games-goa-36677.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=hindi.awazthevoice.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Network"/>

She won a bronze medal at the 2023 Senior National Taekwondo Championship.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-19 |title=Afreen Hyder makes J&K proud, gets selected for National Games 2023 {{!}} KNO |url=http://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/afreen-hyder-makes-jandk-proud-gets-selected-for-national-games-2023-kno-177968 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref>

She won a silver medal after losing the final match of the women's under-67 kg category in the 2023 [[National Games of India|Goa National Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोवा में जम्मू की बेटी ने दिखाया दमखम, National Games में ताइक्वांडो खिलाड़ी ने जीता सिल्वर मेडल; आंध्र प्रदेश के खिलाड़ी को दी मात - Jammu Kashmir taekwondo player Afreen Haider won silver medal in National Games in goa |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-jammu-kashmir-taekwondo-player-afreen-haider-won-silver-medal-in-national-games-in-goa-23572791.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyder, Afreen}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Srinagar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

The Backward Class

2025-12-28T16:22:18Z

NorineYoungblood: new details!

{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Backward Class
| director = Madeleine Grant
| starring = Mala Muniswamy
| studio = Affinity Films
| released = {{Film date|2014|05||[[Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival|Hot Docs]]}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = Canada
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (with English subtitles)
}}

'''''The Backward Class''''' is a 2014 Canadian [[documentary|documentary film]] directed by Madeleine Grant. The film follows the success of a group of ethnically disadvantaged students near [[Bangalore]], India, in taking high-school graduation exams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=David |title=2014 Hot Docs Audience Awards – winners |url=http://www.chinokino.com/2014/05/2014-hot-docs-audience-awards-winners.html |access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref> The film, created by a group of graduates of the [[University of British Columbia]],<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/the-backward-class-follows-first-ever-untouchable-grade-12-students-in-india-1.3024159 "The Backward Class follows first ever 'untouchable' Grade 12 students in India"]. ''CBC News'', Sharon Lindores, ''CBC News'' Apr 10, 2015</ref> premiered at the [[Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival]] in May 2014 and won the Audience Favourite award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnard |first=Linda |date=2014-05-05 |title=Canada's The Backward Class is Hot Docs audience favourite |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/canada-s-the-backward-class-is-hot-docs-audience-favourite/article_db61a153-e8d3-5e9c-b48d-f0b2d583bdd9.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref>

The 91-minute documentary was shot inside the [[Shanti Bhavan]] school,<ref>[http://dorkshelf.com/tag/the-backward-class/ The Backward Class | Dork Shelf]</ref> by Affinity Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Hot Docs 2014 {{!}} The Backward Class – Schema Magazine |url=http://schemamag.ca/2014/04/30/hot-docs-2014-the-backward-class/#.U2lCZ1flNco |access-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041017/http://schemamag.ca/2014/04/30/hot-docs-2014-the-backward-class/#.U2lCZ1flNco |archive-date=2016-03-07 }}</ref> Grant lived and worked at the school while making the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnard |first=Linda |date=2015-02-05 |title=Director lived like student to make The Backward Class |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/director-lived-like-student-to-make-the-backward-class/article_4239c959-0b37-5780-b2c1-5ba0f24c2da3.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref> The dialogue is partly in [[English language|English]] and partly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with English subtitles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-09 |title=Hot Docs 2014: The Backward Class |url=https://www.canadianfilmreview.com/hot-docs-2014-the-backward-class/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509055140/https://www.canadianfilmreview.com/hot-docs-2014-the-backward-class/ |archive-date=2014-05-09 }}</ref>

The film was later screened in Toronto, received positive reviews from ''[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-12 |title=Review: The Backward Class - NOW Magazine |work=NOW Magazine |url=https://nowtoronto.com/movies/reviews/the-backward-class/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312074416/https://nowtoronto.com/movies/reviews/the-backward-class/ |archive-date=2017-03-12 }}</ref> and ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-05 |title=School? Not for 65 million girls |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/school-not-for-65-million-girls/article18458930/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

One of the stars of the film, Mala Muniswamy, travelled from [[India]] to attend the film's premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gee |first=Dana |date=7 December 2014 |title=Vancouver Filmmaker Reminds Us Education is the Key to Everything |url=https://theprovince.com/entertainment/vancouver-filmmaker-reminds-us-education-is-the-key-to-everything |website=The Province}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Alex Hutt of ''Canadian Film Review'' mentioned that "The Backward Class is definitely a film to put down on your Hot Docs sched."<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.thebackwardclass.com/}}
*{{IMDb title|2187105}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Backward Class}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Canadian documentary films]]
[[Category:2014 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about India]]
[[Category:Documentary films about high school]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2014 Canadian films]]

{{2010s-Canada-documentary-film-stub}}

Abhishek Nayar

2025-11-03T13:02:31Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Abhishek Nayar
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Abhishek Mohan Nayar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|10|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|Medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| international = true
| odidebutdate = 3 July
| odidebutyear = 2009
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 178
| lastodidate = 30 September
| lastodiyear = 2009
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt = 24
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2005–2018
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2008–2010
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| year3 = 2011–2012
| clubnumber3 =
| club4 = [[Pune Warriors India]]
| year4 = 2013
| club5 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year5 = 2014–2015
| club6 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| year6 = 2018
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 0
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 0*
| deliveries1 = 18
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 103
| runs2 = 5,749
| bat avg2 = 45.62
| 100s/50s2 = 13/32
| top score2 = 259
| deliveries2 = 12,412
| wickets2 = 173
| bowl avg2 = 31.47
| fivefor2 = 6
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 7/131
| catches/stumpings2 = 22/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 99
| runs3 = 2,145
| bat avg3 = 31.08
| 100s/50s3 = 2/10
| top score3 = 118
| deliveries3 = 3,043
| wickets3 = 79
| bowl avg3 = 30.10
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/28
| catches/stumpings3 = 23/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 95
| runs4 = 1,291
| bat avg4 = 21.51
| 100s/50s4 = 0/3
| top score4 = 79
| deliveries4 = 679
| wickets4 = 27
| bowl avg4 = 34.33
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/13
| catches/stumpings4 = 23/–
| date = 3 November
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32091.html ESPNcricinfo
|internationalspan2=2009}}
'''Abhishek Mohan Nayar''' (born 8 October 1983) is a former [[India national cricket team|Indian]] international [[cricket]]er and is the current head coach of [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[UP Warriorz]]. He is also the former Assistant Coach of [[India national cricket team|Indian men’s cricket team]]. He was an all-rounder who batted left-handed and bowled right-arm medium pace. He played [[first class cricket]] for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]], and played his 100th first-class match in November 2018. Nayar represented [[Mumbai Indians]], [[Kings XI Punjab]], [[Pune Warriors India]] and [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].

==Domestic career==
Nayar is a useful right-arm medium-pacer who has time and again got Mumbai crucial breakthrough in his young first-class career. He does not quite have the pace to be a regular attacking option but it's with his left-hand batting that he becomes a natural selection.
Capable of crease occupation as well as hitting the ball hard, Nayar chipped in with vital contributions in Mumbai's successful [[Ranji Trophy]] campaign in 2006.

The first-class century narrowly eluded him for a time - he made 97 against Gujarat in 2006 but when it came it was a big one, 152 against [[Karachi Urban cricket team|Karachi Urban]] in the [[Mohammad Nissar Trophy]].

Nayar was bought by the lucrative Indian Premier League's Mumbai franchise in early 2008 and enjoyed regular playing time as the tournament kicked off. In the final of the 2008/09 Ranji Trophy, he made a vital 99 that helped set up Mumbai's 38th triumph and, after being on the fringes of the national side.

He was the second highest run-scorer in the 2012/13 Ranji Trophy season scored 966 runs for Mumbai including three centuries and eight 50s. He also picked up 19 wickets to play an important role in the team's 40th Ranji Trophy title.

He selected to play for India A against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in a tour match in February. Nayar was not a part of the India A and Board President's XI squads which was announced earlier.
In 2013, Nayar sent down 10 wides and a no-ball in a 17-ball over in the semi-final of the inter-zone [[Deodhar Trophy]]. He equal record of [[Mohammad Sami]] holds the record in ODIs with his famous 17-ball over against Bangladesh in an Asia Cup match in 2004.
Nayar himself had handy figures of 7-0-49-2 with wickets of two specialist batsmen, [[Hanuma Vihari]] and [[CM Gautam]]. Nayar didn't look pleased with some of the wide calls, but later said it was more disappointment than dissent.
Nayar came into bowl in the 12th over of South Zone's innings and began with the wicket of opener Vihari first ball. The wide malaise began with the third delivery of the over.

Fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th were all wides. All bar one of those were off-side wides. Nayar even tried to shorten his run-up but to no avail.

He scored a century along with the [[Vijay Zol]] ensured India A held on for a draw against New Zealand "A" in Visakhapatnam on the final day in September 2013.

In [[Challenger Trophy]] 2013, he responded with a counterattacking 91 off 73 balls against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] as India Blues was reduced from 56 for 0 to 66 for 3. Against India Red, he scored unbeaten 75 off 39 balls as India Blues scored 345 runs in 50 overs.

After the [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018 IPL season]], he was named as the mentor and head coach of the first-of-its-kind, [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] academy, to guide the youngsters of KKR during the off-season.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/abhishek-nayar-named-coach-of-kkr-academy/articleshow/64950698.cms| title=Abhishek Nayar named coach of KKR Academy| work=The Times of India|date= 11 July 2018}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], he transferred from Mumbai to [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25132728/list-domestic-transfers-ahead-2018-19-ranji-trophy-season |title=List of domestic transfers ahead of the 2018-19 Ranji Trophy season |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> In November 2018, he played in his 100th first-class match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25252647/on-cusp-milestones-abhishek-nayar-vinay-kumar-look-back-career |title=On the cusp of milestones, Abhishek Nayar and Vinay Kumar look back on career |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>

==International career==
He was named in India's squad for the ODI tour of the [[West Indies]] where he made his debut. He played in the last two ODIs but he didn't get a chance to bat or bowl in either. His first and only opportunity to bat as well as bowl came in his third and final ODI, in the group stage of 2009 Champions Trophy against West Indies. It was a low stakes match as India were already eliminated from the race to the semifinals. He came to bat when India were firmly in control of the game with 26 runs required in 22 overs with 7 wickets in Hand. Nayar faced 7 deliveries in total and played defensively, taking his time to get off the mark. Meanwhile, [[Virat Kohli]], his batting partner, finished the game with some boundaries and quick runs before Nayar could score his first international run. Nayar also bowled three overs at 17 runs without picking a wicket. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2009-10-374074/india-vs-west-indies-12th-match-group-a-415284/full-scorecard |title=ICC Champions Trophy, 12th match - IND vs WI Scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
He is the current coach of [[UP Warriorz]] ([[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] Team). He was also appointed as assistant coach for [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and has been appointed the head coach of [[Trinbago Knight Riders]].

