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R. Radhakrishnan (INC politician)

2026-05-07T22:02:18Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Radhakrishnan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = V. T. Kalaiselvan
| successor = [[Premalatha Vijayakanth]]
}}

'''R. Radhakrishnan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055956/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC152.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC152.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vriddhachalam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a152|access-date= 30 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Won ||39.17% || J. Karthikeyan|| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || 38.73%

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, R}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Amreli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T07:58:57Z

NoraizNafi: made new page first draft

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amreli
| type = LS
| map_image = અમરેલી – Amreli.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 1957
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons =[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]] [[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]] [[Lathi Assembly constituency|Babra-Lathi]] [[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]] [[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]] [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva]] [[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|reservation=None
| mp = [[Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
}}
'''Amreli''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state, in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Amreli Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archivedate=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|94
|[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|95
|[[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
|None
|-
|96
|[[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
|None
|-
|97
|[[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|None
|-
|98
|[[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|None
|-
|99
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|101
|[[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jayaben Shah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Jivraj Mehta]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Dwarkadas Patel
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Navinchandra Ravani
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Manubhai Kotadia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Dileep Sanghani]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Virjibhai Thummar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Amreli<ref name="gujarat1"/><ref name="eciresults1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya]]|votes=5,80,872|percentage=66.28|change=+8.0|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jennyben Thummar|votes|votes=2,59,804|percentage=29.64|change=-6.0|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=11,349|percentage=1.29|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,21,068|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,77,094|percentage=50.60|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Amreli]]<ref name="gujarat1"/><ref name="eciresults1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]|votes=5,29,035|percentage=58.19|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Paresh Dhanani]]|votes=3,27,604|percentage=36.03|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=17,567|percentage=1.93|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,01,431|percentage=22.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=909,167|percentage=55.97|change=+1.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Amreli <ref name="gujarat1"/><ref name="eciresults1"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]|votes=436,715|percentage=53.99|change=+6.78|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Virjibhai Thummar]]|votes=280,483|percentage=34.68|change=-5.42|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Vallabh Sukhadiya]]|votes=15,520|percentage=1.92|change=+1.92|Result=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=19,143|percentage=2.37|change=---|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=156,232|percentage=19.32|change=+12.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,09,615|percentage=54.47|change=+14.68}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2013-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Amreli <ref name="gujarat1">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref name="eciresults1">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]|votes=247,660|percentage=47.21%|change=|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nilaben Thumar]]|votes=210,334|percentage=40.10%|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Mahagujarat Janta Party|candidate=[[Ramesh Gohil]]|votes=7,994|percentage=1.52%|change=|Result=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=37,326|percentage=7.11%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=524,697|percentage=39.97|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Amreli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Virjibhai Thummar]]
|votes = 220,649
|percentage = 46.38%
|change =
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dileep Sanghani]]
|votes = 218,619
|percentage = 45.96%
|change =
|Result =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,030
|percentage = 0.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 475,646
|percentage = 46.38%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Amreli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|21.6|71.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]

Karunakaran Babu

2026-05-02T05:56:01Z

NoraizNafi: Created new page with sources...

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karunakaran. Babu
| honorific_prefix = [[Honourable]] [[Judge|Justice]]
| image = Justice K. Babu in 2022.jpg
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the Kerala High Court]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| education = [[Master of Laws]], [[Master of Economics]]
| alma_mater = Government High School, Thevannoor. [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ayoor]], [[Kollam]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = Mrs. Sandhya Babu
| children = Mrs. Vrinda Babu
Mr. Varun Babu
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| office1 = District Judge
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2021`
| appointer1 = [[R. S. Gavai]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| nominator1 =
| pronunciation = Karunakaran Babu करुणाकरन बाबू കരുണാകരൻ ബാബു
| parents = Mr. Karunakaran
Mrs. Bhavani
}}
----'''Karunakaran Babu''' (born 8 May 1964), often referred to as '''K''' '''Babu''' , is an Indian judge who is presently serving as a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]. The High Court of Kerala, headquartered at [[Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]], is the highest court in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory of Lakshadweep]]. Previously he also served as the [[Public administration|Administrative]] Judge for the [[Union Territory of Lakshadweep]], overseeing its judicial administration. Prior to his elevation to the High Court, he served as the [[District courts of India|District]] and [[Sessions court|Sessions Judge]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Official|via=Official website High Court of Kerala|date=|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Z%20R%20A%20A%20Rahiman%20and%2003%20others%20%20to%20be%20Addl.%20Judges%20of%20Kerala%20HC%20%2822.02.2021%29.pdf|title=Appointment Notification|via=Department of Justice, Government of India|work=doj.gov.in|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700024|title=Appointment Notification|via=Official website Press Information Bureau|work=pib.gov.in|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="H1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-appointed-as-hc-judges/article33904547.ece|title=Four appointed as HC judges|via=The Hindu News|work=thehindu.com|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="LL1">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/four-new-judges-take-office-in-kerala-high-court-working-strength-now-40-170374|title=Four New Judges Take Office In Kerala High Court; Working Strength Now 40|via=Live Law News|work=livelaw.in|date=25 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/aug/18/hc-to-get-four-more-judges-2184771.html|title=Kerala HC to get four more judges|via=New Indian Express News|work=newindianexpress.com|date=18 Aug 2020|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-hc-gets-4-new-judges/articleshow/81166688.cms|title=Kerala HC gets four new judges|via=Times of India News|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref>

==Family and education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Babu attended Government High School, Thevannoor, mastered in Economics from University of Kerala, obtained a law degree from [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]], and an LLM Degree from the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]].

Babu comes from a close-knit family with deep-rooted values in education and law. His son, Mr. Varun Babu, born on August 25, 2004, is an [[Alumni|alumnus]] of [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]] , is currently pursuing his legal studies at [[Christ University]] in [[Delhi NCR]]. Varun Babu was awarded the Best Paper Award and the Best Presenter Award at the 1st International Labour Law Conference on New Labour Codes, hosted by [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]] on 6 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-04-09 |title=MNLU Mumbai hosts 1st International Labour Law Conference on New Labour Codes |url=https://www.barandbench.com/Law-School/mnlu-mumbai-hosts-1st-international-labour-law-conference-on-new-labour-codes |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> His daughter, Mrs. Vrinda Babu, has already established herself in the legal field, having completed her [[Master of Laws]] from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] and practicing as a Lawyer. His wife, Mrs. Sandhya Babu, formerly a school teacher has played a significant role in shaping their family's academic foundations. Justice Babu's parents, Mr. Karunakaran and Mrs. Bhavani, were engaged in Agriculture, instilling in him a strong sense of discipline and hard work that continues to reflect in his successful professional and personal journey.

==Career==
[[File:Karunakaran Babu.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Visiting union territory of Lakshadweep in 2024.]]
Babu enrolled as an advocate on March 20, 1994, and began his legal practice in [[Kottarakkara]] and [[Kollam]], specializing primarily in [[Civil law (legal system)]] , [[Family law]] and [[Criminal law]] while handling various other branches of law. In 2009, he secured the 1st rank in the Kerala Higher Judicial Service examination and joined as a District & Sessions Judge. Over the years, he served in multiple key judicial and administrative roles, including:
* Additional District Judge at [[Thalassery]], [[Pathanamthitta]], and [[Kottayam]]
* Special Judge (SPE/CBI) at [[Kochi]]
* Special Commissioner, [[Sabarimala Temple]] (Additional Charge)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-12 |title=Commissioner to coordinate activities at Sabarimala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/commissioner-to-coordinate-activities-at-sabarimala/article7871700.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Registrar (Subordinate Judiciary) in the [[Kerala High Court]]
* Registrar (Officer on Special Duty) in the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judges {{!}} DISTRICT COURT THIRUVANANTHAPURAM {{!}} India |url=https://thiruvananthapuram.dcourts.gov.in/former-judges/page/2/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Principal District Judge, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Chairman of the Supreme Court-appointed Committee for the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]](Additional Charge)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-24 |title=SC entrusts Padmanabhaswamy temple to five-member committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-entrusts-padmanabhaswamy-temple-to-fivemember-committee/article5943740.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Thursday,R.M.%20Lodha%20and%20Justice%20A.K. |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

While serving as Principal District Judge, Thiruvananthapuram, he was elevated as an Additional Judge of the High Court on February 25, 2021, and became a permanent judge on June 6, 2022.

== Notable rulings ==
* Case against Kerala MLA [[Rahul Mamkootathil]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-07 |title=Kerala HC restrains police from arresting Rahul Mamkootathil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/07/kerala-hc-restrains-police-from-arresting-rahul-mamkootathil |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> When the anticipatory bail plea came up for hearing, Justice K Babu said the matter would be posted for a detailed hearing. “''During the pendency of the case, I will not permit the police to arrest the petitioner because he has raised serious contentions'',” the court observed. “''No man shall be condemned unless heard''. When a matter is pending before a constitutional court, he will not be arrested. The petitioner’s case is that it was a consensual relationship. And admittedly, there is a consensual relationship,” Justice Babu added.
* Jomon Puthenpurackal v State of Kerala<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isac |first=Manju Elsa |date=2025-04-11 |title=Kerala High Court Orders CBI Probe Against Former Chief Secretary KM Abraham In Disproportionate Assets Case |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-k-m-abraham-disproportionate-assets-cbi-289131 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala High Court on Friday (11 April) ordered CBI enquiry into former Chief Secretary of Kerala [[K. M. Abraham (civil servant)]] in a case of illegal amassment of wealth. The order was passed by Justice K. Babu in a petition filed by Jomon Puthenpurackal, a popular activist. It is alleged that while serving as the Additional Chief Secretary of Financial Department, Abraham acquired wealth disproportionate to his income.

* Actor assault case<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-04-12 |title=Actor assault case {{!}} Kerala HC directs sessions judge to give survivor statements of those examined during inquiry into memory card access |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-assault-case-kerala-hc-directs-sessions-judge-to-give-survivor-statements-of-those-examined-during-inquiry-into-memory-card-access/article68057885.ece |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[Dileep]] case, Justice K. Babu issued a directive for the Ernakulam District and Sessions Judge to provide copies of statements made during the fact-finding inquiry to the survivor. This directive came in response to a plea filed by the survivor alleging unauthorized access to a memory card containing visuals of the alleged assault. The court also ordered the sessions judge to conduct an inquiry into the alleged unauthorized access and leakage of the memory card's contents.

* Ex-Minister Dr [[K. T. Jaleel]]'s Challenge Against Lok Ayukta Report<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lydia Suzanne |date=2021-04-20 |title=BREAKING: Kerala High Court Dismisses Ex-Minister KT Jaleel's Challenge Against Lok Ayukta Report |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-high-court-dismisses-ex-minister-kt-jaleels-challenge-against-lok-ayukta-report-172841 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>
The Kerala High Court on Tuesday dismissed the writ petition filed by former Minister for Higher Education and Minority Welfare KT Jaleel, challenging a report of the Kerala Lok Ayukta which had found him guilty of nepotism and favouritism. A division bench comprising Justice PB Suresh Kumar and Justice K Babu affirmed the Lok Ayukta report, stating that Jaleel had not made out any ground...

* Case against Actor [[Unni Mukundan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Kerala High Court stays case against actor Unni Mukundan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-high-court-stays-case-against-actor-unni-mukundan/article66972313.ece# |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[File:K babu.jpg|thumb|288x288px|Inaugurating a panel discussion on the new criminal laws in Thiruvananthapuram. ]]
The Kerala High Court on Thursday stayed all further proceedings in a criminal case registered against actor Unni Mukundan for outraging the modesty of a woman script writer. Justice K. Babu passed the stay order on a petition filed by the actor seeking to quash the case.

* Concept Of ''<nowiki/>'[[Res ipsa loquitur]]''' Is Merely An Aid For Evidence in Criminal Cases, Not Substantive Law<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Gyanvi |date=2025-01-10 |title=Concept Of 'Res Ipsa Loquitur' Is Merely An Aid For Evidence In Criminal Cases, Not Substantive Law: Kerala High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-ruling-res-ipsa-loquitur-applicability-criminal-cases-280595 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala High Court (on January 8) observed that the principle of res ipsa loquitur (accident speaks for itself) can be extended to criminal cases, only as an aid for assessment of evidence. The maxim does not embody any rule of substantive law nor a rule of evidence., said the Court.The Bench of '''Justice K Babu''' observed thus while acquitting an accused, convicted of rash and negligent...

* Torture' Not Part Of Police's Official Duty, No Sanction Required To Prosecute For Such Acts<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isac |first=Manju Elsa |date=2024-12-02 |title='Torture' Not Part Of Police's Official Duty, No Sanction Required To Prosecute For Such Acts: Kerala High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-police-torture-no-sanction-cognizance-276914 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala High Court has held that a Magistrate Court can take cognizance in case of custodial torture by police office, without prior sanction of the State Government under Section 197(1) of CrPC. Justice K. Babu reasoned that a Police Officer torturing a man in a police station cannot be treated as part of official duty, thus not requiring sanction to prosecute.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Karunakaran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]

Khokhar

2026-04-30T23:13:53Z

NoraizNafi: Created some entry basic info...

{{Short description|Punjabi tribe}}
{{About||the village|Khokhar, Mirpur|text = For other uses, see {{intitle|Khokhar}} }}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Khokhar
| caste_name_in_local = {{nq|کھوکھر}}
| image =
| image_size =300
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| jati =
| gotra =
| religions = Predominantly [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] {{small|(minority [[File:Om.svg|10px]] [[Hinduism]])}}
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Haryanvi]]
| country = {{flag|Pakistan}}, {{flag|India}}
| region = {{flag|Punjab|Punjab, Pakistan}}, [[Haryana]]
| ethnicity =[[Punjabis|Punjabi]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
|native_name=}}

'''Khokhar''' ({{langx|pnb|{{nq|کھوکھر}}}}) is a large [[List of Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribe]] originating from northern Punjab. They are primarily native to [[Punjab, Pakistan]]; but are also found in the [[Indian state]]s of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |title=People of India: Jammu & Kashmir |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-118-1 |page=xxiii |language=en |quote=Gujars of this tract are wholly Muslims, and so are the Khokhar who have only a few Hindu families. In early stages the converted Rajputs continued with preconversion practices.}}</ref>

Khokhars predominantly follow [[Islam]], having converted to Islam from [[Hinduism]] from the 13th century CE onwards.<ref name="Singh" /><ref name="Singha">{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Atara |title=Socio-cultural Impact of Islam on India |date=1976 |publisher=Panjab University |page=46 |quote=After this period, we do not hear of any Hindu Gakhars or Khokhars, for during the next two or three centuries they had all come to accept Islam.}}</ref>

==History==

=== Medieval history ===
The original homeland of Khokhars appears to be in Upper Punjab, specifically the areas in and around [[Salt Range]] (known in historical sources as ''Koh-i-Jud''), [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] and [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhtIAAAAIAAJ&q=A+Short+History+of+Jammu+Raj |title=A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Ajaya Prakashan |pages=65-66 |language=en}}</ref> For a time they were under influence of [[Jammu Kingdom|Jammu kingdom]] but in the mid-11th century CE, Khokhars asserted their independence with the help of last Ghaznavid ruler, [[Khusrau Malik]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Singh2019">{{cite book |author=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT245 |title=The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500 |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-076068-2 |pages= |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=63}}

In 1204–1205, the Khokhars revolted under their leaders Raisal and Bhikan against [[Muhammad of Ghor]], raided [[Multan]] and [[Lahore]] and blocked the strategic roads between Punjab and [[Ghazni]] in such a way that not a single soul could pass along them.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oApDAAAAYAAJ |page=65 |title= Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |volume=29–30 |date=1998 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|via= University of Virginia|isbn=9788173804601}}</ref> As [[Qutubuddin Aibak]] was not able to suppress the rebellion,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khokhars+ghori&pg=RA1-PA75 |title=History of Medieval India |page=75 |author= Mahajan |year=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646 }}</ref> Muhammad of Ghor himself undertook the campaign against the tribe. He defeated them [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)|in his final battle]] fought on the bank of [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and subsequently ordered a general massacre, as well as took many of them as prisoners who later converted to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Wink|1991|page=238}}{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=133–134}} While returning to Ghazni, he was assassinated at [[Dhamiak]] located in the [[Salt Range]] in March 1206 by the [[Ismailism|Isma'ilis]] whom he had persecuted during his reign.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|page=73|quote=He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=[[C. E. Bosworth]] |title=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) |date=1968 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/political-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217/024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=168 |quote=The suppression of revolot in the Punjab occupied Mu'izz al-Din's closing months, for on the way back to Ghaza he was assassinated, allegedly by emissaries of the Isma'ils whom he had often persecuted during his life time (602/1206) |isbn=978-0-521-06936-6 |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129084214/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/political-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217/024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some later accounts attributed the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor to the Hindu Khokhars, however these later accounts are not corroborated by early Persian chroniclers who confirmed that his assassins were from the rival Ismāʿīlīyah sect of [[Shia]] Muslims.{{sfn|Habib|1981|page=153–154}} Dr. Habibullah, based on ibn-i-Asir's statement, is of the opinion that the deed was of a joint Bātini and Khokhar affair.<ref>{{cite journal |quote=...implying that some of the accomplices were non-Muslims, probably Gakkhar or Khokhar and is, therefore, of opinion that the deed was a joint Qārāmitah (Bātini) Khokar or Gakkhar affair.|title=Patna University Journal, Volume 18 |journal=Patna University Journal|volume= 18|date=1963 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rmgAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> According to Agha Mahdi Husain, the Khokhars too might be called Malahida in view of their recent conversion to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRKk6h8Q1DUC |title= Futūhuʼs Salāt̤īn:Volume 1|author=Āg̲h̲ā Mahdī Ḥusain |year= 1967|quote=It is also said that the assassinators were Khokhars, for the Khokhars too might be called Mulahid or Malahida. |page=181 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMTXAAAAMAAJ |page=438 |title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims:Tribes, Castes and Communities · Volume 2 |author=Abdul Mabud Khan, Nagendra Kr Singh |date=2001 |publisher=Global Vision |isbn=9788187746058 |quote=malahida and fida'is (i.e., agents of the Alamut Isma'ilis), which is somewhat curious in view of the recent conversion of the Gakkhars to Islam. }}</ref>

In spite of the crushing defeat, Khokhars managed to regain their independence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=1990 |title=Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299834 |journal=Iran |volume=28 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.2307/4299834 |issn=0578-6967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> By the time Mongols under [[Genghis Khan]] first invaded Punjab in 1221 while chasing the retreating armies of Khwarezmian prince [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]], the rivalry between Khokhar chief Rai Sangin and [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha|Qubacha]] was described as long-standing.<ref name=":1" /> Genghis Khan annihilated the Khwarezmians at the [[Battle of the Indus]] besides modern [[Attock]]. Mongols plundered [[Punjab Plain|Punjab plains]] but returned due to the hot climate of Punjab.<ref name=":1" /> Mangburni forged an alliance with the Khokhar tribe and further married the daughter of Rai Sangin, who provided him auxiliaries to capture territories from Qubacha.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Singh2019" />{{Reference page|pages=76-77}}

In 1240, [[Razia Sultana|Razia]], daughter of [[Iltutmish|Shams-ud-din Iltutmish]], and her husband, [[Malik Altunia|Altunia]], attempted to recapture the throne from her brother, [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muizuddin Bahram Shah]]. She reportedly led an army composed mostly of mercenaries from the Khokhars of Punjab.{{sfnp|Syed|2004|p=52|ps=}} From 1246 to 1247, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] mounted an expedition as far as the Salt Range to defeat the Khokhars whom he saw as a threat, and captured a large number of horses bred by Khokhars.{{sfnp|Basham|Rizvi|1987|p=30|ps=}}<ref name="Singh2019" />{{Reference page|page=95}}

In 1251, a [[Chagatai Khanate|Mongol]] commander named Hulechu occupied Lahore, and forged an alliance with Khokhar chief Gul Khokhar.{{sfnp|Jackson|2003|p=268|ps=}} Lahore was attacked multiple times by the Mongols and their Khokhar allies.{{sfnp|Chandra|2004|p=66|ps=}}

Islam further spread among the Khokhars due to the influence of [[shrine of Baba Farid]]. The medieval ''Jawahar-i-Faridi'' records that out of the twenty-three of marriages between custodians of shrine and other tribes, fourteen were with Khokhars, whose names were prefixed with Malik.<ref name="Singh2019" />

[[Ghazi Malik]] founded the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] in Delhi by a rebellion with the support of the Khokhar tribes who were present as advance-guards of the army under their chief Gul Chand, who was also the first to bestow on him symbols of royalty.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRJDAAAAYAAJ|page=74 |title= Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |volume=13 |date=1980 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|via= University of Virginia|isbn=9788173804601}}</ref><ref name="Singh2019" />{{Reference page|pages=227-232}} The Khokhars enjoyed the royal favours for a while.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJY9AAAAMAAJ|title=People and Politics in Early Mediaeval India (1206-1398 A.D.) |page=92 |author=Asit Kumar Sen |date=1963 |publisher=Indian Book Distributing Company|via=the University of Michigan }}</ref> They grew powerful during the period of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]], who led an expedition against the Khokhar chief in [[Sambhal]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA72 |title= Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |page=72 |author= [[Ayyappa Panikkar]], K. Ayyappa Paniker |publisher= Sahitya Akademi |isbn= 9788126003655 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA207 |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author1=John F. Richards |author2=David Gilmartin |author3=Munis D. Faruqui |author4=Richard M. Eaton |author5=Sunil Kuma |date=7 March 2013 |page=247 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107034280 |quote=Mallu Khan (also known as Iqbal Khan), a former slave}}</ref> [[Ayn al-Mulk Mahru]], the governor of Multan, noted that an uprising of the Khokhars had made the road unsafe.<ref>{{cite book |quote= exclaimed anxiety about his family and his dependents' journey from Ajodhan (Pakpattan) to Multan, since an uprising of the Khokhars had made the road unsafe. |title= Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |author= Irfan Habib, Najaf Haider |date=2011 |page=119|publisher= Pearson Education India |isbn= 9788131727911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&dq=khokhars+multan&pg=PA118 }}</ref> The Khokhars conquered Lahore in 1342 during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] and again in 1394 led by the chief [[Shaikha Khokhar]], the former governor of Lahore during the reign of Sultan [[Mahmud Shah II|Mahmud Tughlaq]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6Wyim9sn98C&dq=shaikha+governor+of+lahore&pg=PA152 |title= The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans |author= Agha Hussain Hamadani |date=1992 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited }}</ref> The governor of [[Nagaur]] in Rajasthan, appointed by the Tughlaq dynasty was one Jalal Khan Khokhar,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plP7DwAAQBAJ&q=chunda+khokhar |title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660, Volumes 1–2 |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-03821-3 |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref> who married the sister-in-law of [[Rao Chunda|Rao Chunda Rathore]], the ruler of the emergent [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=14 March 2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |language=en|page=100}}</ref>

There are disputed traditions regarding the origin of [[Khizr Khan]], the viceroy of [[Timur]] in Delhi and founder of the [[Sayyid dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate. According to some scholars, Khizr Khan was a Khokhar chieftain,<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |page=117 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...}}</ref> who travelled to [[Samarkand]] and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Orsini, Francesca |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/913785752 |title=After Timur left : culture and circulation in fifteenth-century North India |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |pages=49 |language=en |oclc=913785752 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183411/https://worldcat.org/title/913785752 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Jasrat Khokhar]] (sometimes ''Jasrath'' or ''Dashrath''){{sfnp|Pandey|1970|p=223|ps=}} was the son of Shaikha Khokhar. He became leader of the Khokhars after the death of Shaikha Khokhar. He supported [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zayn al-Abidin]] in the civil war for the throne of the [[Kashmir Sultanate]] against [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]] and defeated and kill the later. Later, he invaded the Delhi Sultanate several times between 1423 and 1432 after the death of Khizr Khan and succeeded in conquering [[Talwandi]] and [[Jalandhar]], although he was hampered by seasonal rains in his attempt to take over [[Sirhind]].{{sfnp|Singh|1972|pp=220-221|ps=}}

=== Modern history ===
{{Expand section|date=April 2026}}

==Notable people==
*[[Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjluAAAAMAAJ |title=Jinnah and Punjab: Shamsul Hasan collection and other documents, 1944-1947 |first1=Khalid Shamsul |last1=Hasan |first2=Amarjit |last2=Singh |year=2007 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers Distributors |isbn=9788173919169 |page=343 |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> one of the [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|Pakistan Movement activists]]
*[[Shaikha Khokhar]], Khokhar chieftain who fought against [[Tamerlane]]
*[[Jasrat Khokhar]], ruler of Sialkot
*[[Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar]], politician
*[[Mohammad Nawaz Khokhar]], politician

== See also ==
* [[Tribes and clans of the Pothohar Plateau]]
* [[List of Punjabi Muslim tribes]]

==References==

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{citation |first1=Arthur Llewellyn |last1=Basham |first2=Saiyid Athar Abbas |last2=Rizvi |title=The Wonder that was India |volume=2 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |year=1987 |orig-year=1954 |isbn=978-0-283-99458-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind0000rizv }}
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA66 |title=From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |first=Satish |last=Chandra |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=9788124110645 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Mohammad|author-link=Mohammad Habib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ|title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib|date=1981|publisher=People's Publishing House|language=en}}
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA268 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |first=Peter |last=Jackson |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780521543293 |access-date=18 August 2021 }}
*{{citation |title=Early medieval India |first=Awadh Bihari |last=Pandey |edition=Third |publisher=Central Book Depot |year=1970}}
*{{citation |first=Fauja |last=Singh |title=History of the Punjab |volume=III |location=Patiala |year=1972}}
*{{citation |title=History of Delhi Sultanate |first=M. H. |last=Syed |publisher=Anmol Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-261-1830-4}}
*{{citation |first=Tan Tai |last=Yong |year=2005 |title=The Garrison State: The Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947 |publisher=Sage Publications India |page=74 |isbn=9780761933366}}
{{refend}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004102361 |language=en}}

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]

Kalakada mandal

2026-04-20T18:31:00Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalakada mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kalakada mandal''' is one of the 25 [[Mandal|mandals]] in [[Annamayya district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Pileru revenue division]]. The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed Annamayya district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-07 |title=Farmer’s son tops A.P. in CAT-2020 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/farmers-son-tops-ap-in-cat-2020/article33515786.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Annamayya district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Porvorim Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:10Z

NoraizNafi: new

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Porvorim
| mla = [[Rohan Khaunte]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:27097}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
|party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =9
| map_image = File:Porvorim constitution.svg
}}

'''Porvorim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Goa]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref> [[Porvorim]] is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

It is part of [[North Goa district]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan=3|[[Rohan Khaunte]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Porvorim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohan Khaunte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,714 |percentage=55.06% |change={{increase}}19.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Vazarkar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,764 |percentage=17.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas Ramchandra Prabhudesai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,595 |percentage=16.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ritesh Chodankar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,535 |percentage=7.22% |change={{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=473 |percentage=2.22% |change={{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Phadte |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=156 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,950 |percentage=37.37% |change= {{increase}}15.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,275 |percentage=76.63% |change= {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,097 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Porvorim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohan Khaunte]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,174 |percentage=56.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guruprasad R. Pawaskar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,961 |percentage=35.41% |change={{decrease}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Valvaikar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=846 |percentage=4.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Vishnu Sinai Amonkar Alias Rajesh Amonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=222 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=176 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wilbur Fredrick Ticlo |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raju Dsouza |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (ChandraShekhar) |votes=133 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,213 |percentage=21.43% |change= {{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,656 |percentage=80.74% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,346 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Porvorim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohan Khaunte]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,972 |percentage=46.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Parvatkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,071 |percentage=41.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fermeena P. Khaunte |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,217 |percentage=7.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Sukha Narvekar |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raju D'Souza |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (ChandraShekhar) |votes=139 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=901 |percentage=5.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,234 |percentage=78.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,209 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.54|73.83|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Porvorim]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Olpad Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:14Z

NoraizNafi: article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Olpad
| mla = [[Mukeshbhai Patel|Mukeshbhai Zinabhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:455559}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 155
}}
'''Olpad''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Olpad Taluka
# Choryasi Taluka (Part) Villages – Vansva, Damka, Malgama, Bhesan, Okha, Chichi, Vanakala, Vihel, Variav, Bharthana Kosad, Kosad, Asarma, Mota Varachha, Amroli, Chhapra Bhatha (CT), Utran (CT)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Political Party
|-
| 1990 || rowspan=2 |Bhagubhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1998 ||rowspan=2| Dhansukhbhai Patel
|-
| 2002
|-
| 2007 || Kiritbhai Patel
|-
| 2012 ||rowspan=3| [[Mukeshbhai Patel|Mukeshbhai Zinabhai Patel]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Olpad Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mukeshbhai Patel|Mukeshbhai Zinabhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 172424
|percentage = 58.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Darshankumar Amrutlal Nayak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57288
|percentage = 19.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharmikbhai Nanubhai Malaviya |party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=52450|percentage=17.76|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3123
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 38.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:444249}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Olpad<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukeshbhai Patel|Mukeshbhai Zinabhai Patel]]
|votes = 1,47,828
|percentage = 60.46
|change = +4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yogendrasinh Chandrasinh Bakrola
|votes = 86,250
|percentage = 35.27
|change = -0.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sirajkhan Hosiyarkhan Pathan
|votes = 1,454
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Hiteshbhai Mohanbhai Patel
|votes = 1,138
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Kishorbhai Devrajbhai Sanghani
|votes = 1,055
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,897
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 61,578
|percentage = 25.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,44,521
|percentage = 67.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:359736}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mukeshbhai Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 106805
|percentage = 55.52
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jayeshbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69747
|percentage = 36.26
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37058
|percentage = 19.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 192373
|percentage = 71.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kiritbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,68,284
|percentage = 62.95
|change = +18.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kamlaben Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80,123
|percentage = 29.97
|change = -12.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaybhai Nayak
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,787
|percentage = 2.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 32.98
|change = +30.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,67,330
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhansukhbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 74,572
|percentage = 44.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagubhai Patel (Vimal)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,455
|percentage = 42.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Muljibhai Patel
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 13,012
|percentage = 7.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,675
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.33|72.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

B. M. Kutty

2026-04-12T14:41:52Z

NoraizNafi: made first article and citations

{{Short description|Pakistani politician and intellectual (1930–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = B. M. Kutty 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Biyyathil Mohyuddin Kutty 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1930|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tirur]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|08|25|1930|07|15}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| burial_place = [[Paposh Nagar Graveyard]], Karachi
| burial_coordinates = 
| citizenship = Pakistani
| education =
| alma_mater = Mohammedan College Madras
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Politician
* Public servant
* Journalist
* Trade unionist
* Peace activist
}}
| years_active =
| notable_works = ''Sixty Years in Self-exile: no regrets; a political autobiography''
| party = {{flatlist|
* [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]
* [[Azad Pakistan Party]]
* [[National Awami League]]
* National Democratic Party
* [[National Workers Party (Pakistan)|National Workers Party]]
}}
}}
[[File:B.M._Kutty.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Colour photo headshot of Biyyathil Mohyuddin Kutty|Biyyathil Mohyuddin Kutty]]
'''Biyyathil Mohyuddin Kutty''' ({{langx|ur|بیاتھل محی الدین کٹی{{lrm}}}}; 15 July 1930 – 25 August 2019; commonly known as '''B. M. Kutty''') was a Pakistani journalist, public servant, politician, peace activist, trade unionist, and liberal intellectual who worked for the betterment of [[India–Pakistan relations]]. Born to a family of peasants and landowners in Chilavil–Ponmundam village of [[Tirur]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], Kutty was influenced by communism at an early age and joined the student faction of the [[Communist Party of India]] in the 1940s. He attended Mohammedan College in [[Madras]] from 1945 to 1949 to please his father and there he joined the [[All India Muslim Students Federation|Muslim Students Federation]]. He left the college right after the final examinations and did not wait to receive his certificates. At the age of 19 he left his family and India for Pakistan, citing his "love for geography" as the motivation behind his move.

Kutty was associated with many [[Left-wing politics|left]] and [[Centre-left politics|centre-left parties]] in Pakistan and served as the political secretary for [[Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo]], a prominent [[Balochistan|Baloch]] leader and [[Governor of Balochistan]]. In 2011, former Indian bureaucrat and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[Natwar Singh]] launched Kutty's autobiography ''Sixty Years in Self-exile: No regrets; a political autobiography''.

== Early life ==
Kutty was born on 15 July 1930 at Chilavil–[[Ponmundam]] village in [[Tirur]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]], to a middle-class [[Islam in Kerala|Malayali Muslim]] family of peasants and landowners.<ref name="News18">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/bm-kutty-pakistani-politician-of-kerala-origin-passes-away-at-89-2283429.html |title=BM Kutty, Pakistani Politician of Kerala Origin, Passes Away at 89 |date=25 August 2019 |work=[[News 18]] |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> He was the eldest of five siblings.<ref name="News18" /> His father was a supporter of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and got Kutty admitted into Mohammedan College, [[Madras]], in 1945.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/no-regrets-for-60-yrs-out-of-kerala/ |title=No regrets for 60 yrs out of Kerala |last=Edmond |first=Deepu Sebastian |date=12 August 2011 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 August 2019 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> However, Kutty described his time at college as not "comfortable" and stayed there for four years only to "satisfy [his] father".<ref name="IndianExpress" />

After the conclusion of his final year examinations in June 1949, he sent a telegram to his parents saying that he would return home, but instead left for [[Mumbai|Bombay]] without even waiting to receive his college certificates. Two months later, in August 1949, Kutty and a Malayali friend bought tickets from [[Bombay Central railway station|Bombay Central]] to [[Jodhpur railway station]] and entered Pakistan through the border town of [[Khokhrapar]] after stopping for a night at [[Munabao railway station|Munabo]], the railway transit point on the [[India-Pakistan border]].<ref name="IndianExpress" /> They arrived in Karachi on 14 August. Kutty described his "love for geography" and desire to visit the cultural heritage of [[Lahore]] as the reason for his immigration to Pakistan and that it had no religious motivation as it did for millions of other Muslims who left India after the [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref name="IndianExpress" /> Passports had not been introduced by then and they walked to Khokhrapar from Munabao like many [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajirs]]. The currency they exchanged at Khokhrapar had "Government of Pakistan" superimposed on the [[Indian Rupee|old notes]] with "Government of India" printed on them.<ref name="BusinessStandard">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/q-a-m-kutty-pakistan-peace-coalition-secretary-111082100046_1.html |title=Q&A: B M Kutty, Pakistan Peace Coalition Secretary |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |date=20 January 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=29 August 2019 | location=New Delhi}}</ref>

In Karachi, another Malayali man helped Kutty find a job with [[Larsen & Toubro]]; after working there for three months, Kutty left for Lahore without telling anyone about his expedition. He did not wait for the confirmation at his company or the increment that was due with it; he collected his salary and bought the railway ticket.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> He always wanted to visit Lahore to explore its cultural heritage, including the [[Tomb of Jahangir|tombs of Jahangir]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|Nur Jahan]], and [[tomb of Anarkali|Anarkali]]. He met a Malayali Hindu, A. K. Pillai, in Lahore who helped him find a job as assistant manager at [[Indian Coffee House]].<ref name="IndianExpress" />

== Political life ==
Kutty was influenced by the [[Communism in Kerala|communist movement in Kerala]] and entered into political life at an early age by joining and becoming an active member of Kerala Students Federation, a local student chapter of the [[Communist Party of India]], in the 1940s. He joined the [[All India Muslim Students Federation|Muslim Students Federation]] in 1946 during his studies at Mohammedan College of Madras.<ref name="IndianExpress" />

Kutty was associated with many [[Left-wing politics|left]] and [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] [[List of political parties in Pakistan|political parties in Pakistan]]. He was a member of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]], which was banned by the Government of Pakistan in 1954.<ref name="TheWire2019">{{cite news | url=https://thewire.in/culture/pakistan-communist-bm-kutty | title=The Humanist Who Was Pakistan's Malayali Comrade B.M. Kutty | work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] | date=28 August 2019 | access-date=29 August 2019 | last=Sarwar | first=Beena}}</ref> Being a Malayali, he was able to work with the [[beedi]] workers of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] origin in Karachi without difficulty. He worked on behalf of their rights and organised their trade union.<ref name="TheWire2019" />

He was involved with the [[Azad Pakistan Party]] in Lahore and later with the Pakistan Awami League in Karachi from 1950 to 1957.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> He joined the [[National Awami Party]] in 1957 and remained an active member until 1975, when it was banned by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> For the next four years until 1979, Kutty was involved with the politics of the National Democratic Party; he joined the Pakistan National Party in 1979 and remained associated with it until 1997.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> He became a member of the [[National Workers Party (Pakistan)|National Workers Party]] in 1998 and served as central information secretary of the party.<ref name="BusinessStandard" /> In the decade of the 1980s he was associated with the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] (MRD), a left–wing political alliance formed to oppose and end the [[Zia regime|military government]] of President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He served in the capacity of the joint secretary-general of the MRD for three years.<ref name="BusinessStandard" />

Kutty worked with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] social and peace activist [[Nirmala Deshpande]] and when she died in 2008, he attended her funeral with his friend and colleague Karamat Ali and politician [[Sherry Rehman]], and brought back her ashes to consecrate in the [[Indus River]] in accordance with her wishes.<ref name="TheWire2019" /> He later expressed his admiration for Deshpande and her peace activism by naming her as one of the dedicatees for his autobiography.<ref name="TheWire2019" /> He worked for the betterment of the India–Pakistan relationship and was associated with multiple organisations that promoted peace between these two countries.<ref name="Manorma">{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/08/25/bm-kutty-pakistani-politician-from-kerala-dies.html |title=BM Kutty, Pakistani politician with Kerala roots, passes away |date=25 August 2019 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> Kutty co-established and was the general secretary of the Pakistan Peace Coalition and was associated with the Pakistan–India People's Forum For Peace and Democracy.<ref name="TheWire2019" /><ref name="Manorma" /> He was a committed member of the Society for Secular Pakistan, launched in 2014.<ref name="TheWire2019" /> He was also the secretary of the [[Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research]] (PILER).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/kerala-born-karachi-based-activist-bm-kuttys-demise-further-diminishes-movement-for-peace-between-india-pakistan-7227461.html |title=Kerala-born, Karachi-based activist BM Kutty's demise further diminishes movement for peace between India-Pakistan |last=Menon |first=Meena |date=26 August 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Balochistan ===
{{Quote box
|class = letterhead
|title = PM Bhutto to Kutty
|quote = Why did you come to Pakistan? Unlike the Biharis and the UP wallahs and the Delhi wallahs, you had no compulsion to leave that paradise called Kerala. It also has the politics of your liking. Then why did you give all that up and come here?
|author = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|PM]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
|source = 1973<ref name="BusinessStandard" />
| align=right
| salign=right
| width=40%
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| border=2px
|quoted = 1
}}

During his time in Lahore, Kutty became a member of the Communist Party of Pakistan and met many left-leaning political workers and leaders, including prominent [[Balochistan|Baloch]] politician [[Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo]].<ref name="TheWire2019" /> Kutty joined the [[National Awami Party]] (NAP) when it was founded in 1957 and became the political secretary of Bizenjo, retaining that position even when the latter served as the [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] from 1972 to 1973.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/bm-kutty-malyali-pakistan/ |title=The Lone Malayali Politician in Pakistan BM Kutty Passes Away |date=26 August 2019 |work=The Logical Indian |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

In February 1973, [[1973 raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan|Pakistani forces raided the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan]] suspecting that Iraq might be colluding with the [[Soviet Union]] to arm the [[Insurgency in Balochistan|Baloch insurgents]].<ref name="YouTube">{{Cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8dqjiiVlZw&t=326s |title=An Indian's guide to Baloch nationalism, Pakistan's tiny Left & death of a Malayali named BM Kutty |date=25 August 2019 |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |type=video |language=English, Hindi |publisher=The Print on YouTube}}</ref> Kutty came under suspicion by the Government of Pakistan because of his "unusual" credentials—a communist originally from Kerala working for a Baloch party and its leader and the-then governor.<ref name="YouTube" /> Kutty was arrested at [[Islamabad International Airport]] on the charges of treason and spying for the enemy nation, India.<ref name="YouTube" /> Almost a week later, Prime Minister Bhutto dismissed Bizenjo's government and arrested him on the suspicion that his government might be involved in arming the Baloch separatists. While Kutty was in prison and being tortured for his alleged crimes, his daughter, Yasmin Mohyuddin, was expelled from [[Bolan University of Medical & Health Sciences|Bolan Medical College]].<ref name="YouTube" /> These events culminated in Kutty's writing an impassioned letter to Bhutto expressing his anger.<ref name=Hindu/> After receiving the letter, the Prime Minister called for Kutty to be brought to his house and asked Kutty, referring to his Malayali and communist origins: "Why did you come to Pakistan? Unlike the Biharis and the UP and Delhiwalas, you had no compulsion to leave that paradise called Kerala. It also has the politics of your liking. Then why did you give all that up and come here?"<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jadhavs-case-brings-back-kuttys-story-on-balochistan/article22339452.ece|title=Jadhav's case brings back Kutty's story on Balochistan|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Kallol|last=Bhattacherjee|date=31 December 2017|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="YouTube" /><ref name="BusinessStandard" />

== Autobiography ==
In 2011 Kutty published his autobiography ''Sixty Years in Self-exile: No regrets; a political autobiography'', in which he narrated his journey from Kerala to Karachi and the reasons he decided to acquire the citizenship of Pakistan.<ref name="Manorma" /> The book was launched by former Indian bureaucrat and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[Natwar Singh]].<ref name="Manorma" /> Kutty dedicated his book to four women whom he admired the most in his life: his mother Biriya Umma, peace activist Nirmala Deshpande, politician and former Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Benazir Bhutto]], and Kutty's wife Birjis Siddiqui.<ref name="Dawn2011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/677893 |title=COVER STORY: Pakistan times |last=Rehman |first=I. A. |date=3 December 2011 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> The title of the book was suggested by Deshpande in 2007.<ref name="TheWire2019" />

== Personal life ==
Kutty married Birjis Siddiqui, an [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speaking]] woman originating from [[Uttar Pradesh]], on 21 January 1951 in a wedding ceremony in Lahore attended by five Malayalis. He remembered how he did not know the language of his wife but "it didn't matter".<ref name="Hindu2011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/prisoners-of-circumstance-yearning-to-return-home/article2675130.ece |title=Prisoners of circumstance yearning to return home |last=Menon |first=Meena |date=1 December 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> The couple had four children.<ref name="GulfNews">{{cite news | url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-malayalee-politician-bm-kutty-passes-away-in-karachi-on-sunday-1.66001829 | title=Pakistani-Malayalee politician BM Kutty passes away in Karachi on Sunday | work=[[Gulf News]] | date=25 August 2019 | access-date=30 August 2019 | last=Ahmed | first=Ashfaq}}</ref> Kutty's wife died in 2010.<ref name="TheHindu2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-voice-in-pak-politics-falls-silent/article29254563.ece |title=Malayali voice in Pakistan politics falls silent |date=26 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 August 2019 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

In 2015 Kutty suffered a [[Stroke|paralytic stroke]] that forced him to take bed rest for five months and affected his speech. He went to Kerala with the help of his family and friends for [[Ayurvedic treatment]], which lasted over two months and helped him get back his normal speech.<ref name="TheHindu20015">{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-mapilla-in-karachi-remembers-his-roots/article7856681.ece | title=A Mapilla in Karachi remembers his roots | last=Bhattacherjee | first=Kallol | date=8 November 2015 | access-date=29 August 2019 | work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Kutty had deep affection for the [[Malayalam]] language. Contrary to popular practice by other Muslim students, he chose to study Malayalam in school as a second language instead of [[Arabic]] and studied [[Malayalam literature]] in college. He used to obtain and read Malayalam newspapers, ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', as long as they were available in Pakistan.<ref name="LiveMint">{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/9x6OQSpJZeaLYOlg5tJZGO/Biyyathil-Mohyuddin-Kutty--Majority-of-Pakistanis-are-toler.html | title=Majority of Pakistanis are tolerant people |last=Roche |first=Elizabeth |date=12 August 2011 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=29 August 2019 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He worked as a journalist for ''Mathrubhumi'' and reported from Pakistan for the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/world/bm-kutty-passes-away-1.4067746 | title=പാകിസ്താനിലെ മലയാളിയായ രാഷ്ട്രീയ നേതാവ് ബി.എം കുട്ടി അന്തരിച്ചു | date=25 August 2019 | access-date=29 August 2019 | work=[[Mathrubhumi]] | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== Death ==
After suffering from a prolonged illness and paralysis, Kutty died on 25 August 2019 at the age of 89. He was buried in [[Paposh Nagar Graveyard]], Karachi; his funeral prayer, [[Salat al-Janazah]], was recited earlier at Abu Hanifa Mosque in Gulshan-i-Iqbal.<ref name="Dawn2019">{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1501734 | title=Peace activist B.M. Kutty passes away | date=26 August 2019 | access-date=29 August 2019 | work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | last=Mansoor | first=Hasan | location=Karachi}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|author=B. M. Kutty|title=Sixty Years in Self-exile: No regrets; a political autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n97aXwAACAAJ|publisher=Pakistan Study Centre, [[University of Karachi]]|location=[[Karachi]]|year=2011|isbn=9789698791247|oclc=733548534}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kutty, B. M.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani communists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani journalists]]
[[Category:Pakistani government officials]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:All-Pakistan Awami League politicians]]

Maramkulangara Krishna Temple

2026-03-31T09:11:40Z

NoraizNafi: made place

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Maramkulangara Krishna Temple
| image = 106_marankulangarakrishna_Image_courtesy_keralatemples.net.jpg
| alt =
| caption = the entrance of temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Palarivattom]], [[Thrippunithura]] and [[Vyttila]]
| location = [[Vennala]] - [[Eroor]] route
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Bala [[Krishna]] or [[Krishna]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Maramkulangara Krishna Temple''' is an Indian [[Krishna]] [[temple]] situated at Eroor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maramkulangara Krishna Temple, Eroor {{!}} Maramkulangara Krishna Temple (Krishna) Pooja Timings, Location, Rituals, Significance & History - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/temples/maramkulangara-krishna-temple-eroor-i29/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=Lewasol |title=Maramkulangara Krishna Temple Eroor North Kakkanad Ernakulam Kerala |url=https://www.keralatemplesbooking.com/profile/?temple=1047 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Kerala Temples Booking |language=en}}</ref> It is along [[Vennala]] to [[Eroor]] route, [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Prasadam |url=https://www.holyprasadam.com/temples/details/505 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.holyprasadam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ബാലാരിഷ്ടതകൾ മാറാൻ കണ്ണന്റെ മുന്നിലെ ഉണ്ണിക്കുളി ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/astrology/astro-news/2023/01/23/significance-of-maramkulangara-krishna-temple.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ബാലാരിഷ്ടതകൾ മാറാൻ കണ്ണന്റെ മുന്നിലെ ഉണ്ണിക്കുളി ! |language=ml}}</ref> This is an Abhimana temple of [[Lord Vishnu]] is accessible by road from [[Palarivattom]], [[Thrippunithura]] and [[Vyttila]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Maramkulangara Sreekrishna Temple Eroor Ernakulam |url=https://templesinkerala.org/v/ernakulam/maramkulangaratemple |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=Temples in Kerala}}</ref> The principal deity here is Bala [[Krishna]] or [[Krishna]] in his child form. This Bala Krishna is termed by natives as "Child Specialist".

== Legend ==
The purpose of Krishna's incarnation was to kill [[Kamsa]]. And the time for Kamsa to kill Krishna. Poothana was breastfed Krishna with deadly poison in Places.but Lord Bala Krishna Pulled up to Poothana's soul. Thus it is said that Poothana got salvation.Lord Vishnu appeared before Yashoda, who began to cry on suspicion of poisoning the child's body, and poured nectar on the child from the well. That is how the temple got its name, maramkulangara, which means 'the one who killed the woman who came to kill'.The water from this well is used to bathe the babies.

==History==
Elamprakkodathu Mana, an ancient Namboodiri family which was landlord of the area, had the "Oorazhma" (ownership) of a lot of temples around including the [[Sree Poornathrayesa Temple]] and Pishari Kovil Bhagavathi Temple. Maramkulangara Krishna temple also was built by them.

==Deities==

The deities from this temple are

* Ganapathy

* Ayyappan

* Nagas

== Speciality ==

The deity is Bala [[Krishna]] who is believed to provide protection to small children from evil birds (Pakshipeeda). Children are brought to this temple for getting the grace even before "Choroonu" (ritual of giving rice food for the first time). the children are given a bath in front of the temple with the holy water (theertham. without wiping, they are let to dry naturally and brought inside for Darsan.

== References ==
<references />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kochi]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Akalapuzha Lake

2026-03-27T11:39:57Z

NoraizNafi: made the page w/ refs

{{Short description|Lake in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Akalapuzha
| coords = {{coord|11|30|45|N|75|39|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| image = Akalapuzha Nelliyadi Kadavu Bridge, Keezhariyur.jpg
| caption = Akalapuzha from Nelliyadi Kadavu Bridge, Keezhariyur
| outflow = [[Muthambi River]]
| inflow = [[Payyoli Canal]]
| basin_countries = India
| location = [[Koyilandy, Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| islands = 3
[[Nelliyadi Thuruthu]]
[[Edison Thuruth]]
| area = {{cvt|5|sqkm}}
| shore = {{cvt|22|km}}
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala
}}
'''Akalapuzha''' (Malayalam: അകലാപ്പുഴ) is a lake situated in the [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode, Kerala]]. Flowing as a distributary of [[Korapuzha]] from Kanayankodu in Koyilandy, Akalapuzha flows northwest to meet the Kuttiyadipuzha at Payyoli Chirp (Payyoli Canal).<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
As per the [[Malabar Manual]] by [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the name Akalapuzha was derived from 'Akalamulla Puzha' (അകലമുള്ള പുഴ), meaning 'river with distance'. [[Thurayur]] near Akalapuzha was a port town during the British reign in India and the water transport was very active in the lake until the end of twentieth century.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It is known as the [[Kuttanad]] of [[Kozhikode]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2022/05/19/akalapuzha-tourism-in-kozhikode.html|title=ഇത് കോഴിക്കോടിന്‍റെ കുട്ടനാട്; കായല്‍ക്കാഴ്ചകളും ശിക്കാരവള്ളയാത്രയും മീന്‍രുചികളും|website=ManoramaOnline|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520124449/https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2022/05/19/akalapuzha-tourism-in-kozhikode.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The [[Payyoli Canal]] ({{convert|200|m|disp=sqbr}}) connects Akalapuzha lake with its tributary [[Kuttiyadi Puzha]]. It is situated between the [[Koyilandy]] and [[Payyoli]] municipalities and [[Thikkodi]] and [[Keezhariyur]] villages. It flows towards Korapuzha river as Muthambi River.<mapframe latitude="11.497856" longitude="75.670567" zoom="12" width="272" height="210" align="right">
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</mapframe>It is a part of the planned Kovalam-Bekal Waterway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/03/26/proposed-kerala-waterway-project-lost-steam.html|title=Will Kovalam-Bekal waterway stay on course?|website=OnManorama|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326072556/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/03/26/proposed-kerala-waterway-project-lost-steam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nelliyadi Kadavu Bridge was constructed over Akalapuzha connecting [[Koyilandy|Koyilandy Municipality]] to [[Keezhariyur|Keezhariyur village]] and was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Kerala, [[E. K. Nayanar|Mr. E K Nayanar]] on January 30, 2000.

SARBTM Govt. College Koyilandy is located on the shore of Akalapuzha.

== Tourism ==
It is a major tourist spot with boat services and leisure activities.

The Pamban thuruth is a known place among the film industry. Akalapuzha started receiving attention by the release of the Malayalam movie [[Theevandi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keezhariyur |first=Ramachandran |date=13 February 2022 |title=How a Tovino film put Akalapuzha backwaters on the tourism map of Kerala |pages=1 |work=Malayala Manorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/02/12/tovino-film-put-an-island-akalapuzha-tourism-map.html |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414093426/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/02/12/tovino-film-put-an-island-akalapuzha-tourism-map.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

This lake is shallow and home to many fishes, including [[shellfish]]. The [[Green chromide|Karimeen]] ([[Green chromide|Pearl Spot]]) nurtured in the Akalappuzha Backwaters are often an evening delicacy.

Fishing using [[fishing rod]]s from the Nelliyadi Kadavu Bridge is a popular activity among the people around this region.

The Akalapuzha boating point is close to [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH66]] and can be reached by travelling {{cvt|6|km}} from [[Payyoli|Payyoli Town]], {{cvt|5|km}} from [[Thikkodi]] or {{cvt|8|km}} from [[Pisharikavu|Sree Pisharikavu Temple]].