==Personal life==
Abhishek was born in Secunderabad to [[Keralite]] Mohan Nair and Lekha Nair. His parents were originally from [[Neyyattinkara]] in [[Kerala]]. He attended [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish School]] in [[Mahim]]. He married Natasha Sheikh in 2014.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=32091}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Pune Warriors India cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Brothers Union cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Pondicherry cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Hedgewar Smruti Mandir

2025-10-18T15:36:39Z

NorineYoungblood: adjusted page after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Memorial in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Not notable|date=October 2025}}
{{coord|21|08|06|N|79|06|39|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}'''Hedgewar Smruti Mandir''' (HSM) is a memorial in Reshimbagh, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India dedicated to [[K. B. Hedgewar]] and [[M. S. Golwalkar]], who were the first two leaders of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation. It was inaugurated in 1962. It was granted tourism status on the recommendation of the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) in 2017, but this decision is mired in controversy.

==History==
K. B. Hedgewar was the founder of the RSS. When he died in 1940, his final rites were performed at the RSS headquarters in Reshimbagh,<ref name="timesnownews">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/nagpur-rss-founder-memorial-smruti-mandir-gets-tourism-status/225855|title=Nagpur: RSS founder's memorial Smruti Mandir gets tourism status|date=8 May 2018|work=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref name="gradec">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/smruti-mandir-gets-grade-c-tourism-status/articleshow/64055960.cms|title=Smruti Mandir gets grade-C tourism status|last1=Anparthi|first1=Anjaya|date=7 May 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref> and an unassuming [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] (memorial) was built there. It was inaugurated on 9 April 1962 by M. S. Golwalkar who was Hedgewar's immediate successor.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|date=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780140246025|page=41|language=en}}</ref> When M. S. Golwalkar died, his memorial was also constructed there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rss-shiksha-varg-2018-begins-in-nagpur-118051400830_1.html|title=RSS shiksha varg 2018 begins in Nagpur|date=14 May 2018|work=[[Business Standard]] India}}</ref> The Dr. Hedgewar Smarak Samiti, an independent society registered under the Societies Act, maintains the memorial.<ref name="xx">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/no-role-to-play-in-hedgewar-samitis-working-rss-to-hc/articleshow/60931201.cms|title=No role to play in Hedgewar Samiti's working: RSS to HC|last=Ganjapure|first=Vaibhav|date=4 October 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=yy>{{cite news|title=Smruti Mandir premises belongs to Hedgewar Smarak Samiti: RSS to court|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/smruti-mandir-premises-belongs-to-hedgewar-smarak-samiti-rss-to-court-4873258/|work=The Indian Express|date=4 October 2017}}</ref>

==Controversy over tourism status==
The [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]] (NMC) approved money for the development of the memorial on 12 September 2017. The NMC has proposed construction of a road and a compound wall in Reshimbagh at a cost of {{INR}} 1.37 crore, but this is a controversial decision and has been contested.<ref name=nmdc/> A [[Public Interest Litigation|public interest litigation]] was filed to challenge this decision claiming that public money cannot be spent on the development of a private area.<ref name=xx/><ref name=yy/> Subsequently, it received a C-grade tourism status on the recommendation of the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) and the district planning committee.<ref name=timesnownews/> The MTDC added the memorial to a list of places to visit in Nagpur Darshan for the large number of people visiting during [[Vijayadashami]] and other occasions.<ref name=gradec/> This decision by the MTDC is under court consideration because of the public interest litigation. It is Nagpur's first memorial and 9th location to be granted tourism status.<ref name="nmdc">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/complaints-filed-over-tourism-status-to-smruti-mandir/articleshow/64101583.cms|title=Complaints filed over tourism status to Smruti Mandir|last=Anparthi|first=Anjaya|date=10 May 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1962]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Geeta Ilangovan

2025-10-14T04:13:36Z

NorineYoungblood: Put Up Stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist and filmmaker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2023}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Geeta Ilangovan
| image = File:Geeta Ilangovan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Geeta Ilangovan
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], India
| occupation = Film director
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genre = Non-Fiction
| spouse =
| relatives =
}}

'''Geeta Ilangovan''' is an Indian journalist, writer and filmmaker of short films and documentaries which tackle social and gender based issues.<ref name="positive vibes">{{cite news |date=2010-11-15 |title=Spreading positive vibes |work=The New Indian Express |publication-place=Chennai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2010/nov/15/spreading-positive-vibes-203029.html}}</ref>

== Education ==
She is from [[Tiruppur]].<ref name="positive vibes" /> She earned a degree in nutrition science from [[PSG College of Arts and Science|PSG College, Coimbatore]] where she met her husband.<ref name="positive vibes" /> She then earned an M.A. in journalism at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], despite resistance from her family.<ref name="positive vibes" />

Ilangovan then applied for the [[Indian Information Service]] exam conducted by the [[Civil Services Examination|UPSC]] for journalism postgraduates. In 1998, she gained an all-India ranking of 2.<ref name="positive vibes" />

== Career ==

=== Filmmaking ===

Her first short film 'Little space' (2007), about children with mental illness, won the [[SCARF India]] award.<ref name="positive vibes" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scarfindia.org/the-media-for-mental-health-award/|title=THE MEDIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH AWARD | Scarf India|first=Web|last=Trackitteam|work=Scarf India |date=10 March 2023}}</ref> In 2014, it won 2nd best documentary in the [[Chennai Women's International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-05-22 |title=Chennai women's International film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-womens-international-film-festival/articleshow/35467049.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her 2010 film ''Agrinaigal'' (2010) is about the struggle of transgender people to find dignified employment.<ref name="positive vibes" /> She made three conversational films for children regarding [[Culture and menstruation|myths and issues around menstruation]], and [[Caste system in India|caste]] discrimination including the one on '[[honor killing]]', in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=NIS celebrated International Women's Day on 8th March 2022 |url=https://nischennai.org/main/nis-celebrated-international-womens-day-on-8th-march-2022/ |website=National Institute of Siddha}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
Ilangovan primarily writes non-fiction. Her article on [[Panchayati raj|women panchayat leaders]], published in Tamil magazine [[Vikatan|Aval Vikatan]], won the [[Sarojini Naidu Award]] and 200,000 cash prize for best reporting of women in panchayat raj (from [[Hunger Project]]-India) in 2005.<ref name="positive vibes" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Three journalists selected for Sarojini Naidu award |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/three-journalists-selected-for-sarojini-naidu-award_241478.html |website=Zee News |language=en |date=13 September 2005}}</ref> Her essays were published under the title, "Dupatta Podunga Thozhi" by Her stories Publication.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henry |first1=Nikhila |title=Off With the Dupattas: Why TN Tribal Students Discarded Scarves To Beat Sexism |url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/tamil-nadu-sexism-tribal-students-scarf-dupatta-geetha-ilangovan |website=TheQuint |language=en |date=16 March 2023}}</ref> She has also spoken about her work to students at schools.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Tamil Nadu: Girls fling dupattas in air to welcome feminist writer Geeta Ilangovan; video goes viral {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/88062/tamil-nadu-girls-fling-dupattas-in-air-to-welcome-feminist-writer-geeta-ilangovan-video-goes-viral.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=17 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A%207vzvpyqZI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_7vzvpyqZI](via youtube.com) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513041845/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A%207vzvpyqZI |date=2023-05-13 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fN661_2N7cA The Life Journey of Geetha Ilangovan | Vili விழி – Episode No. 129 | Tamil America TV] (via youtube.com)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilangovan, Geeta}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]

Pingala

2025-10-01T23:20:28Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{Short description|3rd–2nd century BC Indian mathematician and poet}}
{{For|the subtle energy channel described in yoga|Nadi (yoga)}}
{{Infobox scholar
| image =
| caption =
| name = Pingala
| birth_date = c. 3rd or 2nd century BCE<ref name=plofker55/>
| era = [[Maurya period|Maurya]] or post-Maurya
| main_interests = [[Sanskrit prosody]], [[Indian mathematics]], [[Sanskrit grammar]]
| notable_ideas = ''[[Fibonacci number#History|Mātrāmeru]]'', [[Binary number#History|Binary numeral system]].
| major_works = Author of the "''{{IAST|Chandaḥśāstra}}''" (also called ''Pingala Sutras''), the earliest known treatise on [[Sanskrit prosody]], Creator of Pingala's formula.
| influences =
| influenced =
}}
[[Acharya]] '''Pingala'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The So-called Fibonacci Numbers in Ancient and Medieval India|last=Singh|first=Parmanand|url=http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~dg/sdarticle.pdf|journal=[[Historia Mathematica]]|year=1985|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|volume=12|issue=3|page=232|doi=10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7|access-date=2018-11-29|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724230820/http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~dg/sdarticle.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{Langx|sa|पिङ्गल|translit=Piṅgala}}; c. 3rd{{En dash}}2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]])<ref name=plofker55>{{cite book|first=Kim|last=Plofker|author-link=Kim Plofker|title=Mathematics in India|title-link= Mathematics in India (book) |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA55 55–56] |year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12067-6}}</ref> was an ancient Indian poet and [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pingala – Timeline of Mathematics|url=https://mathigon.org/timeline/pingala|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Mathigon|language=en}}</ref> and the author of the ''{{IAST|Chandaḥśāstra}}'' ({{Langx|sa|छन्दःशास्त्र|lit=A Treatise on Prosody}}), also called the ''Pingala Sutras'' ({{Langx|sa|पिङ्गलसूत्राः|lit=Pingala's Threads of Knowledge|translit=Piṅgalasūtrāḥ}}), the earliest known treatise on [[Sanskrit prosody]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Vaman Shivaram Apte|title=Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary and Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ArxvCxV1l4C&pg=PA648|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0045-8|pages=648–649}}</ref>

The ''{{IAST|Chandaḥśāstra}}'' is a work of eight chapters in the late [[Sūtra]] style, not fully comprehensible without a commentary. It has been dated to the last few centuries BCE.<ref>R. Hall, ''Mathematics of Poetry'', has "c. 200 BC"</ref><ref>[[Klaus Mylius|Mylius]] (1983:68) considers the Chandas-shāstra as "very late" within the Vedānga corpus.</ref> In the 10th century CE, [[Halayudha]] wrote a commentary elaborating on the ''{{IAST|Chandaḥśāstra}}''. According to some historians [[Maharishi|Maharshi]] Pingala was the brother of [[Pāṇini]], the famous [[Vyākaraṇa|Sanskrit grammarian]], considered the first [[Linguistic description|descriptive linguist]]''.<ref name="FPencyclo">[[Pāṇini#FPencyclo|François & Ponsonnet (2013: 184)]].</ref>'' Others identify him as [[Patanjali]], the 2nd century CE scholar who authored Mahabhashya.