Nearby tourist attractions include:

* The [[Microwave viewpoint]] is {{cvt|8|km}} from the boating point and provides a view of the lake from hilltop
* The [[Kadalur Point Lighthouse]] is {{cvt|7|km}} away from Akalappuzha boating point
* {{cvt|6|km}} from [[Thikkodi Drive in Beach]]
* {{cvt|6|km}} from [[Kollam Chira]]
* {{cvt|6|km}} from [[Kodikkal Beach|Kodikkal Beach Volleyball Court]]
* {{cvt|10|km}} from [[Parapally beach]], Kollam
* {{cvt|18|km}} from [[Kappad|Kappad Beach]]
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]

== Connectivity ==
Nearest railway station: [[Thikkodi]] ({{cvt|7.5|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Payyoli]] ({{cvt|8.5|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Koyilandy railway station|Koyilandy Railway Station]] ({{cvt|11|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Vadakara railway station|Vadakara Railway Station]] ({{cvt|15|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode Railway Station]] ({{cvt|36|km|disp=sqbr}})

Nearest airport: [[Calicut International Airport]] ({{cvt|60|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Kannur International Airport]] ({{cvt|63|km|disp=sqbr}})

== Nearby villages and towns ==
[[Keezhariyur]] (east), [[Thurayur]] (north), [[Payyoli]] (northwest), [[Thikkodi]] (west), [[Viyyur (Koyilandy taluk)|Viyyur]]([[Koyilandy]]) (west).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akalapuzha}}
[[Category:Lakes of Kerala]]

Neville Tuli

2026-03-26T12:20:06Z

NoraizNafi: expanded citations per sources

{{Short description|British writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Neville Tuli
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|4|24|df=y}}
| occupation = Founder Chairman, Osian's Group
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics]], London
| notableworks = The Flamed Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting
| subject = [[Indian Art]], Art History{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}
}}

'''Neville Tuli''' (born 24 April 1964, England UK) is a pioneering author,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian contemporary painting / Neville Tuli - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1853913 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> curator<ref>{{Cite book |title=Revisualising India : from the Osian's archive and library collection {{!}} WorldCat.org |oclc=206471530 |language=en}}</ref> and archivist,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-12 |title=Neville Tuli's auction in Mumbai features 122 artists, seven writers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20010312-neville-tulis-auction-in-mumbai-features-122-artists-seven-writers-776782-2001-03-11 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> active in the field of Arts and Cultural Heritage in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=A Fading canvas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/a-fading-canvas/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He studied at the [[London School of Economics]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St. Catherine's College University of Oxford]]. He lived in England until he returned to [[India]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talaulicar |first=Aparna |title=A winner all the way |url=https://ia800402.us.archive.org/6/items/sr-no-1-b-sunday-29.12.1996-04.01.1997/Sr%20no%201-B%20Sunday%2029.12.1996%20-%2004.01.1997.jpg |website=Sunday (by [[Anandabazar Patrika]])}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Ashrafi S |date= |title=Curatorial Venture |url=https://archive.org/details/2003-06-01 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Anupa |title=From heart to heartland |url=https://archive.org/details/2003-10-03 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Published work and critical reception ==

=== The Flamed Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting ===
In 1997 he wrote a book ''The Flamed Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting'',<ref>Mehra, Sunil (26 March 1997) [http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?203241 From Words To Figures The booming art mart has spawned its own subsidiary—the multi-crore art book bazar]. Outlook India.</ref> on the aesthetics and history of Indian Modern & Contemporary Painting in April 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Contemporary Painting by Neville Tuli - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/indian-contemporary-painting/author/neville-tuli/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The Flamed Mosaic Book Cover by Neville Tuli.jpg|thumb|The Flamed Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting]]
Shivaji Pannikar in his book 'Towards a New Art History: studies in Indian art' referred to The Flamed Mosaic as the first comprehensive book written on Indian painting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannikar |first=Shivaji |title='Towards a New Art History: studies in Indian art' |url=https://archive.org/details/chapter-4_202404/chapter-4.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parimoo |first=Ratan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcKfAAAAMAAJ |title=Towards a New Art History: Studies in Indian Art: Essays Presented in Honour of Prof. Ratan Parimoo |date=2003 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0230-0 |pages=Chapter 4 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ratan Parimoo|Ratan Parimoo's]] review of the book in [[Asia Art Archive]] referred to the book as 'substantial' and 'topical'. Parimoo wrote, "''This book therefore is part of the international recognition and significance of contemporary Indian Art, in the lavish format in which it has been produced."''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Book Review: The Flamed-Mosaic, Indian Contemporary Painting by Neville Tuli |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-manuscripts-of-essays-and-articles/object/book-review-the-flamed-mosaic-indian-contemporary-painting-by-neville-tuli |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>

Martin Kämpchen in his review published in [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] said "''One must be grateful for the compilation of the historical factual material, especially for the biographical outlines and the extensive bibliography on Indian painting. Tuli also introduces the majority of the painters through interviews; their works are illuminated by excerpts from essays and monographs."''<ref>{{Cite news |date=1998-05-23 |title=Rezension: Sachbuch: Wanderschaft in eine andere Moderne |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezension-sachbuch-wanderschaft-in-eine-andere-moderne-11316357.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=FAZ.NET |language=de |issn=0174-4909}}</ref>

Chitra Sardesai at [[Mid-Day|Mid Day]] commented in relation to The Flamed Mosaic and The Intuitive-Logic exhibition,"The panorama of contemporary Indian art as seen through these shows is the first of its kind and does much credit to the curator, Neville Tuli. It will be permanently remembered through the definitive book he has authored".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sardesai |first=Chitra |title=Heart to art |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/sr-no-4-mid-day-wednesday-march-5---1997 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

Neville on the purpose of the book remarked, "It (a book) ought to have an energy all of its own. That energy has not been channelised in great depth in our country...in taking forward the new mind especially in the arts."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lentin |first=Sifra Samuel |title=Dreams for sale |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/sr-no-27-c-122--jetwings-march-2002 |work=Jetwings}}</ref>

=== Other Writings and Interviews ===
In the Hindu dated 1999, Neville Tuli was interviewed by contemporary Indian artist Dr [[Gieve Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Responding to art differently |url=https://archive.org/details/sr-no-8-the-hindu-sunday-nov-7-1999 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and historian, Professor [[Shadakshari Settar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=A question of preservation |url=https://archive.org/details/sr-no-9-the-hindu-sunday-nov-14-1999-part-1 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The interviews were published as a series of 4 articles and laid out the need for creating infrastructure for art in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A philosophy for action |url=https://archive.org/details/sr-no-28-a-the-hindu-magazine-sunday-october-31-1999 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Art and the auction house |url=https://archive.org/details/art-and-the-auction-house |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career ==

=== Tuli Research Centre for India Studies (TRIS) ===
Tuli founded TRIS in 2023 with the goal of sharing his knowledge base, archives and library in disciplines such as arts, cinema and more. TRIS organized its inaugural exhibition in March 2024, 'Self-Discovery via Rediscovering India' at the [[India International Centre]] Gallery (New Delhi) that showcased selected artifacts, digitized artworks, archives and memorabilia from the research center.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Announcing the Inaugural Exhibition from the Tuli Research Centre for India Studies "Self-Discovery via Rediscovering India" |url=https://www.bollywoodsamachar.net.in/2024/03/15/announcing-the-inaugural-exhibition-from-the-tuli-research-centre-for-india-studies-self-discovery-via-rediscovering-india/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=BOLLYWOODSAMACHAR.NET.IN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UbjB0cwkFs |title=Neville Tuli takes students on a tour of Tuli Research Centre for India Studies Exhibition |language=en |access-date=2024-05-13 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

TRIS has a repository of archival material and books, rare and contemporary, which reflect Tuli's vision for a place of learning and discovery that is not influenced by external political or economic forces. Tuli's travel across India led him to meticulously photograph both celebrated landmarks as well as forgotten monuments. These photographic documents are now one of the cornerstones of TRIS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panwar |first=Himakshi |date=2024-06-14 |title=Beyond Books: Here's Why Tuli Research Centre Can Be "India's Oxford" |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/beyond-books-heres-why-tuli-research-centre-can-be-indias-oxford |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref> The collection housed by TRIS includes modern and contemporary fine and popular arts and crafts, architectural heritage, Indian and world cinema, photography, ecological studies, animal welfare, and the social sciences.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Murtaza Ali |title=Internet was designed to unify world: Tuli |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/featured/internet-was-designed-to-unify-world-tuli |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref>

The Sunday Guardian referred to TRIS as ''more than just an academic institution'' and described TRIS as ''a testament to Neville Tuli’s lifelong dedication to preserving and promoting India’s cultural heritage.'' [[The Sunday Guardian]] reported, "The Centre’s primary focus is to illuminate the connections between India’s past and present, offering valuable perspectives on its complex identity through rigorous preservation and scholarly exploration."<ref name=":6" />

=== Osianama ===
In 2013 Tuli and Osian's launched a website called osianama.com, containing information on Indian art along with a special search engine meant for Indian art.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Archiving-Indian-cinema-and-more-through-Osianama/articleshow/18133844.cms?referral=PM Archiving Indian cinema and more through Osianama – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 January 2013). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indias-osians-group-launches-online-648154 India's Osian's Group Launches Online Film and Art Archive]. Hollywood Reporter (14 October 2013). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Osians-announces-search-engine-exclusively-for-arts-cinema/articleshow/18132271.cms?referral=PM Osian's announces search engine exclusively for arts, cinema – The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 January 2013). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/osian-search-engine-for-arts-cinema/article4333008.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy Osian search engine for arts, cinema | Business Line]. Thehindubusinessline.com (22 January 2013). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref>

=== Osian's Connoisseurs of Art ===
Neville Tuli established Osian's Connoisseurs of Art (commonly referred as Osian's) in the year 2000.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=THE GREAT INDIAN ART ATTACK |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2004-10-03 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> From 2000 to 2019, Neville Tuli has curated over 40 Auctions. Through the art auctions and exhibitions, he widened the scope of India's contemporary arts' secondary market. In the process, the auctions introduced many Indian artists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Ashoke |title=Osian's puts its money where Indian art is |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2004-osians-auctions-overview |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Further awareness for the popular arts, especially film memorabilia was created when it was placed on the same platform as Indian contemporary arts, Film and Popular Culture Auctions<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hindu: Low kitsch, high price |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/05/05/stories/2002050500170600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323000211/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/05/05/stories/2002050500170600.htm |archive-date=23 March 2004 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STILLS IN TIME |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2002-a-historical-epic-first-city |website=First City Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Gayatri |title=No boom time for arts yet |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2002-a-historical-epic-and-earlier |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Auctions of sports memorabilia further extended its aim of preserving cultural heritage and history.<ref>[http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/58411/indian-cricket-opens-a-new-leaf Indian cricket opens a new leaf]. Cricbuzz. Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-17 |title=Unique 1985 Cricket World Championship bat fetches Rs 4,50,000 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/Unique-1985-Cricket-World-Championship-bat-fetches-Rs-4-50-000-231729 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> The exhibitions facilitated a new and sustainable infrastructure for placing the arts in the developmental framework of India.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/a-rare-date-with-animals.html A RARE DATE WITH ANIMALS - The Pioneer]. Tuesday, 18 November 2014 | Pioneer</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/an-auction-with-animals-as-theme-114111700722_1.html An auction with animals as theme - Business Standard].Press Trust of India | Mumbai 17 November 2014</ref><ref name=":5" /> Osian acquired the journal [[Cinemaya]] and the [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema|Cinefan]] festival in 2004<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Handique |first=Maitreyee |title=Auction House Buys Cinemaya |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2004-06-23 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> where [[Aruna Vasudev]] continued to be the festival director.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-media-political-system-shouldnt-draw-lines-on-creative-freedom-neville-tuli-1786241 Media, political system shouldn't draw lines on creative freedom: Neville Tuli | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (7 January 2013). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>Bhattacharya, Ananya (29 July 2012) [http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/osians-cinefan-film-festival-2012/osians-cinefan-film-fest-opens-to-a-star-studded-reception_116147.html Osian's Cinefan Film Fest opens to a star-studded reception!] zeenews.india.com</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://media.wix.com/ugd/5d03fd_2f8cd5ea1dc96adcd9039f0a9759a551.pdf | title=World Films Come Calling | access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref>

Osian's Art Fund was launched in 2006, with Neville Tuli as Chief Advisor and Osian's as sponsor.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=SAT Order Exposes SEBI's continuous bungling with Osian's Art Fund |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/sat-order-exposes-sebis-continuous-bungling-with-osians-art-fund/43699.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref> The fund mobilised the investments collected INR 102.4 crores from 656 investors.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Osian's Art Fund Approaches Tribunal Against Sebi Order |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/2013-04-29-oaf-approaches-sebi |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2008, the [[SEBI]] commenced litigation against Osian's due to its not having filed any papers for the art fund. However, before the scheme was launched Osian had a meeting with SEBI regarding a formal registration, but no response was received from SEBI on what kind of registrations or regulations would be required.<ref name=":7" /> As per a 2015 SAT order, it was stated "..it is evident that even after issuing show cause notice in the year 2007, SEBI did not adjudicate the same, because even according to SEBI the scheme was not covered under CIS."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osian S Connoisseurs Of Art Private vs Sebi on 13 October, 2015 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/4907738/}}</ref> Further information at [[Osian's Connoisseurs of Art]].

=== The Tuli Foundation for Holistic Education & Art (HEART) ===
In 1996, Tuli established a trust called "HEART" (The Tuli Foundation for Holistic Education & Art)<ref name=":0" /> Its stated aim was "to help build a quality-conscious infrastructure for the Indian fine arts".

HEART started with a curated exhibition titled "The Intuitive Logic: A Festival of Indian Contemporary Painting". The exhibition evolved into a series of non-commercial exhibitions in New Delhi and Mumbai in collaboration with The British Council, Max Mueller Bhavan (now knowns as [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institut]]), Cymroza Art Gallery, Gallery Chemould, Pundole Gallery and Prithvi Gallery.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Mid-Day]] reported the festival saying, "For art lovers, this will be manna."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Art is where the heart is |url=https://tuliresearchcentre.org/press/sr-no-3-mid-day-monday-feb-24-1997 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

"The Intuitive-logic II", the first curated auction, established record prices for many artists including [[Raja Ravi Varma]] whose painting - Begum's Bath,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=A Fading canvas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/a-fading-canvas/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> fetched Rs. 32 lacs,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100213093131/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/02/07/stories/2010020750180500.htm Magazine / Arts & Crafts : Legacy of artistic splendour]. The Hindu (7 February 2010). Retrieved on 20 June 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044731/http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/lp/kul/mag/kus/bil/mum/en7244444.htm Visual Arts in India]. goethe.de</ref><ref name=":2" /> the highest price ever for a modern Indian painting then - also recorded in [[Limca Book of Records|Limca book of records]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Delightful and inspiring |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/delightful-inspiring-2451497 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The_Begum's_Bath,_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg|alt=The Begum's Bath, by Raja Ravi Varma|left|303x303px|Raja Ravi Verma's Begum's Bath (Oil on Canvas)]]

==Books and Auction Catalogues==
*1997, The Flamed Mosaic: Indian Contemporary Painting, Tuli, Neville, HEART & Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-85822-45-X}}
*1997, The Intuitive-Logic II: Modern & Contemporary Indian Paintings, Drawings, Graphics, Sculpture & Tapestry, HEART., {{ISBN|81-858225-06}}
*1999, HEART: Intuitive Logic – The Next Step, HEART., {{ISBN|81-85822-68-9}}
*2001, India: The Passionate Detachment, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-901247-0-6}}
*2001, India: Historical Lila, Mumbai, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-39-0}}
*2002, A Historical Mela: The ABC of India The Art, Book & Cinema, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-49-9}}
*2002, A Historical Epic: India in the Making 1757–1950 From Surrender to Revolt, Swaraj to Responsibility, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-901247-4-9}}
*2002, MMQ & Indian Modern & Contemporary Paintings, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-58-1}}
*2003, Forty Masterpieces 20th Century Painting & Drawing From India, Pakistan, Bangladesh & Sri Lanka, Mumbai, sian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-59-8}}
*2003, FN-FN Figurative Non-Figurative Narration, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-63-5}}
*2004, Masterpieces & Museum-Quality III Indian Contemporary Paintings with Rare Books & Vintage Cinema Memorabilia, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-70-3}}
*2004, The Masterpieces & Museum Quality Series IV Indian Contemporary Art Paintings and Sculpture, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-1-890206-76-5}}
*2005, Indian Contemporary Art Painting, Drawing & Sculpture, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-003-8}}
*2005, Film Memorabilia & The Fine-Popular Cultures of India, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-008-3}}
*2005, Masterpieces & Museum Quality Series V: Indian Contemporary Paintings, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-011-3}}
*2006, Masterpieces & Museum Quality Series VI, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-012-0}}
*2006, The ABC Series Art, Book & Cinema, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-013-7}}
*2006, Forty Masterpieces Museum Quality Series VII, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-015-1}}
*2007, Museum Quality Series VIII, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-017-5}}
*2007, ABC Series III Art, Book & Cinema, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-018-2}}
*2007, The Masterpieces & ABC Series, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-019-9}}
*2007, The Masters Series, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-021-2}}
*2008, Indian Modern & Contemporary Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-022-9}}
*2008, Indian Modern & Contemporary Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-023-6}}
*2008, The ABC Series, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-024-3}}
*2008, Indian Modern & Contemporary Art & Craft, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-026-7}}
*2009, ABC Series Auction, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-028-1}}
*2009, Indian Modern & Contemporary Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-029-8}}
*2009, Indian Modern & Contemporary Art & Craft, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-030-4}}
*2009, Select Masterpieces of Indian Modern & Contemporary Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-031-1}}
*2009, Indian & Asian Antiquities & Modern Arts, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-032-8}}
*2010, The Masterpieces Series, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-034-2}}
*2010, 101 Rare Artworks from the History of Indian Modern & Contemporary Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-035-9}}
*2011, Creative India Series 1: Bengal, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-037-3}}
*2012, Creative India Series 2: Punjab & Delhi, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-038-0}}
*2012, Creative India Series 3: Bombay & Baroda, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-039-7}}
*2012, Creative India Series 4: Goa, Cholamandal & South India, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-8174-044-0}}
*2012, Osians -Cinefan Auction of Indian Film Memorabilia, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-045-8}}
*2013, The Osianama Series: Antq. Arts. Cine. Photo. Prnt, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-046-5}}
*2013, Forty Masterpieces Indian Miniatures & Modern Art, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-047-2}}
*2013, Dare to Care: A Charity Fundraising Auction for UNICEF, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-048-9}}
*2013, Osian's India's Glorious Cricketing Heritage, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-049-6}}
*2014, Icons: 2nd Cricket Heritage Auction, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-052-6}}
*2014, 2nd Osianama Series, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-053-3}}
*2014, The Greatest Indian Show on Earth, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-054-0}}
*2014, All Creatures Great & Small, Osian's Connoisseurs of Art Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|978-81-8174-055-7}}

==Exhibitions curated==
*1997, Intuitive Logic: A Festival of Indian Modern & Contemporary Painting, Mumbai.
*2004, The Underlying Spirit, New Delhi.
*2005, Revisualising India, New Delhi.
*2006, The Osian Asian, New Delhi.
*2006, World Cinema Exhibition<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2006-06-18 |title=World cinema exhibition on show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/world-cinema-exhibition-on-show/articleshow/1656587.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*2007, An Historical Epic (exhibition in three parts), New Delhi.
*2008, The Osian Asian II, New Delhi.
*2009, Jashn Osianama<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch: 'Jashn Osianama' exhibitionPhotos - Mumbai-Events-The Times of India Photogallery |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/Launch-Jashn-Osianama-exhibition/morphshow/4709124.cms |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*2011, Indian Contemporary Art: The Intuitive – Logic Revisited From the Osian's Collection at the [[World Economic Forum]], Davos, Switzerland.
*2014, Celebrating Raja Ravi Varma - The Relevance and Significance of A National Art Treasure<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-30 |title=Mumbai set to remember legendary painter Raja Ravi Varma |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-set-to-remember-legendary-painter-raja-ravi-varma/articleshow/43893477.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*2024, Self-Discovery via Rediscovering India, New Delhi<ref name=":4" />
*2024, The World's Greatest Mela – Respecting India's Cinematic Heritage, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Namrata |title=Neville Tuli's Poster Art Exhibition Celebrates Cinematic Heritage |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/neville-tulis-poster-art-exhibition-celebrates-cinematic-heritage/ |website=The Daily Guardian}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuli, Neville}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British auctioneers]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British male writers]]
[[Category:British male non-fiction writers]]

Mehndi Tere Naam Ki

2026-03-25T11:44:54Z

NoraizNafi: correct information per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mehndii Tere Naam Ki.png
| caption =
| runtime = approximately 24 minutes
| creator = [[AK Films]]
| director = Nandita Mehra
| producer = [[Aruna Irani]]
| starring = [[Mehndi Tere Naam Ki#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Mehndi Tere Naam Ki" by [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2000|3|15|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000319/spectrum/tv.htm|title=A saga of love, romance and comedy|date=2000-03-19|website= Tribune India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|2002|09|18|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/mendhi-tere-naam-ki-to-end-on-friday/|title=Mendhi Tere Naam Ki to end on Friday|date=2002-10-27|website= Biz Asia Live Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref>
| num_episodes = 132
}}

'''Mehndi Tere Naam Ki''' was a Hindi television drama series that aired on [[Zee TV]] channel from 15 March 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000319/spectrum/tv.htm|title=A saga of love, romance and comedy|date=2000-03-19|website= Tribune India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref> to 18 September 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/mendhi-tere-naam-ki-to-end-on-friday/|title=Mendhi Tere Naam Ki to end on Friday|date=2002-10-27|website= Biz Asia Live Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref> on every Wednesday at 8:30 P.M.. The show was produced by popular [[Bollywood]] actress [[Aruna Irani]]. Because of its popularity among audiences, the show was nominated for numerous award categories by the [[Indian Telly Awards]] (2002): [[Anand Raj Anand]] was nominated for the TV Music Director of The Year award and [[Aasif Sheikh]] was nominated for the TV Actor in a Negative Role award for his character Raj.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantellyawards.com/y2k2/personality.htm|title=The Nominations for The Indian Telly Awards 2002|publisher=Indian Television Dot Com Pvt Ltd|date=2002|access-date=27 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225020817/http://www.indiantellyawards.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=25 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
As the title name of the series suggests, the story highlights the typical Indian dilemmas regarding matrimony. The story revolves around the life of Jayant Malik and Sharada Malik who are having major difficulties finding the best matches for their four unmarried daughters. The strange thing is that although Sharada is a matchmaker and has arranged countless matches, she is unable to find the best suited boys for her own daughters. The family goes through many trials and tribulation until all of the girls settle down.

== Cast ==
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Sharada Jayant Malik
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Jayant Malik
* [[Sangeeta Ghosh]] as Muskaan Malik
* Meenakshi Gupta as Kajal Malik
* [[Purbi Joshi]] as Niharika "Nikki" Malik
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]] as Pooja Malik
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Akshat
* Nasir Khan / [[Manish Goel]] as Aman
* Siddharth Dhawan as Rahul
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as Rahul's Father
* Raman Kapoor as Nikhil
* Pooja Ghai Rawal
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Raj
* [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Akash
* [[Swati Chitnis]] as Savita
* [[Arun Bakshi]]
* [[Neelam Mehra]] as Usha
* [[Manjeet Kullar]] as Meeta Raheja
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Akshat's Grandfather

==References==
<references/>

==External links==

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series endings]]

Shyamal Sinha

2026-03-25T10:50:04Z

NoraizNafi: cleanup

{{short description|Indian cricketer and coach (1930–1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shyamal Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1963|6|7|1930|7|10}}
| death_place = Patna, Bihar, India
| batting =
| bowling =
| role = Bowler
| family =
| club1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| year1 = 1951–52 to 1962–63
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 17
| runs1 = 126
| bat avg1 = 6.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 34 not out
| deliveries1 = 1911
| wickets1 = 21
| bowl avg1 = 42.23
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/82
| catches/stumpings1= 6/–
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41037/41037.html Cricket Archive
| date = 21 January
| year = 2015
}}
'''Shyamal Sinha''', also known as '''Shyamlal Sinha''', (10 July 1930 – 7 June 1963) was an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er and cricket coach.

Sinha played regularly for [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] from 1951–52 to 1962–63 as a bowler. His best figures were 4 for 82 off 29 overs against [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in 1958–59.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/23/23316.html| title = Bengal v Bihar 1958-59| publisher = CricketArchive| accessdate = 21 January 2015}}</ref> His highest score was 34 not out at number nine, the second-top score of the innings, in a close victory over [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] in 1960–61.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/24/24542.html| title = Bihar v Orissa 1960-61| publisher = CricketArchive| accessdate = 21 January 2015}}</ref>

While teaching at his alma mater, [[Patna University]], in the 1950s, he and some of his colleagues, including [[Sujit Mukherjee]], began informally coaching local boys and promoting cricket in [[Patna]]. Later, Sinha was appointed state cricket coach by the [[Bihar]] government, a position he held until his early death in June 1963.<ref>[[Sujit Mukherjee]], ''Autobiography of an Unknown Cricketer'', Ravi Dayal, Delhi, 1996, pp. 62-63.</ref> The cricket competition among Bihar schools has since been held for the Shyamal Sinha Memorial Trophy.<ref>Mukherjee, pp. 65-66.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41037/41037.html Shyamlal Sinha] at CricketArchive
* {{Cricinfo|id=35138}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Shyamal}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Patna]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Bihar cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]

Klara Ashrafyan

2026-03-08T13:37:22Z

NoraizNafi: Created initial page first draft

{{Short description|Armenian indologist (1924–1999)}}
{{family name hatnote|Zarmairovna|Ashrafyan|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Klara Z. Ashrafyan
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = Кла́ра Зарма́йровна Ашрафя́н
| native_name_lang = ru
| image = Klara_Ashrafyan_Soviet_Indologist.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yerevan, Armenia
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|8|7|1924|9|15|df=y}}
| death_place = Moscow
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| home_town =
| other_names =
| pronounce =
| residence =
| citizenship = Soviet
| nationality =
| fields = Medieval History of India
| workplaces = [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Moscow State University]]
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = B.N. Zakhoder
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Eugenia Vanina]]
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = 
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| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Klara Zarmairovna Ashrafyan''' ({{langx|ru|Кла́ра Зарма́йровна Ашрафя́н}}; 15 September 1924 — 7 August 1999) was a Soviet [[Indology|Indologist]] of Armenian origin. She was known for her researches into the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]].