==Combinatorics==
The ''{{IAST|Chandaḥśāstra}}'' presents a formula to generate systematic enumerations of [[Metre (poetry)|metres]], of all possible combinations of [[Sanskrit prosody#Light and heavy syllables|light (''laghu'') and heavy (''guru'') syllables]], for a word of ''n'' syllables, using a recursive formula, that results in a partially ordered [[binary numeral system|binary]] representation.<ref>Van Nooten (1993)</ref> Pingala is credited with being the first to express the [[combinatorics]] of [[Sanskrit prosody|Sanskrit metre]], e.g.:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Rachel Wells |date=February 2008 |title=Math for Poets and Drummers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25678735 |journal=Math Horizons |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=10{{en dash}}12 |doi=10.1080/10724117.2008.11974752 |jstor=25678735 |s2cid=3637061 |access-date=27 May 2022 }}</ref>
* Create a syllable list ''x'' comprising one light (''L'') and heavy (''G'') syllable
* Repeat till list ''x'' contains only words of the desired length ''n''
** Replicate list ''x'' as lists ''a'' and ''b''
*** Append syllable ''L'' to each element of list ''a''
*** Append syllable ''G'' to each element of list ''b''
** Append lists ''b'' to list ''a'' and rename as list ''x''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possible combinations of ''Guru'' and ''Laghu'' syllables in a word of length ''n''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Jayant |title=A History of Pingala's Combinatorics |url=https://web.northeastern.edu/shah/papers/Pingala.pdf}}</ref>
|-
!Word length (''n'' characters)!!Possible combinations
|-
| 1 || G L
|-
| 2 || GG LG GL LL
|-
| 3 || GGG LGG GLG LLG GGL LGL GLL LLL
|-
|}

Because of this, Pingala is sometimes also credited with the first use of [[0|zero]], as he used the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Śūnyatā|śūnya]]'' to explicitly refer to the number.<ref>{{harvtxt|Plofker|2009}}, pp. 54–56: "In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, [...] Pingala's use of a zero symbol [śūnya] as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero. ... In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, there are five questions concerning the possible meters for any value "n". [...] The answer is (2)7 = 128, as expected, but instead of seven doublings, the process (explained by the sutra) required only three doublings and two squarings – a handy time saver where "n" is large. Pingala's use of a zero symbol as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero."</ref> Pingala's binary representation increases towards the right, and not to the left as modern [[binary numbers]] usually do.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The mathematics of harmony: from Euclid to contemporary mathematics and computer science|first1=Alexey|last1=Stakhov|author1-link=Alexey Stakhov|first2=Scott Anthony|last2=Olsen|isbn=978-981-277-582-5|year=2009|publisher=World Scientific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6fac9RxXREC}}</ref> In Pingala's system, the numbers start from number one, and not zero. Four short syllables "0000" is the first pattern and corresponds to the value one. The numerical value is obtained by adding one to the sum of [[place value]]s.<ref>B. van Nooten, "Binary Numbers in Indian Antiquity", Journal of Indian Studies, Volume 21, 1993, pp. 31–50</ref> Pingala's work also includes material related to the [[Fibonacci numbers]], called ''{{IAST|mātrāmeru}}''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Toward a Global Science | author = Susantha Goonatilake |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 1998 |page = [https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon/page/126 126] |isbn = 978-0-253-33388-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon |url-access = registration |quote = Virahanka Fibonacci. }}</ref>

==Editions==
* [[Albrecht Weber|A. Weber]], ''Indische Studien'' 8, Leipzig, 1863.
* Janakinath Kabyatittha & Brothers, ''Pingala Chhanda Sutram'', Calcutta, 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ChhandaSutra-Pingala |title=Chhanda Sutra – Pingala}}</ref>
* Nirnayasagar Press, ''Chand Shastra'', Bombay, 1938.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pingalacharya |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327579 |title=Chand Shastra |date=1938}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Chandas]]
* [[Sanskrit prosody]]
* [[Indian mathematics]]
* [[Indian mathematicians]]
* [[Binomial theorem#History|History of the binomial theorem]]
* [[List of Indian mathematicians]]
{{colend}}

==References==
* Amulya Kumar Bag, 'Binomial theorem in ancient India', ''Indian J. Hist. Sci.'' 1 (1966), 68–74.
* George Gheverghese Joseph (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock'', p. 254, 355. [[Princeton University Press]].
* [[Klaus Mylius]], ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden (1983).
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1007/BF01092744
| volume = 21
| issue = 1
| pages = 31–50
| last = Van Nooten
| first = B.
| title = Binary numbers in Indian antiquity
| journal = Journal of Indian Philosophy
| date = 1993-03-01
| s2cid = 171039636
}}

==External links==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225617/http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/Poets/arcadia.pdf Math for Poets and Drummers]'', Rachel W. Hall, [[Saint Joseph's University]], 2005.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224803/http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Multi/rhythm2.pdf Mathematics of Poetry]'', Rachel W. Hall
*
''[https://archive.org/details/eWNd_pingala-krita-chhandah-sutram-the-prosody-of-pingala-by-kapil-dev-dwivedi-2013-b Internet Archive]'', The Prosody of Pingala

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fibonacci numbers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC mathematicians]]

Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji

2025-09-20T20:23:50Z

NorineYoungblood: New

{{Short description|Administrative organization of Alauddin Khilji (c. 1296–1316)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] (r. 1296-1316) implemented a series of major fiscal, land and agrarian reforms in northern India. He re-designated large areas of land as crown territory by confiscating [[private property|private properties]] and by annulling [[land grants]]. He imposed a 50% ''[[kharaj]]'' tax on the agricultural produce, and ordered his ministry to collect the revenue directly from the peasants by eliminating the intermediary village chiefs.

Alauddin had faced conspiracies and rebellions by Hindu chiefs in rural areas during his early reign. Besides ensuring sufficient revenues for the royal treasury, the objective of these reforms was to subjugate the powerful chiefs and nobles who could challenge Alauddin's authority. According to chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], he also asked his advisers for reforms to subjugate the [[Hindu]]s whose wealth was a "source of rebellion and disaffection" like the nobility.

Most of Alauddin's reforms were revoked by his son [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] shortly after his death, but a few of them served as a basis for the agrarian reforms introduced by rulers of India in the 16th century.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

== Background ==

Alauddin Khalji was the first ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] to undertake large-scale fiscal and revenue reforms. His predecessors had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=241}} [[Ziauddin Barani]], who wrote around half-a-century after Alauddin's death, is the main source of information for Alauddin's reforms.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=242}}

The countryside was largely under the domain of traditional Hindu authorities (''khods'', ''[[Muqaddam|muqudaams]]'', ''[[Chowdhury|choudharies]]'') who controlled the agricultural production. They served as the middlemen through whom the rural population was controlled. Alauddin saw them as rebellious and an impediment of smooth functioning of the government.<ref name=Vipin>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVd9xS4yo04C&pg=PA187|title=Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750-1550)|publisher=Macmillan|author=Vipul Singh|year=2009|page=187|isbn=9780230637610}}</ref>

The land-holders exacted as much tax as possible from the peasants and gave only due share to the state. The surplus revenue made them rich and overbearing. The domineering behaviour of the Hindu chiefs always desiring for independence was also mentioned by [[Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=245}}

Barani mentions Alauddin's complaint against these Hindu middlemen in detail (translated by [[Dietmar Rothermund]] and [[Hermann Kulke]]):<ref name=Vipin/>

{{blockquote|I have discovered that the khuts and mukkadims [local tax collectors and village headmen] ride upon fine horses, wear fine clothes, shoot with Persian bows, make war upon each other, and go out for hunting; but of the [[kharaj]] [land revenue], [[jizya]] [poll tax], kari [house tax] and chari [pasture tax] they do not pay one jital. They levy separately the khut's [landowner's] share from the villages, give parties and drink wine, and many of them pay no revenue at all, either upon demand or without demand. Neither do they show any respect for my officers. This has excited my anger, and I have said to myself: 'Thou hast an ambition to conquer other lands, but thou hast hundreds of leagues of country under thy rule where proper obedience is not paid to thy authority. How then wilt thou make other lands submissive?'|source=Barani<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVd9xS4yo04C&pg=PA187 |title=Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750-1550)|publisher=Macmillan|author=Vipul Singh|year=2009|pages=187, 189|isbn=9780230637610}}</ref>}}

== Objective ==

After facing multiple rebellions by his nephews and officers in 1301, Alauddin implemented [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Measures for preventing rebellions|four measures to prevent rebellions]].{{sfn|David R. Ringrose|2001|p=20}} He aimed at preventing rebellions by weakening the nobility.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=243}} He also viewed the haughtiness as well as direct and indirect resistance of the traditional Hindu village heads, who controlled the countryside and agricultural production, as the main impediment in his rule.<ref name=Kulke>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA171 |title=A History of India|publisher=Psychology Press|author=Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund|year=2004|pages=171–173|isbn=9780415329200}}</ref>

He sought to reduce the power of his Hindu population and according to Barani, he asked "the wise men to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters disaffection and rebellion."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgk6SV16fk8C&pg=PA147|title=Remaking Identities: God, Nation, and Race in World History|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|author=Benjamin Lieberman|date=22 March 2013|page=147|isbn=9781442213951}}</ref>

According to Barani, after his initial measures against the nobles, Alauddin asked his advisors for suggestions on how to subjugate the [[Hindu]]s, whose wealth — like that of the nobles — could potentially lead to disloyalty and rebellions. His advisers suggested taking away revenue assignments from the landlords, one law for revenue from both landlords and tenants as well as ending collection charges so "the revenue due from the strong might not fall upon the weak".{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=244-245}}{{sfn|David R. Ringrose|2001|p=20}}

Historian [[K. S. Lal]] says that the statement of Barani that Alauddin undertook a series of measures to "crush the Hindus" was a sentiment of an orthodox historian rather than a fact of the matter. He says that though Barani lends a communal colour to Jalaluddin's complaint against their behaviour, it was clear that the Hindu middle-class was well-off and not inclined to servility.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=245}} Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] believes that Barani used the word "Hindu" to refer to the upper-class Hindu chiefs: he did not include the Hindu peasants under this term.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=357}} Historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] believes that Alauddin's measures were taken against the "privileged sections in the countryside" in general.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

== The reforms ==

=== Confiscation of private lands ===

The Delhi Sultanate included the territory governed directly by the emperor's government, as well as the territories governed by his [[vassal]]s. The crown territory governed by the emperor was called ''khalisa'', and its revenues went directly to the royal treasury. The vassals (called ''rais'', ''ranas'' and ''rawats'') had the freedom to determine the tax rate for their subjects. Many of them were expected to maintain their own armies, and provide military support to the crown when required.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=356}}

The Sultans of Delhi also made several land grants and assigned territories to their nobles as [[iqta']]s. The iqta' holders had the right to collect taxes in their territories: the money would be used to raise a local army that would support the Sultan when needed, and a part of money would be remitted to the Sultan.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}}