==Life and career==
Ashrafyan was born in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]], to Zarmair Ashrafyan, one of the founders of the [[Armenian Communist Party]]. In 1936, he and his wife were denounced, arrested and executed. The orphaned Klara was adopted by relatives in [[Moscow]]. Despite being tarnished as a [[family member of a traitor to the Motherland]], she was allowed to study at the [[MSU Faculty of History|Faculty of History, Moscow State University]], where she graduated in 1947. She specialised in the history of medieval Iran under B.N. Zakhoder, obtaining her [[Candidate of Sciences]] degree in 1950 with a dissertation on the period of the rule of [[Nadir Shah]].{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=281}}

Between 1950 and 1955, she worked as an editor of the bulletin of foreign literature at the Fundamental Library of Social Sciences, succeeding [[Koka Antonova]]. Persuaded by Antonova and I.M. Reisner to change her field of study, she shifted to researching the Islamic states of medieval India, where her knowledge of Persian was useful. From 1955 to her death, she worked at the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]].{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=281}}

In 1984, the Institute decided to organise a multi-volume collective set of works on the ''History of the Orient''. Ashrafyan was tasked with heading a section on the ''peoples of the east''. She edited volumes II and III of the set.{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=281}}

Ashrafyan died in [[Moscow]] on 7 August 1999.{{sfn|Vanina|2005}}

===Academics===
Ashrafyan's first monograph, published in 1960, was titled ''The Delhi Sultanate'', covering the political development and social and economic basis for the first Islamic dominions in North India.{{sfn|Vanina|1999|p=373}} This was the first publication on the subject in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=191}}

Her investigations were chiefly into land ownership and the socio-economic structure of Indo-Muslim states. In keeping with Soviet philosophies of progressive evolution of the economy, she termed private land holdings in the 13th century as feudal tenure, replaced subsequently by the military organisation of the ruling class, leading to state ownership of land and the economic subjugation of the peasantry. She claimed that private ownership evolved slowly in India with the coercion of producers, such that before the British occupation of the country, prerequisites for production relations were already being established in the agricultural system of the country.{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=282}} Whereas some scholars claimed that the rise and fall of dominions in India were essentially manifestations of a static socio-economic structure, with state power changing hands and not facing any social conflicts or subaltern revolts, Ashrafyan contended that by the late medieval period, there were peasant uprisings against Mughal rule, chiefly caused by wealthy agriculturalists wanting a larger share of the revenue and power.{{sfn|Vanina|1999|pp=377-378}} Indeed, she posited two stages of feudalism, an ''early'' phase up to the 13th century and a ''developed'' phase up to the 18th. In the former, a hierarchical organisation of class established itself, with the peasantry and merchant class subjugated and a new elite lording over them. In the latter, popular movements churned society, upending the hierarchy to a degree. Still, she said, feudalism didn't evolve sufficiently towards the capitalist stage of development.{{sfn|Vanina|1999|p=379}} This thesis was criticised as dubious, especially for the pan-Indian nature of the argument, whereas other researchers had shown that in the South, taxpayers were not necessarily peasants and in any case owned property.{{sfn|Alayev|2013|p=283}}

In her analysis of the change of socio-economic structures, Ashrafyan (in keeping with the Soviet school of Indian studies) took an anti-religious stance, suggesting that movements such as [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] and [[Sikhism]] diluted social reform with religious garb, and that [[Akbar]]'s ''[[Din-i Ilahi]]'' was a state counter to reduce their energy.{{sfn|Vanina|1999|p=381}}

==Selected works==
* {{cite book|title=Делийский султанат. К истории экономического строя и общественных отношений (XIII–XIV вв.)|trans-title=The Delhi Sultanate|year=1960}}
* {{cite book|title=Аграрный строй Северной Индии. XIII – сер. XVIII в.|trans-title=The Agrarian System of the Northern India: 13th-mid-18th Century|year=1965}}
* {{cite book|title=Феодализм в Индии: особенности и этапы развития|trans-title=Feudalism in India|year=1977}}
* {{cite book|title=Средневековый город Индии. XIII – сер. XVIII в.|trans-title=Medieval City in India: 13th-mid-18th Century|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|title=Дели: история и культура|trans-title=Delhi: History and Culture|year=1987}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first=L.B.|last=Alayev|title=Историография истории индии|url=http://book.ivran.ru/f/polnyjtekst-alaev-istoriografiyaistoriiindii2013.pdf|location=Moscow|year=2013|isbn=978-5-89282-560-3}}
* {{cite journal|first=G.G.|last=Kotovsky|year=2000|title=Памяти Клары Зармайровны Ашрафян|journal=Vostok|number=1}}
* {{cite journal|first=E.|last=Vanina|year=1999|title=Russian Studies in Medieval Indian History and Society: An Insider's View|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume= 2|number=2|pages=361–386|doi=10.1177/097194589900200207 |s2cid=161289059}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Great Russian Encyclopedia|url=https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/1843492|first=E.|last=Vanina|author-link=Eugenia Vanina|title=Ashrafyan|year=2005|access-date=2019-07-06|archive-date=2019-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706160747/https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/1843492|url-status=dead}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashrafyan, Klara}}

[[Category:Writers from Yerevan]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Soviet historians]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:Soviet orientalists]]
[[Category:Soviet Armenians]]
[[Category:Soviet women writers]]

Outline of ancient India

2026-03-08T10:56:34Z

NoraizNafi: small refine content for consistency and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|none}} 
{{see also|Outline of South Asian history|History of India}}

[[File:Indian Subcontinent (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|The Indian subcontinent]]
The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

'''Ancient India''' is the [[Indian subcontinent]] from prehistoric times to the start of [[Medieval India]], which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the [[Gupta Empire]] around 500 [[Common Era|CE]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=38}}

== General history of Ancient India ==
{{main|History of India}}
An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:{{sfn|Michaels|2004}}

=== Pre-history (Neolithic Age) (c. 8000–3500 BCE) ===
* Indian Pre-history Age ({{Circa|10,000}}–3300 BCE)
* [[Bhirrana|Bhirrana culture]] (7570–6200 BCE)
* [[Mehrgarh]] culture ({{Circa|7000|2500 BCE}})

=== Proto-history (Bronze Age) (c. 3500–1800 BCE) ===
[[File:World in 2000 BC.svg|thumb|270px|Map of the world in 2000 BCE showing the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] ({{Circa|3300|1300 BCE}}), including the "first urbanisation"
* [[Ahar–Banas culture]] ({{Circa|3000|1500 BCE}})
* [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] ({{Circa|2600}}–1200 BCE)<ref>Civilsdaily, (August 15, 2017). [https://www.civilsdaily.com/pottery-evolution-and-significance/ "Case study | Pottery – Evolution and significance".]</ref>
* [[Cemetery H culture]] ({{Circa|1900}}–1300 BCE)<ref>M Rafiq Mughal Lahore Museum Bulletin, off Print, vol.III, No.2, Jul-Dec. 1990 [http://www.rafiquemughal.com/MUGHAL_1990_Decline-of-the-Indus_Lahore-Mus-Bulletin.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626135910/http://www.rafiquemughal.com/MUGHAL_1990_Decline-of-the-Indus_Lahore-Mus-Bulletin.pdf|date=26 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Iron Age (c. 1800–500 BCE) ===
[[File:East-Hem 1300bc.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan]] [[Vedic civilization]] and main polities in Eurasia around 1300 BCE]]
*[[Iron Age India]] ({{Circa|1800|200 BCE}})
**[[Vedic civilization]] ({{Circa|1700|600 BCE}})
***[[Black and red ware culture]] ({{Circa|1500}}–700 BCE) in Western [[Ganges plain]]<ref>Franklin Southworth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC ''Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia''] (Routledge, 2005), p. 177</ref>
***[[Northern Black Polished Ware]] ({{Circa|1200}}–500 BCE)<ref name="Strickland, K. M.">Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). [http://doa.gov.np/downloadfile/190_1496827491.pdf "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211143/http://doa.gov.np/downloadfile/190_1496827491.pdf |date=2022-01-23 }}, in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10.</ref>
*** [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] ({{Circa|1200}} or 700–300 BCE)<ref name="cambridge.org">Neogi, Sayantani, Charles A. I. French, Julie A. Durcan, Rabindra N. Singh, and Cameron A. Petrie, (2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7EEB4F0A6653158B1160DB9B5ED61E90/S003358941900070Xa.pdf/geoarchaeological_insights_into_the_location_of_indus_settlements_on_the_plains_of_northwest_india.pdf "Geoarchaeological insights into the location of Indus settlements on the plains of northwest India"], in Quaternary Research, Volume 94, March 2020, p. 140.</ref>
** [[Brihadratha|Brihadratha dynasty]] ({{Circa|1700|682 BCE}})
** [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara Kingdom]] ({{Circa|1500|545 BCE}})
** [[Kuru kingdom]] ({{Circa|1200|345 BCE}})
**[[Mahajanapadas|Indian Iron Age kingdoms]] ({{Circa|600|345 BCE}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Deepak |title=The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D. |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927579-3 |page=xxxviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dps-A5gOmA8C&pg=PR38 |language=en}}</ref>
**[[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan Kingdom]] ({{Circa|600 BCE|650 CE}})<ref name="pandyan_capital">{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India|last=Geological Survey of India (1883)|pages=80}}</ref>

=== Early Historic (c. 500 BCE–300 CE) ===
[[File:East-Hem 200bc.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Maurya Empire]] and main polities in Eurasia around 200 BCE]]
[[File:Asia 100bc.jpg|thumb|270px|Map of the world in 100 BCE showing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]s]]
*[[Pradyota dynasty]] ({{Circa|546}}–408 BCE)
*[[Haryanka dynasty]] ({{Circa|544}}–413 BCE)
*[[Shaishunaga dynasty]] ({{Circa|413}}–345 BCE)
*[[Nanda Empire]] ({{Circa|345|322 BCE}})
*[[Maurya Empire]] ({{Circa|322}}–185 BCE)
*[[Sangam period]] ({{Circa|300 BCE|300 CE}})
**[[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]] ({{Circa|600 BCE}}–1650 CE)
**[[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] ({{Circa|300 BCE}}–1102 CE)
**[[Chola dynasty|Chola Kingdom]] ({{Circa|300 BCE}}–1279 CE)
*[[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga Empire]] (until 250 BCE)
*[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire]] ({{Circa|2600}}–300 CE)
*[[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]] (230 BCE–220 CE)
*[[Kuninda Kingdom]] ({{Circa|2600}}–350 CE)
*[[Shunga Empire]] ({{Circa|185}}–73 BCE)
*[[Kanva dynasty]] ({{Circa|73}}–26 BCE)
*[[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (180 BCE–10 CE
*[[Kushan Empire]] (30–375 CE)
*[[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] ( {{Circa|12 BCE}}–395 CE)

=== Classical Period (c. 300–550 CE) ===
[[File:East-Hem 500ad.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Gupta Empire]] and main polities in Eurasia around 500 CE]]
There are varying definitions of this period.{{refn|group=note|Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
* Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It is the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism{{refn|group=subnote|Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52, 83-86}}}} Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52}}
* For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism",{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=36}} whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=38}}
* Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.{{sfn|Muesse|2003|p=14}}}}
{{main|Middle kingdoms of India}}
*[[Gupta Empire]] ({{Circa|320}}–650 CE)
*[[Later Gupta dynasty]] ({{Circa|490–750 CE}})
*[[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka Empire]] ({{Circa|250|500 CE}})
*[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava Empire]] ({{Circa|275}}–901 CE)
*[[Kadamba dynasty]] ({{Circa|345}}–1347 CE)
*[[Western Ganga dynasty]] ({{Circa|350}}–1024 CE)
*[[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundina Empire]] ({{Circa|420}}–624 CE)
*[[Maitraka dynasty]] ({{Circa|475|776 CE}})
*[[Rai dynasty]] ({{Circa|489}}–632 CE)

== Culture in ancient India ==
=== Art in ancient India ===
* [[Music in ancient India]]
** [[Carnatic music]]
** [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]]

=== Languages in ancient India ===
* [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
* [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
* [[Ancient scripts of the Indian subcontinent]]
** [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
** [[Tamil-Brahmi]]
** [[Pallava script]]
** [[Gupta script]]
** [[Kadamba script]]

=== Religion in ancient India ===
* [[History of Jainism]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
** [[Historical Vedic religion]]
*** [[Vedas]]
*** [[Vedic mythology]]
*** [[Vedic priesthood]]
* [[History of Buddhism in India|History of Buddhism]]

== Science and technology in ancient India ==
*[[Science and technology in ancient India]]
**[[Indian mathematics]]
**[[Indian astronomy]]
**[[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
*[[Indian martial arts]]
**[[Malla-yuddha]]
**[[Kalaripayattu]]
* Ancient Indian medicine
** [[Siddha medicine]]
** [[Ayurveda]]
*[[Vastu shastra|Architecture]]
**[[Dravidian architecture]]

== Organisations concerned with ancient India ==
=== Museums with ancient Indian exhibits ===
* India (clockwise)
** [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
** [[Patna Museum]]
** [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]]
** [[Government Museum, Bangalore]]
** [[Goa State Museum]]
** [[Kutch Museum]], [[Bhuj]], [[Gujarat]]
* United Kingdom
** [[British Museum]], London

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

;Subnotes
{{reflist|group=subnote}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Khanna | first =Meenakshi | year = 2007 | title =Cultural History Of Medieval India | publisher =Berghahn Books}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Kulke | first1 =Hermann | last2 =Rothermund | first2 =Dietmar | year =2004 | title =A History of India | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Misra | first =Amalendu | year =2004 | title =Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India | publisher =SAGE}}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark William | year =2003 | title =Great World Religions: Hinduism | url =http://www.docshut.com/rquv/lectures-on-great-world-religions-hinduism.html | access-date =2013-12-26 | archive-date =2013-12-27 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131227040433/http://www.docshut.com/rquv/lectures-on-great-world-religions-hinduism.html | url-status =dead }}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark W. | year =2011 | title =The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction | publisher =Fortress Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Smart | first =Ninian | year =2003 | title =Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions) | place =Kampen | publisher =Uitgeverij Kok}}
* {{Citation | last =Stein | first =Burton | year =2010 | title =A History of India | publisher =John Wiley & Sons | isbn =9781444323511 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&q=history+of+india }}
* {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =1978 | title =Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations | publisher =Orient Blackswan | url =http://www.philoshistorydepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12870319/ancient_indian_social_history_some_interpretation_by_romila_thapar.pdf }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Ancient India}}
{{sister project links|Ancient India}}

* [http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/ Ancient India - The British Museum]
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/india/ Ancient India - World History Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-ancient-india TimeMaps Civilization: Ancient India]

{{Outline footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient India| ]]
[[Category:Outlines of geography and places|India]]

Suprabhatam

2026-03-07T18:19:40Z

NoraizNafi: Added New Stub - done

{{About|the Sanskrit hymn|the Malayalam newspaper|Suprabhaatham Daily|the 1979 film|Suprabatham (film)}}{{Short description|Sanskrit prayer}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Hinduism small}}
'''Suprabhatam '''({{langx|sa|सुप्रभातम्|lit=auspicious dawn|translit=Suprabhātam}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-10-06 |title=Suprabhata, Suprabhātā, Su-prabhata: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/suprabhata |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Sanskrit]] prayer<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC&dq=suprabhatam+prayer&pg=PA7 |title=The Life of Hinduism |last2=Narayanan |first2=Vasudha |date=2006-12-04 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24914-1 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=Vasudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8uL8ki9-D8C&dq=suprabhatam+prayer&pg=PA48 |title=The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual |last2=Nammaaolvaar |date=1994 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-87249-965-2 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> of the ''Suprabhātakāvya'' genre. It is a collection of [[hymn]]s or [[Verse (poetry)|verses]] recited early morning to awaken the deity in [[Hinduism]]. The [[Sanskrit prosody|metre]] chosen for a Suprabhātam poem is usually ''Vasantatilaka''.

The most well-known Suprabhātam work is the Veṅkaṭeśvarasuprabhātam recited to awaken the deity [[Venkateswara]]. A rendition of the poem by renowned Carnatic vocalist [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] is extremely popular<ref name="ssrs"/><ref>{{Citation | title = Shri Venkateshwara Suprabhatam | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6Mr7J-Zxow | accessdate = May 7, 2011 | quote=The Youtube video has had approximately 3.5 million views.}}</ref> which is played daily in many homes and temples (especially [[Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala Tirupati]]) in the wee hours of morning.

==History==
The genre of Suprabhātakāvya traces its origin to a single verse (1.23.2) in the [[Balakanda|Bālakāṇḍa]] of [[Valmiki|Vālmīki]]'s [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]], where [[Vishvamitra|Viśvāmitra]] calls out to [[Rāma]] to wake up.<ref name="ssrs">{{harvnb|Rambhadracharya|2009|pp=''ka''-''kha''}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Murthy | first1 = K. M. K. | last2 = Rao | first2 = Desiraju Hanumanta | title = Valmiki Ramayana - Book I:Bala Kanda - Book Of Youth - Chapter 23 | date = September 2009 | url = http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga23/balaitrans23.htm#Verse2 | accessdate = May 7, 2011 }}</ref><poem>''O Rāma, the noble son of Kausalyā! The [[Sandhya Vandana|Sandhyā]] of the East commences. O! best of men (Purushottama)! Wake up, the daily duties have to be performed.''
</poem>

The Veṅkaṭeśvarasuprabhātam begins with this very verse.
==Suprabhatam Works==
The Veṅkaṭeśa Suprabhātam is by far the most popular and iconic work composed in the Suprabhātam format.

There are many other lesser-known Suprabhātam works apart from the Veṅkaṭeśasuprabhātam. Some of these are -

* ''Śrī Vighneśvara Suprabhātam''. A Suprabhātam composition eulogizing [[Ganesh|Gaṇeśa]].<ref name="sd">{{Citation | title = Sanskrit Documents in audio format | url = http://sanskritdocuments.org/links5_audio.html | accessdate = May 7, 2011}}</ref>
* ''Śrī Siddhivināyaka Suprabhātam''. A work praising [[Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple|Siddhivināyaka]]. Composed by M. Ramakrishna Bhat, retired professor of [[Benares Hindu University]].<ref name="sd"/>
* ''Śrī Kāśīviśvanātha Suprabhātam''. A Suprabhātam dedicated to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kāśī Viśvanātha]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Kashi Vishwanath Suprabhatam by M S Subbulakshmi | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSywXazp-ls | accessdate = May 7, 2011}}</ref>
* ''[[Srisitaramasuprabhatam|Śrīsītārāma Suprabhātam]]''. A Suprabhāta poem eulogizing [[Sita|Sītā]] and [[Rama|Rāma]]. Composed by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]].
* ''Kāmākshi Suprabhātam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Kamakshi Suprabhatam |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/kamaxi.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>'';'' A unique composition by Sri Lakshmī Kāntha Sharma, dedicated to Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Kāmākshi]] at [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kanchipuram]]
* Vedavyasa Suprabhatam written by [[Sudhindra Thirtha (Kashi Math)]] of [[Kashi Math]] samsthan.
*Sri Guruvayoorappa Suprabhatam by P Leela
* Śrī Veṅkaṭeśa Suprabhatham in Malayalam by S Balakrishnan Karippara Dharmooth
* Śrī Lakshmī Suprabhātam by Anuradha Paudwal
* Śrī Durgā Suprabhātam by N.S. Praskah and Gopika Poornima

==Śrī Venkaṭeśa Suprabhātam==

The Veṅkaṭeśvarasuprabhātam was composed sometime between 1420 and 1432 C.E. by [[Prathivadhi Bhayankaram Annangaracharya|''Prativādibhayaṅkaram'' Śrī Annan]] (also known as Hastigirinathar Anna, and P B Annan).<ref name="ssrs"/><ref>{{Citation | last=Balaji | first=Anand | date=February 27, 2004 | title = "Venkatesha Suprabhatam" Translations | url = http://brainsnacks.info/sanskrit/Venkatesa-Suprabhatam/index.html | accessdate = May 7, 2011}}</ref><ref name="BVLN">{{citation | language=English| date=March 31, 1999 | title = Sri Venkateswara Suprabhatam | first=Narayanarow | last=B.V.L.| publisher= Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams | url=https://ebooks.tirumala.org/download.php?id=9 | accessdate=October 2, 2022}} </ref><ref name="vp">{{citation | language=English| date=November 2, 2020 | title = Venkatesa Suprabhatam: The Story of India's Most Popular Prayer | first=Venkatesh | last=Parthasarathy | publisher= Westland Publications Private Limited | isbn=9789389648638 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjRuzgEACAAJ | accessdate=October 2, 2022}}</ref> The poet was a disciple of Swami [[Manavala Mamuni]], who was himself a disciple of [[Ramanuja]].<ref name="vp" />

The Venkaṭeśvara Suprabhātam consists of four sections: Suprabhātam, Śrī Venkaṭeśvara Stotram, Prapatti, and Mangalāśāsanam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=Sri Venkateswara Suprabhatam Lyrics in English with Meaning {{!}} Lord Balaji Slokas and Mantras|url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/sri-venkateswara-suprabhatam-lyrics-in-english-with-meaning/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Temples In India Info - Slokas, Mantras, Temples, Tourist Places|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Komaragiri|first=Narrenaditya|date=2016-04-23|title=Nine Interesting Facts About Sri Venkateswara Suprabhatam|url=http://www.tirumalesa.com/nine-interesting-facts-about-sri-venkateswara-suprabhatam/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Tirumalesa|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Printed sources==
* {{citation |language=Sanskrit |date=January 14, 2009 |title=Śrīsītārāmasuprabhātam |first=Svami |last=Rambhadracharya |author-link=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya |place=Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India |publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Vikalang Vishvavidyalaya |url= |accessdate=}}
==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|श्रीवेङ्कटेशसुप्रभातम्|Full text in Samskrit Text}}
*[http://te.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82 Telugu Rendering in WikiSource]
*[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Devanagari Rendering]

[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Hindu prayer and meditation]]

Call Girl (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:30:45Z

NoraizNafi: fixed formatting and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Call Girl
| image = Call Girl 74.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Vijay Kapoor]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Call Girl''''' is a 1974 [[Bollywood]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Vijay Kapoor]].

==Plot==

Amar returns from abroad and is asked by his multi-millionaire father, Sonachand, to assist with their family business; Amar agrees to do so, on the condition that he could spend the rest of the evening and night doing what he likes - painting.

He meets with a beautiful young woman by the name of Kamini, who at first does not disclose her name to him because she is a [[call girl]].

However, Amar names her Maya and falls in love with her. When he attempts to introduce her to his parents, on reaching his house his mother accepts her, but there she sees his father's (Sonachand's) photo and she recalls that he is the same person who had forced her into [[prostitution]] by promising her a job.

He'd had an intimate relationship with her years ago and threatened her to get into this business, or else he would kidnap her sister who studies in a boarding school in Panchgani and throw ''her'' into this business.

But now, Kamini/Maya has decided to leave this profession. But Sonachand does not want Amar to marry a call girl. So he tells Kamini to act like a call girl once again so that Amar leaves her. Kamini agrees to do so, because she doesn't want Amar to face problems from society as well as his family.

But on the same night, Sonachand sees that his own daughter Usha has taken to prostitution. Meanwhile, Amar learns the truth about his father and shuns him.

His father shoots himself because of his guilt and Amar leaves his house to go to find Kamini, and sees that she has consumed slow poison and is about to die within a few hours. So Amar quickly uses her services as a call girl and pays her for a one-night stand before she dies.

==Cast==
* Vikram as Amar
* [[Zaheera]] as Maya / Kamini
* [[Iftekhar]] as Sonachand
* [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]] as Sylvia
* [[Jalal Agha]]
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Ramesh
* [[Urmila Bhatt]] as Mrs. Sonachand
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]]
* [[Jankidas]] as Tikamchand
* [[Shefali]] as Usha
* [[Hina Kausar]]

===Music===
*Film score direction by Sapan-Jagmohan

==Music==
# "Ulfat Men Zamaane Ki" - [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
# "Ulfut Me Zamane Ki (Female)" - Lata Mangeshkar
# "Hum Hai Jaha Wo Pyar Ki Mahki" - Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
# "Jawaani Mera Yaara Na Aayegi Dobara" - [[Ranu Mukherjee]], Kishore Kumar
# "Dil Jale To Koi Kya Kare" - Asha Bhosle
# "I Am Call Girl" - Ranu Mukherjee

==Reception==
In 2024, ''Amar Ujala'' published a retrospective marking the 50th anniversary of ''Call Girl'', highlighting the film's bold treatment of a taboo subject and its lasting cultural relevance. The article praised director [[Vijay Kapoor]] for handling the theme of sex work with sensitivity and social awareness, noting that the film was ahead of its time in both narrative and execution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zaheera and Vikram starrer 'Call Girl' movie directed by Vijay Kapoor completes 50 years – Know about its story |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/zaheera-and-vikram-starrer-call-girl-movie-directed-by-vijay-kapoor-completes-50-years-know-about-its-story-2024-09-15?pageId=5 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |date=15 September 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0370383|title=Call Girl }}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Rambo (2012 film)

2026-03-03T21:32:41Z

NoraizNafi: new

{{short description|2012 Kannada film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Distinguish|text=films in the American action film [[Rambo (franchise)|''Rambo'' franchise]]}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rambo
| image = Rambo2012film1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M S Sreenath
| producer = [[Atlanta Nagendra]] [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
| writer =M S Sreenath
| starring = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] [[Madhuri Itagi]] [[Sadhu Kokila]] [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| cinematography = [[Krishna (Cinematographer)|Krishna]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|09|07|df=y}}
| studio = Laddoo Cinema House De Arte Studios
| editing = Prakash K M
| music = [[Arjun Janya]] '''Additional Song:''' [[Ajay-Atul]]
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}2 crores<ref name="nie1"/>
| gross = {{INRConvert|5|c}}<ref name="nie1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1385096.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224103935/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1385096.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2012|title=Sandalwood: Hits and misses of 2012|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rambo''''' is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy thriller film]] written and directed by M S Sreenath. It was produced by [[Atlanta Nagendra]] and [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]. Sharan and [[Madhuri Itagi]] played the leading roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kannada-actor-sharans-rambo-to-feature-top-comedians_1629287|title=Kannada actor Sharan's 'Rambo' to feature top comedians|date=23 December 2011|work=dna}}</ref><ref name="cinecircle.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/RAMBO_film.html|title=cinecircle – Kannada Movies News – Kannada Movies Gallery – TV News – Kannada Movie Reviews |work=cinecircle.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=3706&ptype=News&title=%91RAMBO%92%20RAJA%20IS%20SHARAN!|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - ?RAMBO? RAJA IS SHARAN!|work=chitratara.com}}{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/2012/04/25/rambo-shooting-completed/|title=chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image – Home|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=31 May 2012|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001191430/http://chitraloka.com/2012/04/25/rambo-shooting-completed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shruthi-to-play-dc-in-rambo/251990-71-176.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112095327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shruthi-to-play-dc-in-rambo/251990-71-176.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2014|title=Shruthi to play DC in 'Rambo'|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/263248/i-havent-planned-my-next.html|title='I haven't planned my next movie'|work=Deccan Herald|date=10 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Madhuri-in-Rambo-imagegallery-kannada-mghrTHdhjbb.html?html=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071112/http://www.sify.com/movies/Madhuri-in-Rambo-imagegallery-kannada-mghrTHdhjbb.html?html=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2012|title=Madhuri in Rambo|work=Sify}}</ref> This is the 100th film of actor Sharan;<ref name="cinecircle.in"/> it was released in September 2012.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,108763.php|title='Rambo' gets the release date – Sandalwood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033818/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,108763.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/news/1244-rambo-releasing-on-september-7th.html|title=Rambo Releasing on September 7th – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021610/http://chitraloka.com/news/1244-rambo-releasing-on-september-7th.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cinecircle.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4032&ptype=News&title=THEATRE%20TANAKA%20BANNI%20THEATRE%20TANAKA%20-%20THORISTENE%20RAMBO%20NA!%20RELEASING%207th%20SEPTEMBER|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - THEATRE TANAKA BANNI THEATRE TANAKA - THORISTENE RAMBO NA! RELEASING 7th SEPTEMBER |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4046&ptype=News&title=%60RAMBO%60%20LADDU%20FROM%20SHARAN-NAGENDRA%20ON%207|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - 'RAMBO' LADDU FROM SHARAN-NAGENDRA ON 7 |work=chitratara.com}}</ref>}} [[Arjun Janya]] is the music director for the film.<ref name="cinecircle.in"/>

==Plot==
''Rambo'' is a film that revolves around a trickster, Kitty ([[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]). He has a mother in the house. He has a maternal uncle Premkumar (Tabla Naani) to his company. In a way it is ''Varahavatara'' from Kitty to his car brokerage business. He catches the sentiment in the society that any vehicle should not dash against a pig or vice versa. The superstitious belief is that it would smash your life further. No one is ready to take this risk in life.