As part of his land reforms, Alauddin brought a large tract of fertile land under the crown territory, by eliminating iqta's, grants and vassals in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]] region extending from [[Meerut]] to [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} After assassinating his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]] in 1296, he had made a large number of land grants to gain support of the nobles. However, after consolidating the power, in 1297, he deposed a large number of nobles who had earlier served Jalaluddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=242}} He confiscated their property, and resumed their iqta's into the crown territory.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=241}}

Sometime later, probably after [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Rebellion of Haji Maula|Haji Maula's rebellion]] in 1301, Alauddin decided to confiscate more private wealth as part of his measures to weaken those capable of organizing a rebellion. He confiscated a large number of lands that had earlier been held as private property (''milk''), and re-designated them as part of the crown territory. He also annulled several land grants, including those awarded to religious or charitable organizations (''[[waqf]]'') and those exempt from service obligations (''[[inamdar (feudal title)|inam]]'').{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=350}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=241}}

=== Direct revenue collection ===

Before Alauddin's reforms, the Delhi Sultanate did not collect the land revenues directly from the peasants. The peasants surrendered the land revenues to intermediary chiefs, known as ''khuts'', ''[[muqaddam]]s'', and ''chaudharis'', who represented villages or groups of villages.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=353}} These chiefs surrendered a fixed part of the revenue to the Sultanate's Ministry of Revenue, irrespective of how much revenue they extracted from the peasants.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=243}} Apparently, the Sultanate's government did not have adequate staff in the rural areas, and as long as the intermediary chiefs paid their pre-determined share of revenue, the government did not bother about how they treated the peasants.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=357}}

Alauddin noticed that the intermediary chiefs fought against each other, flaunted their lavish lifestyle, and some of them did not remit revenues to the crown. He sought advice from Qazi Mughisuddin of Bayana on how to suppress these chiefs.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=357}} Subsequently, his administration decided to collect the revenues directly from the cultivators. All cultivators, from the village chiefs to the peasants, had to remit half of their revenues to the crown. The village chiefs lost all their privileges.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=357-358}}

Alauddin's government accepted the revenue in both cash and kind. In the fertile regions near Delhi, the government preferred taking revenue in kind: the grain collected as a result was taken to the state granaries. The peasants were not allowed to take the surplus grain to their homes, and were compelled to sell it in the market or to the transporters at a low price.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=247}}

{{see also|Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji#Ban on taking grain home}}

=== 50% tax proportional to land area ===

Before Alauddin's reforms, the land revenue for each territory represented by an intermediary was fixed irrespective of the cultivation area in that territory. The fixed amount was probably based on tradition.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=353}} Alauddin's administration changed this convention, and determined the revenue amount based on the area under cultivation and the produce per ''[[biswa]]''.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=353}} This practice of determining the revenue amount based on the land area was known to the [[Hindu king]]s and was followed in southern India during Alauddin's time. However, it seems to have fallen into disuse in northern India, and Alauddin was the first Muslim emperor of India to implement it.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=246}}

The amount demanded by the Hindu rulers ranged from one-sixth to one-third of the agricultural produce, depending on the situation of the kingdom. The Muslim Sultans of Delhi who preceded Alauddin do not seem to have demanded more than one-third of the produce in tax either.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=246}} However, Alauddin imposed a 50% ''[[kharaj]]'' ([[Islamic taxes|Islamic tax]] on agricultural land) in a substantial part of northern India. The cultivators were required to pay half of the agricultural produce as a tax: this was the maximum amount allowed by the [[Hanafi]] school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=242}}

Alauddin's administration forced the village chiefs to pay the same taxes as the others and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=104}} The demand for tax proportional to the land area meant that the rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=104}} By suppressing the village chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=361}}

According to Barani, the 50% land tax greatly reduced the wealth of the Hindus who dominated agriculture.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=246}} To prevent any rebellions, the imperial administration deprived the village chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. Barani states that "it was impossible for the Hindu to raise his head": The fear of Alauddin made these chiefs so obedient, that a single foot soldier from the revenue office would "tie the necks" of twenty village chiefs together, and "kick and thrash them for the realization of the tribute".{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=358-359}} According to Barani, the financial condition of these Hindu village chiefs became so bad that their wives had to work for wages in houses of Muslims.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=359}} Historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] believes that while the Hindus suffered most from these reforms (as they dominated the agriculture), the others - including noblemen, traders, and cultivators - were also negatively impacted.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=255}}

=== Other taxes ===

Apart from the ''[[kharaj]]'', Alauddin's government levied a tax on residences (called ''ghari'') and a tax on [[grazing]] (called ''chara'i''). Unlike ''kharaj'', these taxes were not sanctioned by the Islamic law.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=243}} For the farmers with milk animals, Alauddin's administration fixed and assigned the pastures.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=358}}

In addition, Alauddin's government imposed the ''[[jizya]]'' tax on its non-Muslim subjects.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=248}} Women and children, as well as those with [[mental disorder]]s and [[intellectual disability]], were exempt from ''jizya''.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=249}} The Muslims were obligated to contribute ''[[zakat]]'' instead.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=250}}

Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (''[[khums]]'').{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=250}}

== Implementation ==

Alauddin's revenue reforms were not implemented throughout his empire. These reforms were limited to certain crown-governed territories, which included parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains from [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] to [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=358}} By the time of Alauddin's ascension, the imperial rule in the central region of the Sultanate (the upper Ganges valley and the eastern Rajasthan) had been consolidated, which allowed Alauddin to take up the reforms in these areas.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=101}}

The responsibility for implementing these reforms was given to a minister with the title ''naib wazir''. Two different recensions of Barani's ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'' name the minister differently as Malik Yaklakhi and Sharaf al-Din Qa'ini.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=243}} The minister implemented the new laws uniformly across several crown-governed territories. These territories included Delhi; present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] (including [[Rohilkhand]] and the [[Ganges-Yamuna Doab]], but excluding Awadh and Bihar); the [[Punjab region]] (except [[Multan]]); parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]]; and [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=359-360}} For the first time in India, the crown established a direct relationship with the cultivators on such a large scale.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=358}}

=== Staff ===

A large number of officials were recruited for implementing the new laws: tribute demanders, revenue collectors, government agents, accountants, auditors, clerks, and office managers. The employees were expected to know [[Persian language|Persian]] (the official court language) as well as the local language, which suggests that the staff must have included Hindus.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=358}}

Initially, there was widespread corruption among the revenue employees, who misappropriated the state funds and extorted money from the taxpayers. To address this problem, Alauddin created a new department called ''Divan-i-Mustakhraj'', which was responsible for investigating and realizing the arrears from the revenue collectors. Alauddin increased the salaries of the revenue employees, and instituted punishments for the erring employees. However, these measures did not reduce the corruption to satisfactory levels. Therefore, he resorted to more severe punishments for the corrupt revenue staff.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=253}}

The revenue ministry regularly checked the registers of the village accountants, and strictly punished the corrupt officials.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=361}} By Alauddin's own estimates, 10,000 corrupt revenue officials were punished in Delhi alone.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=362}} Barani mentions that it was impossible for the revenue officials to take bribes from Hindus and Muslims, or to obtain money dishonestly in any other way.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=361}} According to him, death was considered preferable to being a revenue official, and people would not marry their daughters to a revenue clerk.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=362}} This seems to be an obvious exaggeration: the government service continued be considered prestigious during Alauddin's reign, and the government officials were sought after as marriage partners.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

== Revocation and legacy ==

Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and were a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as [[Sher Shah Suri]] and [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

Other regulations of Alauddin were revoked by his son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] a few months after his death. Mubarak Shah reinstated the lands incorporated by Alauddin into the crown territory to their private owners. He also released a large number of prisoners that Alauddin's administration had arrested for various reasons, including corruption.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=429}}

Alauddin's practice of appropriating four-fifths of the spoils of war from the soldiers continued until the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]], who switched back to the traditional demand of one-fifth share (''[[khums]]'').{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=250}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=David R. Ringrose |title=Expansion and Global Interaction, 1200-1700 |url=https://archive.org/details/expansionglobali00ring |url-access=registration |year=2001 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-321-01125-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book|author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D46 Barani's description of Alauddin's reforms]

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]

ABU TV Song Festival 2022

2025-08-27T07:44:07Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{Short description|Eleventh annual gala edition}}
{{Infobox Song Contest
| name = ABU TV Song Festival
| year = 2022
| image =
| theme =
| logo =
| final = 27 November 2022
| presenters = [[Nitin Kakkar]] [[Hrishita Bhatt]]
| director =
| exsupervisor =
| vote =
| host = [[Prasar Bharati]]
| venue = [[Siri Fort Auditorium]], [[New Delhi]]
| presenter =
| entries = 9
| debut =
| return = {{MDV}} {{TKM}}
| nonreturn = {{BRU}} {{MAC}} {{MAS}}
}}

The '''ABU TV Song Festival 2022''' was the eleventh annual edition of the [[ABU TV Song Festival]]s.

==History==
The event, which is non-competitive, took place in New Delhi, coinciding with the 59th General Assembly of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcement of Performers - ABU TV Song Festival in Tokyo |url=https://www.abu.org.my/59th-abu-general-assembly-info-page/ |website=Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> This edition also marked the first live show after two consecutive years of pre-recorded virtual performances due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Granger |first1=Anthony |title=ABU TV Song Festival 2022 on November 27 |url=https://eurovoix-world.com/2022/08/08/abu-tv-song-festival-2022-november-27/ |website=Eurovoix |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

==List of participants==
A total of nine countries took part in the ABU TV Song Festival 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABUソングフェスティバル |url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/abusongfes/ts/QJ7639W1LV/episode/te/GVWML7V4ZZ/ |website=NHK |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Draw
! Country
! Artist
! Song
! Language
|-
| 1
|{{flagu|South Korea}}
|[[Kang Daniel]]
|"Parade"
|[[Korean language|Korean]]
|-
| 2
|{{flagu|Kazakhstan}}
|[[Madi Syzdikov]]
| "Sensiz" {{Small|({{lang|ka|Сенсіз}})}}
|[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]], English, [[Italian language|Italian]]
|-
| 3
|{{flagu|India}}
|[[Sniti Mishra]]
|"Darbari Fusion"
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
| 4
|{{flagu|Turkey}}
|[[Sedat Anar]] Damla Anar Selahattin Anar
|"Halk İçre Bir Ayineyim"
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| 5
|{{flagu|Japan}}
|[[Win Morisaki]]
| "Parade"
|[[Japanese language|Japanese]], English
|-
| 6
|{{flagu|Vietnam}}
|[[Lê Thị Minh Ngọc]]
|"Endless Red River"
|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|-
| 7
|{{flagu|Maldives}}
|[[Shammoon Mohamed]]
| "Magey Raajje (My Maldives)" {{Small|({{lang|dv|މަގެތަރުޖަމާ}})}}
|[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]
|-
| 8
|{{flagu|Turkmenistan}}
|[[Ahmet Atajanow]]
| "Dunýa dursun" {{Small|({{lang|tk|Дуня дурсун}})}}
|[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|-
| 9
|{{flagu|Indonesia}}
|[[Putri Ayu Silaen]]
| "[[Never Enough (Loren Allred song)|Never Enough]]"
|English
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{ABU TV Song Festival}}

[[Category:ABU Song Festivals]]
[[Category:2022 song contests]]

Tu Tithe Mee

2025-08-06T13:11:52Z

NorineYoungblood:

{{distinguish|Tu Tithe Me}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tu Tithe Mee
| image = Tu Tithe Mee.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Surkar]]
| producer = [[Smita Talwalkar]]
| screenplay = S. N. Navare
| writer = S. N. Navare
| starring = [[Mohan Joshi]] [[Suhas Joshi]]
| music = [[Anand Modak]]
| cinematography = Harish Joshi
| editing = Vishwas-Anil
| studio = Asmita Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|04|22}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tu Tithe Mee''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[family drama]] film released on 22 April 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tu Tithe Mee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/tu-tithe-mee/movieshow/66364197.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Smita Talwalkar]] and directed by [[Sanjay Surkar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Film director Sanjay Surkar passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-director-Sanjay-Surkar-passes-away/articleshow/16581612.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216071027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-28/pune/34147167_1_marathi-film-sanjay-surkar-noted-marathi|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=11 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=NatlFilmAwards>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> It received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]] award at the [[46th National Film Awards]].<ref name=NatlFilmAwards/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/comment.htm |title=The Big Night |date=1999 |work=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990507234917/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/comment.htm |archive-date=7 May 1999 |access-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a commercial success and grossed {{INRConvert|25|l|year=1999|mode=historical}} from Pune's Prabhat Cinema alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/25marat.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
As Nanasaheb Date steps into retirement, he looks back at a life filled with responsibilities and realizes he missed out on the simple joys along the way. Eager to catch up on these overlooked pleasures, he and his wife decide to explore life together after years of dedication to their duties.

However, their plans take an unexpected turn when their sons decide that Nanasaheb should live with the elder son, while the mother joins the younger one. This decision, though well-intentioned, leaves the couple feeling a bit sad and confused. They had hoped to spend their post-retirement days enjoying life side by side, and this separation wasn't part of the plan.

Now, Nanasaheb and his wife find themselves navigating a new chapter in their lives, dealing not only with physical distance but also the emotional challenges that come with changes in family dynamics. It's a bit like trying to paint a picture of their golden years, but someone unexpectedly added new colors to the palette.

== Cast ==
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Nanasaheb Date
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Usha Nanasaheb Date
* [[Smita Talwalkar]] as Kanchan; Old age home's owner
* [[Prashant Damle]] as Shyam Nanasaheb Date
* [[Kavita Lad]] as Kavita Shyam Date
* [[Sudhir Joshi]] as Nanasaheb's friend
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Prasad Nanasaheb Date
* [[Sharvani Pillai]] as Nanasaheb's daughter
* Sharmila Medhekar- Kulkarni as Prasad's wife
* [[Sharad Talwalkar]] as Guest appearance
* [[Shrikant Moghe]] as Guest appearance
* Chitra as Shyam's daughter
* Shriram Ranade

==Soundtrack==
The music has been provided by Anand Modak.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tu Tithe Mi|url=http://www.dhingana.com/marathi/tu-tithe-mi-songs-mohan-joshi-suhas-joshi-28da5d1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215222234/http://www.dhingana.com/marathi/tu-tithe-mi-songs-mohan-joshi-suhas-joshi-28da5d1|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 February 2013|work=dhigana.com|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

*"Shodhit Gaav Aalo Swapnat Pahilele" - [[Ravindra Sathe]]
*"Aalo Kuthun Kothe Tudveet Paaywat" - Jayashri Shivram
*"Ujale Waat" - [[Ravindra Sathe]]
*"Jal Dahulale Bimb Harapale" - [[Ravindra Sathe]]
*"Shabdavina Othatale Kalale Mala" - [[Roopkumar Rathod]]
*"Saad Kokil Ghalato" - Jayashri Shivram
*"Yugayuganche Naate Apule" - [[Roopkumar Rathod]]
*"Ganyachya Bhendya Ie Antakshari" - Anuradha Marathe, Jaydip Dhamdhere Sripad Bhave, [[Suvarna Mategaonkar]]

===Awards and accolades===
*Winner of 2 National Awards [[46th National Film Awards]] [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi category]]<ref name=NatlFilmAwards/>
*Winner of 12 State Awards{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
*Winner of 5 Filmfare Awards{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
*Winner of 3 Screen Awards - Best Film, Best Actor, Best Actress<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-17 |title=8th Annual STAR SCREEN Weekly Awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award98.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020117183108/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award98.html |archive-date=17 January 2002 }}</ref>

== Remake ==
The film was remade into Bengali Bangladesh as ''Amar Swapno Amar Songshar'' (2010).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt2811962}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}
{{Smita Talwalkar}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Modak]]
[[Category:Marathi-language family drama films]]

Lalit Kumar

2025-07-28T12:11:04Z

NorineYoungblood: new initial bio first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian oncologist}}
{{for|the member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Lalit Kumar (politician)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalit Kumar

| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Sarojini Naidu Medical College|Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra]] [[Adyar Cancer Institute|Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai]] [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Medical Oncologist
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[B. C. Roy Award]] [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Award [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy Science Foundation]] Award [[Fulbright]] fellowship
}}
'''Lalit Kumar''' is an Indian [[oncologist]], known to have contributed to the development of [[low cost]] [[medical facilities]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="Drug Today">{{cite web | url=http://www.drugtodayonline.com/nation/619-seven-delhi-doctors-among-padma-awardees.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141104171912/http://www.drugtodayonline.com/nation/619-seven-delhi-doctors-among-padma-awardees.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2014-11-04 | title=Drug Today | publisher=Drug Today | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date= 22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Cancer cells grow everyday and very fast. So, loss of even a day is a great loss,'' says Dr. Lalit Kumar.<ref name="Cancer Care India">{{cite web | url=http://www.cancercareindia.net/personal.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019013453/http://www.cancercareindia.net/personal.php | url-status=usurped | archive-date=October 19, 2014 | title=Reminiscences of a Cancer Patient | publisher=Cancer Care India | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref>}}

Kumar is a graduate in medicine from [[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]], Agra.<ref name="Cure Panel">{{cite web | url=http://curepanel.carefeed.net/cu/pub/profile/114/ | title=Cure Panel | publisher=Cure Panel | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref> He completed his higher studies (DM) at the [[Adyar Cancer Institute]], Chennai and followed it up with a post doctoral fellowship at the [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]] of the [[Hammersmith Hospital]], London. Kumar, a [[Fulbright]] scholar,<ref name="Cure Panel" /> is the Professor and Head of the Medical Oncology department at ''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital'',<ref name="Increb">{{cite web | url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=114 | title=Increb | publisher=Increb | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 | archive-date=April 16, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416035953/http://incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=114 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[AIIMS New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]], New Delhi<ref name="Drug Today" /><ref name="AIIMS listing">{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/current_faculty_list.pdf | title=AIIMS listing | publisher=AIIMS | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref> where he focuses on [[Multiple Myeloma]] and Gynaecological malignancies. During his tenure at the AIIMS, Kumar is known to have developed cost effective treatment protocols for sustained [[Bone marrow transplant|bone marrow]] and [[Stem cell transplant|stem cell]] transplantations.<ref name="Drug Today" /><ref name="Cure Panel" />

== Career ==
Kumar is a member of the Indo British Health Initiative (IBHI),<ref name="IBHI">{{cite web | url=http://ibhi.in/about-ibhi/background-history/ | title=IBHI | publisher=IBHI | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref> a foundation promoting scientific collaboration on healthcare between the [[UK]] and [[India]].<ref name="IBHI Member">{{cite web | url=http://ibhi.in/oncology_summit/indian-representation/ | title=IBHI Member | publisher=IBHI | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 | archive-date=August 23, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163130/http://ibhi.in/oncology_summit/indian-representation/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He represents AIIMS in the inter institutional collaborative initiative with Institute of Women's Health (IfWH) of the [[University College of London]] (UCL) in the area of gynecological oncology.<ref name="University College of London">{{cite web | url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/instituteforwomenshealth/iwh_news/20100729a | title=University College of London | publisher=University College of London | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 | archive-date=April 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404135620/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/instituteforwomenshealth/iwh_news/20100729a/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a member of the Expert Committee to examine the ''Serious Adverse Events'' (SAE) of deaths occurring during clinical trials.<ref name="ISCR">{{cite web | url=http://www.iscr.org/pdf/pdfnew/panel.pdf | title=ISCR | publisher=ISCR | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 | archive-date=March 3, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220726/http://www.iscr.org/pdf/pdfnew/panel.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kumar's researches have been documented.<ref name="CTRI">{{cite web | url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=3190 | title=CTRI | publisher=CTRI | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref> Pubfacts, a knowledge repository with [[PubMed]] scientific data, has listed over 50 articles by Dr. Lalit Kumar.<ref name="Pub Facts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Lalit+Kumar | title=List of Articles on Pub Facts | publisher=Pub Facts | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref> He also attends international conferences on a regular basis.<ref name="Ranbaxy">{{cite web | url=http://www.ranbaxy.com/eminent-oncologists-and-scientists-unravel-correlation-between-lifestyle-and-cancer-at-the-conference-organised-by-ranbaxy-science-foundation/ | title=Ranbaxy | publisher=Ranbaxy | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Kumar has been honoured by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc) and the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] of India (FAMS) with fellowships.<ref name="Cure Panel" /><ref name="Increb" /> He is also a recipient of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) award and Ranbaxy Science Foundation award.<ref name="Cure Panel" /> In 2008, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]],<ref name="Cure Panel" /> the highest award by the [[Indian government]] in the medical category.<ref name="BC Roy">{{cite web |date=2008 |title=BC Roy |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Patil-gives-away-B-C-Roy-national-awards-for-medicine/584921 |access-date=November 4, 2014 |publisher=Outlook}}</ref> This was followed by another government honour, the [[Padma Shri]] when he was included in the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] honours in 2014.<ref name="Padma 2014" />

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Mukesh Batra]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.cancercareindia.net/personal.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019013453/http://www.cancercareindia.net/personal.php | url-status=usurped | archive-date=October 19, 2014 | title=Reminiscences of a Cancer Patient | publisher=Cancer Care India | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://trialx.com/curetalk/2013/03/myeloma-in-india-curetalk-in-conversation-with-dr-lalit-kumar-professor-of-medical-oncology-all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences-aiims-delhi-india/ | title=Interview | publisher=Trailx | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025329/http://trialx.com/curetalk/2013/03/myeloma-in-india-curetalk-in-conversation-with-dr-lalit-kumar-professor-of-medical-oncology-all-india-institute-of-medical-sciences-aiims-delhi-india/ | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Lalit+Kumar | title=List of Articles on Pub Facts | publisher=Pub Facts | date=2014 | access-date=November 4, 2014}}