Using the pig, Kitty was very cool in his set up to take the cars to custody for his business. In one of the cases a black colored car owned by Umesh is demanded by a Swamiji. The deal comes to Kitty and Premkumar. With this, further danger also follows the two. When they open the bonnet they find a dead body inside. This body is chased by a terrorist gang and the same car is also chased by former minister Annappa (Rangayana Raghu) as it has ₹25 crores in it.

Knowing about the death, Kitty wants to hand it over to the party who demanded it as he finds a murdered person. In the later course of time they find out that it belongs to a minister and the money inside makes them greedy. In such a situation Kitty wants to know why terrorists are behind that body in the trunk of the car. He scans the body and finds a pen drive tucked inside. That explains a terrorist gang is up to some major disturbance of peace.

Kitty comes straight to DC Vijayalakshmi (Shruthi) and becomes a good citizen by handing over everything to the government.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Krishna Murthy alias Kitti
* [[Madhuri Itagi]] as Revathi
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Belt Kumar
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Dumil Krishna
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Mangalore Annappa
* [[Umashree]]
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* Dharma
*Rishi
*Venkatesh Prasad
*Chandan Aachar
*Shiva Manju
*[[Naveen Krishna]] (guest appearance) as Vatapi
*[[Kuri Prathap]]
*[[Naveen Shankar]] as Henchman (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
''Rambo'' is the joint venture production of Atlanta Nagendra and Sharan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-sharan-and-tabla-nani-team-up-for-rambo/20120709.htm|title=Sharan and Tabla Nani team up for Rambo|date=9 July 2012|work=Rediff}}</ref> The movie was shot in 47 locations with super 35 mm camera for 55 days.

==Music==
===Soundtrack===
{{Infobox album
| name = Rambo
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]], [[Ajay-Atul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|9|07}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:31
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
All the songs of the movie were screened in front of the media.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rambo-audio-released-news-kannada-mg1luzidjde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630135817/http://www.sify.com/movies/rambo-audio-released-news-kannada-mg1luzidjde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2012|title=Rambo audio released|work=Sify}}</ref><ref name="cinecircle.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/2012/06/27/rambo-audio-released/|title=chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image – Home|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630131001/http://chitraloka.com/2012/06/27/rambo-audio-released/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=3856&ptype=News&title=BANDHANO%20BANDHANU%20`RAMBHO`%20BANDHANU|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - BANDHANO BANDHANU 'RAMBHO' BANDHANU |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130118042449/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=25&contentid=2012070620120706092112643465457d2&subsite= All for Rambo's sake]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmglitz.com/kannada/arjun-janya-fumbles-at-rambo-audio-launch/ |title=Arjun Janya fumbles at Rambo Audio launch |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033805/http://www.filmglitz.com/kannada/arjun-janya-fumbles-at-rambo-audio-launch/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/260592/gandhinagar-grapevine.html|title=Gandhinagar Grapevine|work=Deccan Herald|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.cinegallata.com/2012/06/rambo-audio-released-events/ Rambo audio released]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/47765/sandalwood/rambo-laddu-from-laddu-cinemas-news-details|title='Rambo' Laddu from Laddu cinemas!|work=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065119/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/47765/sandalwood/rambo-laddu-from-laddu-cinemas-news-details|url-status=usurped}}</ref>}}

Rambo audio response has been very well appreciated for its catchy tunes and stylish presentation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,105358.php|title='Rambo' audio response – Sandalwood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153701/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,105358.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Manethanka baare song made into the best songs of 2012 in Kannada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/52920/sandalwood/the-best-songs-of-the-year-2012-in-kannada-news-details|title=The Best Songs of the Year 2012 in Kannada|work=supergoodmovies.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210095758/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/52920/sandalwood/the-best-songs-of-the-year-2012-in-kannada-news-details|archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> ''Rambo'' was one of the top Kannada albums of 2012 in CD sales and digital downloads.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130117135308/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20121228201212282004404883bba01ca/Smells-like-Sandalwood.html RAMBO makes it to the TOP KANNADA ALBUMS of 2012]</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 25:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manethanka Baare
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Arjun Janya]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Jaya Jaya Jackettu
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Kanna Muchche (composed by [[Ajay–Atul]])
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics3 = Hrudaya Shiva
| length3 = 5:24
| title4 = Rambo Rambo
| extra4 = Naveen Madhav
| lyrics4 = [[V. Manohar]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Manethanka Baare
| extra5 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length5 = 3:34
| title6 = Pade Pade
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics6 = Ghouse Peer
| length6 = 4:26
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Rambo'' was released in all major centres all over USA <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1780-rambo-releasing-in-usa.html|title=Rambo Releasing In USA – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926132556/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1780-rambo-releasing-in-usa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,110921.php|title='Rambo' going to USA – Sandalwood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent}}</ref> Rambo was premiered in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/news/2472-rambo-releasing-in-australia.html|title=Rambo Releasing in Australia – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213011127/http://chitraloka.com/news/2472-rambo-releasing-in-australia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4496&ptype=News&title=RAMBO%20%96Releasing%20in%20AUSTRALIA|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - RAMBO ?Releasing in AUSTRALIA |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news-interviews/36971991_1_100th-film-rambo-solo-hero-sharan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040326/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news-interviews/36971991_1_100th-film-rambo-solo-hero-sharan|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Rambo on the road to Australia}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
''Rambo'' took a very good opening all over Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15007523&cid=14635444/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124231645/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15007523&cid=14635444/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2014|title=Bengaluru Box office (September 7 to 9)|work=sify.com}}</ref> Rambo completes 25 days in 40 centres all over Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49981/sandalwood/laddoo-rambo-25-days-news-details|title=Laddoo 'Rambo' 25 days|work=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083222/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49981/sandalwood/laddoo-rambo-25-days-news-details|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4143&ptype=News&title=%60RAMBO%6025%20DAYS%20SUCCESS%20AND%20SHARAN|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - 'RAMBO'25 DAYS SUCCESS AND SHARAN |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4144&ptype=News&title=LADDOO%20CREATIONS%20REAL%20LADDOO%20RAMBO%2025%20DAYS|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - LADDOO CREATIONS REAL LADDOO RAMBO 25 DAYS |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1800-rambo-turning-out-to-be-a-surprise-hit.html|title=Rambo Turning Out To Be a Surprise Hit – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085700/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1800-rambo-turning-out-to-be-a-surprise-hit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/RAMBO_film.html|title=cinecircle – Kannada Movies News – Kannada Movies Gallery – TV News – Kannada Movie Reviews |work=cinecircle.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,111224.php|title='Rambo' scores a hit!! – Sandalwood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent}}</ref> Rambo completes 50 days in major centers all over.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50758/sandalwood/rambo-50-going-strong-news-details|title='Rambo' 50 Going Strong|work=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121545/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50758/sandalwood/rambo-50-going-strong-news-details|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1920-rambo-50-days-celebration.html|title=Rambo 50 Days Celebration – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=31 October 2012|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085704/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1920-rambo-50-days-celebration.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/news/5-113107/rambo-completes-half-century|title='Rambo' completes half century – Kannada Movie News|work=Bharatstudent}}</ref>
Rambo makes it to the top 5 hits of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/52840/sandalwood/ten-tops-ten-avg-five-ok-and-dozen-super-flops-of-2012-news-details|title=Ten Tops, Ten Avg, Five Ok and Dozen Super Flops of 2012|work=supergoodmovies.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202104836/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/52840/sandalwood/ten-tops-ten-avg-five-ok-and-dozen-super-flops-of-2012-news-details|archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121209090330/http://deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-sandalwood/gallery/hits-2012-kannada-cinema HITS of 2012 KANNADA CINEMA – RAMBO]</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1385096.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224103935/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article1385096.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2012|title=Sandalwood: Hits and misses of 2012|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4402&ptype=News&title=30%20PERCENT%20SUCCESS%20IN%202012%20%96%20TAKE%20A%20LOOK%20AT%20FILMS%20OF%20THE%20YEAR!|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - 30 PERCENT SUCCESS IN 2012 ? TAKE A LOOK AT FILMS OF THE YEAR! |work=chitratara.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-grossers-of-2012/20130117.htm|title=The Top Kannada grossers of 2012|date=17 January 2013|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/2012_PROGRESSIVE_YEAR_271212.html|title=cinecircle – Kannada Movies News – Kannada Movies Gallery – TV News – Kannada Movie Reviews |work=cinecircle.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/301727/a-few-hits-many-misses.html|title=A few hits, many misses|work=Deccan Herald|date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

===Critical response===
Times of India gave {{Fraction|3|1|2}} stars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/movie-reviews/Rambo/movie-review/16295934.cms|title=Rambo Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Bangalore Mirror rated as 3 star.<ref>[http://bangaloremirror.com/article/76/20120907201209072027505042dd0cd60/iRambo-iSteals-the-heart-.html Rambo steals the heart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915055200/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/76/20120907201209072027505042dd0cd60/iRambo-iSteals-the-heart-.html |date=15 September 2012 }}</ref> Indiaglitz reviewed ''Rambo'' as Brilliant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/15642.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126060416/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/15642.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Rambo review. Rambo Kannada movie review, story, rating |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> CNN IBN live rated Rambo as complete entertainer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-rambo-a-complete-entertainer/289923-71-203.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923010218/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-rambo-a-complete-entertainer/289923-71-203.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2012|title=Kannada Review: 'Rambo' is a complete entertainer|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> NDTV rated the movie as a good entertainer enjoyable from start to finish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=264985&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=264985|title=NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos|work=ndtv.com|access-date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129165420/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=264985&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=264985|archive-date=29 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> DNA India gave a rating of 70%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-rambo-kannada_1738376|title=Review: 'Rambo' (Kannada)|date=8 September 2012|work=dna}}</ref> Chitratara mentioned it as worth watching cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=4073&ptype=Reviews&title=%60RAMBO%60+WORTH+WATCHING+CINEMA|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - 'RAMBO' WORTH WATCHING CINEMA |work=chitratara.com}}</ref> Chitraloka mentioned forget the logic enjoy the magic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/1722-rambo-review.html|title=Rambo Movie Review – chitraloka.com – Kannada Movie News, Reviews – Image|work=chitraloka.com|access-date=20 September 2012|archive-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921162540/http://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/1722-rambo-review.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Super good movies rated it as good entertainer and gave {{frac|3|1|2}} stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49190/sandalwood/rambo-movie-review-movie-review-details|title=Rambo Movie Review|work=supergoodmovies.com|access-date=9 September 2012|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530013425/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/49190/sandalwood/rambo-movie-review-movie-review-details/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> One India entertainment rated Rambo as entertaining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2012/rambo-movie-review-099220.html|title=Rambo Movie Review|work=filmibeat.com|access-date=20 September 2012|archive-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014708/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/reviews/2012/rambo-movie-review-099220.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cine loka mentioned Rambo – An Unmissable Laugh Riot.<ref>[http://www.cineloka.co.in/index.php/reviews/movie-reviews/item/312-rambo-an-unmissable-laugh-riot Rambo – An Unmissable Laugh Riot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420215053/http://cineloka.co.in/index.php/reviews/movie-reviews/item/312-rambo-an-unmissable-laugh-riot |date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> Indian express rated Rambo as hilarious comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article602671.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915044807/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article602671.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2012|title='Rambo' (Kannada)|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Bharatstudent mentioned it as different concept, entertaining narrative, watch it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Kannada-Rambo_-Movie-Review-5,2061.php|title=Rambo Kannada Movie Reviews, Rambo Sandalwood Movie Review, Movie Review Rating, Kannada Film Review Rating|work=Bharatstudent|access-date=20 November 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225900/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Kannada-Rambo_-Movie-Review-5,2061.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Accolades===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Cinematographer
|Krishna
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer
|Imran Sardhariya
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|Arjun Janya
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian
|Tabala Nani
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Debutant
|Sharan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director
|M S Srinath
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Producer
|[[Atlanta Nagendra]], Sharan
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

''Rambo'' was nominated for Udaya film awards 2013 in 4 categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/udaya-film-awards-pics-upendra-radhika-winners-list-104563.html|title=Udaya Film Awards Pics: Upendra, Radhika Pandit won Best Actor Awards|work=filmibeat.com|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035309/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/udaya-film-awards-pics-upendra-radhika-winners-list-104563.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Udaya Film Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|Arjun Janya
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Udaya Film Awards]]
|Best Comedy – Male
|Tabala Naani
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Udaya Film Awards]]
|Best Debut – Male Actor
|Sharan
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Udaya Film Awards]]
|Best Music Director
|Arjun Janya
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|}

''Rambo'' has been nominated for the Bangalore Times film awards 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/category/kannada-film-awards-2012|title=Miss Diva 2015|work=itimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Bangalore-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to--/articleshow/21893862.cms|title=Bangalore Times Film Awards 2012 goes to...|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/top-honours-for-sandalwoods-best/articleshow/21894578.cms|title=Best Actor in a comic role— Sharan (Rambo): It took Sharan a good 100 films to turn hero with his home production Rambo, staying true to the kind of actor he is — one who entertains with comedy – Photogallery|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|Bangalore Times film awards 2012
|Best Lyrics 2012
|Nagendra Prasad
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|Bangalore Times film awards 2012
|Best Actor in Comic role 2012
|Tabala Naani
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|Bangalore Times film awards 2012
|Best Actor in Comic role 2012
|Sharan
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

''Rambo'' has been nominated for the 60th Idea filmfare awards 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html|title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations|work=filmfare.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095119/http://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603.html|archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|Best Lyrics 2013
|Nagendra Prasad
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|}

''Rambo'' has been nominated for the Santosham Film Awards 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawrds2013.html|title=Santosham 11th anniversary awards 2013 presentation – Telugu cinema news|work=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|Santosham Film Awards 2013
|Best Comedian 2013
|Tabala Nani
|{{Won}}
|-
|-
|}

''Rambo'' has been nominated for ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 Awards in 4 categories.<ref>[http://www.etvsangeetsamman.com/kannada-online-voting.html Rambo nominated for ETV kannada sangeet samman 2013 awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712012637/http://etvsangeetsamman.com/kannada-online-voting.html |date=12 July 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 awards
|Best Singer Female
|Anuradha Bhat
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 awards
|Best Music Director
|Arjun Janya
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 awards
|Best Album of the year
|Arjun Janya
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 awards
|Best Lyricist
|Hrudaya Shiva
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"|ETV Kannada Sangeet Samman 2013 awards
|Best Lyricist
|Ghouse Peer
|{{Won}}
|-
|-
|}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Raambo 2}}

A sequel titled ''Raambo 2'' was released in 2018.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3107798}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rambo (2012 film)}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]

Kusruthi Kuruppu

2026-03-03T21:17:35Z

NoraizNafi: minor edit

{{short description|1998 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kusruthi Kuruppu
| image = Kusruthi Kuruppu VCD cover.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Venugopan
| producer = Thommikunju Neendur
| writer = [[Rafi Mecartin]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[KPAC Lalitha]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Venugopal Madathil]]
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| studio = Suraj Productions
| distributor = Maruti Release
| released = {{Film date|1998|3|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kusruthi Kuruppu''''' ({{Translation|Mischievous Kurup}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Venugopan and written by [[Rafi Mecartin]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and [[KPAC Lalitha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3125|title=Kusrithikkuruppu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2879|title=Kusrithikkuruppu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kusruthi-kuruppu-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027152514/http://spicyonion.com/title/kusruthi-kuruppu-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Kusruthi Kuruppu|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meena-looks-enchanting-in-a-traditional-saree-in-her-latest-post/articleshow/74494490.cms | title=Meena looks enchanting in a traditional saree in her latest post - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 March 2020 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Narendran is a well to do businessman. His parents are no more, but his father's three friends act as his extended family and advisors. He spends his evenings drinking with them and they act a support structure for him. His business is successful. But every once in a while, Narendran takes off without telling anyone and tries to live a simple life without anyone knowing about his financial status. Once on one such trip, he ends up in a village and rents a place owned by a local family. The couple who own the house have four children. The eldest, is married to a woman from a different faith. Narendran likes their family, the food and the overall simplicity of their lives. He eventually falls in love with the eldest daughter of the family, Meera. They get married with the blessings of her family and his father's friends. After the wedding he invites his in-laws to stay with him for a while. Thereafter, the movie takes a turn when her relatives start interfering in his business, with disastrous results. The rest of the movie shows how the hero handles the situation, and deals with his enemies too, who try to take advantage of the situation, as well as his wife and her relatives.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jayaram]] as Narendran
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Meera (dubbed by [[Ambili Prayag]])
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] Meera's father
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] Meera's Mother
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Bhaskaran, Meera's brother
* [[Sudheesh]] as Gopu, Meera's brother
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Noor Jahaan, Bhaskaran's wife
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* [[Sankaradi]] as Captain
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Mathayi
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Narendran's secretary
* [[Indrans]] as Suppan
* [[Spadikam George]] as Prabhakaran
* [[Philomina]] as Bhaskaran's mother in law
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maanathe Maamayile" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Melleyen Kannile" (D) || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 3 || "Melleyen Kannile" (F) || K. S. Chithra || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 4 || "Peelimukil Thaazhvarayil" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 5 || "Thaarmakalkkanpulla" || K. J. Yesudas || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0273321|Kusruthi Kuruppu}}

{{Rafi Mecartin}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 comedy-drama films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Pudhu Vedham

2026-03-03T02:30:06Z

NoraizNafi: done

{{Short description|2023 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pudhu Vedham
| image = Pudhu Vedham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rasa Vikram
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Imman Annachi]]
*[[J. Vignesh]]
*[[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]]
}}
| cinematography = Krishnan Varadha Rajan
| editing = Nagappan Naveenkumar
| music = Rabidevendran
| studio = Vittal Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pudhu Vedham''''' ({{Translation|New [[Vedas|Veda]]}}) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Rasa Vikram and starring [[Imman Annachi]], [[J. Vignesh]] and [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]] in the lead roles. It was released on 13 October 2023.

== Cast ==
*[[Imman Annachi]]
*[[J. Vignesh]]
*[[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*Varunika Lavanya

==Production==
Varunika Lavanya of Sri Lankan Tamil heritage made her acting debut through the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2023-08-03 |title=ஹீரோயினாக அறிமுகமாகும் இலங்கை தமிழ் பெண் {{!}} Sri Lankan Tamil girl debuting as a heroine |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/115228/cinema/Kollywood/Sri-Lankan-Tamil-girl-debuting-as-a-heroine.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031041326/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/115228/cinema/Kollywood/Sri-Lankan-Tamil-girl-debuting-as-a-heroine.htm |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 13 October 2023 across theatres in [[Tamil Nadu]]. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a negative review, noting that the "screenplay was disappointing".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pdhu Vedham |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pdhu-vedham-27492 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029152527/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pdhu-vedham-27492 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> In contrast, a reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' noted that the filmmaker was able to combine "love, friendship and family" well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-10-22 |title=புதுவேதம்: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/puduvedam-cinema-review-1077943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025102124/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/puduvedam-cinema-review-1077943 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29426681}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Surachandra Singh

2026-02-26T18:28:55Z

NoraizNafi: further update information per standard format and improved wording for consistency

{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Surachandra Singh
| title = [[Ningthou]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Raja Surachandra Singh.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession =
| moretext =
| reign =
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| predecessor = [[Chandrakirti Singh]]
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Kulachandra Singh]]
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| succession1 =
| moretext1 =
| reign1 =
| reign-type1 =
| coronation1 =
| cor-type1 =
| predecessor1 =
| pre-type1 =
| successor1 =
| suc-type1 =
| regent1 =
| reg-type1 =
| succession2 =
| moretext2 =
| reign2 =
| reign-type2 =
| coronation2 =
| cor-type2 =
| predecessor2 =
| pre-type2 =
| successor2 =
| suc-type2 =
| regent2 =
| reg-type2 =
| succession3 = 
| moretext3 =
| reign3 =
| reign-type3 =
| coronation3 =
| cor-type3 =
| predecessor3 =
| pre-type3 =
| successor3 =
| suc-type3 =
| regent3 =
| reg-type3 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Calcutta]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Calcutta]]
| queen =
| spouse = 
| spouse-type = 
| consort = 
| issue = 
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| full name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| house-type = royal
| royal house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion =
| occupation = monarch
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Surachandra Singh''' was a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] and a Maharaja of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}, who ruled between 1886 and 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Princely States K-Z |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> He became the Raja of [[Manipur]] in May 1886 after his father Raja [[Chandrakirti Singh]] died.

During his lifetime, Maharaja Chandrakirti intimated the Government of India that his eldest son Surchandra should be recognised by the British as his successor.

The [[British people|British]] political agent wanted that the guarantee regarding succession should be extended to the son of Surchandra also. But the Maharaja desired that after Surchandra, as was the tradition followed in Manipur, the brothers of Surchandra should be the king. The [[Government of India]] recognised Maharaja Surchandra as the Maharaja of [[Manipur]].

The public avowal made by the [[Government of India]] during his father's lifetime was made applicable in his case also. Under this commitment, the [[British Government]] was bound to punish anybody who tried to dethrone Maharaja Surchandra.

During the reign of Surchandra, there were three revolts; one by Borachaoba, the eldest son of [[Maharaja Nara Singh]] and two others by Wangkheirakpa and Jogendro Singh.

==See also==
*[[List of Manipuri kings]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Hodson, Thomas Callan. ''The Meitheis''. Harvard University, 1908.
{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before= ''[[Chandrakirti Singh]]''|
title=[[Monarch|King]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] |
years=1886–May 1890|
after=[[Kulachandra Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surchandra, Maharaja}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{india-royal-stub}}
{{hindu-bio-stub}}

Dalit feminism

2026-02-19T04:48:58Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Feminism that questions caste and gender roles}}
[[File:Atp_womens_empowerment.JPG|thumb|''Aathi Thamilar Peravai'' women's empowerment conference in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], 2009.|alt=Aathi Thamilar Peravai women's empowerment conference in Salem, Tamil Nadu, 2009.|300x300px]]
'''Dalit feminism''' is a [[Feminism|feminist]] perspective that includes questioning [[caste]] and [[gender role]]s among the [[Dalit]] population and within feminism and the larger women's movement. Dalit women primarily live in [[South Asia]], mainly in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]]. Dalit women face different challenges than women in oppressor castes in these countries. They are more likely to be poor, uneducated and socially marginalized. Dalit feminists advocate and have advocated for equal rights for Dalit women based on gender, caste and other issues. They have addressed conferences, created organizations and helped elect other Dalit women into political office.