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Lalit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Sarojini Naidu Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Y. V. Reddy

2025-07-18T23:13:29Z

NorineYoungblood: cleaned up content additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Former governor of India's central bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Y. V. Reddy
| office = 21st [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start = 6 September 2003
| term_end = 5 September 2008
| predecessor = [[Bimal Jalan]]
| successor = [[Duvvuri Subbarao]]
| office1 = 41st [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India| Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
| governor1 = * [[C. Rangarajan]]
* [[Bimal Jalan]]
| predecessor1 = R. V. Gupta
| successor1 = [[Jagdish Capoor]]
| term_start1 = 14 September 1996
| term_end1 = 31 July 2002
| image = The Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Shri Y.V. Reddy (cropped).jpg
| caption = Reddy in 2006
| title =
| footnotes =
| signature =
| party =
| birth_name = Yaga Venugopal Reddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|8|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddapah district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2010)
| education = * [[Madras University]] {{small|(M.A.)}}
*[[Osmania University]] {{small|(PhD)}}
| occupation = * [[Civil servant]]
* [[Economist]]
| website = [http://www.yvreddy.com www.yvreddy.com]
| image_size =
| religion =
| relatives =
}}

{{family name hatnote|Yaga|lang=Telugu}}'''Yaga Venugopal Reddy''' (born 17 August 1941) is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[economist]] and a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of the 1964 batch belonging to Andhra Pradesh cadre. Reddy served as governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), India's [[central bank]], from September 2003 until September 2008.
In 2010, he was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=This Year's Padma Awards announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

==Early life==
Yaga Venugopal Reddy was born on 17 August 1941<ref>{{cite web |title=PROFILE |url=http://www.yvreddy.com/profile/ |website=YV Reddy |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=My best years were in RBI, says Y V Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/My-best-years-were-in-RBI-says-Y-V-Reddy/article17001394.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 January 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017|last1=Geetanath |first1=V. }}</ref> in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in Patur village, [[Kadapa district]] of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hss.iitm.ac.in/oldwebarchive/yvreddy/index.html |title=Department of Humanities and Social Sciences |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006041602/https://hss.iitm.ac.in/oldwebarchive/yvreddy/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=B. Dasarath|date=2017-01-25|title=Undermining the identity of RBI should be a matter of concern: Y V Reddy|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/undermining-the-identity-of-rbi-should-be-a-matter-of-concern-y-v-reddy-117012401151_1.html}}</ref>

==Education and honours==
Reddy received his M.A. in economics from [[Madras University]], India, and his PhD from [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. He also holds a diploma in economic planning from the [[Institute of Social Studies]], [[Netherlands]].<ref name="ReddyProfile">{{cite web |url=http://www.yvreddy.com/profile/ |title=Profile |author=Y.V.Reddy |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>

Reddy was awarded the degrees of Doctor of Letters ([[Honoris Causa]]) by [[Sri Venkateswara University]], India; and Doctor of Civil Law (Honoris Causa) by the [[University of Mauritius]]. On 17 July 2008, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name="ReddyProfile"/>

[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Dr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 07, 2010.jpg|thumb|Reddy receiving his Padma Vibhushan]]

He has been a visiting fellow, London School of Economics, a full-time [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Visiting Professor in Department of Business Management, Osmania University; full-time Visiting Faculty, Administrative Staff College of India and continues to be Honorary Professor at [[Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad|Centre for Economic and Social Studies]] at Hyderabad. Reddy was also Distinguished Professor of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras]].<ref name="ReddyProfile" />

==Positions held==
In 1996, Reddy had been appointed deputy governor of RBI. He has also worked with the [[International Monetary Fund]] as executive director in 2002. Prior to joining the Indian Administrative Services (IAS), he worked as a [[lecturer]] from 1961.

While in the IAS, he held the positions of secretary (banking) in Ministry of Finance and principal secretary in Government of Andhra Pradesh and has worked with the governments of China, Bahrain, Ethiopia and Tanzania.

Reddy was Member of The Commission of Experts of the president of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of International Monetary and Financial System. In addition to the chair, Professor [[Joseph Stiglitz]] (USA), members of this UN Commission were drawn from Japan, Western Europe, Africa, Latin America, South and East Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Commission of Experts of the President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System. Members of the Commission.|url=http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/members.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042740/http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/members.shtml|archive-date=14 March 2018|access-date=8 December 2021|website=United Nations}}</ref>

Reddy was president of the Indian Econometric Society during 2011.<ref>The Indian Econometric Society; Conferences held; http://www.tiesindia.net/conference_held.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327215543/http://www.tiesindia.net/conference_held.html |date=27 March 2015 }}</ref> Reddy was on the advisory board of [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]] (INET). The INET advisory board includes Nobel laureates as well as other prominent economists.<ref>Innovative Thinkers Join Forces To Meet Challenges of Global Economic Crisis; Institute of New Economic Thinking (INET), Press Release; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110327083314/http://ineteconomics.org/press-release/innovative-thinkers-join-forces-meet-challenges-global-economic-crisis]</ref>

Reddy was on International Advisory Board of the Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies, [[Columbia University]], New York. He was a Member of an informal international group of prominent persons on International Monetary Reforms. He was also on Advisory Group of eminent persons to advise the finance minister of India on G-20 issues.<ref>Institute for New Economic Thinking; {{cite web|url=http://ineteconomics.org/people/dr-yaga-venugopal-reddy |title=Dr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy | the Institute for New Economic Thinking |access-date=13 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114073300/http://ineteconomics.org/people/dr-yaga-venugopal-reddy |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref>

He was the chairman of the [[Fourteenth Finance Commission of India]] since 3 January 2013 and served there till 25 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/y-v-reddy-to-head-14th-finance-commission-113010300096_1.html | title=Y V Reddy to head 14th Finance Commission | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=3 January 2013 | access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

Reddy was appointed the twenty-first governor of the Reserve Bank of India on 6 September 2003 and served in that position for five years.

==Contributions==
Reddy has worked on piloting a calibrated approach to financial sector reforms.

A 19 December 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' has credited the tough lending standards he imposed on the Indian banks as RBI Governor for saving the Indian banking system from the sub-prime and liquidity crisis of 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Nocera|first=Joe|date=2008-12-19|title=How India Avoided a Crisis|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/business/20nocera.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

At the Reserve Bank, he was Member-Secretary of two high level committees chaired by RBI governor [[Dr. C. Rangarajan]]: one on [[Balance of payments]] and the other on Public Sector [[disinvestment]]s.

Reddy was also a member of the Reserve Bank of India's Policy Group on External Debt Statistics. Reddy is credited to have played a crucial role in framing macro-economic policies that helped quarantine the country from the [[domino effect]] of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2003|title=Y.V. Reddy appointed RBI Governor for five-year term|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article28927434.ece|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref> He, along with [[Dr. C. Rangarajan]], is also credited with the formulation of the course to be steered by the country to come out of the then Balance of Payments crisis.

In the Indian context, he was the first to use the term '[[financial inclusion]]' in April 2005 in his Annual Policy Statement as Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Policy|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMonetaryCreditPolicy.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106222338/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/Bs_ViewMonetaryCreditPolicy.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016|access-date=6 April 2015|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> Banks were urged in the Annual Policy Statement to review their existing practices to align them with the objective of financial inclusion.<ref>The Report of the Internal Group to Examine Issues relating to Rural Credit and Microfinance (Chairman: Shri. H. R. Khan), Reserve Bank of India, July 2005 (Khan Committee); {{cite web|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/65111.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610053819/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/65111.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref>

As Governor, he saw his job as making sure Indian banks did not get too caught up in the bubble mentality. He banned the use of bank loans for the purchase of raw land, and sharply curtailed securitisations and derivatives, and essentially prohibited off-balance sheet financing. He increased risk weightings on commercial buildings and shopping mall construction and increased bank reserve requirements.<ref name=":0" />

In one of his interview, [[Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph E. Stiglitz]], Professor of Economics at Columbia University and Nobel Laureate, had said 'If America had a central bank chief like Y.V. Reddy, the US economy would not have been in such a mess.'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bajaj|first=Vikas|date=2009-06-25|title=In India, Central Banker Played It Safe|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/business/global/26reddy.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-12-08|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Less well-discussed is his work on rural banking, particularly on reviving co-operative banks and his focus on the common person. His term was marked by an emphasis on financial inclusion with the aid of information technology. He is widely consulted on many financial issues by institutions both in India as well as the world over.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=CRL|date=2011-08-18|title=Don't write off the U.S. economy for now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/C_R_L__Narasimhan/dont-write-off-the-us-economy-for-now/article2366336.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-12-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|title=India and The Global Financial Crisis: Managing Money and Finance|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2010|isbn=9781843318019}}
* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|title=Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2011|isbn=9788125041856|author-mask=5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|title=Economic Policies and India's Reform Agenda: New Thinking|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2013|isbn=9788125050513|author-mask=5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|title=Advice & Dissent|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2017|isbn=9789352643059|author-mask=5}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Reddy|first1=Y.V.|title=Indian Fiscal Federalism|last2=Reddy|first2=G.R.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780199097043|author-mask=5}}

Reddy authored a book titled "India and The Global Financial Crisis : Managing Money and Finance" in 2009. This book provides insights into the making of public policies across a spectrum of areas between the years 2003 and 2008, a period of rapid growth of the Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book. India and the Global Financial Crisis: Managing Money and Finance|url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID%3D0%26isbn%3D978-81-250-3694-4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111404/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-81-250-3694-4|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> He came out with a sequel "Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery" which provided a thinker and experienced policymaker's understanding of the genesis, anatomy and impact of the financial crisis, and of the lessons it offered.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book. Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery.|url=http://orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID%3D24%26isbn%3D978-81-250-4185-6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111402/http://orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=24&isbn=978-81-250-4185-6|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>

Navigating through the debates between 2010 and 2012 on the effects of the [[2008 financial crisis]], his 2013 book "Economic Policies and India's Reform Agenda: New Thinking" reflected the confidence of Reddy who steered the nation's banks to safer waters.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Book. Economic Policies and India's Reform Agenda: New Thinking|url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID%3D0%26isbn%3D978-81-250-5051-3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111409/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-81-250-5051-3|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> "Advice & Dissent" published in 2017 is Reddy's memoir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Tamal|date=2017-07-03|title=Y.V. Reddy's memoir—a chocolate with the wrapper on|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/UakGf5QWuVyJElFp9bFUkI/YV-Reddys-memoira-chocolate-with-the-wrapper-on.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Livemint}}</ref>