== Background ==
[[Dalit]] women are part of a marginalized group of people who make up part of what are officially known as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in [[India]], though there are also Dalit women in [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and in [[Sri Lanka]].{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=231}}{{Sfn|Haijer|2007|p=13}} In Nepal, Dalit women are 13.2% of the population.{{Sfn|FEDO|2017|p=2}} Most of the Dalit women in Pakistan live in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], according to a 1998 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsn.org/key-issues/dalit-women/dalit-women-in-pakistan/|title=Dalit women in Pakistan|website=International Dalit Solidarity Network|date=14 November 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> Overall, Dalit women make up the "largest socially segregated" group of people in the world at 2% of the [[World population|world's population]].<ref name=":4" /> Dalit women also tend to live in [[poverty]], and many are illiterate.{{Sfn|Haijer|2007|p=6}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://newint.org/columns/makingwaves/2010/05/01/durga-sob-nepal-dalit-feminist|title=Durga Sob: Nepal's trailblazing Dalit feminist|date=2010-05-01|work=New Internationalist|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en}}</ref> Dalit women face oppression not only from men belonging to oppressor [[caste]]s, but also from other Dalit men.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalit-women-are-talking-about-their-identity|title=Indian Feminism Excludes Dalit Women, But the Tide is Turning|last=Rattanpal|first=Divyani|date=8 July 2015|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en}}</ref> In addition, there is a [[hierarchy]] among Dalit groups, with some Dalits being higher up on the social scale than others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/05/15/india-magida-dalit-woman-hero/|title=INDIA: Magida dalit woman hero moves beyond caste and 'untouchability'|date=2012-05-15|work=Woman News Network (WNN)|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701173225/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/05/15/india-magida-dalit-woman-hero/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dalit women face violence at higher rates, including types of violence that are specifically done to Dalit women.<ref name=":4" /> Certain types of forced prostitution such as the ''[[devadasi]]'' or ''jogini'' system are reserved specifically for Dalit women.{{Sfn|Haijer|2007|p=7}} In addition, Dalit victims of violence and their families often do not know their rights or are not informed of their rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/22/dalit-womens-collective-presents-report-on-caste-based-violence-against-women-at-unhrc-1831935.html|title=Dalit women's collective presents report on caste-based violence against women at UNHRC|date=22 June 2018|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> The police may show up when a Dalit women reports a violent attack, but they may not investigate or take action to hold the perpetrator responsible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bundelkhands-dalit-women-rally-against-government-negligence|title=Bundelkhand's Dalit Women Rally Against Government Negligence|last=Dixit|first=Neha|date=15 February 2017|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> Sexual violence against Dalit women is considered "a regular and routine phenomenon of oppression," according to Kiran Kumar Boddu and Siva Nagaiah Bolleddu, writing in the ''English Studies International Research Journal''.{{Sfn|Boddu|Bolleddu|2016|p=49}} Dalit sexuality has long been "constructed as deviant" by higher castes due to Dalit women's lower caste status.{{Sfn|Gupta|2011|p=14}} Their bodies were considered "sexually available" by [[British Raj|British colonists]].{{Sfn|Gupta|2011|p=23}} In Nepal, a study conducted in 2013 found that 50.6% of Dalit women faced daily forms of violence, including physical and sexual abuse.{{Sfn|FEDO|2017|p=2-3}} In addition, many Nepali Dalit women must adhere to the practice of ''[[Chhaupadi]]''.{{Sfn|FEDO|2017|p=3}} In Pakistan, Dalit women face kidnappings and forced conversion to [[Islam]].{{Sfn|PDSN|2013|p=3}}

Historically, the Dalit rights movement has focused more heavily on Dalit men and Dalit women's issues have often been ignored by mainstream [[Feminism in India|Indian feminism]].<ref name=":3" />{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=231}} The larger Indian women's movement, largely run by middle and upper-class women, has been criticized by Dalit women for ignoring issues that they uniquely faced.{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=238}} Feminist academics in India have also ignored the caste issues that Dalit women faced.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} As expressed by [[Swaroopa Rani]], Indian feminists saw all women as being the same, and therefore having the same problems.{{Sfn|Jyothirmai|Ramesh|2017|p=141}} Dalit feminists challenge this idea, recognizing feminist politics in India have always been entangled in the politics of “caste, religious community identity, and sexuality”.{{Sfn|Jyothirmai|Ramesh|2017|p=141}} <ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Nivedita |title=A critical view on intersectionality |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |page=28 |edition=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429298110-3}}</ref> The varying lived experiences of women of different castes and religious communities undermine the supposed uniformity of the identity of the ‘woman’. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Nivedita |title=A critical view on intersectionality |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |page=28 |edition=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429298110-3}}</ref> Anandita Pan states “intersectional identities of caste/gender and the interwoven nature of practice and theory have constituted the root of Dalit feminism”. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Anandita |title=Embracing difference: Towards a standpoint praxis in dalit feminism |journal=South Asian Review (South Asian Literary Association) |date=2019 |volume=40 |issue=1-2 |page=35 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2019.1593746}}</ref> At the same time, as scholar Nivedita Menon contends, [[intersectionality]] in its American conceptualization cannot be used as a universal framework, rather, Dalit feminist theory should be understood as situated in the temporal and spatial contexts, and lived experiences of Indian women. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Nivedita |title=A critical view on intersectionality |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |page=25 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429298110-3}}</ref>

== History ==

=== India ===
[[File:Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_with_Women_delegates_of_the_Scheduled_Caste_Federation_during_the_Conference_of_the_Federation_on_July_8,_1942_at_Nagpur..jpg|thumb|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar with Women delegates of the Scheduled Caste Federation during the Conference of the Federation on July 8, 1942, at Nagpur.]]
In the 1920s, Dalit women were active in anti-caste and anti-[[untouchability]] movements.<ref name=":4" /> Dalit women were involved in the [[Anti-Brahminism|Non-Brahman movement]] in the 1930s.{{Sfn|Rege|1998|p=WS-41}} These early organizations helped pass resolutions against issues such as [[child marriage]], [[Dowry|dowries]] and enforced widowhood.{{Sfn|Rege|1998|p=WS-42}}

In 1942, 25,000 Dalit women attended the All India Depressed Classes Women Conference in [[Nagpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2015may24/1432488896.html|title=Prof Vimal Thorat delivers lecture on Dalit feminist writing at MIT|last=Kumar|first=Umang|date=24 May 2015|website=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> President of the conference, [[Sulochanabai Dongre]], advocated for [[birth control]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://velivada.com/2017/03/24/forgotten-lessons-the-all-india-depressed-classes-womens-conference-nagpur-1942/|title=Forgotten Lessons – The All India Depressed Classes Women's Conference, Nagpur, 1942|date=24 March 2017|website=Velivada|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> During the conference, resolutions were passed which advocated for a women's right to divorce, denounced [[polygamy]], improved labor conditions, improved women's involvement in politics and better education for women in lower classes.<ref name=":2" />

Dalit women were also involved in social movements of the 1970s and early 80s.{{Sfn|Rege|1998|p=WS-42}} In the 1970s, [[Autobiography|autobiographies]] of Dalit women's lives and experiences began to be published.<ref name=":1" /> Many of these women were inspired by [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]].<ref name=":1" /> Mainstream [[Feminism|feminist]] thought in [[India]] during the 1980s and 1990s began to recognize issues surrounding caste.{{Sfn|Rege|1998|p=WS-39}} This was a marked change from the various feminist movements in the 70s and 80s which did not address caste issues.{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=238}}

The first national meeting of Dalit women took place in [[Bangalore]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8HvbckzEVAC&q=%22national%20federation%20of%20dalit%20women%22&pg=PA59|title=The Power of Women's Organizing: Gender, Caste, and Class in India|last=Subramaniam|first=Mangala|date=2006|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739113288|pages=59|language=en}}</ref> In the 1990s, several organizations created by Dalit women were formed, such as the [[National Federation of Dalit Women]] and the [[All India Dalit Women's Forum]] along with several state-level groups.{{Sfn|Rege|1998|p=WS-44}} Dalit women were careful to express that these kinds of organizations for Dalit women were not meant to be divisive or separatist, and that there existed a need for continued alliances with Dalit men and non-Dalit women.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/fileadmin/Files/PDF/Literature_Recipients/Manorama/Background_Manorama.pdf|title=Background Information on Dalit Women in India|last=Manorama|first=Ruth|website=Right Livelihood Award|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224153640/http://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/fileadmin/Files/PDF/Literature_Recipients/Manorama/Background_Manorama.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Dalit women also felt that they needed to speak for themselves.{{Sfn|Guru|1995|p=2549}}

Dalit women sent delegates to the 1993 [[World Conference against Racism]] and the 1995 [[World Conference on Women, 1995|World Conference on Women]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/gender/dalit-women-leaders|title=The Making and Unmaking of a Dalit Woman Leader|last=Bhattacharya|first=Swarnima|date=27 August 2016|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> Leading up to the World Conference on Women in Beijing, Dalit women had held a national conference in [[Delhi]].{{Sfn|Guru|1995|p=2548}} For the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, Dalit women advocated that discrimination based on caste be added to language against racism.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=10}} Adding this type of language would put global pressure on the Indian government.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=10}} However, in coalition with the [[United States]], the clause to prevent discrimination against Dalit women was dropped in 2001.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=11}} Despite the clause being dropped, international coverage meant that discrimination based on caste was finally globally recognized.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=11}}

In 2002, ''[[Khabar Lahariya]]'' (''News Waves''), the first newspaper written by and for Dalit women was created.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22926391/|title=News For and By Oppressed Women|last=Magnier|first=Mark|date=25 October 2009|work=The Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-08-18|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ''Khabar Lahariya'' focuses on issues in the Dalit community in their own languages.<ref name=":5" /> The newspaper won a [[UNESCO]] literacy prize in 2009.<ref name=":5" />

Dalit women participated in critiques of New Economic Policy (NEP) at the 2003 [[Asian Social Forum]] and the 2004 [[World Social Forum]] (WSF).{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=13}} In 2007, a panel made up of women from [[Africa]] and [[South Asia]] called "Combatting Caste and Descent and Descent Based Discrimination in Africa and Asia" was discussed at the WSF.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=12}}

In March 2006, the first [[National Conference on Violence Against Dalit Women]] took place in [[New Delhi]].{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=14}} This conference passed the "Delhi Declaration," which laid out how Dalit women faced "disparities in the prevalence of violence, poverty, and sickness" and described the way that dominant castes were responsible for these disparities.{{Sfn|Mehta|2017|p=234}} In November 2006, there was an [[International Conference on the Human Rights of Dalit Women]] held at the [[The Hague|Hague]].{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=14}} The Hague conference not only addressed violence against Dalit women, but also discussed their own identities and created a sense of group solidarity.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=14}} Dalit women recognized that they had an identity "forged in 'multiple struggles.'"{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=14}} The Hague conference not only called for the creation of laws to protect human rights for Dalit women, but also that these laws be duly enforced or implemented.{{Sfn|Smith|2008|p=15}} Also in 2006, the idea of "Dalit [[womanism]]" was created.<ref name=":3" />

=== Nepal ===
Dalit women in [[Nepal]] face many of the same issues as Dalit women in India.<ref name=":6" /> Throughout post-1990 Nepal, the woman's movement was affected by turbulent politics.{{Sfn|Tamang|2009|p=62}} A Nepali feminist, [[Durga Sob]], created the [[Feminist Dalit Organization]] (FEDO) in 1994.<ref name=":6" /> By 2010, FEDO had around 40,000 members and worked to send Dalit children to school and provide training and classes for adults.<ref name=":6" /> Women's political parties, while marginalized, have helped push women's rights issues in Nepal.{{Sfn|Tamang|2009|p=68}} However, these parties are dominated by higher-caste women.{{Sfn|Tamang|2009|p=69}} Lower-caste women have criticized the party's efforts and pointed out that not all Nepali women face the same problems.{{Sfn|Tamang|2009|p=69}} FEDO has been involved in helping Dalit women in Nepal become more involved in politics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dalitnation.com/2015/04/13/fedo-feminist-dalit-organization/|title=FEDO: Feminist Dalit Organization|date=2015-04-13|work=Dalit Nation|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191429/https://dalitnation.com/2015/04/13/fedo-feminist-dalit-organization/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, a conference organized by FEDO and held in [[Kathmandu]] drew hundreds of Dalit women and included speakers from the [[United Nations]], such as [[Ziad Sheikh]], the Resident Coordinator on Dalit Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsn.org/hundreds-of-dalit-women-gather-at-conference-in-nepal/|title=Hundreds of Dalit women gather at conference in Nepal|date=18 December 2014|website=International Dalit Solidarity Network|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
Dalit women in [[Pakistan]] are less subject to caste issues, but because most are part of a minority religion in the country, they are persecuted because of their religious backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/07/29/dalit-women-struggles-in-pakistan/|title=Dalit women struggle in Pakistan|last=Babu|first=Sheshu|date=2018-07-29|work=Countercurrents|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US}}</ref> However, this doesn't mean there isn't still caste-based discrimination.{{Sfn|PDSN|2013|p=2}} The first Dalit woman senator in Pakistan, [[Krishna Kohli|Krishna Kumari Kohli]], was elected in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-politics-women/pakistans-first-dalit-woman-senator-to-champion-girls-education-idUSKCN1GJ1UY|title=Pakistan's first Dalit woman senator to champion girls' education|last=Ebrahim|first=Zofeen|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Today ==
In the present day, activists such as [[Ruth Manorama]] work on legal and political actions to empower Dalit women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lsquoDalit-women-should-be-grouped-separatelyrsquo/article16882891.ece|title=Dalit women should be grouped separately|date=2009-09-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manorama has spoken out about how laws that are meant to protect women in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] are poorly implemented.<ref name=":0" /> Often complaints and reports filed by Dalit women are ignored.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/11/23/interview-anju-singh-aidmam/|title=Interview With Anju Singh From AIDMAM|last=Banerji|first=Mahika|date=2017-11-23|work=Feminism In India|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, [[Asha Kowtal]] of the [[All India Dalit Mahila Adhikar Manch]] (AIDMAM) says that India is "stonewalling any discussion on caste."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dalit-womens-rights-activists-to-present-accounts-of-caste-violence-at-unhrc-5223007/|title=Dalit women's rights activists to present accounts of caste violence at UNHRC|last=Nair|first=Shalini|date=2018-06-19|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref> AIDMAM, in conjunction with the [[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule Women's Studies Center]] (KSPWSC), held a 2017 conference called "Dalit Women Speak Out" which attracted around 450 delegates and participants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/12/27/dalit-women-speak-out-conference/|title=Dalit Women Speak Out, And How! - Not Just A Conference, But A Celebration|date=2017-12-27|work=Feminism In India|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref> AIDMAM presented testimonies of gender and caste-based violence at the 38th session of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dalit-women-s-group-bats-for-rights-at-united-nations-forum/story-HkAmMbvna4sB6M78NMv3CI.html|title=Dalit women's group bats for rights at United Nations forum|last=Ratnam|first=Dhamini|date=2018-06-22|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en}}</ref> The report, called ''Voices Against Caste Impunity: Narratives of Dalit Women in India'' and presented to the [[United Nations]] (UN), was the first report on caste-based violence against women to be given to the UN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/883455/fighting-indias-official-denial-report-on-caste-based-violence-against-women-presented-at-geneva|title=Fighting India's official denial, report on caste-based violence against women presented at Geneva|last=Chari|first=Mridula|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Literature ==

Dalit women's writing brings issues of [[caste]] identity to [[feminist literature]].{{Sfn|Zare|Mohammed|2013|p=78}} Similarly, valid depictions of Dalit women's experiences have been overlooked in the writing of Dalit men.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Translation]]s of [[Dalit literature]] into English has largely been done by individuals outside of the Dalit experience, and author and translator, [[Meena Kandasamy]], has identified this as a problem, since important nuances in language are often overlooked.{{Sfn|Venkatesan|James|2018|p=146}} Kandasamy has also discussed how, since many of these works deal with politics, they are not seen as true literature.{{Sfn|Venkatesan|James|2018|p=147}}

Prominent women writers of Dalit literature in the [[Telugu language]] include [[Challapalli Swaroopa Rani]], [[Joopaka Subhadra]], [[Jajula Gowri]], [[Swathy Margaret]] and [[Gogu Shyamala]].{{Sfn|Boddu|Bolleddu|2016|p=48}} These writers have primarily used poetry, short stories, essays and more to challenge the intersectional forms of oppression they faced.{{Sfn|Jyothirmai|Ramesh|2017|p=143-144}} Dalit women's literature reveal that systems of caste and gender are connected and particular disadvantages for Dalit women result in experiences of oppression that are distinct from that of upper caste women and Dalit men.<ref name="ab">{{Cite journal|last=Pan|first=Anandita|date=2018-01-17|title=Dalit Women in Mutation: The Birth of a New Social Organism|journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit|language=en-US|volume=10|issue=1|pages=67–76|doi=10.1177/2455328x17745171|issn=2455-328X|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Dalit literature#Dalit Women's Autobiographies and Testimonios in Dalit Literature|Dalit women's autobiographies]], such as Baby Kamble's ''[[The Prisons We Broke]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kāmbale, Bebī, author.|title=The prisons we broke|year=2018|publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-93-5287-370-8|oclc=1144948602}}</ref> and P. Sivakami's ''The Grip of Change''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Civakāmi.|title=The grip of change : and, Author's notes|date=2006|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-3020-4|location=Hyderabad|oclc=76799274}}</ref> can be viewed as protest narratives against the exploitation of Dalit women by upper caste people, as well as the internal gender hierarchies within Dalit families.<ref name="ab" /> By establishing Dalit women's identity as that which is affected by mutual and intersecting structures of caste and gender, Dalit women's autobiographies reinforce the Dalit feminism as an intersectional category.

== See also ==

* [[Dalit]]
* [[Feminism in India]]
* [[Health care access among Dalits in India]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Violence against women in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

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*{{Cite journal|last=Rege|first=Sharmila|date=October 1998|title=Dalit Women Talk Differently: A Critique of 'Difference' and Towards a Dalit Feminist Standpoint Position|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=44|pages=WS39–WS46|jstor=4407323}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Peter (Jay)|date=June 2008|title=From Beijing 1995 to the Hague 2006 – The Transnational Activism of the Dalit Women's Movement|url=https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Smith-Peter.pdf|journal=Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamang|first=Seira|date=2009|title=The Politics of Conflict and Difference or the Difference of Conflict in Politics: The Women's Movement in Nepal|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan051006.pdf|journal=Feminist Review|volume=91|pages=61–80|doi=10.1057/fr.2008.50|s2cid=56325908|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173039/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan051006.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Venkatesan |first1=Sathyaraj |date=January 2018 |title=Mapping the Margins: An Interview with Meena Kandasamy: Conducted at Sacred Heart College in Kochi, India on 12 November 2015 |journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=143–154 |doi=10.1353/ari.2018.0005 |doi-access=free |last2=James|first2=Rajesh}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Zare|first1=Bonnie|last2=Mohammed|first2=Afsar|date=2013|title=Burn the Sari or Save the Sari? Dress as a Form of Action in Two Feminist Poems|url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/download/35065/28960|journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature|volume=43|pages=69–86}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180726192653/http://www.who.int/hrh/news/2018/delhi_declaration/en/ The Delhi Declaration]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Feminism in India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Feminism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Feminism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Feminism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Feminism and history]]
[[Category:21st-century social movements]]

Munindra Nath Rai

2026-02-07T07:35:54Z

NoraizNafi: made a article

{{orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{short description|Indian Army Officer, recipient of Yudh Seva Medal and Shaurya Chakra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]&ensp;[[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]
| birth_date = 26 November 1965
| death_date = 27 January 2015
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu Kashmir]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| serviceyears = 1997-2015
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Colonel]]
| servicenumber = IC55822X
| unit = [[9th Gorkha Rifles|9 Gorkha Regiment]]
| commands = [[Rashtriya Rifles|42 Rashtriya Rifles]] [[9th Gorkha Rifles|9 Gorkha Regiment]]
| battles = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]](Posthumus) [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|23px ]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater =
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Munindra Nath Rai''' {{small|[[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]}} was an officer of the [[Indian Army]] who was a recipient of the [[Yudh Seva Medal]]. Rai died in a [[counterintelligence]] operation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 27 January 2015. He was posthumously awarded the [[Shaurya Chakra]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2660 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-29 |title=Tearful adieu to Colonel MN Rai martyred in Jammu and Kashmir gunbattle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/col-mn-rai-emotional-farewell-funeral-237822-2015-01-29 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-29 |title=Daughter pays moving tribute to Colonel MN Rai who died fighting militants |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/daughter-pays-moving-tribute-to-colonel-mn-rai-who-died-fighting-militants/story-CCYvQbg4vuwlFPmJRwR5iM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018200015/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/daughter-pays-moving-tribute-to-colonel-mn-rai-who-died-fighting-militants/story-CCYvQbg4vuwlFPmJRwR5iM.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=www.hindustantimes.com/ |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Military career ==
Rai joined the Indian Army in 1997 and was commissioned in 9 Gorkha Rifles. Rai was awarded with [[Yudh Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2015, a day before his death for his actions in South Kashmir in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Colonel MN Rai died in gunbattle in Jammu and Kashmir, a day after receiving gallantry medal on Republic Day |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/colonel-mn-rai-died-in-gunbattle-in-jammu-and-kashmir-a-day-after-receiving-gallantry-medal-on-republic-day-237749-2015-01-28 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He used to lead the operations from the front.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-28 |title=Colonel MN Rai always led from the front in multiple operations: Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/colonel-mn-rai-always-led-from-the-front-in-multiple-operations-army/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 January 2015, his unit had received information about presence of terrorists in their operational area in Kashmir. Upon receiving the information, an immediate operation was launched by the Indian Army, [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Indian Police]].

Reaching at the terrorist hideout, the security forces surrounded them from all sides and gave them an opportunity to surrender. However, the terrorists started firing at the security forces. During the exchange of fire, Rai was shot and was taken for medical treatment. He died later that day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Col MN Rai YSM SC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/col-mn-rai-ysm-sc/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepshikha |title=In WhatsApp Status of Colonel MN Rai, Martyred in Kashmir, the Words of a Hero |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-whatsapp-status-of-colonel-mn-rai-martyred-in-kashmir-the-words-of-a-hero-734974 |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=28 January 2015}}</ref>

Along with Rai, [[head constable]] Sanjeev Singh also died.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In WhatsApp Status of Colonel MN Rai, Martyred in Kashmir, the Words of a Hero |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-whatsapp-status-of-colonel-mn-rai-martyred-in-kashmir-the-words-of-a-hero-734974 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Funeral ==
Rai was cremated with full [[Military funeral|military honours]]. The then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]], [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]] paid tribute to Rai. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-29 |title=Colonel M N Rai cremated with full military honours |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/colonel-m-n-rai-cremated-with-full-military-honours/articleshow/46053752.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-29 |title=Tearful farewell to gallantry award-winning Army Colonel M N Rai who died fighting militants |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/tearful-farewell-to-gallantry-award-winning-army-colonel-rai-who-died-fighting-militants/lite/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-30 |title=A Gorkha battle cry, tears and memories at Col Rai's funeral |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tributes-paid-to-colonel-mn-rai-who-died-fighting-militants-in-jammu-and-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rai's daughter, Alka, shouted the war cry of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]] "''Ayo Gorkhali''" (The Gorkhas are here) at his funeral. This incident went viral on the Internet. Later this incident was depicted in the 2019 film [[Uri: The Surgical Strike]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-27 |title=Daughter of Martyr Col. MN Rai, Who Made The Country Cry |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2019/01/daughter-of-martyr-col-mn-rai.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-29 |title=Killed in Jammu and Kashmir encounter, Colonel MN Rai laid to rest amid tears |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-encounter-colonel-mn-rai-laid-to-rest-amid-tears-2069923.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindustan Times |title=Col MN Rai laid down |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/farewell-to-braveheart-col-mn-rai-martyred-in-kashmir/story-mYIkN8B954EIFgLTIwcUkO.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, MN}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shaurya Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Colonels (military rank)]]

Archana Taide

2026-02-06T05:47:36Z

NoraizNafi: made some entry first draft

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Archana Taide
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress, Television Producer, Writer
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ashish Sharma]]|2013}}
}}

'''Archana Taide Sharma''' is an Indian actress. She started her career with the reality show ''[[9X (TV channel)|Bollywood Ka Ticket]]'' on [[9X (TV channel)|9X TV]]. She started her writing career with the show she herself produced along with Ashish Sharma and a close friend, titled ''Chore Tera Gaon Bada Pyara''. She is the Creative Head as a Producer at Desi Fillum Compani Pvt. Ltd.

==Career==
Archana played the lead role of Pavni in the show ''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]'' on [[Imagine TV]]. She was cast as Nikhat Ahmed Khan in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Qubool Hai]]''.<ref name=Qubool_Hai>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aleeza-Khan-gets-replaced-in-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/16915335.cms|title=Aleeza Khan gets replaced in Qubool Hai!|date=22 October 2012|website=Times of India}}</ref> She was last seen playing the antagonist on [[& TV]] show ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ashish-sharma-first-time-i-made-my-wife-cry/|title=Archana Taide Is The New Entrant In 'Santoshi Maa'|date=14 July 2016|website=Mid-day.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Taide was born to Anand Taide and Kiran Taide. She attended [[Our Lady of Good Counsel High School, Mumbai|Our Lady of Good Counsel High School]], Sion, [[Mumbai]]. On 30 January 2013, she married actor [[Ashish Sharma]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/LSD-actor-Ashish-to-get-married-in-Jaipur/articleshow/18116671.cms|title=LSD actor Ashish to get married in Jaipur|date=22 January 2013|website=Times of India}}</ref> The couple were introduced to each other by a mutual friend in [[Baroda]] where they were shooting for separate shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141206/entertainment-tvmusic/article/real-life-couple-ashish-sharma-and-archana-taide-spill-beans|title=Real-life couple Ashish Sharma and Archana Taide spill the beans|date=6 December 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]]''
| Suhani
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Maan Rahe Tera Pitaah]]''
| Anmol
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
| Panvi
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Geeta
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''<ref name="Qubool_Hai"/>
| Nikhat Ahmed Khan/ Nikhat Farhan Qureshi/ Khushbu
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| Herself / Guest
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| Fake Santoshi/Sindoori
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6128494}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taide, Archana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Batohiya

2026-02-05T04:15:15Z

NoraizNafi: made first post initial version

{{short description|Bhojpuri poem by Raghuveer Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = Batohiya
|author = [[Raghuveer Narayan]]
|original_title = {{Script|Kthi|𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰}}
|original_title_lang = bh
|written = 1911
|first = Raghuveer Patra Pushp
|publisher = 
|lines =
|language=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]}}

'''''Batohiya''''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: {{Script|Kthi|'''𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰'''}}; [[IAST]]: Baṭohīyā; transl. Foreigner) is a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] poem written by [[Raghuveer Narayan]] in 1911.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Bindeshwari P.|title=Comprehensive History of Bihar|publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute|year=1976}}</ref><ref name="Diaspora"/> This ''Purbi'' song became very popular and [[George Abraham Grierson]] also recorded this song for [[Linguistic Survey of India]] in 1920.<ref name="Diaspora">{{Cite book|title=Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=978-9004288065}}</ref> It has also been called the "Vande Matram" of Bhojpuri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chhavi aur Chhap}}</ref> The poem was first published in ''Raghuveer Patra Pushp''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Durga Shankar Prasad|title=Bhojpuri ke kavi aur Kavya|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=Patna|pages=}}</ref>

The title ''Batohiya'' is a Bhojpuri word which means ''traveller''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Points of view: essays in memory of Shri Ranchor Prasad, eminent civil servant, scholar, and social activist|publisher=Ranchor Prasad Commemoration Committee|year=2000}}</ref> In this song an indentured laborer in British colony is explaining to a traveller about India as a heaven on the earth and he wants to visit his homeland.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Ashutosh|title=ANTI-INDENTURE BHOJPURI FOLK SONGS AND POEMS FROM NORTH INDIA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292626093|journal=Man in India |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=509–519}}</ref> This song gained immense popularity in foreign countries like [[Mauritius]], [[Suriname]], and [[Fiji]]. Till 1970 this poem was on the cover of Hindi text book of class 11th and 12th published by ''Bihar State Textbook committee''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=यह रघुवीर नारायण कौन है?|work=Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-8417681.html|access-date=}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The root of the word ''batohiya'' is [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] word ''bāṭ'' which means ''road'' or ''way''. The one who travels on the road is called ''Batohi'' which in conjunction with Bhojpuri suffix -iya becomes ''Batohiya'', which means ''traveller''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pant|first=S.K.|title=Social Sector in India: Changing Paradigms in Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Rawat Publications|year=2005|isbn=8170339650}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
The first two verses of the poem read as follow:

{|style="width: 90%;"
|- style="text-align: left;"

!style="width: 30%;" | [[Kaithi|Kaithi Alphabet]]
!style="width: 30%;" | [[Devnagari script]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vikas Ka Vishwas|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2012|isbn=978-9380823355}}</ref>
!style="width: 30%;" |[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] transliteration<ref name="Diaspora"/>
|-
|<poem>𑂮𑂳𑂁𑂠𑂩 𑂮𑂳𑂦𑂳𑂧𑂱 𑂦𑂆𑂨𑂰 𑂦𑂰𑂩𑂞 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂵𑂮𑂫𑂰 𑂮𑂵

𑂧𑂷𑂩𑂵 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂢 𑂥𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂱𑂧 𑂎𑂷𑂯 𑂩𑂵 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰

𑂉𑂍 𑂠𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂱𑂩 𑂐𑂵𑂩𑂵 𑂩𑂰𑂧𑂰 𑂯𑂱𑂧 𑂍𑂷𑂞𑂫𑂪𑂫𑂰 𑂮𑂵

𑂞𑂲𑂢 𑂠𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂱𑂩 𑂮𑂱𑂁𑂡𑂳 𑂐𑂯𑂩𑂰𑂫𑂵 𑂩𑂵 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰

𑂔𑂰𑂈 𑂔𑂰𑂈 𑂦𑂆𑂨𑂰 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂲 𑂯𑂱𑂢𑂹𑂠 𑂠𑂵𑂎𑂱 𑂄𑂈

𑂔𑂯𑂫𑂰𑂀 𑂍𑂳𑂯𑂳𑂍𑂲 𑂍𑂷𑂆𑂪𑂲 𑂏𑂰𑂫𑂵 𑂩𑂵 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰

𑂣𑂫𑂢 𑂮𑂳𑂏𑂁𑂡 𑂧𑂁𑂠 𑂃𑂏𑂩 𑂒𑂁𑂠𑂢𑂫𑂰 𑂮𑂵

𑂍𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂯 𑂩𑂰𑂏 𑂏𑂰𑂫𑂵 𑂩𑂵 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰

</poem>
|सुंदर सुभूमि भैया भारत के देसवा से

मोरे प्राण बसे हिम-खोह रे बटोहिया

एक द्वार घेरे रामा हिम-कोतवलवा से

तीन द्वार सिंधु घहरावे रे बटोहिया

जाऊ-जाऊ भैया रे बटोही हिंद देखी आउ

जहवां कुहुकी कोइली गावे रे बटोहिया

पवन सुगंध मंद अगर चंदनवां से

कामिनी बिरह-राग गावे रे बटोहिया
|
<poem>
{{IAST|suṃdar subhumi bhaiyā bhārat ke deswā se}}
{{IAST|more prān base him khoh re baṭohiyā}}
{{IAST|eka dwāra ghere rāmā him kotwalwā se}}
{{IAST|tīn dwāra sindhu ghaharāwe re baṭohiyā}}
{{IAST|mātaram}}
{{IAST|vande mātaram}}

{{IAST|jau jau bhaiya baṭohī hiṃd dekhi aau}}
{{IAST|jahawā kuhukī koilī gāwe re baṭohīyā}}
{{IAST|pawana sugaṃdh maṃd agara caṃdanawā se }}
{{IAST|kāminī biraha rāg gāwe re baṭohiya}}</poem> (Bhojpuri)
|}

==English translation==
English translation of first two verses are as follow:

{{Poemquote|Beautiful good land brother India its
country is,
My life soul lives snowy cave O
traveller.
One door (gate) encircling Rama Himalaya sentinel like,
Three door (gate) sea roars O traveller.
Want to go O traveller to see Hindustan,
Where Cuckoo sings coos O traveller.
Scented air breeze slowly from the sky,
Wife sings a song of separation O traveller<ref name="Diaspora"/>}}

==Performances and interpretations==
This song has been recorded several times, the oldest one was done by G.A. Grierson in 1920. This song has also been sung by [[Malini Awasthi]], [[Chandan Tiwari]], [[Raj Mohan]] and many renowned singers. Recently this song is sung by a group of singers, directed by Shushant Asthana and produced by Nitin Chandra, can be seen over internet.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Bhojpuri literature]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:1911 poems]]

Commissioner of Pune City Police

2026-01-22T15:39:26Z

NoraizNafi: added some place from scratch

{{Short description|Head of the police department in Pune, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Commissioner of Police, Pune
| insignia = File:Director_General_of_Police.png
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Rank Insignia of the Police Commissioner
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagecaption =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| department = [[Pune Police|Pune City Police Department (PCPD)]]
| style = The Honorable
| residence = Sadhu Vaswani Road, Camp, Pune – 411001
| seat =
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| formation = 1 June 1965
| succession =
| deputy =
| inaugural = E. S. Modak<ref name="First">{{cite news |title=First police commissioner of Pune passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/first-police-commissioner-of-pune-passes-away/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=April 30, 2010}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.punepolice.gov.in/|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| incumbent = Amitesh Kumar<ref name="Current">{{cite news |last1=Inamdar |first1=Nadeem |title=Amitesh Kumar is new Pune police commissioner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/amitesh-kumar-is-new-pune-police-commissioner-101706723027588.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=Jan 31, 2024}}</ref>
| acting =
| incumbentsince = February 1, 2024
| reports_to = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Maharashtra)|Home Minister of Maharashtra]]
| termlength = 1 to 3 years {{efn|The Pune Police Commissioner generally serves about 1–3 years, depending on government decisions.}}
| status = Pune City Police Department (PCPD)
}}

The '''Commissioner of Police, Pune''' is the head of [[Pune Police|Pune City Police Department]] (PCPD). The Government of Maharashtra appoints the Commissioner from among senior IPS officers of the state cadre.<ref name="Appointment">{{cite web |title=Police Organization of Maharashtra |url=https://home.maharashtra.gov.in/en/organization/police-organization-of-maharashtra/ |publisher=Home Department, Government of Maharashtra |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

The commissioner is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of the rank of [[Director general of police]] (DGP) or [[Additional director general of police]] (ADGP). The commissioner heads the police force in a jurisdiction consisting of approximately 650 km2 area and home to a population of 1.6 Crore (16 million) with a 40 lakh (4 million) floating population.

The current Pune Commissionerate came into existence on 1 July 1965. The Pune City Police Commissionerate was established in 1965, and E. S. Modak was its first commissioner, while the current being Amitesh Kumar (since February 1, 2024).<ref name="First"/> The Police Commissioner of Pune City does not exercise authority over the entire [[Pune district]]; their jurisdiction is limited to Pune City. [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] is administered by a separate and independent Police Commissionerate with jurisdiction confined to the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|PCMC]] city area, while the remaining areas of Pune district are headed by the Superintendent of Police (SP), Pune Rural, an IPS officer operating under a different command structure.

==See also==
* [[Pune district]]
* [[Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Delhi]]
* [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Pune]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]

Sri Gangamma Devi Temple

2026-01-18T22:03:35Z

NoraizNafi: Added New Bio - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Gangamma Devi Temple
| image = Gangamma-devi-temple.jpg
| alt = Sri Gangamma Devi Temple
| caption = Sri Gangamma Devi Temple, Malleshwara
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0044484|77.5694959|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Malleshwara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ganga (goddess)|Gangamma]]
| website =
}}

'''Sri Gangamma Devi Temple''' is located near the Kadu Malleshwara temple on 2nd Temple Street, Malleshwara layout, in the north-western area of Bangalore city.

The main deity of the temple is [[Gangamma]] or the Goddess [[Ganga]], who is also considered to have manifested on Earth as the River Ganga.

==Temple history==

A popular Goddess in India, Gangamma is a Nada Devathe (Local deity) in Bangalore. The annual Gangamma jathre (Religious fair and festival) is held in various places across India and the event in Bangalore has been held in and around Malleshwara area since 1928.<ref name="The Hindu Newspaper Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-village-fair-in-the-heart-of-city/article1258765.ece|title=A village fair in the heart of city|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref>

A permanent temple was consecrated in honor of the Goddess in the year 2004.

==Other Shrines in the Temple==

The temple complex also has smaller shrines for [[Ganesha]], [[Subramanya]] and the [[Navagraha]]

==Annual Gangamma Jathre==

A 'Jathra' or 'Jathre' is an annual religious fair and festival that is held in honor of various Saints and Local deities in the Southern states. (Such as the Yellamma Jathre in [[Yellamma Temple, Saundatti]], the Nayakanahatti Jathre at the [[Nayakanahatti Thipperudra Swamy]] temple.

The Gangamma Jathre in Bangalore has been a tradition since 1928 and is currently held around the Malleshwara Gangamma temple.

The event is normally held over a three-day period and see thousands of devotees arriving from across [[Bangalore]] and nearby areas. The temple and the deity are specially decorated and devotees offer [[Finger millet|Ragi]] [[Congee|Ganji]] (gruel) to the Goddess, along with the traditional flowers, coconut and fruit.

==In popular culture==

The Gangamma Devi temple has also been the subject of documentary in an episode of [[TV9 (Kannada)|TV9]]'s series ''Heegu Unte''.

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Name of Documentary !! Produced by !! Viewable at
|-
| 2010 || ''TV9: "Heegu Unte": Episode - 24-10-2010 - Gangamma Devi Temple - Malleshwara'' || TV9 Television Channel || https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_mT60y6vd0
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}{{coord|13.0044484|N|77.5694959|E|source:ruwiki_region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]

Integral humanism (India)

2025-10-03T14:01:46Z

NoraizNafi: basic correct intro for clarity and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Integral humanism (Hindu nationalism)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mir Imran

2025-09-29T21:51:14Z

NoraizNafi: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = MirImran.jpg
| name = Mir Imran
| caption = Mir Imran
| birth_date = 14 May 1956
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| education = [[Rutgers University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[entrepreneur|Founder]] and [[Managing Director]], InCube Ventures (ICV)
| spouse =
| website = [http://incubevc.com/about-2/Managing-Directors/mir-imran.html Profile of Mir at InCube Ventures]
| footnotes =
| children =
}}

'''Mir A. Imran''' (born 1956, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]), is an Indian medical inventor, [[entrepreneur]] and [[venture capitalist]]. Imran has formed over 20 medical device companies since the early 1980s and holds over 400 patents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmexec.com/lessons-innovation-journey|title=Lessons on the innovation journey|last=Imran|first=Mir|date=June 6, 2018|website=PharmExec.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> He is known for his role in developing the world's first implantable [[Defibrillation|cardiac defibrillator]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nae.edu/MediaRoom/20095/164396/165210.aspx|title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 84 Members and 22 Foreign Members|website=NAE Website|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

In 2017, Imran was elected a member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]] for his role in creating the first implantable cardiac defibrillator, and for developing multiple other technologies as inventor and entrepreneur.

== Early life and education ==
Born and raised in Hyderabad, India, the son of a doctor, Imran was a problem-solver from a young age. As a child, he enjoyed taking toys apart to see how they worked, and as a teenager learned how to repair and build [[AM broadcasting|AM radios]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.medgadget.com/2017/07/pill-replace-needles-interview-mir-imran-chairman-ceo-rani-therapeutics.html|title=A Pill to Replace Needles: Interview with Mir Imran, Chairman and CEO of Rani Therapeutics {{!}}|date=2017-07-05|website=Medgadget|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

After attending All Saints High School in Hyderabad, Imran moved to [[New Jersey]] in 1973 to attend [[Rutgers University]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.incubelabs.com/news/id_143/title_Healing-The-World-Mir-Imran--The-Self-Made-Entrepreneur/|title=Healing The World: Mir Imran- The Self Made Entrepreneur - News - InCube Labs, LLC.|website=www.incubelabs.com|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> At Rutgers he received a [[bachelor's degree|BS]] in [[electrical engineering]] in 1976, followed by an [[master's degree|MS]] in [[biomedical engineering]]. He then spent three years At Rutgers Medical School before deciding to leave and work on the first [[implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]] with Intec Systems.

Imran attributes his pursuit of innovation to being inspired by an experience he had as a college student: “I had a summer job working at The Matheney School for Cerebral Palsy Children. They needed engineers to develop communication devices for [[Tetraplegia|quadriplegic]] [[cerebral palsy]] children, so I built a machine for one severely afflicted girl. The unit translated her [[facial expression]]s using pre-recorded phrases, allowing her to communicate.”<ref name=":1" />

==Innovation and entrepreneurship==

Imran says that he is motivated by "understanding and trying to solve big problems in medicine."<ref name=":1" /> His interest is to develop medical devices that blur the distinction between organic and synthetic and advance patient treatment.

He joined Intec Systems in 1980 and developed IP key to the development of the automatic implantable defibrillator, a device that has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has become a standard of care in [[cardiology]]. Intec Systems was acquired by [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lily]], spun out to form Guidant, and acquired by [[Boston Scientific]] in 2006 for $27.5 billion.

In 1992, Imran invented a cooled RF [[ablation]] [[catheter]] for the treatment of [[Heart arrhythmia|ventricular arrhythmias]]. This invention became the initial product of Cardiac Pathways, and is now widely used by cardiac [[Electrophysiology|electro-physiologists]].

In 1995, he developed a low-pressure balloon and [[Aspirator (medical device)|aspirator]] system for use in catheter-based interventions. Imran was the first to articulate the concept of [[Embolism|embolic]] protection during high-risk interventions, and his device became the primary innovation for Percusurge, which was acquired by Medtronic in December 2000.

In 2017, Imran announced the development of the Rani pill, a novel approach to the oral delivery of large drug molecules which previously have only been deliverable via [[Injection (medicine)|injections]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rani-therapeutics-ceo-mir-imran-selected-for-the-2018-upstart-50-list-300708861.html|title=Rani Therapeutics' CEO Mir Imran Selected for the 2018 Upstart 50 List|last=Therapeutics|first=Rani|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> Imran describes this development as “a mini swallowable auto-injector” that delivers the drug directly into the highly [[Blood vessel|vascular]] [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestine]] wall, allowing the drug to be absorbed quickly into the [[Circulatory system|bloodstream]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Imran’s research interests are wide-ranging and include [[tissue engineering]], [[gastroenterology]], [[nephrology]], [[neurology]], [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedics]], congestive [[heart failure]] and [[artificial organ]]s.<ref name=":2" />

===InCube Labs===
Imran founded InCube Labs in 1995 after forming eight venture-backed [[medical device]] companies. Imran’s concept was that InCube would function as an [[Applied science|applied research]] institute. Since the formation of InCube Labs, Imran has formed more than 20 [[List of life sciences|life sciences]] companies.<ref name=":3" /> These include Rani Therapeutics, which was established in 2012 after beginning as a research project within InCube Labs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ranitherapeutics.com/our-story/|title=Our Story|website=Rani Therapeutics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==Venture capital==

Imran is an active [[angel investor]] and a limited partner in several [[Venture capital|venture funds]]. He is the founder and Managing Director of InCube Ventures, a medical device venture fund.

===InCube Ventures===
InCube Ventures is an early stage life science venture capital fund. Imran co-founded InCube Ventures with Andrew Farquharson and Wayne Roe. The fund invests in both InCube Labs’ companies as well as external companies. The fund primarily invests in novel therapies that have the potential to dramatically improve patient care.

==Awards and recognition==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
|-
|2005
|Rutgers University Distinguished Engineer Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1157389|title=Mir A. Imran|website=EETimes|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni
|-
|2010
|Neurotech Reports’ Gold Electrode Award for Most Valuable Financial Professional
|-
|2015
|Fellow of the [[National Academy of Inventors]] (US)
|-
|2017
|Admitted to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (US)
|-
|2018
|Named as one of the San Francisco Business Time and Silicon Valley Business Journal’s Upstart 50<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/rani-therapeutics-ceo-mir-imran-selected-for-the-2018-upstart-50-list-300708861.html|title=Rani Therapeutics' CEO Mir Imran Selected for the 2018 Upstart 50 List|last=Therapeutics|first=Rani|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|MedTech Innovation Catalyst Award, for outstanding and life-saving innovations in the medical field<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcaremindxchange.com/inventor-of-pacemaker-honored-with-2018-medtech-innovation-catalyst-award/2018/|title=Inventor of Pacemaker Honored with 2018 MedTech Innovation Catalyst Award|last=Graham|first=Erin|date=2018-04-12|website=Collaborative Innovation in Healthcare|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.incubelabs.com/ InCube Labs]
* [http://www.incubevc.com/ InCube Ventures]
* [http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=OE1Y5CD3QTGACQSNDLPSKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=173403095/ eeTimes Magazine – 7 November 2005 – featuring Mir Imran]
* [http://edcorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?author=278 Healthy Entrepreneurship in Medical Devices], podcast of Mir Imran speaking at Stanford
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015055543/http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2006fall/gurus.html Stanford Medicine, Fall 2006 – Device Guru’s article featuring Mir Imran]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113143742/http://biomed.utdallas.edu/program-k.html UT Dallas, Engineering in Medicine and Biology – 12 November 2007 – Keynote presentation by Mir Imran.]
*[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=imran%2C+Mir&FIELD1=INNM&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=PTXT/ Patents with Mir Imran listed as Inventor – USPTO.gov]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/brightideas/4268434/Thomas-Whitfield-The-Oxford-student-who-plans-to-make-baldness-a-thing-of-the-past.html InCube Labs in the Daily Telegraph, UK]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imran, Mir}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]

Landhaura railway station

2025-09-14T08:23:14Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttarakhand}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Landhaura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = [[Landhaura]], [[Haridwar district]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.814493|N|77.941557|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|260|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = Northern Railway
| line = [[Moradabad–Ambala line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = LDR
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
| opened = 1886
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Dhandera|right=Dausni|type=[[Moradabad–Ambala line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Landhaura railway station''' is a railway station on [[Moradabad–Ambala line]] under the [[Moradabad railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]]. This is situated at [[Landhaura]] in [[Haridwar district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Landhaura Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/landaura-ldr/3714|access-date=2021-06-24|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Landhaura Railway Station (LDR) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/landaura-ldr-station|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1886]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]

Shaheed Smarak Patna

2025-09-06T08:49:48Z

NoraizNafi: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Memorial in Patna, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox military memorial
|name=Shaheed Smarak
|body=
|image=Sahid_Smarak.JPG
|image_size = 260px
|caption=Martyrs' Memorial in Patna
|commemorates=
|use_dates=
|coordinates={{coord|25|36|28.77|N|85|10|03.06|E|}}
|nearest_town= [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
|country=[[File:Flag of India.svg|32px]] [[India]]
|designer=[[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Deviprasad Roychoudhury]]

|established=15 August 1947
|total=
|unknowns=
|commemorated=Seven brave young men
|by_country= [[India]]
|by_war=[[Quit India Movement]]
|inscription=To the Seven brave young men who sacrificed their lives in the [[Quit India movement]], while attempting to hoist the [[Indian national flag|national flag]].
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081627/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/martyrs.htm Official site of Patna]
}}

The '''Martyrs' Memorial''', also known as '''Shaheed Smarak''', is a life-size [[statue]] of seven young men who died in the [[Quit India movement]] (August 1942), to hoist the [[Indian national flag|national flag]] on the (now) [[Patna Secretariat|Secretariat building]]. The [[foundation stone]] of Martyr's Memorial was laid on 15 August 1947, by the [[List of Governors of Bihar|governor of Bihar]], [[Jairamdas Daulatram|Mr. Jairam Das Daulatram]] in presence of Premier of Bihar [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] and his deputy Anugrah Narayan Sinha . The [[sculptor]] [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Devi Prasad Roychoudhury]] built the [[bronze]] statue of the seven students with the [[Indian national flag|national flag]]. These [[statue]]s were cast in [[Italy]] and later placed here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/martyrs.htm |title=Martyr's Memorial |accessdate=30 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081627/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/martyrs.htm |archivedate=12 May 2008 |publisher=National Information Center }}</ref>

Martyr's Memorial is now situated outside the [[Patna Secretariat|Secretariat building in Patna]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/shaheed-smarak.html Shaheed Smarak]. Mapsofindia.com (29 May 2013). Retrieved on 2018-12-26.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Quit India Movement 1967 stamp.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Martyr's Memorial on a 1967 stamp of India]]

During the height of Quit India Movement<ref>[http://vidyasagar1995.blogspot.in/2014/08/11.html भारत छोड़ों आंदोलन के दौरान 11 अगस्त को शहीद हुए थे जगतपति कुमार समेत आजादी के सात मतवाले]. Vidyasagar1995.blogspot.in. Retrieved on 26 December 2018.</ref> in 1942, eminent [[Gandhian]] freedom fighter [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha|Dr. Anugrah Narain]] was arrested while he was trying to unfurl the national flag in Patna, as a strong reaction, a group of seven young students decided to forcefully unfurl the national flag in Patna and were mercilessly shot dead by the British.

Following are the martyrs, whose names are engraved on Martyr's Memorial.
* '''Umakant Prasad Sinha (Raman Ji)''' – Ram Mohan Roy Seminary, class IX, Narendrapur, [[Saran district|Saran]] [[File:Martyr_Umakant_Prasad_Sinha.jpg|thumb|Martyr Umakant Prasad Sinha]]
* '''Ramanand Singh''' – Ram Mohan Roy Seminary, class IX, Sahadat Nagar,(at present), Fazalchak [[Patna]] [[File:Martyr_Ramanand_Singh.jpg|thumb|Martyr Ramanand Singh]]
* '''Satish Chandra Jha''' – [[Patna Collegiate School]], class X, [[Kharhara]], [[Banka district|Banka]]
* '''Jagatpati Kumar''' – [[Bihar National College]], 2nd year, Kharati, [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] [[File:Martyr_Jagatpati_Kumar.jpg|thumb|Martyr Jagatpati Kumar]]
* '''Devipada Choudhry''' – Miller High English School, class IX, Silhat, [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] [[File:Martyr_Devipada_Choudhary.jpg|thumb|Martyr Devipada Choudhary]]
* '''Rajendra Singh''' – Patna High English School, matric class, Banwari Chak, [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Nayagaon, Bihar]] [[File:Martyr_Rajendra_Singh.jpg|thumb|Martyr Rajendra Singh]]
* '''Ramgovind Singh''' – Punpun High English School, matric class IX, Dasharatha, [[Patna]] [[File:Martyr_Ramgovind_Singh.jpg|thumb|Martyr Ramgovind Singh]]

==See also==

* [[Ambala#1857_War_Memorial|1857 Shaheed Smarak Ambala]]
* [[Quit India Movement]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Martyr's Memorial Patna}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081627/http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/martyrs.htm Official site of Patna]

{{Patna}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Bihar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Kollimalai Taluk

2025-09-05T17:48:29Z

NoraizNafi: brief adjust section after review and fixed typos for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Kolli Hills]]
{{R from alternative name}}

Kulvadhu (TV series)

2025-09-04T19:57:43Z

NoraizNafi: Created some article added tags

{{Short description|Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| story =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = Mahesh Tagde
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 490
| list_episodes =
| company = Applause Entertainment
| producer = Jitendra Gupta
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|11|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|06|12}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Kulvadhu''''' ({{translation|Bride}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='कुलवधू'ला घोड्यावरून एन्ट्री, 'तुला पाहते रे' ला विमान अन् आता…, सुबोध भावेची 'ती' पोस्ट चर्चेत|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-actor-subodh-bhave-share-instagram-post-talk-about-bas-bai-bas-new-marathi-serial-nrp-97-3039969/|website=[[Loksatta]]|date=26 July 2022 |access-date=2024-12-18|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Poorva Gokhale]] and [[Subodh Bhave]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi Actress Poorva Gokhale Shares Throwback Video of Her Show Kulvadhu|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-actress-poorva-gokhale-shares-throwback-video-of-her-show-kulvadhu-5635447.html|website=[[News18]]|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> It is produced by Mahesh Tagde and directed by Jitendra Gupta under the banner of Applause Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=चालले मी कुलवधू...|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/others/like-share-readers-own-page/song-in-my-heart/song/articleshow/33568262.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|access-date=2024-12-18|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 17 November 2008 by replacing ''[[Ya Sukhano Ya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=एक हळवी प्रेमकहाणी: महाराष्ट्राची महामालिका 'कुलवधू'|url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/marathi-serial-kulvaddhu/|website=Kalakruti Media|date=27 July 2022 |access-date=2024-12-18|language=mr}}</ref> It ended on 12 June 2010 completing 490 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ते गोड दिवस...' म्हणत 'कुलवधू'ने शेअर केली सुबोध भावेबरोबरची पोस्ट|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-most-popular-marathi-serial-tv-couple-5711277-pho.html|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|access-date=2024-12-18|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of a simple girl Devyani belonging to the family of Deshmukhs that lay great emphasist on Values and Principles. She is highly unassuming and under confident, but over time stands up to fight for the dignity of her family and herself and emerges as a strong woman. On the other hand there is an affluent family of Ranveer Rajeshirke who heads a huge business empire: The Rajeshirke Group of Companies, that stands at the top. The younger son of the family Vikramaditya gets into a dispute with Devyani over the procurement of a land, being used to run a school. Devyani is a teacher at this school and fights back to protect the land.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Poorva Gokhale]] as Devyani Damodar Deshmukh / Devyani Vikramaditya Rajeshirke
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Vikramaditya Rajeshirke

=== Recurring ===
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Ranveer Rajeshirke (Bhaiyyasaheb)
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Sai Maa
* [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Priyadarshini Rajeshirke
* [[Shailesh Datar]] as Indraneel Rajeshirke
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Damodar Vinayak Deshmukh
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Godavari Deshmukh
* [[Supriya Pathare]] as Abhilasha Deshmukh
* Pallavi Vaidya as Sakshi Deshmukh
* Meghana Vaidya as Pratiksha Deshmukh
* Sai Ranade as Shravani Deshmukh
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]]
* Lokesh Gupte
* Vikas Patil
* Ranjeet Jog
* Pooja Nayak
* Ila Bhate
* Milind Phatak
* Kirti Pendharkar
* Samiksha Manjrekar

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2009]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Poorva Gokhale]]
|Devyani
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Subodh Bhave]]
|Vikramaditya
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Milind Gunaji]]
|Ranveer
|-
|Best Couple
|[[Poorva Gokhale]]-[[Subodh Bhave]]
|Devyani-Vikramaditya
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Poorva Gokhale]]-Pallavi Vaidya
|Devyani-Sakshi
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|[[Sulabha Deshpande]]
|Godavari
|-
|Best Character Male
|[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
|Damodar
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Ashwini Shende
|
|-
|Best Title Song
|[[Vaishali Mhade]]
|
|-
|Best Series
|
|
|}