== Speeches and remarks ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = The former Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Dr. Y.V. Reddy delivering the 6th Dr. Raja J. Chelliah Memorial Lecture on the “Fiscal – Monetary Policy Interface”, in New Delhi on March 24, 2017.jpg
| image2 = The former Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Dr. Y.V. Reddy delivering the 17th Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) lecture on “State and Market in India”, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| total_width = 550
| caption2 = Delivering the 17th [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) lecture.
| caption1 = Reddy at the 6th [[Raja Chelliah]] lecture
}}
23 speeches given by Reddy during his term as RBI governor (2003 to 2008) are in the public domain.<ref name=":1" /> Other speeches are also in the public domain, for example:
* {{Cite speech|title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined|last=|first=|location=Chennai, India|date=13 July 2000|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57|event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}
* {{Cite speech|title=A Tale of Two Commissions and Missing Links|last=|first=|location=Udaipur, India|date=27 December 2014|url=http://www.yvreddy.com/a-tale-of-two-commissions-and-missing-links-iea/|event=Indian Economic Association 97th Annual Conference.}}
* {{Cite speech|title=Society, Economic Policies, and the Financial Sector|last=|first=|location=Basel, Switzerland|date=24 June 2012|url=https://www.bis.org/events/agm2012/pjl.htm|event=The Per Jacobsson Foundation Lecture}}
*{{Cite speech|title=Monetary and Regulatory Policies:How to Get the Balance with Markets Right|last=|first=|location=Basel, Switzerland|date=29 June 2008|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=9538|event=As a panelist at the AGM panel of the Bank for International Settlements}}

Reddy's presidential address on "A Tale of Two Commissions and Missing Links" at the 97th Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association (IEA) in Udaipur on 27 December 2014, dwelt at length on the origin, evolution, linkages, achievements, limitations and the debates relating to the two major commissions on economic affairs in India. He also cited the success of the Chinese model where the concept of 'plan' had been replaced by 'guideline' in the country's 11th Five Year programme. He noted "The change led to China's transition from a Soviet-style planned economy to a socialist market economy and gained greater responsibility and power in overseeing China's economic development".

Reddy was invited to deliver the prestigious [[Per Jacobsson]] Foundation Lecture in June 2012 at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] in Switzerland. In this lecture on 'Society, Economic Policies and the Financial Sector', the main message he gave was that society has put its trust in central banks and as such it expects central bank to ensure trust and confidence in money and finance and serve the interest of the masses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lectures|url=http://www.perjacobsson.org/lectures.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512111009/http://www.perjacobsson.org/lectures.htm|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=8 December 2021|website=perjacobsson.org|publisher=The Per Jacobsson Foundation}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Timothy Geithner]], former [[US Secretary of the Treasury]] and president of [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]], in his book [[Stress Test (book)|''Stress Test: Reflections on Financial Crises'']], published in May 2014, wrote about his brief encounter with India's former Central Bank Governor Y.V. Reddy who gave him a copy of "Complications: Notes from the Life of a Young Surgeon" by [[Atul Gawande]]. [Reddy] told me it was the best book I would ever read about central banking, and the parallels with financial crisis management really are striking. It's about making life-or-death decisions in a fog of uncertainty, dealing with the constant risk of catastrophic failure.<ref>Timothy F. Geithner, Stress Test: Reflections on Financial Crises, May 2014</ref>

Later while talking with [[Martin Wolf]] during his lunch with the Financial Times, Geithner mentions "It was a fascinating book, in part because he [Gawande] described how in that profession they do things that in economics we don’t that well. They have these things they call morbidity and mortality reviews every Friday, where they go over mistakes."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wolf|first=Martin|date=2014-05-15|title=Lunch with the FT: Tim Geithner|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e13cb90-dabb-11e3-8273-00144feabdc0|access-date=2021-12-08}}</ref> This story received mention in several book reviews. In a book review, Sam McNerney notes Reddy's recommendation is surprising but sensible. Gawande, a surgeon by trade, has knack for elucidating the inefficiencies of modern medicine and contrasting hospital management with business management.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNerney|first=Sam|date=11 August 2014|title=The One Book That Helped Timothy Geithner Navigate the Financial Crisis|url=http://250words.com/2014/08/the-one-book-that-helped-timothy-geithner-navigate-the-financial-crisis/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218022751/http://250words.com/2014/08/the-one-book-that-helped-timothy-geithner-navigate-the-financial-crisis/|archive-date=18 February 2017|website=250 words: The Wisdom of Business Books}}</ref>

In another review of this book, Eric Warters write "To be clear, this book has absolutely nothing to do with central banking, at least not on the surface of it. This book is Dr. Gawande's retellings of myriad medical emergencies he encountered as a surgeon and how he managed the stress, uncertainty, and challenges that they brought on. For Geithner, the parallels were striking, as both men had to act quickly with limited information, sometimes on a hunch, with dire consequences at stake."<ref>{{Cite web|title="Complications" by Atul Gawande (Book Review)|url=http://ericwarters.com/complications/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141123054814/http://ericwarters.com/complications/|archive-date=23 November 2014|website=ericwarters.com}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Reddy often courted controversy for deliberately guiding the Indian Rupee lower through verbal intervention.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-07/news/41167939_1_rupee-depreciation-exchange-rate-ajay-shah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810050529/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-07/news/41167939_1_rupee-depreciation-exchange-rate-ajay-shah|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2013|title= Reddy and Subbarao manipulated Rupee}}</ref> Some of his media talks were perceived as ill-timed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13651242&cid=13150086|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130818174158/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13651242&cid=13150086|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-18|title= Rupee Bulls hear message from Reddy}}</ref>

In December 2003, Reddy was dragged into a controversy, when someone impersonating him called the then regional director of [[RBI Bhopal]], [[Uma Subramaniam]] and asked her to lend {{INRConvert|20|l|lk=on|year=2003}} for a personal emergency. Subramaniam was able to collect only INR 9,00,000 by various means which included coercing her staff members. She then handed over the money to an accomplice of the impostor. She did not get back to Reddy regarding this incident. The sensational fraud rocked and embarrassed the RBI, and infuriated Reddy, who insisted on a full inquiry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dalal|first=Sucheta|date=23 November 2010|title=Opaque RBI rewards charge-sheeted official|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/opaque-rbi-rewards-charge-sheeted-official/11471.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Moneylife}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4643 India's Financial Secret Weapon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225104/http://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?PrId=9077 Reserve Bank of India]
{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Y. V.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Institute for New Economic Thinking]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

2018 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2025-06-25T13:48:20Z

NorineYoungblood: started a post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Royal Challengers Bangalore
| season = [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| image =
| coach = [[Daniel Vettori]]
| captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| ground = [[M.Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| comp1 = [[2018 Indian Premier League|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| most runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (530)
| most wickets = [[Umesh Yadav]] (20)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2017]]
| nextseason = [[2019 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2019]]
}}

The [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018 season]] was the 11th season for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. The side was captained by [[Virat Kohli]] and coached by [[Daniel Vettori]].

==Pre-season==
In January 2018, the franchise appointed [[Gary Kirsten]] as batting coach and [[Ashish Nehra]] as the bowling mentor.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21938581/nehra-kirsten-join-royal-challengers-bangalore-coaching-staff|title=Nehra and Kirsten join RCB coaching staff|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref>

On 26 March 2018, the franchise onboarded [[HP Inc]] India as the principal sponsor of the team.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL: HP joins hands with Royal Challengers Bangalore as principal sponsor|url=http://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-hp-joins-hands-with-royal-challengers-bangalore-as-principal-sponsor-2093871.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Zee News}}</ref> Earlier that month, the franchise had partnered up with Nuvoco Vistas for the solus position on the back of the team jersey.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuvoco Vistas looking to increase media spends by about 25% next fiscal|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/IuXKn57rTVzGF74o66Z9BM/Nuvoco-Vistas-looking-to-increase-media-spends-by-about-25.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Livemint}}</ref>

On 29 March 2018, Royal Challengers Bangalore's home match against [[Delhi Daredevils]] on 12 May was moved to [[Delhi]] due to the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] on the same day. The away game against the same team on 21 April was moved to [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2018: Royal Challengers Bangalore's home game against Delhi Daredevils rescheduled due to Karnataka Assembly polls|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2018-royal-challengers-bangalores-home-game-against-delhi-daredevils-rescheduled-due-to-karnataka-assembly-polls-4411077.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|9|| '''[[Mandeep Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|17|| '''[[AB de Villiers]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1984|2|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Overseas/Vice Captain
|-
|18|| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|17|c|1}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|36|| [[Manan Vohra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|42|| '''[[Brendon McCullum]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1981|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.6|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|97|| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1997|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.75|c|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|6|| '''[[Pawan Negi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|1|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Moeen Ali]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1987|6|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|10|| '''[[Chris Woakes]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1989|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.4|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|77|| '''[[Colin de Grandhomme]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1986|7|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|78|| '''[[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|555|| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Pavan Deshpande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1989|9|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Aniruddha Joshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|69|| '''[[Quinton de Kock]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|12|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|72|| '''[[Parthiv Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1985|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"|Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|7|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] [[googly]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|4|| [[Kulwant Khejroliya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|3|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|85|l|-3}} ||
|-
|19|| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1994|3|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|38|| '''[[Tim Southee]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1988|12|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|89|| [[Murugan Ashwin]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] googly || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"|{{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| '''[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1987|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Navdeep Saini]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Aniket Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|1|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|-3}} ||
|-
|}

==Personnel==
* Owner – [[United Spirits]]
* Head coach – [[Daniel Vettori]]
* Bowling mentor – [[Ashish Nehra]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kirsten-nehra-join-rcb/article22353650.ece|title=RCB appointed Kirsten as their batting coach|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref>
* Batting coach - [[Gary Kirsten]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kirsten-nehra-join-rcb/article22353650.ece|title=RCB appointed Nehra as their bowling coach|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-12|language=en}}</ref>
* Fielding Coach - Trent Woodhill
* Bowling Talent Development and Analytics - Andrew McDonald

==Season==

===League table===
{{2018 Indian Premier League Points table}}

===Results===

{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match11}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match14}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match19}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match24}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match29}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match35}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match39}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match51}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match53}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name

!Mat
!Runs
!HS
!Ave
!SR
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Virat Kohli]]

|14
|'''530'''
|92[[not out|*]]
|48.18
|139.10
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[AB de Villiers]]

|12
|'''480'''
|90[[not out|*]]
|53.33
|174.54
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mandeep Singh]]

|14
|'''252'''
|47[[not out|*]]
|25.20
|135.48
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Quinton de Kock]]

|8
|'''201'''
|53
|25.12
|124.07
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Parthiv Patel]]

|6
|'''153'''
|53
|30.60
|140.36
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12210;team=4340;type=tournament ESPNcricinfo]

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Mat
!Wkts
!BBI
!Ave
!Eco
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Umesh Yadav]]

|14
|'''20'''
|3/23
|20.90
|7.86
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]

|14
|'''12'''
|2/22
|30.25
|7.26
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mohammed Siraj]]

|11
|'''11'''
|3/25
|33.36
|8.95
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Chris Woakes]]

|5
|'''8'''
|3/36
|23.75
|10.36
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Tim Southee]]

|8
|'''5'''
|3/30
|52.20
|9.00
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12210;team=4340;type=tournament ESPNcricinfo]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]
[[Category:2010s in Bengaluru]]

Satyajeet Puri

2025-01-23T14:19:59Z

NorineYoungblood: new details

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Satyajeet Puri
|image =
|caption = Satyajeet Puri (Master Satyajeet)
|imagesize =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|9|25}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Actor]]
|yearsactive = 1966–present
| spouse = Reeta Puri
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Puneet Issar]] (brother-in-law)<ref name="fam">{{cite web |title=It feels sad to see Sanatan Dharma being made fun of |url=https://lifeandmore.in/special-stories/it-feels-sad-to-see-sanatan-dharma-being-made-fun-of/ |website=Life And More |date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
| father = [[Daljeet Puri]]<ref name="fam" />
}}
'''Satyajeet Puri''' (born 25 September 1960) is an [[Indian actor]] working in the [[Cinema of India|Hindi film industry]]. He started his career as a child artist with [[Satyen Bose]]–directed ''[[Mere Lal]]'', released in 1966.

==Personal life==
Satyajeet Puri, son of actor-director [[Daljeet Puri]] graduated from [[Mithibai College]]. He is married to a Sindhi lady, Rita, and the couple has two children Vedantika Puri and Shivnash Puri. His younger sister, Deepali Issar, is married to actor-director [[Puneet Issar]].<ref name="fam" />

==Career==
Satyajeet, a popular child star in the 70s, has been a part of some wonderful films. His debut film is ''Mere Lal'' released in 1966. Some of his earlier films are ''Wapas'' (1969) and ''Khilona'' (1970). Some of his famous works include ''Anuraag'' (1972), ''Hari Darshan'' (1972), ''Bidaai'' (1974), ''Paheli'' (1977), etc. As an adult he worked in ''Arjun''' (1985), ''Khoon Bhari Maang'' (1988), ''Shola Aur Shabnam'' (1992), ''Dulaara'' (1994), ''Zameer'' (1997), etc.

He is credited as Master Satyajeet, Master Satyajit, Satyajeet Puri, Satyajit Puri, Satyajeet or Satyajit in cast credits of his movies.

Satyajeet is making a film on life of Indian hockey legend Major [[Dhyan Chand]]. [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] is likely to be cast as Dhyan chand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiawires.com/9717/entertainment/movie-on-major-dhyan-chand-srk-to-don-the-mantle/ |title=Movie on Major Dhyan Chand: SRK to Don the Mantle |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316014416/http://indiawires.com/9717/entertainment/movie-on-major-dhyan-chand-srk-to-don-the-mantle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
* [[Mere Lal (1966 film)|Mere Lal]] (1966) …… Pappu
* [[Wapas (1969 film)|Wapas]] (1969) …… Anil
* [[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar]] (1970 film)......as young Kartar Singh
* [[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]] (1970) …… Pappu
* [[Sansar (1971 film)|Sansar]] (1971) …… Chandan
* [[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]] (1971) …… young Prashant
* [[Ganga Tera Pani Amrit]] (1971) …… young Dinesh
* [[Anuraag (1973 film)|Anuraag]] (1972) …… Chandan
* [[Hari Darshan]] (1972) …… Bhakt Prahlad
* [[Shor (film)|Shor]] (1972) …… Deepak
* [[Shaadi Ke Baad]] (1972) …… Chabiley
* [[Mere Bhaiya]] (1972) …… young Subhash
* [[Narad Leela (1972 film)|Narad Leela]] (1972) …… Bal Narad
* [[Samadhi]] (1972) …… young Jaswant
* [[Baharon Phool Barsao]] (1972)
* [[Joshila]] (1973) …… Ravi
* [[Pyar Ka Rishta (1973 film)|Pyar Ka Rishta]] (1973) ……
* [[Sabak (1973 film)|Sabak]] (1973) …… Subhash
* [[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]] (1973) …… young Ashok
* [[The Criminals / Hum Sab Chor Hain]] (1973) …… Raju
* [[Balak Dhruv]] (1974) …… Bhakt Dhruv
* [[Dastan-E-Laila Majnu]] (1974) …… young Kais
* [[Bidaai (1974 film)|Bidaai]] (1974) …… Krishna
* [[Har Har Mahadev (1974 film)|Har Har Mahadev]] (1974) …… Bal Ganesh
* [[Jai Radhe Krishna]] (1974) …… Shri Krishna
* [[Ishq Ishq Ishq|Ishk Ishk Ishk]] (1974) …… Gambhir
* [[Dharam Karam]] (1975) …… young Dharam
* [[Maya Machhindra (1975 film)|Maya Machhindra]] (1975) …… Gorakhnath
* [[Khamma Mara Veera / Rakshaa Bandhan|Rakshaa Bandhan]] (1976) …… Naag Bhai
* [[Chacha Bhatija]] (1977) …… young Shankar
* [[Jagriti (1977 film)|Jagriti]] (1977) ……
* [[Tyaag (1977 film)|Tyaag]] (1977) …… teenage Pappu
* [[Paheli (1977 film)|Paheli]] (1977) …… Montu
* [[Gopal Krishna (1979 film)|Gopal Krishna]] (1979) …… Balraam
* [[Ayaash]] (1982) …… Naresh
* [[Raja Jogi]] (1983) ……
* [[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]] (1985) …… Mohan
* [[Anadi Khiladi]] (1986) …… Vikram
* [[Dacait]] (1987) …… Ahmed
* Kachchi Kali (1987)
* [[Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara]] (1987) …… Rajesh
* [[Khoon Bhari Maang]] (1988) …… Baliya
* [[Hathyar (1989 film)|Hathyar]] (1989) …… Pakya
* [[Tridev]] (1989) …… Inspector Tripathi
* [[Fateh (1991 film)|Fateh]] (1991) …… Ranvir
* [[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]] (1992) …… Satya
* [[Ghazab Tamasha]] (1992) …… Dev
* [[Police Officer (film)|Police Officer]] (1992) …… Inspector Yadav
* [[Jaagruti]] (1992) …… Adivasi (Tribal Man)
* [[Dulaara (1994 film)|Dulaara]] (1994) …… Deepak
* [[Hanste Khelte (1994 film)|Hanste Khelte]] (1994) …… Amit
* [[Fauj]] (1994) …… Nagesh
* [[Zameer: The Awakening of a Soul|Zameer]] (1997) …… Satyakam
* [[Ghayal Once Again]] (2016) …… Ajay's Friend

===Regional filmography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !!Year !!Role !!Language
|-
| [[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar]] ||1970|| as young Kartar Singh || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
|''[[Khamma Mara Veera / Rakshaa Bandhan|Khamma Mara Veera]]''||1976|| Naag Bhai||[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
|''[[Jai Mata Di]]'' ||1977|| || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| ''Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha''||1977|| Kartar Singh|| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| ''Mhari Pyari Chanana''||1983||Ramu||[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
|-
|''[[Munda Rockstar]]'' ||2024|| || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-

| ''Munda Rockstar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/munda-rockstar-yuvraaj-hans-shares-the-first-look-of-his-upcoming-movie/articleshow/98272799.cms | title=Munda Rockstar: Yuvraaj Hans shares the first look of his upcoming movie | work=The Times of India | date=27 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>[[Munda Rockstar]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}''||TBA||TBA||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1137758}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/Satyajeet.Puri Satyajeet Fan Page] on [[Facebook]]
* [[Munda Rockstar]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Satyajeet}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Kurri Kupa

2025-01-10T14:33:48Z

NorineYoungblood: Started New Article

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurri Kupa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Kurri Kupa.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kurri Kupa in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1445|N|78.3081|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.811
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7995
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kurri Kupa''' ({{IAST|Kurrī Kūpā}}) is a large village in [[Firozabad]] block of the [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It technically consists of two distinct settlements, '''Kurri''' and '''Kupa''', which are located close together and administered together as a single [[gram panchayat]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 7,995, in 1,200 households.

== Geography ==
Kurri and Kupa are the names of two distinct, but close together, settlements: Kurri is to the southeast and Kupa is to the northwest. They are located west of Firozabad, a bit south of the main line of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. Two nearby villages on the south side of the tracks are [[Daragpur]], just to the northeast of Kurri and Kupa; and [[Laturra]], which is to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kurri Kupa had a population of 7,995, in 1,200 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.7% male (4,296) and 46.3% female (3,699). The 0–6 age group numbered 1,526 (811 male and 715 female), making up 19.1% of the total population. 811 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 10.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kurri Kupa (spelled "Kurri Kuppa" in English, but "Kurri Kupa" in Hindi) as having a population of 3,969 people (2,167 male and 1,802 female), in 579 households and 577 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kurri Kupa as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 2,624 people (1,391 male and 1,233 female), in 435 households and 361 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,188 acres and it had a post office and medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Administration ==
Kurri Kupa is administered as a [[gram panchayat]] under Firozabad district.<ref name="Panchayat list">{{cite web |title=Village and Panchayat List |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a4a042cf4fd6bfb47701cbc8a1653ada/uploads/2018/02/2018021811.pdf |website=District Firozabad |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kurri Kupa had 3 primary schools and 1 primary health centre. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Madhavaram, Kurnool

2023-12-11T22:02:14Z

NorineYoungblood: new a data v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| population_total = 6059
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code_type = 
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mantralayam]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| native_name =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.935858918356892|N|77.35516866861961|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]|
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is a village in [[Mantralayam]] Taluk, [[Kurnool district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2821_PART_B_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2821_PART_A_DCHB_KURNOOL.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 1216<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673234 Population finder]</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|6,059
|3,010
|3,049
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|963
|474
|489
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|887
|425
|462
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|703
|341
|362
|-
|Literates
|1,932
|1,246
|686
|-
|Illiterate
|4,127
|1,764
|2,363
|-
|Total Worker
|3,502
|1,798
|1,704
|-
|Main Worker
|3,061
|1,616
|1,445
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|233
|147
|86
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|2,456
|1,204
|1,252
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|64
|40
|24
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|308
|225
|83
|-
|Marginal Worker
|441
|182
|259
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|25
|9
|16
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|339
|137
|202
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|6
|2
|4
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|71
|34
|37
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|413
|164
|249
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|21
|6
|15
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|320
|126
|194
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|6
|2
|4
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|66
|30
|36
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|28
|18
|10
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|4
|3
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|19
|11
|8
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|5
|4
|1
|-
|Non Worker
|2,557
|1,212
|1,345
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Kurnool district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kurnool district]]

Pratap Singh Baharat

2022-03-13T19:50:02Z

NorineYoungblood: updated page

#REDIRECT [[Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Islamic conquest of India

2019-05-16T16:06:01Z

NorineYoungblood: starting data.

#REDIRECT [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]