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|week 47
|2008
|0.84
|4
|64
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/11/2008 to 22/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092225/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2009
|0.8
|3
|83
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 31/05/2009 to 06/06/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616130004/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/05/2009&endperiod=06/06/2009|archive-date=2009-06-16|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/05/2009&endperiod=06/06/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2009
|0.84
|1
|78
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 28/06/2009 to 04/07/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720094248/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=28/06/2009&endperiod=04/07/2009|archive-date=2009-07-20|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=28/06/2009&endperiod=04/07/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2009
|0.71
|2
|94
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 12/07/2009 to 18/07/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801051704/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/07/2009&endperiod=18/07/2009|archive-date=2009-08-01|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/07/2009&endperiod=18/07/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2009
|0.8
|2
|86
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 19/07/2009 to 25/07/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017161923/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=19/07/2009&endperiod=25/07/2009|archive-date=2009-10-17|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=19/07/2009&endperiod=25/07/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|2009
|0.8
|3
|91
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/08/2009 to 22/08/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908001415/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/08/2009&endperiod=22/08/2009|archive-date=2009-09-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/08/2009&endperiod=22/08/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2009
|0.84
|4
|80
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 04/10/2009 to 10/10/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111647/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009|archive-date=2009-10-30|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2009
|0.8
|1
|85
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/11/2009 to 14/11/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202111207/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/11/2009&endperiod=14/11/2009|archive-date=2009-12-02|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/11/2009&endperiod=14/11/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2009
|0.8
|5
|96
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 27/12/2009 to 02/01/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125190751/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010|archive-date=2010-01-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14032912}}
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=104 | title = Kulvadhu | archive-date = 2009-08-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090818005126/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=104 | access-date = 2024-12-18 | url-status = live }}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]

Platyptilia superscandens

2025-08-29T23:28:16Z

NoraizNafi: info

{{short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Platyptilia superscandens
| authority = [[Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher|T. B. Fletcher]], 1940
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Platyptilia superscandens''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It was described by [[Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher]] in 1940 and it is found in [[India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=1167 |accessdate=May 12, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7202799}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Platyptilia Superscandens}}
[[Category:Moths described in 1940]]
[[Category:Platyptilia|superscandens]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]

{{Platyptiliini-stub}}

K. K. Raina

2025-08-14T19:59:36Z

NoraizNafi:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. K. Raina
| image = K. K. Raina.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]] [[Script writer]]
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]]
}}

'''K. K. Raina''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film, television and theatre [[character actor]] and award-winning [[script writer]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=080907044501 |title=Dharm: Movie review |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013622/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=080907044501 |url-status=live }}</ref> who is best known for his roles as ''Juror #8'' in the 1986 film ''[[Ek Ruka Hua Faisla]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605021018/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/I-play-Masood-Azhar-s-role-in-Hijack-KK-Raina/Article1-336110.aspx My character in 'Hijack' based on Masood Azhar: KK Raina]</ref> a remake of [[12 Angry Men (1957 film)|12 Angry Men]], as Shivnath, the brother of [[Sunny Deol]]'s character in [[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]] and as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'s associate Ajit Kumar Banerji in the 1993 Doordarshan detective series ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''.<ref>[http://movies.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/msid-5019094,flstry-1.cms DD days: Most iconic TV characters ]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Raina won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]] in 1998 for the Rajkumar Santoshi film ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=33839242 |title=Best Dialogue Writer (Technical Awards) |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235357/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=33839242 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Raina was born in a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guftagoo with K K Raina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cIFwHRonWo |quote=4:45 onwards|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/8cIFwHRonWo |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube | date=16 March 2014 |publisher=Rajya Sabha TV |access-date=19 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Raina is an alumnus of the [[National School of Drama]], graduating college in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nsd.gov.in/alumni2.asp?id=1976 |title=Alumni List For The Year 1976 |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161553/http://nsd.gov.in/alumni2.asp?id=1976 |url-status=live }}</ref> He portrayed [[Manohar J. Pherwani]] in the [[Sony LIV]] series ''[[Scam 1992]]''.

== Filmography ==

=== Actor ===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982) – Wilson
* ''[[Aadharshila]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) – Nehru's Friend
* ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Godam (film)|Godam]]'' (1983) – Edekar
* ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Tasveer Apni Apni]]'' (1984) – Employee
* ''[[Party (1984 film)|Party]]'' (1984) – Bharat
* ''[[Aghaat]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Nasoor]]'' (1985) – Kamlesh Pai
* ''[[Trikal]]'' (1985) – Senor Lucio (Anna's father)
* ''[[Ek Ruka Hua Faisla]]'' (1986) – Juror #8
* ''[[Susman (film)|Susman]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Mohre]]'' (1987) – Prakash Raikar
* ''[[Diksha (film)|Diksha]]'' (1991) – Shrikar Upadhyay
* ''[[Lifeline (Indian TV series)|Lifeline]]'' (1991) (TV series)
* ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Damini]]'' (1993) – Shekhar's friend
* ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (1993 TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' (1993) (TV series) – Ajit
* ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]'' (1996) – Shiv Nath
* ''[[Dahek]]'' (1998) – Naseem Bahkshi
* ''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]'' (2001) – Mahadevan Ghatge
* ''[[Bub (film)|Bub (Father)]]'' (2001) – Shiban Lal
* ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) – Politician
* ''[[Salaam-E-Ishq]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Dharm (film)|Dharm]]'' (2007) – Thakur
* ''[[Phoonk]]'' (2008) – Dr. Pandey
* ''[[Hijack (2008 film)|Hijack]]'' (2008) – Rasheed Omar
* ''[[Delhi-6]]'' (2009) – Haji Suleiman
* ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]'' (2010) – Prime Minister Digvijay Hooda
* ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' (2011) – Kishan Sharma (Manu's father)
* ''[[Upanishad Ganga]]'' (2012–2013) (Doordarshan) (Various Characters)
* ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' (2013) - Mr. Wadhwa
* ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'' (2013) - Gen. Razzak
* ''[[19th January (film)|19th January]]'' (2014) - Prof. Bashir Ahmed
* ''[[Zed Plus]]'' (2014) - Mr. Dixit
* ''[[Samvidhaan]]'' (2014) (TV series) - K.M. Munshi
* ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'' (2015) - Kishan Sharma (Manu's father)
* ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' (2016) - Karan's father
* ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' (2017) - Jugal Kishore Mishra (Sattu's father)
* ''Genius'' (2018) - Mr.Das
* ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Scam 1992]]'' (2020) - [[Manohar J. Pherwani]]

{{div col end}}

=== Writer ===
* ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]'' (1996) – associate screenplay
* ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]'' (1998) – screenplay; dialogues
* ''[[Dahek]]'' (1998) – screenplay
* ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' (2000) – dialogues

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0706953}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, K. K.}}
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Topin Ete

2025-05-25T16:50:53Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Along West Assembly constituency|Along West]]
| predecessor = [[Tumke Bagra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Topin Ete''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]'s candidate Nyamo Ete, securing 1951 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Along West, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/along-west-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546666-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Along West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Along West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/along-west |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525164610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/along-west |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Along West">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Along West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0230.htm |access-date=25 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525164553/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0230.htm |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Along West constituency result">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Along West constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-along-west-constituency-result-3009595 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525164809/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-along-west-constituency-result-3009595 |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated with a [[LLB]] from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Campus Law Centre]], [[University of Delhi]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topin Ete(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ALONG WEST (ST)(WEST SIANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=11 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ete, Topin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Chitrangada

2025-05-13T06:19:03Z

NoraizNafi: added basic entry initial version

{{wikt|sa:चित्राङ्गद|sa:चित्राङ्गदा|sa:चित्राङ्ग}}
'''Chitrangada''' can refer to the following people in Hindu epics:

*[[Chitrāngada]], a son of Shantanu, king of Kuru
*Chitrāngada, father of [[Bhanumati (wife of Duryodhana)]]
*[[Chitrāngadā]], a wife of Arjuna
*Chitrāngadā, a daughter of [[Vishwakarma]]
*[[Chitrāngada (Gandharva)]], king of the Gandharvas

==People==
* [[Chitrangada Mori]], Indian ruler
* [[Chitrangada Satarupa]], India actress
* [[Chitrangada Singh]], Indian actress
* [[Chitrangada Singh (princess)]], India

==Other==
* [[Chitrangada (play)|''Chitrangada'' (play)]], a dance-drama by Rabindranath Tagore, one of the ''Rabindra Nritya Natya''
* ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]]'', a 2012 Indian Bengali-language film by Rituparno Ghosh
* [[Chitrangada (film)|''Chitrangada'' (film)]], a 2017 Indian Telugu-language film

{{disambiguation|hndis}}

2010 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)

2025-03-10T09:21:26Z

NoraizNafi: made initial data initial version

{{Short description|International kabaddi tournament in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox sport tournament
| name = 2010 Kabaddi World Cup
| image = Pearls kabaddi world cup logo.JPG
| caption = Logo of the 2010 Kabaddi World Cup
| start_date = 3 April
| end_date = 12 April
| administrator = [[Government of Punjab, India]] and Punjab Kabaddi Association Recognised by [[International Kabaddi Federation]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-16 |title=Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/3cswckc.htm |access-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193615/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/3cswckc.htm |archive-date=2011-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| format = Circle Style
| tournament_format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| venues = 8 venues in 8 cities ([[#Venues|List of Venues]])
| participants = 9 ([[#Teams|List of Participants]])
| champions = {{Kabaddi|IND}} (1st title)
| runners-up1 = {{Kabaddi|PAK}}
| runners-up2 = {{CAN}}
| matches = 20
| stat1_label = Best Raider
| stat1 = {{flagicon|CAN}} Kuljeet Singh Malsian
| stat2_label = Best Stopper
| stat2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Mangat Singh Mangi
| previous =
| next = [[2011 Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)|2011]]
}}
'''Pearls Kabaddi World Cup 2010''' was the first international circle style [[kabaddi]] world cup and was held in [[Punjab, India]].

==Teams==
With the last-minute withdrawal of Norway, nine teams competed for the Prize Money Pearls World Cup Kabaddi Punjab-2010 hosted by the Punjab Government at different venues of the state from 3 to 12 April.

*{{AUS}}
*{{CAN}}
*{{IND}}
*{{IRN}}
*{{ITA}}
*{{PAK}}
*{{ESP}}
*{{UK}}
*{{USA}}

==Pools==
Announcing the draw, Organising Secretary Pargat Singh said that the teams would be divided into two pools. Hosts India were placed in Pool A while their traditional rivals Pakistan were in Pool B.
{| class="wikitable" width=60%
|-
!width=20%|Pool A
!width=20%|Pool B
|-
|
{{IND}} 
{{USA}} 
{{AUS}} 
{{ITA}} 
{{IRN}} 
|
{{PAK}} 
{{UK}} 
{{ESP}} 
{{CAN}} 
|}

==Competition format==
Nine teams competed in the tournament consisting of two rounds. In the first round, teams were divided into two pools of five and four teams, and followed [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format with each of the teams playing all other teams in the pool once.

Following the completion of the pool games, teams placed first and second in each pool advanced to a [[single elimination]] round consisting of two semifinal games, a third place play-off and a final.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24695/38/ |title = PunjabNewsline.com - India meet USA in World Cup Kabaddi Punjab-2010 opener at Patiala |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404022408/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24695/38/ |archive-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Venues==
World Cup Kabaddi Punjab-2010 was held at various districts of Punjab from 3–12 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.in.com/news/sports-news/kabaddi-world-cup-2010-schedule-13393911-80dd5d486edc8765c11f26c20fbadec26d536d18-rhp.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203539/http://www.in.com/news/sports-news/kabaddi-world-cup-2010-schedule-13393911-80dd5d486edc8765c11f26c20fbadec26d536d18-rhp.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The venues were as follows:
*Yadvindra Public School Stadium, [[Patiala]]
*War Heroes Stadium, [[Sangrur]]
*[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]
*Lajwanti Stadium, [[Hoshiarpur]]
*Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]
*Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Amritsar]]
*Sports Stadium, [[Bathinda]]
*Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]]

==Prize money==
The winning team received a cash award of {{INR}}1 crore besides a glittering rolling trophy. Runners-up took {{INR}}51 lakh and third-place winners {{INR}}21 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/forum/kabaddi-world-cup-2010-punjab-t2522.html |title=kabaddi world cup 2010 in Punjab : Kabristan - The Graveyard |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129141302/http://www.punjabiportal.com/forum/kabaddi-world-cup-2010-punjab-t2522.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The fourth position were worth {{INR}}10 lakh. Besides, individual awards (tractors) and other prizes were also given among the winners. Each team also got a sum of Rs 5 lakh as appearance money.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24695/38/ |title = PunjabNewsline.com - India meet USA in World Cup Kabaddi Punjab-2010 opener at Patiala |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404022408/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/24695/38/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Schedule==
All matches' timings are according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +5:30).

===Group stage===

====Pool A====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!width=175|Team
!width=120|Matches Played
!width=50|Won
!width=50|Drawn
!width=50|Lost
!width=75|Points
|-bgcolor="yellow"
|align=left|{{IND}}
|4||4||0||0||'''8'''
|-bgcolor="yellow"
|align=left|{{ITA}}
|4||3||0||1||'''6'''
|-
|align=left|{{USA}}
|4||2||0||2||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{AUS}}
|4||1||0||3||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{IRN}}
|4||0||0||4||'''0'''
|}

:{{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=3 April 2010
|time=21:40
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 62 - 26
|team2={{USA}}
|stadium=YPS Stadium, [[Patiala]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=4 April 2010
|time=14:50
|team1={{ITA}}
|score= 63 - 24
|team2={{IRN}}
|stadium=War Heroes Stadium, [[Sangrur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=5 April 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 47 - 43
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=5 April 2010
|time=17:00
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 61 - 29
|team2={{ITA}}
|stadium=[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=6 April 2010
|time=14:50
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 62 - 24
|team2={{IRN}}
|stadium=Lajwanti Stadium, [[Hoshiarpur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=6 April 2010
|time=17:00
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 58 - 29
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=Lajwanti Stadium, [[Hoshiarpur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=7 April 2010
|time=14:50
|team1={{ITA}}
|score= 47 - 43
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=7 April 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{IRN}}
|score= 28 - 62
|team2={{IND}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=8 April 2010
|time=14:50
|team1={{IRN}}
|score= 26 - 57
|team2={{AUS}}
|stadium=Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Amritsar]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=8 April 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{USA}}
|score= 43 - 45
|team2={{ITA}}
|stadium=Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Amritsar]]}}

====Pool B====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!width=175|Team
!width=120|Matches Played
!width=50|Won
!width=50|Drawn
!width=50|Lost
!width=75|Points
|-bgcolor="yellow"
|align=left|{{PAK}}
|3||3||0||0||'''6'''
|-bgcolor="yellow"
|align=left|{{CAN}}
|3||2||0||1||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|{{UK}}
|3||1||0||2||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|3||0||0||3||'''0'''
|}

:{{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Qualified for semifinals

{{kabaddibox
|date=4 April 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{PAK}}
|score= 47 - 38
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=War Heroes Stadium, [[Sangrur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=4 April 2010
|time=17:00
|team1={{UK}}
|score= 47 - 28
|team2={{ESP}}
|stadium=War Heroes Stadium, [[Sangrur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=5 April 2010
|time=14:50
|team1={{CAN}}
|score= 66 - 28
|team2={{ESP}}
|stadium=[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=6 April 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{PAK}}
|score= 61 - 31
|team2={{ESP}}
|stadium=Lajwanti Stadium, [[Hoshiarpur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=7 April 2010
|time=17:00
|team1={{UK}}
|score= 29 - 49
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Government College Stadium, [[Gurdaspur]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=8 April 2010
|time=17:00
|team1={{PAK}}
|score= 50 - 23
|team2={{UK}}
|stadium=Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Amritsar]]}}

===Knockout stage===
{{Round4-with third


|10 April – Sports Stadium, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{PAK}}'''|'''57'''|{{ITA}}|33
|10 April – Sports Stadium, [[Bathinda]]|'''{{IND}}'''|'''51'''|{{CAN}}|36

|12 April – Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]]|{{PAK}}|24|'''{{IND}}'''|'''58'''

|12 April – Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]]|{{ITA}}|22|'''{{CAN}}'''|'''66'''
}}

====Semi-finals====
{{kabaddibox
|date=10 April 2010
|time=15:05
|team1={{PAK}}
|score= 57 - 33
|team2={{ITA}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Bathinda]]}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=10 April 2010
|time=16:35
|team1={{IND}}
|score= 51 - 36
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Sports Stadium, [[Bathinda]]}}

====Third-place playoff====
{{kabaddibox
|date=12 April 2010
|time=17:30
|team1={{ITA}}
|score= 22 - 66
|team2={{CAN}}
|stadium=Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]]}}

====Final====
{{kabaddibox
|date=12 April 2010
|time=19:30
|team1={{PAK}}
|score= 24 - 58
|team2={{IND}}
|stadium=Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width=55%; style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"
! colspan="3"|2010 Kabaddi World Cup
|-
|style="background:silver;"|'''1st Runners-up'''
|style="background:gold;"|'''Champions'''
|style="background:#c96;"|'''2nd Runners-up'''
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK|size=100px}}
'''[[Pakistan]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND|size=125px}}
'''[[India]]''' 
'''First title'''
|{{flagicon|CAN|size=100px}}
'''[[Canada]]'''
|}

==Broadcasting rights==
{{IND}}: Punjab Television Channel (PTC) had the broadcasting rights in India and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content/parle%E2%80%99s-world-cup-kabaddi-punjab-scoops-rs60mn-sponsorship|title = Home | SportzPower}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kabaddiworldcup.in/ |title = 5th Kabaddi World Cup 2014 - Schedule, Watch Live Streaming, Live Scores, Matches |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821094603/http://www.kabaddiworldcup.in/ |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Winners==
India won the Kabaddi World Cup by defeating Pakistan in an interesting match on 12 April 2010 at Guru Nanak Stadium, [[Ludhiana]] and won {{INR}}1 Crore as a Prize money and a glittering Golden World Cup Trophy. Pakistani team was paid {{INR}}51 lakh as prize money and a Silver Cup Trophy. The best stopper award was won by Indian Captain Mangat Singh Manga and Best Raider award won by Kulwinder Singh Kinda of Canada. Both players were given tractors as an award. Mr. [[Parkash Singh Badal]] was heard to pay {{INR}}5,000 to each player for every point but in the end this amount was reduced to {{INR}}2,000. A government job was also announced for each Indian player.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100415140019/http://sify.com/sports/india-crushes-pakistan-in-final-match-of-world-cup-kabaddi-2010-news-news-kemxOcbjdfg.html India crushes Pakistan in final match of World Cup Kabaddi 2010]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International Kabaddi}}
{{World championships in kabaddi}}

[[Category:Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian sport|Kabaddi World Cup]]
[[Category:International kabaddi competitions in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Punjab, India]]

Kathiwara State

2025-02-20T07:31:45Z

NoraizNafi: Created first post and citations...

{{Short description|Indian princely state}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Kathiwada State
|common_name = Kathiwada
|native_name = काठिवाडा रियासत
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = {{circa}} 1434<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kathiwada.com/|title=Portfolio|website=Kathiwada.com}}</ref>
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|title_leader=[[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
|leader1=[[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Zorawar Sinh ''(first)''
|year_leader1=?-1865 CE
|leader2=[[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] [[Sahib]] Onkar Sinh ''(last)''
|year_leader2=1903-1947 CE
|stat_area1 =181<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/|title=Rajput Provinces of India|first=Abhinay|last=Rathore|website=Rajput Provinces of India}}</ref>
|stat_year1 =1901
|stat_pop1 = 3425<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Population since 1901}}</ref>
|today = India
}}
'''Kathiwara State''' ({{langx|hi|काठिवाडा}}) or '''Kathiwada State''' was a [[princely state]] ruled by the [[Jadaun|Jadon]] dynasty that encompassed about {{convert|181|sqkm}} of the territory immediately surrounding the city of Kathiwara. The princely state acceded to India in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Kathiwada/|title=Indian Princely States K-Z|website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> Upon accession to the Indian Union, it was absorbed into the province of [[Madhya Bharat]].

== History ==
The state's origins can be traced back to 1434,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kathiwada.com/history|title=History|website=Kathiwada.com}}</ref> however, information about the country is scarce. The rulers carried the title Thakur; they were paid 4,000 rupees in revenue and 32,000 rupees as privy purse.<ref name="auto"/> It was ruled by the [[Jadaun|Jadon]] dynasty. Its last ruler, Onkar Sinh(ji) acceded the state to India in 1947.

=== Post-independence ===
After independence, it was merged into the province of Madhya Bharat, and was located right on the border with [[Bombay State]]. In 1993, Melange was founded as a clothing and fashion shop in Mumbai by Sangita Kathiwada, the wife of Rana Saheb Jayendra Sinh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/designer-store-fashion-sangita-kathiwada-melange-5549121/|title=Sangita Kathiwada on 25 years of Melange and the need to focus on sustainability|date=22 January 2019}}</ref> This was closely followed by other projects, such as the Kathiwada Raaj Mahal (a hunting lodge commissioned by Onkar Sinh in 1895 and refurbished in 2007), the Kathiwada Arts, Circle 1434, and Kathiwada City House. The organizations remain a tourist and local attraction.

== List of Rulers ==
This is a list of the known rulers of Kathiwada. Information is only known from the reign of Zorawar Sinh.

*?-1865: [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Zorawar Sinh
*1865-1903: [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Bahadur Sinh- succeeded his brother Zorawar Sinh with the permission of the (British) Government of India.
*1903-1947: [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] [[Sahib]] Onkar Sinh

Titular Rana Sahebs-

*1947-1969: [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] [[Sahib]] Onkar Sinh
*1969-2010: [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Sahib]] Sri Jayendra Sinh
*2010–present: [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Sahib]] Sri Digvijay Sinh Kathiwada

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coords|22.48|74.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]

Train 19

2024-12-16T10:31:50Z

NoraizNafi: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Vande Bharat (trainset)]]

Gosaingram railway station

2024-07-29T01:10:10Z

NoraizNafi: formatting fix

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gosaingram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Matiapara, Gosaingram, [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.248003|N|88.211777|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|33|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Nalhati–Azimganj branch line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GSGB
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| opened = 1863
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Barala|right=Azimganj City|type=[[Nalhati–Azimganj branch line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Gosaingram railway station''' is a railway station on [[Nalhati–Azimganj branch line]] under the [[Howrah railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at Matiapara, Gosaingram in [[Murshidabad district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gosaingram Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/gosaingram-gsgb/9459|access-date=2021-06-04|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gosaingram Railway Station (GSGB) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/gosaingram-gsgb-station|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Nalhati–Azimganj branch line connecting [[Nalhati Junction railway station|Nalhati Junction]] to [[Azimganj Junction railway station]] was opened on 21 December 1863 as Nalhati–Azimganj State railway.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7upFAQAAIAAJ&q=Nalhati%E2%80%93Azimganj+line|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Murshidabad|date=1979|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref> This was purchased by the [[Government of India]] in 1872. It became a part of the [[East Indian Railway Company]] in 1892.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bengal (India)|first1=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Nalhati+Azimganj+East+Indian+railway|title=West Bengal District Records, New Series: Burdwan|last2=Operations|first2=West Bengal (India) Office of the Superintendent of Census|date=1979|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1863]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Bisonvalley

2024-07-12T23:20:23Z

NoraizNafi: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bisonvalley
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:KERALA BISON.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bison]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|0|0|N|77|4|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,653
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Minority
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685565
| registration_plate = KL-69
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Munnar]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bison valley''' is a village in [[Udumbanchola]] Taluk in the [[Idukki district]] of the southwestern Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India: Villages with population 5000 & above |others=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> Bison valley is situated at around 914 metres (3000 ft) above [[mean sea level]], in the [[Western Ghats]] range of mountains.

== Etymology ==
The name Bison valley is believed to tell the history of the place, Where the kings and officers of [[East India Company|east India company]] came for [[hunting]] [[bison]] during their [[vacation]]s in [[Munnar]].

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Bisonvally had a population of 12,653 among which 6,332 are males and 6,321 are females. Bisonvalley village has an area of {{cvt|32.62|km2}} with 3,163 families residing in it. In Bisonvalley, 9.9% of the population was under 6 years of age. Bisonvalley had an average literacy of 93% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=58,59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Road===
Bison valley is connected to a rural roads, {{cvt|24|km}} form Munnar, about {{cvt|133|km}} from Cochin, {{cvt|30|km}} from [[Adimali]], and {{cvt|56|km}} from [[Neriamangalam]].

===Railway===
The nearest major railway stations are at [[Ernakulam]] and [[Aluva]] (approximately 140 kilometres by road).

===Airport===
The nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]], which is 110 kilometers away. The [[Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai]] airports is 155 km from Bison valley.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

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Maibi Jagoi

2024-03-20T18:49:29Z

NoraizNafi:

{{Short description|Ritual dance by Maibis}}
'''Maibi Jagoi''' or '''Maibi Dance''' is a [[Shamanism|shamanic]] ritual dance performed by [[Maibi]]s mostly during [[Lai Haraoba]] ceremony for the [[Umang Lai|forest deities]] of [[Manipur]]. Maibism or Maibi culture is a dominant feature of [[Sanamahism]].They are considered as medium between [[human]] and [[Soul|spirits]]. A woman may become a ''maibi'' at any age at any time. Being a maibi depend on being chosen by the ''Lai''. The maibis get trained in dance, music chanting, and complex ritual procedures. The spiritual partners of maibis are male maibas who were also trained in ancient lore, spirit, incarnation and psycho analytic{{Fact|date=August 2021}} methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kshetrimayum|first=Otojit|date=2009|title=Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920088|journal=Indian Anthropologist|volume=39|issue=1/2|pages=17–34|jstor=41920088|issn=0970-0927}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB1hYExmADkC&q=Maibi+jagoi|title=Kuensel: A Weekly Official Bulletin of the Royal Government of Bhutan|date=1976|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Development at the Royal Government of Bhutan Press|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
[[File:Lai_Haraoba-3_-_5571676820.jpg|alt=Lai_Haraoba-3_-_5571676820|thumb|center]]
[[File:Pung_Cholam.jpg|alt=Pung_Cholam|center|thumb]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Shamanism]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Dances of Manipur]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]

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Embassy of India, Guatemala City

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List of revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu

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